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Q: Errors Displaying Smallest to Largest amount of Inventory Array (Java) Alright so basically I made a vending machine program. When the user buys an item equal to or greater than its cost, the inventory of the item will deplete by 1. The item van be bought up to three times, until the stock has ran out. At that point, the JButton will dissapear and the item can not be clicked on or bought. To add complexiity, I added a "Check Total Inventory" button. What is supposed to happen when clicked on, is the program prints out smallest to greatest the amount of stock.
For instance:
Inventory of Liton: 0
Inventory of Fanta: 1
Inventory of Pepsi: 2
Inventory of Gum: 3
Inventory of Seeds:3
Inventory of Chocolate: 3

To do that here is the loop I used:
  private void CheckInventoryActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {
    int inventory[]={stock, stock2, stock3, stock4, stock5, stock6};

    int temp;
    boolean fixed= false;

    while(fixed==false){
        fixed=true;

         for (int i=0; i<inventory.length-1; i++){
            if(inventory[i]> inventory[i+1]){
                temp= inventory[i+1];
                inventory [i+1]= inventory[i];
                inventory[i]= temp;
                fixed= false;

            }
        }
    }

    for (int i=0; i<inventory.length; i++){
            System.out.println("The inventory of Lipton is:" + inventory[i]);
           System.out.println("The inventory of Fanta is:" + inventory[i+2]);
                System.out.println("The inventory of Pepsi is:" +inventory[i+3]);
                System.out.println("The inventory of Gum is:" +inventory[i+4]);
                System.out.println("The inventory of Seeds is:" +inventory[i+5]);
                System.out.println("The inventory of Choco is:" +inventory[i+6]);
    }
}

There are a few issues though... I was wondering, if someone could please help me because I do not kow what the problem is, depsite numerous attempts to fix it. When I click only on Fanta and purchase one, (so Fanta inventory should be 2), the inventory for Lipton decreases when I did not click on it. "The inventory of Chocolate: and the number of inventory" does not also print. There are also a lot of other errors such as
    Exception in thread "AWT-EventQueue-0" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 6
    at finalvending.finalvendingclass.CheckInventoryActionPerformed(finalvendingclass.java:623)
at finalvending.finalvendingclass.access$600(finalvendingclass.java:18)
at finalvending.finalvendingclass$7.actionPerformed(finalvendingclass.java:129)
at javax.swing.AbstractButton.fireActionPerformed(AbstractButton.java:2022)

etc.
I do not what these errors are telling me. But I have done a few things to try to remedy this. First, I have running the debug feature to which nothing was found. I have double checked each int stock, int stock2, int stock3, etc. is properly defined for each section above the loop,  etc.
Here is the code I use for each section of what you can buy in the vending machine. Basically each item is copy and paste, except I change the price, and image being called: I can also paste more code if anymore is needed.  Lipton and Fanta:
int stock=3;
private void liptonActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {
final JPanel panel = new JPanel();

DecimalFormat dollarFormat = new DecimalFormat(" $#,##0.00");

String inputstring;
double input, change;

inputstring= JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Please enter your payment: $");
input= Double.parseDouble(inputstring);
change= input-1;

    if (input<1)
    {
   JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(panel, " You do not have enough money to purchase this item", "INSUFFICIENT FUNDS",
        JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
    }

    else if (input>1)
    {
    JOptionPane.showInputDialog("You have purchased a Lipton Tea. Here is your change:" +(dollarFormat.format(change)));
    stock--;

    ImageIcon liptonIcon= new ImageIcon("usethislipton.png");

    Image liptonImage= liptonIcon.getImage();
    Image modifiedliptonImage= liptonImage.getScaledInstance(100,150, java.awt.Image.SCALE_SMOOTH);
    liptonIcon= new ImageIcon (modifiedliptonImage);
    JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(panel, "Lipton Tea", "Here is your drink! Enjoy!", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE, liptonIcon);

    }

    else if (input==1)
    {
    JOptionPane.showInputDialog("You have purchased a Lipton Tea.");
    stock--;

    ImageIcon liptonIcon= new ImageIcon("usethislipton.png");

    Image liptonImage= liptonIcon.getImage();
    Image modifiedliptonImage= liptonImage.getScaledInstance(100,150, java.awt.Image.SCALE_SMOOTH);
    liptonIcon= new ImageIcon (modifiedliptonImage);
    JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(panel, "Lipton Tea", "Here is your drink! Enjoy", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE, liptonIcon);
    }

        if (stock==1)
        {
           JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(panel, " There is only 1 Lipton Tea remaining! Restock recommnended", "WARNING",
                JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
        }
        else if (stock==0)
        {
           JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(panel, "Sorry, Lipton Tea is out of stock", "",
           JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);

           lipton.setVisible(false);
        }

}
int stock2=3;
private void fantaActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {
     final JPanel panel = new JPanel();
     DecimalFormat dollarFormat = new DecimalFormat(" $#,##0.00");

String inputstring;

double input, change;

inputstring= JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Please enter your payment: $");
input= Double.parseDouble(inputstring);
change= (input-1.25);

if (input<1.25)
{
    JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(panel, " You do not have enough money to purchase this item", "INSUFFICIENT FUNDS",
    JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
}

else if (input>1.25)
{
    JOptionPane.showInputDialog("You have purchased a Fanta. Here is your change" +(dollarFormat.format(change)));
       stock2--;

    ImageIcon fantaIcon= new ImageIcon("finalfanta2.png");

 Image fantaImage= fantaIcon.getImage();
 Image modifiedfantaImage= fantaImage.getScaledInstance(100,150, java.awt.Image.SCALE_SMOOTH);
 fantaIcon= new ImageIcon (modifiedfantaImage);
 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(panel, "Fanta", "Here is your drink! Enjoy", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE, fantaIcon);

}
else if (input==1.25)
{
    JOptionPane.showInputDialog("You have purchased a Fanta.");
       stock2--;

   ImageIcon fantaIcon= new ImageIcon("finalfanta2.png");

 Image fantaImage= fantaIcon.getImage();
 Image modifiedfantaImage= fantaImage.getScaledInstance(100,150, java.awt.Image.SCALE_SMOOTH);
 fantaIcon= new ImageIcon (modifiedfantaImage);
 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(panel, "Fanta", "Here is your drink! Enjoy", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE, fantaIcon);

 }

    if (stock2==1)
        {
           JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(panel, " There is only 1 Fanta remaining! Restock recommnended", "WARNING",
           JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
        }
       else if (stock2==0)
        {
           JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(panel, "Sorry, Fanta is out of stock", "",
           JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);

           fanta.setVisible(false);
        }

}

A: You are looping all array and getting the next position for compare, when you are in the end of array and go to the next position you get the java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 6
for (int i=0; i<inventory.length-1; i++){
            if(inventory[i]> inventory[i+1]){ //here
                temp= inventory[i+1];
                inventory [i+1]= inventory[i];
                inventory[i]= temp;
                fixed= false;

            }
        }

when you solve this, next step is check the following code:
for (int i=0; i<inventory.length; i++){
            System.out.println("The inventory of Lipton is:" + inventory[i]);
           System.out.println("The inventory of Fanta is:" + inventory[i+2]);
                System.out.println("The inventory of Pepsi is:" +inventory[i+3]);
                System.out.println("The inventory of Gum is:" +inventory[i+4]);
                System.out.println("The inventory of Seeds is:" +inventory[i+5]);
                System.out.println("The inventory of Choco is:" +inventory[i+6]);
    }

You are doing the same mistake (check that i + x)
Which version of java are you using?

A: Ok, look at this piece of code here:
for (int i=0; i<inventory.length; i++){
            System.out.println("The inventory of Lipton is:" + inventory[i]);
           System.out.println("The inventory of Fanta is:" + inventory[i+2]);
                System.out.println("The inventory of Pepsi is:" +inventory[i+3]);
                System.out.println("The inventory of Gum is:" +inventory[i+4]);
                System.out.println("The inventory of Seeds is:" +inventory[i+5]);
                System.out.println("The inventory of Choco is:" +inventory[i+6]);
    }

The variable 'i' will go from 0 to inventory.length-1, inclusive. For instance, take the most extreme case where
i = inventory.length()-1

Now, lets see what your program will do.
It first starts by printing
The inventory of Liptop is: inventory[inventory.length-1]

Nothing wrong here. However, the next line is where your programs starts to fail.
i+2 would be inventory.length+1! Obviously, this is out of the array index of inventory.


text:
Clean Energy Trust's September 2020 Cleantech Roundup
Accueil Green techonlogie Clean Energy Trust's September 2020 Cleantech Roundup
This month, we follow up on our July discussion of electric vehicle companies going public and talk about how three extremely different policy moves at the state, federal, and international levels will all influence the energy transition. We'll also highlight a few new cleantech funds and their connection to Clean Energy Trust.
What's Up with All These Special Purpose Acquisition Company Transactions, and What Does It Mean for Electric Vehicles?
In July, we talked about how numerous electric vehicle companies were going public this year — frequently via special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs). The startling number of companies going public, despite a thin track record for most, led me to argue that heartbreak was inevitable for some investors.
It appears the heartbreak is here ahead of schedule. Just a few months after going public, shares of Nikola are now well under its debut price after a short seller published allegations that Nikola had misled the public and made false statements. This led to the departure of the company's CEO, Trevor Milton.
This turbulence may even lead GM to back out of a deal that had been announced with Nikola, although the terms of that deal are EXTREMELY favorable for GM (GM acquired a stake in the company and a commitment to use its products and services without making a cash investment).
So, does that mean all of the electric vehicle companies going public this year are frauds? No, of course not. While SPACs do enable private companies to go public with less scrutiny than an initial public offering, it's not like it is in the interest of the entity sponsoring the acquisition company to invest in a bad company. That said, historically SPACs do not attract the highest quality deal flow, although as they become more popular, it remains to be seen if this trend holds.
For these still-developing companies, they are taking advantage of the liquidity that exists in the space when they have the chance to — raising money that will be important to invest in their capital-intensive businesses. And it's definitely a seller's market right now, with a lot of SPAC vehicles out there looking for deals, and a lot of attention being paid to the space from retail investors, thanks to Tesla.
There's been a lot of coverage of this, including this overview from the New York Times and a more pessimistic one from Bloomberg. Shayle Kann and Stephen Lacy dug into this proliferation of SPACs in the vehicle space and beyond in detail on this episode of The Interchange — it's a good place to start if you're interested in learning more.
As Shayle pointed out in that podcast, the majority of these companies are just early, without meaningful revenues. Some may turn out to be great businesses, but they are projecting incredible growth. And, with the exception of the dot com boom, it is rare for a company to go public on a reputable exchange without significant revenues.
To get out of the weeds a little bit, this is not really a discussion about whether electric vehicles are the future, or if there's a huge market opportunity there — there definitely is.
The reason a lot of folks are skeptical just has to do with how early and unproven the companies are, combined with a rush of new SPAC activity, with varying levels of sophistication. And, while Tesla has been extremely successful as an equity investment to date, the company has also demonstrated how hard it is to build complex machinery at scale.
The success or failure of specific SPACs should not be used as a scorecard for what the future of electric vehicles looks like — after all, SPACs are just a mechanism. There is obviously a lot of hype around these investments, and we should assume that some of them will be huge disasters.
It's a good thing that there are multiple funding pathways for cleantech companies, although it's also reasonable to be concerned about high profile failures that could impact investor perception for the space. After all, investors lost so much money in the 'cleantech 1.0' period that it forced cleantech into witness protection, later emerging with the alias "Climate tech" (more on that below).
Three Major Policy Announcements and How They Will Play Into Decarbonization
Over the last month, there were three major policy announcements that stood out to me — one international, one federal, and one state-level.
China announced a target to be carbon neutral by 2060.
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued a ruling, which will enable distributed energy resources to participate in wholesale markets.
And, California announced it would ban gasoline-powered passenger vehicles by 2035.
All of these moves will reduce emissions, but each will operate differently. Let's look at each of these moves and the impact they are likely to have.
First, China. The country currently represents 28% of global emissions, and unlike developed countries, their emissions profile continues to climb substantially. This announcement has the potential to be a very big deal — while it is not in line with the commitments European countries have made on climate (carbon neutral by 2050), China has been reticent to make firm commitments in the past, and is also starting from a very different place in terms of economic development. If they achieve this goal, I think it will end up being the largest emissions reduction commitment ever.
While China has set a goal, California has announced a more specific technology ban: specifically, new internal combustion passenger vehicles by 2035. California sets an example that other states tend to follow, and helps drive policy at the national level by proving it out. That's important because transportation is the largest source of emissions for the United States. The move is also a practical one: because passenger vehicles last a long time, we'll need to stop making and selling new ones well before we need to fully eliminate emissions from that transportation sector (by 2050 at the latest).
I will also suggest that the internal combustion vehicle ban of 2035 will be about as resonant as the incandescent lightbulb ban of 2020 — important to the market, but uneventful as a deadline. Just as with incandescent bulbs, people are going to be buying and driving electric vehicles because they will be cheaper and better than their internal combustion counterparts.
Electric vehicles are likely to be cheaper by the mid-2020s (and some models are already at cost parity today). Once that transition is complete, it's fair to assume most internal combustion sales in the early 2030s will be out of sentimentality or very specific niche cases. As such, I predict we'll see many states, and eventually the federal government, committing to similar timelines.
Finally, at the federal level, FERC ordered grid operators to enable distributed energy resources like rooftop solar and battery storage to participate in wholesale markets. This is admittedly a little inside baseball and probably has the smallest directly measurable impact, but should help continue to reduce the cost of distributed energy resources and enable the grid to function more efficiently — it's just one of many changes the grid is undergoing to be more distributed, which will have the added benefit of making it more resilient.
Recently Announced Cleantech Funds and the Clean Energy Trust Connection
Amazon announced the first investments from its $2 Billion Climate Pledge Fund. The deals, which span across electric vehicles, more efficient motors, battery recycling, low-carbon cement, and carbon credit tracking, show the fund is willing to invest in more capital-intensive technology companies while also keeping alignment with the company as a whole (for example, in addition to investing in electric vehicle company Rivian, Amazon will also be purchasing as many as 100,000 trucks from the company). Link
And last month, we discussed how Jason Jacobs of My Climate Journey was leveraging a new rolling fund structure for his new fund; he's now taking the wraps off of that project and announced his early-stage climate tech fund, MCJ Collective. Link
Speaking of Amazon's Climate Pledge Fund and Jason Jacobs, Clean Energy Trust is excited to be featuring an interview between Jacobs and Rodrigo Prudencio from Amazon's Climate Pledge Fund at our upcoming Co_Invest Cleantech event on October 22. You can learn more and register for this free virtual event at this link.
Buoyant Ventures also recently shared news about their first investment. Buoyant was started by Clean Energy Trust's founding CEO, Amy Francetic. Link
And while we're on the subject of cleantech funds, I should note there's definitely an upswell of both activity and attention as of late — PWC just published a report on the sector, the State of ClimateTech 2020. The analysis found that the climate tech space saw growth in investment (in both capital and number of deals) that was five times the overall global venture capital space.
And for those wondering what the difference between cleantech and climate tech is, it's pretty straightforward: there isn't one.
Climate tech has a more positive image (a lot of people lost money on cleantech investments last decade), but both of them are labels that signify a strategy rather than a specific sector — cleantech and climate tech solutions span industries, from energy and buildings materials to mobility and the circular economy.
Did you think we forgot about Micro Mobility?
Tier, a large European scooter company, has announced a plan to have commercial hosts for battery charging kiosks for its scooters. Currently, contractors that pick up and charge scooters overnight are a major expense, so scooter companies are eager to develop solutions that reduce or eliminate it. Link
Zoomo (formerly Bolt Bikes) is expanding its subscription model to rent e-bikes to individuals making food and other deliveries in cities. While there are a lot of e-bike brands, I'm interested in how subscription models can speed the adoption of electric mobility solutions (by lowering the barriers to trying out this new technology), whether that's e-bike, scooters, electric vehicles, or anything in between. Link
Hat tip to the Micromobility Newsletter on both these micro mobility news items.
Article précédentThe Roku Channel, which offers free, ad-supported movies and TV episodes and 115 live linear channels, is rolling out today on Amazon Fire TV (Stephanie Sengwe/The Streamable)
Article suivantThe Impact of 3D Printing in the Automotive Industry
Dominion CEO to Step Down as Utility Marks Massive Loss From Pipeline Cancellation
SoCal Edison Will Deploy 38,000 EV Chargers in Largest Utility Program of Its Kind
The Plastics Recycling Puzzle: Can Chemistry Close the Loop?
6 juillet 2020 6 juillet 2020

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In the south west of Western Australia, we are lucky to enjoy a very mild temperate climate, with an abundance of sunshine throughout most of the year to warm and power our houses, and summer breezes to cool them down. In recent years, solar photovoltaic and battery technologies have become much more affordable and accessible, energy efficient appliances are now widely available, and solar passive house design is recognised as best practice. Why is it then that we continue to build energy-guzzling housing developments, which are literally costing people the earth to live in?
One of the key objectives of the Witchcliffe Ecovillage was to be able to supply 100% of all energy consumed on site through renewable sources, and we are very pleased to say this can be achieved. Carefully planned lot layouts, clever house designs and efficient appliances will have a big impact on reducing energy consumption in the Ecovillage, and renewable energy will be generated onsite by rooftop solar PVs.
To ensure a constant supply, the total renewable energy produced within the Ecovillage over a whole year has been designed to be significantly greater than the total energy that residents consume. In fact, we estimate the average household will generate enough surplus solar energy to power an electric vehicle for 15,000 to 20,000 km each year. Our energy modelling has been based on figures that take into account the worst winter weather recorded over the past 30 years, but any shortfall backup required during unusually long cloudy periods will be supplied by accredited GreenPower renewable energy via the Western Power grid.
Solar photovoltaic panels will be the predominant source of energy within the village. Solar PVs were chosen as they provide a very high value, long lasting energy generation solution with little to no maintenance requirements. They are unobtrusive, silent and completely autonomous. Having the generation on rooftops will utilise a structure that is already there, saving open space for other uses. It also improves the efficiency of the building in the heat of summer, acting like an extra layer of insulation. All PV systems will be of a high quality and will supply the Ecovillage with ample power for years to come.
Every home, business and community building in the Witchcliffe Ecovillage will feature rooftop PV systems, just like the ones found on a grid-connected home. This system will supply the household or business with their daily power requirements. Depending on the ultimate system design, the excess energy created will either go to the household's own battery storage bank or to a central battery storage for each stage. PV capacity for individual buildings will be mandated by sustainability design guidelines to guarantee supply throughout the year.
To ensure a constant supply of power from solar generation, battery storage is required. The rooftop solar PV's charge batteries during the day and store energy for use at night and in periods of overcast weather. We are currently exploring two different battery storage options. The first provides battery storage at each home and the second proposal includes central battery storage units that will store and supply energy for each home through a large inverter. The benefit of the first option is that each PV and battery storage system could be tailor made for each household's requirements. The second option would see each stage provided with its own central battery and inverter systems, which may provide a more adaptable and responsive system. Either option will ensure a highly reliable, robust, renewable power system for the Ecovillage.
At this point, lithium technology is leading the pack as the battery of choice for the Ecovillage energy system. However, we are following other battery technologies closely in case a more sustainable solution is available by the time we are ready to purchase.
Lithium batteries are a proven technology with many benefits. They consist of cells similar to those you would find in a laptop computer, mobile phone or electric vehicle but on a much larger scale. They are highly efficient, meaning almost all of the energy that is put into them is stored as electrical energy, unlike some other batteries that waste a lot as heat. They may be charged and discharged at a high rate, allowing all of the energy a sunny day can produce to be stored for later use, as well as allowing periods of high load to be met with ease. Lithium batteries feature a high cycle life, ensuring years of reliable performance. They are also compact, leaving more space for nature and leisure.
Many people these days have already adapted their houses and lifestyles to be more energy efficient, with simple measures like choosing the highest star rated appliances they can afford and switching off appliances when they're not in use. However, if their house doesn't face the right way, or is built from the wrong materials, there is a real limit to the efficiencies they can achieve.
Through incorporating energy efficient design into every aspect of the planning of the Ecovillage from lot layout onwards, and providing education and community engagement to future residents, energy usage in the Witchliffe Ecovillage will be minimised without reducing residents' comfort or affecting their lifestyles.
All homes, businesses and community facilities must be designed as efficiently as possible. According to yourhome.gov.au, 40% of the average Australian home's energy usage is in heating and cooling. By building well-insulated, solar passive homes, close to 100% of heating and cooling can be done passively, saving a large amount of energy. Well-designed solar passive homes in Margaret River are surprisingly warm in winter and require heating only after prolonged periods of overcast weather; in summer, cooling is rarely required and can be taken care of by overhead fans. Other factors such as efficient appliance selection and usage habits, LED lighting and community education programs will help to lower energy usage even further without negatively affecting the lifestyle of residents.
The microgrids supplying each strata cluster with electricity will feature a central inverter/charger. This piece of equipment not only helps to control the charging of the batteries, but also converts the energy in the batteries into AC power for homes and businesses.
As each cluster is constructed, another microgrid will be added with its own inverter/charger connecting the household batteries within that cluster with the existing Western Power grid. This connection will enable excess renewable energy produced by the clusters to be sold back into the grid.
As the microgrids in the Witchcliffe Ecovillage have been designed to operate year-round with very minimal backup during the cloudiest periods of winter, there will be a large amount of excess energy created when the sun is shining. In fact, we are expecting to produce around 1.6 million kWh's of excess renewable energy each year.
In order to utilise this energy, the Ecovillage's microgrid will be connected to Western Power's grid to allow the sale of renewable energy back into the grid. Excess renewable energy will also be utilised within the Ecovillage for irrigation of the community gardens and agricultural areas, electric vehicles and bicycles, and seasonal business uses.
Residents of the Witchcliffe Ecovillage will be provided with the tools they need to live an energy efficient lifestyle, including effective use of their in-home energy monitoring systems. We anticipate that monitoring of energy usage in the Ecovillage will also provide valuable data for future sustainable energy research projects, for example, investigating the impact of solar passive subdivision design on household energy consumption, etc.
Residents and business owners will be provided with training to ensure they get the most out of their energy systems and the overall operation of the microgrid. Topics such as time of use, energy efficiency, standby and base load consumption, and system maintenance and monitoring will be covered. It is expected that with guidance and support, residents will have energy to spare and will not incur any electricity costs living in the Ecovillage.
Each building will have an indoor energy monitoring system, allowing the resident or business owner to keep an eye on their generation and consumption. This will assist them in deciding when to run certain appliances such as the dishwasher or washing machine and allow them to monitor how much energy they have generated and imported.


Join the Taco Cabana eClub…only if you love FREE food!
Taco Cabana sends club members money-saving offers and special coupons, including a coupon for a FREE Flauta plate on your birthday. This coupon will be valid for one week.


text:
Кубок Македонії з футболу 2002–2003 — 11-й розіграш кубкового футбольного турніру в Македонії. Титул вперше здобула Цементарниця 55.

Календар

1/16 фіналу

|colspan="3" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|4 серпня 2002

|}

1/8 фіналу

|colspan="5" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|25 вересня/30 жовтня 2002

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|2/30 жовтня 2002

|}

1/4 фіналу

|colspan="5" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|2/30 листопада 2002

|}

1/2 фіналу

|colspan="5" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|19 березня/23 квітня 2003

|}

Фінал

Посилання
 Кубок Македонії на rsssf
 Кубок Македонії на ffm

Кубок Північної Македонії з футболу
Македонія
Македонія
2002 у Північній Македонії
2003 у Північній Македонії

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
2015 Princeton Festival Offers Three Weeks of Music, Dance, Musical Comedy, Opera, Free Lectures
PRINCETON, NJ (CelebrityAccess MediaWire) — The Princeton Festival ( www.princetonfestival.org ) announced its 2015 season, featuring 23 music and stage performances in 11 different genres plus nine lectures and other events between June 6 and June 28 at venues throughout the Princeton area. The varied schedule includes Mozart's popular opera The Marriage of Figaro, rising country music group Striking Matches, jazz and classical music concerts, a piano recital and a workshop on and performance of Indian classical music and dance.
"We are excited to present wonderful artists in a diverse array of performances," said Richard Tang Yuk, the Festival's General and Artistic Director. "We continue to be gratified and encouraged by the loyal support of our many donors and patrons."
Mr. Tang Yuk noted that, in addition to its diverse musical and staged offerings, the Festival is continuing its tradition of free lectures by experts such as noted drama and opera translator and director Stephen Wadsworth, opera director Steven LaCosse and Emmy award-winning engineer Mark Schubin. Six different lectures are on tap.
The Princeton Festival is also sponsoring previews, workshops, a conducting masterclass and a piano competition for young artists.
Full descriptions of all offerings are available on the Festival website, with instructions for ordering tickets by phone, email or online.
This year's program offers 23 performances by outstanding artists and ensembles.
A cappella jazz: featuring ensembles The Tribunes and West Side 5, Saturday, June 6, Taplin Auditorium in Fine Hall, Princeton University.
Jazz: Falkner Evans Quintet, Sunday, June 7, Clark Music Center, The Lawrenceville School.
Musical Comedy: "The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee," June 12, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, Matthews Acting Studio, Lewis Center for the Arts, Princeton University, 185 Nassau St.
Opera: Mozart's "Le Nozze de Figaro," Saturday, June 13, Sunday, June 21, Sunday, June 28, McCarter Theatre, Princeton.
Piano Competition for Young Artists, Finals: Sunday, June 14, Clark Music Center, Lawrenceville
Concordia Chamber Players: Saturday, June 20, All Saints Church, Princeton.
Country Music: Striking Matches, Sunday, June 21, McAneny Theatre, Princeton Day School, Princeton.
Baroque Music: Princeton Festival Baroque Orchestra, Wednesday, June 24, Miller Chapel, Princeton Theological Seminary.
Piano Recital: Fei-Fei Dong, Friday, June 26, Taplin Auditorium in Fine Hall, Princeton University.
Choral Concert: Conducting masterclass participants with Dr. Jan Harrington, Saturday, June 27, Unitarian Universalist Church, Princeton.
Indian Music and Dance: Pradhanica Indian Music and Dance, demo and workshop Sunday June 6, Clark Music Center, The Lawrenceville School; performance Saturday, June 27, Berlind Theatre, McCarter Theatre Center, Princeton.
–by CelebrityAccess Staff Writers


Vapour actuated pressure spring thermometer does not require ambient temperaturecompensation.
A rocket motor has a chamber pressure of 100 bar and chamber temperature of 3000 K. The ambient pressure is 1bar.
Assume that the specific heat at constant pressure is 1 kJ/kg-K. Also assume that the flow in the nozzle is isentropic and optimallyexpanded.


text:
Security camera hack exposes hospitals, workplaces, schools
by Editor March 11, 2021 March 10, 2021
Courtesy Google Images
MATT O'BRIEN and FRANK BAJAK, Associated Press
Hackers aiming to call attention to the dangers of mass surveillance said they were able to peer into hospitals, schools, factories, jails and corporate offices after they broke into the systems of a security-camera startup.
That California startup, Verkada, said Wednesday it is investigating the scope of the breach, first reported by Bloomberg, and has notified law enforcement and its customers.
Swiss hacker Tillie Kottmann, a member of the group that calls itself APT-69420 Arson Cats, described it in an online chat with The Associated Press as a small collective of "primarily queer hackers, not backed by any nations or capital but instead backed by the desire for fun, being gay and a better world."
They were able to gain access to a Verkada "super" administrator account using valid credentials found online, Kottmann said. Verkada said in a statement that it has since disabled all internal administrator accounts to prevent any unauthorized access.
But for two days, the hackers said, they were able to peer unhindered into live feeds from potentially tens of thousands of cameras, including many that were watching sensitive locations such as hospitals and schools. Kottmann said that included outdoor and indoor cameras at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, where 26 first-grade students and six educators were killed in 2012 by a gunman in one of the deadliest school shootings in U.S. history.
The school district's superintendent didn't return calls or emailed requests for comment Wednesday.
One of Verkada's affected customers, the San Francisco web infrastructure and security company Cloudflare, said the compromised Verkada cameras were watching entrances and main thoroughfares to some of its offices that have been closed for nearly a year due to the pandemic.
"As soon as we became aware of the compromise, we disabled the cameras and disconnected them from office networks," said spokesperson Laurel Toney. "No customer data or processes have been impacted by this incident."
Another San Francisco tech company, Okta, said five cameras it placed at office entrances were compromised, though there's no evidence anyone viewed the live streams.
Twitter said it permanently suspended Kottmann's account, which posted materials gathered in the hack, for violating its rules against ban evasion, which typically happens when users start a new account to circumvent an earlier suspension. Kottmann had earlier received a message from Twitter suspending the account for violating its rules against the distribution of hacked material, the hacker said.
The Verkada footage captured and shared by hackers included a Tesla facility in China and the Madison County Jail in Huntsville, Alabama.
Madison County Sheriff Kevin Turner said in a statement Wednesday the jail has taken the cameras offline, adding "we are confident that this unauthorized release did not and will not impact the safety of staff or inmates." Tesla didn't respond to requests for comment.
Verkada, based in San Mateo, California, has pitched its cloud-based surveillance service as part of the next generation of workplace security. Its software detects when people are in the camera's view, and a "Person History" feature enables customers to recognize and track individual faces and other attributes, such as clothing color and likely gender. Not all customers use the facial recognition feature.
The company attracted negative attention last year when video surveillance industry news site IPVM reported that Verkada employees had passed around photos of female coworkers collected by the company's own in-office cameras and made sexually explicit comments about them.
Cybersecurity expert Elisa Costante said it's worrisome that this week's hack wasn't sophisticated and simply involved using valid credentials to access a huge trove of data stored on a cloud server.
"What is disturbing is to see how much real-life data can go into the wrong hands and how easy it can be," said Costante, vice president of research at Forescout. "It's a wake up call to make sure that whenever you are collecting this much data we need to have basic security hygiene."
Kottmann said the hacker collective, active since 2020, doesn't set out after specific targets. Instead, it scans organizations on the internet for known vulnerabilities and then works to "just narrow down and dig in on interesting targets."
Biden, Gates, other Twitter accounts hacked
Thousands of emails stolen from Republican committee's aides
Hackers' new target during pandemic: video conference calls
Tagged: camera, hack, security


This week saw various memorials for the centenary of the Battle of the Somme and with all the things that happened in the past few days, it's a good time as any to pause and remember what Europe and the EU stands for first and foremost: Peace. Yes, it's easy to forget between the shape of bananas and the energy efficiency of light bulbs, but the EU remains a peace project - and possibly the greatest one there ever was.
Back when the European Union won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2012, I wrote a private Facebook post saying "Nobel Peace Prize: Number 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9 on the list of the world's top arms-exporting countries say thank you. And Frontex, too."And that's still what I think. Even though refugees were taken in this and the past year, we as a collective still too often close our eyes to what happens just outside our borders. Does someone really care how many people have drowned in the Mediterranean in the past year? We chose to live in this happy little bubble, where - despite some actual problems we have - we still have the time to complain about not being able to use high-powered vacuums and that we can only buy straight cucumbers. It's a tough life in that happy little bubble the EU has created for us.
Flashback 100 years: In July 1916 the people of Europe were in the midst of what they thought would be 'the war to end all wars'. Little did they know that another war even more devastating would follow on its heels. Both wars combined claimed more than 80 million lives. The Battle of the Somme alone resulted in one million casualties. British, German, French - no matter whether they were on the right or wrong side of history - and with World War II it's certainly easier to tell which one is which - death didn't ask their nationality. And death also doesn't ask if you are a soldier or a civilian.
Growing up, I always wondered how people could vote for someone like Hitler or Mussolini. Sadly, life teaches me how. (Just to be sure: I'm not implying that the leaders of these right-wing movements are as bad as Hitler and Mussolini, but what is happening right now gives us a prime example on how politicians can feed on people's fears.) To me, what has happened in Great Britain, the Brexit, is another sign of what is happening in all over Europe and other parts of the world in the past few years: The rise of a nationalism. Something that frankly frightens me because nationalism has never brought us anywhere but war. It is what brought human kind to the Somme and it is what brought humankind to Stalingrad and the Bulge.
Yet we collectively as humankind never seem to learn from history. Or rather, the only thing we learn is that we don't learn. We seem to keep falling into the same traps all over again. One try to make things better was the European Union. Up until 1945, never in its history had Europe known peace. For centuries upon centuries, Europe had always been at war, somewhere, somehow. In 1952, France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg came together to form the European Coal and Steel Community. It was the first international organisation based on the principles of supranationalism, which would ultimately lead to the foundation of the European Union. Of course, it was about coal and steel but it was even more about keeping an eye on each other - coal and steel were two of the most important things you needed for warfare - and working together.
What grew out of it were 70 years of peace. Of course there were many contributing factors but looking at it, there is no use denying that "the European Project" played a major role. Instead of having war as a constant prospect on the horizon, Europe was united in a community of interests. Today, there are generations of Europeans who only know peace, who do not know the sounds of bombs bursting in the air or artillery fire. My grandparents grew up in times of war that went beyond what anybody could have imagined in terms of cruelty and violence, I grew up in a Europe without borders. And Europe is my home.
I was born in 1989, the year the wall fell. I didn't grow up in a world where the world as we knew it ended just 50 kilometres away like it was for the generation of my parents. I grew up in a Europe where I could go from the Finnish capital Helsinki to Lisbon in Portugal without showing an ID once. I grew up in a Europe where you would pop over to the Netherlands or Denmark for the weekend or just a day trip, a Europe where I spent my term breaks visiting friends studying all over Europe. In school or at uni it didn't matter whether you were German, Greek, Spanish or Czech. It was merely a matter of smalltalk and one of those "You know you are [[insert nationality here]] when..." subjects. We were all part of this bigger thing that we all knew but never talked about because it was natural to us. Like most Germans, I had never been the most patriotic person anyway. Given our history, it's difficult to be unashamedly proud of our nationality when there's not a major football tournament going on at the moment.
Could our grandparents, great-grandparents and generations before them have imagined us all living together peacefully for seven decades? I doubt it but still it was their dream and the EU brought us a very large step closer to it. Being the youngest one in the family, I often spent a lot of time with my grandparents when I was a child. Curious as I was, I asked them questions and more questions about their lives growing up - and World War II. My maternal grandfather was an ambulance driver for the Wehrmacht, waiting behind the lines for the battle to be over and then picking up those who still had a chance of survival. A religious man until his death, he was a supporter of the Christian Democratic Party, which today is the party of Angela Merkel, after the war. When they supported the reintroduction of any army in Germany during the 1950's, he left them and joined the Social Democrats instead - because he never wanted his children and grandchildren to witness what he had witnessed.
When he was the same age as I am today, he had just returned home from captivity in France. He had seen much of Europe between the Caucasus mountains and the Atlantic ocean - but not as I have seen much of Europe from Stockholm's archipelago to the ruins of Rome. His experiences of Europe weren't about eating English fish and chips and drinking Belgian beer with his Greek friends or roaming the streets of Italy on a lovely warm May night. Right now, Europe is about to destroy that dream his generation had, a dream of a peaceful Europe.
Please, don't let us destroy what we have over quibbles that are so much smaller than what the European Union stands for and nationalism that will never lead us anywhere but conflict. Because frankly, I want my children and grandchildren to have the same experiences I had: To travel through a Europe without borders, to make friends from all over the continent, to drink Italian wine on a sunny day in Paris complaining with their Dutch friends about the ridiculous laws the EU makes about bananas and cucumbers. And they'll laugh about it, because they know that no matter what divides us, Europe will always be their shared home.


text:
\section{introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}

A wide variety of technical processes involve the storage and
transport of granular materials. On the other hand, granular
materials have very unusual properties which have intrigued
researches in physics over recent years \cite{general}. Of great
importance is the characterization of stress fluctuations in dry
granular materials. Optical measurements in two and three
dimensional \cite{optical} arrays of granular materials have
showed that the stress in packed granular materials is not
distributed uniformly inside the medium, but is concentrated
along "chains". Further experiments dealing with force
fluctuations in the bottom of relative small containers have
shown an exponential distribution of vertical forces (weight)
$w$ \cite{liu,mueth}.

Another interesting phenomena associated with weight
fluctuations is the problem of arching. Arching refers to the
observation that the average weight at the bottom of a column of
grains saturates at a value $W_s$ as the depth $t$ measured from
the top of the column is increased, where $W_s$ shows large
fluctuations when repeating this procedure with the same amount
of grain.  About one century ago Janssen \cite{janssen} showed,
using a simple argument, that $W(t)=W_s[1-\exp(-t/t_s)]$. $t_s$
is the saturation depth which scales as $t_s\sim L$, where $L$
is the linear horizontal size of the container.

More recently, Liu {\em et al} \cite{liu} proposed a simple
discrete model ($q$-model) which describe the essential features
of force fluctuations in granular materials. For instance,
numerical simulations of the model in $2+1$ dimensions give rise
to an exponential distribution $P(v)\sim \exp(-\lambda v)$ for
the normalized weight $v=w/t$, in agreement with experimental
observations and numerical simulations of sphere packings
\cite{liu,coppersmith}. Later Peralta-Fabi {\em et al}
\cite{pfabi} showed through numerical simulations in $1+1$
dimensions and mean field (MF) analysis that the same model, but
with different boundary conditions, explains the process of
arching, obtaining the Janssen law but with $W_s\sim L^2$ and
$t_s\sim L^2$.

Generalizations of the $q$-model has been considered
\cite{Claudin97,Nicodemi98,Socolar98,Nguyen99}. Some of them
including a local slip condition which leads to anisotropies in
the stress transmission \cite{Claudin97} and introduces
correlations \cite{Nicodemi98}. These correlations,
nevertheless, do not alter the asymptotic exponential decay of
the normalized weight distribution \cite{Nicodemi98}. On the
other hand, other authors have introduced more realistic models
which takes into account the stress fluctuations in the
horizontal cross-section \cite{Socolar98,Nguyen99}. Some of
their predictions are in agreement with those obtained for the
$q$-model, such as the exponential asymptotic decay of the
normalized weight distribution characteristic of the $q$-model.

We also count with some coarse-grained equations for the
$q$-model \cite{pfabi,Claudin98}. Claudin {\em et al}
\cite{Claudin98} obtained a diffusion equation for the weight
with a multiplicative noise and derived some analytical results
for the weight correlation function. However, their analysis was
limited to pile configurations and silos with periodic boundary
conditions. On the contrary, Peralta-Fabi {\em et al}
\cite{pfabi} the case when part of the weight is supported by
the walls of the silo, which lead to a saturation of the average
weight profile. Nevertheless, they neglected fluctuations in the
local stress transmission.

In the present work we focus our attention in obtaining a
continuum model to describe weight fluctuations and the process
of arching in granular materials, for both periodic and wall
boundary conditions. We take as starting point the $q$-model
introduced by Liu {\em et al} \cite{liu}. We obtain a
coarse-grained continuum equation of this model which is similar
to the Edwards-Wilkinson equation, where the grain weight acts
as an external force and noise is added to consider fluctuations
in shape and orientation. Boundary and initial conditions are
imposed following the definition of the discrete model. Two
particular cases are analyzed, periodic and absorbing
boundaries. In the case of periodic boundary conditions the
average weight increases linearly with depth and is independent
of the lattice size, while in the case of absorbing boundary
conditions it saturates for $t\gg t_s\sim L^2$ to $W_s\sim L^2$.
Moreover, in both cases fluctuations around the average are of
the order of $L^\zeta$, with $\zeta=(4-d)/2$.

The paper is organized as follows. In section
\ref{sec:introduction} we derive the coarse-grained equation for
the $q$-model and solve it for the case of periodic and
absorbing boundary conditions. In section \ref{sec:discussion}
our results are compared with numerical simulations in one
dimension, and with other works in the literature. Finally the
summary and conclusions are given in section \ref{sec:summary}.

\section{The model}
\label{sec:model}

\subsection{Discrete model}

Liu {\em et al} \cite{liu} introduce a simple model ($q$-model)
that describe some of the experimental observations in bead
packs.  The model assumes that the dominant physical mechanism
leading to force fluctuations is the inhomogeneity of the
packing, which causes an unequal distribution of weight on the
beads supporting a given grain. Spatial correlations in these
fractions and variations in the coordination numbers of the
grains are ignored. Only the vertical components of the forces
are considered explicitly.

Consider a $d+1$ dimensional array of grains in which each layer
has $L^d$ beads. The total weight on a given bead is transmitted
unevenly to $N$ adjacent beads in the layer underneath.
Specifically, a fraction $q_{ij}$ of the total weight supported
by the bead $j$ in layer $t$ is transmitted to bead $i$ in layer
$t+1$. Thus, a site at depth $t+1$ has weight $w_i(t+1)$, due to
its own weight $w_0$ and to weights of neighbors at depth $t$,
according to
\begin{equation}
w_i(t+1)=w_0+\sum_jq_{ij}(t)w_j(t),
\label{eq:1}
\end{equation}
where the sum runs over the $N$ neighbors, in layer $t$, of the
site $i$, in layer $t+1$. The fractions $q_{ij}(t)$ are taken to
be random variables, independent except for the constraint
\begin{equation}
\sum_i q_{ij}(t)=1,
\label{eq:2}
\end{equation}
where the sum runs over the $N$ neighbors, in layer $t+1$, of
site $j$, in layer $t$.

To complete model definition, boundary and initial conditions
must be specified. In the top layer ($l=0$) the grains have no
neighbors above and, therefore, they only support their own
weight, i.e. $w_i(0)=w_0$. On the other hand, we can take
different boundary conditions.  We consider two cases, periodic
and absorbing boundary conditions.  Absorbing boundary
conditions are more appropriate to describe the force
fluctuations in silos where part of the weight is supported
("absorbed") by the wall containing the grains. The absorbing
boundary conditions are implemented by simply imposing that
boundary sites have zero weight. If a site near the boundary
transmit part of its weight to a boundary site (i.e. to the
wall) this weight fraction is "dissipated", while the boundary
site never transmit weight to its neighbors because by
definition its weight is zero. This boundary conditions are
different but equivalent to the one used by Peralta-Fabi {\em et
al} \cite{pfabi}. On the other hand, for periodic boundary
conditions we recover the original $q$-model \cite{liu}.

\subsection{Coarse-grained equation}

To derive a coarse-grained continuum equation of eq.
(\ref{eq:1}) let us introduce the new random fraction
$Q_{ij}(t)$, such that
\begin{equation}
q_{ij}(t)=\frac{1}{N}+Q_{ij}(t),
\label{eq:3}
\end{equation}
which following (\ref{eq:2}) satisfies the constraint
\begin{equation}
\sum_i Q_{ij}(t)=0.
\label{eq:4}
\end{equation}
Substituting $q_{ij}(t)$ in eq. (\ref{eq:1}) by eq. (\ref{eq:3})
and substrating $w_i(t)$ to both sides it results that
\begin{equation}
w_i(t+1)-w_i(t)=\frac{1}{N}\sum_j[w_j(t)-w_i(t)]+w_0+\eta_i(t),
\label{eq:5}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\eta_i(t)=\sum_j Q_{ij}(t)w_j(t).
\label{eq:6}
\end{equation}
$\eta_i(t)$ is a noise term associated with the random fractions
$Q_{ij}(t)$ and with weights at neighbor sites. In average the
contribution of $\eta_i(t)$ should be zero because of the
constraint in eq. (\ref{eq:4}).

Eq. (\ref{eq:5}) can be coarse-grained to obtain a continuum
equation for the effective $w(\vec{x},t)$. In the left hand side
we have the discrete depth derivative, while the first term in
the right hand side is the discrete Laplacian in the horizontal
direction. After coarse-graining it result that
\begin{equation}
\lambda\frac{\partial}{\partial l} w(\vec{x},t)
=\Gamma\nabla^2w(\vec{x},t)+w_0+\eta(\vec{x},t),
\label{eq:7}
\end{equation}
$\lambda$ and $\Gamma$ are coarse-grained coeficients.
$\lambda\sim a_\bot$ and $\Gamma\sim a_{||}^2/N$, where $a_\bot$
and $a_{||}$ are characteristic lengths in the vertical and
horizontal direction, respectively.

In $(1+1)$-dimensions eq. (\ref{eq:7}) is actually very similar
to the one derived in \cite{Claudin98}. Claudin {\em et al}
\cite{Claudin98} considered the explicit multiplicative nature
of the noise. However, it is not clear how their analysis can be
extended to ($2+1$)-dimensions, in particular the precise form
of the coarse-grained noise is in this case not clear for us.
Instead, we assume that $\eta(\vec{x},t)$ is a Gaussian noise
with zero mean and uncorrelated in space, with noise correlator
\begin{equation}
\langle\eta(\vec{x},t)\eta(\vec{x}^\prime,t^\prime)\rangle=
\delta(\vec{x}-\vec{x}^\prime)\Delta(t-t^\prime).
\label{eq:8}
\end{equation}
$\Delta(t)$ is a monotonically decreasing even function. We do
not know the precise form of $\Delta(t)$, but we assume it
decays to zero beyond depth $t_c$. Depending on the value of
$t_c$ we can obtain different behaviors. For $t_c\sim a_\bot$
the noise will be also uncorrelated in the vertical direction,
i.e. $\Delta(t)\sim\delta(t)$. On the contrary, if $t_c$ is much
larger than any characteristic depth then $\Delta(t)$ may be
considered constant. We expect the noise $\eta(\vec{x},t)$ to be
strongly correlated in the vertical direction. According to eq.
(\ref{eq:6}) the noise actually depends on weights at the
different sizes, which should be strongly correlated from layer
to layer. We have avoided the multiplicative nature of the noise
but in compensation we must keep the correlations in the
vertical direction. In any case we are going to consider
different choices of $\Delta(t)$ and compare the results with
numerical simulations.

\subsection{Average weight and fluctuations}

Eq. (\ref{eq:7}) can be interpreted as the equation of motion of
an interface profile $w(\vec{x},t)$, where depth plays the role
of time, under an external force $w_0$ and annealed noise
$\eta(\vec{x},t)$. This observation is very important because it
shows that force fluctuations in granular media can be described
through a more general framework, that if interface dynamics,
which has been extensively studied in the literature \cite{id}.
In this context, eq. (\ref{eq:7}) is known as the
Edwards-Wilkinson (EW) equation after \cite{EW}.

A central quantity of interest is the width $\Delta w$ of the
fluctuating "interface", given by $\Delta w^2(L,t)=\langle
L^{d}\int_0^Ld^d[w(\vec{x},t) -\langle w\rangle]^2\rangle$,
where $\langle w\rangle$ is the mean height of the interface
(mean weight). In general the "surface roughness" $\Delta w$ has
the following asymptotic behavior
\begin{equation}
\Delta w(L,t)=L^{\zeta}f(t/L^z),
\label{eq:b0}
\end{equation}
where $\zeta$ and $z$ are the roughness and dynamic exponent,
respectively. In the thermodynamic limit $L\rightarrow\infty$,
being linear, eq. (\ref{eq:7}) is readily solved via Fourier
methods. Direct integration shows that, if the noise is
spatially and temporally uncorrelated, the roughness exponent is
given by $\zeta=(2-d)/2$ \cite{EW}.

In this section we investigate the solution of eq. (\ref{eq:7})
for different boundary conditions and noise correlators
$\Delta(t)$. We are interested in the stationary solution and,
therefore, the initial condition is irrelevant.

Let first analyze the case of periodic boundary conditions. In
this case the solution can be written as
\begin{equation}
w(\vec{x},t)=\frac{w_0}{\lambda}t+y(\vec{x},t).
\label{eq:b1}
\end{equation}
After substituting this expression in eq. (\ref{eq:7}) we obtain
the following equation for $y(\vec{x},t)$
\begin{equation}
\lambda\partial_t y(\vec{x},t)
=\Gamma\nabla^2y(\vec{x},t)+\eta(\vec{x},t).
\label{eq:b2}
\end{equation}
The solution of this equation clearly has zero average, i.e.
$\langle y(\vec{x},t)\rangle=0$, and therefore
\begin{equation}
\langle w(\vec{x},t)\rangle=\frac{w_0}{\lambda}t.
\label{eq:b3}
\end{equation}
The average weight thus increases linearly with $t$ and no
saturation is observed.

On the contrary, for absorbing boundary conditions the solution
cannot be proposed as in eq. (\ref{eq:b1}). In this case weight
dissipation at the boundary leads to a stationary state where
the average weight saturates. In the language of interface
dynamics this situation correspond with an elastic interface
pinned at the boundary under an external force $w_0$. In this
case is better to look for a solution of the form
\begin{equation}
w(\vec{x},t)=W(\vec{x})+y(\vec{x},t),
\label{eq:b4}
\end{equation}
where $W(\vec{x})$ is the solution of the stationary problem
\begin{equation}
\Gamma\nabla^2W(\vec{x})+w_0=0,
\label{eq:b5}
\end{equation}
with homogeneous boundary conditions ($W|_{\text{boundary}}=0$),
and $y(\vec{x},t)$ satisfies eq. (\ref{eq:b2}) but with
homogeneous boundary conditions.

Again, $y(\vec{x},t)$ has zero average and, therefore, the mean
weight in the stationary state is $W(\vec{x})$. The solution of
eq. (\ref{eq:b5}) can be easily obtained for certain geometries.
In $d=1$ we can look for the solution in the interval $0<x<L$
with $W(0)=W(L)=0$, obtaining
\begin{equation}
W(x)=\frac{w_0L^2}{2\Gamma}\left(\frac{x}{L}-
\frac{x^2}{L^2}\right).
\label{eq:b6}
\end{equation}
For $d=2$, $d=3$ and $d>3$ (only the case $d=2$ has a physical
realization) we can look for the solution in a circle, sphere
and hyper-sphere of radius $L$ such that $W=W(r)$, with $0<r<L$
and the boundary condition $W(L)=0$, where $r$ is the distance
to the center. The solution is in this case given by
\begin{equation}
W(r)=\frac{w_0L^2}{2d\Gamma}\left(1-\frac{r^2}{L^2}\right).
\label{eq:b7}
\end{equation}
Thus, in any dimension, $L$ is the characteristic length of the
system and the saturation weight scales as $L^2$.

Now we are going to analyze the fluctuations around the average,
described by eq. (\ref{eq:b2}) with the corresponding boundary
conditions and noise correlator. A formal solution of eq.
(\ref{eq:b2}) is given by
\begin{equation}
y(\vec{x},t)=\int_0^t dt^\prime\int d^dx^\prime
G_d(\vec{x},\vec{x^\prime},t-t^\prime;L)\eta(\vec{x}^\prime,t^\prime),
\label{eq:b8}
\end{equation}
where $G_d(\vec{x},\vec{x^\prime},t;L)$ is the Green function of
corresponding boundary problem, which depends on the dimension
of the horizontal space $d$ and on the linear size of the system
$L$. The precise form of the Green function can be obtained only
for some suitable geometries, however, in general it satisfies
the scaling relation
\begin{equation}
G_d(\vec{x},\vec{x^\prime},l;L)=\frac{1}{L^d}
g_d\left(\frac{\vec{x}}{L},\frac{\vec{x}^\prime}{L},
\frac{t}{L^2}\right),
\label{eq:b9}
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}\narrowtext
\centerline{\psfig{file=fig1.eps,width=3in}}
\caption{Global average weight as a function of depth obtained
from numerical simulations in one dimension. The continuous
(dashed) line corresponds with absorbing (periodic) boundary
conditions. In the case of absorbing boundary conditions the
average weight saturates after a characteristic depth $t_s$
while it increases linearly with depth for periodic boundary
conditions.}
\label{fig:1}
\end{figure}

\noindent
where $g_d(\vec{x},\vec{x}^\prime,t)$ depends on the spatial
dimension and boundary conditions and $L$ is a characteristic
linear dimension of the system. $g_d$ can be obtained exactly,
for instance, in one dimension and in a systems with radial
symmetry.

Using equations (\ref{eq:b8}), (\ref{eq:b9}), and (\ref{eq:8})
we compute the "surface roughness" $\Delta w$, obtaining the
scaling relation in eq. (\ref{eq:b0}) with $z=2$ and a roughness
exponent $\zeta$ which depends on the choice of $\Delta(t)$. If
the noise is uncorrelated in the vertical direction $t$
($t_c\rightarrow0$) then
\begin{equation}
\zeta=\frac{2-d}{2},
\label{eq:b10}
\end{equation}
which corresponds with the EW universality class. On the
contrary, if it is strongly correlated in the vertical direction
($t_c\rightarrow\infty$) then
\begin{equation}
\zeta=\frac{4-d}{2}.
\label{eq:b11}
\end{equation}
In both cases the exponent $\zeta$ is independent of the choice
of boundary conditions, and they are identical to the exponents
obtained from the Fourier analysis for a $L\rightarrow\infty$
system. Thus, while the average profile is strongly dependent on
the boundary conditions, the "surface roughness" only depends on
the noise correlator.

\section{Numerical simulations and discussion}
\label{sec:discussion}

To test results obtained in the previous section we have
performed numerical simulations of the discrete model in one
dimension ($N=2$) with a uniform $q$- distribution. We have used
$w_0=1$ and lattice sizes $L=50$, $100$, $200$ and $400$.
Average were taken over 1000 realizations for the three smallest
lattice sizes and over 100 realizations

\begin{figure}\narrowtext
\centerline{\psfig{file=fig2.eps,width=3in}}
\caption{Weight profile in the stationary state for absorbing
boundary conditions. The choice of scaled variables is explained
in the text. The heavy line is a fit to the quadratic dependency
$P(x)=a+bx-cx^2$, with $a=0.02\pm0.01$, $b=3.91\pm0.1$ and
$c=3.92\pm0.1$.}
\label{fig:2}
\end{figure}

\noindent
for the largest one.
Different magnitudes associated with force fluctuations were
computed.

Our analytical approach reveals that the existence of absorbing
boundaries  is necessary to obtain a saturation weight,
otherwise the weight increases linearly with depth. In fig.
\ref{fig:1} we have plotted the global average weight
\begin{equation}
W(t)=\left\langle\frac{1}{L}\sum_{i=1}^Lw_i(t)\right\rangle
\label{eq:c1}
\end{equation}
at depth $t$, for periodic and absorbing boundary conditions.
The agreement with our prediction becomes evident.

Moreover, in the case of absorbing boundary conditions, we have
computed the average weight profile after saturation which in
one dimension is given by eq. (\ref{eq:b6}). The average weight
after saturation as a function of lattice position $x$ is shown
in fig. \ref{fig:2}, for different lattice sizes. The scaled
variables $w/L^2$ vs. $x/L$ have been used as suggested by eq.
(\ref{eq:b6}). All the curves collapse in a single plot showing
that our choice of scaled variables is correct. Moreover, the
scaled plot was fitted to the quadratic dependency
$P(x)=a+bx-cx^2$, with $a=0.02\pm0.01$, $b=3.91\pm0.1$ and
$c=3.92\pm0.1$. These fitting parameters are in very good
agreement with eq. (\ref{eq:b6}) since they satisfy $a\ll b$ and
$b\approx c$. We have thus obtained the correct profile for the
saturation weight.

To investigate the transient region before saturation we have
computed the global average weight as a function of depth. The
result for different lattice sizes is shown in fig. \ref{fig:3}.
The scaled variables $W(t)/L^2$ vs.$t/L^2$ have been used. For
small depths $W(t)$ scales linearly with $t$, as for periodic
boundary conditions. In this region the force chains starting
from bulk sites have not reached the boundary and, therefore,
the weight dissipation at the boundary

\begin{figure}\narrowtext
\centerline{\psfig{file=fig3.eps,width=3in}}
\caption{Average weight as a function of depth for different
lattice sizes. The choice of scaled variables is explained in
the text.}
\label{fig:3}
\end{figure}

\noindent
is negligible. This
transient behavior was previously observed in numerical
simulations by Peralta-Fabi {\em et al} in one dimension
\cite{pfabi}.

The average squared fluctuations (interface roughness) $\Delta
W^2=\langle(W-\langle W\rangle)^2\rangle$ as a function of $t$
are shown in fig. \ref{fig:4}. Using the scaled variables
$\Delta W^2/L^{2\zeta}$, with $\zeta=3/2$, vs. $t/L^2$ we obtain
a good data collapse. This scaled plot is very sensitive to the
choice of $\zeta$, a good data collapse is only obtained for
$\zeta=1.50\pm0.05$. If the noise is uncorrelated in the
vertical direction then $\zeta=1/2$, which is much smaller than
our numerical estimate. On the contrary, if the noise is
strongly correlated in the vertical direction then $\zeta=3/2$,
in very good agreement with our numerical estimate. When we
avoid the multiplicative character of the noise we guess that,
in compensation, strong correlations in the vertical direction
should be considered. This supposition is now supported by
numerical simulations.

The simplicity of the continuum model we have proposed in the
previous section allowed us to obtain some analytical results.
We have avoided the complicated form of the noise, associated
with the fluctuations in the fractions $Q_{ij}$, introducing an
"annealed" noise with correlations in the vertical direction.
Within this approximation we have obtained the average weight in
the stationary state and characterized the fluctuations around
the average, for both periodic and absorbing boundary
conditions.

In earlier numerical simulations by Liu {\em et al} \cite{liu},
they considered periodic boundary conditions and compute the
distribution of normalized weight $v=w/t$. They observe that the
distribution of normalized weight $P(v)$ was independent of $t$
for large $t$. This numerical result was later corroborated by
Coppersmith {\em et al} using a MF theory for the discrete model
\cite{coppersmith}.  According to our approach, for periodic
boundary conditions the average weight is given by $w_0
t/\lambda$ and, therefore, $\langle v\rangle=w_0/\lambda$. Since
the average normalized weight is independent of $t$ so should be
its distribution, in agreement with the numerical sim$-$

\begin{figure}\narrowtext
\centerline{\psfig{file=fig4.eps,width=3in}}
\caption{Average squared fluctuations as a function of depth for
different lattice sizes. The choice of scaled variables is
explained in the text.}
\label{fig:4}
\end{figure}

\noindent
ulations and MF theory of the discrete model.

The robustness of the asymptotic exponential decay of the
normalized weight distribution $P(v)$ is one of the main
features of the $q$-model. We thus check if this behavior is
still observed when absorbing boundary conditions are
considered. Before going to the numerical results we should
remember that in this case for $t\gg t_s$ the average weight
does not increases linearly with $t$ but scales as $L^2$. Hence,
the appropriate choice of normalized weight is in this case
$v=w/L^2$.

With this remark, in fig. (\ref{fig:5}) we show the distribution
of normalized weight for different lattice sizes. First we
notice that $P(v)$ is independent of lattice size, supporting
our choice of normalized weight. Moreover, the resulting
universal curve clearly show an exponential decay for large $v$.
However, for small $v$ the data does not display the linear
behavior predicted by the $q$-model for a uniform distribution
\cite{liu,coppersmith}. This discrepancy for small $v$ is just a
consequence of the different boundary conditions.

On the other hand, in the case of absorbing boundary conditions
our analytical approach is in agreement with previous MF theory
by Peralta-Fabi {\em et al} \cite{pfabi} in one dimension.
Peralta-Fabi {\em et al} analyzed the case $Q_{ij}\equiv0$,
obtaining the scaling dependencies $W_s\sim L^2$ and $t_s\sim
L^2$. We have shown that these scaling relations are valid in
larger dimensions and are independent of the noise. However,
within the MF theory by Peralta-Fabi {\em et al} one cannot
determine the scale dependency of the average squared
fluctuations $\Delta w^2$, which constitutes one of our main
results.

The scaling dependencies $W_s\sim L^2$ and $t_s\sim L^2$ are,
nevertheless, in contradiction with the linear scaling obtained
in classical theories \cite{janssen}, some generalizations of
the $q$-model \cite{Socolar98} and even in experimental
observations \cite{Clement97}. However, this discrepancy cannot
be attributed to our continuum analysis, which shows a very good
agreement with the numerical simulations of the $q$-model.

\section{Summary and conclusions}
\label{sec:summary}

We have obtained a coarse-grained equation of the discrete model
introduced by Liu {\em et al} to describe force fluctuations in
granular media. The multiplicative nature of the noise has been
considered assuming strong correlations in the vertical
direction. The stationary and transient behavior were obtained
analytically for periodic and absorbing boundary conditions.

In this way we have demonstrated that the existence of walls,
modeled by the absorbing boundary conditions, are a necessary
condition to obtain an stationary state were the average weight
is independent of depth. We have also shown that the the scaling
of the saturation weight $W_s\sim L^2$ and depth $t_s\sim L^2$
with lattice size are valid in any dimension and are independent
of the noise, generalizing previous MF calculations in one
dimension.

For the first time we have obtained the scale dependency of the
average squared fluctuations. The comparison of this scale
dependence with the one obtained in the numerical simulations
support our guess about the existence of strong correlations of
the noise in the vertical direction.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Mars: Just The Fiction
Credit & Copyright: The Viking Project, NASA
Explanation: For centuries, astronomers have observed Mars, patiently compiling many facts and theories. Like a distant mirror of Earth dwellers' hopes and fears for the future, Mars, the fourth planet from the sun, has inspired profound works of fiction as well. Classics of the science fiction genre with visions of Earth's alluring planetary neighbor include H.G. Wells' terrifying "War of the Worlds", Edgar Rice Buroughs' John Carter adventure series (Thuvia, Maid of Mars, The Gods of Mars, A Princess of Mars, The Warlord of Mars), Robert Heinlein's youthful "Podkayne of Mars", and Ray Bradbury's reflective and philosophical "The Martian Chronicles". Through the years scientific theories about Mars have been disproven, but the sense of wonder and adventure embodied in these works of fiction remain with us. As two spacecraft from Earth now draw close to the red planet- in dreams, desires, and a quest for knowledge - we are once again bound for Mars.
Publications with keywords: Mars - fiction
Publications with words: Mars - fiction
Mars and the Star Clusters
Stereo Mars
InSight's Final Selfie
Perseverance in Jezero Crater s Delta
Siccar Point on Mars


text:
N News
Day after Trump's inauguration, thousands march in downtown Orlando for Central Florida Women's Rally
By Deanna Ferrante Monivette Cordeiro, For Orlando Weekly, On 23 January 2017, Read Original
Dania Davy just wants for her daughter to see the future.
Strapped to her back, Davy, 34, carried her sleepy 2-year-old toddler in a crowd of thousands marching against sexism, racism, xenophobia and other forms of oppression at the Women's Rally of Central Florida at Lake Eola Park in downtown Orlando. Her child may not remember the colorful signs, pink hats or jubilant chants, but Davy will remind her years from now that on the first day of President Donald Trump's term, they fought back together.
"I just want her to know that whoever represents this country as president—that's just a symbol," Davy says. "That's not America. Everyone that's here is really what America is. She's only 2, but I want her to learn from a very young age that every individual person has a democratic right to participate in this country."
Photo by Monivette Cordeiro
Gricel Fernandez, co-organizer of the Orlando march, says she and her co-organizer Autumn Garick thought about 500 people would come when they first created the rally. More than 6,000 people ended up registering for the event.
"We want people who come to realize democracy is something you take part in every single day," she says. "It's not just every four years. If an issue matters to you, it should matter to you every day...Even though you may just be one person, one voice, it doesn't matter. I am one person and made one phone call, and now all these people are here."
On the stage of the rainbow-colored Lake Eola bandshell, several women gave impassioned speeches about how to resist Trump's administration for the next four years. Rasha Mubarak, the Orlando coordinator for the Council on American-Islamic Relations, says people often confuse a state of being neutral with righteousness.
"That motion goes against what morality truly stands for," she says. "To be neutral in times of justice is to be an essential and indirect contributor to the transgressor...The most destructive of its kind is a fatal silence."
Photo by Deanna Ferrante
Lifting a poster at least six feet tall with an orange Trump cartoon identified as a "Fake Prez" into the air, Eileen Lee, 53, an Orlando resident who works in medical records, says that she doesn't view President Trump as legitimate.
"I think he's a fake president. He's not a real president because the way he was elected was in a false and phony and underhanded way," Lee says.
"The first couple of weeks, I cried every day thinking about it," she adds. "I used to watch the news all the time ... but I can't. If I start listening or reading, I get upset and I just have to turn it off."
While many participants painted posters, some artists took their inspiration to other canvases.
Shannon Holt, an Orlando-based body painter, spent time during the event painting models to resemble the artwork of Shepard Fairey, famous for the Obama "Hope" poster. She says the project was about visibility.
"It's about being seen, coming out for this cause," Holt says. "I'm an artist, so real artists contribute to what they believe ... I'm just using my art as a vehicle for communication."
Royalty even graced the event as the masses congregated around the amphitheater.
A sparkling crown atop her head, Naysa Smith, a senior at Wekiva High School who was recently selected as Miss Black Teen Florida U.S. Ambassador, greeted participants and encouraged them to share their reasons for marching.
Smith says she came out to support for rally because of her belief in the importance of women's rights.
"It is important that we show ourselves as the queens we are in our community and that we stand in solidarity with the women who marched before us and the women who will continue to march in the present and in the future."
Davy says as an immigrant and a woman of color, she has struggled with the way traditional feminism has focused on white women and their concerns. She wanted to physically be present with her daughter at the march so "that truth can't be erased" and to remind people "there's not a monolithic vision of what women's rights are." Despite the Trump administration's plans for the country, Davy says she has hope.
"I'm heartbroken that this person that's such a racist, such a xenophobe, such a homophobe has so much access to the media to represent what America is supposed to be," she says. "But I refuse to accept that's what the future is going to look like. That's why I fight. That's why I march. That's why I struggle."
In a strong rebuke to newly inaugurated President Trump, his campaign rhetoric and the policies they believe could endanger their rights, millions of people gathered in Orlando and hundreds of other cities across the world in demonstrations supporting the Women's March on Washington. The women who organized the march asked "all defenders of human rights" to join them in protecting the rights of women of all races, immigrants, Muslims and people of other faiths, LGBTQ people and other marginalized groups.
News, CAIR-FL In The News


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This Buffet Cabinet Features Drawers And Shelves.


text:
The 1913–14 season was Madrid Football Club's 12th season in existence. The club played some friendly matches. They also played in the Campeonato Regional Centro (Central Regional Championship).

Competitions

Overview

Campeonato Regional Centro

League table

Matches

Friendlies

Copa Espuñes

Notes

References

External links
Realmadrid.com Official Site
1913–14 Squad
1913–14 matches
1913–14 (Campeonato de Madrid)
International Friendlies of Real Madrid CF – Overview

Real Madrid
Real Madrid CF seasons


Buried deep within the famous mountain ranges of the Austrian Alps lies a precious commodity. White gold. This mineral rich mountain salt has been the main income source for eons, generating a flourishing mining history dating back 7,000 years.
At the center of it all sits the fairytale lake community Hallstatt. www.hallstatt.net/home-en-US/ A Unesco World Heritage site, its flower draped 16th-century Alpine houses stacked on top of each other along the steep cliffs dominating the shore of Lake Hallstatt, Hallstätter See, pull visitors from near and far. After some high-profile Chinese folks fell in love with this medieval mining town, creating of a replica on Chinese soil, photo-snapping Chinese tourists have been crowding the quaint shops in search for this 'white gold,' the Hallstatt Salz.
The sleepy community of Obertraun, just a short drive around the sparkling deep-blue lake, offers another once-in-a-lifetime thrill. www.obertraun.net/obertraun-en-US/ The 5Fingers Viewing Platform on top of the Krippenstein. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krippenstein Stepping off the cable car after a gripping ascent literally takes your breath away. The sweeping lake below and sprawling Alpine vistas sure make for an unforgettable, dizzying sight.
If you prefer to stay closer to the ground, an extensive grid of hiking trails, tranquil beaches, and scenic cruises along stretches of romantic lakeshore beckon.


text:
P&G's Marc Pritchard: We are 50% of the way to cleaning up digital
Pritchard believes the work will be complete by the end of the year after the digital ad industry "stepped up", but he warns that "then the hard part starts".
By Lucy Tesseras	 20 Jun 2017 2:33 pm
Marc Pritchard, Procter & Gamble's chief brand officer, has urged marketers to elevate craft in advertising, as well as media content, and improve transparency to eliminate waste. By doing so he said it will free up cash and enable marketers to invest in growth, as he believes the industry has an important role to play in growing companies and the economy.
Speaking this morning (20 June) at the Wake up with The Economist event, held as part of the Cannes Lions Festival, he said: "The industry is spending roughly $600bn a year on advertising and marketing and squeaking out a pretty anaemic growth rate.
"What we need is better craft in both advertising and media content in order to be able to drive growth, and we need a transparent media supply chain that allows us to eliminate all of the waste that is out there to allow us to invest in that growth."
The road to transparency
Pritchard has been very vocal about the need for improvements to the digital supply chain. He wants common standards introduced, as well as third-party measurement that is accredited in the same way as TV and ensuring any media buy is fraud-free and safety measures are implemented to protect brands appearing against terrorist content.
READ MORE: Ritson – P&G's Marc Pritchard has made the biggest marketing speech for 20 years
He said the industry is about 40-50% there when it comes to cleaning up the digital supply chain but he is hopeful that by the end of the year it will have completed its mission.
"We have gone out and insisted upon these standards because when you have transparency you can make choices on the basis of the quality of the media," he said.
When you have transparency across all platforms you can evaluate more clearly how this medium in digital compares to this medium in other places in a much more transparent way.
Marc Pritchard, P&G
The fact the players in the digital industry have "stepped up", understand the issue and are making progress is "encouraging", he said, but he added that it's long overdue and the industry must keep moving forward.
"Hopefully by the end of this calendar year we'll be in that place. But then the hard part starts. Because when you have transparency across all platforms you can evaluate more clearly how this medium in digital compares to this medium in other places in a much more transparent way."
Pritchard has been vocal previously amount the level of "crappy advertising" damaging the industry as a whole, which he believes still hasn't been addressed.
But he said the industry now needs to turn its attention to the content around which brands advertise. He believes it is publishers' responsibility to bring a "quality and craft approach" to the content and advertising space.
"There's a lot of crap there and we need to eliminate that so we can get better content to advertise on. If we do that, higher quality is going to drive growth," he said.
"The media supply chain is so murky and non-transparent, and so wasteful and even fraudulent – we're wasting huge amounts of money."
Pritchard referenced a WFA report that suggests just 40% of marketers' spend actually makes it in front of consumers because of "all of the stop-offs in the middle and fraud". That, coupled with the viewability problem, means only 25% gets to the consumer, he claimed.
"Imagine if we were able to take 20-30% of that money and invest it back into better advertising and content – we would grow a lot more."
Focus on market growth
While some marketers may be hesitant to switch focus to growing the market they operate in rather than taking share of the existing market from competitors, Pritchard said they'd be foolish not to look at the bigger picture.
"We all grew up with the mindset of killing each other and trying to steal share. The problem with stealing share is that you then get attacked, because nobody wants to lose market share. So a better way to grow is by getting the market to grow."
He said the brand of course wants to increase its share a little at the same time but that the focus should be on getting more users in to the market, getting people to buy more items, and to pay a slightly higher price for a more premium quality product.
News Cannes Lions 2017 Digital Marketing Marketing Effectiveness Procter & Gamble
P&G's Marc Pritchard slams objections to his attempt to clean up digital
Procter and Gamble's chief brand officer says myths around digital advertising have distracted marketers from taking action and they must now take control and be prepared "to break some furniture".
Ritson: P&G's Marc Pritchard has made the biggest marketing speech for 20 years
Procter & Gamble chief brand officer Marc Pritchard laid into Google and Facebook's 'walled gardens' and demanded transparency from the digital supply chain, heralding a new era in digital advertising.
What is programmatic advertising? A beginner's guide
As programmatic evolves into digital out-of-home, TV and audio, it is more important than ever to get to grips with the basics in order to devise an optimised strategy.
Mark Ritson 21 Jun 2017
25p in the Pound.
Of all the crap that gets discussed in marketing at the moment you would have expected this to cause more of a shockwave.


Melissa Tessler is a Toronto-based lawyer with expertise in international human rights and international criminal law as well as civil litigation. She has worked with judges at both the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the United Nations Assistance to the Khmer Rouge Trials to assist in the evaluation and investigation of crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes. Melissa is also a 2017 graduate of the Fellowship in Global Journalism at the Munk School of Global Affairs and an active member of the Colombia monitoring group for Lawyers' Rights Watch Canada.
Can Canada serve as an example to Cameroon of how to uphold the rights of minority groups? Human rights lawyer Felix Agbor Nkongho travelled to Canada recently to find out.
Will the impending implementation of the 'crime of aggression' and investigation into Afghanistan once again put the ICC's legitimacy to the test?


text:
Q: Which statistical test should I use? Pre-post intervention comparisions and post-post comparisons In my experiment I compare the jump height of participants pre and post 2 separate interventions.
All participants completed baseline measures of jump height. Participants then underwent a training intervention followed by post test measurements. On a separate occasion the same participants completed a different intervention before post test measurements were taken.
I believe I should use paired t-tests to compare these groups as the same participants were tested pre and post. However, I also want to compare the post test scores from intervention 1 with the post test scores from intervention 2 (to see if there were significant differences between the two interventions).
Is there a test I should use to achieve this in one? Or do I use the paired t-tests for pre and post comparisons and a further test for the post-post comparison?
Thanks in advance!

A: Sorry, I'm new to the network.
I do not know which statistical program you use, I use SPSS.
If I understood correctly (I'm not native to the language) you have three measures of the same individuals.
If your data have a normal distribution, if there is homogeneity of variances and if the variances of the three measurements are not different (p> 0.05) you can use Anova for repeated measures.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Rocha Medal
Since 1982, the bronze medal and cash prize is annually awarded by the International Society for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering (ISRM) to a young researcher with an outstanding doctoral thesis selected by an appointed committee. The award is in honour and memory of Past-President Prof. Manuel Rocha. Prof. Rocha organized the first ISRM Congress and spearheaded the transformation of the ISRM into an internationally renowned scientific association. The Geomechanics Group at the University of Toronto has had the honour to have three Rocha Medal recipients. They are:
2004 – Giovanni Grasselli – Shear Strength of Rock Joints based on the Quantified Surface Description
2015 – Andrea Lisjak – Investigating the influence of mechanical anisotropy on the fracturing behaviour of brittle clay shales with application to deep geological repositories (Watch Video)
2017 – Bryan Tatone – Investigating the evolution of rock discontinuity asperity degradation and void space morphology under direct shear
The recipients are a part of the prestigious list of past recipients.
Image from ISRM
John A. Franklin Award
Image from CGS
The honorary reward, named after the past International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) President, John A. Franklin, for his exceptional contributions to the Canadian and international rock mechanics community, and to the Canadian Geotechnical Society (CGS), is presented every other year.
The award recognizes a Canadian and/or CGS member who has recently made an outstanding and published technical contribution in the fields of rock mechanics or rock engineering. In addition, the individual has provided outstanding service to the Canadian geotechnical community.
The prestigious John A. Franklin Award was presented to Prof. Giovanni Grasselli at the 72nd Canadian Geotechnical Conference – GeoSt.John's 2019 award banquet. (Watch Video)
For past recipients of the award, please visit the CGS website.
Leopold Müller Award
Since 1984, a cash price (€ 3,000) is annually awarded by the Austrian Society for Geomechanics (OeGG) to honour an excellent doctoral thesis in the field of geotechnical engineering, and in line with the goals of the OeGG. The recipient is selected by the board of the OeGG and is awarded at the Geomechanics Colloquium the following year.
Dr. Qi Zhao is the 2019 winner of the Leopold Müller Award for his thesis titled "Investigating brittle rock failure and associated seismicity using laboratory experiments and numerical simulations", making him the first recipient from a Canadian university. He will receive the award at the 69th Geomechanics Colloquium 2020 in Salzburg, Austria.
For past recipients of the award, please visit the OeGG website.


Hello thick yummy pancakes, if you're in need of a pancake fix Helga's has you covered. Located on the corner of Grafton & Spence street it is the perfect spot to people watch with your plate full of pancakes.
Waffle On has been waffling up a storm in the city on Shield Street. It is your one-stop shop for insanely delicious waffles. Cookies and cream, Nutella, white chocolate, strawberries, banana, brownies – you name it, they got it. Even the ordering bit is fun with all the quirky names they've bestowed upon their waffles – like the mouth-watering 'Robert Brownie Jnr' waffle, below.
Entering this shop may cause unexpected drooling! With ice cream, fondants, waffles, pancakes, shortbread, fondue, macaroons, swiss rolls (and the list goes on!) on the menu, Mövenpick on the Cairns Esplanade has your next cheat meal sorted!
The owner is Italian so it must be good, he surely knows how to make ice cream and sorbet. All natural ingredients and an abundance of flavours, you can even customise your treat by adding toasted nuts or dipping in chocolate. The only problem you will have is choosing a flavour.
Open: Monday to Sunday 4:00pm-10:00pm.
Located at the Cairns Night Markets, this shop has delicious Churros (Spanish Donuts) if you don't know what they are it is basically fried dough covered in sugar or cinnamon, to make it even better you can dip your Churros in custard, caramel, chocolate, or my favourite nutella.
Another delicious treat located at the Cairns Night Markets is Waffle & Puff – made to order custard delicacies and waffles, paired with your favourite ice cream makes it a match made in heaven.
The final dessert place I will mention from the Cairns Night Markets is the famous crepe shop. If you have ever been to Harajuku in Japan this might bring back memories, the plastic displays themselves even look appetising. Fruit and fresh cream rolled up in a crepe, you might have to do a few laps of the markets afterwards.