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Prairie Word of the Day: Shifting Mosaic of Habitat
Posted on March 8, 2016 by Chris Helzer
A couple weeks ago, I led a discussion between 30 or 40 ecologists and grassland managers from The Nature Conservancy's Central United States Division. During that discussion, we reached a consensus that creating a "shifting mosaic of habitats" was a universally effective method for managing prairies. I had introduced the topic with the expectation that we'd have a fairly vigorous discussion about why the shifting mosaic concept works well in some situations but not others, but, surprisingly, the only caveat to our consensus was that it can be difficult to apply in small prairies.
So, what is a shifting mosaic of habitats and how is it employed in prairies? That, friends, is the topic of this episode of the Prairie Word of the Day.
To create a mosaic, an artist arranges many little tiles, stones, or other materials to form a pattern. Each individual tile or stone of the mosaic is important, but mainly because of its contribution to the whole. Looking at an aerial photo or satellite image of a landscape is much like looking at a mosaic – you can see patterns created by woodland, grassland, water, cities and other land cover types. Even when a landscape is almost entirely grassland, there are still patterns – with "tiles" defined by the outlines of land ownership parcels and management units, and characterized by the height, composition, and density of the vegetation within each.
In this Google Maps image of a portion of our Platte River Prairies, you can see "tiles" consisting of different management units – some more obvious than others.
Usually, we think of mosaics as being static. Once they're created, the artist doesn't typically go back and rearrange the tiles to make new patterns. A prairie mosaic, however, is not static because active management with fire, grazing, and/or mowing is an important part of maintaining the health of the prairie community. Each time a patch prairie is burned, grazed, or mowed, the prairie vegetation is knocked down and has to grow back. When those treatments are applied sporadically across multiple management units, a shifting mosaic of habitat conditions is created. The tiles of that mosaic include patches of recently burned or grazed vegetation, as well as other patches that are in various stages of regrowth and recovery from their most recent management treatment. As patches recover, they are treated again, and the pattern continues to shift around the landscape.
This is what most of us tend to visualize when we think of "prairie", but this tall and relatively dense vegetation structure favors some plant and animal species but not others. If this prairie looked like this every year, it would limit the diversity of species it supported.
This shifting mosaic of habitats has important implications for both plant and animal species. Every plant species has its own unique set of preferred growing conditions. For example, there are plants that grow and bloom early in the growing season and others that are active late in the season. Fire or haying during the early part of the season can favor late season species, and vice versa. Some plants don't compete well with dominant grasses or other plants, and so thrive only when the vigor of those competing plants is suppressed. A shifting mosaic approach means that all plant species in a particular patch of prairie will likely get their preferred growing conditions now and then – helping to ensure their long-term survival.
Upright prairie coneflower (Ratibida columnifera) is a species that likes fairly low competition and thrives best right after fire or grazing treatments.
Like plants, prairie animal species each have their own unique habitat requirements for survival too. Some animals need tall dense vegetation where they can feed and hide under protective cover. Others need more open habitats where they can move around without having to fight their way through a tangle of stems and leaves. Many animals need multiple habitat conditions depending upon their life stage or activity. For example, prairie chickens, pheasants and quail may nest in relatively dense vegetation but then move their young chicks into areas where they can walk and feed easily but have overhead cover from predators. Other animals may spend the winter nestled in the grass litter beneath tall grasses but then seek out areas of shorter or patchier vegetation for the summer. A shifting mosaic of habitats allows animals to move around the landscape and find their preferred habitat when they need it. Alternatively, less mobile animals might temporarily thrive in some years but suffer population declines in others as conditions change from favorable to unfavorable. As long as those unfavorable conditions don't last too long, however, those populations can ride them out until good times come again.
Dickcissels usually like tall vegetation with lots of wildflowers. They are not commonly found in prairie patches undergoing an intensive grazing treatment, but are often abundant during the year or two of recovery from that kind of grazing.
Creating a patchwork of habitats that are the same each year (Patch A is always burned, Patch B is never burned, Patch C is hayed every summer, etc.) can provide important heterogeneity on the landscape but also comes with some big disadvantages. Repetitive management, in which one patch of prairie is hayed or burned every year at the same time, can favor some plant species over others. The losers in that system may eventually disappear from the site. Losing those species and reducing overall plant diversity can impact pollinators, food sources for insects and wildlife, and even increase vulnerability of the prairie to invasive plant species. Second, repetitive management of a habitat patch can allow a buildup of predators and pathogens (disease-causing organisms) which adapt to the constant supply of prey/hosts. An overpopulation of either can seriously disrupt populations of species that might otherwise benefit from the provided habitat. Farmers and gardeners have long recognized the value of rotating crops to avoid buildups of pests and diseases, and prairie managers should learn from their experience.
Ideally, a shifting mosaic of prairie habitats should incorporate the entire spectrum of vegetation structure types, including uniformly short/sparse and tall/dense habitats at the extremes, but also habitats of various heights, densities, and degrees of patchiness in between. Varying the timing of burning and mowing treatments from year to year and patch to patch increase that range of habitat diversity. Grazing can also be valuable, where logistically feasible, because of the selectivity of grazers. Cattle and bison prefer to eat some plants over others, and those preferences change by season. By altering the timing of grazing and the stocking rate of animals, managers can create a wide variety of habitat structure types and influence which plant species are grazed and which are not. Regardless of what management treatments are applied, the key is to have a variety of recently-treated, recovering, and recovered patches across a prairie.
Cattle grazing can create short vegetation structure, but because cattle are selective eaters, they don't eat everything (if they're not forced to). By altering stocking rate, timing, and intensity, prairie managers can influence how many and which plants are grazed and ungrazed – creating many kinds of habitat structure.
Patch-burn grazing is a great example of how to create a shifting mosaic of habitats, and it is a concept we've found valuable at our Platte River Prairies and at the Niobrara Valley Preserve. However, there are many other ways to create similar shifting mosaics, including the approach I take at our family prairie. Small prairies (less than 30-50 acres?) come with many challenges, and implementing a shifting mosaic is just one of them. On most prairies, however, the shifting mosaic approach seems to be the most effective way to maintain habitat and species diversity, both of which are critical to the resilience and function of prairie communities.
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14 thoughts on "Prairie Word of the Day: Shifting Mosaic of Habitat"
mark nupen on March 8, 2016 at 4:42 pm said:
I presume the cattle are duplicating what the buffalo and ? other grazers used to do??? Forgot about the huge impact millions of grazers would have done in the old days. Interesting.
Jim Pyrzynski on March 8, 2016 at 5:28 pm said:
From what I've heard/read, bison have a different grazing habits:
http://tinyurl.com/gp44wtv
James McGee on March 9, 2016 at 2:49 am said:
The problem I have with reconciling the above is the following study.
This study finds that a higher frequency of fire stabilizes late successional vegetation and increases diversity in our local prairies. However, a high frequency fire regime does not provide the structure needed for certain wildlife like Henslow Sparrows. Does this mean the little high quality prairie we have remaining should be burned annually and restorations should be managed for Henslow Sparrow habitat. Since we have built most of our restorations around fragments of high quality prairie a burn regime favoring diversity and late successional species would not provide the structure that Henslow Sparrows need. It is these types of dilemmas that leave me questioning whether we have got our management plans right.
Mike LeValley on March 9, 2016 at 2:26 pm said:
This post was very timely for me. Over the weekend I attended to annual conference for the Wildflower Association of Michigan. The keynote speaker was landscape architect Larry Weaner – he works on the East Coast and is know for his use of native plants in home landscapes (including prairie design). One of the things that he talked about during both of his presentations was the idea that the landscape will shift, especially over time, and how this causes consternation among both landscape owners and landscape managers. It was interesting to sit through this talk with people who are primarily gardeners, because their approach is so different from that of an ecologist.
During his second keynote presentation he gave a list of four questions to ask about a landscape.
1) What will happen if I do nothing?
2) Of that, what is desirable or undesirable?
3) How can I push things toward the desirable?
4) What can I add to supplement the desirable?
I think this is a very sensible way to begin an approach to landscape management and can help achieve that desirable shifting mosaic without wasting resources toward a goal that may be unattainable.
Ann Bleed on March 11, 2016 at 3:22 am said:
As is often the case, a learned a lot and enjoyed the photos. Thanks Chris
Andrew Braun on March 19, 2016 at 7:16 am said:
In my (admittedly limited) experience on prairies, grazing turns nice prairies into patches of fescue, horse nettle, and other junky stuff. While grazing was probably important on a historic scale of millions of acres, it seemed detrimental to the prairies I saw. What kind of species composition do you see post-grazing on your prairies?
Chris Helzer on March 20, 2016 at 11:28 pm said:
Andrew, I really appreciate the question, and appreciate the polite way you asked it even more. Chronic overgrazing can certainly be very detrimental to prairies, and the impacts you list are certainly among those possible. However, we've found that grazing can also be beneficial for our prairies when done in a thoughtful and adaptive way. We have a couple examples, in fact, where large grazing exclosures that are burned but not grazed, have plant compositions that deteriorate while grazed areas remain steady in quality. I posted something way back in 2010 as an introduction to this topic, and you might find it useful. I skimmed it just now and was pleased to see that it still does a pretty good job of reflecting my thoughts on grazing today. See what you think. https://prairieecologist.com/2010/11/11/grazing-in-prairies-part-1/ We will learn much from watching places like TNC's Nachusa Grasslands in Illinois, Missouri's Department of Conservation, and others who are experimenting with grazing bison and cattle in eastern tallgrass prairies and tracking results carefully.
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Adriana de la peña Báez on April 11, 2016 at 2:35 pm said:
it´s amazing, ecosistems: 'Intelligent Environment"
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Home » Blogs » The Coach's Blog » Internal Competition – Good, Bad, or Both?
Lucas McAlpin is a customer experience coach at Nexstar who focuses on call-center, dispatch, and inside sales excellence. Lucas brings over 20 years of sales, customer service, call center, and leadership experience in various industries, including HVAC and plumbing. To learn more, visit www.nexstarnetwork.com, call 888.240.7827, or email membership@nexstarnetwork.com.
Internal Competition – Good, Bad, or Both?
I was recently speaking with a contractor who created an Inside Sales position in his company. He made this change because he recognized that recovering revenue that would otherwise be lost is a huge opportunity. To him, it was a no-brainer. An Inside Sales person can recover a great deal of revenue.
I asked if he had run into any issues during the implementation process. He mentioned that having the Inside Sales Representative (ISR) had created a couple of consequences he hadn't thought of or intended. The most significant had been competition between the ISR and Outside Sales.
For those of you who have an ISR, how do he or she and your Outside Sales people get along? Are they hostile toward one another, or do they have a cordial relationship? Even better, do they have a complimentary relationship, in which both groups are succeeding? These are critically important questions. If managed correctly, everyone wins – your ISR, Outside Sales people, you, your organization, and your customers.
How Was the ISR Presented to Your Team?
If your new ISR was presented as "This person is coming in to recover all the lost revenue from your leads," then you're creating a negative relationship between the ISR and sales. No Outside Sales person wants to own that they lose jobs. Those customers just haven't bought…yet.
Instead, demonstrate to Outside Sales what they have to gain by this new ISR position.
Your Outside Sales people might appreciate not having to make hundreds of follow-up calls or worrying about staying in touch with dead leads. Throw in that they will still get some level of compensation if leads still close, and they'll likely be onboard.
You'll be able to focus on the one-call close and not be worrying about last week's leads.
You'll be motivated to operate with a greater sense of urgency, perhaps asking a few extra questions, which should help you close more.
The ISR has a different personality and may be able to build rapport with the customers that aren't connecting with you.
When it's peak season, the ISR will be able to make the needed follow-up calls that you don't have the time for.
The most important point to emphasize and build your plan around is this: Who will own the process at each stage of the sales cycle? For example, when does the ISR take over the relationship, and how does that transition take place? There will still be the 10-20 percent of the sales leads that present themselves in a "what-if" manner, but these can be handled on a case-by-case basis. This is better than trying to over-define, thus causing under performance by both the ISR and the Outside Sales team.


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Today in Washington, D.C., Trump and Bolsonaro Bond Over Their Shared Homophobia and Bigotry
Written by Stephan Horbelt on March 19, 2019
Today, March 19, U.S. President Donald Trump welcomed Brazil's recently inaugurated President Jair Bolsonaro to the White House. During a press conference shared by the two men, the world leaders bonded over their bigoted, conservative stances of homophobia and transphobia in addition to a hatred for "socialism" and "fake news." It was the first Bolsonaro White House visit of the Brazilian leader's administration.
"Brazil and the United States stand side-by-side in their efforts to ensure liberties in respect to traditional family lifestyles, respect to God our creator, against the gender ideology or the politically correct attitudes and against fake news," Bolsonaro said through a translator at the press conference.
Bolsonaro — who's said he wouldn't rape a woman bc she didn't "deserve" it & that he hoped his son would die, rather than be gay — says the US and Brazil stand together in defending traditional family values and God, and fighting PC culture and fake news. pic.twitter.com/hMxjJ4NtXW
— David Mack (@davidmackau) March 19, 2019
Trump remarked that he and Bolsonaro "have a fantastic working relationship" and "have many views that are similar." Trump was most excited to hear Bolsonaro use one of his own terms that has proved effective in gaslighting the American public, saying he's "very proud to hear the president use the term fake news."
Bolsonaro, sometimes referred to as "Trump of the Tropics," has had the full support of Trump and his administration.
Jair Bolsonaro (photo by Susan Walsh / AP Photo
Brazil's new president, inaugurated on Jan. 1, 2019, is a far-right politician who in the past has been very vocal about his own homophobic and transphobic opinions. He once told a São Paulo newspaper, "I will not fight nor discriminate, but if I see two men kissing in the street, I'll hit them." He has blamed women who work for an increase in homosexuality. In 2010, Bolsonaro famously said on a current events TV show, "I would be incapable of loving a homosexual child. I'm not going to act like a hypocrite here: I'd rather have my son die in a car accident than show up with some moustachioed guy. For me, he would have died." In 2013: "[Homosexuals] will not find peace. And I have [congressional] immunity to say that I'm homophobic, yes, and very proud of it if it is to defend children in schools."
The Intercept once referred to Bolsonaro as "the most misogynistic, hateful elected official in the Democratic world." His history of misogyny, racism and homophobia is rather well-documented, which is why the public and talking heads weren't all that surprised the Bolsonaro White House visit was taking place.
RELATED | Brazil's New President Is a Homophobic Authoritarian, So Naturally Donald Trump Loves Him
Trump himself has never wasted breath over worldwide LGBTQ civil rights, whether it's him uttering nothing about the confirmed torture and murder of gay men in Chechnya, for example, or neither him nor his vice president caring to acknowledge the struggle of gay men throughout the HIV/AIDS epidemic. There's also his trans military ban, of course.
No LGBTQ citizen of any nation wants to see their chief executive play nice with authoritarian bigots whose power threatens the queer community's very existence. But that also doesn't mean we're surprised when we see two wannabe autocrats hamming it up on the White House lawn.
What are your thoughts on the Trump and Bolsonaro White House press conference?
Featured image of the Bolsonaro White House meeting by Evan Vucci / AP
Brazil Donald Trump homophobia Jair Bolsonaro transphobia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The <select-multiple> element represents a user input widget that allows multiple selected options. <select-multiple> contains <option> elements.
If the user presses "2nd grade", the <option> element with value="2" will get the attribute selected="true", and the first option will remain as selected="true". Pressing either option will change their attribute to selected="true".
A <select-multiple> element most often appears within a <form> element. However, this is not a requirement, and the element can be used for local interactions that don't get serialized in a form.
A space-separated list of styles to apply to the element. See Styles. Note that text style rules cannot be applied to a <select-multiple>.


Do you diagnosis or treat medical conditions?
Absolutely NOT! I am not a medical doctor and do not diagnose or treat any medical condition. I am not a substitute for your medical physician. With many people turning toward complementary and alternative medicine therapies (CAM therapies), we can easily find ourselves viewing our CAM health practitioners as our "doctor" who is "treating" our condition. Again, I do not treat medical conditions. I mentor my clients, teaching proper lifestyle that is specific to their unique situation.
Then what do you do and why would I want your services?
Excellent question! According to the World Health Organization: "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition." Hence, I am a practitioner who supports health - the complete physical, mental and social well-being - for all human beings, period. As a clinical nutritionist, I focus specifically on supporting the physical body and mind with food and nutraceuticals (nutrients and botanicals). Choosing to work with me acknowledges what I do, that is, my scope of practice. My services are for anyone who understands or wants to understand the proper role of nutrition and herbs in promoting and maintaining health. My services are for anyone who seeks to understand more about their body, and become empowered to tune into the signals of their body and take responsibility for it by properly addressing those signals. I am first and foremost, your teacher.
WHat are your methods of assessment?
My assessment toolbox is not limited to one tool. As an eclectic health practitioner, I utilize a variety of tools to not only evaluate, but to support the human being. Most of my evaluation tools are qualitative in nature, utilizing accurate questionnaires and asking specific questions in consultation. I also look at my students' teeth, hair, skin, eyes, nails, and tongue for specific indicators of energetic blockages and functional imbalances. I also utilize quantitative tools, including laboratory blood results and diagnostic reports, which may be ordered by your physician. Collectively, I get a comprehensive overview of what my students need support with.
Why so much paperwork and questions?
It is essential to have a comprehensive overview of your health, understanding not only your current condition, but to assess past influences that have contributed to your present circumstances.
WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE AND/OR RELEVANCE OF SOME OF THE QUESTIONS TO MY CONDITION?
As a holistically oriented health practitioner, it is important to look at the whole person, not just the specific labeled condition that your medical doctor has diagnosed you has having. Many of the questions reflect levels of distress on the organ systems.


Leaving Montana by Thomas Whaley is a highly recommended novel about an adult child who survived a highly dysfunctional childhood.
Benjamin Sean Quinn is a forty year old man who, from all outward appearances, has a perfect life. He and his partner of 14 years have 2 daughters. They live in a well-appointed home in a prestigious neighborhood. But Ben is "as angry as hell. Angry to the core." In Leaving Montana he has chosen to confront once and for all the messiness that was his childhood and the hidden secrets it holds in an attempt to rid his life of the anger.
Ben tells the story of his childhood with battling parents Carmella and Sean while going on his current day trip to Montana. His parents are always referred to by their surnames, never an affectionate mom and dad. Most certainly we know that his childhood is the root of his anger, but there are more secrets to be uncovered. The story of his parents' marriage is heart breaking, but so is the anger that Ben has held on to for far too long. Ben is an arrogant man, but freely admits his flaws and is able to laugh at them.
This is a well written novel written in first person about dysfunctional, embattled families and secrets. The big secret here was one I suspected almost immediately, but the enjoyment was in the journey.
Disclosure: My Kindle edition was courtesy of Sakura Publishing for review purposes.


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Katherine D. Harris
Katherine D. Harris an associate professor in the Department of English and Comparative Literature at San José State University, specializes in Romantic-era and nineteenth-century British literature, textual studies and history of the book, and digital humanities.
Listed in: Literary Criticism, UK · Victorian Studies · Gender Studies · Book and Periodical Studies
The Rise of the British Literary Annual, 1823–1835
By Katherine D. Harris
Katherine D. Harris assesses the phenomenal rise of the literary annual and its origins in English, German, and French literary forms as well as its social influence on women, its redefinition of the feminine, and its effects on late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century print culture.
Lorraine Janzen Kooistra


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Green Pasture Meats: The new old fashioned butcher shop
By The Citizen on July 16, 2014 Comments Off on Green Pasture Meats: The new old fashioned butcher shop
By Phyl Newbeck
Starting this weekend, carnivores of Chittenden County will have a new place to fulfill their craving for Vermont-raised meat. Green Pasture Meats of New Haven will be moving next door to the Bearded Frog, selling pasture-raised beef, pork, lamb, and other products.
Green Pasture Meats owner Mark Smith, a Shelburne residdent, has a processing plant in New Haven. Last year he opened a store at that location but he quickly developed a goal of opening an additional shop in Chittenden County thanks to a customer base which included a number of people who travelled down from Shelburne and Charlotte. At least one part of the new store will be familiar to residents. Smith has hired Jim Blaise who spent the last 22 years as a meat cutter at Shelburne Supermarket.
Smith has always wanted his business to have more of a comprehensive approach than just a meat market. Over a year ago he acquired the first USDA inspected red meat mobile slaughter unit in New England. "If you don't control your slaughter and processing you don't have a business," he said. Smith gets his meat from a variety of locations in Vermont with an emphasis on Addison County. Some animals are completely grass-fed while others are grain supplemented, but only with natural grain. None of the animals are fed growth hormones or antibiotics. Green Pasture Meats grinds and makes its own sausages including breakfast links, kielbasa and sweet Italian varieties.
Smith's grandparents were farmers in Bradford and he grew up working on farms around the Rochester areas where he was raised. He subsequently worked in construction but when that slowed down, he visited a friend in Colorado who was raising grass-fed beef "before it was fashionable." Smith said this led him to think about all the open land in Vermont and the dairy farmers who were going out of business. "I did some anecdotal research," he said "and when I got back, I realized Vermont could really be a good beef-producing state. We have great water, high quality hay and a good climate." When Smith started his processing plant he received a regular stream of calls from farmers who wanted to sell to him, as well as from dairy farmers who were considering switching from milk to meat. "Processing has always been the issue," he said. "There is a pent up demand for quality local meats."
Smith sees his new location as "an old fashioned butcher shop" although he'll also carry some local cheeses, bread, and wine. The store may eventually start a small delivery service. Smith believes he already has a head start thanks to Blaise. "Some people travel quite a way to have him do their cutting for them," he said. "Cutting is an art."
Smith is still waiting for the delivery of some display cases but hopes to open his new location this weekend. "We're really happy to be up in this area," he said. "People who have been driving down to New Haven have told us they're really glad to have us here."
Green Pasture Meats: The new old fashioned butcher shop added by The Citizen on July 16, 2014


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Results for 'Magnus Frei'
1000+ found
Magnus Frei
Pharmacology (Heart and Vascular System).Earl Barker, Eugene Braunwald, K. K. Chen, Joseph R. DiPalma, Edward Freis, Magnus I. Gregersen, Niels Haugaard, Orville Horwitz, Hugh Montgomery & Neil C. Moran - 1965 - In Karl W. Linsenmann (ed.), Proceedings. St. Louis, Lutheran Academy for Scholarship.details
Carta abierta a Ernesto -Ché- Guevara.Frei Betto - 2007 - Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana 12 (38):127-130.details
Forty years af ter the cold-bloo ded as sas - si na tion –or de red by the CIA– of Ernes to (Che) Gue va ra, (im pri sio ned and still ali ve in Bo li - via), a symbo lic let ter to him is writ ten by a do - mi ni que priest –Frei Bet to– a Bra zi lian, which re sult sin a sort of `act-of-so rr..
Executive Functions and Impulsivity as Transdiagnostic Correlates of Psychopathology in Childhood: A Behavioral Genetic Analysis.Samantha M. Freis, Claire L. Morrison, Harry R. Smolker, Marie T. Banich, Roselinde H. Kaiser, John K. Hewitt & Naomi P. Friedman - 2022 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 16.details
Executive functions (EFs) and impulsivity are dimensions of self-regulation that are both related to psychopathology. However, self-report measures of impulsivity and laboratory EF tasks typically display small correlations, and existing research indicates that impulsivity and EFs may tap separate aspects of self-regulation that independently statistically predict psychopathology in adulthood. However, relationships between EFs, impulsivity, and psychopathology may be different in childhood compared to adulthood. Here, we examine whether these patterns hold in the baseline assessment of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive (...) Development (ABCD) sample, a national sample of over 11,000 children (including 749 twin pairs) ages 9–10 years. We examine the phenotypic and genetic relationships among latent variables for different components of EFs and multiple facets of impulsivity. Additionally, we assess how EFs and impulsivity relate to composite measures and latent variables of psychopathology derived from parent report. EFs were weakly correlated with impulsivity, and the strength varied by impulsivity facet, emphasizing their separability. We did not identify significant genetic and environmental correlations between EFs and impulsivity. Moreover, controlling for their small relationships with each other, both EFs and some facets of impulsivity statistically predicted an Externalizing factor, attention problems, and social problems, and twin analyses suggested these relationships were genetic in origin. These findings indicate that EFs and impulsivity represent phenotypically and genetically separable aspects of self-regulation that are both transdiagnostic correlates of psychopathology in childhood. (shrink)
Wer frei ist, ist gebunden.Kants Argument Aus Dem Dritten Abschnitt - 2000 - History of Philosophy & Logical Analysis 3:209.details
Albertus Magnus and the emergence of late medieval intellectualism.Luis M. Augusto - 2009 - Mediaevalia: Textos E Estudos 28 (28):27-43.details
On how medieval philosophy is not (only) theology.
Do fracasso moral ao retorno da ética.Frei Nilo Agostini - 2009 - Revista de Teologia 4.details
Continental Ethics in Continental Philosophy
Whistleblowing in Organizations: An Examination of Correlates of Whistleblowing Intentions, Actions, and Retaliation.Jessica R. Mesmer-Magnus & Chockalingam Viswesvaran - 2005 - Journal of Business Ethics 62 (3):277-297.details
Whistleblowing on organizational wrongdoing is becoming increasingly prevalent. What aspects of the person, the context, and the transgression relate to whistleblowing intentions and to actual whistleblowing on corporate wrongdoing? Which aspects relate to retaliation against whistleblowers? Can we draw conclusions about the whistleblowing process by assessing whistleblowing intentions? Meta-analytic examination of 193 correlations obtained from 26 samples (N = 18,781) reveals differences in the correlates of whistleblowing intentions and actions. Stronger relationships were found between personal, contextual, and wrongdoing characteristics and (...) whistleblowing intent than with actual whistleblowing. Retaliation might best be predicted using contextual variables. Implications for research and practice are discussed. (shrink)
Business Ethics in Applied Ethics
Whistleblowing in Applied Ethics
Bookmark 101 citations
Hans frei and phenomenological hermeneutics.Walter Lowe - 1992 - Modern Theology 8 (2):133-144.details
Between Naturalism and Theism: Johnston and Putnam on the Reality of God.Magnus Schlette - 2014 - European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 6 (1):19--35.details
The essay compares mark Johnston's and Hilary Putnam's approaches to the philosophy of religion in the framework of Charles Taylor's claim that in modernity "intermediate positions' between theism and naturalism become increasingly attractive for a growing amount of people. both authors show that intermediate positions between naturalism and theism are conceptually plausible without having to deny that the conflicting worldviews are about a mind-independent reality. Johnston bridges the gap between naturalism and theism by developing a panentheistic worldview, Putnam denies the (...) necessity of bridging it by choosing an attitude toward the world that allows for the coexistence of at least partly incommensurable conceptualizations of what there is. In both cases the conceptual exploration of intermediate positions is fed by the authors' commitment to intellectual integrity in coming to terms with the tension between scientific explanation and religious interpretation in the age of applied sciences. (shrink)
Frei-schwebend zum Ereignis.Bernd Nissen - 2018 - Psyche 72 (9):847-868.details
Buch Über Die Ursachen Und den Hervorgang von Allem Aus der Ersten Ursache: Lateinisch - Deutsch = Liber de Causis Et Processu Universitatis a Prima Causa.Albertus Magnus - 2006 - F. Meiner.details
Diese Ausgabe bietet erstmals den vollständigen lateinischen Text des ersten Buches des Kommentars zum Liber de causis in kritischer Edition mit deutscher Übersetzung. Sie entstand als ein Gemeinschaftswerk aller Editoren und Mitarbeiter an der in Progreß befindlichen Editio Coloniensis, der kritischen Gesamtausgabe der Alberti Magni Opera Omnia. Albertus Magnus - der Beiname "der Große" ist seit dem 14. Jahrhundert belegt, nachdem ihm schon die Zeitgenossen den Ehrentitel "doctor universalis" verliehen hatten - wird in den Annalen der Philosophiegeschichte zwar stets (...) respektvoll genannt; aber der Schatten seines großen Schülers, Thomas von Aquin, legte sich lange Zeit so sehr über sein Werk, daß die herausragende Stellung, die Albert für die Grundlegung und Ausgestaltung der Metaphysik in der Philosophie des Mittelalters einnimmt, erst neuerlich wieder in das Zentrum der Forschung gerückt ist. (shrink)
Eduardo Frei Montalva y las históricas y globales exigencias cívicas del Estado de Derecho.Enrique San Miguel Pérez - 2021 - Araucaria 23 (48).details
The strong political portrait of Eduardo Frei Montalva, the Christian-democratic president of Chile between 1964 and 1970 and, before the violent establishment of general Augusto Pinochet dictatorship regime in 1973, leader of democratic opposition, includes, already in his time, a powerful thought about democracy, rule of law, and global citizenship, and about the origin and meaning of history. And his analysis and proposals retain full political and legal validity.
On Trusting Wikipedia.P. D. Magnus - 2009 - Episteme 6 (1):74-90.details
Given the fact that many people use Wikipedia, we should ask: Can we trust it? The empirical evidence suggests that Wikipedia articles are sometimes quite good but that they vary a great deal. As such, it is wrong to ask for a monolithic verdict on Wikipedia. Interacting with Wikipedia involves assessing where it is likely to be reliable and where not. I identify five strategies that we use to assess claims from other sources and argue that, to a greater of (...) lesser degree, Wikipedia frustrates all of them. Interacting responsibly with something like Wikipedia requires new epistemic methods and strategies. (shrink)
Collective Epistemology in Epistemology
Poverty, negative duties and the global institutional order.Magnus Reitberger - 2008 - Politics, Philosophy and Economics 7 (4):379-402.details
Do we violate human rights when we cooperate with and impose a global institutional order that engenders extreme poverty? Thomas Pogge argues that by shaping and enforcing the social conditions that foreseeably and avoidably cause global poverty we are violating the negative duty not to cooperate in the imposition of a coercive institutional order that avoidably leaves human rights unfulfilled. This article argues that Pogge's argument fails to distinguish between harms caused by the global institutions themselves and harms caused by (...) the domestic policies of particular states and collective action problems for which collective responsibility cannot be assigned. The article also argues that his position relies on questionable factual and theoretical claims about the impact of global institutions on poverty, and about the benefits and harms of certain features of these institutions. Participation in, and benefit from, global institutions is unlikely to constitute a violation of our negative duties towards the poor. Key Words: justice • international regimes • institutions • human rights • trade. (shrink)
Conflicts of Duty in Normative Ethics
Global Justice in Social and Political Philosophy
Globalization in Social and Political Philosophy
Human Rights in Social and Political Philosophy
International Justice in Social and Political Philosophy
International Order in Social and Political Philosophy
Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas on What is "Better-Known" in Natural Science.John H. Boyer & Daniel C. Wagner - 2019 - Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 93:199-225.details
Aristotelian commenters have long noted an apparent contradiction between what Aristotle says in Posterior Analytics I.2 and Physics I.1 about how we obtain first principles of a science. At Posterior 71b35–72a6, Aristotle states that what is most universal (καθόλου) is better-known by nature and initially less-known to us, while the particular (καθ' ἕκαστον) is initially better-known to us, but less-known by nature. At Physics 184a21-30, however, Aristotle states that we move from what is better-known to us, which is universal (καθόλου), (...) to what is better-known absolutely, which is particular (καθ' ἕκαστον). This paper turns to two of Aristotle's most notable medieval commentators—Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas—to resolve this apparent contradiction. The key to Thomas and Albert's solutions, we will argue, is a twofold distinction between a sense-perceptive and scientific universal, and the particulars as sensed individuals and as differentiating attributes. Our Synthetic treatment of these distinctions contributes to the ongoing scholarly effort to understand the Stagyrite's complex theory of knowledge. (shrink)
Aquinas: Epistemology in Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy
Aquinas: Natural Science in Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy
Aristotle: Epistemology, Misc in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Aristotle: Natural Science, Misc in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Aristotle: Philosophy of Science, Misc in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Aristotle: Physics in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Aristotle: Posterior Analytics in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Aristotle: Principles in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Medieval Philosophy of Nature in Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy
Magnus And Marcellinus: Unnoticed Acrostics In The Cyranides.M. L. West - 1982 - Classical Quarterly 32 (2):480-481.details
Judith Frei: Das ambrosianische Sakramentar D 3 – 3 aus dem mailändischen Metropolitankapitel. Eine textkritische und redaktionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung der mailändischen Sakramentartradition . Verlag Aschendorff, Münster 1974, XXXI u. 542 pp., 8 Tafeln. [REVIEW]Hermann Reifenberg - 1975 - Zeitschrift für Religions- Und Geistesgeschichte 27 (2):187-188.details
Christianity in Philosophy of Religion
Religion and Society in Philosophy of Religion
Wie frei ist die Theologie heute?Ernst Benz - 1977 - Zeitschrift für Religions- Und Geistesgeschichte 29 (1):1-6.details
Albertus Magnus und die mittelalterliche Philosophie.Jan A. Aertsen - 1996 - Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Philosophie 21 (2):111-128.details
Schalentiere und Seeigel = Crustaceans and sea urchins; Seifenblasen = Forming bubbles.Frei Otto - 2015 - In Rudolf Finsterwalder, Kristin Feireiss & Frei Otto (eds.), Form follows nature: eine Geschichte der Natur als Modell für Formfindung in Ingenieurbau, Architektur und Kunst = a history of nature as model for design in engineering, architecture and art. Birkhäuser.details
Aesthetics of Nature in Aesthetics
Wachsende und sich teilende Pneus = Growing and dividing Pneus.Frei Otto - 2015 - In Rudolf Finsterwalder, Kristin Feireiss & Frei Otto (eds.), Form follows nature: eine Geschichte der Natur als Modell für Formfindung in Ingenieurbau, Architektur und Kunst = a history of nature as model for design in engineering, architecture and art. Birkhäuser.details
The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative: A Study in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Hermeneutics.Hans W. Frei - 1974details
Wie frei sind wir eigentlich empirisch?Sven Walter - 2009 - Philosophia Naturalis 46 (1):8-35.details
Hobbes's hidden monster: A new interpretation of the frontispiece of Leviathan.Magnus Kristiansson & Johan Tralau - 2014 - European Journal of Political Theory 13 (3):299-320.details
In recent years, much work has been done on the role of images in Hobbes. But there is an unsolved riddle with regard to the famous frontispiece of Leviathan (1651). Why is there nothing monstrous in the sovereign body depicted, despite the fact that it is named for a Biblical sea monster? In this article it is argued that there is a monster just barely hidden in the image and that the iconographical tradition helps us rediscover this creature. We argue (...) that this monstrosity serves a theoretical and political purpose pertaining to fear and imagery within Hobbes's overall project and in the political context of his time. Moreover, we argue that the discovery of the hitherto unknown monster should make political theory and intellectual history sensitive to the role played by physical images in Hobbes as well as in political thought at large. (shrink)
History of Political Philosophy in Social and Political Philosophy
Thomas Hobbes in 17th/18th Century Philosophy
On Animals: A Medieval Summa Zoologica.Albertus Magnus - 1999details
The ten Fold Reverence ten Meditations Inspired by the Ethic of Reverence for Life.Magnus C. Ratter & Albert Schweitzer - 1934 - [The Lindsey Press].details
Frei zu leben: allgemeine Moraltheologie.Michael Rosenberger - 2018 - Münster: Aschendorff Verlag.details
$45.83 used $64.81 new View on Amazon.com
Carta abierta a Ernesto (Ché) Guevara.Frei Betto - 2007 - Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana: Revista Internacional de Filosofía Iberoamericana y Teoría Social 38:127-130.details
The Interview: Data Collection in Descriptive Phenomenological Human Scientific Research.Magnus Englander - 2012 - Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 43 (1):13-35.details
In this article, interviewing from a descriptive, phenomenological, human scientific perspective is examined. Methodological issues are raised in relation to evaluative criteria as well as reflective matters that concern the phenomenological researcher. The data collection issues covered are 1) the selection of participants, 2) the number of participants in a study, 3) the interviewer and the questions, and 4) data collection procedures. Certain conclusions were drawn indicating that phenomenological research methods cannot be evaluated on the basis of an empiricist theory (...) of science, but must be critiqued from within a phenomenological theory of science. Some reflective matters, experienced by the phenomenological researcher, are also elaborated upon. (shrink)
Phenomenology in Continental Philosophy
Bernd Magnus and Kathleen M. Higgins, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche. [REVIEW]Christa Acampora - 1997 - Philosophy in Review 17:47-49.details
German Philosophy in European Philosophy
Teaching Philosophy, Misc in Teaching Philosophy
The Practice of Phenomenological Empathy Training.Magnus Englander - 2019 - Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 50 (1):42-59.details
This article provides concrete examples of a phenomenological approach to empathy training, which is a pedagogical method designed for higher education. First, the phenomenology of empathy and empathy training is briefly described. Second, excerpts from training sessions in higher education are provided as examples. The examples are meant as to concretize the purpose of the training in relation to the overall pedagogical process. In addition, some clarifications are made about how a phenomenological approach can facilitate university students' deeper understanding of (...) how empathy relate to interpersonal understanding in the we-relation. (shrink)
Bernd Magnus and Stephen Cullenberg, eds., Whither Marxism?: Global Crises in International Perspective Reviewed by.Ian Adams - 1997 - Philosophy in Review 17 (2):117-119.details
Political Views in Social and Political Philosophy
Non-normative critique: Foucault and pragmatic sociology as tactical re-politicization.Magnus Paulsen Hansen - 2016 - European Journal of Social Theory 19 (1):127-145.details
The close ties between modes of governing, subjectivities and critique in contemporary societies challenge the role of critical social research. The classical normative ethos of the unmasking researcher unravelling various oppressive structures of dominant vs. dominated groups in society is inadequate when it comes to understand de-politicizing mechanisms and the struggles they bring about. This article argues that only a non-normative position can stay attentive to the constant and complex evolution of modes of governing and the critical operations actors themselves (...) engage in. The article outlines a non-normative but critical programme based on an ethos of re-politicizing contemporary pervasive modes of governing. The analytical advantages and limitations of such a programme are demonstrated by readings of both Foucauldian studies and the works of and debates regarding the French pragmatic sociology of Boltanski and Thévenot. (shrink)
Wer frei ist, ist gebunden. Kants Argument aus dem dritten Abschnitt der Grundlegungsschrift.RÜdiger Bittner - 2000 - History of Philosophy & Logical Analysis 3.details
Kant opened the third section of his Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten with an argument purporting to show that every free creature is subject to moral laws. The present paper offers a reconstruction of this argument and indicates its problematic points. It shows furthermore which assumptions prevented Kant from noticing these problems: first, the notion that we are, and not just have, reason; second, and more importantly, the idea that lawless freedom is terrible and the source of evil. The latter (...) idea probably derives from theological sources. (shrink)
Types of Christian Theology.Hans W. Frei - 1992details
Wie frei sind wir wirklich?Peter Kampits - 2015 - In Violetta L. Waibel (ed.), Fichte Und Sartre Über Freiheit: Das Ich Und der Andere. De Gruyter. pp. 71-92.details
Frei Aber Bedeutungslos?: Das Dilemma der Kunst Im 21. Jahrhundert: Eine Ästhetische Spurensuche Mit Hanns Eisler.Tina Bucek - 2012 - Die Blaue Eule.details
Frei Aber Bedeutungslos?: Das Dilemma der Kunst Im 21.Tina Bucek - 2012 - Die Blaue Eule.details
Frei sein.Massimo La Torre - 2006 - Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie 92 (2):164-194.details
This is an attempt to conceptualize freedom beyond the now traditional opposition beetween a negative and a positive notion. To this purpose several weaknesses of the idea of negative freedom are pointed out and taken into account, while positive freedom is reinterpreted in terms of a social capacity, without reference however to romantic self-affirmation. Freeedom is thus seen connected with the question of power and authority, whose main theories are then shortly assessed. Among these the so-called "service conception" is the (...) object of a more detailed discussion. The outcome will be a proposal to make it possible to understand freedom as a special enabling position with regard to authority. (shrink)
Frei sein, frei handeln. Freiheit zwischen theoretischer und praktischer Philosophie.Diego D'Angelo, Sylvaine Gourdain, Tobias Keiling & Nikola Mirkovic - 2013 - Freiburg: Alber.details
Trotz anhaltender Debatten über Determinismus und Freiheit ist der Sinn von Freiheit weit davon entfernt, ein klar umrissenes philosophisches Problem darzustellen. Betrachtet man Versuche, menschliche Freiheit zu beweisen, und Diskussionen um die soziale Normierung von Freiheit, so ist selten klar, ob hier von einem einheitlichen Phänomen die Rede ist. Aufgrund der Komplexität der Debatten und der historischen Tiefe des Problems lässt sich die Freiheit nicht einer einzelnen Teildisziplin der Philosophie zuordnen. Wer sich auf einen Bestimmungsversuch des Begriffs einlässt, muss zugleich (...) das Verhältnis von Theorie und Praxis klären. Die Untersuchung der Freiheit führt daher nicht zuletzt zu einer immer wieder neu zu vollziehenden Selbstverortung der Philosophie. (shrink)
Autonomy in Social and Political Philosophy
Edmund Husserl in Continental Philosophy
Theories of Freedom in Social and Political Philosophy
Managing Expectations: Delivering the Worst News in the Best Way?David Magnus & Alyssa M. Burgart - 2018 - American Journal of Bioethics 18 (1):1-2.details
Biomedical Ethics in Applied Ethics
Phenomenological psychology and qualitative research.Magnus Englander & James Morley - 2023 - Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 22 (1):25-53.details
This article presents the tradition of phenomenologically founded psychological research that was originally initiated by Amedeo Giorgi. This data analysis method is inseparable from the broader project of establishing an autonomous phenomenologically based human scientific psychology. After recounting the history of the method from the 1960's to the present, we explain the rationale for why we view data collection as a process that should be adaptable to the unique mode of appearance of each particular phenomenon being researched. The substance of (...) the article is then devoted to a detailed outline of the method's whole-part-whole procedure of data analysis. We then offer a sample analysis of a brief description of an ordinary daydream. This is an anxiety daydream in response to the recent Covid-19 pandemic. We present this daydream analysis in full to show the concrete hands-on 5 step process through which the researcher explicated the participants' expressions from the particular to the general. From this brief sample analysis, the researcher offers a first-person reflection on the data analysis process to offer the reader an introduction to the diacritical nature of phenomenological psychological elucidation. (shrink)
Albertus Magnus and the Error of Ptolemy: Metaphysics and the Origins of Empirical Research Programs.Michael Tkacz - 2013 - International Philosophical Quarterly 53 (2):147-160.details
Is our science of the physical world a matter of theoretical description with predictive value, or is it instead a search for the productive causes of observed phenomena? Ancient astronomers such as Ptolemy maintained the former; ancient cosmologists such as Aristotle the latter. This debate is a central theme in Albert Magnus's thirteenth-century Aristotelian commentaries. This paper shows how Albert defended the possibility of empirical science aimed at demonstrating the causes of observed phenomena. In the course of his defense, (...) Albert identifies a specific error committed by Ptolemy concerning the subject of physical theory. The identification and correction of this error provides the basis upon which a proper metaphysical foundation for the empirical sciences can be laid. This foundation is nothing other than the recovery of the Aristotelian notion of form as the immanent intelligibility of physical natures. (shrink)
After the Equilibrium: Democratic Innovations and Long-term Institutional Development in the City of Reykjavik.Magnus Adenskog - 2018 - Analyse & Kritik 40 (1):31-54.details
Although democratic innovations are spread all over the world, there is little research on the institutional outcomes of implementing such innovations in governmental organisations. To remedy this, it is important to focus on cases where DIs have been implemented and formally connected to the policymaking process over a longer period. Reykjavik provides such a case. Drawing on observations and interviews with key stakeholders over a period of three years, this study analyses how the institutional logic of DIs influenced the local (...) government in Reykjavik. The study presents two conclusions: First, it is clear that one equilibrium has not been replaced by another. Second, there is no peaceful co-existence between the two, but instead the outcome is an organisation in 'a state of flux'. There are several factors contributing to this outcome, but three stand out: a populist power-shift, dissatisfaction with theworking of the implemented DIs and deliberative ambiguity. In the final part of the article, the institutional outcome is discussed in relation to overall consequences for the political system. (shrink)
The redundancy objection, and why Scanlon is not a contractualist.Tamra Frei - 2009 - Journal of Political Philosophy 17 (1):47-65.details
Moral Contractualism in Normative Ethics
Political Ethics in Applied Ethics
Voluntary Coercion. Collective Action and the Social Contract.Magnus Jiborn - unknowndetails
This work provides a game theoretical analysis of the classical idea of a social contract. According to what we might call the Hobbesian justification of the state, coercion is necessary in order to provide people with basic security and to enable them to successfully engage in mutually beneficial cooperation. The establishment and maintenance of a central coercive power, i.e. a state, can therefore be said to be in everyone's interest. The aim of this essay is to examine and evaluate these (...) claims. It is common to interpret the problem of cooperation in a Hobbesian state of nature as a Prisoner's Dilemma game. In this kind of game, each agent prefers that cooperation is brought about, but each also prefers not to cooperate herself, regardless of what others do. Most studies, however, have focused on the prospects for spontaneous cooperation in the 2-player PD. This work focuses instead on the generalized, n-player version of the same game. Invoking an evolutionary game theoretical model, it is argued that the prospects for spontaneous cooperation to emerge in an n-player PD are much worse than in the 2-player case. In order to analyze how the existence of sanctions might affect the prospects for cooperation, a model of a limited sanction system is developed. It is demonstrated that the game that emerges when an n-player PD is modified by a suitable system of sanctions is an n-player version of what Sen has called an Assurance game. It is also demonstrated that in this game, unlike the n-player PD, general cooperation is evolutionarily stable. It is also discussed whether the establishment and maintenance of such a sanction system does itself constitute an n-player PD. It is argued that it does not. (shrink)
Magnus Hirschfeld, his biographies and the possibilities and boundaries of 'biography' as 'doing history'.Toni Brennan & Peter Hegarty - 2009 - History of the Human Sciences 22 (5):24-46.details
This article considers the two major biographies of sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld, MD (1868—1935), an early campaigner for 'gay rights' avant la lettre. Like him, his first biographer Charlotte Wolff (1897—1986) was a Jewish doctor who lived and worked in Weimar Republic Berlin and fled Germany when the Nazi regime came to power. When researching Hirschfeld's biography (published in English in 1986) Wolff met a librarian and gay activist, Manfred Herzer, who would eventually be a cofounder of the Gay Museum (...) in Berlin and publish (in German, in 1992) the other major Hirschfeld biography currently available. Using, inter alia, the correspondence between Wolff and Herzer, the article aims to explore and interrogate the boundaries and possibilities of 'biography' as a form of 'doing history'. (shrink)
History of Science in General Philosophy of Science
Albertus Magnus and the Animal Histories:: A Medieval Anticipation of Recent Developments in Aristotle Studies.Michael W. Tkacz - 2013 - Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 87:103-113.details
During the past three decades, Aristotle studies have been significantly influenced by a series of ground-breaking investigations of the zoological works, especially the Historia animalium. As a result, contemporary Aristotle scholars have developed a clearer and more consistent interpretation of the zoology and have demonstrated its consonance with Aristotle's logic and metaphysics. This revolution in Aristotle studies was anticipated by the medieval natural philosopher Albertus Magnus. As the first thinker since Theophrastus to pursue an Aristotelian research program in the (...) life sciences, he interpreted Aristotle's animal histories as a series of pre-demonstrative researches preparatory to causal explanation as prescribed in the Posterior Analytics and the Topics. The medieval anticipation of these recent developments in Aristotle studies provides a compelling comparison of the interpretation of Aristotle now and then. (shrink)
'Subordination, authority, psychotherapy': Psychotherapy and politics in inter-war Vienna.David Freis - 2017 - History of the Human Sciences 30 (2):34-53.details
This article explores the history of 'subordination-authority-relation' psychotherapy, a brand of psychotherapy largely forgotten today that was introduced and practised in inter-war Vienna by the psychiatrist Erwin Stransky. I situate 'SAR' psychotherapy in the medical, cultural and political context of the inter-war period and argue that – although Stransky's approach had little impact on historical and present-day debates and reached only a very limited number of patients – it provides a particularly clear example for the political dimensions of psychotherapy. In (...) the early 20th century, the emerging field of psychotherapy was largely dominated by Freudian psychoanalysis and its Adlerian and Jungian offshoots. Psychotherapists' relations with academic psychiatry were often uneasy, but the psychodynamic schools succeeded in establishing independent institutions for training and treatment. However, as this article shows, the gulf between mainstream psychiatry and psychotherapy was not as wide as many histories of the psy-disciplines in the early 20th century suggest. In inter-war Vienna, where these conflicts raged most fiercely, Stransky's 'SAR' psychotherapy was intended as an academic psychiatrist's response to the challenge posed by the emerging competitors. Moreover, Stransky also proposed a political alternative to the existing psychotherapeutic schools. Whereas psychoanalysis was a liberal project, and Adlerian individual psychology was closely affiliated with the socialist movement, 'SAR' psychotherapy with its focus on authority, subordination and social hierarchy tried to translate a right-wing, authoritarian understanding of society into a treatment for nervous disorders. (shrink)
History of Psychology, Misc in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Psychotherapy in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Sociology of Science in General Philosophy of Science
Magnús Eiríksson: A Forgotten Contemporary of Kierkegaard (Danish Golden Age Studies, vol. 10).Jon Stewart & Gerhard Schreiber (eds.) - 2017details
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Etere announces compatibility with FFV1 format, a loseless video codec featuring compression ratios that are comparable to JPEG 2000 lossless and its lower computing requirements, making it ideal for archiving.
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The Court of Protection Rules 2017 have been laid before Parliament and will come into force on 1 December. They revoke the current rules - the Court of Protection Rules 2007 - and replace them with a consolidated set of rules. They include new rules which were piloted in the Case Management Pilot including allocation of cases to case management pathways.


text:
Q: NSD Manager keeps old service in memory, even when they are not on the network anymore I'm using NSD Manager, and according to the documentation, it keeps a list of service found. But I believe it doesn't update it on every new discovery (as in, it doesn't remove unregistered services)
Is there a way to clear the list or force update the list ? I ask this because I'd like to know when a service is not available and with the current behavior, nsd manager will keep discovering the service 30s-1min after it being unregistered.
Thanks.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The seniors meet weekly to handcraft the headwear for the tiny tots, while at the same time teaching staff at the not-for-profit aged care provider the traditional handicraft.
Mercy Health state manager Anita Ghose said the residents in the knitting group were both talented and caring.
"This really is a fantastic initiative, not just for the babies who will benefit but also for our residents, who are really enjoying sharing their incredible talent for knitting with the next generation, Mercy Health's staff," she said.
"Many of our residents have been keen to join the club and take part in the creative process of making the beautiful little beanies.


text:
Parents' Choice Awards : Software : Mobile Apps
SHINE – Journey of Light
Spring 2019 Mobile Apps
Developer: Fox & Sheep
Download Price: $2.99
Platform: iOS
Shine - Journey of Light is a stunning journey through a fantastical world filled with ethereal imagery and symphonic music that guarantees to delight. According to the story, the darkness of the night is created by an inky dye mined by Night Mites and the stars are brightened by their counterparts, the Moonies. But, one fateful night the stars fail to shine and all but one Moonie is lost. She must explore the world and find her friends.
Mechanically, the game consists simply of tapping on a continuously scrolling screen to move about, avoid obstacles, and collect the shimmering balls of light. Game play is extremely simple and relatively repetitive; however, this is intentional. According to the developers, the goal was to produce a game that allowed players to relax and immerse themselves in the soothing atmosphere of the game. When competing against other apps marketed to children, Shine may struggle because of its basic nature. However, there is unique value in its simplicity and in the concentration and patience it both requires and instills.
Sharon Heuscher ©2019 Parents' Choice
Sharon holds B.A.s in English Literature and Ancient Studies as well as a B.S. in Psychology. She is currently a masters-level trainee in Clinical Psychology specializing in neurodegenerative diseases. For the past thirteen years, Sharon has focused primarily on raising, educating, and nurturing her five children who range in age from three to thirteen.
http://www.foxandsheep.com


Cybercrime is now more profitable than the global illegal drugs trade and growing at a rapid rate, the Europol Serious & Organised Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA) estimate that the global impact of Cybercrime to be US $3 Trillion.
In 2016, 2.9 Million UK British businesses were affected by some sort of Cybercrime with a total cost of £29.1 Billion, Cybercrime is something that can affect not only businesses, but each one of us directly or indirectly.
The MOBIUS Cyber Security one day awareness course is designed to give the individual a personal understanding, insight and basic recognition of the threats and vulnerabilities to their Internet of Things (IoT) connected devices and more importantly their information.
By the end of the training the individual will be able to implement basic Cyber security measures, by developing self-disciplined security practises that could potentially stop an attack and make the Hackers job that much more difficult.
The Threat – Understanding the origins of Cyber threats we may face and the impacts of these threats.
Basic Hacking – The stages of an attack and some of the tools and techniques used by Hackers to gain access to networks and devices.
Social Media – How Social Media can be used by Hackers to gain information to carry out attacks and how to safely set up and use Social Media.
Using the Internet – The risks associated with being online, the threats to information, personal identity and online transactions. Protecting ourselves online, will also be discussed.
Social Engineering – What Social Engineering is, what they are after, methods used and how to counter them.
Wireless networks – Shows the security flaws in using wireless networks and how to reduce the risks and protect our information when using wireless networks.
Antivirus Software and Malware – Importance of Antivirus software, updating our devices and software with the latest security patches.
Malware – What Malware is, the different types and how to help protect against such threats and what to do if infected.
Physical Security of Devices – Importance of physical security of devices and measures to safely store devices at home, work or when travelling to minimise tampering or illegal access to information.


Regular church members can have access to the members only areas of the web site. This includes your name being added to and having access to the church address book. If you would like to access the members-only areas of the All Saints' Marcham web site, please take the time to register your details with us.
I consent to All Saints' Marcham contacting me with updates relevant to me. This may be regular notices by email or occasional other church-related information. I understand that I can withdraw this consent at any time.


>> It's only been two days since a surprise election was called in the U.K., and Theresa May's opponent, Jeremy Corbin, has already taken to the streets to woo voters. The Labour Party is drawing up one of its most left-wing manifestos, last seen since 1983, when the party sank to defeat under Michael Foot.
>> This election is about the future of all of us, the future of our children, the future of social justice, the future of our services, the future of our jobs. Are we going to be a country that gives riches and makes riches for all of us? Or are we going to be a country that works only to make the richest even richer?
>> He's drawing up an anti-establishment and spend manifesto, and is expected to say on Thursday that he will not play by the rules if elected as Prime Minister. Saying that those rules have created a cozy cartel which rigs the system in favor of a few powerful and wealthy individuals.
Meanwhile, Theresa May sought to put a strong and stable leadership message at the heart of her pitch to voters as she addressed supporters in Bolton on Wednesday. Saying the UK now has a unity of purpose, and a desire for the government to get on with making a success of Brexit.


Alex is a highly efficient and effective private investigator. His background in law, together with with his extensive training and experience as a private detective make him particularly proficient in the gathering evidence for use in court proceedings - a service that may only be provided by a private detective that is fully registered and regulated by the Spanish Ministry of the Interior.
Each of our investigators in Spain has attended University to obtain the necessary degree required for official recognition from the Spanish Police Force and Ministry of the Interior. Such recognition permits our investigators to carry-out investigations on behalf of private individuals and companies and submit any evidence obtained to the Spanish Courts and official tribunals. Our investigators speak Spanish, English, French and German.
Below you will find a brief description of some of the areas that we work in - if you do not see the service that you are looking for, please get in contact with Advocate Abroad and we will be happy to check if we can provide the service that you need.
A 'Mystery Shopper' service is available if required for certain types of investigation.
A 'Mystery Shopper' service is available, if required for certain types of investigation.
A very common request we receive is for our private detectives to investigate the activities of a spouse or partner to determine if they are being faithful and what activities they may be carrying-out in relation to joint-assets held by the couple, for example. We manage enquiries from long-married individuals to those who are planning a marriage and may wish to have an independent expert verification of their partner's fidelity and possible threat to their assets.
Tracking of the subject - from arrival in the country to their hotel/apartment and their activities thereafter (if ordinarily resident abroad).
Presentation of evidence to include photos/video/audio as required.
In Spain approximately 7500 people of non-Spanish nationality are reported missing to National Police each year. It may be that a loved-one goes missing or, also common is to simply lose track of a family member or close friend over the years.
Unfortunately the resources available to the Police make searches often fruitless. For this reason, employing a private investigator can be a more effective strategy - especially when accurate information can be provided to the detectives.
The specifics of the search will vary with each case, and the investigator will often carry-out a preliminary search and provide feedback to the friend or family member and then proceed accordingly.
Unfortunately it is all too common for foreign nationals to fall victim to fraudulent activity in Spain. These will quite often be carried-out by native English-speakers who are well versed on how to abuse English-speakers' trust in order to deprive them - sometimes - of their life-savings.
While victims will often correctly report such activity to the Police, unfortunately the resources available to the National Police in Spain make investigations often fruitless, since false names are used, and such fraudsters are not locals, and may be unknown to the local or national Police. For this reason, employing a private investigator can be a more effective strategy - especially when accurate information can be provided to the detectives.


text:
maker, fall 2013, sXc
Cardboard, Tape and Stop Motion—A look inside the world of LAIKA Designer, Nelson Lowry
If you've ever been lucky enough to go behind the scenes of stop motion, you know the pain and the pleasure that comes from creating at the most minute level. There is a special breed of folks who do it day in and day out. You can call it a compulsive obsession, but there's no denying the magic that takes place when creating mini worlds with your intuition, hands, and craft. Portlanders are lucky to have a few places that specializes in this art form, and they do a damn good job of it. We are really happy to have LAIKA not only as our next sketchXchange guest, but also as a contributor to WeMake Celebrates, Put A Bird In It.
If going behind the scenes at LAIKA wasn't enough, getting to know designer, Nelson Lowry through his personal work and his professional insight will inspire you on another level. We like that, and he's one hell of an added bonus to this special Design Week Portland sXc.
Please join us for a night of inspiration and fun with Nelson and LAIKA. This is your chance to see some of LAIKA's puppets up close and walk away with a special LAIKA sketchbook. Plus, you could win a LAIKA giveaway prize including a tour with 10 of your best friends!
Date of the event: Saturday, October 12th, 2013
Check-in begins at 4:30 pm. Doors close at 5:15pm.
Place: Sandbox Studio, 420 NE 9th Avenue PDX 97232
Registration is open now!
As always, space is limited. Be sure to register early!
RSVP at Eventbrite
YPE
Beyond working with LAIKA, what do you do personally as a creative?
I'm an obsessive maker. I have a little studio outside of where I live. I'm in service to so many directors while at work, that when I'm not working I like to have my own time with no rules.
I do all kinds of forms of art. One is just building. Mostly with cardboard and sometimes found objects—like plastic things I find in the street. I'll build whole characters around things like a hair barrette…I wash them first though!
The other thing I do is assemble colored paper and tape into impressionist-style landscape paintings. I create them in a fairly unique way using lots of masking tape, paper, and cardboard. They're really inspired by nature—I love to try and organize the patterns I see within it.
Do you take photographs of what you are trying to paint?
No, I do it in field. I have a kit to bring outside.
What's in your kit?
Masking tape, blue tape, black tape, cardboard, and a bit of these watercolor crayons. Nothing that I can get too controlled with.
What are you doing with your paintings and characters?
I don't really show the paintings. I give them away…send them as mail art to friends around the world. I keep some of them. I hope to incorporate the robots and characters I make into a film someday.
Can you describe your characters?
They are mostly made from cardboard, like 80-90% of cardboard. I'm obsessed with cardboard. The characters are very fantasy oriented, very playful and colorful, very silly. They're kind of Sci-fi...or my own version of it. They look like monsters and robots with cardboard joints and movable, posable parts. I use clay and Elmer's glue and I spray layers, like 100 layers, then sand, color and polish them. They look ceramic, but they're just cardboard.
Where does your inspiration come from when creating your characters and paintings?
Mostly from growing up in a family of people who build stuff. I had a workshop when I was a kid. I got used to making things. I love the way things come together and assemble. When I got a model kit as a kid, I would never build the kit, instead I would re-arrange it in different ways.
With my characters, I don't start with drawings. I just start building. I do a similar thing with my landscape images, they are very constructive. Instead of sketching something first, I'll just start tearing paper and sticking it down, then use tape to start putting it together.
It's fairly obsessive compulsive. I kind of need to do it. It feels good, it's like itching a scratch.
You went to art school. How did you land in stop motion and film?
I was a painting major. After school I moved to New York City and went into shops and swept floors. I learned how to make molds and started making things for television and commercials, then I went into theatre.
Theater? Like set design?
Set design and character building with special effects, and mechanical costume effects. I worked on the Lion King and then I came to Portland to continue working on it. That's when I discovered Vinton.
I started out doing a couple of little jobs, then began working on the PJ's. That was kind of my first stop motion project. After that I moved to London and worked on Corpse Bride and stayed there for seven years doing visual effects, some live action and Fantastic Mr. Fox. I came back to Portland to do ParaNormanand have been here ever since.
As far as the work you do with LAIKA, I remember you saying that you had a lot of creative freedom with ParaNorman. Were you happy with the outcome? Did you learn anything from it?
It was great. Before ParaNorman I got to cut my teeth on other projects and work with people that had really clear visions. I don't think I could have ever done something like it having not worked with with them. It's so terrifying to have someone say, "Now you invent the world."
Even though it was scary I knew a lot of the mechanical processes. I knew how to organize it. I learned to trust myself. That's what I noticed these other directors were doing. They didn't question their designs, they had a belief. They went with their gut. So I used their method and I think it did OK, it was a good model. Now I'm doing a new film and I get to improve on what I did for ParaNorman.
Are you still working on other people's stuff now that you've had the opportunity to production design a project on your own and have another one on the way?
Never will I be that way. I will do a candy bar commercial. I will paint someones house! If I get a chance to work with someone I can learn from, with a creative vision, I am happy to do that.
What was your most inspiring project? Something that stands out and may have propelled you to where you are now?
Working with Wes Anderson on The Fantastic Mr. Fox, watching him work and learning about his creative process—it rubbing off on me was invaluable. I feel inoculated for life with his creativity. Try to stop him.
Do you keep a sketchbook?
Yeah, I have lots of sketchbooks that have one drawing in them. During the day I have notebooks for every project that I'm on which I'm always scribbling in. I don't keep one in my bag, but I have lots of little sketches and drawings.
For your commercial work, do you work from a set of sketches that the director or illustrator creates or do you just start with a creative brief and insert your own interpretations?
Both, we ad-lib or I sketch first.
What are your digital tools of the trade? Photoshop? Maya?
Mostly it's just hands-on making. Working in stop frame you get to make proof of concept models. I cut stuff on foam core and paint it. It's a proof of concept to see how it will look on camera. I also rely on really skilled people with a lot of experience.
What about the 3D printers? They are a huge part of your work aren't they?
Yes, in everything. But the maker still has to make it. The printer does nothing but print what you make. It's the people who run those printers who are invaluable. They have to be amazing modelers and build the stuff in Maya. They have to think really linear to make sure that when the stuff comes out of the machine it has a lot of spirit in it.
Anything you can say to someone who is trying to do what you do?
I'm kind of old fashion in that regard. You have to do a lot of hard work. I learned the business by sweeping floors and watching other people do their work—doing the grunt work, the grinding and sanding. I went through the trenches and I think I appreciate stuff more. I'm more willing to learn. You have to really want it.
Winner of the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Production Design for his work on Fantastic Mr. Fox, Nelson Lowry's lengthy credits include ParaNorman, Corpse Bride, the Christmas comedy Fred Claus and Danny Boyle's Sunshine.
He contributed to twenty-two episodes of The PJs, an Eddie Murphy Imagine Entertainment/Touchstone Pictures stop motion animated TV series for which he won an Emmy® Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation. He has also been nominated for several Annie Awards.
Please join us for a night of inspiration and fun with Nelson and LAIKA. This is your chance to see some of LAIKA's puppets up close and walk away with a special LAIKA sketchbook. Plus, you have a chance to win a LAIKA giveaway including a tour with 10 of your best friends!
Here's a sneak peek at one of the houses LAIKA is working on for WeMake Celebrates, Put A Bird In It.
Tagged: dwpdx, interview, LAIKA, Nelson Lowry
Newer PostPut A Bird In It—Featured Maker, Industry
Older PostPut A Bird In It—Featured Maker, WK12


Chronic exposure of rats to enflurane 200 p.p.m.: no evidence of toxicity or teratogenicity.
Adult male or female rats were exposed either to enflurane 200 p.p.m. or to air for up to 63 days before mating and subsequently throughout the pregnancy of the females. The treated animals were exposed for 8 h per day, 5 days per week for a maximum total of 100 days. The parents and progeny-were studied. Additional positive controls with vitamin A palmitate demonstrated that the strain of animals was susceptible to a known teratogen. No abortifacient effect was observed with these conditions of exposure to enflurane. Skeletal examination of the fetuses failed to reveal any major teratogenic effect. The parents remained healthy clinically, whilst autopsy and histopathological examination failed to reveal any consistent organ injuries which could be blamed on exposure to enflurane. In rats at least, environmental pollution with enflurane appears not to be associated with significant toxicity or teratogenicity.


text:
Centris weilenmanni is een vliesvleugelig insect uit de familie bijen en hommels (Apidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1900 door Friese.

weilenmanni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A pnz file extension is related to the Panorama program and used for its database sets.
What is pnz file? How to open pnz files?
The pnz file extension is associated with the Panorama, a database and spreadsheet software for Microsoft Windows, developed by ProVUE.
The pnz file contains database settings used by the Panorama program.
Panorama combines the best elements of database and spreadsheet technology into a single package, making it an unparalleled tool for working with and analyzing any kind of information. Like a spreadsheet, Panorama is RAM based for speed and flexibility, but with all of the data processing power of a full blown database application.
and possible program actions that can be done with the file: like open pnz file, edit pnz file, convert pnz file, view pnz file, play pnz file etc. (if exist software for corresponding action in File-Extensions.org's database).
Programs supporting the exension pnz on the main platforms Windows, Mac, Linux or mobile. Click on the link to get more information about Panorama for settings pnz file action.


text:
NCAA Division II Men's and Women's soccer brackets set with Highmark Stadium as final destination
NCAA Division II men's and women's soccer tournament final four will be played at Highmark Stadium in 2018 & 2019. Photo by Ed Thompson
Who said soccer season is over for Highmark Stadium?
If you didn't already know, Pittsburgh was selected to host 22 NCAA preliminary and championship events covering the years 2018 through 2022.
Pittsburgh was awarded more NCAA events than any other city.
One of the venues hosting events will be Highmark Stadium, playing host to the NCAA Division II soccer final four and championship games for both men and women in 2018 and 2019.
"We are beyond excited that the NCAA has chosen our city to host these 22 prestigious events," said Jennifer Hawkins, executive director of sports development for VisitPITTSBURGH. "This announcement is not about any one university, sports venue or organization. It's about Pittsburgh! The Pittsburgh Bid Committee — which included nine universities, two athletic conferences and nine sports facilities — approached the bid process as a community effort to reintroduce the NCAA to Pittsburgh. And now we look forward to crowning new NCAA champions over the next four years."
And now, the field is set for both the men's and women's tournaments which will conclude at Highmark Stadium on November 29 and December 1 with Final Four semifinal games, then Division II National Championship matches.
MEN'S 2018 NCAA DIVISION II SOCCER CHAMPIONSHIP BRACKET
WOMEN'S 2018 NCAA DIVISION II SOCCER CHAMPIONSHIP BRACKET
Unfortunately, there will not be too many teams that may be coming that may draw local interest, especially on the men's side. Regardless, this event will provide Pittsburgh with another chance to be in the spotlight — and draw hundreds and thousands of folks to our region — and for many it will be their first chance to see the spectacular sight lines at Highmark Stadium.
Last year's men's championship winner, University of Charleston (WV), led by Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC rookie Thomas Vancaeyezeele, are in the field again as a number one seed. So, who knows, maybe Hounds head coach Bob Lilley will have a chance to find the next Vancaeyezeele in this year's tournament.
Two Pennsylvania teams in the men's bracket, in the Atlantic Region, are Millersville and West Chester.
In the women's bracket, there are a few schools from Eastern and Central Pennsylvania in the field including Kutztown, East Stroudsburg, Millersville and Bloomsburg.
The one school in the women's field that may have the most WPIAL player representation is West Virginia Wesleyan, who have goalkeeper Chelsea Hubner (Plum), Shannon Shawgo (Hopewell), Lauren Baumgartner (Moon), Molly Gorges (Bethel Park) and Marissa Zetty (Belle Vernon) all part of the Mountain East Conference Championship winning team. The Bobcats will be a long-shot to make it to Highmark though, as they drew a six-seed, and will take on Kutztown on Friday in the first-round.
West Virginia Wesleyan Captures MEC Women's Soccer Championship https://t.co/Loe4MOVeCz
— Mountain East Conf. (@TheMountainEast) November 4, 2018
NCAA DIVISION II MEN's FIELD BY REGION
Atlantic Region
Charleston (WV) (16-0-2) *
West Chester (12-2-4) *
Notre Dame (OH) (14-3-1)
Millersville (10-3-5)
Fort Hays St. (15-2-1) *
Northeastern St. (14-2-1)
Adelphi (14-3-2)
LIU Post (13-4-1) *
Mercy (12-3-1)
Le Moyne (13-3-1) *
Wilmington (DE) (14-1-4)
Post (11-7-1)
Tiffin (15-4-0) *
Southern Ind. (13-3-1) *
Saginaw Valley (9-2-6)
Ohio Valley (16-5-0)
Maryville (MO) (10-4-4)
Ashland (7-9-3)
Palm Beach Atl. (18-1-0) *
Spring Hill (16-1-0)
Barry (13-3-1) *
Lynn (11-4-1)
MSU Texas (16-1-1) *
Colo. Sch. of Mines (17-1-1) *
West Tex. A&M (15-2-2)
Colorado Mesa (13-2-4)
Young Harris (16-0-0) *
Lander (14-1-2) *
Limestone (13-3-1)
Tusculum (11-6-1)
Queens (NC) (10-5-1)
Anderson (SC) (10-4-3)
*Denotes Host Site.
FIRST ROUND WOMEN'S GAMES
Millersville (14-5-0) vs. East Stroudsburg (14-6-1);
*Bloomsburg (15-2-3) vs. Winner of Millersville/East Stroudsburg.
Kutztown (14-4-1) vs. West Va. Wesleyan (13-1-4);
*West Chester (13-4-2) vs. Winner of Kutztown/West Va. Wesleyan.
Minnesota St. (18-2-1) vs. Emporia St. (14-5-1);
*Central Okla. (20-1-0) vs. Okla. Baptist (15-4-1);
Winner of Minnesota St./Emporia St. vs. Winner of Central Okla./Okla. Baptist.
Central Mo. (16-4-1) vs. Augustana (SD) (12-5-3);
*Bemidji St. (17-0-2) vs. Minot St. (13-5-3);
Winner of Central Mo./Augustana (SD) vs. Winner of Bemidji St./Minot St.
Southern N.H. (14-4-2) vs. LIU Post (13-3-3);
*Franklin Pierce (15-1-2) vs. Caldwell (12-6-1);
Winner of Southern N.H./LIU Post vs. Winner of Franklin Pierce/Caldwell.
Mercy (12-3-1) vs. Saint Rose (13-4-3);
*Bridgeport (14-4-1) vs. Stonehill (13-6-0);
Winner of Mercy/Saint Rose vs. Winner of Bridgeport/Stonehill.
Walsh (14-4-1) vs. Saginaw Valley (12-3-4);
*Grand Valley St. (20-0-1) vs. Rockhurst (11-7-2);
Winner of Walsh/Saginaw Valley vs. Winner of Grand Valley St./Rockhurst.
Ohio Valley (16-2-3) vs. Ashland (10-4-5);
*#Ferris St. (15-3-3) vs. McKendree (13-4-1);
Winner of Ohio Valley/Ashland vs. Winner of Ferris St./McKendree.
Lee (13-6-1) vs. Rollins (9-3-5);
*West Florida (20-0-0) vs. Winner of Lee/Rollins.
Mississippi Col. (14-3-0) vs. Nova Southeastern (13-6-1);
*Barry (16-0-1) vs. Winner of Mississippi Col./Nova Southeastern.
Flagler (11-3-2) vs. Limestone (17-2-0);
*Columbus St. (16-0-2) vs. Winner of Flagler/Limestone.
Lander (12-2-2) vs. Lincoln Memorial (14-4-0);
*Carson-Newman (14-4-0) vs. Catawba (13-5-0);
Winner of Lander/Lincoln Memorial vs. Winner of Carson-Newman/Catawba.
Westminster (UT) (15-3-2) vs. DBU (12-5-3);
*Colo. Sch. of Mines (19-1-1) vs. Winner of Westminster (UT)/DBU.
UC-Colo. Springs (15-3-2) vs. Angelo St. (12-6-2);
*West Tex. A&M (15-3-1) vs. Winner of UC-Colo. Springs/Angelo St.
Point Loma (15-1-1) vs. Chico St. (10-1-6);
*UC San Diego (17-2-1) vs. Winner of Point Loma/Chico St.
Western Wash. (16-3-1) vs. Sonoma St. (11-4-4);
*Concordia Portland (14-1-3) vs. Seattle Pacific (12-5-2);
Winner of Western Wash./Sonoma St. vs. Winner of Concordia Portland/Seattle Pacific.
Note: * Denotes host institution.
# Denotes contests will be played Thursday, Nov. 8 and Saturday, Nov. 10.
Related TopicsfeaturedHighmark StadiumNCAA Division II soccer men's championshipNCAA Division II women's championshipPittsburgh soccer
WVU women dismantle No. 9 Baylor to win another Big 12 title
Pitt's Kizza, Perez and Vaughn earn All-ACC men's soccer honors


text:
[gem-shield]: https://badge.fury.io/rb/ed25519.svg
[gem-link]: https://rubygems.org/gems/ed25519
[ci-image]: https://github.com/RubyCrypto/ed25519/workflows/CI/badge.svg
[ci-link]: https://github.com/RubyCrypto/ed25519/actions?query=workflow%3ACI+branch%3Amaster
[docs-image]: https://img.shields.io/badge/yard-docs-blue.svg
[docs-link]: http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/ed25519/1.3.0
[license-image]: https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg
[license-link]: https://github.com/RubyCrypto/ed25519/blob/master/LICENSE

A Ruby binding to the Ed25519 elliptic curve public-key signature system
described in [RFC 8032].

Two implementations are provided: a MRI C extension which uses the "ref10"
implementation from the SUPERCOP benchmark suite, and a pure Java version
based on [str4d/ed25519-java].

Ed25519 is one of two notable algorithms implemented atop the Curve25519
elliptic curve. The [x25519 gem] is a related project of this one,
and implements the X25519 Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm on the
Montgomery form of Curve25519.

[RFC 8032]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8032
[str4d/ed25519-java]: https://github.com/str4d/ed25519-java
[x25519 gem]: https://github.com/RubyCrypto/x25519

## What is Ed25519?

Ed25519 is a modern implementation of a [Schnorr signature] system using
elliptic curve groups.

Ed25519 provides a 128-bit security level, that is to say, all known attacks
take at least 2^128 operations, providing the same security level as AES-128,
NIST P-256, and RSA-3072.

![Ed25519 Diagram](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/RubyCrypto/ed25519/master/ed25519.png)

Ed25519 has a number of unique properties that make it one of the best-in-class
digital signature algorithms:

* ***Small keys***: Ed25519 keys are only 256-bits (32 bytes), making them
  small enough to easily copy around. Ed25519 also allows the public key
  to be derived from the private key, meaning that it doesn't need to be
  included in a serialized private key in cases you want both.
* ***Small signatures***: Ed25519 signatures are only 512-bits (64 bytes),
  one of the smallest signature sizes available.
* ***Deterministic***: Unlike (EC)DSA, Ed25519 does not rely on an entropy
  source when signing messages. This can be a potential attack vector if
  the entropy source is not generating good random numbers. Ed25519 avoids
  this problem entirely and will always generate the same signature for the
  same data.
* ***Collision Resistant***: Hash-function collisions do not break this
  system. This adds a layer of defense against the possibility of weakness
  in the selected hash function.

You can read more on [Dan Bernstein's Ed25519 site](http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/).

[Schnorr signature]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnorr_signature

### Is it any good?

[Yes.](http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=3067434)

## Help and Discussion

Have questions? Want to suggest a feature or change? Join a discussion group:

* [Crypto.rb Gitter]: web-based chat about Ruby crypto projects including **ed25519**.
* [Crypto.rb Google Group]: join via web or email ([crypto-rb+subscribe@googlegroups.com])

[Crypto.rb Gitter]: https://gitter.im/crypto-rb/Lobby
[Crypto.rb Google Group]: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/crypto-rb
[crypto-rb+subscribe@googlegroups.com]: mailto:crypto-rb+subscribe@googlegroups.com?subject=subscribe

## Requirements

**ed25519.rb** is supported on and tested against the following platforms:

* MRI 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 3.0
* JRuby 9.2.19, 9.3.0

## Installation

Add this line to your application's Gemfile:

    gem 'ed25519'

And then execute:

    $ bundle

Or install it yourself as:

    $ gem install ed25519

# Usage

Require **ed25519.rb** in your Ruby program:

```ruby
require "ed25519"
```

Generate a new random signing key:

```ruby
signing_key = Ed25519::SigningKey.generate
```

Sign a message with the signing key:

```ruby
signature = signing_key.sign(message)
```

Obtain the verify key for a given signing key:

```ruby
verify_key = signing_key.verify_key
```

Check the validity of a signature:

```ruby
verify_key.verify(signature, message)
```

The verify method will return `true` if the signature verifies, or raise
`Ed25519::VerifyError` if verification fails.

### Serializing Keys

Keys can be serialized as 32-byte binary strings as follows:

```ruby
signature_key_bytes = signing_key.to_bytes
verify_key_bytes = verify_key.to_bytes
```

The binary serialization can be passed directly into the constructor for a given key type:

```ruby
signing_key = Ed25519::SigningKey.new(signature_key_bytes)
verify_key  = Ed25519::VerifyKey.new(verify_key_bytes)
```

## Security Notes

The Ed25519 "ref10" implementation from SUPERCOP was lovingly crafted by expert
security boffins with great care taken to prevent timing attacks. The same
cannot be said for the C code used in the **ed25519.rb** C extension or in the
entirety of the provided Java implementation.

Care should be taken to avoid leaking to the attacker how long it takes to
generate keys or sign messages (at least until **ed25519.rb** itself can be audited
by experts who can fix any potential timing vulnerabilities)

**ed25519.rb** relies on a strong `SecureRandom` for key generation.
Weaknesses in the random number source can potentially result in insecure keys.

## Contributing

Bug reports and pull requests are welcome on GitHub at https://github.com/RubyCrypto/ed25519.
This project is intended to be a safe, welcoming space for collaboration,
and contributors areexpected to adhere to the [Contributor Covenant](http://contributor-covenant.org)
code of conduct.

## License

Copyright (c) 2012-2021 Tony Arcieri. Distributed under the MIT License. See
[LICENSE] for further details.

[LICENSE]: https://github.com/RubyCrypto/ed25519/blob/master/LICENSE

## Code of Conduct

Everyone interacting in the **ed25519.rb** project's codebases, issue trackers, chat
rooms and mailing lists is expected to follow the [code of conduct].

[code of conduct]: https://github.com/RubyCrypto/ed25519/blob/master/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub