The 2019 Volvo XC60 Hybrid. Under the hood you'll find a 4 cylinder engine with more than 200 horsepower, and all wheel drive keeps this model firmly attached to the road surface. Well tuned suspension and stability control deliver a spirited, yet composed, ride and drive Turbocharger technology provides forced air induction, enhancing performance while preserving fuel economy. A wealth of standard features means that you no longer have to sacrifice. Such as remote keyless entry, leather upholstery, a blind spot monitoring system, heated front and rear seats, heated door mirrors, a power rear cargo door, lane departure warning, and 1-touch window functionality. For drivers who enjoy the natural environment, a power moon roof allows an infusion of fresh air. Audio features include an AM/FM radio, steering wheel mounted audio controls, and 19 speakers, providing excellent sound throughout the cabin. Side curtain airbags deploy in extreme circumstances, shielding you and your passengers from collision forces. Our aim is to provide our customers with the best prices and service at all times. Stop by our dealership or give us a call for more information.


text:
package com.mikeliu.common;

import android.support.annotation.NonNull;
import android.support.annotation.Nullable;
import android.text.TextUtils;

import org.joda.time.DateTime;

import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;

public class DateUtils {

    @NonNull
    public static Date getTomorrow() {
        Date now = new Date();
        DateTime dtOrg = new DateTime(now);
        DateTime dtPlusOne = dtOrg.plusDays(1);
        return dtPlusOne.toDate();
    }

    @Nullable
    public static String toLongTime(@Nullable Date date) {
        String result = null;

        if (date != null) {
            DateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("MMM d, HH:mm");
            result = dateFormat.format(date);
        }

        return result;
    }

    @Nullable
    public static Date toDateFromSecondsSinceEpoch(String valueInSeconds) {
        Date result = null;

        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(valueInSeconds)) {
            try {
                result = new Date(Long.parseLong(valueInSeconds) * 1000);
            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
                result = null;
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

    @Nullable
    public static Date toDateFromMillisecondsSinceEpoch(String valueInMs) {
        Date result = null;

        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(valueInMs)) {
            try {
                result = new Date(Long.parseLong(valueInMs));
            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
                result = null;
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

    @NonNull
    public static Date now() {
        return Calendar.getInstance().getTime();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


On cutting edge of custom skates, is Ovechkin a trendsetter?
WASHINGTON (AP) — Alex Ovechkin is the first NHL player to lace up custom-painted skates, though in a sport that discourages freedom of expression he may not turn out to be much of a trendsetter.
The Washington Capitals superstar celebrated the team's Russian Heritage Night Thursday with skates bearing Moscow's St. Basil's Cathedral, the U.S. Capitol and Russian and American flags. He could only wear them for pregame warmups after receiving special permission from the NHL.
Ovechkin is following football players, who have embraced custom cleats for everything from breast cancer awareness to Odell Beckham Jr.'s tribute to late basketball broadcaster Craig Sager . The NFL fines players for wearing unapproved cleats, but also instituted a "My Cause My Cleats" week where players were encouraged to express themselves with their footwear.
If that day is coming in the NHL, it won't be any time soon. Outside of goaltender masks, the league has very strict uniform rules and deputy commissioner Bill Daly said he doesn't expect that this will result in more widespread exceptions being made.
Ovechkin, who wore custom-painted skates at the 2010 and 2014 Olympics, isn't your typical buttoned-up hockey player, so it's no surprise that he and agent David Abrutyn were interested in being on the cutting edge of custom skates.
They reached out to Buffalo artists Napoleon "Polo" Kerber and Nicholas Avery, who do cleats for Pittsburgh Steelers receiver Antonio Brown, Bills running back LeSean McCoy and dozens of other NFL players, and after some consultation they agreed on a pair that honored the Russian winger's hometown and city he has played in since 2005.
"They just wanted to do something that was very bright, very flashy and something that had never been done before," Kerber said by phone Wednesday.
Ovechkin's skates will be auctioned off with the money going to the American Special Hockey Association . As of Thursday evening, the highest bid was $3,400.
A few other players have reached out to Kerber to express interest in custom skates, but he said they — and even owners and executives aware of the Ovechkin project — wanted to wait to see the reaction.
Inside the Capitals' locker room, the reaction was positive with some guarded optimism that it might become more widespread at some point in the future.
"The football players, they get slapped on the wrist too for doing something on their cleats, but it's an expression of who you are," defenseman Kevin Shattenkirk said.
Kerber and Avery didn't have any templates or other artists to turn to and after trial and error with figuring out the dynamics of how skates differ from cleats hope to do more in the future.
Understanding this particular design of the Russian and U.S. capitals might engender criticism given the controversy swirling around President Donald Trump and his administration, Kerber said Ovechkin never intended for the skates to be any kind of political statement. Just to be safe, Kerber said he picked the Capitol Building instead of the White House.
"It still represents Washington, D.C., it represents the name of his team and it's not as, I guess, blunt as throwing the White House on the side," Kerber said.


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Our creative and innovative staff are passionate about creating unique, one-of-a-kind strategies and maximizing search engine optimization in an effort to keep you high on the front page of search engines.
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50states.com State Nickname List. How the states got their nicknames. Capital Cities & Nicknames. Alabama. Montgomery. Yellowhammer State. Alaska.
Downloadable Excel (.csv) lists of the 50 US State names, abbreviations, and AP style abbreviations.
US States Map Quiz | QUIZ: Can you name the US states?
You collected all the 50 state's nick name that's awesome !! For more gk questions about nick names visit importantquestionsabout.blogspot.in/2012/06/general-knowledge-2012-nick-names.html.
US 50 States Abbreviation Map. Click on any US State for its Map & Information.
List of 50 States of USA in alphabetical order with map- General knowledge videos - Duration: 6:05.
Consider the following list of 50 states as an exercise in memorization. When I memorized this list, I used the Journey method.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
The blacklist. Season 6 Blu-ray ([2019])
Shades of blue. Season two DVD
The X-files. Season 11 DVD ([2018])
Blindspot. The complete third season DVD ([2018])
Criminal minds. The thirteenth season DVD ([2018])
Wayward Pines. The complete second season DVD ([2016])
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text:
ADR institutions
Confidentiality and privilege
early neutral evaluation
Herbert Smith Freehills news
Mediation Directive
Mediation Pilot Schemes
Online dispute resolution (ODR)
Other ADR processes
Refusal to mediate
UK: Court of Appeal clarifies time limits for claiming repayment in adjudication
A recent Court of Appeal decision has clarified an important issue regarding the situation where a party makes a payment pursuant to an adjudication decision and subsequently seeks to recover that payment through court proceedings. Under the relevant statute of limitations, any such court proceedings must be brought within a specified time (generally 6 years) from the date the …	Read more
UK: High Court refuses to set aside expert determination for 'manifest error'
Where parties have contractually agreed to submit a dispute for expert determination, one of the the limited bases on which they may challenge the determination and have it set aside by the court is that it contains a manifest error. However, the scope of that exception is very narrow, as illustrated by a recent High Court decision: Walton Homes Ltd v Staffordshire County …	Read more
Failure to engage with ADR proposals: UK Court of Appeal extends the Halsey principles
The Court of Appeal has delivered a judgment strongly reiterating its support for the role of ADR in civil litigation and extending the existing principles governing the question of when a litigant's failure to engage in ADR will justify a court imposing costs sanctions upon it (as established in Halsey v Milton Keynes General NHS Trust [2004] …	Read more
EU Parliament questionnaire on effective mediation policy
The European Parliament has issued a public questionnaire ('Assessing the Impact of the EU Mediation Directive and Exploring Legislative and Non-Legislative Measures to Encourage the Use of Mediation in EU Member States') to gather information about mediation policy and practice in civil and commercial cases in EU member states. One of the stated purposes of the review is 'to …	Read more
UK: Collateral warranties in construction projects may attract statutory adjudication rights
The UK Technology and Construction Court has recently delivered a judgment that has the potential to increase the use of adjudication as a means of dispute resolution in the construction industry. The decision addresses for the first time in the UK the question of when a collateral warranty given in connection with a construction project …	Read more
UK High Court claim struck out as full redress was available under an ADR scheme
The UK High Court recently refused to allow a claim to proceed in relation to mis-selling of an insurance product on the basis that the claimants had already been offered full redress under a formal ADR scheme established in relation to such complaints. The decision is a further example of the UK courts' support for ADR and illustrates that …	Read more
Alternative dispute resolution in Africa (Part 6)
Further to our previous five posts (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4 and Part 5) on the use of ADR in Africa we now feature in the final part the responses from South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe to the question: are parties to litigation or arbitration required …	Read more
CPR and CEDR agreement to promote ADR in UK
The International Institute for Conflict Prevention and Resolution (CPR) and the Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution (CEDR) have announced an agreement providing for CEDR to be CPR's exclusive partner in the UK for the promotion of CPR's "21st Century Corporate ADR Pledge". The Pledge is a CPR initiative under which signatories commit to apply their …	Read more
Australia : Enforceability of heads of agreement following mediation
Following a successful mediation, parties usually prepare a formal agreement to record what was agreed. In some situations, the parties may initially prepare a less formal document, sometimes called a 'heads of agreement'. Whether a heads of agreement is enforceable depends on whether the parties intended to be legally bound by its terms. An important …	Read more
Peter Butler
Partner, dispute resolution, Sydney
Managing Partner, Greater China
Professional Support Lawyer, London


text:
# Building an AMP Extension

AMP can be extended to allow more functionality and components through
building open source extensions (aka custom elements). For example, AMP
provides `amp-carousel`, `amp-sidebar` and `amp-access` as
extensions. If you'd like to add an extension to support your company
video player, rich embed or just a general UI component like a star
rating viewer, you'd do this by building an extension.

- [A word on contributing](#a-word-on-contributing)
- [Naming](#naming)
- [Directory structure](#directory-structure)
- [Extend AMP.BaseElement](#extend-ampbaseelement)
- [Element styling](#element-styling)
- [Register element with AMP](#register-element-with-amp)
- [Actions and events](#actions-and-events)
- [Sub-elements ownership](#sub-elements-ownership)
- [Allowing proper validations](#allowing-proper-validations)
- [Performance considerations](#performance-considerations)
- [Layouts supported in your element](#layouts-supported-in-your-element)
- [Experiments](#experiments)
- [Documenting your element](#documenting-your-element)
- [Example of using your extension](#example-of-using-your-extension)
- [Updating build configs](#updating-build-configs)
- [Versioning](#versioning)
- [Unit tests](#unit-tests)
- [Type checking](#type-checking)
- [Example PRs](#example-prs)

## A word on contributing

We suggest that you open an "Intent to Implement" GitHub issue for your
extension as early as you can, so that we can advise you on next steps or provide early feedback on the implementation or naming. For details, see [CONTRIBUTING.md
for more details](../CONTRIBUTING.md#phase-concept-design).

## Naming

All AMP extensions (and built-in elements) have their tag names prefixed
with `amp-`. Make sure to choose an accurate and clear name for your
extension. For example, video players are also suffixed with `-player`
(e.g. amp-brid-player).

## Directory structure

You create your extension's files inside the `extensions/` directory.
The directory structure is below:

```text
/extensions/amp-my-element/
├── 0.1/
|   ├── test/
|   |   ├── test-amp-my-element.js       # Element's unit test suite (req'd)
|   |   └── More test JS files (optional)
|   ├── amp-my-element.js                # Element's implementation (req'd)
|   ├── amp-my-element.css               # Custom CSS (optional)
|   └── More JS files (optional)
├── validator-amp-my-element.protoascii  # Validator rules (req'd)
├── amp-my-element.md                    # Element's main documentation (req'd)
└── More documentation in .md files (optional)
```
In most cases you'll only create the required (req'd) files. If your element does not need custom CSS, you don't need to create the CSS file.

## Extend AMP.BaseElement

Almost all AMP extensions extend AMP.BaseElement, which provides some
hookups and callbacks for you to override in order to implement and
customize your element behavior. These callbacks are explained below in
the BaseElement Callbacks section, and are also explained inline in the
[BaseElement](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/src/base-element.js#L26)
class.

### Element class

The following shows the overall structure of your element implementation
file (extensions/amp-my-element/0.1/amp-my-element.js).

```js
import {func1, func2} from '../src/module';
import {CSS} from '../../../build/amp-my-element-0.1.css';
// more ES2015-style import statements.

/** @const */
const EXPERIMENT = 'amp-my-element';

/** @const */
const TAG = 'amp-my-element';

class AmpMyElement extends AMP.BaseElement {

  /** @param {!AmpElement} element */
  constructor(element) {
    super(element);

    // Declare instance variables with type annotations.
  }

  /** @override */
  isLayoutSupported(layout) {
    return layout == LAYOUT.FIXED;
  }

  /** @override */
  buildCallback() {
    // Get attributes, assertions of values, assign instance variables.
    // Build lightweight DOM and append to this.element.
  }

  /** @override */
  layoutCallback() {
    // Actually load your resource or render more expensive resources.
  }
}

AMP.registerElement('amp-my-element', AmpMyElement, CSS);
```

### BaseElement callbacks

#### upgradeCallback

- **Default**: Does nothing
- **Override**: Rarely.
- **[Vsync](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/src/service/vsync-impl.js) Context**: None
- **Usage**: If your extension provides different implementations
depending on a late runtime condition (e.g. type attribute on the
element, platform)
- **Example Usage**: amp-ad, amp-app-banner

#### buildCallback

- **Default**: Does nothing
- **Override**: Almost always
- **Vsync Context**: Mutate
- **Usage**: If your element has UI elements this is where you should
create your DOM structure and append it to the element. You can also
read the attributes (e.g. width, height…) the user provided on your
element in this callback.
- **Warning**: Don't load remote resources during the buildCallback. This
not only circumvents the AMP resources manager, but it will also lead to
higher data charges for users because all these resources will be loaded
before layouting needs to happen.
- **Warning 2**: Do the least needed work here, and don't build DOM that
is not needed at this point.

#### preconnectCallback

- **Default**: Does nothing.
- **Vsync Context**: None (Neither mutate nor measure)
- **Override**: Sometimes, if your element will be loading remote
resources.
- **Usage**: Use to instruct AMP which hosts to preconnect to, and which
resources to preload/prefetch; this allows AMP to delegate to the browser
to get a performance boost by preconnecting, preloading and prefetching
resources via preconnect service.
- **Example Usage**: [Instagram uses this to
preconnect](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/extensions/amp-instagram/0.1/amp-instagram.js)
to instagram hosts.

#### createPlaceholderCallback

- **Default**: Does nothing.
- **Vsync Context**: Mutate
- **Override**: Sometimes. If your component provides a way to dynamically
create a lightweight placeholder. This gets called only if the element
doesn't already have a publisher-provided placeholder (through [the
placeholder
attribute](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/spec/amp-html-layout.md#placeholder)).
- **Usage**: Create placeholder DOM and return it. For example,
amp-instagram uses this to create a placeholder dynamically by creating
an amp-img placeholder instead of loading the iframe, leaving the iframe
loading to layoutCallback.
- **Warning**: Only use amp-elements for creating placeholders that
require external resource loading. This allows runtime to create this
early but still defer the resource loading and management to AMP
resources manager. Don't create or load heavyweight resources (e.g.
iframe…).
- **Example Usage**: amp-instagram.

#### onLayoutMeasure

- **Default**: Does nothing.
- **Vsync Context**: Measure.
- **Override**: Rarely.
- **Usage**: Use to measure layouts for your element.
- **Example Usage**: amp-iframe

#### layoutCallback

- **Default**: Does nothing.
- **Vsync Context**: Mutate
- **Override**: Almost always.
- **Usage**: Use this to actually render the final version of your
element. If the element should load a video, this is where you load the
video. This needs to return a promise that resolves when the element is
considered "laid out" - usually this means load event has fired but can
be different from element to element. Note that load events usually are
fired very early so if there's another event that your element can
listen to that have a better meaning of ready-ness, use that to resolve
your promise instead - for example: [amp-youtube](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/extensions/amp-youtube/0.1/amp-youtube.js) uses the
playerready event that the underlying YT Player
iframe sends to resolve the layoutCallback promise.

#### firstLayoutCompleted

- **Default**: Hide element's placeholder.
- **Vsync Context**: Mutate
- **Override**: Sometimes. If you'd like to override default behavior and
not hide the placeholder when the element is considered first laid out.
Sometimes you wanna control when to hide the placeholder.
- **Example Usage**: amp-anim

#### pauseCallback

- **Default**: Does nothing.
- **Vsync Context**: Mutate
- **Called**: When you swipe away from a document in a viewer. Called on
children of lightbox when you close a lightbox instance, called on
carousel children when the slide is not the active slide. And possibly
other places.
- **Override**: Sometimes. Most likely if you're building a player.
- **Usage**: Use to pause video, slideshow auto-advance...etc
- **Example Usage**: amp-video, amp-youtube

#### resumeCallback

- **Default**: Does nothing.
- **Vsync Context**: Mutate
- **Override**: Sometimes.
- **Usage**: Use to restart the slideshow auto-advance.
- **Note**: This is not used widely yet because it's not possible to
resume video playback for example on mobile.

#### unlayoutOnPause

- **Default**: Returns false.
- **Vsync Context**: Mutate
- **Override**: If your element doesn't provide a pausing mechanism,
instead override this to unlayout the element when AMP tries to pause
it.
- **Return**: True if you want unlayoutCallback to be called when paused.
- **Usage Example**: amp-brightcove

#### unlayoutCallback

- **Default**: Does nothing.
- **Vsync Context**: Mutate
- **Override**: Sometimes.
- **Usage**: Use to remove and unload heavyweight resources like iframes,
video, audio and others that your element has created.
- **Return**: **True** if your element need to re-layout.
- **Usage Example**: amp-iframe

#### viewportCallback

- **Default**: Does nothing.
- **Override**: Rarely.
- **Usage**: Use if your element need to know when it comes into viewport
and when it goes out of it for finer control.
- **Usage Example**: amp-carousel, amp-anim

## Element styling

You can write a stylesheet to style your element to provide a minimal
visual appeal. Your element structure should account for whether you
want users (publishers and developers using your element) to customize
the default styling you're providing and allow for easy CSS classes
and/or well-structure DOM elements.

Element styles are loaded when the element script itself is included in
an AMP doc. You tell AMP which CSS belongs to this element when
registering the element (see below).

Class names prefixed with `i-amphtml` are considered private. Publishers
are not allowed to use them for customization (enforced by AMP validator).

Class names prefixed with  `amp-` are public css classes that can be customized
by publishers. All such classes should be documented in the component-specific
`.md` file. All CSS classes in component stylesheets should be prefixed with
either `i-amphtml-` or `amp-`.

## Register element with AMP

Once you have implemented your AMP element, you need to register it with
AMP; all AMP extensions are prefixed with `amp-`. This is where you
tell AMP which class to use for this tag name and which CSS to load.

```javascript
AMP.registerElement('amp-carousel', CarouselSelector, CSS);
```

## Actions and events

AMP provides a framework for [elements to fire their own
events](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/spec/amp-actions-and-events.md)
to allow users of that element to listen and react to the events. For
example, amp-form extension fires a few events on <form> elements
like `submit-success`. This allow publishers to listen to that event
and react to it, for example, by launching a lightbox to display a
message.

The other part of the event-system in AMP is actions. When listening to
an event on an element usually you'd like to trigger an action (possibly
on other elements). For example, in the example above, the publisher is
executing the `open` action on `lightbox`.

The syntax for using this on elements is as follow:

```html
<form on="submit-success:my-success-lightbox.open;submit-error:my-error-lightbox.open">
</form>
```

To fire events on your element use AMP's action service and the
`.trigger` method.

```javascript
actionServiceForDoc(doc.documentElement).trigger(this.form_, 'submit-success', null);
```

And to expose actions use `registerAction` method that your element
inherits from `BaseElement`.

```javascript
this.registerAction('close', this.close.bind(this));
```

Your element could also choose to override the `activate` method
inherited from BaseElement that would define the default action for your
element. For example amp-lightbox overrides activate to define the open
default case.

Make sure your element documentation documents the events and actions it
exposes.

## Sub-elements ownership

AMP elements are usually discovered and scheduled by the AMP runtime
automatically and managed through Resources. In some cases an AMP
element might want to control and own when its sub-elements get
scheduled and not leave that to the AMP runtime. An example to this is
the <amp-carousel> component, where it wants to schedule
preloading/pre-rendering or layouting of its cells based on the window
the user is in.

AMP provides a way for an element to control this by setting the owner
on the element you want to control. In the carousel example, the component loops
over all its elements and sets itself as the owner of these elements.
The AMP runtime will not manage scheduling layouting for elements that have
owners.

```javascript
this.cells_ = this.getRealChildren();

this.cells_.forEach(cell => {
  this.setAsOwner(cell);
  cell.style.display = 'inline-block';
  this.container_.appendChild(cell);
});
```

An element can then later call `schedulePreload` or `scheduleLayout` to
schedule preload or layout respectively. For example, <amp-carousel
type=slider> (Slider instance of amp-carousel) calls
`schedulePreload` for the next/previous slide when the user moves
forward/backward in the slides and then calls `scheduleLayout` for the
current slide when the user moves to it.

```javascript
  this.updateInViewport(oldSlide, false);
  this.updateInViewport(newSlide, true);
  this.scheduleLayout(newSlide);
  this.setControlsState();
  this.schedulePause(oldSlide);
  this.schedulePreload(nextSlide);
```

It's important to understand that the parent/owner element is
responsible for managing all of its children (except for placeholders,
see below). This means you need to make sure your element updates
whether the child is in viewport and when to schedule different phases
for the element.

### Nested sub-elements

Your element should anticipate its sub-elements to nest some more
amp-elements and schedule preload or layout for these as well, otherwise
the element will never be preloaded or laid out. This is true to all
nested amp-elements that are not placeholders. AMP runtime will schedule
nested amp-elements that are placeholders.

```html
<amp-carousel> ← Parent element
  <amp-figure> ← Parent needs to schedule this element
    <amp-img placeholder></amp-img> ← AMP will schedule this when amp-figure is scheduled
    <amp-img></amp-img> ← Parent needs to schedule this element
    <amp-fit-text></amp-fit-text> ← Parent needs to schedule this element
  </amp-figure>
</amp-carousel>
```

## Allowing proper validations

One of AMP's features is that a document can be checked against
validation rules to confirm it's AMP-valid. When you implement your
element, AMP validator needs to be updated to add rules for your element
to keep documents using your element valid. In order to do that you need
to file an issue on the GitHub repo select "Related to: Validator" and
mention what rules the validator needs to validate. This usually
includes

-   Your element tag-name
-   Required attributes for the element
-   Specific values that an attribute accept (e.g. `myattr="TYPE1|TYPE2"`)
-   Layouts your element supports (see [Layout specs](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/spec/amp-html-layout.md) and [Layouts supported in your element](#layouts-supported-in-your-element))
-   If there are restrictions where your element can or can't appear (e.g. disallowed_ancestory, mandatory_parent...)

For more details take a look at [Contributing Component Validator
Rules](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/contributing/component-validator-rules.md).

## Performance considerations

### Pre-rendering and placeholders

Another enabling feature of instant-web in AMP is support for
prerendering in a way that does not consume loads of data and does not
waste too much of the user's device resources. AMP does this by strictly
controlling resource loading and rendering.

If your extension is lightweight, it might be worth enabling
pre-rendering of your elements so that users will be able to see it
appear instantly when they click on an article.

Sometimes fully pre-rendering the element isn't an option because it is
heavyweight. Your element might want to opt into creating a dynamic
placeholder for itself (in case a placeholder wasn't provided by the
developer/publisher who is using your element). This allows elements to
display content as fast as possible and allow prerendering that
placeholder. Learn [more about placeholder
elements](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/spec/amp-html-layout.md#placeholder).

NOTE: Make sure not to request external resources in the pre-render
phase. Requests to the publisher's origin itself are OK. If in doubt,
please flag this in review.

AMP will automatically call your element's
[createPlaceholderCallback](#createplaceholdercallback) during
build step if it didn't detect a placeholder was provided. This allows
you to create your own placeholder. Here's an example of how
`amp-instagram` element used this callback to create a dynamic
placeholder of an `amp-img` element to avoid loading the heavyweight
instagram iframe embed during pre-rendering and instead loads just the
image directly from instagram media endpoint.

```javascript
class AmpInstagram extends AMP.BaseElement {
  // ...
  /** @override */
  createPlaceholderCallback() {
    const placeholder = this.getWin().document.createElement('div');
    placeholder.setAttribute('placeholder', '');
    const image = this.getWin().document.createElement('amp-img');
    // This is always the same URL that is actually used inside of the embed.
    // This lets us avoid loading the image twice and make use of browser cache.

    image.setAttribute('src', 'https://www.instagram.com/p/' +
        encodeURIComponent(this.shortcode_) + '/media/?size=l');
    image.setAttribute('width', this.element.getAttribute('width'));
    image.setAttribute('height', this.element.getAttribute('height'));
    image.setAttribute('layout', 'responsive');
    setStyles(image, {
      'object-fit': 'cover',
    });
    const wrapper = this.element.ownerDocument.createElement('wrapper');
    // This makes the non-iframe image appear in the exact same spot
    // where it will be inside of the iframe.
    setStyles(wrapper, {
      'position': 'absolute',
      'top': '48px',
      'bottom': '48px',
      'left': '8px',
      'right': '8px',
    });
    wrapper.appendChild(image);
    placeholder.appendChild(wrapper);
    this.applyFillContent(image);
    return placeholder;
  }
  // …
}
```

**Important**: One thing to keep in mind is that when you create a
placeholder, use the amp- provided elements when loading external
resources. This is most likely going to be `amp-img` like in the
instagram case above. This still allows AMP resource manager to control
when these resources get loaded and rendered as oppose to using the
HTML-native `img` tag which will be out of AMP resource management.

#### Loading indicators

Consider showing a loading indicator if your element is expected to take
a long time to load (for example, loading a GIF, video or iframe). AMP
has a built-in mechanism to show a loading indicator simply by
whitelisting your element to show it. You can do that inside layout.js
file in the `LOADING_ELEMENTS_` object.

```javascript
export const LOADING_ELEMENTS_ = {
  ...
  'AMP-YOUTUBE': true,
  'AMP-MY-ELEMENT': true,
}
```

### Destroying heavyweight resources

To stay good to our promise of lowering resources usage especially on
mobile, elements that create and load heavyweight resources (e.g.
iframes, video, very large images, an expensive timer or computation...)
need to be destroyed when they are no longer needed.

AMP signals to your element that it needs to do that with
[unlayoutCallback](#unlayoutcallback). AMP calls this when the
document becomes inactive; like when the user swipes away from the
document to another one or when they switch tabs.

This might be also be called in special cases like if your element is
used as an amp-carousel cell and it was swiped away to become outside
the viewport. This will only happen if your element sets
`unlayoutOnPause`. Carousel by default only pauses the elements that
are outside its viewport.

Here's an example of how `amp-instagram` destroys the iframe it has
embedded when `unlayoutCallback` is called.

```javascript
/** @override */
unlayoutCallback() {
  if (this.iframe_) {
    removeElement(this.iframe_);
    this.iframe_ = null;
    this.iframePromise_ = null;
    setStyles(this.placeholderWrapper_, {
      'display': '',
    });
  }
  return true; // Call layoutCallback again.
}
```

Note if your element unlayoutCallback destroys the resources, it
probably wants to return true in order to signal to AMP the need to call
`layoutCallback` again once the document is active. Otherwise your
element will never be re-laid out.

### vsync, mutateElement, and changeSize

AMP provides multiple utilities to optimize many mutations and measuring
for better performance. These include vsync service with a mutate and
measure utility method that will synchronize all measuring happening in
short period of time together and then do all the mutating in a
requestAnimationFrame or similar cycles.

### Loading external resources

If your extension needs to load external resources (like an sdk) then
you might need to add proper third party integration for it to work and
use the proper third party iframe. Loading external resources is only
allowed inside a 3p iframe which AMP serves on a different domain for
security and performance reasons. Take a look at adding
[<amp-facebook>](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/pull/1479/files)
extension PR for examples of 3p integration.

Read about [Inclusion of third party software, embeds and services into
AMP](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/3p/README.md).

For contrast, take a look at amp-instagram which does NOT require an SDK
to be loaded in order to embed a post, instead it provides an
iframe-based embedding allowing amp-instagram extension to use a normal
iframe with no 3p integration needed, similarly, amp-youtube and others.

## Layouts supported in your element

AMP defines different layouts that elements can choose whether or not to
support Your element needs to announce which layouts it supports through
overriding the `isLayoutSupported(layout)` callback and returning true
if the element supports that layout. [Read more about AMP Layout
System](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/spec/amp-html-layout.md)
and [Layout
Types](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/spec/amp-html-layout.md#layout).

### What layout should your element support?

After understanding each layout type, if it makes sense, support all of
them. Otherwise choose what makes sense to your element. A popular
support choice is to support size-defined layouts (Fixed, Fixed Height,
Responsive and Fill) through using the utility `isLayoutSizeDefined`
in `layout.js`.

For example, `amp-pixel` only supports fixed layout.

```javascript
class AmpPixel extends BaseElement {
  /** @override */
  isLayoutSupported(layout) {
    return layout == Layout.FIXED;
  }
}
```

While `amp-carousel` supports all size-defined layouts.

```javascript
class AmpSlides extends AMP.BaseElement {
  /** @override */
  isLayoutSupported(layout) {
    return isLayoutSizeDefined(layout);
  }
}
```

## Experiments

Most newly created elements are initially launched as
[experiments](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/tools/experiments/README.md).
This allows people to experiment with using the new element and provide
the author(s) with feedback. It also provides the AMP Team with the
opportunity to monitor for any potential errors. This is especially
required if the validator hasn't been updated yet to allow your newly
created extension, otherwise people using it in production will
invalidate all their AMP documents.

You can add your extension as an experiment in the
`amphtml/tools/experiments` file by adding a record for your extension
in EXPERIMENTS variable.

```javascript
/** @const {!Array<!ExperimentDef>} */
const EXPERIMENTS = [
  // ...
  {
    id: 'amp-my-element',
    name: 'AMP My Element',
    spec: 'https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/extensions/' +
      'amp-my-element/amp-my-element.md',
    cleanupIssue: 'https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/issues/XXXYYY',
  },
  // ...
];
```

And then protecting your code with a check `isExperimentOn(win,
'amp-my-element')` and only execute your code when it is on.

```javascript
import {isExperimentOn} from '../src/experiments';

/** @const */
const EXPERIMENT = 'amp-my-element';

/** @const */
const TAG = 'amp-my-element';

Class AmpMyElement extends AMP.BaseElement {

  /** @param {!AmpElement} element */
  constructor(element) {
    super(element);

    // declare instance variables with type annotations.
  }

  /** @override */
  isLayoutSupported(layout) {
    return layout == LAYOUT.FIXED;
  }

  /** @override */
  buildCallback() {
    if (!isExperimentOn(this.getWin(), EXPERIMENT)) {
      user.warn('Experiment %s is not turned on.', EXPERIMENT);
      return;
    }
    // get attributes, assertions of values, assign instance variables.
    // build lightweight dom and append to this.element.
  }

  /** @override */
  layoutCallback() {
    if (!isExperimentOn(this.getWin(), EXPERIMENT)) {
      user.warn('Experiment %s is not turned on.', EXPERIMENT);
      return;
    }
    // actually load your resource or render more expensive resources.
  }
}

AMP.registerElement('amp-my-element', AmpMyElement, CSS);
```

### Enable experiment

Users wanting to experiment with your element can then go to the
[experiments page](https://cdn.ampproject.org/experiments.html) and
enable your experiment.

If you are testing on your localhost, use the command `AMP.toggleExperiment(id,
true/false)` to enable the experiment.

## Documenting your element

Create a .md file that serves as the main documentation for your element. This document should include:

- Summary table
- Overview
- How to use it including code snippets and images
- Examples
- Attributes to specify (optional and required)
- Validation

For samples of element documentation, see: [amp-list](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/extensions/amp-list/amp-list.md), [amp-instagram](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/extensions/amp-instagram/amp-instagram.md), [amp-carousel](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/extensions/amp-carousel/amp-carousel.md)

## Example of using your extension

This greatly helps users to understand and demonstrate how
your element works, and provides an easy start-point for them to
experiment with it. This is basically where you actually build an AMP
HTML document and use your element in it by creating a file in the
`examples/` directory, usually with the `my-element.amp.html` file
name. Browse that directory to see examples for other elements and
extensions.

Also consider contributing to
[ampbyexample.com](https://ampbyexample.com/) on
[GitHub](https://github.com/ampproject/amp-by-example).

## Updating build configs

In order for your element to build correctly you would need to make few
changes to bundles.config.js to tell it about your extension, its files and
its examples. You will need to add an entry in the "extensionBundles" array.

```javascript
exports.extensionBundles = [
...
  {name: 'amp-kaltura-player', version: '0.1'},
  {name: 'amp-carousel', version: '0.1', options: {hasCss: true}},
...
];
```

## Versioning

AMP runtime is currently in v0 major version. Extensions versions are
maintained separately. If your changes to your non-experimental
extension makes breaking changes that are not backward compatible you
should version your extension. This would usually be by creating a 0.2
directory next to your 0.1.

If your extension is still in experiments breaking changes usually are
fine so you can just update the same version.

## Unit tests

Make sure you write good coverage for your code. We require unit tests
for all checked in code. We use the following frameworks for testing:

- [Mocha](https://mochajs.org/), our test framework
- [Karma](https://karma-runner.github.io/), our tests runner
- [Sinon](http://sinonjs.org/), spies, stubs and mocks.

For faster testing during development, consider using --files argument
to only run your extensions' tests.

```shell
$ gulp test --files=extensions/amp-my-element/0.1/test/test-amp-my-element.js --watch
```

## Type checking

We use Closure Compiler to perform type checking. Please see
[Annotating JavaScript for the Closure
Compiler](https://github.com/google/closure-compiler/wiki/Annotating-JavaScript-for-the-Closure-Compiler)
and existing AMP code for examples of how to add type annotations to
your code. The following command should be run to ensure no type
violations are introduced by your extension.

```shell
$ gulp check-types
```

## Example PRs

- Adding new ad-provider
  - [Teads](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/commit/654ade680d796527345af8ff298a41a7532ee074)
  - [EPlanning](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/commit/a007543518a07ff77d48297e76bd264cadf36f57)
  - [Taboola](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/commit/79a58e545939cca0b75e62b2e62147829c59602a)
- Adding embeds that's not iframe-based (requires JS SDK)
  - [amp-facebook](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/commit/6679db198d8b9d9c38854d93aa04801e8cf6999f)
- Adding iframe based embeds
  - [amp-soundcloud](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/commit/2ac845641c8eea9e67f17a1d471cfb9bab459fd1)
  - [amp-vine](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/commit/eb98861b25210f89b41abc9ac52b29d9a4ff45a6)
  - [amp-brightcove](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/commit/9a0f6089600da0c42e1f3787402a1ced0c377c65)
- Adding non-visual elements
  - [amp-font](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/commit/ef040b60664a5aad465cb83507d37fae5e361772)
  - [amp-install-serviceworker](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/commit/e6199cfb5b9d13b0e4bb590b80c09ba3614877e6)
- Adding general UI components
  - [amp-sidebar](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/commit/99634b18310129f4260e4172cb2750ae7b8ffbf0)
  - [amp-image-lightbox](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/commit/e6006f9ca516ae5d7d79267976d3df39cc1f9636)
  - [amp-accordion](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/commit/1aae4eee37ec80c6ea9b822fb43ecce73feb7df6)


text:
Atlanta Fed
Is There a Taylor Rule for All Seasons?
Faster Wage Growth for the Lowest-Paid Workers
Is Job Switching on the Decline?
Private and Central Bank Digital Currencies
New Evidence Points to Mounting Trade Policy Effects on U.S. Business Activity
Digging into Older Americans' Flat Participation Rate
Monetary Policy Report Press Conference Opening Statement
Bank of Canada maintains overnight rate target at 1 ¾ percent
Monetary Policy Report – January 2020
Central bank group to assess potential cases for central bank digital currencies
Business Outlook Survey—Winter 2019–20
Canadian Survey of Consumer Expectations—Fourth Quarter of 2019
Fireside Chat – Stephen S. Poloz, Governor
Bank of International Settlement
Cross-border resolution cooperation and information-sharing: an overview of home and host authority experience
Bad bank resolutions and bank lending
Impending arrival – a sequel to the survey on central bank digital currency
The green swan
FX spot and swap market liquidity spillovers
Using mirror data to track international banking
The cost of steering in financial markets: evidence from the mortgage market
Bank Of Japan
Services Producer Price Index (Dec.)
Statistics on Securities Financing Transactions in Japan
Minutes of the Monetary Policy Meeting on December 18 and 19, 2019
Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey (Jan.)
T-Bills Purchased by the Bank of Japan
Japanese Government Bonds Held by the Bank of Japan
Outlook for Economic Activity and Prices (January 2020, full text)
ECB Press Releases
Christine Lagarde: Entretien avec France 2
Have you heard the news? News can affect markets : The effects of economic news on expectations of future financial performance
Do government dollars drive recovery? : The conventional wisdom and data behind government spending during recessions
Working 9 to 5: Women make up more of the workforce : A look at women in the workforce by sector
What fuels air pollution? : A look at CO2 emissions by fuel type
Native Americans in the U.S. : A look at county-level Native American population data
Globalization affects India, too : A look at trade openness and the labor income share in India
A New Year's resolution: More homemade food : Food prices for dining out vs. staying home
FT Money Supply
Money Supply 2014-07-29 13:41:38
ECB caught up in economists' spat
TLTRO: how well has the ECB targeted its loans?
Live blog: Mario Draghi's monthly ECB press conference
Japan's inflation expectations: glass half empty?
Carney's (old) new normal
ECB's Cœuré backs student calls to overhaul economics curriculum
iMFdirect
Tentative Stabilization, Sluggish Recovery?
Ensuring the Benefits of Capital Flows in the Middle East
Cybersecurity Threats Call for a Global Response
Reduce Inequality To Create Opportunity
Top 10 Charts of the Week for 2019
Striking the Right Balance Between Sustainable Development and Sustainable Debt
Weekly links May 10: why CCTs aren't enforced before elections, when evidence isn't used, digitalizing data, and more…
Labor Data and Quantity/Quality Tradeoffs
A different take on "Targeting the Ultra-Poor" programs
Weekly links May 3: reducing survey non-response or perhaps it is ok, s-values, an award for incentives, and more…
Gender bias and getting grants
Capturing cost data: a first-mile problem
Weekly links April 26: Submissions fees coming to a journal near you, recursive rankings, business mentoring, stop your workers quitting by letting them complain, and more…
JP Koning: Moneyness
What happens when a 96 bitcoin ransom payment ends up on Bitfinex?
Monetary policy is not a tightrope
Flooding or marijuana? Two theories for falling cash demand
Cryptocurrency in a land of strict gambling laws
The Watergate banknotes
Buying coffee with Tesla shares
Bitcoin and sanctions
New York Fed
How Does Tick Size Affect Treasury Market Quality?
How Does Information Affect Liquidity in Over-the-Counter Markets?
What's in A(AA) Credit Rating?
The Evolving Market for U.S. Sovereign Credit Risk
The New York Fed DSGE Model Forecast—December 2019
Banking System Vulnerability: Annual Update
Growth Has Slowed across the Region
Statement by Philip Lowe, Governor: Monetary Policy Decision
Review of Retail Payments Regulation – Issues Paper
34th South Pacific Central Bank Governors' Meeting
Next Generation of Banknotes: $20 Enters General Circulation
Assessment of ASX Clearing and Settlement Facilities – September 2019
Reserve Bank releases background papers and response to submissions on Capital Review
Reserve Bank welcomes Government decision on Bank's future objectives
Updated weights for Trade-Weighted Index
Reserve Bank requires improvements to ANZ New Zealand's director attestation processes
Reserve Bank alerting of phone call scam
Higher bank capital means safer banking system for all New Zealanders
Council of Financial Regulators sets work priorities for 2020
SNB & CHF: The Swiss National Bank and Swiss Franc Blog
USD/CHF Price Analysis: Weak below 21-day EMA, two-week-old falling trendline`
Sollen Zentralbanken Klimapolitik betreiben?
Wdh Devisen: Euro fällt nach EZB zu Dollar und Franken
Devisen: Euro bewegt sich kaum – Warten auf EZB-Entscheidungen
SNB's Jordan: Franc exchange rate is important in relation to Swiss monetary conditions
USD/CHF Price Analysis: MACD turns bearish for the first time in a week
SNB's Maechler: SNB will not change policy after being put on watch list by US
2020-01-27 – Press release – Important monetary policy data for the week ending 24 January 2020
2020-01-21 – Press release – Central bank group to assess potential cases for central bank digital currencies
2020-01-15 – Financial markets – Public bonds of the Swiss Confederation according to maturity (situation at 15.01.2020)
2020-01-14 – Statistics – IMF Special Data Dissemination Standard (SNB Data), 14 January 2020
2020-01-09 – Statistics – IMF Special Data Dissemination Standard (SNB Data), 9 January 2020
Tony Yates: Long and Variable
Monetary policy delegation rebounded, and an odd trade-off
Dismantling and devolving the pernicious union
Brexit: the mutually inconsistent views of the desirable anchor and the stormy constitutional sea
Asymmetric radicalization of Leavers and [most other] Remainers
The changing calculus of Scottish Independence
Lewis Goodall's 'Remainers are rubbish' conclusion.
Not entirely negative about Positive Money
Go to European
Home / JP Koning: Moneyness / The life and death of an internet monetary meme
The life and death of an internet monetary meme
Jp Koning September 18, 2019	JP Koning: Moneyness
Jp Koning
My articles My siteMy books
Follow on:Twitter
Over the last few years I've increasingly crossed paths with the following claim on the internet: "The average life expectancy for a fiat currency is 27 years." Is this claim true? What definitions are being used? I mean, are we talking about inconvertible paper money here, or currency that was convertible into gold, too? I finally got curious enough that I decided to chase down the source of this meme. After all, without knowing what data it is based on, it's hard to evaluate the claim's truthfulness. Below I give a description of my trek through internet history.The average-life-of-fiat meme has become particularly popular among cryptocurrency types. For instance, here is Jimmy Song, a popular bitcoin educator/developer, confidently invoking the slogan back in 2017: "When a society
Jp Koning considers the following as important: Bitcoin, fiat money, Gold, inflation
Jp Koning writes What happens when a 96 bitcoin ransom payment ends up on Bitfinex?
Jp Koning writes Cryptocurrency in a land of strict gambling laws
IMFBlog writes Top 10 Charts of the Week for 2019
Jp Koning writes Bitcoin and sanctions
Over the last few years I've increasingly crossed paths with the following claim on the internet: "The average life expectancy for a fiat currency is 27 years." Is this claim true? What definitions are being used? I mean, are we talking about inconvertible paper money here, or currency that was convertible into gold, too?
I finally got curious enough that I decided to chase down the source of this meme. After all, without knowing what data it is based on, it's hard to evaluate the claim's truthfulness. Below I give a description of my trek through internet history.
The average-life-of-fiat meme has become particularly popular among cryptocurrency types. For instance, here is Jimmy Song, a popular bitcoin educator/developer, confidently invoking the slogan back in 2017:
"When a society lacks prudence, what happens is that the society collapses or goes into chaos. It's not a coincidence that the average lifespan of a fiat currency is only 27 years."
A long list of cryptocurrency luminaries have dutifully mentioned the meme including Dan Held (2018), Taylor Pearson (2019), Barry Silbert (2019), Tuur Demeester (2015), Francis Pouliot (2018), and Adam Back (2019). Grayscale Investments, a firm that provides cryptocurrency-based investment products, even includes it in their marketing material:
Hey @GrayscaleInvest. You say on your website that fiat currencies have "an average life expectancy of just 27 years." Do you have the data to back up your claim? https://t.co/sscStL8efj @barrysilbert pic.twitter.com/bIj7D3ZWaS
— John Paul Koning (@jp_koning) September 17, 2019
As is often the case these days, crypto bugs have cribbed their ideas from their older cousins, the gold bugs. Nathan Lewis, author of Gold: The Once and Future Money, mentioned the idea in written testimony to Congress in 2012. Ralph Benko, a gold standard advocate, invoked the meme in a 2011 article. And Max Keiser, a long-time gold bug turned cryptocurrency advocate, began mentioning it as early as 2013. Where did Keiser, Benko, and Lewis get the meme from?
One of the meme's earliest and most cited appearances comes from Washington's Blog, a platform for a group of anonymous financial writers. We know little about this group except for the fact that George, "website owner and lead writer – is a busy professional, a former adjunct professor, an American and a family man."
In August 2011, Washington's Blog published an article with the brutally long title The Average Life Expectancy of a Fiat Currency is 27 Years... Every 30 to 40 Years the Reigning Monetary System Fails And Has To Be Retooled. The author failed to explain how the 27 years claim was derived. Instead, he/she relied on another article by a writer named Chris Mack for backup. In a disclaimer the author noted that "I don't know Chris Mack," and thus couldn't vouch for the figures. "However," he/she went on to say, "the general concept is correct."
That's an odd way to do analysis, no? I've to this number for you, 27. I don't know how the number was generated, or who came up with it. But it's good enough. So go ahead and use it.
After a bit of hunting, I found Chris Mack's article here (the link at Washington's blog is dead). It is dated January 2011, pushing back the meme's genesis by another few months. At the time, Mack was President of Trade Placer, a "real-time marketplace where you can buy or sell items such as gold, silver, platinum, wine and other collectibles." Now he is the CEO at Levidge, a platform for trading cryptocurrencies. Note again the well-trodden corridor between gold buggery and crypto buggery.
Anyways, in 2011 Mack wrote:
"According to a study of 775 fiat currencies by DollarDaze.org, there is no historical precedence for a fiat currency that has succeeded in holding its value. 20 percent failed through hyperinflation, 21 percent were destroyed by war, 12 percent destroyed by independence, 24 percent were monetarily reformed, and 23 percent are still in circulation approaching one of the other outcomes.
The average life expectancy for a fiat currency is 27 years, with the shortest life span being one month. "
Mack mentions a study by DollarDaze, but doesn't provide a link to the article. Aha, the missing data! I hopped over to DollarDaze's website, a blog dedicated to talking about the failings of the U.S. dollar. But there are no blog posts older than 2018. No study, folks.
This puts all the meme users--Jimmy Song, Grayscale, Max Keiser, and the rest--in an absurd situation. There are some words on some websites about a study, but ask our meme users where the study is and none of them can actually find it. Did it ever exist? Why are they so confidently transmitting data when there is no data? DollarDaze has got to be right, no? How could you doubt it, JP?
Since no one was able to help me, I turned to the Wayback Machine to see if I could pull up older versions of the DollarDaze website. It took a while, but I finally found pay dirt. Back in 2009 the editor of DollarDaze, Mike Hewitt, wrote an article entitled The Fate of Paper Money. I tried to track Hewitt down, but he seems to have disappeared from the internet.
No matter. Finally, some data to evaluate! In his article, Hewitt claims to have counted 176 currencies in circulation and 599 currencies that are not in circulation. Of the 599 in his discontinued list, Hewitt comments that the "median age for these currencies is only fifteen years!" He provides links to both lists (1 and 2).
I downloaded Hewitt's list of 599 defunct currencies and put it into an Excel spreadsheet. The median age is indeed 15 years, as Hewitt claims, and the average is 27 years, as Mack claims in his subsequent 2011 article. So voila, we finally have the basis for the modern internet meme that the average age of a fiat currency is just 27 years. It's based on Hewitt's list of 599 dead currencies, with Mack taking the average duration. (They conveniently don't include the list of 176 existing currencies in their calculation, which would have increased the number).
Now for my criticisms.
The 27-years meme has been used for many years now as a prop for making gold and cryptocurrencies look good. "Ha ha, suckers! Only 27 years until your paper is worthless!" But many of the 599 defunct currencies in Hewitt's list weren't failures. Rather, they were replaced for political, economic, and cultural reasons.
And things haven't improved much from there other than getting better at not imploding in 5months flat, tho there are appalling stats about the lifetime of fiat currencies since inception (27 years average). the oldest is the GBP at 317 years and even it lost > 99.5% of value.
— Adam Back (@adam3us) July 31, 2019
For instance, the list contains all of the pre-euro currencies (Dutch gulder, French franc, Italian lira, etc). These currencies had good reasons for disappearing: they were swapped for a new monetary unit. Existing currency holders weren't robbed. They were fairly compensated for this switch.
Another example of monetary reorganization occurred in East Africa. From 1919 to the 1960s, Britain's former east African colonies relied on the East African shilling, produced by the East African Currency Board. When these countries gained their independence, the currency board was dismantled. In its place Kenya began issuing its own shillings at par with the old ones, as did Tanzania and Uganda.
In each case, existing owners of East African shillings could convert their holdings into new currency. No wealth was being destroyed during any of these switches. But people who throw around the phrase the average life expectancy for a fiat currency is 27 years as a criticism of the very institution of currency are using the data in a way that implicitly assumes that the East African experience--and others like it--were negative. They weren't.
So the idea that Hewitt's list somehow measures the length of time between a fiat currency's birth and its impending worthlessness is just wrong. I'd go even go so far as to say that the plasticity of the listed currencies is one of their strengths. As national borders change and political circumstances shift, the writing on the bills should be updated too.
Hewitt's list contains many data errors. He makes the odd claim that the Japanese gold oban and silver momme were created in 1904 and met their end in a hyperinflation in 1905. But these were both historic Japanese coins that had existed for centuries. Hewitt also lists the U.S. greenback ("US Paper Dollar) as lasting from 1862 to 1878. But this isn't correct. Greenbacks were repegged to gold in 1878, but they continued to be issued for many decades after.
Or take Hewitt's categorization of British Military Authority (BMA) lira as dying in hyperinflation. This is an odd claim to make. BMA Lira were issued in Libya by occupying British forces both during and after World War II to provide the nation with a circulating medium. These notes were basically a military version of the British pound, with 480 lira equal to a pound sterling. In 1951 BMA Lira notes were converted into Libyan pounds, issued by Libya's new currency board, at a rate of 480-to-1. No hyperinflation here.
Finally, take Hewitt's claim that the Hawaiian dollar was "destroyed" by WWII. Not so. I've written about the Hawaiian overprints before. To protect against a potential Japanese invasion of Hawaii (and a confiscation of dollars by Japanese soldiers) all dollars on Hawaii were overprinted. Once the threat of Japanese invasion had disappeared they were swapped for regular U.S. dollars and withdrawn . But not a single Hawaiian lost anything during the entire process.
I don't want to nitpick too much, but given that it only took me a few minutes to find these four mistakes, one can only conclude that the rest of Hewitt's list is riddled with errors.
Finally, there are some semantic issues. Fiat currency is generally considered to be inconvertible money. It can't be redeemed for gold or silver. The world really only shifted onto a fiat standard between 1968-71 as the dollar ceased to be redeemed in gold. But Hewitt's list is replete with many metallic currencies (i.e. the riksdaler riksmynt). Are people using his data to make a claim about currencies in general, or just fiat ones? The meme isn't clear on this.
So having examined the life an internet monetary meme, I'd like to kill it. It's time for us to retire the idea that says that "the average life expectancy for a fiat currency is 27 years." God knows there's plenty of problems with currencies. But good criticism requires diligence and accurate data. The meme in question is an example of sloppy work and bad data.
I know that the crypts and the bugs and the fiats are engaged in constant meme warfare--the bugs and the fiats for many decades now, the crypts only joining the battle a few years ago. Messages must be crafted for best efficiency, whether this be to pump bitcoin to the moon, or to push gold into the stratosphere, or to lock the fiat system in place. But most of the serious people involved in these debates, no matter which side, still keep at least one foot in the truth. Let's flush the 27-years meme down the toilet, folks.
Bitcoin fiat money Gold inflation	2019-09-18
Tags Bitcoin fiat money Gold inflation
About Jp Koning
Working in the bowels of the finance industry. Blogging about monetary phenomena is my side gig.
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Longest Snapchat Streak 2019: How to Increase Snapchat Streak?
1 What does snapchat streak mean?
2 What do the Emojis Mean on Snapstreaks?
3 How Do the Snapstreak Rewards Display?
4 How do I keep a snap streak going?
4.1 Method 1: Maintain snaps every day between you and your friends.
4.2 Method 2: send at least two snaps per day to avoid cleaning.
4.3 Method 3: Send a reminder message to your friends if they late for reply.
4.4 Method 4: add a value before your friend's name to move their snap streaks to the top.
4.5 Method 5: sending photos or videos to your friends is better than the text messages.
5 How to Get Back a Lost Snapstreak?
7 Wrap Up: How to Increase Snapchat Streak?
SnapChat is one of the most interesting and popular social media among the youth in order to get the longest Snapchat Streak to achieve the highest score.
But many of you gets confused about Longest Snapchat Streak: How to Increase Snapchat Streak? Don't worry we are here to help you out.
It is known for its mind blowing features like emojis and snap streaks. You will get some points on sending or receiving snaps from your friends or any near or dear ones that adds in the rise of your overall snapchat score which is displayed on the profile below the DP of a Snapchat user.
Today, in this handy guide, we are going to discuss ll the important aspects of snapchat and also the things you need to keep an eye on to let your profile shines among all the rest.
So, what are we waiting for? Let's dig in!
What does snapchat streak mean?
Snapchat streak is the snap produced when there is a reinforce between you and your friend once a day within 24 hours.
After a time period of three days, you will get to see a fire icon beside the new number that represents your snapchat streaks.
It is not easy to maintain longest snap streak. You have to maintain the streaks to maintain the snapchat highest score.
What do the Emojis Mean on Snapstreaks?
There are a number of snapchat emojis available. These emojis are displayed with snap streaks beside the name of your friend. The three basics of them usually are the fire streak emoji, the yellow heart streak emoji and the red heart streak emoji.
Now, in this section of today's article, we are going to discuss the meaning of longest snapchat fire streak along with the rest of the two mentioned above.
You will get to see fire emoji snap streak if you snap back and forth more than one day. It clearly depicts that your relationship is on fire! Interesting though! But that doesn't mean that there is any specific relationship is there.
No! Its not like that. Relationship with any of the snapper is on fire, it means. That's all.
Longest Snapchat yellow heart Streak is also same in the case. This image appears when you snap-streak someone and get the streak back.
Longest Snapchat red heart Streak is the next in the list to be discussed. Whenever you snap streak back or forth more than once in a week, the emoji is displayed automatically.
How Do the Snapstreak Rewards Display?
'Fire' , 100 days snap streak reward 'Hundred' (in case you hit the 100 days Snapchat streak or your streak is on an end)are some of the emoji snapchat uses to display some of the snapstreak award display.
Although there is no any trophies specified to do so but thee are some to specify feelings. Also, 'Hourglass' trophy is used to specify that your snapstreak is about to end or few hours are left only to send or receive streaks.
How do I keep a snap streak going?
longest snapchat streak ever starts when you start sending pictures and videos with your friends. It's not tough at all but the main challenge gets into action when you need to increase the snaps and make it going.
Method 1: Maintain snaps every day between you and your friends.
To work on longest snapchat streak between friends, try as much as you can to send the videos as well as snaps with your friends. Make it a part of your daily habit.
Remember, it's not only you, who will keep the track of sending snaps on a regular basis but even your friends also need to actively participate in it. Your friends need to snap back to you within 24 hours otherwise you will lose your snap.
If you get to see an hourglass emoji appear next to the name of your contact, then it clearly mean your streak is about to expire soon.
Thus, you need to send or receive a snap between each other before the few hour left time to end.
Method 2: send at least two snaps per day to avoid cleaning.
You must have to send at least two snaps a day in order to avoid cleaning Snapchat as snapchat has its own rules that must be adhered to make Snapchat Streak continuous.
Method 3: Send a reminder message to your friends if they late for reply.
You can send your friend any video or picture to maintain thelongest snapchat streak possible.
Although it's not necessary for you to send quality images or videos. All you need to do is to send them every day. But how to remember it? I know you have a number of other stuffs as well to work.
You can achieve it by using your mobile phone and putting an alert message every morning reminding you of the sending streaks. You will be notified each morning and thus will never left missing.
Method 4: add a value before your friend's name to move their snap streaks to the top.
You need to add a value to your friend's name if there is some ongoing streaks with your friends. Just add "aa" at the beginning of their names to see your friends you snaps with on the top of the contact list.
How does it helps? Well it helps in sorting out the names! YES, you heard me right. After adding the initials, the contacts list will be sort by the first letter of your friend's name and thus you will get to see the edited contacts on the top of the contact list.
Not only this but also one will never forget to snap with their friends again.
Method 5: sending photos or videos to your friends is better than the text messages.
As mentioned above, to maintain longest snapchat streak record you need to send videos or pictures on a daily basis. Remember sending a photo or video message is better than sending a text message.
So if you are sending a text to your near and dear ones, do not forget to include your any of the picture or your dog's picture along with the text message.
How to Get Back a Lost Snapstreak?
If you have lost any of the snapstreak or your longest snapchat streak broken, then its okay, don't worry at all. Just relax, its common though!
You can get lost Snapchat streak back using these following step offered by SnapChat.
Step 1: Open the official website of SnapChat and go to the support page from there. Here is the required link for it. You will get to see an image attached below.
Step 2: Next, look beside the 'Still need help?' option and click on the YES button depicted below.
Step 3: As soon as you will click on it, you will get a new window. Click on 'My Snapstreaks have disappeared' subject from the contact us page window shown below.
Step 4: Again a 'Still need help?' option will appear. All you need to do is to scroll down and click on YES option again to get the longest snapchat streak.
Step 5: Next, you have to fill up the contact form after clicking on the YES button. After filling it up, submit the form.
Note: Take your time and Fill the details carefully!
That's all. The process is done. SnapChat will store back the lost Snapchat Streak for sure. You will get a response message from Snapchat support team in maximum 24 hours.
Below is the updated list of longest and highest snapchat streaks of 2018.
Brandon (Score: 1049, Date: 03/18/2018).
Ambyr (Score: 1049, Date: 03/18/2018).
Simon (Score: 1048, Date: 03/07/2018).
sydney (Score: 1043, Date: 03/06/2018).
Nora (Score: 1272, Date: 06/10/2018).
Robin (Score: 1128, Date: 06/08/2018).
Daniel (Score: 1128, Date: 06/08/2018).
Sarah (Score: 1122, Date: 06/05/2018).
Miska (Score: 1121, Date: 05/16/2018).
Finn (Score: 1110, Date: 05/21/2018).
Jordan (Score: 1043, Date: 03/08/2018).
Kara (Score: 1037, Date: 03/12/2018).
Katie (Score: 1032, Date: 03/17/2018).
Meig (Score: 1030, Date: 03/09/2018).
Amarisa (Score: 1096, Date: 04/11/2018).
Cody (Score: 1086, Date: 05/26/2018).
Lane (Score: 1077, Date: 04/19/2018).
Livia (Score: 1075, Date: 04/16/2018).
Akayla (Score: 1070, Date: 06/11/2018).
Samantha (Score: 1069, Date: 05/29/2018).
Gabrielle (Score: 1057, Date: 03/13/2018).
Mackenzie (Score: 1055, Date: 03/09/2018).
Olivia (Score: 1049, Date: 03/14/2018).
Wrap Up: How to Increase Snapchat Streak?
Helloooo Guys! Hope you are doing well! So what are your plans to take your profile on to some another level? Follow Longest Snapchat Streak: How to Increase Snapchat Streak? methods described above and let your name stand out of the all.
In case, you have got any doubts or confusions there to ask, don't hesitate feel free to comment in the comment section below!
Eoin Morgan write content about Technology, Social Media & other stuff on Technoven blog. When he's not busy writing article, he enjoys traveling, playing games and adventuring.


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Do you want your system to prompt you when to do things? Integrated workflow delivers this, emailing, texting or prompting you if a budget is met or exceeded, a quote falls below minimum acceptable profitability and the sales rep cannot authorize but a manager is alerted to do so, keep inventory drops below the buffer level, and any other indicators you choose. Also you can link "To-Dos" into a complete workflow, so that you are prompted for all steps in a repetitive task - always with drilldown to the task itself.
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This ingredient is an unsung hero to balancing oil production, but how much it too much?
You may have heard of this ingredient as a supplement to support vitamin B3 deficiency – that or Niacin. More recently, the skincare industry is going mad over the topical treatment of Niacinamide due to its ability to penetrate the stratum corneum – the outer most layer of the skin – while delivering antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, photo-protective, sebum-reducing, and lightening effects when applied topically. Now that's more than a few benefits.
Bear in mind, these benefits are dependent on the concentration of Niacinamide that is being applied, as well as the bioavailability of the ingredient, which refers to how much of the substance entering circulation is able to have an active effect.
It's a water-soluble vitamin, that includes forms of vitamin B3 for topical treatments include niacinamide, nicotinic acid (also referred to as niacin), and nicotinate esters. Niacinamide is the most commonly used as it's the most well-studied and regarded as the most efficacious. Other forms, particularly at higher concentrations, can cause flushing, meaning that the skin can form irritation and redness. An important factor to note is that although niacinamide has powerful action, it can be used in formulations at concentrations up to 5%, with a very low incidence of irritation. Anything above that percentage could be irritative and cause redness known as the 'Niacinamide Flush'.
Niacinamide has shown to have a stabilising effect on the skin, reducing what is known as trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), effectively balancing oils and improving the moisture content in the skin. In ageing skin, topical application of niacinamide improves surface structure, smoothing out wrinkles and inhibiting the process of photocarcinogenesis – the process of sun-induced cancer. It's possible that niacinamide also demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects in skin conditions such as acne, rosacea and irritations.
Using this ingredient as part of your skincare routine is something for anyone to consider, however going in misguided and experiencing adverse effects is something many result in.
Read our full review on The Ordinary's 10% Niacinamide + 1% Zinc Serum.
It's important to understand the concentration of this ingredient in your products. Anything above 5% may cause irritations to the skin, even if you aren't prone to redness or irritation usually. Finding this percentage can be difficult, so look for a product that has it 4th or 5th on the ingredients listing.
You might see plenty of serums on the shelves marketed at 10% Niacinamide. This concentration, in conjunction with strong acids such as ascorbic acid, will begin to convert Niacinamide into Niacin, however it does depend on the pH of the formula. Although niacinamide is quite stable, in the right conditions it can hydrolyse, and in order to safely use these ingredients together, the right concentrations need to be considered. Another journal article also shown that when the two were used together topically, a 1:1 ratio is formed, reducing both in potency and almost cancelling each other out.
Although it's quite unlikely for hydrolysis to occur when these two products are used in a topical formula, anybody that has AHAs as part of their routine needs to be mindful of their power and interactions.
Unless you are being guided by a professional to see how your skin is reacting to this routine, I would advise you not to mix these two ingredients. This goes without saying by now, but if you suffer from sensitivities, avoid this combination altogether, and even reconsider using any form of acid on your skin.
Do you use Niacinamide as part of your routine?
Did you consider ingredient interactions when shopping for new products?
Do you have a good story to tell?
— Get involved! We're always on the lookout for new tales. Contact us here.
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text:
ANOTHER GDC BIGWIG QUITS
By Tabora Bojang
, the regional assistant secretary for the opposition Gambia Democratic Congress in Upper River Region has resigned from his position and left the party.
This comes barely a week after the resignation of the party's deputy leader Yusupha Jaiteh and seven other top rankers.
Speaking to The Standard on the reason his quitting the Mamma Kandeh-led party, Camara said he was convinced to jump ship after President Adama Barrow called on Gambians from all political sides to join him and work towards the development of the country. He said he had no personal gripes with anyone in his former party but pointed to the "lack of transparency within the GDC" as push factor for him.
Camara who claimed to having "made the GDC what it is today in the Wuli region", contested in the last parliamentary election for the party in the Wuli West constituency losing to the political titan Sedia Jatta of the PDOIS.
He explained: "I have no time for being opposition. I want to associate myself with a party that is concerned with the development of The Gambia. This is a small country and there is neither advantage nor benefit for me to oppose the plans of the incumbent. "I made my decision having listened to President Barrow during his meeting in Sutukonding where he renewed his call for Gambians to join him at State House to advance the development of the country since politics is now over. From that moment, I decided to strip off the opposition shirt and throw it away."
The former APRC councillor derided the GDC for being opaque and Kandeh "single-handedly controlling everything."
He queried: "You cannot be a party leader and be the boss in control of everything in that party. Mamma Kandeh is everything in the GDC and that prompted me to plan to stand and contest against him in the [GDC] congress because I want transparency and accountability to prevail."
Previous articleWHAT NEXT AS GFF ELECTION NEARS?
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The Heavy Metal Necklace project can be created with any of your favorite chain styles. Start with our recommended styles below or shop our Bulk Chain to choose your own.
Cut your heaviest chain down to two lengths of 6 inches. These will be the main lengths of your necklace.
Open all four of the jump rings and use two of them to attach the toggle clasp to the chain. One ring attaches the bar, the other ring attaches the loop. Close each of these jump rings and then attach each of the two remaining open jump rings to the free chain ends.
Thread on all of the other lengths of chain between the two remaining open jump rings. Make sure to thread the lengths of chain in the same order on each of the open jump rings so as not to tangle the lengths of chain up in one another.
Close the two remaining jump rings. Done!


DDI Technology is pleased announce it has received the endorsement of the South Carolina Automobile Dealers Association (SCADA) for both Electronic Vehicle Registration (EVR) and the new Temporary Tag program launching in 2019.
DDI's Premier EVR™ solution provides features and services that have made it the system of choice for dealers seeking to reduce exceptions, process quicker and ensure their customers are able to drive away faster and a higher level of customer satisfaction. Additionally, dealers have access to 50 state title and registration services with DDI's Title & Registration Services (TRS), allowing them to service their customer no matter where home may be.
In addition to DDI's EVR and TRS capabilities, if a dealer is requesting a lien notation on a title for a DDI Electronic Lien & Title (ELT) customer, notifications are automatically sent to the lender once the title application has been submitted. This seamless integration benefits both dealer and lender and gives confidence to lenders regarding lien placement for collateral management.


text:
package com.intel.analytics.bigdl.nn.ops

import com.intel.analytics.bigdl.tensor.Tensor
import com.intel.analytics.bigdl.utils.T
import org.scalatest.{FlatSpec, Matchers}

class L2LossSpec extends FlatSpec with Matchers {
  "L2Loss Double operation" should "works correctly" in {
    val input =
      Tensor[Double](
        T(
          T(1.5, 2.1, 2.9),
          T(0.5, 1.1, 1.9)
        ))

    val expectOutput = Tensor[Double](T(10.07))

    val output = L2Loss[Double]().forward(input)
    output should be(expectOutput)
  }

  "L2Loss Float operation" should "works correctly" in {
    val input =
      Tensor[Float](
        T(
          T(1.5f, 2.1f, 2.9f),
          T(0.5f, 1.1f, 1.9f)
        ))

    val expectOutput = Tensor[Float](T(10.07f))

    val output = L2Loss[Float]().forward(input)
    output should be(expectOutput)
  }
}