Ruth Mason McElvain, retired English teacher, blogger, gardener and writer, lives in upstate South Carolina, blissfully repatriated to her native South after 40 years in California.
Pickles ready for a pickle tasting with my sisters. Three colorful ones are more Lee Brothers' fresh pickles: watermelon and basil, radish and onion, and grapes with rosemary. The processed pickles are okra, green tomato, kosher dills, and crisp Squeaky Sweets.
Perhaps your earliest memories are also of Southern tables whose pickled treasures travelled from hand to hand at nearly every meal: chowchow, bread and butter pickles, pickled plums and peaches studded with cloves, sweet watermelon rind, piccalilli, pepper sauce and other piquant concoctions that enliven our Southern cuisine. And who can forget the shadowy recesses of old stores on country highways. At the counter where you paid for your strawberry Nehi and Stage Plank cookies were giant jars of pickles – pig feet in murky liquid, huge pungent dills and perfectly smooth boiled eggs – like porcelain spheres floating in brine. Pickles are serious business to Southerners.
Don't let the involved process of canning scare you away from the benefits of putting up your own condiments. Like any new skill, you soon find your rhythm and it becomes second nature. Here you see all you need for the final step of jarring and capping sweet pickles.
When I moved back to the South after 40 California years, I also planned to pickle the fruit of my Southern victory garden. As I was raising four sons in the '70s, I canned the wealth of San Jose's fruit trees, disappearing remnants in our neighborhoods of once-vast orchards: pears, apricots, peaches, cherries, plums and apples, also making jams and pickles and sauces. I was raring to go.
While the new garden was growing, I dug up sweet pickle and kosher dill recipes my mother in law taught me in my twenties, trolled the Internet, library, cookbooks, and canvassed everyone, for pickling recipes. I unboxed my canner pot with its rack inside and the tongs for handling hot jars. I found canning jars in my mother's basement, at thrift stores, and big box stores, also adding a new canning funnel, lids and bands, a magnet on a wand to retrieve lids from hot water, alum, spices, white and cider vinegar, pickling salt, and sugar. People I knew saved bottles for pepper sauce and I scouted for pouring spouts. No old crocks handy, I got a 3½-gallon glass jar at TJ Maxx for brining pickles, all on a mission to renew an old love.
A canner is convenient for water bath processing. It's deep enough to allow boiling water action at the proper 1-inch depth over quart jars and comes with a rack for holding jars, necessary to prevent direct contact with pot bottom, thus avoiding breakage. I have another rack to fit a smaller pot just deep enough for half pints and smaller.
Canning demands safe kitchen practices or else you dump out a whole spoiled harvest. Jar manufacturers include pamphlets for correct canning procedures, and information is handy at myriad sources. My information and many recipes came from the website of the National Center for Home Food Preparation: nchfp.uga.edu/publications/publications_usda.html.
Canning steps are logical and easy to follow once you get your rhythm and organization down, with rewarding efforts. It's gratifying to visit what our forebears considered routine in the past: the fragrant industry of a busy kitchen, jars gleaming from hot soapy water and boiling canner, spicy brews simmering in pots, sweet and pungent foods ladled into jars, and lids popping with a thrilling ping as filled jars cool.
These are what a local farmer called "Indian" peaches, which turned red in the pot as I pickled them and fell apart in the jar, not a success. You win some, you lose some is how I see it.
My pantry shelves soon sported various sized jars and bottles of condiments, including chowchow, pepper sauce, kosher dills, sweet pickles, pickled peaches and pickled okra. The sweet and zippy chowchow only had a fan or two. I pickled what a local farmer calls Indian peaches that turned a deep red and fell apart in the jars, disappointingly nothing like the tangy golden orbs my grandma made. Others were major successes, though. My sister pops the sweet pickles like candy, relishing the crisp crunch straight from our childhood. The dills make great potato salad and hamburger accents. Some recipients of my pepper sauce use it at nearly every meal, including the best cook you ever met. Most popular of all, surprising in a family who nearly all shun okra unless it's fried, the pickled okra was the most acclaimed and clamored for. Pickling eliminates the viscous okra texture and highlights its satisfying flavor. A pod or two is perfect with pimiento cheese or chicken salad sandwiches. It's one I'll do again this season.
All you need to make kosher dills: cucumbers, pickling salt, spices, garlic, grape leaf, brine. • As my okra plants may give enough fruit for just a jar at a time, I often process one jar alone: Easy! Pack 'em, season 'em, process 'em in a small pot on the back burner while I surf on my nearby computer! • Pickled grapes with rosemary are the surprisingly delicious inspiration of The Lee brothers. These fresh pickles are quick and simple, the crisp, sweet grape amazingly complemented by salty brine and hints of garlic and rosemary. Google the recipe, or buy their book Simple Fresh Southern, chock-full of other fresh takes on Southern cuisine.
Southerners also enjoy fresh pickled dishes like sliced cucumber onions that marinate in equal parts water and cider vinegar, a little sugar, and generous salt and pepper; tastier made an hour or so before dinner is served, or better yet, a day ahead. The onions get sweet and tangy. My father always insisted on finely diced onions doused in cider vinegar near him at the table to eat with greens or peas.
The big guns of brining pickles or the ambitious process of home canning is not for everyone, but you can enjoy much simpler refrigerator pickles, easy recipes to make a dish or two at a time with any leftovers good in the refrigerator for a week. These pickles are like the bowl of cucumbers and onions, made fresh when needed.
A must-try are the fresh pickles that Charleston's Lee brothers introduce in their book Simple Fresh Southern. Their inspired inventions mix carrot sticks and dill, watermelon cubes with basil; grapes and rosemary; zucchini and onion; radishes and garlic; beets with ginger; lemon and cucumber. The most surprising and delicious are the grapes pickled with rosemary, garlic and chili flakes. Google the recipe and taste grapes crisp and sweet when freshly made, deliciously complemented by salt and sour with hints of garlic, heat and rosemary – great as impromptu party food with cheeses and crusty bread or for Thanksgiving's relish tray. Chef Hugh Acheson's A New Turn in the South has a chapter "Pickles, Put-ups, and Pantry Items" that is equally fun to read and try. His spicy pickled tomatoes using tiny cherry 100s are great with roast chicken, and his green tomato relish hankers for crispy fish or hot dogs.
That famous quip, that God is in the details, relegates pickles to a sacred culinary category, giving new dimensions of detail to dishes they grace. If your life brings generous garden delights to your kitchen, you too can venture into the old art and alchemy of vinegar, salt and spices, either in the long haul of canning, or just one dish made fresh. Whatever you do, when you're setting your table, don't forget the pickles.
A version of this article appeared in a print version of Carolina Gardener Volume 26 Number 9.


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How to Enliven Your Writing
This book presents specific ways to write different types of stories, project ideas, and resources in such a way as to make short story assignments enjoyable. Cartoon illustrations and touches of color make the book attractive. A sample short story takes readers step-by-step through the process, and there are mini-guides on writing humorous, mystery, suspense, science-fiction, and fantasy stories. Lists of recommended stories in each genre are included, as are lists of resources for books and Web sites related to short fiction writing. The easy-to-follow format will appeal to even the most reluctant writers.
Get specific. The more you work at making a character or object unique, the more that character or object will stand out for your reader. For example, the lady in the office is a very minor character who appears only for a moment, but we need to see her as a real person. She isn't simply a lady, but a "pleasant" lady. The "bright red hair" describes her physically.
Use good action verbs. Choose verbs that are exciting and colorful. Instead of saying "ran quickly," we substituted the stronger verb "darted." It creates a much more vivid picture of what Sandy is doing. Go through your story sentence by sentence and look for places you can enliven the writing with strong , active verbs.
Add adjectives. Good adjectives bring people, animals, and things to life. They help create a visual portrait that readers can picture in their heads. It makes the person or thing specific, unique, and interesting. For example the corridor being "long" is descriptive, but this doesn't say much more. By making the corridor "empty" we heighten Sandy's sense of being alone and indicate that she has arrived at school late.
Avoid adverbs. Adverbs modify verbs just as adjectives modify nouns. While adverbs like dangerously and anxiously can improve your writing, a reliance on adverbs can be a crutch for a writer. This is especially true when they are used to describe how someone said something. Example: "Stop that!" Jim shouted angrily. We already know from jim's words and the verb "shouted" that he was angry. The adverb is unnecessary. Better to show Jim's anger through a visual image. Here's an example: "Stop That!" Jim said through gritted teeth. The effect is the same, but we get a visual image that sticks in our mind and shows us how jim feels rather than tells us.
Use metaphors and similes occasionally. Similes and metaphors are comparisons of two unlike things. Similes use words such a "like" or "as" to link two things. Metaphors are direct comparisons that do not use these linking words. By adding the simile "like a swarm of angry bees," Sandy's questions become truly menacing and destructive. When we say her heart is beating "like a tom-tom," you can hear the rapid beat and experience it emotionally. You don't want to sprinkle too many metaphors and similes throughout your story, but used sparingly, they can spruce up your writing and give your story a boost.
Reviewer Renee' says, "I was very impressed with this one. I like the book references offered for comparisons and the way the author walked the readers through a very simple story line and explained the changes made in the process, even suggesting other possibilities. He also gave good insight on basic genres that will be especially helpful to beginners and intermediate writers. Kids of all ages, (including adults), can benefit from this book. The colors, designs, and fun font help break up what could otherwise seem like a very dry, boring book. But they bring it alive and make it more organized and fun. Extra kudos to the designer. I will definitely refer people to this one."
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Reunited 15 years later – Jon Robyns and David Thaxton on their time in Les Misérables
The duo are, for the time being, starring opposite one another at the Sondheim Theatre
Alex Wood
David Thaxton and Jon Robyns
Jon Robyns and David Thaxton are no strangers to appearing on stage together – the pair were first opposite one another in Les Misérables back in 2008, and are now pitted against one another at the same theatre as Jean Valjean and Javert respectively.
Jimmy Johnston (Thenardier), Drew Sarich (Jean Valjean), Allyson Brown (Fantine), Trevor Nunn (Director), Jon Robyns (Marius), Nancy Sullivan (Eponine), David Thaxton (Enjolras), Jackie Marks (Madame Thenardier) and Earl Carpenter (Javert) attend the after show party to celebrate the 23rd birthday of Les Misérables
© Dan Wooller, 2008
We hopped backstage at the theatre to discuss their experiences on the show, as well as what it's like coming onto a new production.
The reunion is entering its final weeks now however, as Robyns prepares to hotfoot it over to Her Majesty's Theatre to appear in The Phantom of the Opera.
Tagged in this Story
Jon Robyns
David Thaxton


As an online buyer, there is something I want to share with you if you are new to internet or buying via internet. Actually there are many friends who are still afraid if buying online. Actually buying online can save you more time and money. Yes it is cheaper to buy online. Especially if you know that you can use coupon code.
For example when I buy custom personal computer, I use cyberpowerpc coupons to get discount. Sometime it has free shipping or another bonuses.


Packing a carry-on bag for a whirlwind 3-week trip through South Africa including safari, business meetings, and family time takes time to perfect. I pack safari khakis and high heels all in one bag and leave my second carry-on ready to stuff with soccer balls and Frisbees to give out along the way. At African Safari Company, we always make sure to take useful supplies and support Pack for a Purpose partners every time we travel!
Just a short note to say thank you for your donation of Frisbees and soccer balls for the children from Tiyimiseleni Orphanage. The children were delighted to receive these items. They had big smiles and enjoyed playing around with them in the playgrounds. They were unsure initially how to use the Frisbees, but got the hang of it quickly! It is with your support and kindness that we are able to make a small difference in these children's lives. Thank you for thinking of them.
With warm regards, Paddy and the Savanna family.
The next two stops were Londolozi and Lion Sands. I had a great talk with one of the owners of Lion Sands at camp about their three school projects and the camp's community involvement. That was the last stop on the safari, but when we arrived in Cape Town, we stopped at a local Checkers (think a South African Kroger) and bought crayons, coloring books, pencils etc! These supplies we left at Cape Cadogan, the sister hotel of Lion Sands, and they went out on the next supply truck back to the Lion Sands supported schools.
I wish we'd had the chance to personally deliver the supplies but it was wonderful to get the photos and feedback and to talk to the staff at each of the camps, who are clearly passionate about the projects they support with Pack for a Purpose!


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Lil' Kim Reveals New Album '9' Tracklist
Fourteen years since her last album, Lil' Kim is set to release her long-awaited album 9 on Oct. 11. In addition to 'Go Awff' and the City Girls and O.T. Genasis-assisted 'Found You,' the nine tracks include appearances from Rick Ross, Musiq Soulchild, and Rich the Kid.
Kim's 5th studio album was originally due in May. Apparently her record label pushed the date back.
Kim's last LP, The Naked Truth, was released in 2005. Although she hasn't put out an album in almost 15 years, the Junior M.A.F.I.A. standout has continued to drop mixtapes over the last decade.
Her most recent tape, 'Lil Kim Season', arrived in 2016.
Pre-order Lil' Kim's long-awaited album 9
Listen to Lil Kim's new single 'Pray For Me' Feat. Rick Ross & Musiq Soulchild
Rick Ross has long ideated himself as a descendant of sorts of Biggie. It's only natural that he got a collaboration with the Queen Bee, Lil Kim, off his bucket list. Ross lent bars to a single from Lil Kim's upcoming album, her first in 14 years.
Happy 44th Birthday, Aaliyah!
50 Cent Says He's Working on an '8 Mile' TV Show With Eminem
Sean Paul Doesn't Actually Say 'Sean de Paul' in His Songs


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In certain cases we may use your email address to send you information on our other products and services. In such cases you will be offered the option to opt in/out before completing your purchase.


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North Korea separatists may steal nuclear, biological and chemical WMDs on regime collapse
There is rising concern the nation's chief, Kim Jong-un, may have died final week after issues from coronary heart surgical procedure. Without a transparent successor, there are fears a bitter civil war may get away within the occasion the ruler's death is confirmed. Now, one US suppose tank is warning the regime's weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) may discover themselves within the arms of separatists or fleeing members of the regime.
Doctor Patrick R. Terrell of the Defense University in Washington DC mentioned: "Individual opportunists, fleeing members of the regime leadership or breakaway separatists could gain access to North Korean WMDs."
He added: "We do not yet face a clear and present existential threat to the American homeland, but we are getting closer each day. The threat will be very real very shortly."
Doctor Terrell spoke of the distinct risk of North Korean weapons of mass destruction being smuggled in another country.
He mentioned: "Scientists closer to the Chinese border may attempt to infiltrate across the land border, while military commanders close to the coast may attempt to smuggle weapons through China aboard fishing boats or coastal submarines."
There can be the chance that North Korean navy commanders may steal nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons to make use of as a method of bartering with the US and South Korean governments to "gain status in a new government, money or safe passage out of the country".
READ MORE:Real reason behind Kim Jong-un's disappearance revealed
Because the US and South Korea possess a strategic benefit over the land, sea, and air routes within the area, the ruling household of North Korea developed methods to make sure they had been nonetheless a substantial risk.
The Kim dynasty first determined to develop a string of unlawful chemical weapons programmes that will enable them to have potent leverage in overseas coverage negotiations.
What adopted was a biological weapons programme, that if not managed wouldn't simply be a risk to the northeastern pacific area, however might be detrimental to the complete globe.
North Korea has massive portions of mustard gasoline and the Second World War-era chemical weapon lewisite.
The most frightful chemical stockpile is the nation's nerve agent program, comparable to the usage of the VX nerve agent to assassinate Kim Jong Nam, Kim Jong Un's half-brother, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Much extra harmful to the broader international neighborhood than chemical weapons are North Korea's stockpiles of biological weapons.
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How Kim Jon-un threatened 'biggest nuclear strike in HISTORY' [OPINION]
Even although it's a member of the Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention, North Korea may readily conduct analysis, improvement, and manufacturing of biological weapons below the guise of reliable pharmaceutical and medical analysis.
According to North Korean defectors and assessments by the US and South Korean governments, North Korea started buying a biological weapons functionality as early because the 1960s below the orders of Kim Il-sung.
Unlike its chemical weapons program, Pyongyang is believed to have constructed its biological program indigenously.
The biological weapons brokers that the regime possesses are the lethal anthrax and smallpox pathogens.
Jane's Sentinel Security Assessments means that the Korean People's Army's (KPA) stock would possibly embody the causative brokers: for Botulism, Cholera, Korean Hemorrhagic Fever, Bubonic Plague, Smallpox, Typhoid Fever, and Yellow Fever.


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Official: Stellantis Is Born As Fiat (FCA) And Peugeot (PSA) Merge
It's official: PSA and FCA are now merged into a single automaker under the name Stellantis. The moniker originates from the Latin verb "stello" which means "to brighten with stars" when directly translated.
The FCA-PSA merger plan was officially announced at the end of October 2019. It would be a 50/50 union with stockholders of each company to own 50 percent of the equity. In July 2020, the merger officially got the Stellantis name and designated PSA head honcho Carlos Tavares as the new company's CEO for the first five years.
In November 2020, the official Stellantis logo was unveiled. Earlier this month, the plan pushed forward with the votes from shareholders approving the merger.
Stellantis now has 14 car brands under its belt. These are Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Citroen, Dodge, DS Automobiles, Fiat, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, Opel, Peugeot, Ram, and Vauxhall. This list makes Stellantis the fourth-largest carmaker in the world, behind Toyota, the Volkswagen Group, and the Renault-Mitsubishi-Nissan Alliance.
There are many reports about the end of some car brands under both groups following this merger. Nothing has been confirmed at this point. The initial plan announced in November 2019 was that all car brands would be retained though admittedly, it would be early to tell if that's still the case considering the business and economical climate brought about by the coronavirus pandemic.
Moving forward, with this official birth of the Stellantis as an automaker, the company's common shares will begin trading on Euronext in Paris and Mercato Telematico Azionario in Milan on Monday, January 18, 2021. The following day, January 19, 2021, the shares will be up on the New York Stock Exchange. In all cases, the ticker symbol for the brand is "STLA".
Carlos Tavares (PSA) and Mike Manley (FCA)
Also See: Stellantis May Kill The Chrysler Brand As Merger With PSA Draws Close
Related Topics:Abarthalfa_romeochrylerChryslerCitroëndodgeFCAFiatjeeplancialatinMaseratimergermilannew_york_stock_exchangeopelparisPeugeotPSAramstellantisVauxhall
Govt-owned Bad Debt Manager, AMCON, To Launch Airline With Planes From Debt-ridden Arik, Aero
Nigerian Woman Cruises In Her N35m Tesla Electric Car, Says 'I'm Cruising In My Machine' (Video)
Autojosh.com is an authoritative car blog in Nigeria. Its objective is to get Nigerians and a wider audience to be more informed about automobiles, the automotive sector and transport infrastructure. Over the years, we have been instrumental in creating immeasurable public awareness about automobiles and their maintenance, safety and traffic laws, amongst others. ...Your mobility, our priority. EH
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Dodge Charger And Challenger Go Dark With New Black Package


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SSP now accepting applications for fellowship in Grand Strategy, Security, and Statecraft | 2019 | News
SSP now accepting applications for fellowship in Grand Strategy, Security, and Statecraft
The International Security Program at the Harvard Kennedy School and the Security Studies Program at MIT are pleased to announce two year pre- or post-doctoral fellowships in Grand Strategy, Security, and Statecraft.
The MIT Security Studies Program at the Center for International Studies in the School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences, and Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs have launched a collaborative program to mentor the next generation of foreign policy scholars. The Project on Grand Strategy, Security, and Statecraft is made possible with support from the Charles Koch Foundation: a $1,846,200 grant to MIT and one for $1,853,900 to Harvard Kennedy School (HKS).
MIT Professor Barry R. Posen, the Ford International Professor of Political Science and former director of the Security Studies Program, and HKS Professor Stephen Walt, the Robert and Renée Belfer Professor of International Affairs, jointly direct the program, which provides pre- or postdoctoral fellowships to young scholars from a variety of disciplines working in the broad area of strategy and statecraft, with particular emphasis on the U.S. and its role in the world.
click here for more information on how to apply.


1.  Entitlement to service connection for a knot in the stomach and back causing leg paralysis.
2.  Entitlement to an initial rating in excess of 10 percent for peripheral neuropathy of the sciatic nerve in the left lower extremity prior to August 16, 2010, and in excess of 40 percent on and after August 16, 2010.
3.  Entitlement to an initial rating in excess of 10 percent for peripheral neuropathy of the sciatic nerve in the right lower extremity prior to August 16, 2010, and in excess of 40 percent on and after August 16, 2010.
4.  Entitlement to an initial rating in excess of 20 percent for peripheral neuropathy of the femoral nerve in the left lower extremity on and after December 5, 2016.
5.  Entitlement to an initial rating in excess of 20 percent for peripheral neuropathy of the femoral nerve in the right lower extremity on and after December 5, 2016.
6.  Entitlement to an initial rating in excess of 10 percent for peripheral neuropathy of the nerves, all radicular groups, in the left upper extremity prior to December 5, 2016 and in excess of 30 percent on and after December 5, 2016.
7.  Entitlement to an initial rating in excess of 10 percent for peripheral neuropathy of the nerves, all radicular groups,  in the right upper extremity prior to December 5, 2016 and in excess of 40 percent on and after December 5, 2016.
The Veteran served on active duty from January 1969 to January 1971.
These matters come before the Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) on appeal from rating decisions entered by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Regional Office (RO) in Cleveland, Ohio.
In July 2007, the Veteran was afforded a hearing with the undersigned Veterans Law Judge via videoconference technology.  The transcript has been associated with the record.
Issues considered herein were remanded by the Board for additional development in October 2007, March 2010, and May 2012.  Substantial compliance with the Board's prior remand has been achieved and remand of this appeal is not required.  See Stegall v. West, 11 Vet. App. 268, 270-71 (1998) (remand by the Board confers upon the Veteran or other claimant, as a matter of law, the right to compliance with the Board's remand order).
In Rice v. Shinseki, 22 Vet. App. 447 (2009), the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (Court) held that a TDIU claim is part of an increased rating claim when such a claim is raised by a veteran or otherwise reasonably raised by the record.  The Court further held that when evidence of unemployability is submitted at the same time that a veteran is appealing the rating assigned for a disability, the claim for TDIU was considered part and parcel of the claim for benefits for the underlying disability.  Id.  An April 2017 rating decision granted the Veteran entitlement to a TDIU; thus, this issue will not be considered herein by the Board.
1.  The Veteran does not have a current diagnosis attributable to a knot in the stomach and back causing leg paralysis which is related to service.
2.  The preponderance of the evidence indicates that the Veteran's left lower extremity peripheral neuropathy of the sciatic nerve is no worse than mild prior to August 16, 2010.
3.  The preponderance of the evidence indicates that the Veteran's right lower extremity peripheral neuropathy of the sciatic nerve is no worse than mild prior to August 16, 2010.
4.  The preponderance of the evidence indicates that the Veteran's left lower extremity peripheral neuropathy of the sciatic nerve is no worse than moderately severe on and after August 16, 2010.
5.  The preponderance of the evidence indicates that the Veteran's right lower extremity peripheral neuropathy of the sciatic nerve is no worse than moderately severe on and after August 16, 2010.
6.  The preponderance of the evidence indicates that the Veteran's left lower extremity neuropathy of the femoral nerve is no worse than moderate on and after  December 5, 2016.
7.  The preponderance of the evidence indicates that the Veteran's right lower extremity neuropathy of the femoral nerve is no worse than severe on and after  December 5, 2016.
8.  The preponderance of the evidence indicates that the Veteran's neuropathy of the left upper extremity nerves, all radicular groups, is no worse than mild prior to December 5, 2016.
9.  The preponderance of the evidence indicates that the Veteran's neuropathy of the right upper extremity nerves, all radicular groups, is no worse than mild prior to December 5, 2016.
10.  The preponderance of the evidence indicates that the Veteran's neuropathy of the left upper extremity nerves, all radicular groups, is no worse than moderate on and from December 5, 2016.
11.  The preponderance of the evidence indicates that the Veteran's neuropathy of the right upper extremity nerves, all radicular groups, is no worse than moderate on and from December 5, 2016.
1.  A knot in the stomach and back causing leg paralysis was not incurred in or aggravated by active service.  38 U.S.C.A. §§ 1110, 5107 (West 2014); 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.102, 3.303 (2016).
2.  The criteria for an initial rating in excess of 10 percent for peripheral neuropathy of the sciatic nerve in the left lower extremity prior to August 16, 2010, and in excess of 40 percent on and after August 16, 2010 have not been met.  38 U.S.C.A. §§ 1155, 5107 (West 2014); 38 C.F.R. § 3.102, 4.124a, Diagnostic Code 8620 (2016).
3.  The criteria for an initial rating in excess of 10 percent for peripheral neuropathy of the sciatic nerve in the right lower extremity prior to August 16, 2010, and in excess of 40 percent on and after August 16, 2010 have not been met.  38 U.S.C.A. §§ 1155, 5107 (West 2014); 38 C.F.R. § 3.102, 4.124a, Diagnostic Code 8620 (2016).
4.  The criteria for an initial rating in excess of 20 percent for neuropathy of the femoral nerve in the left lower extremity from December 5, 2016 have not been met.  38 U.S.C.A. §§ 1155, 5107 (West 2014); 38 C.F.R. § 3.102, 4.124a, Diagnostic Code 8526 (2016).
5.  The criteria for an initial rating of 30 percent, but no more, for neuropathy in the femoral nerve of the right lower extremity from December 5, 2016 have been met.  38 U.S.C.A. §§ 1155, 5107 (West 2014); 38 C.F.R. § 3.102, 4.124a, Diagnostic Code 8526 (2016).
6.  The criteria for an initial rating in excess of 10 percent for peripheral neuropathy of the nerves, all radicular groups, in the left upper extremity prior to December 5, 2016 and in excess of 30 percent on and after December 5, 2016  have not been met.  38 U.S.C.A. §§ 1155, 5107 (West 2014); 38 C.F.R. § 3.102, 4.124a, Diagnostic Code 8513 (2016).
7.  The criteria for an initial rating in excess of 10 percent for peripheral neuropathy of the nerves, all radicular groups, in the right upper extremity prior to December 5, 2016 and in excess of 30 percent on and after December 5, 2016  have not been met.  38 U.S.C.A. §§ 1155, 5107 (West 2014); 38 C.F.R. § 3.102, 4.124a, Diagnostic Code 8513 (2016).
VA has a duty to notify and assist claimants in substantiating a claim for VA benefits.  38 U.S.C.A. §§ 5100, 5102, 5103, 5103A, 5107, 5126 (West 2014 & Supp. 2016); 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.102, 3.156(a), 3.159, and 3.326(a) (2016).
Proper notice from VA must inform the claimant of any information and medical or lay evidence not of record (1) that is necessary to substantiate the claim; (2) that VA will seek to provide; and (3) that the claimant is expected to provide.  38 C.F.R. § 3.159 (b)(1); Quartuccio v. Principi, 16 Vet. App. 183 (2002).
The requirements apply to all five elements of a service connection claim: veteran status, existence of a disability, a connection between the veteran's service and the disability, degree of disability, and effective date of the disability.  Dingess/Hartman v. Nicholson, 19 Vet. App. 473 (2006).  Such notice must be provided to a claimant before the initial unfavorable decision on a claim for VA benefits by the agency of original jurisdiction (in this case, the RO).  Id; see also Pelegrini v. Principi, 18 Vet. App. 112 (2004).
VCAA notice must be provided prior to an initial unfavorable decision on a claim by the RO.  Mayfield v. Nicholson, 444 F.3d 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2006); Pelegrini v. Principi, 18 Vet. App. 112 (2004).  Where complete notice is not timely accomplished, such error may be cured by issuance of a fully compliant notice, followed by readjudication of the claim.  See Mayfield v. Nicholson, 444 F.3d 1328   (Fed. Cir. 2006); see also Prickett v. Nicholson, 20 Vet. App. 370, 376 (2006).
The Veteran's claims for increased ratings arise from an appeal of the initial evaluation following the grant of service connection.  Courts have held that once service connection is granted the claim is substantiated, additional notice is not required and any defect in the notice is not prejudicial.  Hartman v. Nicholson, 483 F.3d 1311 (Fed. Cir. 2007); Dunlap v. Nicholson, 21 Vet. App. 112   (2007). Therefore, no further notice is needed under VCAA.
Concerning the claim for service connection, in an April 2013 letter the RO provided notice to the Veteran regarding what information and evidence is needed to substantiate a claim for service connection, as well as what information and evidence must be submitted by the Veteran, what information and evidence will be obtained by VA, and the need for the Veteran to advise VA of or submit any further evidence that pertains to the claim.  Although this was post-initial adjudication, the claim was re-adjudicated in April 2017, curing any defect concerning the timing of adequate notice.
Next, VA has a duty to assist the Veteran in the development of the claims.  This duty includes assisting him in the procurement of service treatment records and pertinent treatment records and providing an examination when necessary.  38 U.S.C.A. § 5103A; 38 C.F.R. § 3.159.
The Board finds that all necessary development has been accomplished, and therefore appellate review may proceed without prejudice to the appellant.  See Bernard v. Brown, 4 Vet. App. 384 (1993).  The claims file contains the Veteran's service treatment records, as well as post-service reports of VA and private treatment and examination.  Moreover, the Veteran's statements in support of the claims are of record, including testimony provided at a hearing before the undersigned.  The Board has carefully reviewed such statements and concludes that no available outstanding evidence has been identified.  The Board has also perused the medical records for references to additional treatment reports not of record, but has found nothing to suggest that there is any outstanding evidence with respect to the Veteran's claims.
For the above reasons, no further notice or assistance to the Veteran is required to fulfill VA's duty to assist the Veteran in the development of the claims.  Smith v. Gober, 14 Vet. App. 227 (2000), aff'd, 281 F.3d 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2002); Dela Cruz v. Principi, 15 Vet. App. 143 (2001).
The Board has thoroughly reviewed all the evidence in the Veteran's claims folder. Although the Board has an obligation to provide reasons and bases supporting this decision, there is no need to discuss, in detail, each piece of evidence of record.  See Gonzales v. West, 218 F.3d 1378, 1380-81 (Fed. Cir. 2000).  The analysis below focuses on the most salient and relevant evidence and on what this evidence shows, or fails to show, on the claim.  The Veteran must not assume that the Board has overlooked pieces of evidence that are not explicitly discussed herein.  See Timberlake v. Gober, 14 Vet. App. 122 (2000).  The Board must assess the credibility and weight of all evidence, including the medical evidence, to determine its probative value, accounting for evidence which it finds to be persuasive or unpersuasive, and providing reasons for rejecting any evidence favorable to the claimant.  Equal weight is not accorded to each piece of evidence contained in the record; every item of evidence does not have the same probative value. When all the evidence is assembled, VA is responsible for determining whether the evidence supports the claim or is in relative equipoise, with the appellant prevailing in either event, or whether a preponderance of the evidence is against a claim, in which case, the claim is denied.  Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet. App. 49 (1990).
The Board has reviewed all the evidence in the Veteran's claims file.  Although the Board has an obligation to provide adequate reasons and bases supporting this decision, there is no requirement that the evidence submitted by the veteran or obtained on his behalf be discussed in detail.  Rather, the Board's analysis below will focus specifically on what evidence is needed to substantiate the claim and what the evidence in the claims file shows, or fails to show, with respect to the claim.  See Gonzales v. West, 218 F.3d 1378, 1380-81 (Fed. Cir. 2000) and Timberlake v. Gober, 14 Vet. App. 122, 128-30 (2000).
Service connection may be established for a disability resulting from disease or injury incurred in or aggravated by service.  38 U.S.C.A. § 1110 (West 2014); 38 C.F.R. § 3.303 (2016).  Evidence of continuity of symptomatology from the time of service until the present is required where the chronicity of a condition manifested during service either has not been established or might reasonably be questioned.  38 C.F.R. § 3.303 (b).  Regulations also provide that service connection may be granted for any disease diagnosed after discharge, when all the evidence, including that pertinent to service, establishes that the disability was incurred in service.  38 C.F.R. § 3.303 (d).
In order to prevail on the issue of service connection there must be medical evidence of a current disability; medical evidence, or in certain circumstances, lay evidence of in- service occurrence or aggravation of a disease or injury; and medical evidence of a nexus between an in-service injury or disease and the current disability.  See Hickson v. West, 12 Vet. App. 247, 253 (1999); see also Pond v. West, 12 Vet App. 341, 346 (1999).
Service connection may also be granted for disability shown after service, when all of the evidence, including that pertinent to service, shows that it was incurred in service.  38 C.F.R. § 3.303 (d).
The Veteran's service treatment records indicate no treatment for a big knot or paralysis.  The Veteran's separation examination, dated January 18, 1971, indicate no abnormalities.  The Veteran's service personnel records indicate that he was in Vietnam from June 7, 1970 to January 14, 1971.
The Veteran testified that immediately upon returning from service in Vietnam, two large knots appeared, one on his front lower quadrant area and one in the same area on the back, with accompanying leg paralysis.  He stated that the hospital put him in quarantine for five days and the knots disappeared but that he continues to have intermittent leg paralysis.  In a July 2001 statement, the Veteran reported that he was put in isolation immediately after service due to something of an infectious nature.  He contends that the knots with associated leg paralysis are the result of exposure to herbicide agents during service.
In December 2004, the Veteran was afforded a VA authorized examination to consider his claims.  The Veteran reiterated his contentions concerning the big knot.  The examiner indicated that the claimed disability was undocumented by the current examination.
An addendum to the December 2004 examination, dated April 2005, indicates that the Veteran's original peripheral neuropathy was due to his ethanol abuse but that this was exacerbated by his diabetes.  There is no indication that the reported big knot led to any current peripheral neuropathy or paralysis.
In July 2007, the Veteran testified that when he arrived at his parents' house after discharge, he had a big knot, like an egg, protruding from his stomach.  Later that night, he had a big knot on the back side, opposite from the one in the front.  The Veteran could not move his left leg at that time.  After five days, the knots went away but he did not regain complete use of his left leg.  The Veteran's representative pointed out that this issue was possibly intertwined with his service-connected peripheral neuropathy.
The Veteran was afforded an additional examination in May 2009.  The examiner indicated that although the Veteran was in a wheelchair, he was able to stand up and walk with no significant difficulty.  He was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy which seemed to be clinically insignificant.  There were no findings or complaints concerning the big knot or reported residuals.
An August 2010 VA authorized examination indicates bilateral lower extremity peripheral neuropathy, mild by EMG testing.  A September 2010 VA examination for erectile dysfunction did not indicate any findings of a big knot.
A September 2011 VA examination indicates that the examiner found no evidence that the Veteran had a knot in the stomach and/or back that caused paralysis in his legs.  She noted that the Veteran had an EMG in September 2009 that revealed no electrical evidence of motor axon loss or lumbar radiculopathy.
A December 2016 VA examination with a January 2017 addendum indicates that the Veteran's claimed big knot with leg paralysis is less likely than not related to active service due to a lack of supporting documents.  The Board additionally observes that there is no indication of a finding of a big knot or any residuals thereof on examination.
Thus, the Board finds that the preponderance of the evidence is against a finding that the Veteran has a knot in the stomach and back, causing leg paralysis, which is  related to active service.  Likewise, the preponderance of the evidence is against a finding of residuals of knots in the stomach and back.
The Board notes that there is no indication that the Veteran's contended big knot with residuals is related to active service except for the Veteran's own statements.  In this regard, the Board observes that the Veteran's service treatment records do not indicate treatment for knots and the Veteran admits that the big knot began post-service.  The Veteran contends residuals of the big knot but multiple examinations have found that the Veteran has peripheral neuropathy of the lower extremity due to his service-connected diabetes mellitus and, in the past, non-service connected ethanol intake.  The Board notes that the Veteran is service-connected for his peripheral neuropathy of the lower extremities and as indicated below, compensated for such disabilities.
As a layperson in the field of medicine, the Veteran does not have the medical competence to identify residuals of a big knot, as this is a complex determination that cannot be made based on lay observation alone.  The VA treatment records showing a lack of diagnoses pertaining to specific areas of the body carry more weight than the open-ended claims.  See Sanchez-Benitez, 13 Vet. App. at 285.
In sum, taking into account all of the evidence of record, the Board finds that the preponderance of the evidence is against a finding that the Veteran's claimed conditions are related to active service, any incident of active service or are secondary to or aggravated by any service-connected disability.  As the preponderance of the evidence is against the claim, the benefit of the doubt rule is not applicable.  See 38 U.S.C.A. § 5107 (b); Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet. App. 49, 54-56 (1990).
Disability evaluations are determined by comparing a veteran's present symptomatology with criteria set forth in VA's Schedule for Rating Disabilities, which is based on average impairment in earning capacity.  38 U.S.C.A. § 1155  (West 2014); 38 C.F.R. Part 4 (2016).  When a question arises as to which of two ratings applies under a particular diagnostic code, the higher evaluation is assigned if the disability more closely approximates the criteria for the higher rating.  38 C.F.R. § 4.7.  Otherwise, the lower rating will be assigned.
An appeal from the initial assignment of a disability rating, such as the appeals in this case, requires consideration of the entire time period involved, and contemplates staged ratings where warranted.  See Fenderson v. West, 12 Vet. App. 119 (1999).
Under Diagnostic Code 8513, a 20 percent rating is assigned for mild incomplete paralysis.  A 30 percent rating is warranted for moderate incomplete paralysis of the minor extremity, and a 40 percent rating is contemplated for moderate incomplete paralysis of the major extremity.  Severe incomplete paralysis warrants a 60 percent for the minor extremity and a 70 percent rating for the major extremity.  Complete paralysis warrants an 80 percent rating for the minor extremity and a 90 percent rating for the major extremity.
Under DC 8526, a 40 percent rating is warranted for complete paralysis of the anterior crural nerve (femoral) resulting in paralysis of the quadriceps extensor muscles.  Further, under DC 8526, incomplete paralysis of the anterior crural nerve (femoral) warrants a 30 percent rating if it is severe a 20 percent rating if it is moderate, or a 10 percent rating if it is mild.  38 C.F.R. § 4.124a , DC 8526.
Under DC 8620, pertaining to neuritis of the sciatic nerve, a 10 percent rating is warranted if paralysis is mild, a 20 percent rating is warranted if it is moderate, moderately severe incomplete paralysis warrants a 40 percent disability rating, and severe incomplete paralysis with marked muscular atrophy warrants a 60 percent disability rating.  An 80 percent disability rating is warranted for complete paralysis, where the foot dangles and drops, there is no active movement possible of the muscles below the knee, and flexion of the knee is weakened or (very rarely) lost.  See 38 C.F.R. § 4.121a, DC 8620.
The term "incomplete paralysis" with peripheral nerve injuries indicates a degree of loss or impaired function substantially less than the type pictured for complete paralysis given with each nerve, whether due to the varied level of the nerve lesion or to partial regeneration.  When the involvement is wholly sensory, the rating should be for mild, or at most, the moderate degree.  See Note at "Diseases of the Peripheral Nerves" in 38 C.F.R. § 4.124 (a).
Incomplete and complete paralysis, neuritis, and neuralgia of other nerves of the upper extremities are addressed by Diagnostic Codes 8510 through 8512, 8514 through 8519, 8610 through 8612, 8614 through 8619, 8710 through 8712, and 8714 through 8719.  The same concerning other nerves of the lower extremities are addressed by Diagnostic Codes 8521 through 8530, 8621 through 8630, and 8721 through 8730.  As set forth below, the Veteran's radial, median, ulnar, sciatic, and femoral nerves are affected.  A separate rating for each nerve is prohibited as impermissible pyramiding.  38 C.F.R. § 4.14.  Use of Diagnostic Codes 8513 and 8620, however, is most favorable to the Veteran.  The Board additionally continues the evaluation under Diagnostic Code 8526, as indicated by the RO's April 2017 rating decision.  The maximum ratings he can receive pursuant to those indicated indeed are higher than the maximum ratings allowed by all of the aforementioned Diagnostic Codes, to include those for his other affected nerves.
The Veteran was granted service connection for peripheral neuropathy of his four extremities effective August 19, 2004.
The Veteran was afforded a VA authorized examination in December 2004.  The examiner indicated that reflexes and proprioception were normal.  Light touch sensation was decreased in the left hand and the inner side of the right wrist.  Lower extremity sensation was absent below the knees bilaterally.
An April 2005 addendum indicates that it's impossible to delineate the Veteran's peripheral neuropathy causation factors; ethanol abuse versus diabetes.
In July 2007, the Veteran testified that his left leg gave out about twice a week.  He had been riding a Harley Davidson for thirty years but had to stop due to the peripheral neuropathy.  The Veteran testified that he had complete paralysis of the left leg from time to time.  The Veteran described pain, numbness and tingling in both legs and both arms.
In May 2009, the Veteran was afforded a VA examination.  The examiner indicated that the Veteran's extreme poor effort made his manual muscle strength testing impossible to measure although the examiner indicated that he was able to find that the Veteran had no significant motor or sensory deficit in any of his extremities.  The examiner reported that although the Veteran came in by wheelchair, he had no significant difficulty with standing up and walking.  The examiner diagnosed peripheral neuropathy which seemed clinically insignificant.
An August 2010 VA authorized examination indicates that the Veteran had good radial pulses and normal brachial reflexes of the upper extremity.  His biceps and triceps strength was 5/5 bilaterally.  He had normal proprioception on the left and he could identify two objects on the right.  The lower extremities had good hair growth, normal nails and intact skin with good pedal pulses; quadricep and hamstring strength was 5/5.  He had good patellar and Achilles reflexes.  The examiner indicated that the Veteran's bilateral lower extremity peripheral neuropathy was mild by EMG testing but moderate to severe by examination and history.  EMG testing showed no evidence of peripheral neuropathy of the upper extremities but instead mild carpal tunnel syndrome.
In January 2014, after a full examination with a report of the findings, a VA examiner indicated that the Veteran had moderate incomplete paralysis of the median nerves and moderate incomplete paralysis of the sciatic nerves.
The Veteran was afforded a VA authorized examination in December 2016.  After examination of the Veteran and providing a detailed description, the examiner indicated that the Veteran had moderate incomplete paralysis of the radial nerves, moderate incomplete paralysis of the median nerves, moderate incomplete paralysis of the ulnar nerves, moderate severe incomplete paralysis of the sciatic nerves and moderate incomplete paralysis of the left femoral nerve and severe incomplete paralysis of the right femoral nerve.
Relevant treatment records were reviewed.  The Board finds that the indications of the severity of the Veteran's disabilities in those records are consistent with findings made in the context of examination reports.
Under Diagnostic Code 8620, prior to August 16, 2010, the Board finds that the preponderance of the evidence is consistent with mild peripheral neuropathy of the sciatic nerves in the bilateral lower extremities.  In this regard, the Board notes that the objective evidence of record, specifically a May 2009 examination report, indicates that the Veteran's peripheral neuropathy was clinically insignificant.   See 38 C.F.R. § 4.121a, DC 8620.
On and from August 16, 2010, the Board finds that the preponderance of the evidence is consistent with moderately severe peripheral neuropathy of the sciatic nerves in the lower extremities.  In this regard, the Board observes that there is no indication of marked muscular atrophy or complete paralysis which would warrant a higher rating.  See 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a, DC 8620.
Utilizing Diagnostic Code 8513 pertaining to paralysis of the radicular nerves of the upper extremities, prior to December 5, 2016, the Board finds that the preponderance of the evidence is consistent with mild peripheral neuropathy of the bilateral upper extremities.  Again, the Board relies on the objective findings of the May 2009 examiner who indicated that the Veteran's peripheral neuropathy was clinically insignificant.  See 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a, DC 8513.
Under Diagnostic Code 8526 considering paralysis of the femoral nerve, on and from December 5, 2016, the Board finds that the preponderance of the evidence is consistent with moderately severe paralysis of the femoral nerve of the left lower extremity and severe partial paralysis of the femoral nerve of the right lower extremity, consistent with the opinion of the December 2016 examiner.  Thus, the Board finds that the Veteran's disability warrants a 30 percent disability rating on the right side and the current 20 percent rating for the left lower extremity.  See 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a, DC 8526.
On and from December 5, 2016, the Board finds that the preponderance of the evidence is consistent with moderate incomplete paralysis of the bilateral upper extremities.  The Board relies on the objective findings of the December 2016 examination report in making this determination.  There is no indication in the record of severe incomplete or total paralysis of such nerves.  See 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a, DC 8513.
In reaching the conclusions above the Board has considered the applicability of the benefit of the doubt doctrine.  See 38 U.S.C.A. § 5107 (b) (West 2014); Ortiz v. Principi, 274 F.3d 1361, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2001); Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet. App. 49, 55-57 (1990).
Entitlement to service connection for a knot in the stomach and back causing leg paralysis is denied.
Entitlement to a rating in excess of 10 percent for peripheral neuropathy of the sciatic nerve in the left lower extremity prior to August 16, 2010, and in excess of 40 percent on and after August 16, 2010 is denied.
Entitlement to a rating in excess of 10 percent for peripheral neuropathy of the sciatic nerve in the right lower extremity prior to August 16, 2010, and in excess of 40 percent on and after August 16, 2010 is denied.
Entitlement to an initial rating in excess of 20 percent for peripheral neuropathy of the femoral nerve in the left lower extremity on and after December 5, 2016 is denied.
Entitlement to an initial rating of 30 percent for peripheral neuropathy of the femoral nerve in the right lower extremity on and after December 5, 2016 is granted, subject to the laws governing the grant of monetary benefits.
Entitlement to a rating in excess of 10 percent for peripheral neuropathy of the nerves, all radicular groups,  in the left upper extremity prior to December 5, 2016 and in excess of 30 percent on and after December 5, 2016 is denied.
Entitlement to a rating in excess of 10 percent for peripheral neuropathy of the nerve, all radicular groups, in the right upper extremity prior to December 5, 2016 and in excess of 40 percent on and after December 5, 2016 is denied.


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Each and every year, 1 in 3 adults age 65 and older take a tumble. Thousands of them die from their fall injuries. Many millions more suffer temporary or permanent injury and disability. A fall can even signal a slow (or rapid) slide to a very different, dependent lifestyle. And studies suggest that people with chronic illnesses such as COPD may be at greater risk of falls.
Anyone can fall at any time. Even healthy, young people fall. I can attest to that… I'm not known for my grace and have taken many falls in my life.
However, certain people are more at risk for falling. As mentioned above, the older you get, the greater the risk that you will fall at some point. This risk rises dramatically as people age above 75 years.
Even more disturbing is the fact that injuries and serious disability from falls rise sharply with age. In other words, the older you are, the more likely you are to be seriously injured from a fall. So, while I've had a number of falls in my life, I've rarely been injured. Although that may change, as I am also getting older and closer every year to age 65.
If you have a chronic illness, you are at even higher risk of falling.
It is easy to see that many of these factors may be interrelated.
First of all, keep in mind that the majority of people who have COPD are older adults, although COPD does sometimes occur in younger people too. Still, more than 90% of people who have COPD are older than age 45. So, age alone is a strong risk if you have COPD.
A small study with 46 participants looked at additional risk factors for people with COPD. They compared 29 stable COPD patients and 17 who were in a flare to 17 healthy people of similar ages and backgrounds.
What they found was that the people who had COPD, particularly those undergoing a flare, had much worse balance than the healthy subjects. Those who were also suffering from anxiety and/or depression had even worse balance and a greater risk of falling.
They concluded that people with moderate to severe COPD were at significantly greater risk of falls and injuries.
There is no reason to assume, though, if you have COPD that a fall is inevitable. There are many steps you can take to greatly reduce your risk of falls and injuries.
1. Stay physically active. There are many benefits to staying active, but the top ones are that activity will help keep your muscles strong and your joints flexible and stable. And those 2 things will help with balance. Plus, weight bearing activities help reduce bone loss from osteoporosis. Keep walking as much as you can, even if it's just in the house and you need a walker or cane. If you can, get out and participate in group exercise such as Silver Sneakers or aqua fitness programs. Even yoga and Tai Chi can be beneficial. You can also ask your doctor about pulmonary rehabilitation.
2. Reduce safety hazards. Falls often happen from tripping over throw rugs, extension cords and objects placed in walkways. Wet floors and icy steps/sidewalks are also a safety risk. Do what you can to lessen these risks in your home environment. And be careful climbing ladders and stepstools!
3. Maintain your vision and hearing. Get your vision and hearing tested regularly. Even small changes can lead to a fall. Take time to get used to new eyeglass prescriptions. If you have a hearing aid, wear it.
4. Pay attention to balance. Stand up slowly and wait a few seconds before you start walking, to give your body time to stabilize. If you notice a medication making you dizzy or unsteady, tell your doctor. Install grab bars in the shower and railings on steps. Use an assistive device if you need to, but make sure it's properly fitted to you and in good repair.
Although you may have a high risk of falling when you have COPD, especially in the later stages, there is no need to stop living your life for fear of falling. In fact, the opposite is true. The more you take a proactive approach, the less chance you will have of falling.
Take the steps mentioned in this post and you just may find that you never have a serious fall. If you should fall, though, even if it's just a minor fall and you are not injured, be sure to tell your doctor. A fall can alert your doctor to things that need to be changed.
Crişan AF, Oancea C, Timar B, Fira-Mladinescu O, Tudorache V.; Balance Impairment in Patients with COPD; http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0120573; PLOS One.
I have noticed , when I need a nap during the daytime that I feel more unsteady on my feet … always signals me to go to sleep. If only I slept as well at night as I do during those naps ! I do feel a lot better afterwards though .
I blame the "wobbles" on the floor, ha, they are uneven in spots, but I know I get off balance. I need to get back into balance exercise.
Amazed at the amount of information here.
Hi Earlene, thankfully you weren't seriously hurt. Do you use a cane or my walker?
I'm learning to use mine more often.


text:
Tourists Headed North For Loy Krathong Festival
Chiang Rai News Entertainment
Chiang Rai Loy Krathong is celebrated by floating ornate lanterns, Krathong, into rivers and ponds, as a gesture of gratitude expressed to the river goddess Kong Kha
CHIANG RAI – Rivers across Thailand were lit up by the floating lanterns on Loy Krathong Festival, which fell on 17 November this year, with the northern provinces becoming the most popular destination for the celebration this year.
Loy Krathong Festival Chiang Rai
According to Mr. Sarawuth Sae-teow, director of the Northern Tourism Association, venues in provinces like Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai were completely booked.
The reservations have increased by 10% from last year, he said, as Thai and foreign tourists are headed for the region, especially the Chinese tourists.
"Many of the Chinese are rather wealthy. They occupy the upper market, they like to book hotels with 4 and 5 stars" said Mr. Sarawuth, adding that there have been no hotel cancellations despite the political turmoil in Bangkok.
Loy Krathong is celebrated by floating ornate lanterns, Krathong, into rivers and ponds, as a gesture of gratitude expressed to the river goddess Kong Kha.
Loy Krathong is often associated with losing virginity among youngsters (คืนเสียตัว), and the Thai authorities have attempted to crack down on this trend in the past.
The spokesman also warned that anyone who sells fireworks without permission will be arrested.
Meanwhile, Mr. Chatchai Promlert, chief of Disaster Prevention and Relief Department in Bangkok, advised parents to keep close watch over their young children when they visit river piers for Loy Krathong, due to high number of death and injuries by drowning in recent years.
He had urged children not to swim and retrieve Krathong in the rivers for coins placed on the lanterns by festival-goers; children risking their lives in the strong river current to fetch Krathong has been a common sight in the festival.
Mr. Chatchai also urged festival-goers to be aware of dangers associated with the uses of fireworks and hot air lantern balloons, which might cause fire to nearby residential areas.
Related Topics:Tourists Headed North For Loy Krathong Festival
Chiang Rai Thai-Lao Friendship Bridge Slated to Open December 11th
Transport Minister Seeks to Improve Road between Lampang and Chiang Rai


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Myanmar Travel Guide
Top things to do and see
Bagan in the central Myanmar is the capital of the Kingdom of Pagan from the 9th to 13th centuries, the first kingdom to unify the regions which would later become the present-day Myanmar. More than 10,000 temples and pagodas were built during the kingdom's height from the 11th to the 13th centuries, but only around 2,000 remain today.
Considered as a sight to rival the Angkor Wat in Cambodia or Machu Picchu in Peru, Bagan stands out for not only the great number of religious structures, but also their magnificent architectures that had influences on the Burmese temple design later.
The Bagan Archaeological Zone is a main tourist draw in the country. It consists of the Old Bagan in the center, Nyaung U town – the area's main transport hub in the north and New Bagan in the south.
Bagan experiences almost no rainy season in spite of its location in the lower part of Myanmar. Visitors can come and discover the ancient city any time of the year. Though, the best time to visit is from October to February when the temperature is more moderate. From March to May, Bagan often see temperatures in excess of 40°C.
Bagan is reachable by air, rail, bus, car, and river boat. The Nyaung U Airport is the gateway to the region. From the airport, it takes a 20 minute drive to the center. Domestic flights from Yangon take about 80 minutes, from Mandalay is 30 minutes and from Heho is 40 minutes.
Myanmar Railways operates a daily overnight train each way between Yangon and Bagan, travel time is at 18 hours. Between Bagan and Mandaylay, there are two daily trains each way which takes about 8 hours.
From Yangon and Mandalay there are overnight buses and cars to the region. Visitors can also travel by boat following the Irrawaddy River. Boats departure from Mandalay is approximately 9 hours for 170km.
Ananda Temple
One of the four surviving temples in Bagan, it was built in 1105 AD then was damaged in the 1975 earthquake. The present-day temple was fully restored and well-maintained by frequent painting and whitewashing of the walls. Its design is an outstanding blend of Mon architecture and Indian style in the layout of a cruciform with terraces lead to a small pagoda at the top covered by an umbrella known as hti. Ananda temple houses four standing Buddhas which face four directions of East, West, North and South.
Dhammayangyi Temple
The largest of all temples in Bagan, Dhammayangyi was built in an architectural plan similar to Ananda temple. However, it was never completed because the King Narathu who set up the construction was assassinated. Today, the temple's interior is bricked up, only four porches and outer corridors are accessible.
Shwezigon Pagoda
Located in Nyaung-U, it is a prototype of Burmese stupas, consists of a circular gold leaf-gilded stupa surrounded by smaller temples and shrines. The construction of the Shwezigon Pagoda began in 1089 by King Anawrahta and was completed in 1102 AD by King Kyansitth. The pagoda is believed to enshrine a bone and tooth of Buddha. Within the compound is a stone pillar containing Mon language inscriptions dedicated to King Kyansittha. Pilgrims in the country travel to Shwezigon every year to join the great festival during the Burmese month of Nadaw, which falls into November or December.
Shwesandaw Pagoda
Constructed by King Anawrahta in 1057, the stupa enshrines sacred hairs of Buddha. It contains five terraces topped with a cylindrical stupa, which has a bejeweled umbrella. Shwesandaw pagoda is known as a famous sunset-viewing spot in Bagan.
Sulamani Temple
Located in the Minnanthu village west of Bagan, Sulamini, literally meaning 'crowning jewel', was built in 1183 by King Narapatisithu. The temple features two storeys on broad terraces assembling a pyramid. Sulamani Temple was restored after being destroyed in the 1975 earthquake, and utilizes brick and stone, with frescoes in the interior of the temple.
Htilominlo Temple
Htilominlo Temple was named after its founder, King Htilominlo who ruled from 1211 to 1231. The temple was made of red brick with three stories. It is known for the elaborate plaster moldings. Htilominlo temple was destroyed in the 1975 earthquake then was restored after that.
Thatbyinnyu Temple
The temple was built in the mid-12th century by King Alaungsithu. Located next to the Ananda Temple, it has two storeys with the seated Buddha image on the second storey. With the height of over 60m, this is one of the highest temples in Bagan.
Bupaya Pagoda
Bupaya Pagoda is located at a bend on the right bank of the Ayeyarwady River. The small pagoda, which has a bulbous shaped dome, was built by the third King of Pagan, Pyusawhti who ruled from 168 to 243 AD. It is one of the most notable shrines among thousand pagodas in Bagan. The original pagoda was completely destroyed in the 1975 earthquake. It was fully reconstructed using modern materials, with lesser adherence to the original design. Subsequently it was built as a gilded superstructure.
Mount Popa
Mount Popa is an extinct volcano located about 50km southeast of Bagan. On the top of the mountain is numerous Nat temples and relic sites, make it become a pilgrimage site for many Burmese pilgrims. On the southwest of the mountain is Taung Kalat (pedestal hill), there is a Buddhist monastery located at the summit. From here you can enjoy a panoramic view of the surrounding and the ancient city of Bagan.
Hot air balloon over Bagan
Flying above Bagan in hot-air balloon at sunrise or sunset will be an unforgettable memory. You will be amazed at the breathtaking scenery of temple after temple in their hundreds appearing through the mist and the lazy Irrawaddy River in the distance. The trip takes about an hour.
There are many ways to explore Bagan, by horse cart, minivans, or hot air balloon. But if you are a true adventure lovers, then biking is the best. The plain in Bagan is quite flat with only several uphill areas. Not only you get the opportunity to make your trip more exciting, but you can get up close and personal in hidden corners that other ways cannot offer.
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Type: Exploration & Cultural | From: $43 pp
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text:
Удалённое резервное копирование данных — это сервис, предоставляющий пользователям систему для резервного копирования и хранения компьютерных файлов.

Системы удалённого резервного копирования обычно встраиваются в клиентскую программу, которая выполняется обычно один раз в день. Эта программа собирает, сжимает, шифрует и передаёт данные серверам поставщика услуг резервного копирования. Другим типом данного продукта, также доступном на рынке, является удалённая непрерывная защита данных (ТМВ).

История
Большинство сетевых (удалённых) служб резервного копирования появилось во время пузыря доткомов в конце 1990-х. Первое время на рынке было немного поставщиков этих услуг, но крупные промышленники быстро поняли важность той роли, которую эти провайдеры играли на арене веб-служб, поэтому деятельность M&A стала преобладающей в последние несколько лет.

Начиная с 2005 года большинство поставщиков услуг резервного копирования данных используют стратегию SaaS («программное обеспечение как услуга»). В последние годы также зафиксировано значительное увеличение числа провайдеров услуг резервного копирования с единственной и независимой активностью, которые составляют часть крупной промышленности.

Характерные черты
Резервное копирование использующихся файлов
Возможность резервного копирования файлов, которые часто остаются открытыми, такие как Outlook файлы (*.pst) или SQL-базы данных. Это позволяет ИТ-администраторам запускать резервное копирование в любое время суток.

Мульти-платформенность
Мультиплатформенный резервный сервис может копировать файлы разных платформ, таких как различные версии Windows, Macintosh, и Linux/Unix.

Зашифрованная передача данных
Шифрование для предотвращения перехвата данных. Это не означает, что данные обязательно будут зашифрованы при хранении.

Критика

Преимущества
Удалённое резервное копирование имеет преимущества по сравнению с традиционными методами резервного копирования:
 возможно самый важный аспект копирования — то, что резервные копии сохранены отдельно от оригинальных данных;
 удалённое резервное копирование не требует пользовательского вмешательства;
 неограниченное хранение данных;
 некоторые удалённые резервные службы могут работать непрерывно, копируя изменения в файлах;
 большинство удалённых резервных служб содержит список версий файлов;
 большинство удалённых резервных служб использует 128—448-битовое шифрование для отправки данных по небезопасным каналам передачи данных (например через Интернет);
 некоторые службы удалённого резервного копирования могут сократить продолжительность резервного копирования передавая на сервер только изменившиеся данные.

Недостатки
Удалённое резервное копирование имеет некоторые недостатки:
 в зависимости от доступной сетевой полосы пропускания восстановление данных может быть медленным. Поскольку данные хранятся отдельно, они могут быть восстановлены либо с помощью пересылки через Интернет, либо через диск, отправленный от поставщика услуг удалённого резервного копирования;
 у некоторых поставщиков этих услуг не даётся гарантия, что данные будут сохранены конфиденциально, поэтому рекомендуется шифрование данных перед сохранением или автоматизацией процесса резервирования;
 в случае, если поставщик услуг удалённого резервного копирования обанкротится или будет выкуплен другой компанией, то это может повлиять на доступность данных или стоимость использования сервиса;
 если пароль кодирования будет потерян, то восстановление данных будет невозможно;
 у некоторых поставщиков услуг удалённого резервного копирования часто есть ежемесячные лимиты, которые препятствуют большим резервным копиям.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Сервисы удалённого резервного копирования данных
 Справочник по удалённому резервному копированию данных
 Why Online Backup?

Хостинг
Файлообменные сервисы
Программное обеспечение для резервного копирования

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Documents filtered by: Author="Hamilton, Alexander" AND Recipient="Purviance, Robert" AND Period="Washington Presidency"
From Alexander Hamilton to Robert Purviance, 12 September 1794
To Robert Purviance1
Treasury Department September 12th 1794
The Congress of the United States, having at their last Session passed an Act entitled "An Act declaring the consent of Congress to an Act of the State of Maryland passed the 28th of December 1793 for the appointment of Health Officer."2 And the Governor of Maryland having requested of me by his letter of the 28th of last Month, to direct the Officers of the Revenue at Baltimore, to afford their assistance towards accomplishing the object contemplated by the Act of the State of Maryland—I have therefore to request that you and the other Officers of the Customs at Baltimore will be pleased to cooperate with such person as may be appointed by the Governor, for the purpose, in effectuating as far as you legally can the execution of the said Act.
I am with consideration Sir, Your most obedient Servant
A Hamilton
Robert Purviance Esquire
Collector of Baltimore
LS, Columbia University Libraries.
1. For background to this letter, see H to Purviance, first letter of August 22, 1794; Thomas Sim Lee to H, August 28, 1794; H to Lee, September 10, 1794.
2. 1 Stat. description begins The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America (Boston, 1845). description ends 393–94 (June 9, 1794).
Purviance, Robert
"From Alexander Hamilton to Robert Purviance, 12 September 1794," Founders Online, National Archives, accessed September 29, 2019, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-17-02-0180. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 17, August 1794 – December 1794, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972, p. 228.]
From Purviance to Hamilton [26 August 1794]
From Hamilton to Purviance [18 September 1794]
All correspondence between Purviance and Hamilton


Abdullah Kurdi describes the moment when the boat he was travelling on with his family suddenly capsized.
The father of the drowned Syrian boy who was photographed lying lifeless on a Turkish beach has said he is preparing to take the bodies of his two sons and wife to be buried in his home town of Kobani.
Abdullah Kurdi, a Kurdish Syrian who has been in Turkey for three years and previously lived in Damascus,said he no longer had any desire to continue on to Europe.
Kurdi described what had happened on board the boat heading for Greece, saying the captain had panicked because of high waves and jumped into the sea, leaving him in control of the small craft.
Three-year-old Aylan, five-year-old Galip and their mother, Rehan, were among at least 12 people who died on the boat headed for Greece. The boat was part of a flotilla of small dinghies boarded by passengers at Akyarlar, the closest point to the Greek Aegean island of Kos.
The Turkish state-run news agency Anadolu said police had detained four suspected people smugglers thought to be linked to the tragedy. Anadolu said the four, including at least one Syrian citizen, were detained on a beach on the Bodrum peninsula and would appear in court later on Thursday suspected of acting as intermediaries for illegal crossings.
Tragic Abdullah Kurdi is in the morgue facing harrowing task of formally identifying his two sons and wife.
The deputy district governor Ekrem Aylanc told the BBC that the Kurdi family had been in Turkey for three years before deciding they should move on to Europe. The process of repatriating the bodies of the three family members is set to begin later on Thursday, authorities told the broadcaster.
Syrian-Canadian Tima Kurdi, the aunt of Aylan, appeals to Syrian refugees imploring them not to risk their lives trying to cross the Mediterranean.
The family are understood to have been trying to travel to Canada where relatives had pledged to sponsor their asylum claim.
Mustefa Ebdi, a journalist in Kobani, said the Kurdi family had been forced to move several times during the Syrian conflict and left the country in 2012. He said the correct family name was Shenu, but that Kurdi had been used in Turkey because of their ethnic background.
"I tried to speak to him [Abdullah], but I couldn't because he just started crying," he added.
Speaking to Canadian press on Wednesday night, Abdullah Kurdi's sister Tima, a hairdresser in Vancouver who emigrated 20 years ago, said the family's application had been rejected.
Terry Glavin, a Canadian journalist, told BBC Radio 5Live that Tima Kurdi had told him how her brother had desperately tried to save his family.
"There's a terrible story he told about swimming from one to the other, finding one [son] who seemed to be alright and then going to another, finding him drowned … and then going back to the first boy and finding him drowned," he said.
How are you supporting people caught up in the migration crisis?
Only applicants who have been formally designated refugees can make the G5 application that Kurdi's sister would have sponsored, and many Syrian Kurds have reported difficulties getting their applications processed in UNHCR camps in Turkey. Turkey will not issue exit visas to refugees if they do not have official status.
This week the Turkish coastguard said it had rescued more than 42,000 people in the Aegean Sea in the first five months of 2015, and 2,160 in the past week. More than 100 were pulled from the sea on Wednesday night alone while trying to reach Kos, the coastguard told AFP.