text:
NRCS Conservation Innovation Grants (CIG) National Competition FY 2019 USDA, NRCS
2020 Application Deadline passed on June 29, 2020. The purpose of CIG is to stimulate the development and adoption of innovative conservation approaches and technologies in conjunction with agricultural production. CIG projects are expected to lead to the transfer of conservation technologies, management systems, and innovative approaches (such as market-based systems) to agricultural producers, into NRCS technical manuals and guides, or to the private sector. CIG generally funds pilot projects, field demonstrations, and on-farm conservation research. On-farm conservation research is defined as an investigation conducted to answer a speciifc applied conservation question using a statistically valid design while employing farm-scale equipment on farms, ranches or private forest lands.
conservation, agriculture, management, research, planning $150,000-$2,000,000 United States Link
NRCS Voluntary Public Access-Habitat Incentives Program competition FY 2020 NRCS
Deadline Passed 11/27/2019. Deadline Unknown for 2020. U.S. Department of Agriculture - Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is announcing the availability of up to $50 million in Voluntary Public Access and Habitat Incentive Program (VPA-HIP) funding to create or enhance State and Tribal Government programs that encourage owners and operators of privately held farm, ranch, and forest land to voluntarily make that land available for access by the public for hunting, fishing, and other wildlife-dependent recreation. VPA-HIP is a competitive grants program and only State and Tribal Governments may apply. Projects may be up to three years in duration. The maximum amount for a single award is $3 million. Up to 25 percent of the funding for each award may be used to provide incentives to improve wildlife habitat on enrolled public access program lands.
agriculture, farm, forest, lands 3,000,000- 100,000 National Link
NSF Coastal SEES NSF
NSF's Coastal SEES program focuses on the sustainability of coastal systems, which include barrier islands, mudflats, beaches, estuaries, cities, towns, recreational areas, maritime facilities, continental seas and shelves, and the overlying atmosphere. The Coastal SEES program, in short, seeks to 1) advance understanding of fundamental, interconnected processes in coastal systems, 2) improve capabilities for predictingfuture coastal system states and impacts, and 3) identify pathways for research to be translated to policy and management domains, enhancing coastal resiliency.
Coastal, Research $800,000-$2,000,000 Northweest, Southwest, Northeast, Southeast, Alaska, National, Coastal Link
NSF Division Ocean Science: Physical Oceanography Grant NSF
Deadline Passed 02/15/2019. Deadline Unknown for 2020. NSF's Division of Ocean Sciences offers a funding opportunity on the subject of Physical Oceanography. In years past, this program has funded several climate change-focused research projects, including climate impacts on proglacial lake outbursts, the role of ice in large lake response to climate change, effects of lunar nodal tide on climate variability, and ocean data assimilation to research climate change.
Ocean, Coastal Unknown Northwest, Southwest, Northeast, Southeast, National, Alaska, Coastal Link
NSF Funding Opportunity: Racial Equity in STEM Education. National Science Foundation
Deadline passed. Most recent deadline: 10/12/2021. The National Science Foundation (NSF) Directorate for Education and Human Resources (EHR) seeks to support bold, ground-breaking, and potentially transformative projects addressing systemic racism in STEM. Proposals should advance racial equity in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education and workforce development through research (both fundamental and applied) and practice. Core to this funding opportunity is that proposals are led by, or developed and led in authentic partnership with, individuals and communities most impacted by the inequities caused by systemic racism. https://beta.nsf.gov/funding/opportunities/racial-equity-stem-education-...
Equity, STEM National Link
NSF Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability Fellowship NSF
This fellowship is no longer offered through the NSF. Through the SEES Fellows Program, NSF seeks to advance science, engineering, and education to inform the societal actions needed for environmental and economic sustainability and human well-being while creating the necessary workforce to address these challenges. The Program's emphasis is to facilitate investigations that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries and address issues of sustainability through a systems approach, building bridges between academic inquiry, economic growth, and societal needs. The Fellow's proposed investigation must be interdisciplinary and allow him/her to obtain research experiences beyond his/her current core disciplinary expertise.
Education, Research Unknown; $7,000,000 in total funding Northwest, Southwest, Midwest, Northeast, Southeast, National, Alaska Link
Ocean Exploration FY 2018 NOAA
Deadline Passed 12/08/2017. Deadline for 2018 Unknown.NOAA's Office of Ocean Exploration & Research (OER) seeks to enhance ocean exploration and scientific knowledge of the unknown or poorly known areas of the ocean. This entails identifying, describing and creating baseline characterizations of new ocean habitats, marine resources and/or processes. In this Announcement, OER is seeking proposals focused on three topics including: 1. Exploration of the deep marine environments in the US EEZ and US Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) of the Gulf of Mexico; 2. Discovery and exploration of prehistorically and historically significant submerged marine heritage sites in the Gulf of Mexico within the US EEZ and the US Outer Continental Shelf (OCS); and 3. Novel or innovative technologies and methodologies that could increase the pace and scope of ocean exploration, especially exploration of deep environments including the water column and archaeological sites.
ocean, marine, coastal, habitat, explore, document, research, baseline, marine biology Up to $750,000. National, United States Link
OIA Technical Assistance Program DOI
Deadline passed as of March 1, 2017. Deadline for 2018 unknown. The Technical Assistance Program (TAP) provides grant funding for short-term projects intended to meet the immediate needs of the insular areas. OIA's priorities are as follows: Climate change, accountability, financial management, economic development, training, education, energy, management control initiatives, safety, emergency, historical & cultural preservation, capacity building, health initiatives, and outdoor youth initiatives.
climate change, youth, planning, policy, management Up to $250,000. United States, International (US Territories) Link
Olympia Oyster Restoration Efforts NRCS
Deadline passed as of April 21, 2017. Deadline for 2018 unknown. Financial and technical assistance is available from NRCS through the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) for individual producer contracts to help restore Olympia Oysters. EQIP funding will help pay for the shell substrate essential for the Olympia Oysters to grow upon as well as seeded cultch bags.
native, biodiversity, traditional food, climate change, acidification, adaptation, food justice, management, restoration, habitat, marine, fisheries, shellfish, harvest Unknown. Washington Link
Opportunity for Technical Assistance for Remote Alaska Communities Energy Efficiency Competition (Phase 1: Pledge Designation) Office of Indian Energy & the EERE
The Office of Indian Energy and EERE have issued a Notice of Technical Assistance (NOTA) to significantly accelerate efforts by remote Alaskan communities to adopt sustainable energy strategies. The Remote Alaskan Communities Energy Efficiency Competition will empower Alaskan communities and Alaska Native villages to develop effective tools to advance the use of reliable, affordable, and energy efficient solutions that are replicable throughout Alaska and other Arctic regions. (Phase 1) DOE is asking eligible applicants to sign a pledge to improve community energy efficiency by 15% or more by 2020. Selected communities who pledge will become part of a peer network of "Community Efficiency Champions" and be eligible to apply for technical assistance to prepare implementation plans in Phase 2 of the NOTA. Applications for both phases will be accepted online through EERE Exchange, via email, or fax at 240-562-1640.
Rural Communities, Energy Efficiency, Alaskan Villages Selected communities will be eligible to compete for up to $1 million in grant funding ($3.3 million total) to implement energy saving measures. Alaska Link
Opportunity for Technical Assistance for Remote Alaska Communities Energy Efficiency Competition (Phase 2: Technical Assistance) DOE (Department of Indian Energy) & EERE (Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy)
RFP closed. The Office of Indian Energy and EERE have issued a Notice of Technical Assistance (NOTA) to significantly accelerate efforts by remote Alaskan communities to adopt sustainable energy strategies. The Remote Alaskan Communities Energy Efficiency Competition will empower Alaskan communities and Alaska Native villages to develop effective tools to advance the use of reliable, affordable, and energy efficient solutions that are replicable throughout Alaska and other Arctic regions...Only selected Community Efficiency Champions from Phase 1 will be eligible to apply for Phase 2 of the competition to receive technical assistance from DOE. Selected communities will be eligible to compete for up to $1 million in grant funding ($3.3 million total) to implement energy saving measures.
Energy Efficiency, Remote Community Development. Selected communities will be eligible to compete for up to $1 million in grant funding ($3.3 million total) to implement energy saving measures. Alaska Link
OR/WA 2019 Invasive and Noxious Plant Management DOI, BLM
Deadline Passed 08/15/2019. Deadline Unknown for 2020. One of the BLM's highest priorities is to promote ecosystem health and one of the greatest obstacles to achieving this goal is the rapid expansion of weeds across public lands. These invasive plants can dominate and often cause permanent damage to natural plant communities. If not eradicated or controlled, noxious weeds will continue to jeopardize the health of the public lands and to constrain the myriad activities that occur on public lands. BLM Invasive and Noxious Plant Management Programs work to prevent, detect, inventory, control and monitor weed populations on public lands.
ecosystem health, invasive plants, noxious weeds, public lands, monitoring $15,000-$150,000 Oregon, Washington Link
OR/WA 2020 Threatened and Endangered Species Recovery Projects DOI, BLM
July 19, 2020. BLM Oregon/Washington has an opportunity to work with partner organizations to assist with the conservation of various species, to include federally-listed, candidate and Bureau of sensitive species. Conservation includes, but is not limited to, gaining knowledge about species and their habitats, providing for protection or management of species and their habitats, augmenting species, restoring, and enhancing rare species habitat.
endangered species, conservation, habitat protection, habitat enhancement, stewardship, monitoring, restoration $5,000-$500,000 National Link
OR/WA Forest and Woodlands Resource Management BLM, DOI
Last Deadline: July 19, 2020. Funded projects under this program will focus on high priority work such as activities that promote forest and woodland health, sustainable forest management, fire resiliency, infrastructure development for future sustainable timber harvest, biomass utilization, habitat conservation needs, and insect, disease and fire recovery. These activities could include, but are not limited to: planting trees, pre-commercial and commercial thinning, salvage/sanitation forest treatments, control of competing vegetation, fuels reduction, riparian or upland restoration, project development and layout, planning analysis and document preparation needed in concert with or to carry out Land Use Planning Decisions, Endangered Species Act or cultural clearances, data collection, and monitoring.
forest health, forest management, fire resiliency, infrastructure, timber, biomass, conservation Up to $50,000 Oregon, Washington Link
Oregon Conservation Innovation Grants - Forest Stand Resiliency NRCS
Deadline passed as of July 7, 2017. Deadline for 2018 unknown. NRCS Oregon requests proposals for Conservation Innovation Grants (CIG) to stimulate the development and adoption of innovative conservation approaches and technologies on forestland lands.
forestry, habitat, restoration, recovery, conservation, management, policy, development Varies. Oregon Link
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Materials Grants Program Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
Recent Deadline: October 10, 2020. Since 1991, DEQ has awarded over $9 million in materials management grants. Grants are for projects that reduce impacts across the full cycle of materials and products. The lifecycle of materials and products includes product design, raw material extraction, manufacturing, transport, consumption, use, reuse, repair, recovery through recycling, composting or anaerobic digestion, and disposal.
material management, waste management, recycling, sustainbility Varies - 2019 $600,000 was awarded to seventeen organizations Oregon Link
Oregon Domestic Well Safety Program (DWSP) DWSP, Oregon Local Public Health Authorities
Deadline passed as of December 12, 2016. Deadline for 2017 unknown. This request for proposals (RFP) is intended to increase the capacity of Oregon Local Public Health Authorities (LPHAs) and tribal public health authorities, particularly those that have identified domestic wells and water security as local priorities through county hazard assessments*. The Oregon Health Authority's (OHA) Domestic Well Safety Program (DWSP) intends to provide grants to support outreach efforts identified by LPHAs in their proposals to this RFP. In working with LPHAs, the DWSP will help plan and deliver outreach and interventions to communities of concern, as identified by LPHAs.
water safety, water health, access, infrastructure $7,500 Oregon Link
Oregon Environmental Quality Incentives Program USDA
Deadline Passed as of 3/16/2018. Deadline Unknown for 2019. The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) is a voluntary program that provides financial and technical assistance to agricultural producers to plan and implement conservation practices that improve soil, water, plant, animal, air and related natural resources on agricultural land and non-industrial private forestland. Eligible program participants receive financial and technical assistance to implement conservation practices, or activities like conservation planning, that address natural resource concerns on their land. Payments are made to participants after conservation practices and activities identified in an EQIP plan of operations are implemented. Contracts can last up to ten years in duration.
agriculture, conservation planning, natural resources Oregon Link
Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative United States Department of Agriculture
Most recent deadline: 1/14/2021. The Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative (OREI) seeks to solve critical organic agriculture issues, priorities, or problems through the integration of research, education, and extension activities. The purpose of this program is to fund projects that will enhance the ability of producers and processors who have already adopted organic standards to grow and market high quality organic agricultural products. Priority concerns include biological, physical, and social sciences, including economics. The OREI is particularly interested in projects that emphasize research, education and outreach that assist farmers and ranchers with whole farm planning by delivering practical research-based information. Projects should plan to deliver applied production information to producers. Fieldwork must be done on certified organic land or on land in transition to organic certification, as appropriate to project goals and objectives.
Agriculture, social sciences, economics, biology, organic land $50,000 - $3,000,000 National Link
Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers and Veteran Farmers and Ranchers Program (2501 Program) USDA
Deadline passed as of July 29, 2016. Deadline for 2017 unknown. The 2501 Program provides funding to eligible organizations for training and technical assistance projects designed to assist socially disadvantaged and veteran farmers and ranchers in owning and operating viable agricultural enterprises. The 2501 Program extends USDA's capacity to work with members of farming and ranching communities by funding projects that enhance the equitable participation of socially disadvantaged and veteran farmers and ranchers in USDA programs. It is OAO's (Office of Advocacy and Outreach) intention to build lasting relationships between USDA, awardee organizations, and socially disadvantaged and veteran farmers and ranchers.
agricultural, food security, veterans, ranching, environmental justice, technical assistance, business, Award amounts vary; total program funds $8.4 million. National, Rural Link
Pacific Coastal Salmon Recovery Fund NOAA, DOC
Deadline Passed 03/02/2020. Deadline Unknown for 2021. Congress established the Pacific Coastal Salmon Recovery Fund (PCSRF) to reverse the decline of West Coast salmon. This competitive grants program provides funding to States and Tribes to protect, conserve, and restore these populations.
habitat conservation, protected species, sustainable fisheries, salmon, recovery TBD Northwest, Southwest, Coastal, Alaska Link
Pacific Northwest Bay-Watershed Education and Training NOAA
Most recent deadline passed. NOAA's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary office) is seeking proposals under the Pacific Northwest B-WET Program. The Pacific Northwest B-WET Program is a competitive, environmental education, grants program that promotes locally relevant, experiential learning in the K-12 environment. Funded projects provide Meaningful Watershed Educational Experiences (MWEEs) for students, related professional development for teachers, and help to support regional education and environmental priorities in the Pacific Northwest. This Federal funding opportunity meets NOAA's Vision of healthy ecosystems, helping to ensure that ocean, estuarine, and related ecosystems and the species that inhabit them are vibrant and sustainable in the face of challenges.
environmental education, watersheds, professional development, healthy ecosystems, ocean health $30,000-$60,000 Pacific Northwest Link
Paleo Perspectives on Climate Change (P2C2) NSF
Recent Deadline: October 2020. The goal of research funded under the interdisciplinary P2C2 solicitation is to utilize key geological, chemical, atmospheric (gas in ice cores), and biological records of climate system variability to provide insights into the mechanisms and rate of change that characterized Earth's past climate variability, the sensitivity of Earth's climate system to changes in forcing, and the response of key components of the Earth system to these changes. Important scientific objectives of P2C2 are to: 1) provide comprehensive paleoclimate data sets that can serve as model test data sets analogous to instrumental observations; and 2) enable transformative syntheses of paleoclimate data and modeling outcomes to understand the response of the longer-term and higher magnitude variability of the climate system that is observed in the geological and cryospheric records.
Research, Adaptation, Mitigation $20,000-$1,000,000 Northwest, Southwest, Midwest, Northeast, Southeast, National, Alaska Link
Partners for Fish and Wildlife FWS
Deadline Passed 09/30/2019. Deadline Unknown for 2020. The Partners for Fish and Wildlife (PFW) Program is a voluntary, incentive-based program that provides direct technical assistance and financial assistance in the form of cooperative and grant agreements to private landowners to restore and conserve fish and wildlife habitat for the benefit of federal trust resources. The PFW Program is delivered through more than 250 full-time staff, active in all 50 States and territories. Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program staff coordinate with project partners, stakeholders and other Service programs to identify geographic focus areas and develop habitat conservation priorities within these focus areas.
conservation, management, restoration, rehabilitation, development up to $750,000 United States, National Link
Partners for Places Partners for Places
A successful matching grant program, Partners for Places creates opportunities for cities and counties in the United States and Canada to improve communities by building partnerships between local government sustainability offices and place-based foundations.
National funders invest in local projects to promote a healthy environment, a strong economy, and well-being of all residents. Through these projects, Partners for Places fosters long-term relationships that make our urban areas more prosperous, livable, and vibrant.
environmentalism, social justice, green space, economy, development, restoration, urban development The grant program will provide partnership investments between $25,000 and $75,000 for one year projects, or $50,000 and $150,000 for two year projects. National, United States Link
Patagonia Environmental Grant Patagonia Environmental Grant
Deadline passed as of April 30, 2017. Deadline for 2018 unknown. Patagonia funds only environmental work. We are most interested in making grants to organizations that identify and work on the root causes of problems and that approach issues with a commitment to long-term change. Because we believe that the most direct path to real change is through building grassroots momentum, our funding focuses on organizations that create a strong base of citizen support. We support small, grassroots, activist organizations with provocative direct-action agendas, working on multi-pronged campaigns to preserve and protect our environment. We think the individual battles to protect a specific stand of forest, stretch of river or indigenous wild species are the most effective in raising more complicated issues—particularly those of biodiversity and ecosystem protection—in the public mind. We help local groups working to protect local habitat and frontline communities through bold, original actions. We look for innovative groups that produce measurable results, and we like to support efforts that force the government to abide by its own—our own—laws.
climate change, adaptation, mitigation, natural resources $5,000 and $20,000. National Link
Pollution Prevention Information Network Grant Program (PPIN) EPA
RFP Closed for FY 2016. The PPIN grant program funds grants/cooperative agreements that support a national network of P2 information centers that coordinate training and information resources across the nation to minimize any duplication of effort among state programs. The centers offer training and promote new P2 technologies.
Pollution, Mitigation $60,000 - $110,000 National Link
Prediction of and Resilience against Extreme EVENTS (PREEVENTS) NSF
Deadline Passed 01/05/2020. Deadline Unknown for 2021. Natural disasters cause thousands of deaths annually, and in 2013 alone caused over $130 billion in damage worldwide. There is clear societal need to better understand and mitigate the risks posed to the US by natural hazards, consistent with the mandate of the National Science Foundation (NSF) "…to promote the progress of science [and] advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare...." NSF and the Directorate for Geosciences (GEO) have long supported basic research in scientific and engineering disciplines necessary to understand natural hazards and extreme events, including through the Interdisciplinary Research in Hazards and Disasters (Hazards SEES) program and multiple core programs in the GEO Directorate. PREEVENTS is designed as a logical successor to Hazards SEES and is one element of the NSF-wide Risk and Resilience activity, which has the overarching goal of improving predictability and risk assessment, and increasing resilience, in order to reduce the impact of extreme events on our life, society, and economy. PREEVENTS will provide an additional mechanism to support research and related activities that will improve our understanding of the fundamental processes underlying natural hazards and extreme events in the geosciences. PREEVENTS is focused on natural hazards and extreme events, and not on technological or deliberately human-caused hazards. The PREEVENTS portfolio will include the potential for disciplinary and multidisciplinary research at all scales, particularly aimed at areas ripe for significant near- or medium-term advances. PREEVENTS seeks projects that will (1) enhance understanding of the fundamental processes underlying natural hazards and extreme events on various spatial and temporal scales, as well as the variability inherent in such hazards and events, and (2) improve our capability to model and forecast such hazards and events. All projects requesting PREEVENTS support must be primarily focused on these two targets. In addition, PREEVENTS projects will improve our understanding of the effects of natural hazards and extreme events and will enable development, with support by other programs and organizations, of new tools to enhance societal preparedness and resilience against such impacts.
natural disaster, hazard, mitigate, human health, prediction, planning, infrastructure Amount varies. National Link
Predictive Multiscale Models for Biomedical, Biological, Behavioral, Environmental and Clinical Research (U01) DOE
Deadline passed as of 9/29/2017. Deadline for 2018 unknown. The goal of this interagency funding opportunity announcement (FOA) is to support the development of multiscale models to accelerate biological, biomedical, behavioral, environmental and clinical research. The NIH, ARO, DOE, FDA, NASA, NSF, and ONR recognize that in order to efficiently and effectively address the challenges of understanding multiscale biological and behavioral systems, researchers will need predictive, computational models that encompass multiple biological and behavioral scales.This FOA supports the development of non-standard modeling methods and experimental approaches to facilitate multiscale modeling, and active participation in community-driven activities through the Multiscale Modeling (MSM) Consortium
climate change, climate science, social science, community-based projects, community, predictions, projections, future models, research Varies. National Link


Hedy Bohm was born in 1928 in Oradea (Romania). She was deported with her parents from the local ghetto to Auschwitz-Birkenau. An only child, she saw her parents, many relatives and friends murdered by the Nazis.
When his statement was read by his attorney, I heard the magic sentence. But, as he went on, He qualified it, explained why and when, until there was no meaning to the words anymore. Disappointed, I started to question myself, why was it important to hear "I am sorry". Could my parents care if they could hear Him? Is it just for me? Or is it for the murdered multitudes……? I don't know anymore.


I love an idea that can go viral.
And how cool would it be to taste a flight of wines with a group of wineophiles, winemakers, vineyard managers, wine bloggers and your friends? That, my friends, would be CRAZY fun, and there's so much to learn and enjoy. Really, these people have a gift, a passion and lucky us, they want to share! The content, the conversation, the wine experience…you don't often get that confluence of visceral, intellectual and social high all in one event.
Photos provided courtesy of Chris Butts: The Kilted Blog.
A tasting that combines all entities would be educational for all three. It would be a great way to promote your blog or wine brand and it could be a fun thing for the typical consumer to learn more about wine (or a fun thing to do while vacationing in wine country). This is definitely an idea worthy to be pursued.
We already know we have a great time when we get together, this way we can show consumers that not all wine brands and journalists are stuffy.
I think these comparative tastings / group tastings are great.
I will plan to organize something for some of our New Zealand wines early in the new year.
That is CRAZY awesome! Please come back and post even a LINE or LINK to your posts about this viral experience with wine. Peace, Love and Wine!!!


All communities deserve clean air but we know not all communities have it. Business as usual is not getting the job done.
70% of jobs are unreachable by public transit. What can MTS do?
Read our Transportation Justice policies for the Metropolitan Transit System 2020 Ballot Measure.


What Type of Inner Tube Do I Need?
There are two common types of valve stems on bicycles, the Schrader ("American" type) and the Presta ("French" type). The Schrader or American-type valve is common on cars and motorcycles. It is also found on many bicycles. The valve stem is approximately 8mm (5/16?) in diameter and has an internal spring plunger to assist in shutting the valve.
To deflate the Schrader valve tube, it is necessary to stick a small hex wrench or other object into the valve in order to press on the stem and release the air. Upon release of the stem, the stem spring shuts. Schrader compatible pump fittings press on the internal stem with a plunger, allowing the tube to be filled.
The Schrader valve core can be removed if necessary. This is rarely required, but a valve can become stuck and cause a slow leak. A loose core can also be the source of a slow leak. A special tool will remove and or tighten the core.
The Presta or French-type valve is common on mid and higher priced road bikes and on higher priced MTB bikes. Presta stems are nominally 6mm (1/4?) diameter, thinner than Schrader valves. At the top of the stem is a small lock-nut, which must be unthreaded before air can enter the tube. To deflate the inner tube, unthread the locknut. Depress the valve stem to deflate. To inflate the tube, unthread the locknut and tap the valve to insure it is not stuck.
Presta valve tubes come with different length valves. The longer valve stems are needed for the deeper aerodynamic rims.
The rim valve hole should match the valve of the tube. It is possible to use the smaller Presta valve in a rim intended for the larger Schrader by using an adapter sleeve.
Still not sure? Stop by and we will give you a demonstration!


text:
\section{Introduction}
The history of magnetotransport studies goes back to the 19th century and the experiments of William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) on iron and nickel in the presence of a magnetic field~\cite{thomson1857xix}. Since then, the study of magnetotransport properties of materials has always been one of the leading and practical subjects of research in condensed matter physics revealing many significant features in materials ranging from the electronic structure via Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations to topologically nontrivial signatures in Dirac and Weyl semimetals~\cite{son2013chiral,burkov2014chiral,spivak2016magnetotransport}.

Numerous intriguing and remarkable magnetotransport findings are closely related to the geometry of Bloch wave functions, which is primarily illustrated by Berry curvature and orbital magnetic moment (OMM)~\cite{xiao2010berry}. This can receive more profound consequences in systems with broken inversion symmetry where the coupling between the valley degree of freedom with equal and oppositely oriented Berry curvature and orbital magnetic moment in two valleys can result in unique outcomes~\cite{xiao2007valley,mak2014valley,schaibley2016valleytronics}. The negative magnetoconductance in Weyl semimetals~\cite{knoll2020negative,sharma2020sign}, the chiral magnetic effect~\cite{ma2015chiral}, and the gyrotropic magnetic effect~\cite{zhong2016gyrotropic} are a few examples. An out-of-plane magnetic field can raise the valley degeneracy due to the valley-contrasting orbital magnetic moment~\cite{rostami2015valley}. While the valley-contrasting Berry curvature has long been considered in theoretical calculations of the magnetotransport in multi-valley systems~\cite{xiao2010berry}, the equally important role of the OMM has currently seen a revived interest in both three- and two-dimensional (3D and 2D) systems~\cite{knoll2020negative,sharma2020sign,cortijo2016linear,zhou2019valley,das2021intrinsic,pal2021berry,han2022orbital}. The valley-contrasting OMM, which considerably arises from the self-rotation of Bloch wave packets~\cite{chang2008berry}, shifts the energy dispersion through a Zeeman-like coupling to the magnetic field and hence modifies the band velocity.

In this work, we revisit the impact of considering the OMM on the magnetoresistance in 2D multi-valley systems following an exact solution to the semiclassical Boltzmann equation. In previous studies~\cite{zhou2019valley,das2021intrinsic}, the magnetotransport properties in these systems were found solving the Boltzmann transport equation in simple relaxation-time approximation. Recently Xiao $et\, al$ ~\cite{xiao2020linear} showed that the in-scattering effects of the semiclassical dynamics (neglected in the relaxation-time approximation) can be as important as the out-scattering effects in weak-field magnetotransport studies. These terms can augment the impact of both the Berry curvature and the OMM in collision integral. It was also proposed that a strong enough intervalley scattering can substantially affect the results owing to the valley-contrasting nature of the OMM in inversion-broken 2D systems and 3D Weyl semimetals. These proposals were also approved in other papers on the magnetotransport in 3D Weyl semimetals where an exact solution of the Boltzmann equation (involving in-scattering terms) and a sufficiently strong intervalley scattering could describe the shift of the longitudinal magnetoconductance from positive to negative~\cite{knoll2020negative,sharma2020sign}.

While previous studies on the magnetotransport in 2D multi-valley systems with time-reversal symmetry considered the OMM effect in a simple relaxation-time approximation~\cite{zhou2019valley,das2021intrinsic}, it, however, remains to be understood as to how the in-scattering terms can modify the results in 2D. On the other hand, the impact of the intervalley scattering in the presence of the OMM on the magnetoresistance of 2D multi-valley systems has yet been unexplored. These remain two vital questions to be addressed in this manuscript.

The significant consequences of the OMM are not only limited to the time-reversal-symmetric systems; it can can strongly affect the magnetotransport in the time-reversal-broken systems. Along with the anomalous Hall effect, which occurs in the absence of a magnetic field due to the unequal Berry curvatures in two valleys~\cite{karplus1954hall,sinitsyn2007semiclassical,nagaosa2010anomalous}, we expect a linear magnetoresistance (with respect to the magnetic field) in these systems as a consequence of the Onsager's reciprocity relations. The magnetoresistance in 2D time-reversal-broken multi-valley systems has been studied in Ref.~\cite{sekine2018valley}, but the important contribution of the OMM was unconsidered in their calculations and a comprehensive study of the magnetoresistance in the presence of the OMM in these systems is lacking. This is another important issue to be addressed here.

Our calculations show that when the Fermi level in a 2D inversion-asymmetric system lies far from the band edge, the inclusion of in-scattering terms considerably affects the magnetoresistance results and can even switch the sign of the magnetoresistance. While in this case, the presence of an intervalley scattering can effectively increase the absolute value of the magnetoresistance, for a low carrier density regime it can cause a sharp drop in magnetoresistance when one of the valleys is depleted in a certain magnetic field. In the case of a time-reversal-broken system, which is assumably produced by inducing valley polarization in the system, we find that the inclusion of the OMM leads to a negative intrinsic Hall conductivity in contrast to the anomalous Hall conductivity which changes sign depending on the valley polarization sign (negative for $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}<0$ and positive for $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}>0$). The magnetoresistance dependence on the magnetic field also varies substantially in the presence of the OMM such that in this case, for $B>0$, the magnetoresistance remains negative for $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}<0$, but it changes sign from a positive to a negative value for $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}>0$. We show that this latter case is much more sensitive to the size of the valley polarization while the magnetoresistance changes only slightly in the former case.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section II, we describe the minimal effective Hamiltonian used to describe the 2D inversion-broken multi-valley system in this work. In section III, the semiclassical Boltzmann framework and the procedure to find the exact solution to that is explored. Section IV is devoted to discussing the magnetotransport results for both time-reversal-symmetric ($\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}=0$) and asymmetric cases ($\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}\neq0$). Finally, our results are summarized in section V.

\section{Massive Dirac model}\label{two}

A minimal Hamiltonian for a 2D multi-valley system is the massive Dirac model where the gap has broken the inversion symmetry and therefore it consists of two valleys connected by time-reversal symmetry. This can describe the graphene on a substrate~\cite{giovannetti2007substrate,zhou2007substrate,yankowitz2012emergence} or a monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) and is given by~\cite{zhou2019valley,sekine2018valley,xiao2007valley,xiao2012coupled,faridi2020many},
\begin{equation}\label{hamiltonian}
\hat{H}=\hbar v_F(\tau k_x\hat{\sigma_x}+k_y\hat{\sigma_y})+\Delta\hat{\sigma_z},
\end{equation}
where $\tau=\pm1$ is the valley index, $\hat{\sigma}$ denotes the Pauli matrices acting in pseudospin space, $v_F$ is the bare Fermi velocity and $2\Delta$ is the band gap. The energy dispersion of the conduction(+) and the valence(-) bands are then given by ${\varepsilon_{ k}=\pm\sqrt{(\hbar v_F )^2\vert k\vert^2+\Delta^2}}$. We consider an electron-doped system and hence the Bloch vectors of the conduction band in two valleys are given by
\begin{equation}
\vert u^{\tau}_k\rangle=\binom{\tau \cos\frac{\theta}{2}e^{-i\tau\phi}}{\sin\frac{\theta}{2}},\label{eigc}
\end{equation}
where $\theta$ and $\phi$ are defined such that $\cos\theta=\frac{\Delta}{\varepsilon_{ k}}$, $\sin\theta\sin\phi=\frac{\hbar v_Fk_y}{\varepsilon_{ k}}$ and $\sin\theta\cos\phi=\frac{\hbar v_Fk_x}{\varepsilon_{ k}}$.

In 2D systems, the Berry curvature is along the $\hat{z}$ and for each band it is given by ${\Omega^{\tau}_{k_z}}=\partial_{k_x}A^{\tau}_{k_y}-\partial_{k_y}A^{\tau}_{k_x}$ with $A^{\tau}_{j}=\langle u^{\tau}_k\vert i\partial_{j}u^{\tau}_k\rangle$ being the $j^{th}$ component of the Berry connection $\mathbold{A^{\tau}_k}$ of the band and $\vert u^{\tau}_k\rangle$ is the Bloch vector of the same band~\cite{xiao2010berry}. For a system described by the Hamiltonian~\eqref{hamiltonian}, the Berry curvature in the conduction band is given by
\begin{equation}\label{berry}
\bm{\mathrm{\Omega}}^{\tau}_{k_z}=-\frac{\hbar^2v_F^2\Delta}{2\varepsilon_k^3}\tau{\hat{z}}.
\end{equation}
In this work, we also consider the orbital magnetic moment which can be described as the self-rotation of the Bloch wave packets in each band whose $i^{th}$ component is given by ${{m^{\tau}_i}=\varepsilon_{ijk}(-i\frac{e}{2\hbar})\langle \partial_j u^{\tau}\vert \hat{H}-\varepsilon\vert \partial_{k}u^{\tau}\rangle}$ and same as the Berry curvature for a 2D system, it is a vector along the $\hat{z}$~\cite{xiao2007valley,chang2008berry}. Using this definition, the orbital magnetic moment of the present system in the conduction band is given by~\cite{chang1996berry,chang2008berry, fuchs2010topological}
\begin{equation}\label{omm}
\bm m^{\tau}_{k_z}=-\frac{e\hbar v_F^2\Delta}{2\varepsilon_k^2}\tau\hat{z}.
\end{equation}
In the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field, the orbital magnetic moment couples to the magnetic field and shifts the energy as $\tilde{\varepsilon}_k=\varepsilon_k-\mathbf{m}^\tau_k \cdot\bf B$. The Berry curvature and orbital magnetic moment provide valley-contrasting effects on transport because of their dependency on the valley $\tau$. For $B>0$, the valley-contrasting nature of the orbital magnetic moment leads to an upward shift in one valley ($\mathbold K$) and a downward shift in the other valley ($\mathbold{K'}$). For a low-doping small-gap system, the OMM is about 30 times the Bohr magneton~\cite{xiao2007valley} and therefore we have ignored the spin splitting in the presence of the magnetic field. Following the OMM-induced energy shift, the band velocity also changes as $\mathbold{\tilde{v}_k}=\partial_{\hbar\mathbold k}\tilde{\varepsilon}_k$.

\section{Boltzmann framework}

The semiclassical equations of motion for Bloch wave packets are~\cite{xiao2010berry,sundaram1999wave}
 \begin{eqnarray}
D_k\mathbold{\dot{r}}= \mathbold{\tilde{v}_k}+\frac{e}{\hbar}\mathbold{E}\times\bf{\Omega},\label{m1}\\
D_k\mathbold{\dot{k}}=-\frac{e}{\hbar}[\mathbold{E}+ \mathbold{\tilde{v}_k}\times\mathbold{B}],\label{m2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $D_k=1+\frac{e}{\hbar}\mathbold{B}\cdot\bf{\Omega}$ is the Berry curvature induced modified measure for the number of states in the reciprocal space~\cite{xiao2005berry}.

The semiclassical Boltzmann equation for valley $\tau$ reads as~\cite{ashcroft1976solid}
 \begin{equation}\label{Boltz}
\frac{\partial f_k^{\tau}}{\partial t}+\mathbold{\dot{r}}^{\tau}\cdot\bm{\nabla}_r f_k^{\tau}+\mathbold{\dot{k}}^{\tau}\cdot\bm{\nabla}_k f_k^{\tau}=\mathcal{I}_{col}[f_k^{\tau}].
\end{equation}
Here $f_k^{\tau}$ is the nonequilibrium distribution function written as $f_k^{\tau}=f^{eq}(\tilde{\varepsilon}_k^{\tau})+g_k^{\tau}$ where $f^{eq}(\tilde{\varepsilon}_k^{\tau})$ is the equilibrium Fermi-Dirac distribution function and $g_k^{\tau}$ is the deviation from equilibrium. Note that in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field $\mathbold B$ and for a system with a finite Berry curvature $\bf{\Omega}$, the equilibrium distribution function should be calculated at $\tilde{\varepsilon}_k^{\tau}$. The term on the right hand side of the equation is the collision integral. It incorporates the effect of the impurity scatterings in the system which tends to relax the nonequilibrium distribution function toward the Fermi surface and for an elastic scattering, it is written as
 \begin{equation}\label{col}
\mathcal{I}_{col}[f_k^{\tau}]=\sum_{k',{\tau}'} W_{kk'}^{{\tau}{\tau}'}(\eta f_{k'}^{{\tau}'}-f_k^{\tau}),
\end{equation}
where the first and second terms are expressing the in-scattering and out-scattering contributions respectively. Here, we have attached a factor ${\eta=\lbrace 0,1\rbrace}$ to the in-scattering terms in the collision integral to trace the effect of this contribution in our numerical results. Considering only the elastic scatterings, the scattering rate $W_{kk'}^{\tau{\tau}'}$
within the lowest order of the Born approximation reads as
 \begin{equation}\label{scatl}
W_{kk'}^{{\tau}{\tau}'}=\frac{2\pi}{\hbar}\frac{n_i}{S}{\vert\langle u^{\tau'}_{k'}\vert V_{kk'}^{{\tau}{\tau}'}\vert u^{\tau}_k\rangle\vert}^2\delta(\tilde{\varepsilon}_{k'}^{\tau'}-\tilde{\varepsilon}_{k}^{\tau}),
\end{equation}
where $n_i$ is the impurity density and $S$ is the area of the two-dimensional system. We set the impurity density such that the diluteness criteria will be satisfied for a wide range of chemical potentials.  $V_{kk'}^{{\tau}{\tau}'}$ is also the scattering matrix element for nonmagnetic point-like scatters and since we are considering the elastic scatterings, it is not a function of momentum and it reduces to $V^{{\tau}{\tau}'}\mathbb{I}$. Here we consider uncorrelated point scatterers, so that we can consider both intravalley $V_{\mathrm{intra}}$ and intervalley $V_{\mathrm{inter}}$ scattering amplitudes~\cite{knoll2020negative,sharma2020sign,sekine2018valley}. The overlap of the Bloch vectors (Eq.~\eqref{eigc}) in the scattering rate also gives
 \begin{equation}\label{ovl}
 \begin{split}
&{\vert\langle u^{\tau'}_{k'}\vert V_{kk'}^{{\tau}{\tau}'}\vert u^{\tau}_k\rangle\vert}^2=\\
&\frac{1}{2} \vert  V^{{\tau}{\tau}'}\vert^2[1+\cos\theta\cos\theta'+\tau\tau'\sin\theta\sin\theta'\cos(\tau'\phi'-\tau\phi)],
\end{split}
\end{equation}

Now for a uniform system in its stationary state, the Boltzmann Eq.~\eqref{Boltz} reduces to
 \begin{equation}\label{Boltz3}
-\frac{1}{D_k^{\tau}}\frac{e}{\hbar}[\mathbold{E}+\mathbold{\tilde{v}_k^{\tau}}\times\mathbold B]\cdot\bm{\nabla}_k f_k^{\tau}=\mathcal{I}_{col}[f_k^{\tau}].
\end{equation}

In order to solve the above equation we follow an exact integral equation approach~\cite{vyborny2009semiclassical,faridi2016electron,zare2017thermoelectric} and we generalize it to the case of a finite perpendicular magnetic field, $\mathbold B$. Expanding the nonequilibrium distribution function $f_k^{\tau}$ to linear order in $\mathbold{E}$, we have
 \begin{equation}\label{f0}
f_k^{\tau}=f^{eq}(\tilde{\varepsilon}_k^{\tau})+E_x\partial_{E_x}f^{\tau}+E_y\partial_{E_y}f^{\tau}.
\end{equation}
Considering $\mathbold k=k(\cos\phi,\sin\phi)$ and $\mathbold E=E(\cos \xi,\sin \xi)$, the nonequilibrium part of the distribution function reads as
 \begin{equation}\label{f}
g^{\tau}(\phi,\xi)=E[A^{\tau}(\phi)\cos\xi+B^{\tau}(\phi)\sin\xi],
\end{equation}
where $A^{\tau}(\phi)=\partial_{E_x}g^{\tau}$ and $B^{\tau}(\phi)=\partial_{E_y}g^{\tau}$.

Using the definition of $f_k^{\tau}$ and keeping only the linear terms in $\mathbold{E}$, Eq.~\eqref{Boltz3} reduces to
 \begin{equation}\label{Boltz4}
-\frac{1}{D_k^{\tau}}\frac{e}{\hbar}[\hbar\mathbold{E}\cdot\mathbold{\tilde{v}_k^{\tau}}(\frac{\partial f^{eq}}{\partial \tilde{\varepsilon}_k^{\tau}})+\mathbold{\tilde{v}_k^{\tau}}\times\mathbold B\cdot\bm{\nabla}_kg_k^{\tau}]=\mathcal{I}_{col}[g_k^{\tau}].
\end{equation}

For isotropic Fermi surfaces, the velocity vector $\mathbold{\tilde{v}_k^{\tau}}$ is in the $\hat{k}$ direction and therefore the second term in the left-hand side of the above equation is given by $-\frac{\tilde{v}_k^{\tau}B}{k}\frac{\partial g^{\tau}}{\partial\phi}$. Keeping this in mind and plugging  \eqref{f} in \eqref{Boltz4}, we will end up with the following equations

 \begin{equation}
  \begin{split}
&\cos\phi-F^{\tau}(k)\partial_{\phi}a^{\tau}(\phi)=G^{\tau}(k)a^{\tau}(\phi)-\\
&\sum_{{\tau}'}\int [H^{\tau\tau'}(k)+\tau\tau'I^{\tau\tau'}(k)\cos(\tau'\phi'-\tau\phi)]a^{\tau'}(\phi')d\phi',\label{B3}
\end{split}
\end{equation}
and
 \begin{equation}
\begin{split}
&\sin\phi-F^{\tau}(k)\partial_{\phi}b^{\tau}(\phi)=G^{\tau}(k)b^{\tau}(\phi)-\\
&\sum_{{\tau}'}\int [H^{\tau\tau'}(k)+\tau\tau'I^{\tau\tau'}(k)\cos(\tau'\phi'-\tau\phi)]b^{\tau'}(\phi')d\phi',\label{B4}
\end{split}
\end{equation}
with
 \begin{align}
&F^{\tau}(k)=\frac{e\tilde{v}_k^{\tau}B}{\hbar k},\label{F}\\
&G^{\tau}(k)=\frac{S}{4\pi^2}D_k^{\tau}\sum_{\tau'}\int d^2k' D_{k'}^{\tau'} W_{kk'}^{{\tau}{\tau}'},\label{G}\\
&H^{\tau\!\tau'}\!\!(k)\!\!=\!\!\frac{n_i}{4\pi\hbar}\!D_k^{\tau}\!\!\!\int\!\! k'\!dk'\! D_{k'}^{\tau'}\frac{\tilde{v}_{k'}^{\tau'}}{\tilde{v}_k^{\tau}}\vert\! V^{{\tau}{\tau}'}\!\!\vert^2\!(1\!\!+\!\!\frac{\Delta^2}{\varepsilon(k)\varepsilon(k')}\!)\delta(\!\tilde{\varepsilon}_{k'}^{\tau'}\!\!-\!\tilde{\varepsilon}_{k}^{\tau}\!),\label{H}\\
&I^{\tau\tau'}(k)=\frac{n_i}{4\pi\hbar}D_k^{\tau}\!\!\!\int\!\! k'dk'\! D_{k'}^{\tau'}\frac{\tilde{v}_{k'}^{\tau'}}{\tilde{v}_k^{\tau}}\vert V^{{\tau}{\tau}'}\!\vert^2\frac{\hbar^2v_F^2 kk'}{\varepsilon(k)\varepsilon(k')}\delta(\!\tilde{\varepsilon}_{k'}^{\tau'}\!\!-\!\tilde{\varepsilon}_{k}^{\tau}\!),\label{I}
\end{align}
where we have defined $a^{\tau}(\phi)\equiv{A^{\tau}(\phi)}/{e\tilde{v}_k^{\tau}(\frac{\partial f^{eq}}{\partial \tilde{\varepsilon}_k^{\tau}})}$ and $b^{\tau}(\phi)\equiv{B^{\tau}(\phi)}/{e\tilde{v}_k^{\tau}(\frac{\partial f^{eq}}{\partial \tilde{\varepsilon}_k^{\tau}})}$.
Note that we have replaced $\sum_{k'}$ with $\frac{S}{4\pi^2}\int d^2k' D_{k'}^{\tau'}$ in order to capture the Berry phase induced modification of the density of states. The integrals in Eqs.~(\ref{G})-(\ref{I}) can be analytically found due to the elastic scattering condition $\delta(\tilde{\varepsilon}_{k'}^{\tau'}-\tilde{\varepsilon}_{k}^{\tau})$ (See Appendix.~\ref{ap-one}). Solving Eq.~\eqref{B3} and \eqref{B4} for $a^{\tau}(\phi)$ and $b^{\tau}(\phi)$ and putting them back in Eq.~\eqref{f}, we will have the exact solution of the Boltzmann equation up to the leading order in $\mathbold{E}$.

In order to find $a^{\tau}(\phi)$ and $b^{\tau}(\phi)$, we write them in the form of Fourier series
 \begin{eqnarray}\label{a}
 &&
 \begin{split}
a^{\tau}(\phi)&=a_0^{\tau}+\sum_{n=1}\{a_{cn}^{\tau}\cos(n\phi)+a_{sn}^{\tau}\sin(n\phi)\}
\end{split}
\\[10pt]
&&
\begin{split}
b^{\tau}(\phi)&=b_0^{\tau}+\sum_{n=1}\{b_{cn}^{\tau}\cos(n\phi)+b_{sn}^{\tau}\sin(n\phi)\}
\end{split}
\end{eqnarray}

Plugging $a^{\tau}(\phi)$ and $b^{\tau}(\phi)$ in Eqs.~\eqref{B3} and \eqref{B4} and after a straightforward algebra, we will end up with a system of coupled equations (the details can be found in Appendix.~\ref{ap-two} ) and finally the field induced correction to the distribution function reads as
 \begin{equation}\label{g}
 \begin{split}
&g^{\tau}=e\tilde{v}_k^{\tau}(\frac{\partial f^{eq}}{\partial \tilde{\varepsilon}_k^{\tau}})E\times\\
&\bigl\lbrace [a_{c1}^{\tau}\cos\phi+a_{s1}^{\tau}\sin\phi]\cos\xi+ [b_{c1}^{\tau}\cos\phi+b_{s1}^{\tau}\sin\phi]\sin\xi\bigr\rbrace.
\end{split}
\end{equation}
which is the main quantity for evaluating the linear response conductivities.
\section{Magnetotransport results}

Having found the distribution function of the system, $f^{eq}(\tilde{\varepsilon}_k^{\tau})+g_k^{\tau}$, we can now calculate the longitudinal and Hall conductivities. For the current density we have
\begin{equation}\label{j0}
\mathbold j=-\frac{e}{S}\sum_{k,\tau}\mathbold{\dot{r}}^{\tau}f_k^{\tau}=-\frac{e}{4\pi^2}\sum_{\tau}\int d^2k D_k \mathbold{\dot{r}}^{\tau}[f^{eq}(\tilde{\varepsilon}_k^{\tau})+g_k^{\tau}].
\end{equation}
Using the definition of $\mathbold{\dot{r}}^{\tau}$ from Eq.~\eqref{m1}, we have
\begin{equation}\label{j}
\begin{split}
\mathbold j=\sum_{\tau}&\bigl[-\frac{e}{4\pi^2}\int d^2k\, \mathbold{\tilde v}_k ^{\tau}\, g_k^{\tau}\\
&-\frac{e^2}{\hbar}\frac{1}{4\pi^2}\int d^2kf^{eq}(\tilde{\varepsilon}_k^{\tau})[\mathbold{E}\times\bm{\mathrm{\Omega}}^{\tau}_{k_z}]\bigr]+\it{O(E^2)}.
\end{split}
\end{equation}
Now plugging~\eqref{g} in Eq.~\eqref{j}, the longitudinal conductivity ($\xi=0$) is given by
\begin{equation}\label{xx}
\begin{split}
\sigma_{xx}\!&=\!-\frac{e^2}{4\pi^2}\!\sum_{\tau}\!\!\int\!\! d^2k ({\tilde v}_k ^{\tau})^2(\frac{\partial f^{eq}}{\partial \tilde{\varepsilon}_k^{\tau}})\!\cos\phi [a_{c1}^{\tau}\cos\phi+a_{s1}^{\tau}\sin\phi]\\
&=-\frac{e^2}{\hbar}\frac{1}{4\pi}\sum_{\tau}\tilde{k}^{\tau}{\tilde v}_{\tilde{k}^{\tau}} ^{\tau}a_{c1}^{\tau},
\end{split}
\end{equation}
and for the Hall conductivity ($\xi=\pi/2$) we have
\begin{equation}\label{xy}
\begin{split}
\sigma_{xy}\!&=\!-\frac{e^2}{4\pi^2}\!\sum_{\tau}\!\!\int\!\! d^2k({\tilde v}_k ^{\tau})^2(\frac{\partial f^{eq}}{\partial \tilde{\varepsilon}_k^{\tau}})\!\cos\phi [b_{c1}^{\tau}\!\cos\phi+\!b_{s1}^{\tau}\!\sin\phi]\\
&-\frac{e^2}{\hbar}\frac{1}{4\pi^2}\sum_{\tau}\int d^2kf^{eq}(\tilde{\varepsilon}_k^{\tau})\Omega^{\tau}_{k_z}\\
&=-\frac{e^2}{\hbar}\frac{1}{4\pi}\sum_{\tau}\lbrace\tilde{k}^{\tau}{\tilde v}_{\tilde{k}^{\tau}} ^{\tau}b_{c1}^{\tau}-\tau[\frac{\Delta}{\varepsilon_{\tilde{k}^{\tau}}}-1]\rbrace=\sigma_{xy}^{(i)}+\sigma_{xy}^{(ii)},
\end{split}
\end{equation}
where $\tilde{k}^{\tau}$ is the modified Fermi wave vector found from the condition $\varepsilon_k-m_{k_z}^{\tau}B=\varepsilon_{\rm F}$. In the absence of the OMM, Eq.~\eqref{xx} and the first term in Eq.~\eqref{xy}, $\sigma_{xy}^{(i)}$, are the ordinary longitudinal and Hall responses induced by Lorentz force and the second term in Eq.~\eqref{xy}, $\sigma_{xy}^{(ii)}$, is the quantum mechanical intrinsic Hall conductivity. Owing to the fact that the Berry curvature in $\mathbold K$ and $\mathbold{K'}$ valleys is equal and opposite in sign, this term is zero for time-reversal symmetric systems. In the case of time-reversal broken systems, this term gives the intrinsic anomalous Hall conductivity due to unequal Berry curvatures in two valleys. Now, when the OMM effect is considered, not only the ordinary and Hall conductivities are modified, but also the opposite shifting of the bands in valleys and subsequent unequal Berry curvatures (see Fig. \ref{fig1}(a)) lead to a $B$-dependent finite value for the intrinsic term in both time-reversal symmetric and asymmetric cases.

Next, we use these conductivities to find the magnetoresistance in the system defined as
\begin{equation}\label{mr}
\mathrm{MR}=\frac{\rho_{xx}(B)-\rho_{xx}(0)}{\rho_{xx}(0)},
\end{equation}
where the longitudinal resistivity is given by
\begin{equation}\label{ro}
\rho_{xx}=\frac{\sigma_{xx}}{\sigma_{xx}^2+\sigma_{xy}^2}.
\end{equation}
Below, we calculate the magnetoconductance and magnetoresistance for the massive Dirac model described in Sec.~\ref{two} and discuss the results.

\subsection {Initially valley degenerate case: $\mathbold{\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}=0}$}

The effect of the OMM on the magnetotransport properties in 2D multi-valley systems with similar population of valleys has been discussed before applying the simple relaxation-time approximation and ignoring the in-scattering terms and the possible intervalley scatterings~\cite{zhou2019valley,das2021intrinsic}. Therefore, in this subsection, we focus on the significant impact of these terms in the final magnetoresistance of the system. In what follows, we have assumed the intravalley scattering is the same for both valleys, ${V_{\mathrm{intra}}=V_{\mathrm{11}}=V_{\mathrm{22}}}$ and to respect the valley symmetry for the intervalley scattering we have ${V_{\mathrm{inter}}=V_{\mathrm{12}}=V_{\mathrm{21}}}$. On the other hand, as we mentioned earler, to determine the effect of the in-scattering contribution in final results, we have attached a factor ${\eta=\lbrace 0,1\rbrace}$ to the in-scattering terms in the collision integral Eq.~\eqref{col} which allows us to easily switch on and off the in-scattering effect.

To commence with, we show the $\varepsilon_{\rm F}$-dependence of the MR in Fig. \ref{fig1}(b). We can see that the in-scattering term decreases the MR resistance and has a negative contribution in the magnetoresistance and at certain Fermi energies it can even change the sign of the magnetoresistance from positive to negative values. On the other hand, if the intervalley scattering exists in a system, its negative contribution can considerably change the MR especially for larger Fermi energies.
 \begin{figure}[!ht]
 \captionsetup[subfigure]{labelformat=empty}
\centering
  \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=.5\linewidth]{fig1-0}}\negthickspace\negthickspace\negthickspace
  \hfil
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{fig1-1}}
\par

    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{fig1-2}}
\hfil
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{fig1-3}}

\caption{(Color online) (a) The opposite Berry curvatures in two valleys. The black circles indicate the Fermi surfaces which are different in two valleys due to the shift of the energy bands caused by the OMM. Here, the Fermi surfaces are plotted for $\varepsilon_{\rm F}=35$ meV and $B=2$ T. The top inset is a schematic illustration of the shifted energy bands around $\mathbold K$ and $\mathbold {K'}$ valleys and the corresponding alignment of the OMMs, $\mathbold m_z$. (b) The MR as a function of the Fermi energy, $\varepsilon_{\rm F}$ at $B=0.5$ T in the absence of in-scattering and intervalley scattering, $\eta=0$, (the red dashed-dotted curve), when in-scattering terms are considered in the collision integral but the intervalley scattering is absent (the blue solid curve), and finally in the presence of both in-scattering terms and an intervalley scattering half as large as the intravalley scattering. (c) The MR versus the magnetic field $B$ for $\varepsilon_{\rm F}= 35$ meV and (d) for $\varepsilon_{\rm F}= 27$ meV. For all the plots other than red, $\eta=1$. The parameters are set as $\hbar v_F=3\,\rm{eV\AA}$~\cite{zhou2019valley,sekine2018valley}, ${\Delta=26\,\rm{meV}}$~\cite{zhou2007substrate,yankowitz2012emergence}. Here, $n_i\vert V_{11}\vert^2$ is chosen such that for $B=0$, we have $\tau_{tr}=10^{-13}\,s$~\cite{zhou2019valley,sekine2018valley}.\label{fig1}    }
 \end{figure}

This can be better perceived in Fig. \ref{fig1}(c) where we illustrate the MR versus magnetic field, $B$, for $\varepsilon_{\rm F}=35$ meV. While the in-scatteing term has changed the magnetoresistance from positive to negative, an intervalley scattering as large as half the intravalley scattering can change the MR from $-0.4\%$ to about $-3.1\%$ at $B=2\,$T. Note that the results of the MR without in-scattering are different in our work with those of Ref.~\cite{zhou2019valley}. This is because in previous works where the relaxation-time approximation was employed, a constant relaxation time of $\tau_{tr}=10^{-13}s$ was assumed. Even in the absence of in-scattering terms, this is not accurate when we possess the magnetic field. In this case, the density of states correction due to the Berry curvature should be considered in the definition of $\tau_{tr}$ such that $\tau_{tr}^{-1}={\frac{S}{4\pi^2}\sum_{\tau'}\int d^2k' D_{k'}^{\tau'} W_{kk'}^{{\tau}{\tau}'}}$ ~\cite{knoll2020negative}. We can see that $\tau_{tr}$ depends on the magnetic field through $D_k^{\tau}=1+\frac{e}{\hbar}\mathbold{B}\cdot\bm{\mathrm{\Omega}}^{\tau}_{k_z}$ and is not the same for two valleys. If we set $ D_{k'}^{\tau'}=1$ in the definition of $\tau_{tr}$, then the results of Ref.~\cite{zhou2019valley} are reproduced.

In the case of low carrier density where the Fermi energy is near the band edge, it has been shown that when $\varepsilon_{\rm F}$ is kept constant, in a certain magnetic field one of the valleys will be depleted and a significant decrease in the MR is obtained~\cite{zhou2019valley}. Here we have found the same result and also a sharp drop at the point of depletion for a finite intervalley scattering (Fig. \ref{fig1}(d)). The size of this drop increases for more significant intervalley scatterings and it can be thought of as a measure for the strength of the intervalley scattering in the system. In fact when one of the valleys is depleted, the intervalley scattering channel is also canceled which results in a sudden decrease of the resistivity at the depletion point and hereafter the system behaves as if it doesn't experience intervalley scattering at all. But, since the zero-field resistivity $\rho_0$ is larger when $V_{12}\neq0$, the MR is considerably larger in this case.
 \begin{figure}[!ht]
 \captionsetup[subfigure]{labelformat=empty}
\centering

    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{fig2-1}}
\hfil
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{fig2-2}}

\caption{(Color online) (a) The longitudinal conductivity, $\sigma_{xx}$, as a function of the magnetic field, $B$, for  $\varepsilon_{\rm F}=27\,\rm{meV}$ for different values of intervalley scatterings, $V_{12}$. The colors and the format of lines are the same as Fig. \ref{fig1}(d). (b)  The Lorentz and intrinsic parts of the Hall conductivity, $\sigma_{xy}$, as a function of magnetic field, $B$ for  $\varepsilon_{\rm F}=27\,\rm{meV}$. The black dashed-dotted line is the intrinsic part of the Hall conductivity, $\sigma_{xy}^{(ii)}$, while all other lines refer to the Lorentz part of the Hall conductivity, $\sigma_{xy}^{(i)}$ with the colors and line formats similar to (a). }
    \label{fig2}
    \end{figure}

It is also instructive to have a quick look at the magnetoconductance in the presence of the intervalley scattering. In Fig. \ref{fig2}(a), we depict the longitudinal conductivity, $\sigma_{xx}$ as a function of magnetic field $B$ for a low-density case $\varepsilon_{\rm F}=27\,\rm{meV}$ and for reduced magnetic fields. As expected, when a new scattering channel is introduced to the system, the longitudinal conductivity decreases and a stronger intervalley scattering results in much lower longitudinal conductivity. The situation is more interesting for the Hall conductivity, $\sigma_{xy}$. In Fig. \ref{fig2}(b), we illusterate the Lorentz part of the Hall conductivity, $\sigma_{xy}^{(i)}$ for the same values of the intervalley scattering as in (a) as well as the intrinsic part $\sigma_{xy}^{(ii)}$ which is unaffected by scatterings. We can see that for $V_{12}=0$, although the Lorentz part is larger than the intrinsic part, but their magnitudes are completely comparable. For more considerable values of the intervalley scattering, the absolute value of the Lorentz part decreases highlighting the role of the intrinsic part such that for $V_{12}=V_{11}$, the largest part of the Hall conductivity belongs to the intrinsic part. We should not that since this OMM-induced intrinsic part is largest near the band edge~\cite{das2021intrinsic}, the dominant part of the Hall conductivity remain always the Lorentz term for Fermi energies far from the band bottom.

\subsection {Initially valley polarized case: $\mathbold{\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}\neq0}$}

The time-reversal symmetry can be broken by imposing a valley polarization on the system generating an excess of carriers in one of the valleys; for example in TMDCs this can be carried out by using circularly polarized light \cite{xiao2012coupled,zeng2012valley,mak2012control,cao2012valley}. The valley-dependent MR in this time-reversal-broken system has also been studied in Ref.~\cite{sekine2018valley}, but the important role of the OMM has been completely overlooked. Therefore, we discuss our results in this subsection with an emphasize on the OMM impact on the MR of a time-reversal-broken 2D system. In Fig. \ref{fig3}(a), we can see how the inclusion of the OMM can change the MR in this case. Note that the linear-in-$B$ dependence of the MR in weak-field regime, which is allowed in spontaneous time-reversal broken systems, can be seen in all the plots \cite{onsager1931reciprocal}.
 \begin{figure}[!ht]
 \captionsetup[subfigure]{labelformat=empty}
\centering

    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{fig3-1}}
\hfil
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{fig3-2}}

\caption{(Color online) (a) The MR versus magnetic field in the presence (solid curves) and absence (dashed curves) of the OMM. The Blue curves are illustrating the positive polarization case $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}>0$ and the red curves show the $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}<0$ case. (b) The intrinsic part of the Hall conductivity, $\sigma_{xy}^{(ii)}$ as a function of magnetic field, $B$. The colors and the format of lines are the same as (a) and the green dashed-dotted line shows the $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}=0$ case. In these figures we have assumed $V_{12}=0$ and $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}=1\,\rm{meV}$ such that for a positive (negative) polarization, we set $\varepsilon_{{\rm F}_{1(2)}}=28\,\rm{meV}$ and $\varepsilon_{{\rm F}_{2(1)}}=27\,\rm{meV}$. }
    \label{fig3}
    \end{figure}
The inclusion of the OMM can abruptly change the MR resulting in much larger values. Another interesting point is that depending on which valley is populated with the excess charge, the magnetic-field dependence of the system is very different. As we can see, for $B>0$, when OMM is considered in calculations, the MR stays negative for $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}<0$, while it changes sign from positive to negative values when the excess population is produced in the $\mathbold K$-valley or $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}>0$ ($\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}=\varepsilon_{{\rm F}_1}-\varepsilon_{{\rm F}_2}=\varepsilon_{{\rm F}}(\mathbold K)-\varepsilon_{{\rm F}}(\mathbold {K'})$). As the time-reversal symmetry is broken here, the situation is reversed when we consider the $B<0$ case; which means that the sign change in magnetoresistance occurs for $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}<0$ in this case. In fact, the nonmonotonic behavior of magnetoresistance is expected whenever the sign of $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}$ is the same as $B$. Hereafter we consider the $B>0$ case and therefore the sign change is seen when $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}>0$.

The inclusion of the OMM not only changes the energy bands (an upward shift in $\mathbold{K}$-valley and a downward shift in $\mathbold{K'}$-valley for $B>0$) and through that changes the dissipative currents, but it also introduces an intrinsic dissipationless Hall conductivity to the system: the second term in Eq. (\ref{xy}). In Fig. \ref{fig3}(b) we show the intrinsic contribution of the Hall conductivity, $\sigma_{xy}^{(ii)}$ as a function of the magnetic field, $B$. When the OMM is absent, the only intrinsic Hall term belongs to the anomalous Hall conductivity which is a positive value for $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}>0$ and a negative value for $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}<0$ and it is illustrated by the $B$-independent dotted lines. This term is induced in time-reversal-asymmetric systems by the opposite and unequal values of the Berry curvature in the $\mathbold K$ and $\mathbold {K'}$ valleys. When the effect of the OMM is considered, another intrinsic Hall contribution shows up. In contrast to the anomalous Hall conductivity, this OMM-induced Hall conductivity is $B$-dependent and it is always negative in accordance with the sign of the ordinary Hall conductivity induced by the Lorentz force. This is also the case for $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}=0$~\cite{das2021intrinsic}. In fact, the sign change seen in the magnetoresistance when $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}>0$ is principally the result of the positive anomalous Hall conductivity at $B=0$.  When the magnetic field is turned on, the negative Hall conductivity in finite $B$ tends to decrease this positive value toward zero and after that the absolute value of the Hall conductivity increases continuously (Fig. \ref{fig3}(b)). As the Lorentz part of the Hall conductivity is also negative, this sign change in magnetoresistance is expected even in the absence of OMM, but due to the slow increase of the Hall conductivity in this case, the sign change occurs in larger values of the magnetic field. In fact the negative intrinsic Hall conductivity induced by the OMM, makes the sign change happen in much smaller magnetic fields.
 \begin{figure}[!ht]
 \captionsetup[subfigure]{labelformat=empty}
\centering

    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{fig4-1}}
\hfil
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{fig4-2}}
\caption{(Color online) (a) The MR versus magnetic field, $B$, for different values of valley polarization: $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}=1\,\rm{meV}$ (solid red), $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}=2\,\rm{meV}$ (dashed blue), $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}=3\,\rm{meV}$ (dashed-dotted green) and $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}=4\,\rm{meV}$ (dashed-dotted-dotted pink). (b) The MR versus magnetic field, $B$, in the presence and absence of in-scattering and intervalley scattering terms. The color description of the curves is the same as Fig.~\ref{fig1}(a).}
    \label{fig4}
    \end{figure}

It is also interesting to note that increasing the difference in Fermi energies of the two valleys has a different impact on the system when $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}>0$ or $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}<0$. As illustrated in Fig. \ref{fig4}(a), while increasing $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}$ substantially affects the $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}>0$ case, the MR in $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}<0$ case does not change considerably specially for smaller magnetic fields. Meanwhile in both cases, the increase in the polarization of the valleys has a positive impact on the MR of the system.

On the other hand, similar to the unpolarized system, the intervalley scattering has the same negative contribution in MR for $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}<0$ case; While on the contrary, for the $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}>0$ case the contribution of the intervalley scattering is positive (Fig. \ref{fig4}(b)).

\section{Summary and discussions}

To summarize, we have revealed that going beyond the simple relaxation-time approximation in 2D multi-valley systems can effectively modify the quantum transport properties such that the sign of the magnetoresistance can be reversed for the high-density regime. In the case of the Fermi level close to the band bottom, the inclusion of the intervalley scatterings results in a significant drop of the magnetoresistance when one of the valleys is depleted whose size increases as the intervalley scattering grows.

Furthermore, we have studied the magnetoresistance in a multi-valley time-reversal-broken system in the presence of the orbital magnetic moment. If we assume the $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}>0$ ($\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}<0$) as a positive (negative) polarization, we have demonstrated that the orbital magnetic moment induces an intrinsic Hall conductivity which is negative in any polarizations and its absolute value grows with the magnetic field. This is in contrast to the anomalous Hall conductivity which is positive (negative) for a positive (negative) polarization.
Figure. \ref{fig5} summarizes the magnetoresistance results in both initially time-reversal-symmetric ($\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}=0$) and time-reversal-broken ($\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}>0$ and $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}<0$) systems. As expected the magnetoresistance in a low-field limit behaves as $B^2$ for the time-reversal-symmetric case, while it shows a linear dependence on $B$ for the two time-reversal-broken curves.
 \begin{figure}[!ht]
  \captionsetup[subfigure]{labelformat=empty}
\centering
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{fig5}}
\caption{(Color online) The magnetic-field dependence of the MR in low magnetic fields for both time-reversal symmetric ($\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}=0$, green curve) and asymmetric ($\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}\neq0$ red and blue curves) cases. }
    \label{fig5}
    \end{figure}

The completely different behavior of the magnetoresistance for positive and negative polarizations is also depicted here. While for the negative(positive) polarization and $B>0$ ($B<0$), the magnetoresistance stays negative for all values of the magnetic field, it changes sign in the opposite case. This sign change in the magnetoresistance in low magnetic fields is the direct consequence of the orbital magnetic moment consideration in the calculations. Our calculations also show that interestingly the sensitivity of $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}>0$ and $\delta\varepsilon_{\rm F}<0$ cases to the size of the polarization is completely different such that for $B>0$, increasing the polarization between two valleys significantly influences the magnetoresistance in the former case, while it possesses a moderate effect on the latter. This polarization-dependent magnetoresistance can be verified experimentally for example by illuminating the circular polarized light with opposite senses in multi-valley systems like TMDCs. We should note that since both Berry curvature and orbital magnetic moment are inversely proportional to the gap, the orbital magnetic moment-induced modifications are expected to be seen in systems with smaller band gaps.

We want to emphasize that in this work, following an exact solution to the semiclassic Boltzmann equation, we focus on intrinsic mechanisms contributing to the magnetotransport involving the orbital magnetic moment and the Berry curvature induced anomalous velocity and the correction to the density of states. In Ref.~\cite{xiao2020linear}, it was indicated that the inclusion of skew scattering can also strengthen the in-scattering contribution in the collision integral. Therefore, it is interesting to inspect the interplay between the extrinsic effects like side-jump and skew scattering and the intrinsic mechanisms described here in both 2D and 3D inversion-broken systems.

\section{Acknowledgement}
A. F acknowledges the support from Iran Science Elites Federation(ISEF).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Beethoven: Cello Sonatas & Variations
Beethoven: Cello Sonatas & Variations Duo Sinossi
Label: OnClassical
Subgenre: Concertos
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Ludwig van Beethoven !770 -1827): Cello Sonata No. 1 in F Major, Op. 5 No. 1:
1Cello Sonata No. 1 in F Major, Op. 5 No. 1: I. Adagio sostenuto02:59
2Cello Sonata No. 1 in F Major, Op. 5 No. 1: II. Allegro15:25
3Cello Sonata No. 1 in F Major, Op. 5 No. 1: III. Rondo. Allegro vivace07:13
Cello Sonata No. 2 in G Minor, Op. 5 No. 2:
4Cello Sonata No. 2 in G Minor, Op. 5 No. 2: I. Adagio sostenuto e espressivo05:37
5Cello Sonata No. 2 in G Minor, Op. 5 No. 2: II. Allegro molto più tosto presto15:07
6Cello Sonata No. 2 in G Minor, Op. 5 No. 2: III. Rondo. Allegro09:07
12 Variations on "See the Conqu'ring Hero Comes", WoO 45:
712 Variations on "See the Conqu'ring Hero Comes", WoO 45: Theme. Allegretto00:52
812 Variations on "See the Conqu'ring Hero Comes", WoO 45: Var. 100:44
1012 Variations on "See the Conqu'ring Hero Comes", WoO 45: Var. 300:45
1712 Variations on "See the Conqu'ring Hero Comes", WoO 45: Var. 1000:42
12 Variations on "Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen", Op. 66:
2012 Variations on "Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen", Op. 66: Thema00:33
2112 Variations on "Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen", Op. 66: Var. 100:32
3012 Variations on "Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen", Op. 66: Var. 1001:17
Cello Sonata No. 3 in A Major, Op. 69:
33Cello Sonata No. 3 in A Major, Op. 69: I. Allegro non tanto13:03
34Cello Sonata No. 3 in A Major, Op. 69: II. Scherzo. Allegro molto05:37
35Cello Sonata No. 3 in A Major, Op. 69: IIIa. Adagio cantabile01:36
36Cello Sonata No. 3 in A Major, Op. 69: IIIb. Allegro vivace07:18
7 Variations on "Bei Männern, welche Liebe fühlen", WoO 46:
377 Variations on "Bei Männern, welche Liebe fühlen", WoO 46: Theme00:53
387 Variations on "Bei Männern, welche Liebe fühlen", WoO 46: Var. 100:40
Cello Sonata No. 4 in C Major, Op. 102 No. 1:
45Cello Sonata No. 4 in C Major, Op. 102 No. 1: I. Andante teneramente02:37
46Cello Sonata No. 4 in C Major, Op. 102 No. 1: II. Allegro vivace05:03
47Cello Sonata No. 4 in C Major, Op. 102 No. 1: III. Adagio01:59
48Cello Sonata No. 4 in C Major, Op. 102 No. 1: III. Tempo d'andante00:45
49Cello Sonata No. 4 in C Major, Op. 102 No. 1: IV. Allegro vivace04:20
50Cello Sonata No. 5 in D Major, Op. 102 No. 2: I. Allegro con brio06:49
51Cello Sonata No. 5 in D Major, Op. 102 No. 2: II. Adagio con moto sentimento d'affetto08:27
52Cello Sonata No. 5 in D Major, Op. 102 No. 2: III. Allegro - Allegro fugato04:37
Total Runtime02:31:20
Info for Beethoven: Cello Sonatas & Variations
In the early 19th century and earlier, the instrumental sonata for ensemble that included piano was usually called "piano sonata with instrumental accompaniment". Beethoven's first violin sonatas, for instance, were published as "sonatas for piano with violin accompaniment." While most sonatas with cello from the 18th century were written for continuo, with the left hand of the keyboard part often doubling the cello, Beethoven is credited for composing some of the first works in the genre that featured a written-out piano part.
The first two cello sonatas that Beethoven composed were published as Op. 5 in 1796, and were dedicated to Friedrich Wilhelm II. They are thought to have been written with the celebrated cellist Jean-Louis Duport in mind. As the chronicles of the era report, they were played several times at court. The two Sonatas, Op. 5 are monumental in intentions, even if they are structured in two movements (in both compositions, the opening movement presents a lengthy introduction followed by a fast-paced movement in sonata form, which alludes to the presence of a third movement).
The third cello sonata, in the key of A Major and published as Op. 69, was written in 1808, and generally proposes more balanced and transparent writing than the previous sonatas. "Greater compositional technique allowed Beethoven the possibility of using fewer notes with confidence," wrote violinist Mark Kaplan. Cellist Steven Isserlis describes it as the first cello sonata in history to give the two instruments equal importance.
The two Sonatas, Op. 102 (Nos. 4 and 5) were composed between the end of 1812 and 1817. During that time, Beethoven was challenged by all sorts of difficulties, and experienced a period of literal and figurative silence. As his deafness became overwhelmingly profound, his productivity diminished. Following the A Major Sonata by seven years, the complexity of their composition and their visionary character marks (alongside the Piano Sonata in A Major, Op 101, written at the same time) the start of what is generally described as Beethoven's "third period."
The Duo Sinossi, with Marianna Sinagra at the cello and Lorenzo Cossi at the piano, offers a reading of the five compositions, plus the three sets of variations, that underscores the richness of contrapuntal textures and instrumental brilliance.
Duo Sinossi, Duo:
Marianna Sinagra, cello
Lorenzo Cossi, piano
Duo Sinossi
Lorenzo Cossi
has been recently internationally acclaimed as one of the five finalists at the Honens
International Piano Competition in Calgary, Canada.
His performance of the Brahms first Piano Concerto in D minor with the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra under the baton of Roberto Minczuk received a standing ovation at the beautiful Jack Singer Concert Hall.
The Cincinnati Enquirer wrote "Cossi's technique and command of sonority were simply stunning. He produced lush, orchestral sounds and performed amazing feats, but always with a refined touch".
Lorenzo was born in Trieste, Italy, and completed his studies at the local Conservatory, under the guideance of Giuliana Gulli, sister of the beloved violinist Franco Gulli.
His musical education has been developed with other important artists, such as Nino Gardi, Elisso Virsaladze, Joaquìn Achùcarro, William Grant Naborè and Jerome Lowenthal.
He had the opportunity to study at the International Piano Academy "Lake Como" and the "Accademia Chigiana" in Siena.
In 2011 he was one of the ten pianists selected worldwide to take part to the Music Academy of the West summer Festival in Santa Barbara, California.
His repertoire ranges from the baroque era to contemporary music, with a special interest for Jazz and many other styles.
Lorenzo has always been fascinated by chamber music, and he collaborates with many important musicians (he played with cellist Johannes Moser, violinist Federico Agostini and Geoff Nuttal, soprano Amanda Roocroft).
In particular, he regularely plays with cellist Marianna Sinagra, a partnership dating back to 2009.
The Sinagra-Cossi Duo recently won third prize at the "V. Gui" International Chamber Music Competition in Firenze, one of the most important competitions of this kind.
A prize winner of the "Rina Sala Gallo competition" in Monza, the "G. Pecar" competition in Gorizia and many others, Lorenzo was twice finalist at the prestigious International "F. Busoni" Piano competition in Bolzano.
In November 2014 he performed Scriabin's masterpiece Prometheus (Poem of Fire) in Luxembourg with the Luxembourg Philharmonie conducted by Emilio Pomarico.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Staff provides treatment, training and support services to persons experiencing problems related to emotional and mental illness, or drug and alcohol addiction. Our many services listed below use various forms of evidenced-based treatment in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Individual and group therapy, case management, housing counseling, psychiatric medication, and emotional/cognitive skill building methods of treatment are used.
Funding is provided in whole or in part by the Department of Human Services Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse, and Office of Mental Health. Some funding sources may limit the services we can provide, as the focus in our Mental Health programs is treatment of people who have a history of chronic mental illness. Whether or not you receive services from the Health Department, you maybe be interested in local support groups and classes.
Fees are partially covered by Medicaid, Medicare, or insurance, and a sliding fee scale will be used based on individual circumstances. Payment of your portion of the fee is required at time of service.
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For more information, or to express a concern about services received, please call us at 847-377-8180 or send an email. If after contacting us, you do not feel that your concerns regarding treatment services have been sufficiently addressed, you may contact the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations at 800-994-6610 or via email.


Welcome to Yoron Island and Welcome Back.
Yorontou Village is located on a small hill, where you can enjoy the natural scenery of the East China Sea.
The grounds are very natural, with lovely subtropical flowers and plants.
In our guest rooms, you can enjoy a relaxing atmosphere with comfortable interiors.
Calm, relaxed and surrounded by beautiful nature, you will heal your weary body and soul.
Lovely subtropical flowers and plants welcome you.
A cozy space for our guests.
The beautiful sunsets can be seen from here.
They will be so happy if you take them for a walk.
It is located across from the annex we call "Pension".
The movie "MEGANE" was shot here, and you may look around freely.
It is located under the Garden Terrace.
Please feel free to use the outdoor tables and chairs.
It is suitable as a place for doing exercises, or as a playground for children.
You can also enjoy a wonderful starry sky at night.
Yorontou Village offers bright and spacious rooms with an ocean view at our main building.
There are also cozy, comfortable rooms at the annex we call "Pension", where the movie "MEGANE" was shot.
Enjoy a stay suited to your style.
We serve our original menu based on local cuisines made with fresh ingredients in season.
Japanese style and Western style meals on alternate days.


text:
Attention to detail ensures a successful brick restoration project
June 8, 2016 Attention to detail ensures a successful brick restoration project
The Historic Roslindale MBTA Substation being developed by Peregrine Group LLC in partnership with HBI and Roslindale Village Main Street will be undergoing brick masonry restoration work through this summer. We asked Lincoln Andrews, fourth generation owner of The Stiles & Hart Brick Co, to comment on brick matching and restoration work.
Brick is an integral part of Boston's history. Many of Boston's most iconic buildings are made from colonial brick. This will explore a few of those iconic buildings and the process behind their restoration and preservation.
There are two methods of making brick — molded and extruded. Molded brick are used on virtually all of Boston's historic brick buildings. The Old State House (circa 1713), site of the infamous Boston Massacre, is a prime example.
Molded bri ck are made by taking "Boston Blue Clay" and pressing it into mold. The mold is inverted, allowing the brick shaped piece of clay to fall out. The green brick is then allowed to dry and placed into a kiln, where it is fired until impervious to the elements. Extruded brick is a more modern process, where clay comes out of an extruder, similar to pasta coming out of pasta machine. The extruded piece of clay is cut into uniform segments. In broad terms, molded brick have colonial imperfections, and extruded brick are more mechanically precise. The matching and restoration of The Old State House was an exhaustive process, as the brick vary widely. The wide varieties of brick meld into a beautiful kaleidoscope of colors, with the restoration and individual brick going unnoticed.
Color range, texture and size are essential to properly restoring brick exteriors and interiors on Boston's historic buildings. Restoration Brick used on the Old South Meeting House (circa 1729), location of the seeds of revolution and the Boston Tea Party, required a deeper red range of brick with a smaller size. Brick sizes were not standardized, meaning that different buildings from the same period could have substantially different brick in height, length and width. Brick used to patch areas must be sized to match coursing, with similar texture and color to blend in. If any of these facets are off, a distinct outing of the restoration will be visible.
Quincy Market (circa 1824) has visitors from all over the world who see the beautiful Greek Revival building with the soaring dome covered rotunda. While the exterior is largely Granite, few consider the extraordinary efforts needed to maintain the historic integrity of the interior red brick. In 2016, a restoration was performed using five blends of brick and two different sizes.
The African Meeting House (circa 1806), located in Beacon Hill, is a National Landmark and was the first African American Baptist Church in Boston. The intensive restoration of this building was observed by The History Channel's series "Saving Our History." A full documentary was produced on the process, including how Stiles & Hart produced thousands of brick with special length, width, height, and color. Many restoration specialists now ask for African Meeting House Brick.
The Massachusetts State Capital (circa 1798) was designed by the renowned architect Charles Bulfinch in the Federal style. While the red brick facade was painted white in 1825 it was exposed once again in 1928. The interesting choice of brick color was a major component of the overall aesthetic. The brick are on the soft red side of the color spectrum. Ironically, the brick would no longer meet current American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) standards but Bulfinch seems to have understood brick better than most current engineers. The building performed wonderfully for over 200 years and needed only minor replacement. Stiles and Hart initially refused to provide product because of current superfluous standards. Rational minds persevered and a waiver was granted in order to allow the proper brick for a proper restoration.
The Historic Roslindale MBTA Substation (circa 1911) introduces its own set of challenges for brick matching, somewhat similar to the State Capital, as it was built with brick that are a softer red. 110 years of exposure has given the brick a patina and some soot coloration from various sources. Fortunately Stiles & Hart makes a brick to specifically accomplish a proper match. The Roslindale MBTA Substation requires four different colors (one of them being Light Charcoal Waterstruck) and two different brick sizes to meet the three point criteria for a proper match. Attention to detail in the selection and manufacture of the brick is important to ensuring that the Roslindale Substation will be properly restored.
A restoration is most successful when few people notice the difference between existing and new brick.
While walking through Boston take time to lift your head and look at the brick on old buildings. You will quickly observe that old buildings used different ranges and sizes.? Most importantly, you will now be able to recognize if the brick restorations were properly performed.
-Lincoln D. Andrews, President, The Stiles & Hart Brick Co.
Here is a link to the History Channel's documentary on brick restoration featuring Stiles & Hart Brick and The African Meeting House. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xnow_5q7aXQ&app=desktop
Lincoln Andrews is the fourth generation owner of The Stiles & Hart Brick Co, founded in 1893. It is Massachusetts only manufacturer of brick. The company specializes in historic restorations and works with the finest architects in the world to produce complex buildings throughout New England. Most of Boston has been paved with their exclusive "Boston City Hall Pavers."


Playing live music for dances I think about what we can bring that recorded music can't, what are we adding? The main thing is that we watch the dancers, feel the energy in the room, and really fit the music to the dancing. Now you can play a tune many different ways to better suit a dance, but it's a lot easier if you start with a tune that seems to suggest a feel you think would work well.
At NEFFA the Free Raisins played for a contra medley: six dances in a row, each six times through. I thought it might be interesting to look over those dances, see what tunes we chose to play with them, and talk a bit about why.
This dance is fun and a bit silly, with so many swings. It has a hey, and aside from the Long Lines there's nothing that has much percussion to it. We also wanted the last dance to be very energetic, so we wanted to play something here that would give us room to move up. We considered playing something a bit goofy but instead chose to be more serious with a driving reel, Rainy Night in Montague (Dm). We normally start this with Amy playing melody on accordion (like this) but for this medley we only had 10 minutes of setup time following another band (whee NEFFA!) so sticking with only one instrumentation made more sense.
Overall we were pretty happy with this choreography, giving us fun things to play with, and also pretty happy with how our tune choices worked with the dances.
 This was a good effect, except the A string on my mandolin was out of tune. It probably got out of tune earlier but there was so much noise on stage I couldn't hear that before.


text:
Ekiens Blog
Georgia Republicans energized for runoffs, understand 'what's at stake': Rep. Jordan
Leave a Comment	/ Politics / By ekiensnews
Rep. Jim Jordan said Georgia Republicans' disappointment over President Trump's defeat in the state isn't stopping them from rallying behind Sens. Kelly Loeffler and David Perdue, the two GOP candidates in Georgia's twin Jan. 5 runoff elections, where the Senate majority's at stake.Jordan, who was just reelected to his eighth two-year term representing Ohio's 4th Congressional District, is on a three-day swing in Georgia campaigning on behalf of Loeffler and Perdue, including spending all day Sunday on a "Save America Tour" organized by the conservative group Club for Growth Action.CLICK HERE FOR THE LATEST FOX NEWS REPORTING ON GEORGIA'S TWIN SENATE RUNOFFSThe conservative lawmaker and strong Trump supporter on Monday told Fox News that he's witnessed "a real energy for David and Kelly" because Georgians "know what's at stake" if the Democrats win both runoff contests, giving the their party control both the Senate and House as well as the White House.President Trump in recent weeks has been very critical of Georgia Republican Gov. Brian Kemp and GOP Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger for certifying and defending President-elect Joe Biden's victory in the state over Trump by less than 12,000 votes."People were walking up to me yesterday saying they were very upset with Gov. Kemp and Secretary Raffensperger, they expressed that," Jordan said.But he added that the frustration over the general election results won't get in the way of the runoff contests. "Voters are smart. They get it," he added.A FOX NEWS GUIDE TO MONDAY'S ELECTORAL COLLEGE VOTE ACROSS THE NATIONJordan was interviewed by Fox News minutes before presidential electors from all 50 states and Washington, D.C., began meeting Monday to officially cast their ballots for president and vice president of the United States.The meetings, a formal step in presidential elections, come after weeks of failed legal challenges by Trump campaign and his allies, which culminated in the Supreme Court on Friday turning down a lawsuit from the Texas attorney general that aimed to throw out the presidential election results in Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Georgia and Michigan, four key battleground states narrowly carried by Biden. Trump has refused to concede to Biden and continues to charge that there was massive voter fraud in the presidential election.Jordan was one of more than 100 House Republicans who signed on to support the longshot and unsuccessful lawsuit.But Jordan is still calling for a debate in Congress when it meets in joint session on Jan. 6 to formally count the Electoral College results and certify the next president and vice president."We have a process. We have the law. We have the Constitution. Let's follow it," he emphasized.He criticized Democrats, "who for four years tried to undue the will of the American people when we had elected President Trump and they went after him for four years," and urged that "for goodness sakes, everyone relax. We have until Jan. 6.""Jan. 6 is the final determination. I'm for a debate that day," he said. "If there's a debate on the House floor on Jan. 6 about whether some electors from some certain states should be accepted … I think that's good for the country."And pointing to new national polling – including a survey from Fox News that indicated that 36% of voters think Trump was cheated out of a re-election victory – Jordan said "one-third of the country thinks the election was stolen. … that's why I'm all for letting the process play out."WHAT THE LATEST FOX NEWS POLL SAYS ABOUT THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION RESULTSJordan's also been critical in recent weeks of coronavirus pandemic restrictions mandated by Republican Gov. Mike DeWine of Ohio.While Trump has blasted DeWine for recognizing Biden's victory and urged that the GOP governor face a primary challenge when he's up for reelection in two years, Jordan doesn't sound like he has interest in mounting such a challenge.He criticized DeWine and other leaders who've enacted tough restrictions to stem the spread of the virus, saying that "lots and lots of Americans, not just in Ohio but around the country, are fed up with some of the ridiculous rules that have been put on them, ridiculous infringements on their liberty."CLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APPBut he highlighted that he was "focused on doing the work of the United States Congress for the citizens of in the 4th District of Ohio and for conservatives around the country. I'm going to stay focused on that."Asked again about the possibility of a primary challenge, he responded, "I have no plans to run for governor."
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