The High Angular Resolution Monolithic Optical and Near-infrared Integral field spectrograph (HARMONI) will be one of the instruments installed on ESO's 39-meter Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) at first light. The instrument will operate from 0.47 - 2.45 μm with Δλ/λ = 3,000 - 17,000. On-sky spatial pixels (spaxels) are divided between four spectrographs, each equipped with 11 transmission diffraction gratings to cover the ranges of wavelengths and spectral resolutions. These spectrographs will be cooled to ~140 K to decrease thermal radiation at longer wavelengths.

 In all configurations, the diffraction grating will lose a greater fraction of scientific light than any other single optic in the instrument. Additionally, manufacturers are often unable to measure the fraction of transmitted light at HARMONI's longest wavelengths. For these reasons, we have developed a setup to measure the efficiencies of transmission diffraction gratings across HARMONI's bandpass. The setup uses modulated signals, a single detector, and a lock-in amplifier to minimize sources of systematic errors. A modified version of this setup may be used to measure stray light. These setups and initial results are presented.
HARMONI is an Integral Field Spectrograph (IFS) for ESO's ELT. It has been selected as the first light spec- trograph and will provide the workhorse spectroscopic capabilities for the ELT for many years. HARMONI is currently at the PDR-level and the current design for the HARMONI IFS consists of a number of spaxel scales sampling down to the diffraction limit of the telescope. It uses a field splitter and image slicer to divide the field into 4 sub-units, each providing an input slit to one of four nearly identical spectrographs. All spectrographs will operate at near infrared wavelengths (0.81-2.45 micrometers), sampling different parts of the spectrum with a range of spectral resolving powers (3300, 7000, 18000). In addition, two of the four spectrographs will have a Visible capability (0.5-0.83 micrometers) operating with seeing-limited observations. This proceeding presents an overview of the opto-mechanical design and specifications of the spectrograph units for HARMONI.
WEAVE is the next-generation optical spectroscopy facility for the William Herschel Telescope (WHT). It shows two channels (blue and red) and two working modes, a low-resolution (R=3,000-7,500) and a high-resolution (R=13,000- 25,000). The dispersing elements of the spectrograph are Volume Phase Holographic Gratings (VPHGs), two for the lower resolution mode and three for the higher resolution mode. Such gratings have a large size (clear aperture > 190 mm) and they are characterized by some key features, i.e. diffraction efficiency, wavefront error and dispersion that affect the final performances of the spectrograph. The VPHGs have been produced by KOSI based on the WEAVE design. After that, the VPHGs have been characterized, showing interesting results in terms of diffraction efficiency that reached peak values of 90%. As for the wavefront distortion, which is one of the critical aspect in VPHG technology, a different behavior between medium and high resolution elements was found. A larger wavefront distortion have been measured in the high resolution elements, because of the higher aspect ratio. A polishing process on the assembled VPHGs has been performed in order to reduce the wavefront distortion. Here, the results are presented and the specific issues discussed.
HARMONI (High Angular Resolution MOnolithic Integral field spectrograph)1 is a planned first-light integral field spectrograph for the Extremely Large Telescope. The spectrograph sub-system is being designed, developed, and built by the University of Oxford. The project has just completed the Preliminary Design Review (PDR), with all major systems having nearly reached a final conceptual design. As part of the overall prototyping and assembly, integration, and testing (AIT) of the HARMONI spectrograph, we will be building a full-scale engineering model of the spectrograph. This will include all of the moving and mechanical systems, but without optics. Its main purpose is to confirm the AIT tasks before the availability of the optics, and the system will be tested at HARMONI cryogenic temperatures. By the time of the construction of the engineering model, all of the individual modules and mechanisms of the spectrograph will have been prototyped and cryogenically tested. The lessons learned from the engineering model will then be fed back into the overall design of the spectrograph modules ahead of their development.
A new prime focus corrector for the WEAVE project for the William Herschel Telescope is being produced. The corrector consists of six lens elements, the largest being 1.1 m in diameter. It also incorporates an Atmospheric Dispersion Corrector. Testing procedures for the WEAVE prime focus corrector lens elements are described here. Critical issues encountered in practice, including the influence of the lens size, wedge and weight on the testing procedure are discussed. Due to large lens dimensions, a dedicated test tower and lens support system has been developed to measure the optical surface form errors of the concave surfaces and the transmitted wavefront of each lens. For some of the lens elements, sub-aperture measurements have been performed using an off-axis Hindle sphere and the resultant OPD maps have been stitched together. The challenge of testing a wedged lens with a combination of a long radius convex surface and a short radius concave surface has been resolved by using another lens from the system as an auxiliary lens. The practice of testing convex surfaces via internal reflection/transmission through the lens element has been avoided entirely in this case and some discussion justifying the choices of metrology approach taken is given. The fabrication and acceptance testing of the lens elements has been completed within the expected time and budget, and all elements have been shown to meet requirements.
The TopSat camera is a low cost remote sensing imager capable of producing 2.5 metre resolution panchromatic imagery, funded by the British National Space Centre's Mosaic programme. The instrument was designed and assembled at the Space Science & Technology Department of the CCLRC's Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) in the UK, and was launched on the 27th October 2005 from Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Northern Russia on a Kosmos-3M.

The camera utilises an off-axis three mirror system, which has the advantages of excellent image quality over a wide field of view, combined with a compactness that makes its overall dimensions smaller than its focal length. Keeping the costs to a minimum has been a major design driver in the development of this camera.

The camera is part of the TopSat mission, which is a collaboration between four UK organisations; QinetiQ, Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL), RAL and Infoterra. Its objective is to demonstrate provision of rapid response high resolution imagery to fixed and mobile ground stations using a low cost minisatellite.

The paper "Development of the TopSat Camera" presented by RAL at the 5th ICSO in 2004 described the opto-mechanical design, assembly, alignment and environmental test methods implemented. Now that the spacecraft is in orbit and successfully acquiring images, this paper presents the first results from the camera and makes an initial assessment of the camera's in-orbit performance.
Two different cryogenic lens mounts have been developed and tested for potential use in the HARMONI spectrograph cameras. Problems were encountered during initial tests whereby the lenses were cracking where they were adhered to the mount. This was found to be caused by the choice of adhesive and solved by changing to a silicone RTV glue. The cryogenic performance of the two lens mount designs was tested, with the baseline design seeing the lens move by 18 μm radially from warm to cold, which is just within the tightest tolerances from the optical design, as long as any misalignments in the mounting procedure can be removed when aligning the lenses in the camera barrel. The alternative design was found have much worse performance with the lens moving by 40 μm due to fragile flexures and so is no longer being considered. A mounting procedure for spherical lenses has also been developed which is capable of peak to valley alignments of 10 μm axially, and 5 μm radially.
HARMONI is the E-ELT's first light visible and near-infrared integral field spectrograph. It will provide four different spatial scales, ranging from coarse spaxels of 60 × 30 mas best suited for seeing limited observations, to 4 mas spaxels that Nyquist sample the diffraction limited point spread function of the E-ELT at near-infrared wavelengths. Each spaxel scale may be combined with eleven spectral settings, that provide a range of spectral resolving powers (R ~3500, 7500 and 20000) and instantaneous wavelength coverage spanning the 0.5 – 2.4 μm wavelength range of the instrument. In autumn 2015, the HARMONI project started the Preliminary Design Phase, following signature of the contract to design, build, test and commission the instrument, signed between the European Southern Observatory and the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. Crucially, the contract also includes the preliminary design of the HARMONI Laser Tomographic Adaptive Optics system. The instrument's technical specifications were finalized in the period leading up to contract signature. In this paper, we report on the first activity carried out during preliminary design, defining the baseline architecture for the system, and the trade-off studies leading up to the choice of baseline.
In this paper, we detail the manufacturing process for the lenses that will constitute the new two-degree field-of-view Prime Focus Corrector (PFC) for the 4.2m William Herschel Telescope (WHT) optimised for the upcoming WEAVE Multi-Object Spectroscopy (MOS) facility. The corrector, including an Atmospheric Dispersion Corrector (ADC), is made of six large lenses, the largest being 1.1-meter diameter. We describe how the prescriptions of the optical design were translated into manufacturing specifications for the blanks and lenses. We explain how the as-built glass blank parameters were fed back into the optical design and how the specifications for the lenses were subsequently modified. We review the critical issues for the challenging manufacturing process and discuss the trade-offs that were necessary to deliver the lenses while maintaining the optimal optical performance. A short description of the lens optical testing is also presented. Finally, the subsequent manufacturing steps, including assembly, integration, and alignment are outlined.
SPICE is a high resolution imaging spectrometer operating at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths, 70.4 - 79.0 nm and 97.3 - 104.9 nm. It is a facility instrument on the ESA Solar Orbiter mission. SPICE will address the key science goals of Solar Orbiter by providing the quantitative knowledge of the physical state and composition of the plasmas in the solar atmosphere, in particular investigating the source regions of outflows and ejection processes which link the solar surface and corona to the heliosphere. By observing the intensities of selected spectral lines and line profiles, SPICE will derive temperature, density, flow and composition information for the plasmas in the temperature range from 10,000 K to 10MK. The optical components of the instrument consist of an off axis parabolic mirror mounted on a mechanism with a scan range of 8 arc minutes. This allows the rastering of an image of the spectrometer slit, which is interchangeable defining the instrument resolution, on the sky. A concave toroidal variable line space grating disperses, magnifies, and re-images incident radiation onto a pair of photocathode coated microchannel plate image intensifiers, coupled to active pixel sensors. For the instrument to meet the scientific and engineering objectives these components must be tightly aligned with each other and the mechanical interface to the spacecraft. This alignment must be maintained throughout the environmental exposure of the instrument to vibration and thermal cycling seen during launch, and as the spacecraft orbits around the sun. The built alignment is achieved through a mixture of dimensional metrology, autocollimation, interferometry and imaging tests. This paper shall discuss the requirements and the methods of optical alignment.
RAL Space is enhancing its program to lead the development of European capabilities in space-based visible-light coronal and heliospheric imaging instrumentation in the light of emerging opportunities such as the European Space Agency's Space Situational Awareness program and recent S2 small-mission call. Visible-light coronal and heliospheric imaging of solar wind phenomena, such as coronal mass ejections and interaction regions, is of critical importance to space weather studies, both operationally and in terms of enabling the underpinning science. This work draws on heritage from scientific instruments such as LASCO (Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph) on the SOHO spacecraft, SMEI (Solar Mass Ejection Imager) on the Coriolis spacecraft and the HI (Heliospheric Imager) instruments on STEREO. Such visible-light observation of solar wind structures relies on the detection of sunlight that has been Thomson-scattered by electrons (the so-called K-corona). The Thomson-scattered signal must be extracted from other signals that can be many orders of magnitude greater (such as that from the F-corona and the solar disc itself) and this places stringent constraints on stray-light rejection, as well as pointing stability and accuracy. We discuss the determination of instrument requirements, key design trade-offs and the evolution of base-line designs for the coronal and heliospheric regimes. We explain how the next generation of instruments will build on this heritage while also, in some cases, meeting the challenges on resources imposed on operational space weather imagers. In particular, we discuss the optical engineering challenges involved in the design of these instruments.
HARMONI is a visible and near-infrared (0.47 to 2.45 μm) integral field spectrometer, providing the E-ELT's core spectroscopic capability, over a range of resolving powers from R (≡λ/Δλ)~500 to R~20000. The instrument provides simultaneous spectra of ~32000 spaxels at visible and near-IR wavelengths, arranged in a √2:1 aspect ratio contiguous field. HARMONI is conceived as a workhorse instrument, addressing many of the E-ELT's key science cases, and will exploit the E-ELT's scientific potential in its early years, starting at first light. HARMONI provides a range of spatial pixel (spaxel) scales and spectral resolving powers, which permit the user to optimally configure the instrument for a wide range of science programs; from ultra-sensitive to diffraction limited, spatially resolved, physical (via morphology), chemical (via abundances and line ratios) and kinematic (via line-of-sight velocities) studies of astrophysical sources. Recently, the HARMONI design has undergone substantial changes due to significant modifications to the interface with the telescope and the architecture of the E-ELT Nasmyth platform. We present an overview of the capabilities of HARMONI, and of its design from a functional and performance viewpoint.
WEAVE is the next-generation optical spectroscopy facility for the William Herschel Telescope and aims at spectroscopic follow-up of ground-based (LOFAR) and space-based (Gaia) surveys. WEAVE places in the re-fitted prime focus either 1000 fibres, 20 fibre-coupled mini-IFUs or a single large 600 fibre IFU. A spectrograph on the Nasmyth platform analyses the light and supports, in a single exposure, either R~5,000 observations over the full 366- 975 nm wavelength range or simultaneous R~20,000 observations over two out of three pre-specified bands within this wavelength range. This paper describes the requirements, optical design and mechanical design of the WEAVE spectrograph.
SPICE is a high resolution imaging spectrometer operating at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths, 70.4 – 79.0 nm and 97.3 - 104.9 nm. It is a facility instrument on the Solar Orbiter mission. SPICE will address the key science goals of Solar Orbiter by providing the quantitative knowledge of the physical state and composition of the plasmas in the solar atmosphere, in particular investigating the source regions of outflows and ejection processes which link the solar surface and corona to the heliosphere. By observing the intensities of selected spectral lines and line profiles, SPICE will derive temperature, density, flow and composition information for the plasmas in the temperature range from 10,000 K to 10MK. The instrument optics consists of a single-mirror telescope (off-axis paraboloid operating at near-normal incidence), feeding an imaging spectrometer. The spectrometer is also using just one optical element, a Toroidal Variable Line Space grating, which images the entrance slit from the telescope focal plane onto a pair of detector arrays, with a magnification of approximately x5. Each detector consists of a photocathode coated microchannel plate image intensifier, coupled to active-pixel-sensor (APS). Particular features of the instrument needed due to proximity to the Sun include: use of dichroic coating on the mirror to transmit and reject the majority of the solar spectrum, particle-deflector to protect the optics from the solar wind, and use of data compression due to telemetry limitations.
We present the preliminary design of the WEAVE next generation spectroscopy facility for the William Herschel Telescope (WHT), principally targeting optical ground-based follow up of upcoming ground-based (LOFAR) and spacebased (Gaia) surveys. WEAVE is a multi-object and multi-IFU facility utilizing a new 2 degree prime focus field of view at the WHT, with a buffered pick and place positioner system hosting 1000 multi-object (MOS) fibres or up to 30 integral field units for each observation. The fibres are fed to a single spectrograph, with a pair of 8k(spectral) x 6k (spatial) pixel cameras, located within the WHT GHRIL enclosure on the telescope Nasmyth platform, supporting observations at R~5000 over the full 370-1000nm wavelength range in a single exposure, or a high resolution mode with limited coverage in each arm at R~20000.
The OPTIMOS-EVE instrument proposed for the E-ELT aims to use the maximum field of view available to the E-ELT in the limit of natural or ground-layer-corrected seeing for high multiplex fibre-fed multi-object spectroscopy in the visible and near-IR. At the bare nasmyth focus of the telescope, this field corresponds to a focal plane 2.3m in diameter, with a plate-scale of ~3mm/arcsec. The required positioning accuracy that is implied by seeing limited performance at this plate-scale brings the system into the range of performances of commercial off-the-shelf robots that are commonly used in industrial manufacturing processes. The cost-benefits that may be realized through such an approach must be offset against the robot performance, and the ease with which a useful software system can be implemented. We therefore investigate whether the use of such a system is indeed feasible for OPTIMOS-EVE, and the possibilities of extending this approach to other instruments that are currently in the planning stage.
KMOS is a second generation instrument in construction for use at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) Very Large Telescope (VLT). It operates in the near-infrared (0.8 to 2.5 microns) and employs 24 deployable, image slicing integral field units (IFUs) feeding three spectrographs. The spectrographs are designed and built by a partnership of the University of Oxford and Rutherford Appleton Laboratories (RAL). We describe the assembly, integration and alignment procedures involved in the construction of these spectrographs in detail. We also present the results of the cryogenic optical tests, including the first data taken through the full spectrograph optical train and the details of the test facility and procedures involved.
Wide-field multi-object spectroscopy is a high priority for European astronomy over the next decade. Most 8-10m telescopes have a small field of view, making 4-m class telescopes a particularly attractive option for wide-field instruments. We present a science case and design drivers for a wide-field multi-object spectrograph (MOS) with integral field units for the 4.2-m William Herschel Telescope (WHT) on La Palma. The instrument intends to take advantage of a future prime-focus corrector and atmospheric-dispersion corrector (Agocs et al, this conf.) that will deliver a field of view 2 deg in diameter, with good throughput from 370 to 1,000 nm. The science programs cluster into three groups needing three different resolving powers R: (1) high-precision radial-velocities for Gaia-related Milky Way dynamics, cosmological redshift surveys, and galaxy evolution studies (R = 5,000), (2) galaxy disk velocity dispersions (R = 10,000) and (3) high-precision stellar element abundances for Milky Way archaeology (R = 20,000). The multiplex requirements of the different science cases range from a few hundred to a few thousand, and a range of fibre-positioner technologies are considered. Several options for the spectrograph are discussed, building in part on published design studies for E-ELT spectrographs. Indeed, a WHT MOS will not only efficiently deliver data for exploitation of important imaging surveys planned for the coming decade, but will also serve as a test-bed to optimize the design of MOS instruments for the future E-ELT.
OPTIMOS-EVE (OPTical Infrared Multi Object Spectrograph - Extreme Visual Explorer) is the fiber fed multi object spectrograph proposed for the E-ELT. It is designed to provide a spectral resolution ranging from 5000 to 30.000, at wavelengths from 0.37 μm to 1.70 μm, combined with a high multiplex (>200) and a large spectral coverage. The system consists of three main modules: a fiber positioning system, fibers and a spectrograph. The OPTIMOS-EVE Phase-A study, carried out within the framework of the ESO E-ELT instrumentation studies, has been performed by an international consortium consisting of institutes from France, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Italy and Denmark. This paper describes the design tradeoff study and the key issues determining the price and performance of the instrument.
OPTIMOS-EVE is a fiber-fed, high-multiplex, high-efficiency, large spectral coverage spectrograph for EELT covering visible and near-infrared simultaneously. More than 200 seeing-limited objects will be observed at the same time over the full 7 arcmin field of view of the telescope, feeding the spectrograph, asking for very large multiplexing at the spectrograph side. The spectrograph consists of two identical units. Each unit will have two optimized channels to observe both visible and near-infrared wavelengths at the same time, covering from 0.37 to 1.7 micron. To maximize the scientific return, a large simultaneous spectral coverage per exposure was required, up to 1/3 of the central wavelength. Moreover, different spectral resolution modes, spanning from 5'000 to 30'000, were defined to match very different sky targets. Many different optical solutions were generated during the initial study phase in order to select that one that will maximize performances within given constraints (mass, space, cost). Here we present the results of this study, with special attention to the baseline design. Efforts were done to keep size of the optical components well within present state-of-the-art technologies. For example, large glass blank sizes were limited to ~35 cm maximum diameter. VPH gratings were selected as dispersers, to improve efficiency, following their superblaze curve. This led to scanning gratings and cameras. Optical design will be described, together with expected performances.
The Fibre Multi-Object Spectrograph for Subaru Telescope (FMOS) is a near-infrared instrument with 400 fibres in a 30' filed of view at F/2 prime focus. To observe 400 objects simultaneously, we have developed a fibre positioner called "Echidna" using a tube piezo actuator. We have also developed two OH-airglow suppressed and refrigerated spectrographs. Each spectrograph has two spectral resolution modes: the low-resolution mode and the high-resolution mode. The low-resolution mode covers the complete wavelength range of 0.9 - 1.8 μm with one exposure, while the high-resolution mode requires four exposures at different camera positions to cover the full wavelength range. The first light was accomplished in May 2008. The science observations and the open-use observations begin in May 2010.
We present a novel design of a fibre-fed high-resolution spectrograph (HRS hereafter) for WFMOS. WFMOS HRS is a multi-object spectrograph for studying the formation and evolution history of our Galaxy by measuring spectra of Galactic stars. In a 8m-class telescope, it aims to measure 1,500 stellar spectra simultaneously with spectral resolution between 25,000 and 40,000 in optical wavebands defined within 4000Å and 9000Å. For the HRS optical design, we have explored three disperser options: Volume Phase Holographic Grating (VPHGs), prism-immersed VPHG, and Echelle grating. Two camera designs have also been studied for the spectrograph camera optics, one tranmissive design and the other a Schmidt design. We also investigated a conjugate collimator design that allows two spectrographs to share a single grating so as to work as a single spectrograph.
The UK FMOS spectrograph forms part of Subaru's FMOS multi-object infrared spectroscopy facility. The spectrograph was shipped to Hilo in component form in August of 2007. We describe the integration sequence for the spectrograph, the results of cooldown tests using a new chiller unit fitted to the spectrograph at the telescope, and alignment tests of the spectrograph, gratings and OH-suppression masks. We present the first-light observations for the spectrograph from May 2008.
We describe the implementation of differential wavefront sampling(DWS) in optical alignment of a pupil-segmented telescope system. As a wavefront-based optical alignment method, DWS can efficiently provide estimations of misalignments present in an optical system by deliberately perturbing optical elements in a systematic manner. This has been demonstrated in our previous numerical studies with realistic uncertainties in wavefront measurements, motion control, and optical surface deformations, suggesting that the method has potential in optical alignment and phasing of pupil-segmented systems such as the future Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs). The basic idea and procedures of DWS are first described. We then present and discuss preliminary simulations using the currently proposed European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) as an example system.
We discuss the implementation of the complex wavefront modulation model in practical optical alignment procedures and present its interim results. This modulation model describes the relation between the alignment state and the wavefront of a system, both are expressed in mathematical complex quantities. It addresses the importance of the coupled inter-element alignment effect to the resultant system wavefront. We utilise this effect in order to extract the alignment state of a system from measured optical wavefronts. We demonstrate the method's practical applicability to the real optical alignment procedure by showing alignment simulations of a centered three-mirror system.
This paper describes the design and development of an accurate temperature compliant lens mounting technique being used on the camera of the UK-FMOS near infrared spectrograph for operation at the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii. A series of fused silica lenses of up to 4.4kg, 255mm in diameter and operating at temperatures as low as 70K are supported within flexures cut away from stainless steel outer rings. Intermediate low thermal expansion pads are attached to these flexures and in turn bonded to the glass during the alignment process. This mounting method lends itself to the domino chips type of assembly process which can be carried out on a rotary table to maintain accurate axial alignment. A detailed description of the overall design progression including the methods of manufacture, alignment process, adhesive selection, assembly methods and testing is included.
We present the optical and mechanical design of the KMOS spectrograph module together with a detailed analysis of its performance. KMOS is a cryogenic near-infrared multi-object spectrograph being developed as a second-generation instrument for the VLT by a consortium of UK and German institutes. Three identical spectrograph modules provide Nyquist sampled spectra in the wavelength range covering the atmospheric bands z, J, H, and K with a resolving power exceeding 3200. The spectrographs are fully achromatic over the bands and the single mirror collimator and six-element camera, together with six high efficiency gratings provide high throughput. The optical performance analysis includes amongst others the spectral resolving power and variation of the PSF as a function of the pupil illumination.
The Amon-Ra instrument is the main optical payload of the EARTHSHINE satellite and a unique Earth reflectance monitor. It consists of two separate optical systems, one imaging photon fluxes over the visible waveband and the other bolometrically measuring global emissions while the satellite orbits about the L1-Lagrange point. Two optical systems were designed to share the same apertures to the Sun and Earth and view the same target along the same direction as the spacecraft rotates. This design approach is advantageous in minimising the optics alignment problem as well as the differential degradation of front-end optics and detectors between the two systems. Nevertheless, such an approach makes it diffcult to control stray-light separately in each system and the signal of one source may be corrupted due to the other. In this paper, we discuss the stray-light performance of the Amon-Ra instrument and report the analysis results.
The EARTH-Sun-Heliosphere INteractions Experiment (EARTHSHINE) is a novel space mission designed to answer key questions about how Earth's climate and space environment are influenced by the Sun. One of the four EARTHSHINE instruments called Amon-Ra is a unique Earth reflectance monitor and is a combination of two detectors; one imaging the photon fluxes over the visible wavelength range and the other bolo-metrically measuring global emissions while the satellite orbits about the L1 Lagrange point. Both detectors view both the whole Sun and whole Earth. In order to minimise the differential degradation of front-end optics and detectors, the measurements of the Sun and Earth light are designed to be performed using as many common components of instrument as possible. As the ratio of the radiance emitted from the Sun to Earth's albedo is nearly a factor of 300,000:1, the optics for the Sun channel has to incorporate a smaller aperture and an attenuator. The instrument enclosure is designed to fit into a compact volume including electronics, all mounting feet, connectors, and fixings so that it is expected to make the entire satellite structure compact and cost-effective, whilst meeting the scientific measurement specifications. The optomechanical design we have developed for Amon-Ra is presented in this paper.
We present the results of a design study for the spectrograph module for KMOS - a cryogenic near-infrared multi-object spectrograph being developed as a second generation instrument for the VLT by a consortium of UK and German institutes. KMOS will consist of 24 deployable integral field units feeding three identical spectrograph units via image slicers. The spectrographs are designed to provide a resolving power greater than 3000, so as to provide adequate OH avoidance, whilst covering one of the J, H or K bands within a single exposure. We present the opto-mechanical layout of the spectrographs, together with an analysis of the impact of the image quality (and PSF uniformity) on the accuracy of sky background subtraction within each IFU's field of view.
In designing and building an optical system for use in space, it is essential to have a high degree of confidence that the final instrument will perform within specification. Projects such as lens systems for micro-satellites may have relatively tight schedules for design and construction, and similarly restricted budgets. These factors will not permit the construction of prototype and development models and so the only way to have confidence in the final performance of the system is to construct a thorough tolerance budget at an appropriate level of detail. The system performance has to be assessed for sensitivity to both tolerances relating to manufacture of optical components and tolerances relating to the mechanical mounting methods. Practical considerations and cost then drive how these tolerances are distributed to create a budget that will deliver the specified performance. Testing methods are chosen to confirm that this performance has been achieved.


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Q: Job handler serialization incorrect when running delayed_job in production with Thin or Unicorn I recently brought delayed_job into my Rails 3.1.3 app. In development
everything is fine. I even staged my DJ release on the same VPS as my
production app using the same production application server (Thin),
and everything was fine. Once I released to production, however, all
hell broke loose: none of the jobs were entered into the jobs table
correctly, and I started seeing the following in the logs for all
processed jobs:
2012-02-18T14:41:51-0600: [Worker(delayed_job host:hope pid:12965)]
NilClass# completed after 0.0151
2012-02-18T14:41:51-0600: [Worker(delayed_job host:hope pid:12965)] 1
jobs processed at 15.9666 j/s, 0 failed ...

NilClass and no method name? Certainly not correct. So I looked at the
serialized handler on the job in the DB and saw:
"--- !ruby/object:Delayed::PerformableMethod\nattributes:\n  id: 13\n
event_id: 26\n  name: memememe\n  api_key: !!null \n"

No indication of a class or method name. And when I load the YAML into
an object and call #object on the resulting PerformableMethod I get
nil. For kicks I then fired up the console on the broken production
app and delayed the same job. This time the handler looked like:
"--- !ruby/object:Delayed::PerformableMethod\nobject: !ruby/
ActiveRecord:Domain\n  attributes:\n    id: 13\n    event_id: 26\n
name: memememe\n    api_key: !!null \nmethod_name: :create_a\nargs: []
\n"

And sure enough, that job runs fine. Puzzled, I then recalled reading
something about DJ not playing nice with Thin. So, I tried Unicorn and
was sad to see the same result. Hours of research later and I think
this has something to do with how the app server is loading the YAML
libraries Psych and Syck and DJ's interaction with them. I cannot,
however, pin down exactly what is wrong.
Note that I'm running delayed_job 3.0.1 official, but have tried upgrading to
the master branch and have even tried downgrading to 2.1.4.
Here are some notable differences between my stage and production
setups:

*

*In stage I run 1 Thin server on a TCP port -- no web proxy in front

*In production I run 2+ Thin servers and proxy to them with Nginx.
They talk over a UNIX socket

*When I tried unicorn it was 1 app server proxied to by Nginx over a
UNIX socket

Could the web proxying/Nginx have something to do with it? Please, any insight is greatly appreciated. I've spent a lot of time
integrating delayed_job and would hate to have to shelve the work or, worse,
toss it. Thanks for reading.

A: I fixed this by not using #delay. Instead I replaced all of my "model.delay.method" code with custom jobs. Doing so works like a charm, and is ultimately more flexible. This fix works fine with Thin. I haven't tested with Unicorn.

A: I'm running into a similar problem with rails 3.0.10 and dj 2.1.4, it's most certainly a different yaml library being loaded when running from console vs from the app server; thin, unicorn, nginx. I'll share any solution I come up with
Ok so removing these lines from config/boot.rb fixed this issue for me.
require 'yaml'
YAML::ENGINE.yamler = 'syck'

This had been placed there to fix an YAML parsing error, forcing YAML to use 'syck'. Removing this required me to fix the underlying issues with the .yml files. More on this here
Now my delayed job record handlers match between those created via the server (unicorn in my case) and the console. Both my server and delayed job workers are kicked off within bundler
Unicorn
cd #{rails_root} && bundle exec unicorn_rails -c #{rails_root}/config/unicorn.rb -E #{rails_env} -D"

DJ
export LANG=en_US.utf8; export GEM_HOME=/data/reception/current/vendor/bundle/ruby/1.9.1; cd #{rail

s_root}; /usr/bin/ruby1.9.1 /data/reception/current/script/delayed_job start staging

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Minutes of the November 19, 2008 NCVHS Subcommittee on Population Health Hearing on Health Insurance Data Capabilities—Access and Coverage
Minutes of the November 19,…
SUBCOMMITTEE ON POPULATION HEALTH
Hearing: Health Insurance Data Capabilities—Access and Coverage
The NCVHS Subcommittee on Population Health was convened on November 19, 2008 at the Hubert Humphrey Building in Washington, D.C. The meeting was open to the public. Present:
Donald M. Steinwachs, Ph.D., co-Chair
William J. Scanlon, Ph.D., co-Chair
Mark Hornbrook, Ph.D.
Garland Land, M.P.H.
Staff and liaisons
Marjorie Greenberg, NCHS/CDC, Executive Secretary
James Scanlon, ASPE, Executive Staff Director
Dale Hitchcock, ASPE
Edna Paisano, IHS
Doug Boenning, M.D., ASPE
Michael O'Grady, Ph.D., NCHS
Nancy Breen, Ph.D., NIH/NCI
Eve Powell-Griner, NCHS
Chuck Nelson, Census Bureau
Dave Baugh, CMS
Joel Cohen, AHRQ
Gillian Hunter, Treasury Department
Jason Brown, Treasury Department
Joseph Piacentini, Department of Labor
Bruce Steinwald, GAO
Stuart Hagan, Congr.Budget Ofc.
Chris Peterson, Congr. Research Svce.
Amanda Cash, HRSA
Kathy Count, CMS
Rashida Dorsey, ASPE
Paulette Morgan, CRS
Cathy Cowan, CMS
Stephen Heffler, CMS
Thomas Musco, ASPE
Linda Bilheimer, NCHS
Robin Cohen, NCHS
Rose Chu, ASPE
Anja Decressin, Department of Labor
[illegible], NORC/U. of Chicago
Erica Berry, ASPE
John Drake, ASPE
Note: See the transcript of this meeting and speakers' slides for further detail. Use meeting date to locate them on the NCVHS Web Site, http://ncvhs.hhs.gov.
INTRODUCTION—Dr. Steinwachs, Dr. Scanlon
Dr. Steinwachs said the purpose of this half-day hearing is to gather information on data capabilities on health care access and insurance coverage. The two panels are composed of data producers and users, with some degree of overlap. The Subcommittee is interested in identifying both strengths and gaps in information to help inform health care reform efforts. Dr. Scanlon commented that health care reform is likely to be a process that will require information to monitor what is put in place and to think about other needed changes. The two panels bridge the data coming from both surveys and administrative sources. There is a broad recognition, including by NCVHS, that in the future, data sources will involve a combination of the two, with the administrative sources "hopefully much enhanced" by health IT. This could make it possible to understand the services delivered and their impacts. The panelists:
PANEL 1: DATA PRODUCERS (all panel 1 members had slides)
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)—Eve Powell-Griner, NCHS
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)—Joel Cohen, AHRQ
U.S. Census Bureau Surveys—Charles Nelson
CMS Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX)—Dave Baugh, CMS Office of Research, Development, and Information
PANEL 2: DATA USERS
Stuart Hagan, Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
Gillian Hunter, Office of Tax Analysis, U.S. Department of the Treasury
Bruce Steinwald, Government Accountability Office (GAO)
Chris Peterson, Congressional Research Service (CRS)
Joseph Piacentini, Employee Benefits Security Administration, Department of Labor—ERISA
The panelists' presentations on their organizations' activities and perspectives on data needs, gaps, and limitations are summarized below. The presentations stimulated discussion of common concerns about researchers' and analysts' urgent need for better flexibility, timeliness, collaboration, accessibility, and expert consultation in regard to data, to enable them to inform policy development. Some suggestions emerged for ways to improve the situation.
Several panelists expressed frustration about the hoops analysts have to jump through to use Census data, which has stringent confidentiality protections. One called current arrangements "completely unworkable." There were calls for a way to facilitate data use, at least by Federal employees, and high-level meetings among the agencies to work through these issues were suggested.
More broadly, participants called for an institutionalized method to make it possible to access and leverage data more rapidly. They stressed the urgency of this issue and the need for rapid action to meet pressing policy needs. One suggestion was to give researchers access to the kind of expertise represented in the first panel, to help them link data from different sources; another was the creation of a composite dataset combining good enrollment data, benchmarked to administrative data and including expenditure data. However, another participant pointed out the impossibility of predicting even short-term information needs in the face of rapidly-evolving policy. She noted the need for the flexibility to link different datasets in different ways for different purposes, plus a central place to get data and ask questions.
The problems created by inadequate funding was another theme. The participants agreed on the need to educate Congressional members and staffers about "data realities," so they understand the importance of data and the fact that if they want information for rational decision-making, they need to fund better data collection over the long term. Congressional analysts need the right tools to help them with their decision-making. And beyond understanding, the appropriators have to be convinced to spend more money in this area. One person suggested a Congressional hearing on what it needs to know to be able to develop law and policy. The group also discussed the lack of clarity about who is accountable "if something falls apart," and the need for Congress to better define oversight responsibilities.
The co-Chairs observed that the fundamental questions in this area, and the purpose of this and future NCVHS hearings, concern what data are needed for various purposes and the best ways to meet those needs, given the challenges facing the economy and the health care sector. The Subcommittee is interested in how NCVHS can facilitate interagency cooperation and what it should communicate to the Secretary.
The hearing featured several references to the use of modeling, the subject of the next hearing to be hosted by the Subcommittee on Population Health.
The purpose of this half-day hearing is to gather information on data capabilities on health care access and insurance coverage. The two panels are composed of data producers and users, with some degree of overlap. The Subcommittee is interested in identifying both strengths and gaps in information to help inform health care reform efforts. Dr. Steinwachs cited the following examples of areas of interest regarding data sources: the duration of people's periods of uninsurance; many aspects of underinsurance, including what precipitates it; and trends. He thanked Mr. Hitchcock and Ms. Dorsey, Subcommittee staff from ASPE, for their help in planning the hearing.
Following introductions around the room, Dr. Scanlon commented that health care reform is likely to be a process that requires information to monitor what is put in place and to think about other needed changes. The two panels, he said, bridge the data coming from both surveys and administrative sources. There is broad recognition, including by NCVHS, that future data sources will involve a combination of the two, with administrative sources "hopefully much enhanced" by health IT. This could make it possible to understand the services delivered and their impacts. He encouraged a free-flowing discussion from the varied perspectives represented.
PANEL 1: DATA PRODUCERS
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)—Eve Powell-Griner, NCHS (slides)
The NHIS, which started in 1957, is household-based and in the field continuously, collected by the Census Bureau. It was last redesigned in 2006, and now surveys 35,000 households annually, with an oversampling of minorities. Its extensive insurance section has more than 80 questions that include the type and source of private coverage, the type of public coverage, and a range of details and characteristics on the uninsured (including persons with only IHS or single service plans, neither of which is treated as comprehensive coverage).
Dr. Powell-Griner described many insurance-related items on which the NHIS collects data. For example, it looks at out-of-pocket premiums and at the deductibles on health savings accounts and whether they exceed the threshold. For the uninsured, for example, there is a series of questions about how long they have been uninsured and the reasons for lack of coverage. Information is collected from all respondents, irrespective of coverage, on socio-demographic characteristics, family structure, birthplace, citizenship, and self-reported health status, including chronic conditions. There are also questions for all respondents on access to care and other measures such as ER visits and uses of health professionals.
NCHS produces quarterly national data and can do annual estimates for about 20 of the largest states, and (by combining several years of data) for most other states every two to three years. She showed a dozen charts and graphs illustrating NHIS data (see slides). She stressed that the NHIS is, uniquely, a health survey, making it possible to look at health characteristics and outcomes in the context of insurance status. This includes, for example, close looks at disparities among Asian and Hispanic subgroups; trends in coverage for children over time; trends for near-poor adults; access to care for people with chronic conditions; and regional data.
NHIS data are online at <www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm>.
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)—Joel Cohen, Ph.D., AHRQ (slides)
The MEPS group at AHRQ includes about 25 researchers who also use data and have input into collection and design. This is an interactive process that leads to flexible data to support research. The MEPS is a family of surveys, including household, medical provider, and insurance components that together give a more complete picture of medical spending. One of its strengths is that the information is collected at the same time, so relationships among different aspects are preserved to support aggregate behavioral estimates. One of several weaknesses noted by Dr. Cohen is that it misses the institutionalized population. He said the well-known fact that one percent of the population accounts for one-fourth of all medical expenditures is the kind of information that MEPS produces. The MEPS survey is done every year, using a sample drawn from NHIS respondents and using its oversamples. This integration is both efficient and enables richer analysis. The annual collection gives a longitudinal component. Data are collected on people five times over a more than two-year period.
He described the structure and logic of the interview and gave examples of questions. The questionnaire asks about family characteristics, health status, health care use and expenditures, employment, insurance status and changes, and income and assets. One important focus is the link between people's jobs and their insurance or lack thereof. There are questions on out-of-pocket premiums in the household survey. They also probe public coverage related to specific programs, including SCHIP, and including whether or not they are in an HMO. This line of questioning includes efforts to "sort out" exactly what kind of coverage people have. Like the NHIS, the MEPS defines insurance as public or private comprehensive hospital/medical insurance. Thus those eligible only for IHS or VA programs, for example, are not counted as insured. Persons who do not have private or public insurance are simply considered uninsured and not asked that explicitly. They are asked when they last had insurance. There are criteria for categorizing people with a combination of public and private coverage.
The MEPS public use files provide monthly insurance coverage variables, enabling ongoing analysis as well as targeted programs and initiatives. Dr. Cohen showed several graphs and tables illustrating the kind of reports and analyses generated by MEPS, including some from AHRQ statistical briefs. He noted that the number of uninsured at any given time is nearly double the number for a full year. Insurance statistics can be viewed, for example, by various demographic characteristics, length of uninsurance, and income variables. Information on immigration status is also collected.
The MEPS insurance component is collected by the Census Bureau on Census frames. It is an establishment survey of 42,000 private sector and 3,000 state and local government units, and has been done since 1996. Estimates are now possible for every state. It looks at what employers are offering and to whom, who is taking it up, the cost, the premium, how costs are shared, and other factors. These data are protected by the Bureau's confidentiality requirements, so there are challenges with data access. No micro data are available; it is all in tabular format. The MEPS team is seeking additional funding to collect more detailed information on health plans for individuals in the household survey.
Regarding the restrictions due to privacy concerns, Dr. O'Grady asked if there wasn't some way to enable other "feds," at least, to use the data to facilitate needed analysis and decision-making. This led to a long discussion of the problem and possible solutions. Stuart Hagan of the Congressional Budget Office noted the frustration caused by all the hoops analysts have to jump through to use the data, and the resulting time lags. He added that an institutionalized method is needed up front that allows quick turnaround. The general view in this group was that the major difficulties lie with the Census Bureau. Several people mentioned the difficulties of having to go to Suitland to use needed data. Dr. Nelson of the Census Bureau suggested high-level meetings among the agencies to work through these issues. Dr. Scanlon noted that the same issue arose in a Subcommittee on Population Health hearing on data linkages, and NCVHS wrote the Secretary suggesting a uniform and streamlined process. He added that "someone at a high enough level" has to mandate that this happen.
Linda Bilheimer said the Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology has a subcommittee looking at barriers to usage of administrative data across agencies, and it reported on November 18 to a packed session. They are developing a model agreement for agencies to use to facilitate the process, with a draft anticipated in a few months. Dr. O'Grady stressed the urgency of this issue and the need for rapid action to meet policy needs. Dr. Powell-Griner noted that NCHS has developed a "sworn agent" mechanism to enable use of confidential files for research. Dr. Peterson of the Congressional Research Service added his voice to those calling for change to meet what Dr. Hagan called a "completely unworkable" situation. Dr. Breen added that expert staffing at the agencies is also needed to help with the data and do the analyses, because the data sets are complex.
Mr. Scanlon asked for specific suggestions "right away" so that HHS can follow up with other agencies.
Returning to his presentation, Dr. Cohen said AHRQ produces many tables from MEPS data, which are reviewed and approved by the Census Bureau and then posted on the Web. There is an interactive data analysis tool called MEPSnet, which enables simple calculations. There have been estimates for metro areas since 2005 along with the state estimates. The data can be downloaded in Excel spreadsheets or CSV. In some states, the samples are sometimes supplemented. He gave examples of the kind of data available, noting how powerful the data are when linked together. The MEPS Website: <http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/>.
There was discussion of the degree to which the number of uninsured may be underestimated because undocumented immigrants in samples avoid being surveyed. On another subject, in response to a question Dr. Cohen said that because of its design, MEPS will not be affected, at least in the short run, by reductions in the sample size of NHIS.
U.S. Census Bureau Surveys—Charles Nelson (slides)
Dr. Nelson talked about the following surveys that request information on health insurance:
Current Population Survey, Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC)
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)
American Community Survey (ACS)
Small Area Health Insurance Estimates (SAHIE) Program
The Census Bureau's main strengths are in the areas of coverage and its characteristics, length of time uninsured, the impact of economic change on health insurance, and the availability of state data. Giving a brief overview, he said the ASEC is the source of official poverty estimates. The CPS has a monthly unemployment survey. The SIPP is a longitudinal survey and is good for looking at the duration of uninsurance and following what happens to people when they lose their jobs or go off programs. The ACS, a large survey that replaced the long form, started collecting national, state, and sub-state information in 2000 and in 2008 added questions on health insurance. The SAHIE program puts out model-based estimates.
Turning to the CPS, a popular data source, Dr. Nelson said it has asked about health insurance since 1980, initially to help assess the impact of non-cash benefits, including public insurance, on poverty. 78,000 households in a state-representative sample are interviewed annually and asked about coverage during the previous calendar year. The Bureau puts out multiyear averages to reduce the impact of errors in smaller states. The latest estimates were released in August 2008, showing an increase in coverage due to an increase in public coverage, with much of the burden resting on the states. The CPS is a long time-series and a large sample; the data are released just a few months after the survey. It is easy to use and has a response rate averaging (with the supplement) about 90 percent. The limitations are that health insurance is not a focus of the survey, and respondents have to recall information for a long period of time. In addition, it has limited flexibility in adding new content.
The SIPP follows people every 4 months for 3-4 years, has a sample size of 42,000 households, and asks the coverage status for every household member. It is a rich data source, with a full set of questions on assets. The shorter reference period gives a accurate picture of coverage, and the survey enables a look at the impact of individual events on insurance status. However, it is more complicated and it takes longer to put out the data, which are harder to use. It is not as useful at the state level across all states.
The ACS will meet small-area data needs and is based on some 3 million addresses annually—a huge sample size. It uses snail-mail, with computer-assisted follow-up to non-respondents. The first data on health insurance will be released in the summer of 2009 for the U.S., all states, and all geographic areas larger than 65,000. It is a mandatory survey and has a 95 percent response rate. It asks about current coverage for every household member, as well as about citizenship and country of birth. Data are turned around fairly rapidly, and it is a rich dataset. The limitations are that because it is based on self-report and standardized, errors by respondents (e.g., about coverage) cannot be caught and it cannot be customized. There is some ability to follow up, however, and an editing program catches obvious errors. Also, health insurance is not the focus of the survey, but rather one of many topics.
The Bureau also does model-based estimates in its SAHIE Program, which is now used to help CDC with cancer screening. Using several sources including the CPS, it has released estimates of insurance coverage and uninsurance for every U.S. county, with data on poverty, sex, and age. State-level data also include race and Hispanic origin. The data are in the form of an interactive table on the Bureau's Website.
Dr. Nelson turned to the "SNACC Project" (named for the funders), which recently looked at under-reporting and misreporting of Medicaid status on the CPS (with other surveys to be added subsequently). 16.6 percent of the Medicaid enrollees in the CPS sample incorrectly reported having no coverage. The SNACC project looked into the characteristics of this group. The findings of this complicated survey are posted on the Website. It will result in changing some CPS questions in the future, with field testing in 2009.
Finally, he commented on the constraints on the Bureau's ability to help researchers, which he too finds frustrating. Because of Title 13, he said, "it has to be worked out between the lawyers and policy people." The Census Bureau's Health Insurance Webpage: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthins.html
CMS Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX)—Dave Baugh, CMS Office of Research, Development, and Information (slides)
Dr. Baugh noted that he would be talking about administrative data. His is a research organization that both produces and uses data. The purpose of the MAX, the focus of his talk, is to support research and policy analysis on Medicaid and some SCHIP populations. MAX consists of person-level data by calendar year on eligibility, service utilization (by date of service), Medicaid payments for all enrollees. For SCHIP, it includes eligibility data for some non-Medicaid stand-alone programs. In all, there is a lot of information. MAX is derived from the Medicaid Statistical Information System (MSIS), which cannot be used for research, and it exists for all states and D.C.
MAX transforms claims data into "something we try to model as health events." Several file types are available on the person, the service, the diagnoses, and more. The data are enhanced in several ways, including by validating SSNs and mapping eligibility. Because of considerable interest in services, MAX has added four service types to MSIS data, including durable medical equipment and adult daycare. The encounter reporting is better for fee-for service people than for those in managed care. Although national drug codes are not organized to aid understanding of the therapeutic use of drugs, MAX researchers are working to improve that. Race and ethnicity are now captured (MSIS now collects that information), and dual status is just starting to be tracked on a monthly basis. MAX also captures information on 1915 waivers annually. Due to the interest in community alternatives to institutional long-term care, MAX has been working with others in the agency and ASPE staff on enhancing data in this area. Also, the MSIS sill start collecting national provider identifier and provider taxonomy in 2009, and those will be added in time.
As for availability and access, Dr. Baugh said everyone wants to know why the data are not more timely. As reasons, he cited slow data submission by states, the need to improve data quality, and the general editing and cleaning process of seven quarters of data. To date, 2005 data are available on 32 states, and 2006 is projected for release in Fall 2009. Access is through CMS Privacy Board review. Many resources are available on the web. After noting the limitations in the data (see slide), Dr. Baugh showed slides illustrating the data available from MAX. One graph, for example, shows the trend in SCHIP enrollment through FY2007.
In conclusion, he said CMS would continue to build MAX for future years, and to further develop the community long-term care dimension. It wants to expand its capabilities and cost effectiveness through data linkages, and is very interested in linking with the ACS.
The CBO uses data from nearly all of the surveys profiled above, and the SIPP and MEPS in particular. It occasionally uses the CPS. Dr. Hagan outlined the strengths and weaknesses of each survey from Cob's perspective. CBO has a simulation model based on SIPP. It finds MAX data and the SNACC effort helpful, as well. He also cited HCUP as a useful tool, saying it would be more useful if it were expanded, for example by including outpatients. He noted that CBO staff are not survey experts; it would be useful to have access to the expertise represented in the first panel to help researchers link data from different sources. He suggested compiling a composite dataset combining good enrollment data, benchmarked to administrative data and including expenditure data. He added that while users do this kind of thing "because we have to," "we're doing it by hook and by crook." He speculated that it is too late to design new survey instruments to support estimates. The CBO is working on modeling capabilities to give Congress the information it wants.
The insurance component is especially helpful for benchmarking, he said. He acknowledged the tendency of researchers to use what they are familiar with, sometimes overlooking other useful resources. Finally, he returned to the issue of the hurdles researchers have to jump through to get to needed data. They can't always know what information they will need, so a mechanism to enable quick access would be very helpful.
Mr. Steinwald, of the Government Accountability Office, said the idea of Congressional agencies creating a users group has been discussed, but so far without results.
Mr. Peterson pointed out the caveat that MEPS appears to dramatically undercount expenditures. This is attributed to a combination of underreporting from households and an inadequate sample size that misses the expensive outliers. Panel members discussed the technical challenges to producing accurate expenditure estimates. Mr. Hagan noted that not just the level of the estimates but the shape of the distribution can be off. However, he added that the CBO believes "we have benchmarked it appropriately."
Dr. Hunter commented that given the likely pace of health care reform, even the slow data process may produce answers in time. While she agreed with Dr. Hagan that it would be nice to have a composite dataset, she noted (citing the likely changes in the Obama plan as it undergoes the political process) that it is not possible to know what information will be needed, even in the near future. What analysts need, she said, is the flexibility to link different datasets in different ways for different purposes. She expressed appreciation for analyses and data such as those profiled by the other panelists, adding that a central place to get data and ask questions would be very helpful. She noted the extreme time pressures on her office, which sometimes has to "turn things around in a matter of hours or days."
After noting the kinds of questions her office is asked, she outlined the data sources used by her office for its quantitative work on health insurance policy. To answer some questions, for example, they need to combine the employer market, the non-group market, new tax proposals, and public health insurance and say how they would all change under a given proposal. They are now looking at various aspects and scenarios of the Obama plan with respect to taxes, using several micro-simulation models. Data sources include CPS, SIPP, MEPS, the MEPS IC, NHIS, and a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation employee health insurance survey. It takes a long time to develop the simulations, Dr. Hunter said, "and things just keep changing on us." She cited some of the information gaps and policy changes that make analysis and simulation difficult.
Jason Brown of the Treasury Department's Office of Economic Policy said the hearing discussions were in line with his thinking. He underscored the usefulness of MEPS for his office's work and said it has been interested in health insurance regulation issues at the state level in the individual market. His wish list focuses on the need for state- level identifiers, which are not publicly available, in order to match states to individuals more easily.
Mr. Steinwald provided a handout listing 19 data sources in six areas that are used by the GAO Health Care Team to address GAO's diverse agenda. The areas are Medicare, Medicaid, private health insurance, DoD health systems, VA systems, and public health. Any time a Federal dollar is spent on health care, GAO has a role in determining what it was spent for and whether it was well spent or overspent. Within the Health Care Team, there is a research support group that provides programming and data identification and management.
Based on recent requests for information, GAO would like to see expansion in the following areas: small area health insurance estimates (state-level estimates), increased frequency of survey supplements related to specific conditions, and an update on disability issues in the NHIS. (Dr. Powell-Griner said they are working on the last one.) Mr. Steinwald said he primarily uses Medicare claims data, which are voluminous. He compared analyzing claims data to looking for the keys under the streetlamp, because they don't tell the whole story and often need to be supplemented. GAO also does its own surveys and other data collection. (He suggested further discussion of access issues at another time.)
GAO does studies at the request of Congress, either requested by letter or mandated by law. Typically, it has more time to do its work than CBO or CRS does. It has subpoena power, but doesn't use it very often. It has direct access to Medicare Parts A and B data, but not Parts C or D. It has its own access issues with some data sources; however, Mr. Steinwald predicted access may improve now that both houses of Congress and the executive branch are controlled by the same party. He added that today's presentations suggest that more capability is available than there was in the past, and than some researchers realize.
At Dr. Steinwachs' request, various panelists and participants commented on how they expect to do forecasting in the near future, given the likely volatility and resource constraints affecting health care and the economy. The Treasury Department representatives said Treasury follows economic assumptions they are "locked into." Revenue estimates cover a 10-year period. It was noted that in addition to trends such as higher-deductible plans, people are changing their behaviors and cutting back on certain forms of health care to save money. Dr. Powell-Griner said the NHIS shows that people are delaying care more than they did a year ago, or not getting it at all.
Regarding data matching, Dr. Peterson said there is already support in the agencies to help with some forms of matching, such as linking MEPS and NHIS. CRS paid someone to try and match NHIS to CPS, but the result did not "meet their standard." He explained that CRS staff are confidential experts and educators to Congressional staff and members on policy issues, and confidential legislative consultants. He described the difficulty of making policy and law using inadequate or nonexistent data— in the latter case, citing the challenges of estimating the number of uninsured children who are eligible for Medicaid or SCHIP—and the need sometimes to educate members of Congress about data realities. He stressed that legislative staff need to realize the importance of data.
CRS uses CPS, MEPS, NHIS, and SIPP, and it may use ACS. CPS is the "default choice," partly for its state-level information, even though "you don't know what insurance you're measuring." He praised the help he gets from staffers of the various surveys (citing several members of the first panel), which enables CRS to do its work. MEPS, with its monthly uninsurance data, is its secondary source. One of the missing pieces to the MEPS "puzzle" is plan characteristics in the household component. (Dr. Cohen said there is a proposal to address this gap.) Another gap is the employer's contribution to health insurance. The NHIS is most useful for longer trends. NHIS is producing a report on how health insurance has evolved over several years. He uses SIPP for its assets information.
Dr. Peterson said information is "desperately needed" in the following areas: private health insurance claims data (multiple elements) and Medicaid/SCHIP (coverage information and reform plans, and data on provider payments and the adequacy of provider supply). He added, "If states are the laboratory of democracy for health reform, then where are the lab reports?" It was noted that the Kaiser Website has some of this information, which they pull together from individual states, but a number from a government source might have more political credibility.
Dr. Scanlon observed that asking data sources such as states for more and better information imposes difficult burdens on them; yet they are the best source of information. He noted that the requirement to supply information on Medicaid managed care exists but has been fulfilled poorly, and it is difficult to get the data to flow.
Dr. O'Grady observed that those who collect data do not deal day-to-day with policymakers the way analytic agencies do; and for their part, policymakers need to learn that if they want information for rational decision-making, they need to fund better data collection over the long term.
This agency administers the Federal law governing private employee benefits, health insurance, and retirement benefits offered by private companies and government. It is the biggest single source of health insurance, covering 137 million Americans. It is a very decentralized system. From its perspective, "a group health plan is the entity sitting at the level of the employer," and an estimated 2.5 million plans fit this definition. There are national reporting requirements for employee benefit plans, but they do not apply to small plans that hold no assets in trust. Thus only 60,000 plans file reports with the Labor Department, although it has some data on all of them including how much money they take in and spend and how many people they cover. These reports are public and available to anyone.
The agency is interested in data as a data user. Dr. Piacentini noted the "alphabet soup" of requirements related to health insurance, including COBRA and HIPAA, plus new laws coming on line, all of which ERISA manages in governing group health insurance. It also has a preemption provision that overrides state laws concerning employee benefit plans in certain circumstances. He runs the Office of Policy and Research, which supports the agency's policymaking through its own regulations and participation in legislative proposal development. Thus it has to figure out the impact of proposed or pending laws and regulations. (He noted that his interests overlap with those of Dr. Hunter at Treasury.)
Dr. Piacentini described his agency's data needs and what questions it needs to answer—for example, who the regulated community is, what sector is involved, whether or not a plan is self-insured, the employment status of covered individuals, and the characteristics of the entity offering the plan.
His program uses the MEPS IC most of all, and would use it even more if it had better access to the micro-data. It also uses BLS data and has built an enhanced version of the March CPS, which has good labor force variables and state breakdowns and is quite timely, though it also has limitations. Often, analysts combine different data sources to make estimates.
At the top of the agency's wish list is data on COBRA take-up and data on the entities it regulates. Dr. Piacentini noted that "we don't even know how many of them there are." There are ways to get answers besides adding to employers' reporting burdens, he said, such as by using the establishment survey. (Dr. Cohen said AHRQ would pursue this question.)
Dr. Breen remarked on the creativity the data users bring to using and combining varied data sources to get a more complete picture. She noted the paucity of data on which agencies can rely for the regulation activities for which they are responsible, and wondered if there were any push to improve the nation's data systems on the part of Congress or any agencies and if there is any way NCVHS can help.
Dr. Scanlon said this discussion has been going on within the full Committee. He added that the more fundamental questions concern what data are needed for various purposes, and what are the best ways to meet those needs, given the challenges facing the economy and the health care sector. That is the purpose of this and future hearings.
The group briefly discussed the considerable challenges of getting a sense of the characteristics and experiences of the uninsured.
Mr. Steinwald observed that the nation has "always been penny wise and pound foolish about investing in data resources," and there is always "a here-and-now focus" in Congress and presidential administrations. Dr. Scanlon observed that nevertheless, today's data are richer than what used to be available to policy-makers (an opinion with which Dr. O'Grady later took exception).
Dr. Piacentini noted that the health insurance reporting structure is designed around the money being handled, limiting the data's usefulness for answering contemporary policy questions. He and others discussed what it would take to reform this structure and make it more useful. He added that simply handling the volume of data his agency has to process takes up much of its time. He agreed with Dr. Steinwachs that it may be cheaper to do a survey to get additional needed information, although that "wouldn't help us with our enforcement program." Personally, he favors mandatory reporting that includes more information that would help with policy development and give a better sense of what is going on in the marketplace.
The group returned to the broad questions of what data are needed for various purposes and what are the best ways to meet those needs, as well as what can be done to move the country in that direction. Dr. O'Grady commented that Congress should hold hearings on what it needs to know to be able to develop law and policy. In addition, there is a lack of clarity about who is accountable "if something falls apart." Dr. Peterson said some of these issues have been raised in various contexts, but oversight responsibilities are not well defined.
Mr. Steinwald said agencies like GAO need to make it clear to their clients—including the new generation of Hill staffers—that their analysts need the right tools to help them with decision-making. Dr. Scanlon said there may be awareness; but the appropriators have to be convinced to spend more money in this area. He asked the group to suggest next steps for NCVHS. For example, how can NCVHS facilitate the interagency cooperation recommended earlier in this meeting? What should it communicate to the Secretary?
Ms. Jackson suggested highlighting high-value, "hot-spot" issues, and Dr. Steinwachs suggested calling attention to deficits. Dr. Piacentini stressed the idea of having a more centralized way of putting data together and making the information usable and accessible. Dr. Peterson stressed that data are needed for two purposes: policy formulation and oversight. Dr. Scanlon observed that the individual insurance market is the hardest to get a handle on because it is happening at the state level, and analysts need state-specific information.
He then thanked everyone for their contributions and said the Subcommittee on Population Health planned another hearing on modeling and hoped to keep working with the panelists on these common concerns. The meeting was then adjourned.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
1. Recognition of concepts. Ron Carroll operates a small company that books ente
by admin | Jan 14, 2022 | Accounting homework help
1. Recognition of concepts. Ron Carroll operates a small company that books enter¬tainers for theaters, parties, conventions, and so forth. The company's fiscal year ends on June 30. Consider the following items and classify each as either (1) pre¬paid expense, (2) unearned revenue, (3) accrued expense, (4) accrued revenue, or (5) none of the foregoing.
a. Amounts paid on June 30 for a 1-year insurance policy.
b. Professional fees earned but not billed as of June 30.
c. Repairs to the firm's copy machine, incurred and paid in June.
d. An advance payment from a client for a performance next month at a convention.
e. The payment in part (d) from the client's point of view.
f. Interest owed on the company's bank loan, to be paid in early July.
g. The bank loan payable in part (f).
h. Office supplies on hand at year-end.
2. Understanding the closing process. Examine the following list of accounts:
Interest Payable Accumulated Depreciation: Equipment
Alex Kenzy, Drawing Accounts Payable
Service Revenue Cash
Accounts Receivable Supplies Expense
Which of the preceding accounts
a. appear on a post-closing trial balance?
b. are commonly known as temporary, or nominal, accounts?
c. generate a debit to Income Summary in the closing process?
d. are closed to the capital account in the closing process?
3. Adjusting entries and financial statements. The following information pertains to Fixation Enterprises:
• The company previously collected $1,500 as an advance payment for services to be rendered in the future. By the end of December, one third of this amount had been earned.
• Fixation provided $2,500 of services to Artech Corporation; no billing had been made by December 31.
• Salaries owed to employees at year-end amounted to $1,650.
• The Supplies account revealed a balance of $8,800, yet only $3,300 of supplies were actually on hand at the end of the period.
• The company paid $18,000 on October 1 of the current year to Vantage Property Management. The payment was for 6 months' rent of Fixation's headquarters, beginning on November 1.
Fixation's accounting year ends on December 31.
Analyze the five preceding cases individually and determine the following:
a. The type of adjusting entry needed at year-end (Use the following codes: A, adjust¬ment of a prepaid expense; B, adjustment of an unearned revenue; C, adjustment to record an accrued expense; or D, adjustment to record an accrued revenue).
b. The year-end journal entry to adjust the accounts.
c. The income statement impact of each adjustment (e.g., increases total revenues by $500).
4. Adjusting entries. You have been retained to examine the records of Kathy's Day Care Center as of December 31, 20X3, the close of the current reporting period. In the course of your examination, you discover the following:
• On January 1, 20X3, the Supplies account had a balance of $2,350. During the year, $5,520 worth of supplies was purchased, and a balance of $1,620 remained unused on December 31.
• Unrecorded interest owed to the center totaled $275 as of December 31.
• All clients pay tuition in advance, and their payments are credited to the Unearned Tuition Revenue account. The account was credited for $75,500 on August 31. With the exception of $15,500 all amounts were for the current semester ending on December 31.
• Depreciation on the school's van was $3,000 for the year.
• On August 1, the center began to pay rent in 6-month installments of $21,000. Kathy wrote a check to the owner of the building and recorded the check in Pre¬paid Rent, a new account.
• Two salaried employees earn $400 each for a 5-day week. The employees are paid every Friday, and December 31 falls on a Thursday.
• Kathy's Day Care paid insurance premiums as follows, each time debiting Pre¬paid Insurance:
Date Paid Policy No. Length of Policy Amount
Feb. 1, 20X2 1033MCM19 1 year $540
Jan. 1, 20X3 7952789HP 1 year 912
Aug. 1, 20X3 XQ943675ST 2 years 840
The center's accounts were last adjusted on December 31, 20X2. Prepare the adjusting entries necessary under the accrual basis of accounting.
5. Bank reconciliation and entries. The following information was taken from the accounting records of Palmetto Company for the month of January:
Balance per bank $6,150
Balance per company records $3,580
Bank service charge for January $20
Deposits in transit $940
Interest on note collected by bank $100
Note collected by bank $1,000
NSF check returned by the bank with the bank statement $650
Outstanding checks $3,080
a. Prepare Palmetto's January bank reconciliation.
b. Prepare any necessary journal entries for Palmetto.
6. Direct write-off method. Harrisburg Company, which began business in early 20X7, reported $40,000 of accounts receivable on the December 31, 20X7, balance sheet. Included in this amount was $550 for a sale made to Tom Mattingly in July. On January 4, 20X8, the company learned that Mattingly had filed for personal bankruptcy. Harrisburg uses the direct write-off method to account for uncollectibles.
a. Prepare the journal entry needed to write off Mattingly's account.
b. Comment on the ability of the direct write-off method to value receivables on the year-end balance sheet.
7. Allowance method: analysis of receivables. At a January 20X2 meeting, the presi¬dent of Sonic Sound directed the sales staff "to move some product this year." The president noted that the credit evaluation department was being disbanded be¬cause it had restricted the company's growth. Credit decisions would now be made by the sales staff.
By the end of the year, Sonic had generated significant gains in sales, and the president was very pleased. The following data were provided by the accounting department:
20X2 20X1
Sales $23,987,000 $8,423,000
Accounts Receivable, 12/31 12,444,000 1,056,000
Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts, 12/31 ? 23,000 cr.
The $12,444,000 receivables balance was aged as follows:
Age of Receivable Amount Percentage of Accounts Expected to Be Collected
Under 31 days $5,321,000 99%
31260 days 3,890,000 90
Over 90 days 2,166,000 60
Assume that no accounts were written off during 20X2.
a. Estimate the amount of Uncollectible Accounts as of December 31, 20X2.
b. What is the company's Uncollectible Accounts expense for 20X2?
c. Compute the net realizable value of Accounts Receivable at the end of 20X1 and 20X2.
d. Compute the net realizable value at the end of 20X1 and 20X2 as a percentage of respective year-end receivables balances. Analyze your findings and comment on the president's decision to close the credit evaluation department.


Ever sold a phone to a second hand shop? Well your sensitive data, including SMS messages, browsing history, email passwords and even medical information could still be lurking inside your cast-off handsets, according to new research.
Many second-hand phone shops tell customers that when they sell their old phones, all of their data will be erased, but analysts working with a Channel 4 investigation found that this might not be the case.
The journalists bought three second-hand mobile phones from the high street second-hand electronics shop CEX, which claims to delete data from phones once they are bought. However, the researchers were able to recover huge amounts of sensitive data from each.
Another device coughed up a username and password for a work email account, full name, postal address and medical records. The team "recovered personal data from almost every phone we had been provided with."
Such information could easily be used in a case of identity fraud.
Cookies remaining on the devices could even be used to impersonate users online, something that the researchers refrained from, as they believed it constituted "crossing an ethical line."
A CEX spokesman told the press: "As technology evolves, so do our systems and we are currently rolling out a new procedure that improves on the current erasing technique used in the second hand phone market."
SensePost, the security firm that worked with the journalists to recover the data, wrote in a blog post that it was "trivial" to recover such large amounts of data from smartphones and said that unencrypted handsets were "easy game".
"iPhone devices encrypt their data by default, which makes it hard (almost impossible) to recover data after performing a factory reset," it said.
However, "Android devices by default have no encryption, which means that somebody (like us) could easily recover large amounts of supposedly deleted data."
Other systems have similar weaknesses, according to the firm.
"Both Windows phone 8 and BlackBerry allow optional encryption to be configured," SensePost wrote, "but this is not enabled by default. Windows phone 7 does not support encryption of the core filesystem."
"If you have an existing phone that you're about to sell we'd recommend you encrypt the phone twice after resetting it to factory default (once to destroy your data, the second time to destroy the key used for the first round)."


text:
Home Business & Economy Economy
Egypt sees 'steep rebound' in tourists as industry recovers
in Economy, Hospitality
The number of tourists to Egypt soared 40 percent in the first nine months of 2018 from a year earlier, recovering from a slump that began with the Arab Spring and continued as unrest persisted, the tourism minister said.
"We expect that by the end of 2018 we will not be at the levels that we've seen in 2010, but we are approaching that," Rania al-Mashat told Bloomberg TV. "The rebound is quite steep and we're trying to put the industry on a competitive base compared to our peers."
The government plans to announce a new private equity fund to upgrade its hotels and new investment opportunities on islands in the Red Sea, she said. Tourism is critical to Egypt's economy, accounting for 20 percent of output, according to Mashat. The annual number of visitors began plummeting from a 2010 peak of more than 14 million following the popular uprising that deposed Hosni Mubarak the following year.
Some 8 million tourists visited Egypt last year. "The government is trying to diversify tourist base, targeting travelers from Asia and Latin America The $1 billion Grand Egyptian Museum, with more than 10,000 artifacts, will open in 2020," Mashat said.
Increased cooperation between Iraq and Qatar
Bank Audi, EBRD bring $200mn for green projects


text:
Quarter of Nevada County's votes to be counted
Sun News Service
About 11,000 ballots from the Nov. 7 election remain to be counted, Nevada County Clerk-Recorder Kathleen Smith said Friday.
The ballots make up roughly one-quarter of total votes cast in Nevada County.
Officials already have counted about 31,500 ballots cast countywide Tuesday for the congressional race.
Of the total ballots remaining, results from 2,000 absentee ballots received between Nov. 3 and Nov. 6 were to be released Monday, Smith said. Updated results will be available at the elections office Web site, http://www.mynevadacounty.com/elections.
An additional 9,000 ballots that still need to be counted include those cast in the polls on Election Day, but which were not counted by the electronic Diebold scanners. The number also includes provisional ballots and absentee ballots turned in on Election Day.
Election officials "trapped" 130 ballots at local post offices which had already been mailed in, but which might not have arrived at the elections office by Nov. 7, according to the clerk-recorder's office.
A final vote count is legally required by Dec. 5.


text:
<?php

/**
 * Class SiteOrigin_Panels_Revisions
 *
 * Handles Page Builder revisions.
 */
class SiteOrigin_Panels_Revisions {

	function __construct() {
		add_action( 'save_post', array( $this, 'save_post' ), 11, 2 );
		add_action( 'wp_restore_post_revision', array( $this, 'revisions_restore' ), 10, 2 );

		add_filter( '_wp_post_revision_fields', array( $this, 'revisions_fields' ) );
		add_filter( '_wp_post_revision_field_panels_data_field', array( $this, 'revisions_field' ), 10, 3 );
	}

	/**
	 * @return SiteOrigin_Panels_Admin
	 */
	public static function single() {
		static $single;
		return empty( $single ) ? $single = new self() : $single;
	}

	/**
	 * Store the Page Builder meta in the revision.
	 *
	 * @param $post_id
	 * @param $post
	 */
	function save_post( $post_id, $post ) {
		$parent_id = wp_is_post_revision( $post_id );

		if ( $parent_id ) {
			// If the panels data meta exists, copy it into the revision.
			$panels_data = get_post_meta( $parent_id, 'panels_data', true );
			if ( ! empty( $panels_data ) ) {
				add_metadata( 'post', $post_id, 'panels_data', $panels_data );
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Restore a revision.
	 *
	 * @param $post_id
	 * @param $revision_id
	 */
	function revisions_restore( $post_id, $revision_id ) {
		$panels_data = get_metadata( 'post', $revision_id, 'panels_data', true );
		if ( ! empty( $panels_data ) ) {
			update_post_meta( $post_id, 'panels_data', map_deep( $panels_data, array( 'SiteOrigin_Panels_Admin', 'double_slash_string' ) ) );
		} else {
			delete_post_meta( $post_id, 'panels_data' );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Add the Page Builder content revision field.
	 *
	 * @param $fields
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	function revisions_fields( $fields ) {
		// Prevent the autosave message.
		// TODO figure out how to include Page Builder data into the autosave.
		if ( ! function_exists( 'get_current_screen' ) ) {
			return $fields;
		}

		$screen = get_current_screen();
		if ( ! empty( $screen ) && $screen->base == 'post' ) {
			return $fields;
		}

		$fields['panels_data_field'] = __( 'Page Builder Content', 'siteorigin-panels' );

		return $fields;
	}

	/**
	 * Display the Page Builder content for the revision.
	 *
	 * @param $value
	 * @param $field
	 * @param $revision
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	function revisions_field( $value, $field, $revision ) {
		$parent_id   = wp_is_post_revision( $revision->ID );
		$panels_data = get_metadata( 'post', $revision->ID, 'panels_data', true );

		if ( empty( $panels_data ) ) {
			return '';
		}

		return siteorigin_panels_render( $parent_id, false, $panels_data );
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub