text:
Survey describes business pluses, minuses
Area business owners think the quality of life here and quality customer service are keys to their success, a recent survey shows.
Some say they want more opportunities to provide employee training.
The survey "gives us a lot of food for thought," said Jerry Waltari, who co-chairs the Havre Area Chamber of Commerce committee that requested the survey. "(The results) were pretty positive. Now we have a big challenge. The challenge is the committee has to do something with it."
Finding ways to increase acess to training is a high priority, he said.
Waltari, a Havre certified public accountant, said the first thing the Business Development Committee will do is compile a summary of the results to send to the people who responded.
The survey will be used to help area businesses and will be given to a Montana Economic Developers Association resource assessment team that will visit Havre and Hill County in November, said Craig Erickson of Bear Paw Development Corp. Bear Paw conducted the survey for the Chamber's Business Development Committee.
The assessment team will hold meetings Nov. 18 and 19 to prepare a report about the strengths and weaknesses of the community, Erickson said. The team is assembled, and now the details of the visit are being finalized.
Erickson said the survey showed both good things about operating a business in Havre and where improvements can be made, like how to improve the labor pool in the area.
"To help the business community, you have to know those kinds of things," he said.
A surprising response, both Waltari and Erickson said, was that many business owners said their business has improved in the last year, despite low agriculture prices and a lackluster economy.
Of the 139 responses, 42 percent said business was better and only 13 percent said it was worse, Erickson said.
"I think that's extraordinary," he added.
Of the 141 businesses that responded, 82 said they had been in business more than 15 years. Thirty-three said they had been in business seven years or less.
That shows that there are a substantial number of businesses that have been successful a long time, and that community members are creating new businesses, Erickson said.
"That's a plus," he added.
Most of the respondents have a small number of employees, with 71 saying they have zero to five.
Erickson added that the U.S. Small Business Administration defines a small business as one with fewer than 500 employees. Northern Montana Health Care and Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway are the only businesses in Havre with more than 500 employees, he said.
Thirteen businesses said they have more than 20 employees. Fifty-three said their number of employees has increased in the last five years, with 28 saying that was due to an expanded share of existing markets.
The highest response to a question asking respondents to identify the best things about the area for business was the quality of life, with 55 responses. The quality of the work force was second, with 43 responses.
A question about the strengths of the respondent's own business received 138 responses. Of those, 88 percent, or 122 responses, said good customer service was a strength. Knowledge of the market received 83 responses, and the ability to change with the market received 63.
Erickson said a very interesting result of the study was that four businesses said they had products they think they could sell outside of the United States, and were interested in receiving help learning how to export products.
Waltari said a primary reason the committee did the survey was to prepare for the resource assessment team. The survey will provide valuable information to the team, he added.
"It's coming right from business respondents, what they think of our community," he said.
The teams, organized by the Montana Economic Developers Association, visit communities and hold meetings to talk with people from the community. The team then files a report, with sections written by each member of the team, listing strengths, weaknesses and possible projects to improve the community.
Reports have been done for Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation, Liberty County and Chinook as well as Big Sandy. Erickson said the idea for the survey came from one done in Big Sandy to prepare for a team's visit last spring.
Mike Evans, co-owner of Valley Furniture and Serv-Ur-Self Furniture, said he thinks the efforts to find the strengths and weaknesses of the community will be a help to business. He said he expects the resource assessment team to also be very beneficial.
"It will be good to get someone from outside looking in and to be open-minded and honest about what this community is doing that's good, and maybe not good, if we're all open-minded and say, 'Here's our strengths but here's what we need,'" he said.
Erickson said the return rate of the survey was fairly low, but that he is pleased with the results.
"Most that responded would be recognized as successful businesses," he said. "Some very competent, successful business people took the time to take the survey."
The rate was 141 of 420 surveys sent out, or 33.6 percent returned.
The Chamber survey had some seemingly contradictory responses, Erickson said. For example, 61 percent of the surveys rated their business' employees as excellent, and 55 percent listed good customer service as the most important part of their business' success. At the same time, 61 percent said they would like to see customer service training provided.
Evans said he thinks additional training, in customer service or otherwise, is always beneficial.
"I think you learn something every day, and if there's a tool out there that would help our employees and people do a better job with customer service and relations, I think it would be great," he said.
Waltari said many business owners identified training they would like to have available for their employees. He said the committee will work to provide more training as well as make business owners aware of many programs that already are offered in the area.
Erickson said the survey showed a need to increase awareness of what's already available. Customer service workshops and classes in business planning and computer skills are available, and the business owners need to be better informed about them, he said.
The same could be done with services and products, Erickson said. Some respondents said some products and services are not available in the area or are too expensive, and some research and marketing might change that perception, he said.
Evans said marketing local products and services would reduce the perception that businesses need to shop outside the community. His businesses do all of their shopping locally, he said.
"I don't see why you'd have to go outside of Hill County," he said.


Take the US Highway 301 S exit. Turn right onto Hwy 280 W. (second traffic light in Claxton). Drive 1/4 mile and the church building will be on your right.
Once you come into the Claxton city limit, turn left at the second light. Drive 1/4 mile and the church building will be on your right.
Continue on Hwy. 280 until you cross over Hwy. 301. Drive 1/4 mile and the church building will be on your right.
After the first traffic light, on your left you will see Ace Hardware, a church, NorthSpring Asst. Living, a church, and then First Baptist will be the next building.


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Home / Picture storybooks / Bear, The Piano, The Dog and the Fiddle, The
Bear, The Piano, The Dog and the Fiddle, The
David Litchfield
Publisher: Frances Lincoln Publishers Ltd
'Another guaranteed bestseller from this remarkable artist' – DAILY MAIL Set in New Orleans with a new cast of animal musicians, this big-hearted sequel to the best-selling The Bear and the Piano teaches that friendship, like good music, lasts forever.
Bear, The Piano, The Dog and the Fiddle, The quantity
Category: Picture storybooks
The second book in the best-selling, award-winning 'Bear and the Piano' trilogy. The first book in the trilogy – The Bear and the Piano – has sold over 120,000 copies in the UK and won the Waterstones Children's Book Prize, Illustrated Book Category for 2016 Hector and his dog Hugo have made music together through good times, bad times and even some crazy times. But when Hugo learns to play the fiddle, and gets the chance to play with Bear's Big Band, Hector's jealousy gets the better of him. Can Hector swallow his pride and learn to be happy for his friend? Set in New Orleans with a new cast of animal musicians, this big-hearted sequel to the best-selling The Bear and the Piano teaches that friendship, like good music, lasts forever.BBC Music Magazine – 'Litchfield's warm, richly coloured images are filled with gentle humour, while he packs plenty of emotion and nuance into his succinct text- and music as a starring role.'The Daily Mail – 'Litchfield's stunning illustrations conjure up the twinkling lights and sombre shadows of New Orleans, beautifully reflecting the joy and melancholy that offset each other in this touching story. Another guaranteed bestseller from this remarkable artist.' The Daily Mail, 'Best Christmas Books' – 'Loyalty and friendship underpin this touching story from the wonderful David Litchfield…Litchfield's captivating rendition of New Orleans' lights and sombre shadows reflects joy and melancholy to stunning effect.' The Bookseller, 'Editor's Choice' – 'A big-hearted sequel starring a new cast of animals musicians…this captures all the warmth and charm of the original, with show stopping cityscapes and heartfelt emotion.' The Bookseller, 'Season's Highlights' – 'Completely charming tale of friendship and music.' **Don't miss David Litchfield's other books:The Bear and the Piano [1] The Bear, the Piano, the Dog and the Fiddle [2]The Bear, the Piano and Little Bear's Concert [3] Grandad's Secret GiantLights on Cotton Rock
Oi Cat! Board Book
Jim Field (illustrator), Kes Gray
Ten Little Pirates Board Book
Mike Brownlow
Helen Oxenbury (illustrator), Michael Rosen
Snail and the Whale, The
Axel Scheffler (illustrator), Julia Donaldson

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Seasons change and with this the colours that surround us in our everyday life change along with it. It's always a magical time if you take a step back, breath in and appreciate the world changing around you. Is this starting to sound like a yoga class?? Oops, what Im trying to get at really is the beautiful change in colour to our everyday scenery and Autumn is one of our favourites for the colours it brings.
As you know, we decided to have a competition to celebrate Autumn's colours. All you had to do to enter was send us a photo of your South African Autumn.
It has been so much fun receiving your Autumn photos from all over South Africa. What a beautifully country we live in!
And well then the fun came to an end when we had to choose a winner. Which sounds like fun but it also means that we had to pick only one from all the entries! A difficult task even for the Simon Cowell's of this world.
The reason why we chose this photo is that it seemed to capture the uniqueness of a South African Autumn. To me that is that the beautiful rich greens remain while the browns, oranges and reds start to peep through. This is very generalised though. We have every shade of Autumn you get here in SA. In fact if you are towards the coast of KZN you just have rich greens with almost no Oranges and Reds.
Congratulations to Richard for sending through the winning photo.
Yes I know there is a lot of Diamine inks there but they just have the widest range of colours to choose from. If you are looking for a specific colour then the chances are that Diamine will have it.
That was meant to be the end of this blog post but then we thought maybe we give a quick run down of each of these colours for those of you who may not have tried some of them yet.
Diamine Dark Forest – The is a great deep dark green with all the amazing properties we have come to expect from the Diamine 150th Anniversary range. The colour is saturated and dark but not dark enough to be a green black. This ink was chosen to represent the deep dark green shrubbery and plants you will find around this time of year.
Rohrer and Klingner Alt-Goldgrun – This is ofcours a pretty famous ink. Known for its great amount of shading and its unique colour. This one has been chosen because it just seems to capture the shades of green seen in Autumn. This is one of those classic inks that anyone who loves shading should own.
Diamine Golden Brown – Another great shading ink. Quite a light brown that does seem to hint at being golden. This ink represents the golden brown seen in the trees.
Diamine Autumn Oak – The Diamine ink that is known for its shading. It shades through a range of different oranges. The name says it all! This is a mute orange ink that seems to capture the shades of oranges seen in the dying leaves of Autumn.
Diamine Ancient Copper – Diamine's best selling ink ever. A deep rich saturated orange that captures the deep dark orange browns of autumn. An ink that every ink lover should own!
There we have it. An ink colour palatte to get your pens set for Autumn. Most of the inks come with great shading and since the autumn outdoors are filled with lots of shades of colours it seems apt.
This entry was posted in COMPETITIONS, INK PALETTES. Bookmark the permalink.


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Budget, Taxation & Economy, Education, Elections & Public Integrity, Law & Public Safety
Local debt means future taxes
by Joseph Coletti
Senior Fellow, Fiscal Studies, John Locke Foundation
A simple change to ballot language and another small change in ball could have huge impacts on local borrowing. Dan Way reported for Carolina Journal that "Debt fared better than taxes in local referendums."
Only one bond referendum failed. Wake County alone received permission from voters to issue $1.017 billion in bonds for the community college, the school district, and parks, greenways, and recreational facilities. Other communities added $741 million in debt. That means local governments will nearly double the $2 billion in Connect NC bonds state voters approved in 2016.
In contrast, voters rejected two-thirds of local sales tax increases on the ballot this year. Seven of the 11 tax increases that passed did so in primary elections this May when turnout was lower. Votes on new taxes and debt should only be on ballots in November, ideally in even-numbered years.
The language question would make clear the connection between debt and taxes. Wake County's operating budget for the current fiscal year is $1.8 billion, one-sixth of which goes to principal and interest payments on debt. The budget included a tax increase of 6.4% over last fiscal year and the bonds could mean another 5.8% tax increase on top of the current rate. If voters knew what the bonds would do to their taxes each year, they might have second thoughts. Bond referenda should "explicitly note the property tax implications of voting yes on bond referenda in bold capital letters on a ballot" as required in Minnesota.
Joseph Coletti
As Senior Fellow, Joe examines fiscal and tax policy. He holds degrees from Johns Hopkins SAIS and the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Joe previously headed the North Carolina Government Efficiency and Reform initiative within the Office of State Budget and Management.
Taxpayer-Funded Subsidies Are Bad Economics
September Local Jobs Report: All But One North Carolina Counties See Drop in Unemployment
Fiscal data dump: Federal elections see a flood of new funding going into October


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Police say car blast kills one, wounds 20 in Kashmir
AP Published March 22, 2012
A bomb exploded Thursday in a car outside the main city of Indian-controlled Kashmir, killing the driver and wounding at least 20 others.—AP Photo
SRINAGAR: A bomb exploded Thursday in a car outside the main city of Indian-controlled Kashmir, killing the driver and wounding at least 20 others in what police said may have been an accident involving suspected rebels.
Authorities believe a rebel was transporting the bomb when it went off accidentally in Bijbehara town, some 28 miles south of Srinagar, police officer Ramesh Jalla said.
The driver was killed in the blast, which occurred on a busy road. At least 20 others who had been passing by were wounded, including seven who were taken to a special hospital in Srinagar for treatment of multiple injuries. One victim was in critical condition.
''It seems the militant was carrying the bomb to plant it somewhere to target security forces,'' he said, noting the car had just passed a police station before it exploded.
There was no immediate claim of responsibility for the blast.
While militants have been fighting since 1989 against Indian rule in the disputed Himalayan territory, incidents of violence have largely been suppressed by Indian forces.
In recent years, anti-Indian protest has mostly been expressed through street demonstrations marked by youths hurling stones.
More than 68,000 people have died in the last two decades of conflict and by subsequent Indian crackdowns.


•Cerner Corp. rose 85 cents, or 1.85%, to close at $46.91.
•Commerce Bancshares Inc. fell 61 cents, or 1.41%, to close at $42.58.
•Compass Minerals fell $1.63, or 2.21%, to close at $72.10.
•DST Systems Inc. fell 51 cents, or 0.71%, to close at $70.86.
•Ferrellgas Partners L.P. rose 14 cents, or 0.60%, to close at $23.42.
•Garmin Ltd. rose 69 cents, or 1.69%, to close at $41.46.
•Great Plains Energy fell 23 cents, or 1.05%, to close at $21.69.
•H Block Inc. fell 3 cents, or 0.11%, to close at $27.88.
•Inergy L.P. fell 46 cents, or 3.35%, to close at $13.28.
•Kansas City Life Insurance Co. rose 33 cents, or 0.76%, to close at $43.99.
•Kansas City Southern rose 57 cents, or 0.54%, to close at $105.99.
•Layne Christensen Co. rose 16 cents, or 0.84%, to close at $19.17.
•O'Reilly Automotive Inc. rose 24 cents, or 0.20%, to close at $122.95.
•Sprint Nextel Corp. fell 3 cents, or 0.45%, to close at $6.68.
•UMB Financial Corp. rose 4 cents, or 0.07%, to close at $59.77.
•Waddell Reed Financial Corp. rose 19 cents, or 0.40%, to close at $47.81.
•YRC Worldwide Inc. rose 42 cents, or 2.47%, to close at $17.44.
•Dow Jones rose 23.65 points, or 0.16%, to close at 14,833.96.
•Nasdaq rose 22.74 points, or 0.63%, to close at 3,612.61.
•S 500 rose 6.80 points, or 0.42%, to close at 1,639.77.
BATS 1000 rose 60.60 points, or 0.33%, to close at 18,450.58.


text:
Q: PYTHON Return value on while Hi I have this code in python, I want the return and keep printing but it just return one time and print one time, Here's what i tried
def car(distance,speed):
  while distance>0:
   distance=distance-20
   speed=speed-speed*0.05
   print('distance=',distance, 'speed is',speed)
   # Here's what i tried return but it just print one time
   return distance,speed

print(car(220,160))

A: Your return statement is indented one level too many, therefore the loop terminates after one time. Make sure it is aligned to while.

A: Return statement shifts the control back to calling function. Hence while is terminated. You can append the results and print after the end of while
def car(distance,speed):
  result = []
  while distance>0:
    distance=distance-20
    speed=speed-speed*0.05
    # Here's what i tried return but it just print one time
    result.append((distance,speed))

  for item in result:
      print('distance=',item[0],'speed is', item[1])

A: A return statement is used to end the execution of the function call and returns the result (value of the expression following the return keyword) to the caller. The statements after the return statements (in the function) are not executed.
So in this case you're returning the first value and after that you're jumping out of the function.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The idea for this series of memes entered my mind during church Sunday. Or did God 'put the idea upon my heart?' I don't know, that's up to you to decide.
I have a whole series like this, that I'll post over the next few months.
This entry was posted in images and tagged spirituality. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Q: Spring Boot framework need Spring security Management Console I am looking for something similar to https://grails-plugins.github.io/grails-spring-security-ui/latest/
for spring boot application to manage security roles privileges and users.
Please Note its a spring boot application not grails Application to use the above-provided dependency.

A: https://github.com/dvelopp/SpringAngularApp
https://github.com/chris1213/User-Management-System
https://github.com/sveri/spring-boot-template
or you can check https://github.com/search?o=desc&q=spring+boot+user+management&s=stars&type=Repositories
There is no exact match but these are good start for one.


Do you want to know more about Mallorca? You need to visit the Mondragó Park and know everything you can do in it.
The Mondragó Natural Park or Mondragó Park is located southeast of Mallorca and has an area of 766 hectares.
It was declared a natural park in 1992; where it's also considered a natural area of special interest, a zone of special protection for birds and a place of community interest. In addition, it belongs to the Natura 2000 Network too.
Its main characteristic is the agricultural and livestock activity that has been developed for years in the area, which gives it a very particular and beautiful landscape.
Due to that, there are a lot of dry stone walls and cabins. Also, there are outstanding elements of popular engineering related to the use of water, such as ditches, for example.
Also, the exploitation of forest resources fills the area with elements such as coal bunkers and their cabins or lime kilns, which brings a very pleasant and interesting cultural environment that is not seen commonly in any other area of the island.
The Park has two exits to the sea that correspond to the torrents of S'Amarador and Ses Fonts de n'Alis. These, in turn, constitute two emblematic coves: Cala S'Amarador and Cala Mondragó.
Both beaches are of fine sand and shallow waters with scarce slopes, what makes them perfect for you to visit with the little ones in the house and any other member of the family.
In the park there are different itineraries that will allow you to know it in its entirety. The cost is totally free and you just have to go to the offices to get more information about the routes, the duration, and what you will see in the tours. Information Center hours are Monday through Sunday, from 9am to 4pm, except Christmas and New Year's Day.
Visit Mallorca and don't miss the amazing Mondragó Park.


text:
/*
 * This is a manifest file that'll be compiled into application.css, which will include all the files
 * listed below.
 *
 * Any CSS and SCSS file within this directory, lib/assets/stylesheets, vendor/assets/stylesheets,
 * or any plugin's vendor/assets/stylesheets directory can be referenced here using a relative path.
 *
 * You're free to add application-wide styles to this file and they'll appear at the bottom of the
 * compiled file so the styles you add here take precedence over styles defined in any styles
 * defined in the other CSS/SCSS files in this directory. It is generally better to create a new
 * file per style scope.
 *
 *= require_tree .
 *= require_self
 */
/*@import "bootstrap-sprockets";*/
@import "bootstrap";

ul {
  list-style-type: none;
}

body {
  padding-top: 70px;
  padding-bottom: 30px;
}

.theme-dropdown .dropdown-menu {
  position: static;
  display: block;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.theme-showcase > p > .btn {
  margin: 5px 0;
}

.center {
  text-align: center;
}

.pic, .info, .form, .indevidual_card, .indevidual_account{
  padding: 20px;
  display: inline-block;
  background-color: #EEEEEE;
  border-radius: 7px;
  vertical-align: middle;
  margin: 10px;
}

.info {
  width: 305px;
  height: 150px;
  text-align: left;
}

.floated {
   float:left;
   margin-right:5px;
}

.banks_list .bank_with_cards .cards_list .info {
   float:left;
   margin-right:5px;
}

.bank_with_cards {
	border-radius: 7px;
	padding-top: 10px;
	background-color: #e6e6e6;
	clear: both;
}

.card {
	box-shadow: 6px 6px 5px #888888;
}

.card:hover {
	box-shadow: 7px 7px 5px #588888;
}

.bank_with_cards strong {
	position: center;
	color: black;
}

/* The Modal (background) */
.modal {
    display: none; /* Hidden by default */
    position: fixed; /* Stay in place */
    z-index: 1; /* Sit on top */
    left: 0;
    top: 0;
    width: 100%; /* Full width */
    height: 100%; /* Full height */
    overflow: auto; /* Enable scroll if needed */
    background-color: rgb(0,0,0); /* Fallback color */
    background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.4); /* Black w/ opacity */
}

/* Modal Content/Box */
.card-content, .cards-content-ul, .card-form-content{
    background-color: #fefefe;
    margin: 15% auto; /* 15% from the top and centered */
    padding: 20px;
    border: 1px solid #888;
    border-radius: 10px;
    box-shadow: 7px 7px 5px #888888;
    width: 50%; /* Could be more or less, depending on screen size */
}

.close {
    color: #11111;
    float: right;
    font-size: 28px;
    font-weight: bold;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Another presentation package I was recently evaluating had the ability to project via multiple projectors with different information being projected onto each screen.
Would this functionality be a possibility in future versions?
We're thinking about that. It is very likely that we'll do it.


The Liquid Force Legacy is back for its fourth season, and for good reason. Despite its Pickle Fork resemblance, the Legacy is truly a state-of-the-art board designed to offer an exceptional freeride / freestyle experience. The split v tip design allows the Legacy to easily cut through the chop, the bottom contours allowing for a fast, low drag flow that results in fantastic edge control, smooth carving, and great upwind drive. The Legacy also employs the Vector Net carbon, resulting in a light wind, poppy board with controlled flex.
What do you get from over a decade of board design and collaboration between kiteboarding pioneer Jason Slezak and legendary shaper Jimmy Redmon? You get the precise, refined twintip that is the Liquid Force Legacy. Back for its fourth season, the Legacy's full double concave hull, progressive rail concave, split "v" tip design, and calculated flex pattern provides unmatched control and response on the water. The flow of the Legacy's outline combined with the subtle yet precise bottom contours simply plow through chop, as if it wasn't even there, while allowing for fast drag free water flow along the entire bottom of the board. This provides superior edge hold for fast upwind reaches, smooth downwind carves, powerful takeoffs, and feather soft landings. The channel free bottom results in a hand shaped organic feel, yet utilizes state-of-the-art materials such as the carbon center reinforcement and full vector net carbon weave bottom sheet for reduced weight, controlled flex, and added pop and life to the board. The Legacy, much like Jason, likes to ride everything and in every condition; from huge lofty airs, to powered park sessions, to playful slashes, the Legacy will take everything that you throw at it and ask for more.


Celebrating 231 Years of Ministry!
CHURCH ANNIVERSARY SILENT AUCTION It's Silent Auction time at McKendree!! We are asking that all McKendree groups, including Life Groups, Sunday School classes, Ministry Teams, etc., put together a basket for the Silent Auction on October 28, 2018.
We are also looking for restaurant gift certificates, sports tickets, gift cards, and other items that can be auctioned off alone. If you have a connection for one of those items or something you personally want to donate, please let the church staff know.
All Baskets and items should be turned in by Wednesday, October 24th. If you need ideas, receipts, or request letters, please contact Annaleigh Christie at annaleighchristie@yahoo.com.
SUNDAY WORSHIP SERVICES are regularly at 9am and 11am. (On October 28th we will have one combined worship service at 10am.) Our October sermon series is "The Generosity of Jesus!" One of the realities of generosity is understanding our need to extend generosity through grace because Jesus always extends generosity to us in the form of grace. Grace comes to humanity unexpectedly; it becomes an extension of God's love for us so that we can extend the love through grace to others. When we become people known by our generosity, people will be amazed and transformed by the presence of Jesus Christ!
BAPTISM If you are interested in being baptized, please contact Ruth Baggett in the church office at mckendreeinfo@gmail.com or 615-271-2600.
ENCOUNTER MINISTRY Our Encounter Ministry is an alternative service for those who feel "church" is not for them. We meet at 12:30pm at the offices of the United Methodist Publishing House, at 2222 Rosa L. Parks Blvd. We are meeting on the 2nd and 4th Sundays of the month. We invite you to join us and bring a neighbor, family or friends! For more information on our Encounter Ministry, you may contact Rick Quinn at mckendreerick@gmail.com.
CHARGE CONFERENCE Our Annual Charge Conference for this year will be Thursday, November 1 at 6:30pm in Fellowship Hall. Charge Conference is a meeting with our District Superintendent (Rev. Ken Murray) and is a time where the Leadership Council presents our church budget, our Staff Parish Team recommends candidates for the ministry and our Ministry Teams give reports on what we've done this year, and plans for next year. It's a time to review where we are and plan ahead for the future. Everyone is invited to attend.
10 am Sunday mornings in October and November – Community Room (near garage entrance). "John Wesley Goes to the Movies" will examine the relationships between faith and film, scripture and script, theology and theatre. Join us after the 9 am service as we discuss a different movie each week and grow together in Christ!
WEDNESDAY NIGHT ADULT BIBLE STUDY We are in a study of the Gospel of Matthew. We are mainly just going through the Scripture itself using various Bible translations, but we are supplementing our study with the book Be Loyal: Following the King of Kings by Warren Wiersbe. Our study group meets each Wednesday at 6pm in Pastor Stephen's office. We have some great discussions as we go through the Word of God. We'd love to have you join us!
This hearing is to solicit public input on the future of Church Street Park. (This is the park across the street from McKendree Church.) Many of the displaced people use this park as a place to rest – a place they can be without "trespassing" on private property. A developer wishes to build on this property, adding more apartments/condos and parking to downtown. The purpose of this meeting is to get public input on Metro Government's decision.
McKENDREE DAY CARE CARNIVAL, Friday, October 26, Christian Life Center gym We'll have games and activities for the children – three-legged race, bean bag toss, baby crawling contest, music and more. Can you bake? We are in need of baked goods for the carnival! If you can bake a cake for the carnival, please contact Ruth Baggett in the church office (615-271-2600, or email at mckendreeinfo@gmail.com). More details on the carnival will be coming next week!
The Request for a Shortcut!


Orange Chronic offers a variety of cleaning products for your everyday use. Proven to be fast and effective, offering immediate results, these products are made with natural and renewable resources. The Agent Orange cleaner provides no smell or after taste, whereas the Smoke Out air freshener is a highly effective air cleanser extracted from natural oranges to give the scent of fresh oranges! All Orange Chronic products are earth friendly and easy to use.


text:
Maternity Stream of Sanctuary
Local and Regional Activities Toggle submenu
Yorkshire and Humberside Maternity Stream
Maternity Stream Research Network
City of Sanctuary UK Information
'Impact on migrant women of NHS charging for maternity care' – a talk by Rayah Feldman from Maternity Action at UEA
Maternity Action have launched an important report called 'What Price Safe Motherhood'. On March 11th, Rayah Feldman from Maternity Action gave a talk about the report at UEA as part of their University of Sanctuary lecture series. The following is a brief summary with more detailed notes below.
In the report, Maternity Action highlight how NHS charging for migrants, including refused asylum seekers, is part of a broader pattern of using welfare and civil society as a form of internal border controls. Many women interviewed for the report had been in the UK for many years (up to 17 years). The fear of being charged is stopping many people from seeking health care with some women even avoiding abortions in case they are told they must pay. This fear is heightened by the fact that anyone with a £500 or greater debt after 2 months must be reported to the Home Office and there is evidence this is being used to deny people the right to remain.
Women are particularly vulnerable as many are dependent on men for their visas. Women on visitor visas to join a partner lose their right to free health care if the relationship breaks down before they get their spouse visa.
There is no need for the NHS to charge for healthcare. Maternity Action has found that all the cost recovery form charging represents less than 0.1% of the NHS budget even before the costs of the recovery itself are taken into account. Yet the risks to maternal and child health are huge, and in many cases huge pressure is put on midwives who face a contradiction between the duty of care and the pressure put on women due to charging.
Maternity Action are calling on individuals and supportive organisations to put pressure on their local MPs and hospitals to call for an end to unfair charging. Some hospitals are beginning to find ways to resist the Home Office pressure for charging – it would be great to see Hospitals of Sanctuary who find ways to support vulnerable women in particular.
Notes below made by Ben Margolis who attended the talk – [email protected].
Impact on migrant women of NHS charging for maternity care
Rayah Feldman – Maternity Action
Talk based on a recent report she has led on – 'What Price Safe Motherhood'
'NHS charging for migrants part of a broader pattern of using welfare and civil society as a form of internal border controls that have intensified over the years (a lot of years – more than the hostile environment).
NRPF introduced in 1999 which excluded some people subject to immigration control from most mainstream benefits. Also introduced a meaner support stream for asylum seekers.
'Maternity is a feminist issue.' Can't avoid looking at gender within the system of immigration control.
Since 2012 more stringent income thresholds for spouses to join their partners – discriminates against women as they are generally lower paid.
Maternity care – case of using charging as a form of border control and form of inequality within immigration control. There are rights to access maternity care in international conventions – CEDAW and Rights of the Child.
Who is chargeable?
UK citizens – not ordinarily resident
Visitors – less than 6 month visa
Undocumented migrants including refused AS with no HO support and visa overstayers
Found some cases where people were charged who shouldn't have been
Women who are recognised as having been trafficked aren't charged
Women with LLR aren't charged – since 2015 they have had to pay a surcharge on their visas (£200/year). In January that was doubled to £400/year – so £1033 visa application fee if you are getting Limited Leave to Remain for 2.5 years. Immigration surcharge is another £1000. Renewable every year for 10 years until you can get indefinite leave.
AS waiting for a decision and those granted refugee status are not charged.
Principles of NHS charging
A & E– free
Immediately necessary treatment– Must not be delayed or refused if patient unable to pay – but patient must pay later
Urgent care – (can't reasonably wait until you could be expected to return to your country) – Must not be delayed or refused if patient unable to pay – but patient must pay later (terminations are now under this category as of Christmas Eve 2018 – evidence women who wanted abortions were not seeking them because they had to pay in advance).
Non-urgent care– Must be paid in advance
Government now recognises ALL maternity care is 'immediately necessary treatment'. All patients have to be identified as chargeable or non-chargeable. All chargeable patients get billed and must pay it.
Exemptions– infectious diseases
Conditions caused by domestic, sexual violence, torture
Not always cross over. E.g. Patient with TB recently died. TB treatment was free. Also had lung cancer. Doctor decided treatment wasn't immediately necessary to chargeable. Couldn't pay in advance so he wasn't treated and died.
Grey area around HIV. Wasn't exempt for many years. Became free in 2012. BUT lack of crossover makes it complicated as there are other issues related that are chargeable particular if woman is pregnant.
Cost of treatment is 1.5 times tariff charged to CCG in locality. With maternity care it is even higher.
Hospitals and most community services must identify and record all eligibility of patients and issue bills. Include abortion clinics etc.
Patients with debts of over £500 unpaid after 2 months must be reported to the HO. Future immigration applications may be refused.
Women most likely to be charged
Undocumented women and women on visitor visas
Often dependent on men for immigration status
No right to work or claim benefit
Vulnerable to abuse
Precariously housed
In research did in-depth interviews with 16 women. One here for 17 years. Average 5 years. Some incorrectly charged. Many abandoned by their partners when they got pregnant.
Research found
Hard to determine chargeability – immigration managers are not lawyers, very complex
Women who have been trafficked are not always aware that they shouldn't be charged
Size of the charges massive issue. Over £6k for a full package of maternity care. 2x what the tariff is for non-charged women (weighted for complexity)
Hospitals check records to see if they were charged before and if not they may bill them for previous care
Guidance says overseas visitor charging departments should be sensitive to vulnerable patients and help to ensure they receive the support and information they need. Found this doesn't happen at all. Some advocacy done by midwives but very limited.
Charging procedures – women receive formal invoices requesting payment. People harassed by phone calls from debt collection agencies.
Causes increased stress and anxiety. Deters people from accessing care. Affects mental and physical health of the mother but also the babies.
Clear charging pregnant women doesn't make a big difference to the NHS. Income last year was £100m which represents less than 0.1% of the NHS budget. On average cash recovered is half the amount charged.
Huge risks to maternal and child health. Contradiction for midwives between their duty of care and the pressure put on women.
Increases barriers to health care for all migrants and minority ethic people. People questioned over eligibility. Leads of ethnic profiling.
Plea to raise awareness of this issue. Quite a hidden problem.
Campaigns for individual hospitals to make statements about how they deal with this issue.
Some hospitals are being encouraged to stop issuing pre-attendance forms so it is more difficult to identify chargeable patients.
UEA pushing for a motion that the university covers costs for staff and families who are having to pay for their own health care.
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text:
Preffered Drive – The Aston Martin DB10
By Francisca Gambino
"Built for Bond"
Sleek and aggressively stylish with bespoke finishes, the new Aston Martin DB10 is the Bond car for the latest 007 flick SPECTRE, due out in theatres November 6, 2015. The sports car with the Hollywood appeal, the British manufactured automobile was designed in collaboration between Aston Martin and the film's director, Sam Mendes.
For over half a century, Aston Martin has been the car of choice for the iconic spy. While not exclusive to the Bond series, the Aston Martin DB5 is by far the most recognized vehicle in the 007 collection of gadget-equipped automobiles. True to form, the spy's flare for the dramatic is again exemplified, this time in the DB10's striking design. Boasting the classic Aston Martin profile, the car has the internal workings of a V8 Vantage but with a longer wheelbase, wider track and more exotic front end.
Production of the DB10 will be limited to 10 vehicles, strictly for film use. Under the direction of Aston Martin's Chief Creative Officer, Mark Reichman, the design team worked closely with film executives to "create the ultimate car for the world's most famous spy." In a press release issued by the luxury car manufacturer, the DB10 was described as a "glimpse into the future design direction for the next generation of Aston Martins."
However, for this generation of Preferred drivers anxious to get behind the wheel of a Bond-esque Aston Martin, the new DB9 and DB9 Carbon Edition are just the ticket. Described as a perfectly proportioned form designed for elegance and balance, the new model DB9 is engineered for peak performance. Its sleek exterior lines including a pronounced rear boot 'flip' and new bonnet structure make this the most aerodynamic DB9 ever produced.
Powered by the all-new AM11 engine, the cars 6.0–litre capacity delivers 510 HP, a 0-62 mph time of 4.6 seconds, and 620 Nm of torque. The lightweight aluminum core structure is built for maximum rigidity and strength, affording the DB9 outstanding performance, agility and safety. And, making its DB9 debut are the innovative Carbon Ceramic Matrix brakes. Lighter than traditional steel brakes, the cars cutting edge brakes deliver precision handling at a level never seen before on a DB9 model.
New and improved is definitely the catchphrase for the Aston Martin DB9 and the features list endless. Introducing DB9 breakthrough suspension technology. The Gen4 is a state-of-theart, three stage Adaptive Damping System (ADS) that allows the driver to tailor 'Normal', 'Sport', and 'Track' modes to instantly adjust to conditions, road surface, and speed. Also, new to the Aston Martin DB9 model are headlights equipped with 'HID' Xenon gas bulbs. The Xenon technology is used on both high and low beam settings, increasing seeing distance of up to 70% over previous models.
Bespoke finished to exquisite detail, the interior of the new DB9 includes unique hand stitched Bride of Weir leather hide interiors available in a variety of colour combinations, and real jewel-like glass control switches, polished and machined to be tactile and comfortable to the touch. Rounding out the Bondesque feel for the Aston Martin DB9 driver, the vehicle has its own version of Q. Q by Aston Martin is a unique personalization service of craft and design, material, colours, textures and objects, all customized to reflect your personal likes and character.
While the DB10 may be exclusive to James Bond, the DB9 is the next best thing to the stylish bravado of the spy with the arsenal of luxury Aston Martin cars – elaborate weapons, anti-pursuit systems and alternative transportation modes not included.
www.astonmartin.com
Tech and Toys - Gadgets And Gizmos For The Tech Savvy Preferred Reader
Code Name Omega - When Every Second Counts
Preferred Magazine March 13, 2015


With hints of chamomile, lavender and other herbs used to make the infusion, this salve is perfect for sensitive skin. No essential oils were added to the base. Light, silky and compact this hand salve is perfect for pockets, purses and all of your dry skin needs.
To use: massage a small amount into cracked hands, elbows and knees as often as needed.


text:
After years of neglect, simmering calls from Cameron's Orang Asli for change
Date: January 22, 2019Author: annabelleleejiawen 0 Comments
CAMERON POLLS | No roads, no healthcare, and no government.
This is the common refrain of the Orang Asli community who live in areas accessible only by four-wheel drives in Cameron Highlands.
Yet after six decades of neglect, voting records show that the Orang Asli – who form close to a quarter of the electorate – have consistently been the staunchest supporters of BN.
Now that BN no longer controls the federal agency which the Orang Asli depend on, where will the allegiance of the community in Cameron Highlands and Jelai lie?
In Kampung Janggap, a 35km ride along a bumpy dirt road from the nearest town of Sungai Koyan, Malaysiakini witnessed several Orang Asli tok batin(village chiefs) sharing tales of empowerment and grit at a Harapan campaign event last Wednesday.
"When we arrived in KL, we were scared. It was our first time in court," Harun Siden (photo) told some 80 villagers. "We were facing lawyers and educated people. What did we know?"
What they knew, and could prove, was that during the 14th general election, some of their villagers were bribed. Their testimony led to the annulmentof BN candidate C Sivarraajh's victory during GE14.
Hence, these witnesses, 12 in total, were the key reason why the by-election is being held.
"During GE14, we, the Orang Asli, were used and cheated in so many ways. They threatened us. We were treated like fools.
"So I told myself that I must look for an alternative, for people who truly wanted to help us," said Harun.
'We feel cut off from the world'
Harun is the tok batin of Kampung Sungai Tual A, which, like Kampung Janggap and about a dozen other villages, is located in the Pos Sinderut polling district.
Pos Sinderut is unique. It was the only Orang Asli-majority polling district where Pakatan Harapan secured a quarter of the vote during GE14. They were trounced in the eight other Orang Asli-majority polling districts in Cameron Highlands.
The polling district has now become the launchpad for Harapan, which is hoping to win 30 percent of the overall Orang Asli vote, up from an estimated three to five percent previously.
Kampung Janggap's own leader Yok Bim Tihang (centre in photo) is one recent convert. His message to his people was that although the Orang Asli are in some ways dependent on government help, they have a duty to hold those in high office to account.
"BN cheated us Orang Asli! They took our land, our jungles and polluted our rivers. That is why I am so angry, I have never been satisfied with them.
"I thank Harapan for their help, but let it be genuine. Do not cheat us. If we see that you are just like BN, we will replace you," he told the villagers.
Zainal Kaptar, another Kampung Janggap villager and witness for the election petition, shared how removed the villagers felt from the rest of the country.
"We feel cut off from the world, as if there is no government. We have been living like there is no government taking care of us," he told his audience.
Kit Siang's pledges
Harun, Zainal and Yok Bim, all native Semai, spoke in Malay.
The message was not only for the villagers, but also the guests in form of Temiar people from different states, and DAP veteran leader Lim Kit Siang.
Earlier, Lim and his small entourage had taken slightly more than two hours to make the 35km journey. They were slowed down by precarious river crossings, mud and deep potholes. Along the way, some vehicles got stuck in the dirt while some overheated.
When he eventually arrived, he thanked the witnesses for their bravery and lauded them as "perwira" (heroes). He also introduced the 60 or so audience members to a team from Kelantan Harapan, which was made up of Temiar from Gua Musang.
Led by DAP's Nasir Dollah, who contested and lost the Kelantan state seat of Galas in GE14, the team has been tasked with mobilising support from the 18 villages in Pos Sinderut.
During his speech, Lim also said he empathised with the run-down state of the village, and blamed the former BN federal government and the present BN Pahang government for abandoning their welfare.
"I invite former prime minister Najib Abdul Razak to come into Kampung Janggap in Pos Senderut. The conditions here are so bad," he said.
Harapan would be the one to solve their woes, Lim promised.
Another promise he made was to push for the abolition of the Department of Orang Asli Development (Jakoa), which he said scored a "big F" in its role.
"We will replace it with something new and put in place a 30-year timeline for the development of the Orang Asli," he said, adding that he would bring this up with PKR president Anwar Ibrahim, who is expected to assume the country's leadership in two years.
At the age of 78, Lim has been making visits to remote Orang Asli settlements even weeks before nomination day, often covering several villages in a day.
He previously rued how Orang Asli communities had to put up with "roti canai" roads, which he witnessed himself when he was trapped overnight on New Year's Eve during a visit to several villages in Pos Lenyang and Pos Titom due to poor road conditions.
Najib plays good deeds card
Three days after the DAP entourage visited Pos Sinderut, Najib was spotted campaigning for BN in the vicinity, albeit at Kampung Belau, a five-minute drive from the main road.
Unlike Kampung Janggap, Kampung Belau provided some creature comforts such as government-built brick houses. However, like the other villages, Kampung Belau does not have running water, sewerage or electricity.
In his speech, Najib said he had prioritised the welfare of the Orang Asli when he was in power.
"I allocated nearly RM200 million for the Orang Asli. The Sungai Ruil housing project cost RM44 million and our government gave high-value houses for free.
"And here in Pos Senderut, the road here cost RM35 million," he said to applause.
Some 300 people attended the BN campaign event, with many dressed in the coalition's colours. Those in attendance were treated to free food and a live band performance.
Apart from reminding voters of BN's past deeds, Najib also urged voters to make history by electing BN's Ramli Mohd Nor and helping him become the first Orang Asli to enter the Dewan Rakyat.
With 7,500 voters, the Orang Asli form the third biggest demographic in Cameron Highlands. However, they are also the most widely spread, forcing BN and Harapan to campaign one village at a time.
Observers expect the Orang Asli to play kingmakersin a contest where the stakes are high for the two main contenders.
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Heiko Herrlich (born 3 December 1971 in Mannheim) is a German football manager and former football centre forward. Since January 2016, he is managing SSV Jahn Regensburg.
Herrlich played 258 matches (1989–2004) in the German Bundesliga and scored 75 goals for Bayer 04 Leverkusen, Borussia Mönchengladbach and Borussia Dortmund. With Borussia Dortmund he won the German championship in 1996 and 2002, the Champions League and the Intercontinental Cup in 1997. With Borussia Mönchengladbach he won the DFB-Pokal in 1995, which he had also won in 1993 with Bayer Leverkusen.
In autumn 2000, it was discovered that he had a malignant brain tumor. He was successfully treated with radiation therapy and returned to Bundesliga action 2001 but was not able to return to his former glory as a player. He ended his professional career in 2004 after several injuries.
In 1995 he played five matches for the German national team, all in qualifying matches for UEFA Euro 1996. He scored once, against Wales, but missed the final tournament, which Germany won, due to injury.
He received his coaching license in 2005 and began coaching the youth team of Borussia Dortmund. He also became the German spokesman for the 2006 World Cup for people with disabilities.
In July 2007, he was appointed as coach of the Germany U-17 team and won third place at the 2007 FIFA Under-17 World Cup in South Korea. On 27 October 2009, he was released from the German Football Association. He became later the head coach of VfL Bochum but was dismissed on 29 April 2010.
At the beginning of the 2011–12 season, he was named new manager of SpVgg Unterhaching. He left the club on 25 May 2012 for personal reasons.
On 21 June 2013, he became the manager for the Bayern Munich U-17 team. In June 2015, Bayern Munich restructured their youth department and Herrlich left Munich.
In January 2016, he took over SSV Jahn Regensburg. His contract runs until the en of the 2015–16 season, but it will be extended for another year if the Jahn achieves promotion to the 3. Liga.
1 2 "Heiko Herrlich Übernimmt!" [Heiko Herrlich takes over!]. SSV Jahn Regensburg (in German). 20 December 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
↑ Arnhold, Matthias (4 June 2015). "Heiko Herrlich - Matches and Goals in Bundesliga". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
↑ Arnhold, Matthias (4 June 2015). "Heiko Herrlich - International Appearances". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
↑ "Heiko Herrlich betreut U 17 bei der Weltmeisterschaft in Korea" (in German). DFB. 14 May 2007. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
↑ "Herrlich neuer Trainer in Bochum" (in German). DFB. 27 October 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
↑ "Herrlich geht, Schromm übernimmt" (in German). kicker.de. 25 May 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
↑ "Heiko Herrlich neuer U17-Coach" (in German). FC Bayern Munich. 21 June 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
↑ "FCB stellt 'wichtige Weichen für die Zukunft'" [FCB 'paves the way for the future']. FC Bayern Munich (in German). 9 June 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
1 2 3 "Heiko Herrlich". fussballdaten.de (in German). Retrieved 8 January 2016.


Seven short stories, although independent one from another, at the same time they are connected through a thread which sometimes is visible and some other times invisible.
Story and script for comic book with drawings by Joseba Larratxe. In Paris, at Morrison café-bookstore, a winged cat called Sutsu ("passionate" in Basque)purrs at ease.


McKenna Strommen, 11, harvested her first buck on Oct. 15 with the help of her proud dad, Luke. Walking for miles on the Milk River bottom to no avail, the Strommens set up a blind beside an alfalfa field mid-day but counted more turkeys than deer--until her perfect buck walked in. "I will never forget that moment in the blind when she screamed "I just shot my first buck!" and jumped up on me with the biggest hug ever", said Luke.
To prepare for her first hunt, McKenna spent some time at the range. She used Ruger Gunsite Scout Rifle in .308 with Vortex Viper PST 2.5-10x32 scope, Hornady Lite 125 grain SST bullet (low-recoil load). Enjoy your deer, McKenna!


text:
The bonobo genome compared with the chimpanzee and human genomes
Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
doi:10.1038/nature11128
The bonobo genome compared with the chimpanzee
and human genomes
Kay Pru
¨fer
, Kasper Munch
, Ines Hellmann
, Keiko Akagi
, Jason R. Miller
, Brian Walenz
, Sergey Koren
, Granger Sutton
Chinnappa Kodira
, Roger Winer
, James R. Knight
, James C. Mullikin
, Stephen J. Meader
, Chris P. Ponting
, Gerton Lunter
Saneyuki Higashino
, Asger Hobolth
, Julien Dutheil
, Emre Karakoç
, Can Alkan
, Saba Sajjadian
, Claudia Rita Catacchio
Mario Ventura
, Tomas Marques-Bonet
, Evan E. Eichler
, Claudine Andre´
, Rebeca Atencia
, Lawrence Mugisha
¨rg Junhold
, Nick Patterson
, Michael Siebauer
, Jeffrey M. Good
, Anne Fischer
, Susan E. Ptak
, Michael Lachmann
David E. Symer
, Thomas Mailund
, Mikkel H. Schierup
, Aida M. Andre´s
, Janet Kelso
& Svante Pa
¨a
¨bo
Two African apes are the closest living relatives of humans: the
chimpanzee (
Pan troglodytes
) and the bonobo (
Pan paniscus
Although they are similar in many respects, bonobos and chim-
panzees differ strikingly in key social and sexual behaviours
for some of these traits they show more similarity with humans
than with each other. Here we report the sequencing and assembly
of the bonobo genome to study its evolutionary relationship with
the chimpanzee and human genomes. We find that more than three
per cent of the human genome is more closely related to either the
bonobo or the chimpanzee genome than these are to each other.
These regions allow various aspects of the ancestry of the two ape
species to be reconstructed. In addition, many of the regions that
overlap genes may eventually help us understand the genetic basis
of phenotypes that humans share with one of the two apes to the
exclusion of the other.
Whereas chimpanzees are widespread across equatorial Africa,
bonobos live only south of the Congo River in the Democratic
Republic of Congo (Fig. 1a). As a result of their relatively small and
remote habitat, bonobos were the last ape species to be described
are the rarest of all apes in captivity. As a consequence, they have, until
recently, been little studied
. It is known that whereas DNA sequences
in humans diverged from those in bonobos and chimpanzees five to
seven million years ago, DNA sequences in bonobos diverged from
those in chimpanzees around two million years ago. Bonobos are thus
closely related to chimpanzees. Moreover, comparison of a small
number of autosomal DNA sequences has shown that bonobo DNA
sequences often fall within the variation of chimpanzees
Bonobos and chimpanzees are highly similar to each other in many
respects. However, the behaviour of the two species differs in import-
ant ways
. For example, male chimpanzees use aggression to compete
for dominance rank and obtain sex, and they cooperate to defend their
home range and attack other groups
. By contrast, bonobo males are
commonly subordinate to females and do not compete intensely for
dominance rank
. They do not form alliances with one another and
there is no evidence of lethal aggression between groups
. Compared
with chimpanzees, bonobos are playful throughout their lives and
show intense sexual behaviour
that serves non-conceptive functions
and often involves same-sex partners
. Thus, chimpanzees and
bonobos each possess certain characteristics that are more similar to
human traits than they are to one another's. No parsimonious recon-
struction of the social structure and behavioural patterns of the
common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees and bonobos is therefore
possible. That ancestor may in fact have possessed a mosaic of features,
including those now seen in bonobo, chimpanzee and human.
To understand the evolutionary relationships of bonobos, chimpan-
zees and humans better, we sequenced and assembled the genome of a
female bonobo individual (Ulindi) and compared it to those of
chimpanzees and humans. Compared with the 63 Sanger-sequenced
chimpanzee genome
(panTro2), the bonobo genome assembly has a
similar number of bases in alignment with the human genome, a
similar number of lineage-specific substitutions and similar indel error
rates (Table 1 and Supplementary Information, sections 2 and 3),
suggesting that the two ape genomes are of similar quality. Segmental
duplications affect at least 80 Mb of the bonobo genome, according to
excess sequence read-depth predictions. Owing to over-collapsing of
duplications, only 14.6 Mb are present in the final assembly (Sup-
plementary Information, section 4), a common error seen in assemblies
from shorter-read technologies
. We used the finished chimpanzee
sequence of chromosome 21 together with the human genome
sequence to estimate an error rate of approximately two errors per
10 kb in the bonobo genome, with comparable qualities for the X chro-
mosome and autosomes. The bonobo genome can therefore serve as a
high-quality sequence for comparative genome analyses.
On average, the two alleles in single-copy, autosomal regions in the
Ulindi genome are approximately 99.9% identical to each other, 99.6%
identical to corresponding sequences in the chimpanzee genome and
98.7% identical to corresponding sequences in the human genome. A
comprehensive analysis of the bonobo genome is presented in
Supplementary Information. Here we summarize the most interesting
We identified and validated experimentally a total of 704 kb of DNA
sequences that occur in bonobo-specific segmental duplications. They
contain three partially duplicated genes (CFHR2, DUS2L and
CACNA1B) and two completely duplicated genes (CFHR4 and
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University
Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center,
Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
454 Life Sciences, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA.
Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology,
Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
Graduate School of
Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan.
Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle,
Washington 98195, USA.
Sezione di Genetica-Dipartimento di Anatomia Patologica e Genetica, University of Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
ICREA, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), 08003 Barcelona,
Catalonia, Spain.
Lola Ya Bonobo Bonobo Sanctuary, ''Petites Chutes de la Lukaya'', Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
Re´serve Naturelle Sanctuaire a` Chimpanze´s de Tchimpounga, Jane
Goodall Institute, Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo.
Chimpanzee Sanctuary and Wildlife Conservation Trust (CSWCT), Entebbe, Uganda.
Zoo Leipzig, D-04105 Leipzig, Germany.
Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA.
International Center for Insect Physiology
and Ecology, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. {Present address: Department of Computer Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara
06800, Turkey.
2 8 J U N E 2 0 1 2 | V O L 4 8 6 | N A T U R E | 5 2 7
DDX28). However, bonobos and chimpanzees share the majority of
segmental duplications, and they carry approximately similar numbers
of bases in lineage-specific duplications (Fig. 2a).
As in other mammals, transposons, that is, mobile genetic elements,
make up approximately half of the bonobo genome (Supplementary
Information, section 6). In agreement with previous results
, we find
that Alu insertions accumulated about twice as fast on the human
lineage as on the bonobo and chimpanzee lineages (Fig. 2b). We
identified two previously unreported Alu subfamilies in bonobos
and chimpanzees, designated AluYp1, which is present in 5 copies in
the human genome and in 54 and 114 copies in the bonobo and
chimpanzee genomes, respectively, and AluYp2, which is absent from
humans and present in 24 and 37 copies, respectively, in the two apes.
We found that, as in mice
, African-ape-specific L1 insertions are
enriched near genes involved in neuronal activities or cell adhesion
and are depleted near genes encoding transcription factors or involved
in nucleic-acid metabolism (Supplementary Information, section 6).
In humans, L1 retrotransposition has been shown to occur preferen-
tially in neuronal precursor cells and has been speculated to contribute
to functional diversity in the brain
. The tendency of new L1 integrants
to accumulate near neuronal genes on evolutionary timescales may
mimic the somatic variation found in the brain.
To investigate whether bonobos and chimpanzees exchanged genes
subsequent to their separation, we used a test (the D statistic
investigate the extent to which the bonobo genomes might be closer
to some chimpanzees than to others (Supplementary Information,
section 10). To this end, we generated Illumina shotgun sequences
from two western, seven eastern, and seven central chimpanzees
(Fig. 1a) and from three bonobos (Supplementary Information,
section 5). We then used alignments of sets of four genomes, each
consisting of two chimpanzees, the bonobo and the human, and tested
for an excess of shared derived alleles between bonobo and one
chimpanzee as compared with the other chimpanzee. We observe no
significant difference between the numbers of shared derived alleles
(Fig. 1b). There is thus no indication of preferential gene flow between
bonobos and any of the chimpanzee groups tested. Such a complete
separation contrasts with reports of hybridization between many other
. It is, however, consistent with the suggestion that the
formation of the Congo River 1.5–2.5 million years ago created a
barrier to gene flow that allowed bonobos and chimpanzees to evolve
different phenotypes over a relatively short time.
Because the population split between bonobo and chimpanzee
occurred relatively close in time to the split between the bonobo–
chimpanzee ancestor (Pan ancestor) and humans, not all genomic
regions are expected to show the pattern in which DNA sequences
from bonobos and chimpanzees are more closely related to each other
than to humans. Previous work using very low-coverage sequencing of
ape genomes has suggested that less than 1% of the human genome
may be more closely related to one of the two apes than the ape
genomes are to one another
. To investigate the extent to which such
so-called incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) exists between the three
species, we used the bonobo genome and a coalescent hidden
Markov model (HMM) approach
to analyse non-repetitive parts of
the bonobo, chimpanzee
, human
and orang-utan
genomes. This
showed that 1.6% of the human genome is more closely related to the
Bonobo genome assembly characteristics and genomic
features compared with the chimpanzee genome (panTro2)
Bases in contigs
N50 contigs
N50 scaffolds
Human bases covered by alignments
Lineage-specific substitutions
5.71 million
Indel error rate
0.14 errors kb
Segmental duplication content (.20 kb)
Lineage-specific retrotransposon integrants 1,445
See also Supplementary Information, sections 2–4 and 6. kb, kilobase; Mb, megabase; Gb, gigabase.
C BC HBC
Inserts per million years
Segmental duplications and transposon accumulation. a
, Venn
diagram showing segmental duplications in the human (H), chimpanzee (C)
and bonobo (B) genomes. Each number of megabases refers to the total amount
of sequence that occurs in segmental duplications (Supplementary
Information, section 4). b, Accumulation of different retrotransposon classes
on each lineage.
Z-score
Allele sharing
Eastern chimpanzees
Central chimpanzees
Western chimpanzees
Nigerian–Cameroonian chimpanzees
go R.
i R
Central C.
Western C.
Eastern C.
Geographical distribution and test for admixture between
chimpanzees and bonobos. a
, Geographical distribution of bonobos and
chimpanzees. b, D statistics for the admixture test between bonobos and three
chimpanzee groups. Each pairwise comparison between one bonobo and two
chimpanzee groups is depicted as one panel. Each point in a panel represents
one bonobo individual compared with two chimpanzee individuals from
different groups. Admixture between bonobo and chimpanzee is indicated by a
Z-score greater than 4.4 or less than 24.4.
5 2 8 | N A T U R E | V O L 4 8 6 | 2 8 J U N E 2 0 1 2
bonobo genome than to the chimpanzee genome, and that 1.7% of
the human genome is more closely related to the chimpanzee than to
the bonobo genome (Fig. 3a).
To test this result independently, we analysed transposon integra-
tions, which occur so rarely in ape and human genomes that the
chance of two independent insertions of the same type of transposon
at the same position and in the same orientation in different species is
exceedingly low. We identified 991 integrations of transposons absent
from the orang-utan genome but present in two of the three species
bonobo, chimpanzee and human. Of these, 27 are shared between the
bonobo and human genomes but are absent from the chimpanzee
genome, and 30 are shared between the chimpanzee and human
genomes but are absent from the bonobo genome, suggesting that
approximately 6% (95% confidence interval, 4.1–7.0%) of the genome
is affected by ILS among the three species. The HMM estimation of ILS
is further supported by the fact that the HMM tree topology assign-
ments tend to match the ILS status of the neighbouring transposons
(P 5 7.2 3 10
and 0.025 for bonobo–human and chimpanzee–
human ILS, respectively; Fig. 3c and Supplementary Information,
section 6). We conclude that more than 3% of the human genome is
more closely related to either bonobos or chimpanzees than these are
to each other.
Such regions of ILS may influence phenotypic similarities that
humans share with one of the apes but not the other. In fact, about
25% of all genes contain regions of ILS (Supplementary Information,
section 8), and genes encoding membrane proteins and proteins
involved in cell adhesion have a higher fraction of bases assigned to
ILS than do other genes. Amino-acid substitutions that are fixed in the
apes and show ILS may be particularly informative about phenotypic
differences. We identified 18 such amino-acid substitutions shared
between humans and bonobos and 18 shared between chimpanzees
and humans (Supplementary Information, section 12). These are
candidates for further study. An interesting example is the gene
encoding the trace amine associated receptor 8 (TAAR8), a member
of a family of G-coupled protein receptors that in the mouse detect
volatile amines in urine that may provide social cues
. Although this
gene seems to be pseudogenized independently on multiple ape lineages,
humans and bonobos share a single amino-acid change in the first
extracellular domain and carry the longest open reading frames (of
342 and 256 amino acids, respectively; open reading frames in all other
apes, ,180 amino acids) (SI 12). Further work is needed to clarify if
TAAR8 is functional in humans and apes.
The ILS among bonobos, chimpanzees and humans opens the
possibility of gauging the genetic diversity and, hence, the population
history of the Pan ancestor. We used the HMM to estimate the effective
population size of the Pan ancestor to 27,000 individuals (Fig. 3b),
which is almost three times larger than that of present-day bonobos
(Supplementary Information, section 9) and humans
but is similar to
that of central chimpanzees
. We also estimated a population split
time between bonobos and chimpanzees of one million years, which is
in agreement with most previous estimates
Differences in female and male population history, for example,
with respect to reproductive success and migration rates, are of special
interest in understanding the evolution of social structure. To
approach this question in the Pan ancestor, we compared the inferred
ancestral population sizes of the X chromosome and the autosomes.
Because two-thirds of X chromosomes are found in females whereas
autosomes are split equally between the two sexes, a ratio between their
effective population sizes (X/A ratio) of 0.75 is expected under random
mating. The X/A ratio in the Pan ancestor, corrected for the higher
mutation rate in males, is 0.83 (0.75–0.91) (Fig. 4 and Supplementary
Information, section 8). Similarly, we estimated an X/A ratio of 0.85
(0.79–0.93) for present-day bonobos using Ulindi single nucleotide
polymorphisms in 200-kb windows (Supplementary Information,
section 9). Under the assumption of random mating, this would mean
that on average two females reproduce for each reproducing male. The
1 Myr ago
4.5 Myr ago
Transposon class
ILS class
Recombination rate (cM Mb
Proportion of ILS
0.005 0.025 0.045 0.065 0.085 >
Exons
Introns
Genome wide
Incomplete lineage sorting. a
, Schematic description of ILS states
and percentage of bases assigned to each state. b, Effective population sizes and
split times inferred from ILS and based on a molecular clock with a mutation
rate of 10
. Myr, million years. We note that other estimates of mutation
rates will correspondingly affect the estimates of the split times. c, Overlap
between predicted ILS transposons and the closest HMM ILS assignments
within 100 bp of a transposon insertion. d, Proportion of ILS in exons, introns
and across the whole genome, counted within ,1-Mb segments of alignment
(Supplementary Information, section 8). e, Proportion of ILS dependent on
recombination rates. Errors, 95% confidence interval.
X/A ratio
Pan ancestor
X/A ratios.
The X/A ratios for Ulindi (bonobo), an African human
and a European human were inferred from heterozygosity, and that for the Pan
ancestor was inferred from ILS. The low X/A ratio for the European has been
suggested to be due to demographic effects connected to migrating out of
. Errors, 95% confidence interval (Supplementary Information, sections
8 and 9).
difference in the variance of reproductive success between the sexes
certainly contributes to this observation, as does the fact that whereas
bonobo females often move to new groups upon maturation, males
tend to stay within their natal group
. Because both current and
ancestral X/A ratios are similar to each other and also to some human
groups (Fig. 4), this suggests that they may also have been typical for
the ancestor shared with humans.
Because factors that reduce the effective population size, in particular
positive and negative selection, will decrease the extent of ILS, the
distribution of ILS across the genome allows regions affected by selec-
tion in the Pan ancestor to be identified. In agreement with this, we find
that exons show less ILS than introns (Fig. 3d and Supplementary
Information, section 8). We also find that recombination rates are
positively correlated with ILS (Fig. 3e), probably because recombina-
tion uncouples regions from neighbouring selective events. Unlike
positive and negative selection, balancing selection is expected to
increase ILS. In agreement with this, we find that ILS is most frequent
in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which encodes cell-
surface proteins that present antigens to immune cells (Supplementary
Information, section 10) and is known to contain genes that evolve
under balancing selection
To identify regions affected by selective sweeps in the Pan ancestor,
we isolated long genomic regions devoid of ILS. The largest such region
is 6.1 Mb long and is located on human chromosome 3. This region
contains a cluster of tumour suppressor genes
, has an estimated
recombination rate of 10% of the human genome average
and has
been found to evolve under strong purifying selection in humans
diversity in the region, corrected for mutation rate, is lower than in
neighbouring regions in chimpanzee but not in bonobos (Fig. 5a), and
parts of the region show signatures of positive selection in humans
Apparently this region evolves in unique ways that may involve both
strong background selection and several independent events of positive
selection among apes and humans.
The fact that the chimpanzee diversity encompasses bonobos for
most regions of the genome can be exploited to identify regions that
have been positively selected in chimpanzees after their separation
from bonobos, because in such regions bonobos will fall outside the
chimpanzee variation. We implemented a search for such regions,
which is similar to a test previously applied to humans to detect selective
sweeps since their split from Neanderthals
(Homo neanderthalensis),
in an HMM that uses coalescent simulations for parameter training, the
chimpanzee resequencing data and the megabase-wide average of the
human recombination rates (Supplementary Information, section 7).
Because the size of a region affected by a selective sweep will be larger the
faster fixation was reached, the intensity of selection will correlate posi-
tively with genetic length. We therefore ranked the regions according to
genetic length and further corrected for the effect of background selec-
. The highest-ranking region contains an miRNA, miR-4465, that
has not yet been functionally characterized. Four of the ten highest-
ranking regions contain no protein- or RNA-coding genes, and may
thus contain structural or regulatory features that have been subject to
selection. Notably, four of these ten regions are on chromosome 6, and
two of these four are within 2 Mb of the MHC (Fig. 5b). This suggests
that the MHC and surrounding genomic regions have been a major
target of positive selection in chimpanzees, presumably as a result of
infectious diseases. Indeed, chimpanzees have experienced a selective
sweep that targeted MHC class-I genes and reduced allelic diversity
across a wide region surrounding the MHC
, perhaps caused by the
HIV-1/SIV
CPZ
retrovirus
The bonobo genome shows that more than 3% of the human genome
is more closely related to either bonobos or chimpanzees than these are
to each other. This can be used to illuminate the population history and
selective events that affected the ancestor of bonobos and chimpanzees.
In addition, about 25% of human genes contain parts that are more
closely related to one of the two apes than the other. Such regions can
now be identified and will hopefully contribute to the unravelling of the
genetic background of phenotypic similarities among humans, bonobos
and chimpanzees.
We generated a total of 86 Gb of DNA sequence from Ulindi, a female bonobo who
lives in Leipzig Zoo (Supplementary Information, section 1). All sequencing was
done on the 454 sequencing platform and included 10 Gb of paired-end reads from
clones of insert sizes of 3, 9 and 20 kb. The genome was assembled using the open-
source Celera Assembler software
(Supplementary Information, section 2). In
addition, we sequenced 19 bonobo and chimpanzee individuals on the Illumina
GAIIx platform to about one-fold genomic coverage per individual (Supplemen-
tary Information, section 5). Supplementary Information provides a full descrip-
tion of our methods.
Received 8 December 2011; accepted 5 April 2012.
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Acknowledgements The sequencing effort was made possible by the ERC (grant
233297, TWOPAN) and the Max Planck Society. We thank D. Reich and L. Vigilant for
comments; the 454 Sequencing Center, the MPI-EVA sequencing group, M. Kircher,
M. Rampp and M. Halbwax for technical support; the staff of Zoo Leipzig (Germany), the
Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary (Entebbe, Uganda), the Tchimpounga
Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Center (Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo) and the Lola ya
Bonobo bonobo sanctuary (Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo) for providing
samples; and A. Navarro, E. Gazave and C. Baker for performing the ArrayCGH
hybridizations. The ape distribution layers for Fig. 1a were provided by UNEP-WCMC
and IUCN.2008 (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2011.2, http://
www.iucnredlist.org). The National Institutes of Health provided funding for J.R.M., B.W.,
S.K., G.S. (2R01GM077117-04A1), J.C.M. (Intramural Research Program of the
National Human Genome Research Institute) and E.E.E. (HG002385). E.E.E is an
Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. T.M.-B. was supported by a
Ramo´n y Cajal grant (MICINN-RYC 2010) and an ERC Starting Grant (StG_20091118);
D.E.S., K.A. and S.H. were supported by the Ohio State University Comprehensive
Cancer Center, the Ohio Supercomputer Center (#PAS0425) and the Ohio Cancer
Research Associates (GRT00024299); and G.L. was supported by a Wellcome Trust
grant (090532/Z/09/Z). The US National Science Foundation provided an
International Postdoctoral Fellowship (OISE-0754461) to J.M.G. The Danish Council for
j Natural Sciences (grant no. 09-062535) provided funding for
K.M. and M.H.S.
Author Contributions K.P., K.M., I.H., K.A., J.R.M., B.W., S.K., G.S., C.K., R.W., J.R.K., J.C.M.,
S.J.M, C.P.P., G.L., S.H., A.H., J.D., E.K., C. Alkan, S.S., C.R.C., M.V., T.M.-B., E.E.E., N.P., M.S.,
J.M.G., A.F., S.E.P., M.L., D.E.S., T.M., M.H.S., A.M.A., J.K. and S.P. analysed genetic data. C.
Andre´, R.A., L.M. and J.J. provided samples. K.P., J.K. and S.P. wrote the manuscript.
Author Information The bonobo genome assembly has been deposited with the
International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank)
under the EMBL accession number AJFE01000000. 454 shotgun data of Ulindi have
been made available through the NCBI Sequence Read Archive under study ID
ERP000601; Illumina sequences of 19 chimpanzee and bonobo individuals are
available under study ID ERP000602. Reprints and permissions information is
available at www.nature.com/reprints. This paper is distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike licence, and is freely
available to all readers at www.nature.com/nature. The authors declare competing
financial interests: details accompany the full-text HTML version of the paper at
www.nature.com/nature. Readers are welcome to comment on the online version of
this article at www.nature.com/nature. Correspondence and requests for materials
should be addressed to K.P. (pruefer@eva.mpg.de) or S.P. (paabo@eva.mpg.de).
Figure 1 Geographical distribution and test for admixture between chimpanzees and bonobos.
Figure 2 Segmental duplications and transposon accumulation.
Figure 3 Incomplete lineage sorting.
Figure 4 X/A ratios.
Figure 5 Selection in the bonobo-chimpanzee common ancestor and chimpanzees.
Table 1 Bonobo genome assembly characteristics and genomic features compared with the chimpanzee genome (panTro2)
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LAKE MANYARA, SERENGETI NATIONAL PARK & NGORONGORO CRATER (1/2 Day crater tour) - 4 DAYS.
After early breakfast you start your descend into the Crater – 270 sq km, for half a day crater Tour. A chance to see the Most Spectacular game in your lifetime. Lunch at the Lodge. Afternoon drive to Serengeti Park via short visit to OlduvaiGorge.
Early morning game viewing, in the endless plains of the Serengeti, followed by Breakfast.
Tarangire / Serengeti / Ngorongoro Crater.
Visit all of northern Tanzania's great wildlife parks and savor the beauty of your surroundings from beautifully-designed lodges in prime locations. Begin with a restful stay at Tarangire Sopa Lodge. Then you're off on safari, game viewing among the massive baobab trees of Tarangire National Park, named for the waterway that draws a spectacular array of wildlife and birds. Nearby, the picturesque Lake Manyara is a jewel box of diversity with forests, grassland, marshes, scrubland and open plains, each a thriving habitat for different types of animals. Experience nature up close on a full day of impressive wildlife encounters in the Ngorongoro Crater. Cap your safari with a thrilling two night stay in the heart of the action of the world-famous Serengeti plain.
- Transportation in a 4x4 Vehicle with pop up roof for easy game viewing & photography.
- Services of an English speaking driver-guide, game viewing drives and park entrance fees as indicated in the itinerary.
- All Government taxes and levies.
- All meet and greet services.
- 24 hours stand-by contact number.
- 5 or 7 pax guaranteed window seat in each vehicle.
- Two-way long range high frequency radio communication in each vehicle.
- On safari accessories in each vehicle: First-ad kits, wildlife books, cool box and fire extinguisher.
- All items of personal nature e.g. telephone call bills, fax/email bills etc.
- Gratuities and Tips to Hotels/Lodges/Camps staff and Driver/Guide(s).
- Alcoholic and non alcoholic drinks.
- Any local or international flight/s and departure taxes and other taxes.
- Concession fees (Incase of any new fees introduce by parks without our knowledge.
- Any other item(s) not included in our itinerary.
- We highly recommended you to have your personal insurance.


text:
Criminal Minds The Aftermath
May 10, 2019 by Jacqueline Welch
Powerful aftermath 18 january
Criminal minds season
Local law enforcement
Aftermath (tv episode 2006) cast
Nathan fillion (castle
Cleaning hoarding removal
Oct 18, 2006 · Elle's powerful aftermath 18 january 2017 | by TheLittleSongbird – See all my reviews There are better episodes in Season 2 of 'Criminal Minds', such as "Profiler, Profiled", "Revelations", "North Mammon" and "The Boogeyman".
What will happen in criminal minds season 14, episode 13? The synopsis from CBS for Chameleon reads: "David Rossi (played by Joe Mantegna) questions his actions in the aftermath of a near-death …
You can see the aftermath, but you can't see the actual metal to the neck or things like that. There's things that your brain fills in and you think you see it but you really don't. As much as …
PRENTISS IS CONCERNED ABOUT GARCIA'S BEHAVIOR IN THE AFTERMATH OF HER ABDUCTION, ON "CRIMINAL MINDS," WEDNESDAY, OCT. 24 "Innocence" – Soon after the BAU steps in to help local law enforcement isolate …
Chlorine And Mustard Gas Mustard gas or mustard agent is a poisonous gas that falls in the first group, along with even more lethal chemical agents such as chlorine gas and sarin. Tear gas, for example, is a non-poisonous gas that falls in the second category. Although tear gas is an effective weapon against advancing soldiers, it has no
"Criminal Minds" aftermath (tv episode 2006) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more.
Shemar Moore (S.W.A.T., Criminal Minds) as Cyborg, nathan fillion (castle, The Rookie) as Green Lantern/Hal Jordan, Christopher Gorham (Covert Affairs, Insatiable, Ugly Betty) as The Flash, and Nyambi …
Hoarder Cleanup Services How To Get Into Crime Scene cleaning hoarding removal And Cleaning Services My Parents Are Hoarders Apr 06, 2012 · How to Deal With Parents Who Hoard. Do you have a parent who never throws anything away? If your parent hoards, you might be justifiably worried about their safety and quality of life. Plus, if you
Did Rossi go too far? That's what he wondered on Criminal Minds Season 14 Episode 13 which picked up in the aftermath of a near-death struggle with a serial killer. The serial killer seemingly …
Oct 18, 2006 · "Aftermath" is the fifth episode of Season Two and the 27th overall of Criminal Minds. The BAU investigates a serial rapist who has been attacking …
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