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Home Features A posteriori reconstruction of the temperature distribution in surface hardened tempering steel
Daniel G. Mevec
Under certain conditions, the temperature history at given points on or slightly below the surface of a surface-hardened part can be reconstructed based on microstructural features found by a post-mortem microscopy study.
Process control in surface hardening depends greatly on the repeatability of the results. Induction heating facilities stand out in this aspect but challenges arise when it comes to the verification of the expected temperatures. In-situ temperature measurement of a workpiece may be made impossible due to it moving through an enclosed, automated induction facility that lacks built-in sensors. This paper uses transition patterns in the microstructure of the hardened region to reconstruct isothermal contour lines of the temperature field during austenitization. It does so based on a continuous cooling transformation phase diagram and a time-temperature-austenitization diagram of the considered steel. The presented method serves as a practical approach to validate simulations of the inductive austenitizing process and supports simulations of the heat treatment of the work piece. Once these simulations have been iterated upon and validated thoroughly, they may then yield a reconstruction of the entire temperature field during the heat treatment process.
Induction heating techniques have proven a boon to surface hardening, based on their short process times, precise energy input, and resulting low energy usage [1]. The repeatability inherent in electronically controlled induction circuits further lends itself to a high degree of automation within a production chain. Process design for induction hardening, however, is non-trivial as the short heating times allow for little diffusion, giving the microstructure of the base material some influence on the properties of the hardened surface [2]. More difficulties are encountered when defining a new geometry or introducing a workpiece with varying electromagnetic (EM) properties.
In the past, extensive trial and error used up valuable machine time to find new process parameters. Nowadays, simulation techniques such as the Finite Element Method (FEM) take on much of the burden by predicting the distribution of heat generation during the heat treatment and inform design decisions before the first test run is scheduled [3-5]. In general, several simplifications and assumptions are always made when simulating a problem (not least of which are estimates of unknowns, such as surface emissivity or heat-transfer coefficients), and any simulation needs to be verified in order to produce meaningful data [6,7].
The most direct way to verify process simulations is to compare the resulting temperature field with data obtained from experiments [7-9]. Temperature data in particular is relatively easy to obtain [10] — as opposed to the magnetic field distribution within steel parts — and is not contingent on further material models, as the phase or stress distributions are. The concrete difficulty of obtaining the temperature data for a given process can vary wildly from one facility to another. Many modern industrial heat-treatment facilities are sealed off from any outside interference, simultaneously increasing the controllability of the process and decreasing the risk of injury due to interaction with moving, conducting, and/or hot parts [11]. These safety and control features come at the expense of accessibility, hindering measurements if no instrumentation has been included during the construction of the facility or the design of the process control software.
Ideally, the heat-treatment process is monitored, so that temperature at a certain heating stage or the time dependent temperature of each workpiece is logged, stored, and transferable for quality control and simulations. Often, however, this is not the case. On top of that, if the heat-treatment process also involves moving workpieces or induction coils, they may obscure line of sight for ad-hoc pyrometer measurements and make instrumentation of samples impossible.
The method described in this article deals with such a case, where there was virtually no temperature data available. This was due to the induction facility being highly automated (and therefore enclosed), but not instrumented. While material data could be gained from treated and untreated workpieces, there was no information available on the heat-treatment curve the bearing underwent during the process, and recording one was infeasible.
The only data point was an estimate of 1,050°C, obtained through glimpsing into the induction oven from the intake conveyor and seeing a bright yellow shine through the rotating heating assembly. Needless to say, that one temperature value of such questionable origin could hardly be used to verify the rather complex multi-physics simulation that would have to be implemented further in the future.
While there was no way of measuring the temperature in-situ, the temperature history of the hardened workpiece still left its traces in its microstructure. This paper aims at describing a method of combining metallurgical data from phase diagrams usually available to the heat-treatment facility with a micrograph analysis of a surface hardened sample in order to deduce several depths of different transition temperatures within the material. Consequently, a general numerical temperature distribution fitted to these temperature-depth pairs can be used to verify the estimated surface temperature.
Experimental characterization
The steel in this study was a modified C38 tempering steel forged into shape and subsequently inductively surface hardened. Its chemical composition is specified by the manufacturer to be according to the ranges listed in Table 1. Its base microstructure was pearlitic-ferritic with a grain size of approximately 30 μm and contained randomly distributed MnS inclusions. These did not affect the hardening process and are irrelevant to the following investigation. The hardening was performed to heat treat a minimum depth of 3mm from the surface. Samples for dilatometry were cut from untreated zones of the component shafts, measuring 10mm in length and 4mm in diameter and tested using a Bähr DIL805A quenching dilatometer. The phase transformation temperatures were determined at a heating rate (HR) of 3 Kmin-1, noting a distinct split of Ac1 into a starting temperature Ac1b and an end temperature Ac1e. All of these temperatures increase with heating rate, so that the heat treatment in practice, with a heating rate of 81.67 Ks-1, experiences Ac1b at 790°C, Ac1e at 840°C and Ac3 at 895°C. Differing cooling rates were examined at this heating rate up to an austenitization temperature of 1,000°C, with 10 seconds of holding time to allow for appropriate austenitization of the samples. The material exhibits a distinct bainite nose between λ0.02 and λ0.1. Figure 1 shows the time-temperature-austenitization (TTA) and continuous-cooling-transformation (CCT) diagrams generated from these experiments.
Table 1: Chemical composition as specified by the bearing manufacturer; all data points are given in weight percent.
Figure 1: The phase transformation behavior of the sample steel. (a) Displays the time-temperature-austenitization diagram. Note the shifted transformation temperatures Ac1 and Ac3 at high heating rates, as well as the split of Ac1 into a beginning and an end temperature (Ac1b and Ac1e). The heating rate associated with the inductive surface hardening process is marked as K1000 and has a value of 81.67 Ks−1. (b) Shows the continuous-cooling-transformation diagram evaluated for an austenitization temperature of 1,000°C with 10s hold time. A – Austenite, F – Ferrite, P – Pearlite, B – Bainite, M – Martensite, MS – Martensite start, RA –retained austenite, HV10 – Vickers hardness HV10, l – time in seconds from 800°C to 500°C divided by 100, 3; 5; 8; … – percentages of final microstructure.
Micrographs
The heat-treated part consists of a bearing journal surface surrounded by flanges. The shaft was cut through the bearing's axis, and one journal surface was trimmed to fit into the bedding. The sample was ground and polished with a 1 μm diamond suspension as the finishing step, and subsequently etched using a 3% nitric acid solution, with the prepared sample shown in Figure 2 as an overview.
Figure 2: Overview image of the examined microstructure. The marked areas denote the positions at which the micrographs of Figure 3 were taken. All of the images from Figure 4 are located at position (d).
This and all following micrographs were taken by using a Zeiss Axio Imager M2m optical light microscope with an AxioCam MRc5 installed. The diameter of the bearing is 50mm while the hardened zone of the material extends to about 5 mm depth at the journal centerline. The surface is austenitized within 12 s and quenched to room temperature within another 10 s, roughly following the λ0.012 line in Figure 1a. The expected microstructure within the hardened zone is therefore purely martensitic. Figure 2 describes the positions of the following micrographs, with Figure 2a through 2c and the upper part of 2d being represented in Figure 3, and the entirety of 2d shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3: Micrographs of the hardened zone. (a) Taken at 1,000 mm depth: pure martensite with some manganese sulphides. (b) Taken at 2,500 mm shows the first occurrence of ferrite (circled) indicating that the material does not entirely reach Ac3 any more due to local differences in chemistry (segregations). In (c) at a depth of 4,000mm, the original ferritic areas only partly transformed into the austenitic phase, remaining in their original structure of the base metal. In (d), the first traces of pearlite are found at 4,400mm, where some of the microstructure did not transform into austenite, indicating that the end temperature for Ac1 transformation was not reached at this depth.
Figure 4: Micrographs of the transition zone: (a) shows the entire composite image detailing the changing microstructure in a depth of 4,400mm to 5,300mm from the surface. The first 200mm are presented in Figure 3d, with a noticeable overlap of ~20mm with (b), at 4,700mm depth, where untransformed pearlite becomes more pronounced. The amount of martensite is considerably decreasing toward (c) with its last traces circled in (d), at 5,000mm depth; the vast majority of the microstructure being the original ferritic-pearlitic structure signifies that Ac1b was barely reached. At 5,200mm, shown in (e), the microstructure consists entirely of pearlite and ferrite, being consistent with the unaustenitised base metal.
Hardness gradient
A line of Vickers hardness measurements was taken along the same centerline as the micrographs, using a Qness Q10A+ Vickers hardness tester. A measuring load of 1 kgf (HV1) was set to allow for close placement of indentations. Figure 5 shows the hardness as a function of depth projected over a phase fraction analysis that was performed on the micrographs shown in Figures 3 and 4. The hardness gradient is an amalgamation of not only the phase transition, but other influences such as grain size and phase structure. While discerning the exact influences of each effect would go beyond the scope of this report, the hardness is representative of the continuously varying microstructure in the hardened zone. This variation is due to the transformation from ferrite-pearlite to austenite (and later, during quenching, to martensite) by the heat input of the temperature field during the performed inductive surface hardening. Thus, the plateau at the end of the hardness gradient corroborates the depth of the Ac1b temperature determined through micrograph analysis.
Figure 5: Hardness distribution at the bearing journal centerline showing a plateau of 650 HV1 down to a depth of 2mm followed by an approximately linear decline to 520 HV1 at 4.2 mm, and a steep drop to a stable hardness of 280 HV1 from 5mm downward, indicating the original microstructure of the base material. The accompanying phase fractions are shown underneath the hardness, with the microstructure beyond 5.3mm assumed to be of constant composition.
Reconstruction of the temperature field
The silhouette of the thermal gradient that the material experienced during heat treatment can be guessed from the overview in Figure 2. However, the detailed analysis in Figures 3 and 4 reveals the transition zones at which the material crossed the transition temperatures depending on the fast austenitizing and short holding time depicted in Figure 1a. The transformation temperatures Ac3, Ac1e and Ac1b are determined at the depths of 2,500 μm, 4,400 μm and 5,000 μm, respectively. The performed hardness measurement corroborates these depths fairly well with average hardness of 650HV1 at the surface coinciding with the predicted 628HV10 of the quenched martensite described in Figure 1b until a depth of about 2,000 μm. While they were attained with a differing load on the Vickers indenter, the resulting hardness values can be assumed to be comparable, as the indentation size effect only starts taking effect at the micro scale (100 gf indentation load) [12]. The subsequent hardness drop can be attributed to the incomplete dissolution of ferrite, which has not completely transformed into the austenitic phase during the heating process, as seen in Figures 3b-d and 5. An even steeper drop toward the base hardness begins below 4,200 μm and corresponds to further increasing amounts of ferrite and the beginning appearance of pearlite (see Figures 4b,c and 5), indicating the temperature during austenitization only slightly exceeding Ac1b and thus starting the pearlite to austenite transformation but not completing it.
The precise depths can be incorporated into the overview image to show an approximation of the transformation zones present during the heat treatment, as depicted in Figure 6.
Figure 6: Hardened bearing surface with the three established transition depths at the bearing center, along with estimated lines of phase transitions and regions of differing microstructures.
The temperature at the surface may still be of interest, since it is the control parameter of choice in most automated induction facilities. Analytical solutions describing the temperature distribution of induction heated cylindrical parts exist [13] but ignore the cooling of the surface.
A simplified, axisymmetric cylindrical model of the bearing was calculated by FEM simulation with load parameters approximating those of the industrial heat treatment, with detailed parameters given in Table 2 and Figure 7. The model uses fixed time increments of 250 ms to leapfrog between a linear harmonic solution to the electromagnetic problem and a heat transfer solution that uses heat sources obtained from the previous EM calculation, which provides the temperature distribution for the next EM step. This interaction is regulated by a python script controlling the ABAQUS software used to calculate the results.
Table 2: Simulation parameters for verification.
Figure 7: The mesh of the FEM simulation, with the rotational symmetry axis indicated by the red dash-dotted line on the left. The length of the rod above and below the induction coils was chosen to match the mass of the flanges to the sides of the bearing journal, so that it approximates the heat sink of the surrounding material. The yellow dashed line in (b) shows the path of the temperature analysis.
The 5° slice of rod had a radius of rrod = 5 mm and length of lrod = 150 mm. A complex claw-shaped inductor of proprietary geometry encompassed ≈150° of the bearing, which rotated constantly at a distance of 0.5 mm during the hardening process.
Since the simplified model was only an axisymmetric slice of the whole circumference, the inductor was represented as a coil of rectangular cross section (wcoil = 6 mm wide by hcoil = 5 mm tall) with two turns dcoil = 5.4 mm apart, distanced 0.5 mm from the bearing surface. The model air space had a radius of rair = 250 mm. Homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions were defined at all surfaces; these confined the magnetic field to the simulated geometry by acting as magnetic insulation. This was well suited since the field was assumed to be axisymmetric and to not extend past the dimensions of the defined cylinder of air. The mesh within the rod was generated from hexagons with a set width of e0rod = 2.5 mm. The skin depth was 349 μm and divided into 15 elements geometrically scaled from e0skin = 2 μm at the surface to e1skin = 83 μm. The air mesh was generated procedurally to scale from 1.5mm at the coil surface to e∞air = 15mm at the model boundary, while the coils were modeled one element thick with a wall thickness of 1mm. The load was a sine wave current with an amplitude of I = 1,850 A and a frequency of f = 10.5 kHz. This amperage was based on a measurement on the induction coil but increased slightly to result in a solution close to the assumed maximum surface temperature of 1,050°C. The heat-transfer model used only the mesh of the rod and applied a convective film boundary condition of hair = 20 Wm-2K and ambient radiation condition assuming the surface emissivity to be ε = 0.7. The initial temperature distribution was set to be a uniform room temperature 25°C, and the rod was heated for theat = 12 s.
The resulting distribution shows the temperature envelope, i.e. the maximum reached throughout the process, along the path shown in Figure 7b. While the surface temperature was dialed in to the assumed 1,050°C, its envelope was found to be too high for the observed internal transformation depths. Assuming a linear scaling of the entire distribution, it was fitted to the measured depth of phase transitions and their associated temperatures, minimizing the sum of squared residuals. This resulted in an estimated surface temperature of 985°C (see Figure 8).
Figure 8: Maximum temperatures reached at each depth as calculated by FEM simulation. The dashed line shows the original calculation reaching a surface temperature of 1,071°C, whereas the solid line has been scaled to minimize the squared differences to the determined transition points in the microstructure. Here the surface temperature reaches 985°C.
As stated in the introduction, the presented method represents an approach for obtaining temperature data of a surface hardening heat-treatment process where there is no in-situ measurement possible or available. The thorough investigation of the microstructure in the surface-hardened region supplies rather precise ranges of the transition from one microstructural region to another. It is important to note the transitions are not sharp but rather transitional areas due to local differences in chemistry because of production related segregations and possible variations in the temperature distribution imposed by the inductive heat generation. However, the evaluated transition depths in combination with a TTA-recording for the process conditions supply the transition temperatures for the considered heat treatment quite precisely on a macro scale.
The actual transition temperatures in the bearing journal may be somewhat higher, since the TTA-information is drawn from tiny samples with a diameter of 4mm that experience homogeneous heating in the dilatometer compared to the 50mm diameter of the bearing, where a certain degree of overheating is necessary since its core acts as a heat sink during the heating process.
While the transition lines shown in Figure 6 are based entirely on the evaluation of the microstructure of the central line of the bearing and a qualitative assessment of the overview image, it is of course possible, though work intensive, to generate an arbitrarily fine grid on the etched area, detailing the exact shape of the zones. For verifying a simulation of the heat-treatment process, however, a handful of temperatures at different known points is usually sufficient.
The FEM simulation used to extrapolate the surface temperature serves as an example for the verification process: It is a preliminary study using a simplified geometry with estimated process parameters and a linear electromagnetic material model. While the surface temperature fitted in Figure 8 is close to the expected 1,050°C, the simulation is still in need of calibration and with depth, temperature drops faster than expected. The phase transition regions determined in the microstructure indicate a slower drop of the temperature, which the electromagnetic model needs to be adjusted to account for.
Further steps in the modeling procedure now include updating the model geometry, parameters, and material model to closer match the physical bearing and result in a better fit with the temperature distribution observed in Figure 6.
The following conclusions can be drawn from this work:
The temperature history at given points on or slightly below the surface of a surface-hardened part can be reconstructed based on microstructural features found by a post-mortem microscopy study provided that a time-temperature austenitization diagram of the material, which has been recorded for process relevant cooling rates, is available.
FEM simulations of the thermal problem can be validated by comparing the calculated temperature field with those reconstructed temperatures. Unknown simulation parameters such as surface-to-air heat transfer coefficients can inversely be determined by an iterative approach.
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This topic originally featured at the ECHT 2019 – European Conference on Heat Treatment – Bardolino (Italy), 5–7 June 2019. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support under the scope of the COMET program within the K2 Center "Integrated Computational Material, Process and Product Engineering (IC-MPPE)" (Project No 859480). This program is supported by the Austrian Federal Ministries for Transport, Innovation and Technology (BMVIT) and for Digital and Economic Affairs (BMDW), represented by the Austrian research funding association (FFG), and the federal states of Styria, Upper Austria and Tyrol.
Writing — Original Draft and Presentation: D.G.M.; Writing — Review and Editing: D.G.M., P.R., and P.P.; Conceptualization: D.G.M., P.R., P.P., and V.J.; Investigation: P.P. lead, V.J. supporting; Resources: P.P.; Methodology: D.G.M., P.R., and P.P.; Supervision, Project Administration, and Funding Acquisition: P.R.
© The Author(s) 2020; www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-63328-6
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This article has been edited to conform to the style of Thermal Processing magazine.
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Daniel G. Mevec is with the Materials Center Leoben Forschung GmbH, Leoben, 8700, Austria.
Peter Raninger
Peter Raninger is with the Materials Center Leoben Forschung GmbH, Leoben, 8700, Austria.
Petri Prevedel
Petri Prevedel is with the Materials Center Leoben Forschung GmbH, Leoben, 8700, Austria.
Vince Jászfi
Vince Jászfi is with the Materials Center Leoben Forschung GmbH, Leoben, 8700, Austria.
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 Боспорское царство — Митридат VIII, царь (38 — 45)
 Дакия — Скорило, вождь (29 — 68)
 Ирландия — Фиаха Финдолайд, верховный король (39 — 56)
 Катувеллауны — Каратак, вождь (43 — ок. 51)
 Римская империя: Клавдий, римский император (41—54)
 Гай Саллюстий Крисп Пассиен, консул (44)
 Тит Статилий Тавр, консул (44)
 Фракийское царство' — Реметалк III, царь (38 — 46)

 Галерея

 Литература

  К. В. Рыжов. Все монархи мира. Древний Восток. — М.: Вече, 2001.
  К. В. Рыжов.'' Все монархи мира.  Древняя Греция. Древний Рим. Византия. — М.: Вече, 2001.

44 год
0044


KARACHI – MQM chief Altaf Hussain has said that he will shake the very foundation of the current political establishment today in an emergency meeting.
Altaf said that he will "launch a political drone attack" in a meeting at 5pm with members of the Coordination Committee. The much awaited telephonic address will be attended by all elected representatives of the party as well as organizational departments and several sector and unit officials.
The MQM representatives remain extremely silent about what the "political drone" will be, it is speculated that the party might just part ways with the government.


My name is Neite, I was born in Haiti. I am "A Chosen Vaudou Priest" who currently lives in Massachusetts. I am an Anthropologist and hold a master degree in mental Health Counseling, M. Ed.,.
I speak fluently Haitian Creole, English, French, and Spanish.
It all started when I was twelve years old while living in Haiti. A person came to me in a dream and told me what I should do. Being a youngster and not quite understanding my dreams, I always look to confide in someone and that someone was my dad.
My dad and I got along very well. I was pretty comfortable speaking to him about anything. Most of all, my dad himself was a Vaudou Priest. He was very good at interpreting dreams as well as doing other things that a Vaudou Priest Practice.
At the time, I was not the one he wanted to be his successor. He was already teaching one of my brothers. So, he ignored my dreams. However, that would not be my last prophetic dreams.
Shortly after having this dream, reality struck and I got badly burn in a (house fire) just like the dream had predicted. I recovered (heal) like it said I would.
Everything happened exactly as I had seen it in the dream. I immediately told my dad about it, but he kept refusing me that these were my calling.
During my recovery I had many other encounters (dreams) that told me I would be his successor. But every time I told him about them, he kept refusing me.
So like my family had instilled in me, I finished my High School education, started college with the intent to pursue a law degree. Everything was going well in my life. At this point and time, I had everything I always wanted, except I was still being pulled into Vaudou.
I started practicing Vaudou work for people on my own. I wasn't so sure how, but I know I helped them.
I left Haiti in 1997 to come to the United States to study law enforcement. While in the US I dreamed and witness something which I'm not able to speak about. This dream led me back to Haiti to speak with my father.
This dream was the turning point for my father and I. So much so, that my dad agreed to let me follow in his footsteps as a Vaudou Priest and carry on his legacy. He began by telling me what would happen to me if I wanted to be a Voudau priest. I observed and listened closely. I was then able to go back to the United States.
While in the United States he sent me a tape with message to let my older brother give me the final word on whether or not I could practice Vaudou. On the tape he also said his time was up and soon he would die and he didn't want us to come back to Haiti. He just wanted us to continue his work.
I've always said that it is not a good idea to love or hate a thing that you don't know. I wanted to share the wonderful power that I have been blessed with. I want to show everyone how Vaudou can change their lives. I decided to switch careers from law to anthropology and psychology.
While I am a Vaudou priest, I am still learning about other spiritually based practices so I can better understand other cultures. I am open to sharing my knowledge about Vaudou so that we as human beings, brothers and sisters, can all benefit from this rich natural resource.
In my social life, I work with my friends to share Vaudou and get to higher levels. I have established a group like this in Haiti, and Now I have built another group here in the US. In these groups we are learning meditation and some Vaudou, in order to learn control over ourselves, and to gain power over the events that happen around us. As a citizen, I am open to anyone to share and learn in order to ameliorate our way of living as human beings.
I see clients in my own city, but I do readings for clients almost all over the world, through word of mouth. Now I've decided that I can reach more people through the internet, so I've created this website. I'm hoping my experience here will help me to learn more from other people.


COCHRAN, Ga – Knights second baseman Will Jones (Cordele, GA) was named to the ABCA/Rawlings Gold Glove Team for the 2014 season. Jones was also named to the Gold Glove teams for the East Central District, Region 17, and the Georgia Collegiate Athletic Association of the NJCAA.
Jones was the regular starter at second while starting one game at shortstop and one at third this season for the Knights. In addition to his infield play, he pitched 27.2 innings in 20 appearances going 2-1 as a pitcher while tying for the team lead in saves at 7. During all his time in the field, Jones racked up 85 put outs and 130 assists in 222 chances for a .968 fielding percentage on the season. He also turned 31 double plays and was part of the Knights only triple play of the season. In addition to his outstanding defense and pitching, Jones batted .316 with an on-base percentage of .388 this year batting second the entire season for the Knights.
Jones received accolades for his defense for the second straight year having won the GCAA/Region 17 Defensive Player of the year in 2013 as well as being named to the All-Conference Second-Team and Gold Glove Team for the 2013 season.


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Jakenzyme
Biological groups is various
2 The massive formation of insoluble aggregates of mutant ATZ pro
2 The massive formation of insoluble aggregates of mutant ATZ proteins in the hepatocytic ER results in apoptosis, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis/cirrhosis and strongly predisposes patients to hepatocellular carcinoma (Fig. 1B).3 The diagnosis of AAT deficiency is established by low serum AAT levels, which are measured
for the screening of suspected patients; this is followed by genotyping (with PiZZ-specific polymerase chain reaction) and protein phenotyping (with isoelectric focusing gel) as verification tests.4 In liver histology, MG132 periodic acid-Schiff–positive, diastase-resistant globules containing ATZ protein polymers in hepatocytes are typically seen with AAT deficiency.3 Therapeutic options for AAT deficiency are limited at present. Patients with pulmonary manifestations are treated with standard chronic obstructive pulmonary disease drugs. In addition, augmentation therapy with regular intravenous administrations of partially purified plasma preparations
highly enriched with AAT is available (Prolastin, Zemaira, and Aralast), but this therapy is expensive (ca. $60,000-$150,000 per year), and data on its effectiveness are less robust.1 Clinical trials with augmentation therapy have indicated that emphysema progression might be moderately Selleckchem STA-9090 reduced,5, 6 but large studies with mortality as an endpoint are lacking at present. There is currently no therapeutic medical option available for treating liver diseases associated with AAT deficiency. Ultimately, liver transplantation is a causative therapy for AAT deficiency because it reverts the peripheral AAT deficiency and hepatic disease manifestation. Graft and patient survival rates after liver transplantation due to AAT deficiency are similar Calpain to those for other etiologies of cirrhosis.7 Several new therapeutic strategies for AAT deficiency have been proposed and investigated in the past. For instance, intravenous augmentation therapy might be replaced
by intranasal drug formulations in the future, and in experimental settings, protective AAT serum levels may also be reached with gene therapy approaches (e.g., viral gene transfer into muscle cells).1, 8 Targeting AAT deficiency–related liver disease has turned out to be more complex. Efficient inhibition of mutant protein polymerization is feasible in vitro but is difficult to translate into nontoxic, liver-specific drugs.9 An initial clinical trial with phenylbutyric acid as a chemical chaperone that enhanced AAT secretion in cell culture and mouse models failed because of a lack of efficacy and severe side effects in patients.10 David Perlmutter's group investigated an alternative strategy: enhancing the cellular pathways responsible for the degradation of these aberrant molecules (Fig. 1C).
180 Autoimmune hepatitis has been a product
of evolution
of evolution both in the science of autoimmunity and the people committed to its study. Its emergence on the global scene reflects this process. The improved tests for viral infection, the diverse battery of available serological assays with diagnostic specificity, and the general awareness of its different presentations have ensured the consideration of autoimmune hepatitis in all patients with acute or chronic liver disease regardless of age, gender, ethnic background, duration or severity of illness, and transplantation status. The simplified diagnostic scoring system of the IAIHG underscores the diagnostic specificity of a few key features, and the litany of exclusion factors that had characterized its early description find more have been largely bypassed.95 Autoimmune hepatitis has acquired an identity that can be recognized MG-132 research buy immediately,
secured by codified diagnostic criteria, quantified by scoring systems, found throughout the world in all age groups, and treated effectively. The disease that had existed previously only by the exclusion of others can now stand almost fully on its own. Autoimmune hepatitis still lacks an etiology, but this deficiency in fact ensures its differentiation from the hereditary, metabolic, virus-related, and drug-induced conditions that resemble it. Its responsiveness to corticosteroid therapy remains its salient feature and the principal reason for its consideration. Few other liver diseases have a therapy that so consistently benefits the patient and rewards the physician. Like any successful clinical investigation, progress depends on
a multitude of contributors Acetophenone who nurture each other and expand global recognition of the disease. Progress is an endless process that must be pursued by relays of newly committed investigators that reflect global rather than institutional alliances. Future advances in autoimmune hepatitis will depend on the strength of this multi-national network. For the clinician nonscientist, collaborators are the true bases for research success, the principal sources of instruction, and the appropriate recipients of undying gratitude (Table 2). See online Supporting Information for reference cites. Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. "
"Background and Aim: Gastritis and intestinal metaplasia (IM) have long been known to be risk factors for and precursors of gastric cancer. We aimed to elucidate the association between gastric cancer risk and the distribution of precancerous lesions in the stomach by histological analyses. Methods: We analyzed patients from whom two biopsy specimens (one from the antrum and one from the corpus) were obtained by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
of evolution both in the science of autoimmunity and the people committed to its study. Its emergence on the global scene reflects this process. The improved tests for viral infection, the diverse battery of available serological assays with diagnostic specificity, and the general awareness of its different presentations have ensured the consideration of autoimmune hepatitis in all patients with acute or chronic liver disease regardless of age, gender, ethnic background, duration or severity of illness, and transplantation status. The simplified diagnostic scoring system of the IAIHG underscores the diagnostic specificity of a few key features, and the litany of exclusion factors that had characterized its early description check details have been largely bypassed.95 Autoimmune hepatitis has acquired an identity that can be recognized www.selleckchem.com/products/MLN-2238.html immediately,
a multitude of contributors www.selleck.co.jp/products/Rapamycin.html who nurture each other and expand global recognition of the disease. Progress is an endless process that must be pursued by relays of newly committed investigators that reflect global rather than institutional alliances. Future advances in autoimmune hepatitis will depend on the strength of this multi-national network. For the clinician nonscientist, collaborators are the true bases for research success, the principal sources of instruction, and the appropriate recipients of undying gratitude (Table 2). See online Supporting Information for reference cites. Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. "
Nox enzyme activities were determined by cytochrome c assay17
(see the supporting information for details). The TGFβ1 level in the medium samples was determined with the TGF-Beta 1 Ready-Set-Go! kit (eBioscience) and normalized by the cell number. Data were analyzed with the Student t test or one-way analysis of variance with SigmaStat 3.1 (Jandel Scientific). A P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of the mean. Experiments were repeated three to eight times. Huh7 human hepatoma cells were transfected with JFH1 RNA of genotype 2a, which generates infectious HCV particles in cell culture, and were evaluated first for viral replication. www.selleckchem.com/products/bgj398-nvp-bgj398.html Mock transfection, transfection with replicative-null GND RNA, or both were performed as negative controls. Replication of JFH1 but not the GND RNA was readily demonstrated by the continued detection of HCV RNAs and proteins by western blotting (Supporting Fig. 1). To determine whether HCV increased the level of ROS, we measured the H2O2 concentration. As H2O2 diffuses across biomembranes, the H2O2 concentration was assessed by the extracellular measurement of H2O2. As shown in Fig. 1A, the H2O2 concentration increased
significantly selleckchem with HCV, and this increase was almost completely removed by DPI, an inhibitor of flavoproteins. HCV also increased the fluorescence of H2-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, which measures nonspecific intracellular oxidation, and altered the intracellular glutathione (GSH) concentration in a DPI-sensitive manner (Supporting Fig. 2). Next, we analyzed the intracellular superoxide concentration by monitoring the generation of 2-OH-E+, a specific product of superoxide, from HE with HPLC.15 Menadione, which generated Isoconazole ROS via redox cycling, was used as a positive control. Both menadione and HCV increased the level of 2-OH-E+ (Fig. 1B). In contrast, extracellular generation of superoxide, measured by the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay, did not increase
significantly with HCV (P > 0.05; data not shown). Therefore, the infectious virus-generating JFH1 strain induced a pro-oxidative environment with increased levels of ROS in Huh7 cells. The data in Fig. 1 also suggested that flavoproteins were involved in the increased generation of ROS in the JFH1 cells. Therefore, we examined whether the mitochondria served as the source of ROS by incubating cells with MitoSOX Red, which measures mitochondrial superoxide, and monitoring its fluorescence by confocal microscopy. Antimycin increased the detection of mitochondrial superoxide anions as expected (Supporting Fig. 2C). However, we did not find any significant increase in the mitochondrial superoxide with JFH1 (Supporting Fig. 2C). In addition, the total cellular ATP content was not significantly altered by JFH1 (92.2% ± 4.1% of the control, P > 0.05).
Significant factors associated with GERD were education level, ec
Significant factors associated with GERD were education level, economic level, asthma status, and delayed gastric emptying. Studies with larger numbers of subjects needed to analysed factors which related with
GERD. Key Word(s): 1. GERD; 2. Prevalence; 3. Risk factor; 4. Socioepidemiological; Presenting Author: UDAYCHAND GHOSHAL Additional Authors: SUSHIL KUMAR, SAMIR MOHINDRA, RD MITTAL Corresponding Author: UDAYCHAND GHOSHAL Affiliations: SGPGIMS, Lucknow Objective: IL-8–251T/A and IL-10 (-1082G/A, -819C/T, -592C/A) polymorphisms may influence gastritis, selleck chemicals llc gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia (IM) and gastric cancer (GC) following H. pylori infection altering their expression. Methods: Genotyping of these genes was performed (ASO-PCR) in 180
each patients with GC and functional dyspepsia (FD) and 250 healthy subjects (HS). Serum IgG-antibody against H. pylori was tested in all subjects and IL-8 and IL-10 were measured in 60 subjects in each group using commercial ELISA. Results: IL-8 AA and IL-10–819 TT (-592 AA) genotypes were commoner among GC than HS (43/180 [23.9%] vs. 35/250 [14.0%]; OR 1.9 [1.09–3.3], p = 0.022 and 35/180 [19.4%] vs. KU-60019 30/250 [12.0%]; OR 2.03 [1.12–3.7], p = 0.02) but comparable with FD (35/180 [19.4%], p = 0.59 and 35/180 [19.4%], p = 0.68). IL-8 AA and Il-10 -819 T allele carriers were commoner in H. pylori-infected patients with GC than HS (28/101 [27.7%] vs. 22/168 [13.1%]; OR 2.8 [1.38–5.71], p = 0.004 and 18/101 [17.8%] vs. 21/168 [12.5%]; OR 1.7 [1.01–2.96], p = 0.046, respectively). IL-10–1082 G/A genotype and IL-10 haplotypes (ACC, GCC, ATA and GTA) were comparable in all groups. IL-8 level was higher among patients with GC and FD than HS (57.64 [6.44–319.46] vs. 54.35 [4.24–318.96] vs. 26.33 [4.67–304.54] pg/ml, and respectively; p = ns for GC vs. FD and p < 0.0001 for GC vs. HS). IL-10 level was lower in patients with GC
aminophylline than HS and among H. pylori-infected than non-infected subjects (3.79 [1.24–56.65] vs. 15.468 [1.01–27.86], p = 0.0001 and 8.34 [1.24–54.43] vs. 12.28 [0.96–64.87], p = 0.012 pg/ml). Conclusion: IL-8–251AA and IL-10 -819TT gene polymorphisms is associated with GC. These cytokines may play role in H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis in India. Key Word(s): 1. H. pylori; 2. gastric cancer; 3. Gene polymorphism; 4. Functional dyspepsia; Presenting Author: JEONG BAE PARK Additional Authors: YONG KOOK LEE, KANG KIM, CHANG HEON YANG Corresponding Author: JEONG BAE PARK Affiliations: Dongguk University College of Medicine; Soksiwon Objective: NOTES is performed by endoscope entering through the peritoneal or thoracic cavity without conventional skin excision, so that it is expected to decrease complications from surgical operation and increase patient's quality of life.
Previous studies have been hampered by problems with case ascerta
Previous studies have been hampered by problems with case ascertainment, definition, and have generally had limited numbers and/or follow-up, which could potentially lead to inaccurate estimates of disease burden.10-12 It is well established that cirrhotic patients presenting with overt synthetic liver dysfunction are more likely to develop liver-related complications and have a high overall mortality. However, some important aspects of the prognosis of patients with NAFLD still remain unclear. First, it is unclear how the long-term prognosis of patients with NAFLD compares with patients with liver disease of other etiologies, such as chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)
infection. Second, what are the risks of liver-related complications, Selleckchem PLX4032 including HCC, in patients with NAFLD with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis and no overt synthetic dysfunction (i.e., Child-Pugh class A)? Third, the effect of NAFLD on non-liver-related sequelae, such as vascular outcomes (e.g., myocardial infarction, strokes, and vascular deaths), remains poorly described.13 Finally, it is unclear which, if any, risk factors can independently predict liver, vascular, and overall morbidity and mortality. To answer these questions, we carried out an international, multicenter prospective study to assess the natural history and outcomes of liver biopsy-confirmed NAFLD http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Tigecycline.html with advanced fibrosis
or cirrhosis from four medical centers. We sought to assess complications that occurred in these patients and identify the predictors of such events; we also compared their long-term morbidity and mortality to a group of patients with histologically confirmed chronic HCV infection and advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. ALT,
alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HCC, hepatocellular cancer; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; MELD, Model for End-Stage these Liver Disease; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; SD, standard deviation. A total of 247 Child-Pugh class A patients with biopsy-confirmed NAFLD and advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis comprised the NAFLD cohort. This cohort was recruited from 1984 to 2006. Patients were previously untreated and consecutively biopsied at four centers: Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) (n = 105); Newcastle Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK) (n = 57); Westmead Hospital (Sydney, Australia) (n = 51); and University of Turin (Turin, Italy (n = 34). The comparator cohort consisted of 264 patients diagnosed with HCV infection and advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis, who were also Child-Pugh class A, enrolled from 1987 to 2005. HCV infection was confirmed by a positive polymerase chain reaction at baseline in all patients. HCV subjects were seen and consecutively biopsied at Westmead Hospital (n = 209) and University of Turin (n = 55).
Previously, it has been shown that toll-like receptor (TLR) signa
Previously, it has been shown that toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling is impaired by HBsAg selleck chemicals leading to an attenuation of innate and adaptive immune responses which may possibly facilitate chronicity of infection. Here, we aimed to analyze immune activation in HBV transgenic mice lacking the HBs antigen (1.4 tgHBV-s-mut). Methods: Liver tissue of 1.4 tgHBV-s-mut mice, HBV negative littermates, TLR3-/- and TLR3-/-/1.4 tgHBV-s-mut animals was investigated. HBxAg-targeting siRNAs or ligand for TLR3 (poly I:C) were injected intravenously. Quantitative RT-PCR, Southern blot, ELISA and western blot were performed to detect levels of immune genes,
HBV DNA, HBeAg or HBcAg. Results: Hepadnaviral replication-dependent expression of interferon beta (IFN-p), interferon sensitive www.selleckchem.com/products/poziotinib-hm781-36b.html gene 15 (ISG15), interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFI-T1) was observed in 1.4 tgHBV-s-mut mice. This immune response could be normalized by treatment with HBx-Ag-targeting siRNAs and was completely abrogated in TLR3-/-/1.4 tgHBV-s-mut animals. Suppression of these TLR3-mediated immune responses led to increased HBV replication. Non-pa-renchymal liver cells were identified as source of these antiviral
responses. Further application of TLR3 ligand poly I:C significantly induced the expression of ISG15, IFI-T1, IFN-p and suppressed HBV replication in vivo and in vitro. However, the fold induction of these immune genes was significantly lowered in 1.4 tgHBV-s-mut mice compared to control animals, reflecting a HBs-independent immune evasion. Conclusions: In contrast to data from HBV-infected patients, hepatic TLR signalling was not totally
abrogated many in HBV transgenic mice that lack HBsAg. In 1.4 tgHBV-s-mut mice viral replication induced TLR3-mediated antiviral responses in non-parenchymal liver cells. We therefore hypothesize that HBsAg is a major component of HBV that attenuates TLR signaling thus leading to impairment of innate and adaptive immune responses in the liver. Disclosures: Hans-Peter Vornlocher – Management Position: Axolabs GmbH The following people have nothing to disclose: Catherine I. Real, Mengji Lu, Markus Hossbach, Kerstin Jahn-Hofmann, Ludger M. Ickenstein, Matthias J. John, Reinhold Schirmbeck, Melanie Lutterbeck, Kathrin Gibbert, Ulf Dittmer, Guido Gerken, Joerg F. Schlaak, Ruth Broering Background and Aim: Natural Killer (NK) cells play important roles in innate immune response in viral infection. The activation of NK cells are controlled by various activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors and many NK cell receptors have been identified. In this study, we focused on NKp46, an activating receptor, and NKG2A, an inhibitory receptor, and investigated the frequencies and function of NKp46 and NKG2A expressing NK cells in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Methods: Sixty six CHB patients and 32 healthy subjects (HS) were enrolled in this study.
In fact, the regulation of hepatic endocannabinoids by circulatin
In fact, the regulation of hepatic endocannabinoids by circulating leptin is still unclear. In the hypothalamus, it has been observed that, in contrast to an inhibition of food intake by leptin, CB1 cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids stimulate food intake.25 In other words, endocannabinoids appear to be under negative control by leptin in hypothalamus.25 Pembrolizumab mw Interestingly, we found that acute intraportal infusion of leptin significantly increases hepatic endocannabinoid production and IHR in NASH cirrhotic rat livers. Furthermore, inactivation of Kupffer cells by pretreatment with GdCl3 attenuated the leptin-related increase
in hepatic endocannabinoid levels and IHR in HF/MCD-Zucker and HF/MCD+leptin-lean rats with NASH cirrhotic livers. Our study is the first to report the occurrence of the leptin-induced activation of endocannabinoids in rat livers. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) can be activated by hyperleptinemia and the HF/MCD diet in rats with steatohepatitis.18-20 A recent study reported a link between cytochrome P450 enzyme and the endocannabinoid system.20 GdCl3 has an inhibitory effect on hepatic cytochrome P450, which mediates liver endocannabinoid metabolism.20, 26 In
our study we tried to clarify whether pretreatment with GdCl3 is able to simultaneously modulate hepatic endocannabinoids and the cytochrome P450 system. Pretreatment with GdCl3 significantly
attenuated the leptin-induced increase in endocannabinoid production without modification of CYP2E1 activity and protein expression Buparlisib supplier in our Zucker rat livers. In fact, it has been reported that hepatic CYP3A, rather than CYP2E1, is involved in the interaction between cytochrome P450 and the endocannabinoids system.20 Specifically, the role of cytochrome P450 in leptin-induced endocannabinoid production needs to be clarified by measuring another subfamily of cytochrome P450 such as CYP3A. Taken together, the leptin-induced increase in endocannabinoid production was found STK38 to be independent of the overexpression of hepatic microsomal CYP2E1 in our NASH rats. We found in the present study that there was a concomitant increases in leptin, TGF-β1, and endothelin-1 in NASH cirrhotic rat livers (both in HF/MCD-Zucker and HF/MCD+leptin-lean rat livers). In adipocytes, hepatic stellate, and endothelial cells, leptin and TGF-β1 have been found to strongly increase endothelin-1 mRNA and protein expression.27-29 Moreover, obesity-induced up-regulation of myocardial endothelin-1 expression is also mediated by leptin.30 In other words, a positive feedback amplification loop between endothelin-1 and leptin secretion is already known to exist.28, 29 As was found in our study, an increase in hepatic endothelin-1 production is one of the important characteristics of cirrhotic rats with hyperleptinemia.
Table 2 summarizes the miRNAs reported in the metastatic potentia
Table 2 summarizes the miRNAs reported in the metastatic potential of HCC. The prognostication of HCC patients remains a major challenge for clinicians, and emerging evidence indicates that the outcome varies with underlying molecular pathology.78 To this end, profiling of miRNA expression have been informative in cancer risk prediction, diagnosis, prognosis, and responses to therapy.79–82
Polymorphisms in miRNAs and their targets have proved useful in predicting cancer risk. For instance, a G>C polymorphism in miR-146a precursor (rs2910164) predicted HCC development.80 This polymorphism located in the stem region opposite the mature miR-146a resulted in a change from G : U pair to C : U mismatch. Male individuals with GG genotype were twofold more susceptible www.selleckchem.com/products/crenolanib-cp-868596.html to HCC compared with those with CC genotype. In this context, the G-allelic miR-146a precursor displayed an increased production of mature miR-146a than the C-allelic one. Further investigations revealed that miR-146a significantly promoted cell proliferation and colony formation in NIH/3T3 cells.80 Another study also reported that polymorphisms present in the 3′-UTRs of mRNAs could affect miRNA binding. A polymorphism with insertion of 'TTCA' in the 3′UTR of interleukin-1 alpha (IL1A) (rs3783553) disrupted miR-122 and miR-378 binding, resulting in an increased expression of IL1A.81
The presence of this polymorphism likely contributed to HCC susceptibility as IL1A affects tumor growth, invasiveness, Selleckchem AZD8055 Molecular motor and also the interactions between malignant cells and the host's immune system.81 Hepatocellular carcinoma tissues secrete various tumor-related proteins into the blood, and these may serve as circulating biomarkers for early diagnosis of HCC. Although serum
alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is widely used as a biomarker for HCC, recent research proposed new molecular biomarkers that are more specific.78 Serum miR-500 level has been shown to be commonly elevated in HCC patients and values returned to normal after surgical treatment.82 Certain miRNAs are associated with HCC subtypes, implying their potential in patient stratification for prognosis. Apart from the 20-miRNA metastasis signature that was shown to be associated with patient survival,44 another study demonstrated a set of 19-miRNAs correlated with HCC disease outcome.32 Proteins involved in cell cycle progression have been predicted to be targets of this 19-miRNA signature.32 It is also noteworthy that upregulation of the miR-221-222 cluster38,47 and downregulation of miR-26,83 miR-29,57 miR-12284 and miR-125b31 have been validated in independent studies to be associated with poor prognosis and shorter disease-free survival of HCC patients. Aside from their clinical usefulness as diagnostic and prognostic markers, miRNAs have also been shown to influence sensitivity of tumors to chemotherapeutic drugs.
Conclusion— Dihydroergotamine showed no serious adverse events i
Conclusion.— Dihydroergotamine showed no serious adverse events in patients with 1 posterior fossa symptom and migraine. Larger, adequately powered, controlled, prospective trials are indicated to assess safety of DHE in BTM. "
"Refractory migraine has long been a challenge to all headache specialists. This subgroup of migraine patients experience disability and impaired quality of life, despite optimal treatment. This article reviews the proposed
definitions and epidemiology of p38 MAPK inhibitor refractory migraine, as well as the pathophysiology that may contribute to the genesis of this disorder. Aspects of treatment, including pharmacological, complementary/adjunct, and invasive approaches, are reviewed. Comorbid factors, medication overuse, potential pitfalls to treatment, and areas for future investigation are highlighted. "
"Despite an incidence of approximately 3.8 million sports-related concussions per year, the pathophysiological basis of this injury remains poorly understood. Associated post-traumatic headache, both acute and chronic, can also provide a unique treatment challenge for medical personnel. The presence of new onset or persistent headache following injury often complicates return to play decisions. It is also now evident that recurrent head trauma
may be associated with the development of some chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Although anecdotal reports and consensus guidelines are utilized in the management of sports concussion and associated post-traumatic headache, further evidence-based data are needed. Improved prevention and management of this injury will occur with ongoing educational and research efforts. IWR 1 As such advances are made, it is imperative the headache specialist have continued understanding of this evolving field. "
"(Headache 2011;51:891-904) Trigeminal nerve-mediated pain disorders such as migraine, temporomandibular joint disorder, and classical trigeminal neuralgia are more prevalent in women than in men. Female laboratory animals also show greater responses to various
nociceptive stimuli than male animals. However, current knowledge of migraine pathogenesis is based primarily on experimental studies conducted in male animals and lack Osimertinib of migraine research with female animals limits clinical relevance. Migraine is triggered by any alteration in the intrinsic or extrinsic milieu and women at reproductive age are continuously prone to waxing and waning effects of female sex hormones. The experimental approach to this problem is complex because the rodent estrous cycle differs from the human cycle, and because exogenous hormone replacement in ovariectomized females has its limitations. The existence of multiple estrogen receptors in the trigeminal system also presents a challenge. Estrogens do not seem to directly affect calcitonin gene-related peptide or 5-HT1D receptors in the trigeminal system.
8% had one or more comorbidities (pervasive developmental disorde
IABP had no significant effects on LVEDP, LVESV, and LVEF In con
(C) 2011 American Institute of Physics [doi:10 1063/1 3594716]"<
Out of 10,125 publications, 68 studies met our inclusion criteria
The aim of this study was to determine if ammonium efflux contrib
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Sports Icon Jaime Kaplan joins United Way of Central Georgia
Macon (July 10, 2017) – Community champion and Macon sports icon Jaime Kaplan has joined the United Way of Central Georgia (UWCG) to build and deepen relationships with major individual donors.
As Director of Philanthropy, Kaplan's primary focus will be to nurture connections and further develop UWCG's Alexis de Tocqueville Society. The United Way Tocqueville Society was founded more than 21 years ago to deepen the understanding, commitment and support of United Way's most generous and community-minded contributors.
"Jaime is a winner pure and simple," said United Way of Central Georgia President and CEO George McCanless. "I am confident that her history of accomplishments will continue as she plays a major role in the management and growth of our Alexis de Tocqueville Society membership."
Kaplan will also craft strategies to solicit and secure major individual and family donations and to recognize those who have given generously to the organization.
She has a strong history of development, having worked as a major gifts coordinator and alumni director at Stratford Academy. She also founded the Five Star Kevin Brown/Russell Henley Celebrity Classic, a tournament centered around golf that has raised more than $6 million in 28 years.
Kaplan will continue managing the classic while working for UWCG. She will also stay engaged in another of her passions: Coaching the boys and girls tennis teams at Stratford Academy.
"I have always admired the amazing work United Way of Central Georgia does and how many people they touch in our community," said Kaplan. "I couldn't be more excited to join the United Way team."
Kaplan is one of the most famous athletes Macon has ever produced. During the 1980s, she played on the elite Women's Tennis Association tour. She competed at Wimbledon, the U.S. Open and other tennis major tournaments. In 2001, she was inducted into the Macon Sports Hall of Fame and in 2005 she was named a member of the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame.
"While her deep roots and reputation in this community will be a huge asset in her new role, what really excites me is knowing the level of passion and incredible dedication she has for helping those less fortunate," said McCanless.
Kaplan is the daughter of Letty and Leonard (deceased) Kaplan. She is the youngest of four children


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I'll Add Points To All Things
Chapter 26: Job Settled
The name sounded familiar.
Su Yang quickly searched his memories and realized that the name was actually an online personality that he once saw on Tieba, the one looked like a Westerner.
'Who would have thought that an online newcomer would have to buy fans to support her? Lesson learned.'
After he got more details from the young man on the other side, Su Yang agreed to take the two jobs.
He had resources at hand. During his last semester, he had been working part-time for his senior, doing tasks such as sending out flyers or wearing a bear costume for promotion purposes, and so on. After a whole day of hard work, he was only paid 60 to 70 yuan.
In the end, Su Yang realized that his senior was actually taking commissions from his job at quite a high percentage, around 30%. Therefore, he quit and tried to work for himself instead.
After he went solo, his income was relatively higher since there was no middleman earning commissions from his jobs. Sometimes, when more manpower was needed, he would introduce the job to several of his closer classmates.
As he continued to find part-time jobs, some other hardworking students in the same course heard of his connections, so they started to look for Su Yang for part-time gigs. He was not a greedy person and would bring several classmates together on the job. As for the middleman commission, he would only take around 5 to 10 yuan as token fees. The other students could only get 60 to 70 yuan from their seniors, but they were able to get around 80 to 90 yuan from Su Yang.
His classmates appreciated his good intentions as well, and as the jobs went on, Su Yang could easily get a dozen of them with a single call.
However, since Su Yang was not a local, he had limited opportunities of getting a large-scale job. Therefore, he could only pull his classmates together on a job occasionally. He was not a direct competition to his seniors, so nothing bad happened to them.
This time, it might be an opportunity to utilize his resources.
Even if he paid every student 100 yuan, including the labor fees and travel expenses, he could probably earn 4,000 to 5,000 yuan after the two jobs. The payment for the job with the online artist was particularly quite decent.
Although 4,000 to 5,000 yuan was only a drop of water compared to the vast ocean of 1 million yuan, if he did not start somewhere, he would not move closer towards his goal. Earning every cent possible would eventually lead him to where he wanted to be, so he had to be hopeful.
With that in mind, Su Yang mentioned everyone in his part-time chat group.
'@Everyone. I have a job on Saturday. I need 20 pax. Travel fees and lunch not included. 100 yuan for half a day. PM me if interested.'
Right after Su Yang sent the message out, the chat group got lively.
'Wow! Admin is amazing! It's a good-paying job!'
'I know right! Is this for real, admin?'
'The wage is a surprise!'
After a ton of replies flooded the chat group, someone asked: 'Su Yang, do you get any commission from this?'
Su Yang checked the message. It was from a classmate who he had worked with since the early days.
Right after that classmate's question, everyone kept quiet. It seemed like everyone thought that Su Yang was not getting commission from this job and always shared his profit with everyone else.
Su Yang chuckled and replied: 'I am, so relax.'
With the confirmation, everyone started to get responsive, and soon, more than 30 students signed up for the job.
Su Yang took everyone's details down because he had to filter the candidates later.
Besides that, he had to meet the representative of the intermediary company tomorrow after his morning class. A contract must be signed beforehand and he must ask for a deposit first. After all, it was his first large-scale event, so he had to be careful.
When he was done with all the necessary work, Tang Xiaomi came to his side with Gru. She spread her hands wide and demanded, "Su Yang, carry me."
Su Yang carried the little girl in his arms. He saw her little pouting mouth and asked, "What's wrong? Are you hungry?"
Tang Xiaomi nodded meekly and Gru even pretended to be hungry by rubbing its stem with its sprouts.
Su Yang checked his watch. It was already 6 p.m. A child had a better digestive system, so it was quite normal for her to be hungry.
However, Tang Jing was really not a responsible mother. The sun was setting soon and she had yet to notice her daughter had disappeared again. It was no wonder that she left her daughter in Tisneyland in the first place and that Tang Xiaomi was so independent.
If Su Yang was the kid's parent, he would not be this cold.
Therefore, he ordered takeaway for Tang Xiaomi: yellow stewed chicken rice.
It was the best takeaway that he knew of and even he himself did not always have it. After all, he was still on the path of earning a million yuan.
In order to save some money, he ordered a set of chicken with two packs of rice.
Soon enough, the delivery guy reached his door. Su Yang then poured out a bowl of chicken for Tang Xiaomi and helped her to mix the rice in. A while later, a bowl of tasty and aromatic yellow stewed chicken rice was ready although it did not exactly seem appetizing.
Su Yang then poured the leftover soup into his own bowl of rice and started eating.
Tang Xiaomi frowned at the bowl of strange-looking rice at first, but when she saw Su Yang was having a good time with it, she gulped it gluttonously.
She tried a mouthful of the rice. When she put it into her mouth, her eyes shone. "Delicious!" She started to gobble down the bowl of rice.
The kid might have skipped her lunch altogether since she enjoyed the bowl of yellow stewed chicken so much. Su Yang could not help but chuckle at Tang Xiaomi and the way she ate. He somehow felt like having a little sister was not a bad experience.
Tang Xiaomi noticed him watching her. She lifted her head up from the bowl. Her cheeks were covered in rice and soup since she devoured it like she was a hungry kitten. Su Yang found it amusing.
Su Yang wiped her mouth with a tissue and caressed her head. "Finish your rice."
Tang Xiaomi nodded. Right as she wanted to bury her face into the bowl, she saw Su Yang's bowl.
Su Yang's bowl did not have a single piece of chicken while there was a thick layer of chicken on top of her bowl of rice. Her nose twitched unintentionally as sourness and heartache mixed with warmth filled her heart.
Tang Xiaomi lowered her head and quietly wiped her eyes. She then picked up a piece of chicken and wanted to put it into Su Yang's bowl.
However, he moved his bowl away and looked at her. "What are you doing?"
Her hand holding the chopsticks froze in the air while she looked at Su Yang and said heavily, "You have some too. I can't finish it."
Su Yang looked at her with disgust. "You have to finish it even if you can't. Kids can't be picky."
Tang Xiaomi looked even more troubled. "I want you to have some too."
Su Yang looked even more repugnant. "I don't want to eat your leftovers."
Tang Xiaomi pouted and sulked. 'You bully.'
However, as a precocious child, Tang Xiaomi knew that Su Yang was finding excuses to make her eat the chicken. She did not argue anymore and quietly finished her bowl of yellow stewed chicken.
Su Yang also finished his bowl of rice mixed with only the broth from the yellow stewed chicken.
After the meal, he even mischievously said, "I'll take note of what you ate today and claim it back from your mom."
Tang Xiaomi looked at Su Yang with her big, round eyes. It was quite rare for her to stay quiet, and after two seconds of silence, Tang Xiaomi called him, "Su Yang."
Su Yang looked at her with a confused look.
"I'll buy you a big meal one day."
"How big?" Su Yang smiled.
Tang Xiaomi extended her petite arms and signaled. "This big! Or bigger than this!"
She tried her best to search for appropriate words to describe the meal, "Three Michelin stars, four stars…No, a hundred stars!"
Su Yang chuckled and caressed her head. "Of course, but you have to use the money you earn by yourself. You can't ask for money from your mom."
"Mmm!" Tang Xiaomi nodded strongly.
It was then that Su Yang's phone finally rang and this time, it was Tang Jing.


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Q: Changing text on UILabel from another View Controller I'm using delegation to try to change the text from a UILabel in ViewController2.
In ViewController1.h I have:
@protocol WelcomeDelegate

-(void) updateLabelWithString:(NSString*)string;

@end

@interface ViewController1 : UIViewController

@property (weak, nonatomic) id<WelcomeDelegate>delegate;

Inside ViewController1.m:
- (void)presentWelcomeAlert {

UIStoryboard* storyboard = [UIStoryboard storyboardWithName:@"MainStoryboard" bundle:nil];
ViewController2* contentVC = [storyboard instantiateViewControllerWithIdentifier:@"ViewController2ID"];

[self.delegate updateLabelWithString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"Welcome to the 11Health Family %@! We are here to accompany and support you through the journey as an ostomate. Our new Hydration Tracker is ready to follow your hydration levels. Tap 'Continue' to begin!", [dcsContext sharedContext].activeParticipant.firstName]];

UIViewController *rootVC = [[[[UIApplication sharedApplication] delegate] window] rootViewController];
[rootVC presentViewController:contentVC animated:YES completion:nil];
}

Inside ViewController2.h I have:
#import "SignInViewController.h"

@interface WelcomePopoverViewController () <UIViewControllerTransitioningDelegate>
{
    SignInViewController *signInViewController;
}

In the viewDidLoad:
viewController1 = [[ViewController1 alloc] init];
[viewController1 setDelegate:self];

My method in ViewController2.m:
- (void)updateLabelWithString:(NSString *)string {
welcomeLabel.text = string;
}

My issue is that the method above isn't getting called even when I call it from the first view controller.

A: This is a bit messy, sorry to say.....and you are re-instantiating ViewController1 in ViewController2....
If you only need to set that label once, then ditch all the delegate/protocol stuff and just call the method directly:
- (void)presentWelcomeAlert {
   UIStoryboard* storyboard = [UIStoryboard storyboardWithName:@"MainStoryboard" bundle:nil];
   ViewController2* contentVC = [storyboard instantiateViewControllerWithIdentifier:@"ViewController2ID"];

   UIViewController *rootVC = [[[[UIApplication sharedApplication] delegate] window] rootViewController];
   [rootVC presentViewController:contentVC animated:YES completion:^ {
   [contentVC updateLabelWithString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"Welcome to the 11Health Family %@! We are here to accompany and support you through the journey as an ostomate. Our new Hydration Tracker is ready to follow your hydration levels. Tap 'Continue' to begin!", [dcsContext sharedContext].activeParticipant.firstName]];
   }];
}

and then of cause expose that method in ViewController2.h:
-(void) updateLabelWithString:(NSString*)string;

A: You can directly call this method no need to create delegate.
ViewController2 *obj=[[ViewController2 alloc] init];
[obj updateLabelWithString:@"title"];
[self.navigationController pushViewController:obj animated:YES];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Encountering Caoimhe in the bathroom, Josie asks: "Have I made you feel awkward now Caoimhe?" She replies: "A little bit, but I'll get over it I'm sure," before walking off. Josie turns to Corin and says: "She angry with me now... I've shown her right up, haven't I?"


Jerry Brown dealt a blow last week to school discipline reform efforts in California with his veto of a bill that would have expanded the state's ban on suspensions for "disruption and defiance" to include grades K-8.
That, however, was not enough for Brown, who had vetoed a similar bill in 2012before signing the K-3 ban in 2014. Like before, he cited his belief in local control as his primary reason for rejecting the bill.


text:
Q: White background resize image I'm trying to modify this script: http://net.tutsplus.com/tutorials/php/image-resizing-made-easy-with-php/
I want to get a (when using the crop option) white background instead of black, as it is now. My scenario is this:
When I resize an image I get a black border at the bottom (1px) which I don't want. I want this to be white instead.
I have looked in this thread and tried to implement it on the script: How do I fill white background while resize image
But it doesn't seems to work. Here is my code for the resize class:
public function resizeImage($newWidth, $newHeight, $option="auto")
        {
            // *** Get optimal width and height - based on $option
            $optionArray = $this->getDimensions($newWidth, $newHeight, $option);

            $optimalWidth  = $optionArray['optimalWidth'];
            $optimalHeight = $optionArray['optimalHeight'];

            // *** Resample - create image canvas of x, y size
            $this->imageResized = imagecreatetruecolor($optimalWidth, $optimalHeight);

            // MY EDIT STARTS HERE
            $backgroundColor = imagecolorallocate($this->imageResized, 255, 255, 255);
            imagefill($this->imageResized, 0, 0, $backgroundColor);
            // AND STOPS HERE

            imagecopyresampled($this->imageResized, $this->image, 0, 0, 0, 0, $optimalWidth, $optimalHeight, $this->width, $this->height);

            // *** if option is 'crop', then crop too
            if ($option == 'crop') {
                $this->crop($optimalWidth, $optimalHeight, $newWidth, $newHeight);
            }
        }

What am I doing wrong and what should I change?

A: Lil in hurry so can't write exact code but I was also trying to do something like you. Below is my code. I put comments it to make it easy for you. It must help you but please confirm.
In this code, I'm creating a trend image (Group of multiple images in single image), which have white background with multiple images
In short, I'd a png image as white background.
<?php
session_start();
include_once("../dbfunction.php");

$tid=0;
if(isset($_REQUEST) && isset($_REQUEST['tid'])){
    $tid=$_REQUEST['tid'];
}else{
    echo "Trend id not defined";
}

//This return SQL result. Multiple rows with images name, x1, y1 as initial position and x2,y2 as width height
$data=getTrendImages($tid);

//This is path of background image. For me, background image is pure white png image (480x480)
$trendsbgurl= OS_PATH."image".DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR."trends_background.png";
//Get image in PHP
$trendsbg = @imagecreatefrompng($trendsbgurl);

//Loop to get images and put them on background
for($i=0;$i<count($data);$i++){
    $imgname=$data[$i]['image_name'];
    $imgleft=$data[$i]['position_x1'];
    $imgtop=$data[$i]['position_y1'];
    $imgwidth=$data[$i]['position_x2'];
    $imgheight=$data[$i]['position_y2'];

    //Path of source image
    $imgpath=OS_PATH."original".DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$imgname;
    //Explode image name to get file extension. I'd to support png, gif and jpeg images
    $file=explode(".",$imgname);
    $ext=$file[1];

    //If source file exist
    if(file_exists($imgpath)){
        //Create source image in PHP
        $image=null;
        if($ext=='jpg' || $ext=='jpeg'){
            $image = @imagecreatefromjpeg($imgpath);
        }else if($ext=='png'){
            $image = @imagecreatefrompng($imgpath);
        }else if($ext=='gif'){
            $image = @imagecreatefromgif($imgpath);
        }else{
            exit;
        }
        $colorTransparent = @imagecolorat($image, 0, 0);
        //GEt source image size
        $imgsize=getimagesize($imgpath);
        //Copy source on background
        imagecopyresampled($trendsbg, $image, $imgleft, $imgtop, 0, 0, $imgwidth,         $imgheight, $imgsize[0], $imgsize[1]);
    }else{
    }
}
//I need to save image on disk. You can do whatever you need to do with $trendsbg
imagejpeg($trendsbg,OS_PATH."trendimages".DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR."t_".$tid.".jpg",100);


text:
Halo Of Thoughts
Esport & Gaming Blog
_Esport
_Overwatch
Cloud9 & Will "Meteos" Hartman, The Perfect Re-coupling!
On Sunday night, after all of week three's games had been played and with 100 Theives going 2-0 for the week and joint top for the split with a 4-2 record, news dropped they had traded starting Jungler Will "Meteos" Hartman to Flyquest for their Academy Jungler Andy "Anda" Haoung. To add insult to injury for Meteos, he's been informed by Flyquest that they intend to continue with their starting Jungler Lucas "Santorin" Tao Kilmer Larsen, leaving him to play in the Academy team. With Meteos rightfully not wanting to drop down a skill level after his performances in season 8, should it be time for Cloud9 to bring him for a third time during the Rift Rivals International break?
If we look at Cloud9 since the end of the Spring split, you'll see that the team are missing a few key aspects that they need to address. Below are the some of the area's of where Meteos will benefit the team if he was to return.
Leader Of The New School
The first thing that is most noticeable is that right now they don't have a leader. Joshua "Jatt" Leesman shared that there has been 6 games during the Summer split where a team has had a 3k+ gold lead, but have then gone on to lose the game. Cloud9 account for four of these! Considering that Cloud9's are currently 1-5 having played a hybrid of academy and first team players, it shows that the potential and mechanics of being a 5-1 team instead of their current 1-5 record are definitely there. However, the team haven't got a Hai or Lemonnation the previously had to set up the drive or the team fight that's required to end games.
Since his return from semi-retirement, Meteos has come back more determined to go to another World Championship but also to use his experience to help a team move forward as the leader. He proved this during his time on 100Thieves by helping them place first in the regular season and runner up the Spring Split playoffs. He did this by leading by example with the best KDA for all Junglers at 4.9, least deaths with 30 and second in kill participation with an incredible 76%. This leading from the front style is exactly what the team need towards the end of a game, when it comes to finishing off their opponents at the period of time it matters the most.
In The Jungle, The Not So Mighty Jungle
Dennis "Svenskeren" Johnsen has been woeful in the Jungle this split. He currently has the joint highest deaths as a Jungler (With Joshua "Dardoch" Hartnett) and currently joint second out of all players, a KDA of only 2.1 which makes him last out of all qualifying Junglers and while he leads all Junglers in CS per minute and CS total, he's also played 20 minutes more than any other Jungler in the league. Meteos is currently fifth in KDA with an average of 3.3, fifth in deaths at 13 and although he's fifth in CS per minute and seventh in CS Total. 100Theives have been more open to the funnel strategy that's become increasingly popular in the LCS this split. He's a good early and late game Jungler, that has the ability to read the game in the moment and ganks the correct lanes at the correct time.
My C9
Let's be honest, the spilt didn't start well for the team with Nicolaj "Jensen" Jensen, Andy "Smoothie" Ta and Zachary "Sneaky" Scuderi all being moved to the bench due to reported commitment issues that resulted in players from the Academy team consistently outperforming them on a regular basis. This has caused a rare disconnect between the organisation and the fans and with the current line up not living up to fan expectations and head coach Han-Gyu "Reapered" Bok not providing the level of information they require, it's led to the use of a unfavourable hashtag against the current lineup.
Bringing back Meteos means that the fans do get to see a fan favourite and one of the original members return. He's played with Smoothie, Sneaky and Jensen in his previous stint with in the team. While there has been a previous history between Jensen and Meteos, I feel that this is something that they would be able to leave in the past to move the team forward in the right direction and Meteos and the bot lane have always had a good connection and ability to work together to win their lane.
While the story of where will Meteos play may go on for a while, there's one thing that is certain. That the majority of the Cloud9 fan base would like to see Meteos come back to the team and that the time to for the team to do this would be now, to try and turn this split around and attempt to get the team into the playoffs.
(You can find more esport content on Twitter over @haloofthoughts)
(Picture Credit; Riot Games)
Posted by Haloofthoughts at 22:12:00
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There are many different Tone Mapping and HDR applications which are available. All of these have different features and will suit people with different objectives and budgets.
PhotoMatix is one of the most popular HDR and Tone Mapping applications available. This can be used as a standalone application which has many additional features. It can also be installed as a plug in to be used with Photo shop CS3, which does not have many tone mapping features as standard.
This software is very popular because it has an easy-to-use interface and provides excellent results.
This software might not have a memorable name, but it is free. This is an open source application which can be used to create HDR images. It also features tone mapping algorithms to touch up your HDR photos.
For a free app, this is very powerful. It can even be used to fake the HDR look using a single JPEG image.
Artizen is a plugin or a standalone program which makes tone mapping very easy. There is a free trial version available, so that you can try before you buy. The plugin is compatible with Photoshop CS2 and newer.
This is an easy to use image editor with HDR and tone mapping features. There is also a free limited version available for download which can be used to decide if it's right for you or not.


It is our 1st Birthday and we are excited to share all of the wonderful things that we have been through this year! Joyful memories have been made, strong friendships created, and lots of bodies have reshaped over just 12 short months!
The time has flown by and we want to say Thank You for sharing this wonderful year with us! Take a look at some of the things we copied into our memory books- From Coming Soon to a whole new look as B.YOU™! We have grown and you helped us get there!!!
Before the walls were secured we knew within them many would be Driven, Inspired, & Strengthened! We could not wait to change the sign from Coming Soon to Grand Opening!!!
Pictured above are just a few of our clients that joined us for our Soft Opening that took place the week of Sept 4th!
These are some of our first professional photos done by the wonderful PinkOwl Photography!
After just a couple of months of being open we kicked off our first Bootcamp series for a 6 week challenge! During the 6 weeks, girls strengthened beyond belief and brought our studio to a whole new level! This is right about the time B.Barre Fire was added to the schedule as well! You girls still rock xoxo!!!
Here are a couple of pictures of B.YOU Beautees Work-n-it!
LOVE our clients! B.YOU™ is filled with all fitness levels, all shapes and sizes, and ALL who are beautees inside & out!!!!
Then slowly new Inspire-ers were introduced, starting with Amanda & Megan who kicked off their first classes in January 2013!!!
Along with Rashna we then had Carly & Joy join the B.YOU™ Inspire-ers! Carly has been a members since our opening and Joy has been a B.Barre Fire addict since day numero uno!!!
Now we are blessed with 2 more Inspire-ers! Carrie Rice, who is still in training while she focuses a lot of her time on the Boston Marathon & Kristie Hanke who has just began Inspiring all of you this month!
Continuing on with our fun year! Let's look at our first Barre-Tine class where the Gents came to class with their Beautees on Valentine's Day 2013!
We all remember the fun B.Outside Bootcamp!!!
NOW— It's time to get down to the re-branding!!!! So much fun changing over from B Barre to B YOU™ and helping women feel secure in finding their confidence in this FabYOUlous community of strong woman!!!
Since our rebranding in May we have grown so much! Various styles of classes have been added including B.Barre Tabata and B.YOU™'s own method B.Silque™ Fitness!!!
We love all of our Beautees and sincerely thank you all so much for your support, your patience as we have learned along the way, and your friendship! Cheers to the next Year and many more!!! Join us on September 10th for giveaways & treats as we take a day to reflect on how hard all of our B.YOU beauties and Inspire-ers have worked!
Friday Form Fanatic– Foldover on the Barre!


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Surprising to no one, Dublin's Pub is closing July 28th
July 11, 2018 / 10:00am / Patrick Singer
Last year, Dublin O'Neil's (located at 301 N. Neil Street) closed for a period of time, and underwent a "rebrand" which consisted of the following:
Barely changing the name to Dublin's Pub (why rebrand without a new name?)
Keeping the Dublin O'Neil's sign outside the restaurant (this is also confusing)
Offering up self-proclaimed "best pizza in town" at an Irish Pub (but you just reopened!)
Becoming a Blackhawks bar (this actually isn't a terrible idea in theory)
There are more, but for the sake of this SPlog, I'll stop there.
The collaboration to bring the DeLuxe fish sando back was actually awesome.
Now, Dublin O'Neils...er... Dublin's Pub — herein known as Dub's Pub — will close after only 10 months of being reopened. The self-proclaimed best pizza in C-U was apparently not enough to sustain the restaurant. Sad stuff.
Though the Gazoo has the scoop, the group at One Main Development is framing this as "making way" for a "new concept", which reads like this to me:
Instead of taking cues from actual Irish pubs and/or embracing soccer culture, Dub's Pub was a confused restaurant. 301 Mongolia has sat there, empty, for a while. Both weren't very good, so why not scrap the concept and see who else has some ideas for a restaurant that might actually work?
Dub's Pub is and soon-to-be was essentially a mall version of a bad Irish restaurant with basically no vision — and they are closing July 28th.
Top photo by Patrick Singer