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telecoms, internet and broadcast in Africa
Former Naspers Exec's Ubuntu to Launch 19 Internet Portals in Africa
Former Naspers digital media executive Johan Nel says his group Ubuntu Media is to launch 19 Internet portals across Africa between 2011 and 2012, with the Zambian portal having gone live on 1 January.
Nel said he wanted to create relevant online content to attract traffic into the continent. Online media players have blamed the lack of local content for the high cost of internet in most African countries. This is largely due to the fact that Africa-based internet service providers (ISPs) have to pay to link to the internet in the rest of the world due to little internet content stored locally.
ISPs from abroad rarely link to African countries because their domestic internet users rely on local traffic to surf the internet and there is little internet content from the continent that is in high demand in the rest of the world.
"Gone are the days when African traffic goes to just international websites. We need to stand up and be counted; we need to create African media companies. We need to create online communities, make relevant information available for the masses; we need to educate, create marketing opportunities and empower the man on the street," Nel told Bizcommunity.
"The cost and connection speed issue for most of the African countries are still very present, but there is light at the end of the tunnel. The growth in numbers is already there, the cables are coming and more connections will need more relevant local content," said Nel.
Five internet portals will be launched this year one for each of the following countries: Namibia, Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Angola and Mozambique will also be translated into Portuguese for relevance, Nel said.
"We are about people, information and connections. We are African and we are going to change the way Africa communicates (and) accesses information, stays informed and transacts online. It's our reason for being," he said.
He said all the portals would be branded with the "i" brand and have a local URL extension. For example, iNamibia.co.na, iGhana.com. The Zambian portal is www.izambia.co.zm.
Ubuntu Media was launched by Nel and is actively supported and funded by eVentures Africa Fund, one of the first venture capital companies active in digital media in sub-saharan Africa.
Nel said eType would handle the media sales on the sites in the different countries on behalf of Ubuntu.
Explaining the feasibility of the project, Nel said: "63 million people, 3.2 million internet users and no similar offering in the selected countries bring a big opportunity to the table. Africa is also rapidly expanding with more broadband connectivity, lower costs and higher speeds constantly being offered in the continent. Africa makes up about 15% of the world's population but currently has only 4.8% of the world's internet users."
Telecoms EN Issue no 538 21st January 2011
Africa's power shortages threaten the development of data centres and the cost of running base stations
Kenya: Regulator Moves to Block 'Junk' SMSes
Once more with feeling: Tanzania's TTCL in third sale attempt, raising US$214 m
Ethiopia: More Charges Against Suspected Illegal Phone Operators
High Spending On Calls Fails to Reflect in Telcos' Earnings in Tanzania
Telecoms News - In Brief
In-flight Internet to take off in South Africa
Chinese company lobbied to build Sierra Leone national backbone
Nigeria: IXPN Facility to Generate $20 Million in Savings
Internet News - In Brief
Kenyan stockbrokers Race to install New IT System
University of Dar es Salaam to Open Unique College to Boost IT
Outsourcing to Create 100,000 Jobs Every Year in Uganda
Computer News - In Brief
Telecoms, Rates, Offers and Coverage
Telecoms Rates, Offers and Coverage briefs
Mergers, Acquisitions and Financial Results
Nigeria: Helios Acquires Majority Stake in Interswitch
Egypt: Vimpelcom confirms 'final approval' for deal with newly-named Wind Telecom
Uganda: Looming Job Cuts in data Firm's Restructuring
Money – In Brief
Paypal Launches School Fees Payment Platform in Kenya
Zambian and Kenya: Researchers Seek Ways to Improve Water Supply Using Mobile Phones
Mobile money start-up MFS's founder Dare Okoujdou on how he raised US$4.5 million


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Q: Can you insert a string literal that contains unicode (like a Chinese character) into a Jinja2 template? In my Python code (.py file), I set a session variable to Chinese characters:
session.mystring = '你好'
At first, Flask choked. So, at the very top of the file, I put:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
That solved the problem. I could then display the string in my Flask app by just doing:
{{ session.mystring }}
Here's the weird problem. If I write the Chinese characters directly into the template (.html file), like so:

{{ session.mystring }}

你好

The browser (Edge) displays the following error:
'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0xb5 in position 516: invalid start byte
I tried putting the following at the top of the template:

   <meta charset="utf-8">

But that doesn't help. Is there any way I can insert the Chinese characters directly as a literal in the Jinja2 template?
EDIT (June 7, 2020):
Made my question clearer by actually putting the Chinese characters into the question (thought I couldn't previously).

A: This should work , by simply adding below in HTML file:
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
working eg here :
with minimal flask app:
app.py:
from flask import Flask, render_template
app = Flask(name)
@app.route('/')
def test():
    data = '中华人民共和国'
    return render_template('index.html', data=data)

if(__name__) == '__main__':
    app.run()

In templates/index.html :
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
    <title>Document</title>

    {{ data }}

o/p:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Young robot designers reap rewards at 2015 competition
Young robot designers from throughout the UK showcased their talents at Harper Adams University this week, with one being crowned Young Innovator of the Year 2015.
Teenagers were challenged to submit a design to answer the question "What could robots do for us in the future?"
"We wanted to embrace the innovative power of young people's imaginations", said competition organiser Lorraine Westwood. "The entries were judged on the ideas and the entrants' ability to convey them using a poster, video or website – no method was given preference.
"There were some wonderfully creative ideas, but also some incredibly insightful, practical ones. Each and every entrant is to be congratulated for the time and effort they put into the competition, it was a pleasure to review all of the ideas."
Shortlisted entrants were invited to the university for a prize-giving on June 29th, where they were welcomed by television presenter and engineering enthusiast Rob Bell, who has fronted BBC2's Engineering Giants and Channel Five's Underground Britain.
Before congratulating the winners, Rob gave a short talk on embracing "stupid".
"My name is Rob Bell, I'm a television presenter, I'm an engineer and from time to time, I can be quite stupid…But stupid isn't uncommon. Stupid can be the way you feel when you are experiencing something for the first time. It can be the way we feel when we are tackling a difficult problem. It is an emotion associated with the learning process. We are stupid and then we are not. So stupid is absolutely fine.
"The only problem with stupid is the emotion that runs alongside it – fear. We are supposed to be afraid of stupid, to get it over with as soon as we can. One way to do that is to avoid entering into new scenarios and new experiences. But then nothing would change, we wouldn't progress. I think you will all agree that there is no point living life like that. And the reason I know you will agree is because you entered the Young Innovator Awards – you were not afraid of stupid. So the best way to avoid the fear of doing new things is to embrace stupid!"
Having shown the entrants some of the television project he has worked on, Rob went on to present awards to the best female, best male, best team entry and best combined school entries. Both the judges and the Vice-Chancellor also made their own special awards.
Winners were:
•Best female: Sarah Moyes, Wycombe Abbey School, Buckinghamshire, with Scwobot – a mobile classroom with water tanks for wheels, to help address both school attendance and water shortages in parts of Africa.
•Best male: Sebastien Lindqvist, Comberton Village College Sixth Form, with A.I.R.S: Arctic Ice Regeneration Submarine, which would use butane cooling to create more ice for the North and South Poles.
•Best team: Ellie Stanyer, Imogen Allsop, Caitlin Marsh & Jessica Clinton, Mount Kelly College, Tavistock, Devon, with Robola, a robot to comfort and cure victims of the Ebola virus.
•Best school: Biddick Academy, Tyne and Wear. Runner-up: Thomas Telford School, Telford.
•Judges' Technical Merit Award: Taye Reid and Ajay Veja, Rosedale College, Middlesex, with Hectare, a robot to aid farmers in less-economically developed countries.
•Judges' Most Creative Award: Aimee McInally, Emily O'Neill and Gaelen Marshall, Boclair Academy, Bearsden, Glasgow, with the Bowel Cancer Basher – a robot that is swallowed and fights cancer from inside the body.
•Judges' Special Award: Sophie Roscoe, Warwick, with Cubed, UV-powered connectable vertical farming units to produce more crops in less space.
•Judges' Special Award: Asma Mohamoud, Uxbridge College, London with the Emergency Assistant Robot, which monitors and supports heart attack patients after they leave hospital
•Harper Adams University Vice-Chancellor's Award for the best entry to support the food chain: Robert Saunt with The Rumbler, a new type of farming robot that uses biophotovoltaic technology to extract electricity from plants.
Finally, the Young Innovator of the Year was named as Sebastien Lindqvist with his Arctic Ice Regeneration Submarine.
That afternoon, the university also held the finals of its Technical Innovator competition, which challenged individuals or teams to first of all submit designs for a self-contained, fully autonomous robot capable of locating a carrot in a field. Six short-listed entrants took up the challenge to build their robot and bring it to Harper Adams to be tested against the competition.
Professor Blackmore said: "You are all really good. To get your robots built, into the field and testing is highly commendable…I congratulate you all for getting to this stage, I think you have all done a really good job!"
After a tough afternoon of trials, the winner was Anjuli Bali, from Sunbury-on-Thames Surrey. Anjuli is a member of the Pi Club at The Lady Eleanor Holles School. Her "Rover Rabbit", with a colour sensor to detect orange, achieved the closest position to the carrot and was deemed to have been built to the best standard by judges including Harper Adams Head of Engineering Professor Simon Blackmore, a leading research in the field of precision farming, including agricultural robots.
In second place was Daniel Young, a pupil at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, who travelled to Harper Adams from Market Rasen Lincolnshire, to test his "Robotic Rabbit"
And third was Simran Jolly, from Bushey, Hertfordshire, who designed and built her with brother Kiran, who was unable to attend the finals. Their entry was "Roger Robot", built from recycled parts – including a sweets tub. Simran is a pupil at Parmiter's School.
Full image gallery coming soon!
Harper Adams staff and students prepare for LAMMA 2023
Posted 3 January
Placement experience secures student pole position for summer with F1 giants McLaren
UN Food and Agriculture Organisation report draws on academics' autonomous agriculture expertise
Long-running Traffic and Tillage soil health project's latest research highlighted at industry conferences

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Abstract. Formal grammars are well established for specifying the syntax of programming languages. However, the formal specification of programming language semantics has proven more elusive. A recent standard, the Unified Modeling Language (UML), has quickly become established as a common framework for the specification of large scale software applications. In this paper, we describe an approach for using the UML to specify aspects of the static semantics of programming languages. In particular, we describe a technique for solving the name lookup problem for the recently standardized C++ programming language. We apply our approach to C++ because a solution to the name lookup problem is required for parser construction and our solution is applicable to Java and other programming languages.


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Home » News » Over 7,000 companies in Croatia apply for permission to employ 50,000 foreign nationals
Over 7,000 companies in Croatia apply for permission to employ 50,000 foreign nationals
ZAGREB, 13 May (Hina) – In the first four months of this year, over 7,000 companies asked the Croatian Employment Service (HZZ) for permission to hire nearly 50,000 foreign nationals to work in 300 different occupations, the Večernji List daily said on Thursday.
According to the Ministry of the Interior, around 84,000 foreign nationals were temporarily staying in Croatia in April, while about 10,000 had a permanent residence permit. They were mostly from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Albania, Ukraine, China, Nepal, India and the Philippines.
The jobs they are hired for are traditionally in short supply in Croatia and concern construction, tourism and hospitality, and the metal industry.
Between 2,300 and 3,000 applications were for assistant cooks, maids, cooks and bricklayers, and between 1,000 and 2,000 were for welders, locksmiths, plasterers, waiters/waitresses and cleaners.
Gross wages paid by companies may not be lower than the minimum wage for 2022, the newspaper quoted the HZZ as saying. The net monthly wage for a young foreigner without dependants would be between HRK 4,000 (€530) and 4,800 (€640).
The construction sector pays an average net monthly wage of around HRK 6,000 (€800), and the situation in the tourism and hospitality industry is similar. Highly-skilled workers are paid a gross wage of between HRK 7,100 (€945) and 7,600 (€1,010).
"No wonder then that there is a shortage of workers," Večernji List said. "Foreigners being hired by domestic companies are increasingly coming from very poor Asian countries," it added.
Although it is possible that in addition to the net wage employers pay per diems, non-taxable compensation, cover the cost of board and lodging for foreign workers, which increases their income and drives up the hourly wage, all that is too little for anyone to feel secure. In this way employers cannot count on getting the necessary number of workers, and workers cannot meet their basic needs, says the article signed by Ljubica Gatarić.
employmentforeignnationalsworkers
Two foreign artists find their passion for art in Croatia
FIFA hit Croatian Football Federation with 5,000 Swiss franc fine
Brač firefighters win 'Pride of Croatia' award for act of kindness which left tourists blown away


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Philly Folk Fest and the Lives of the Underground Campers
Ever year for the last half century the Old Pool Farm in Montgomery County, Schwenksville, PA, has been transformed into a world of its own. Starting on a Wednesday evening in mid August, a trickle of travelers starts to arrive. By Thursday, the trickle turns into a steady stream. Before you know it, throngs of people pour in like an ant colony at a picnic.
Territories are staked out and tents start popping up. In the middle of a field, a city is born. It's not just a city. It is a community. Neighbor helping Neighbor. Unlike many cities, people actually smile and greet each other with open arms.
The make-up of the population is also atypical. There are more minstrels, musicians, philosophers and craftsman than at any other gathering. It is quite common for a musician to strike up a tune and before long an impromptu band is born. A single guitarist turns into 3 guitarists, a percussionist, singers, a bassist and a flutist.
In fact, as I sat there playing a spontaneous jam, a flutist approached me and said, "I like what you are doing. May I join you?"
It turned out he was from France and had been in New York City the previous day. He had help set a world record for the "Largest Flute Ensemble" -- 1,989 flutists.
Friday morning at the National Flute Association Convention in New York City, world-renowned flutist James Galway led a successful challenge to the Guinness Book's world record for the "Largest Flute Ensemble."
-- NPR (National Public Radio)
This sort-of encounter happened all weekend. You never know what to expect in the campground. Each encampment has its own history, lore and traditions. Being allowed in is treated like a privilege not a right. As an example, one such campsite is known as Bob's Country Bunker. On my first night to experience folk fest camping... at about 3 0'clock in the morning... I was led into the Bunker by friends and strangers. It wasn't long before a bartender emerged and greeted us with a smile and drinks. Singing and dancing broke out and before long people that had never met before were exchanging their clothes. The fellow in camouflage was trading his hat, shirt and pants for Beer Girl's Wonder Woman-like garb. By 6:00 A.M. a small crowd had gathered to welcome the new morning.
The following day I had the pleasure of returning to the Bunker. There was a very talented young musician playing the keyboards and singing. We were encouraged to join in. It didn't take long for several musicians to put on a spur of the moment foot-stomping show. One would hand his guitar to another. Multi-instrumentalists would switch seats at the keyboard or trade off on vocals. It was a child's keyboard that was being borrowed. She just sat in a chair... starring in amazement.
When I returned to the Fest the next day, I said, "Let's go the Bunker." I was met with stunned looks of disbelief. "They shut the bunker down!" I couldn't believe it. They shut the Bunker down? Why? How could they? Was it because of any one of the number of questionably activities? No. It was because of the electricity. Apparently you are not allowed to use a generator. The electric ensemble had drawn the attention of security. They packed up the full size bar, swinging saloon doors, light towers, laser show, tents, chairs and cooking facilities. The Bunker was gone.
As you walked through the campground you could hear people shouting out, "Bring back the Bunker." While walking back from the river, we were approached by a young girl that must have been about 12 years old. She held out a tablet and pen asking, "Will you sign the petition?" It was a petition she had started to bring back the Bunker.
Folk Fest gives hope to that spirit that made America the home of the free and the land of the brave.
Philly Folk Fest Photo Gallery
The Rock And Roll Romper Room


The Neurosurgery Department is the major provider of paediatric neurosurgery services within South Australia. Our patients are 0-17 years of age and may live in South Australia, Northern Territory, Western New South Wales and Western Victoria.
For emergency assistance, your child should be brought to the Hospital's Emergency Department for assessment. If necessary a referral will be made to the Neurosurgical team. In rural or remote areas, it may be wise to be seen by your local doctor or local emergency department first. Your doctor will consult with the Neurosurgical team for advice or to arrange for your child to be brought to the WCH.
For urgent referrals contact Neurosurgery Medical Officer via WCH switchboard (08) 8161 7000.
Please indicate if an interpreter is needed.
Appointment details will be forwarded on receipt of the referral.
Each child is clinically assessed and appropriate investigations (such as CT and MRI scans) will be arranged if required. A plan is then discussed with you and your child to best manage their particular problem.
Procedures are performed in the Rogerson Theatre Complex.
Patients will be cared for in the Day of Surgery Admissions (DOSA) Ward.
Elective surgery and outpatient review is undertaken during normal working hours.
For emergency care, the WCH Paediatric Emergency Department is open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. A member of the Neurosurgical Unit can be contacted by the Emergency Department or local doctor as required.
Other Allied Health professionals: Physiotherapist, Occupational Therapist, Speech Pathologist and Dietician.
Neuropsychology, general psychiatric and psychological services are accessed via the Department of Psychological Medicine.
The Neurosurgery Service works closely with other units including Paediatric Neurology, Paediatric Rehabilitation and the Australian Craniofacial Unit.


Pelly Lake Outfitters offers guided Mountain Goat hunts from the 15 of August to October 15. Our goat hunts require a hunter to be physically prepared as well as mentally. Our 3000 square mile guide area in central British Columbia offers an excellent population of goats, with out having the ruggedness of the coastal range or the amount of rain. Our goat country can be accessed by fly in or drive in. Our fly in area offers a hunter to hunt these beautiful animals by horseback out of our comfortable spike cabins or for the hunter wanting to rough it we have a great area to backpack hunt them. Our drive in area allows a hunter to cover lots of ground on logging roads and glassing the surrounding mountains. Mature billies average 9″ in length but we have harvested them as large as 11 1/2″! Our guided goat hunts are all one hunter per guide and 9 days in length. Mountain Goat hunts can be combined with moose, grizzly bear, black bear and mountain caribou.


Electronic cigarettes may help smokers to quit but the devices can be dangerous if they're left within reach of a child. The Iowa Statewide Poison Control Center is seeing a slight uptick in calls that deal with e-cigarettes, especially the liquid nicotine inside them and the refill bottles.
Tammy Noble, a registered nurse and spokeswoman for the Sioux City-based center, says to keep e-cigarettes and the refills locked up.
A report from the Centers for Disease Control says the number of calls to poison centers nationwide about e-cigarettes is on the rise, though Noble says the Iowa facility has only gotten eight calls about them this year. Still, she says, people need to be very cautious with the devices and be aware of the hazards.
"The e-cigarette products have high amounts of nicotine and they can come in flavors like chocolate and bubble gum and strawberry so they're very attractive to children," Noble says.
A curious kid could quickly be in bad shape if they get a hold of a bottle of highly-concentrated liquid nicotine.
The fluid has the potential to be fatal, she says, though she's not aware of any child deaths attributed directly to drinking it.


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This post will give you a flavor of what our farm looks like from our upper veranda. All of these pictures embiggen when you click 'em (be sure to click on the resultant picture to really embiggen it if your browser has resized it to fit the screen — you'll need to scroll left and right to see it all.) All of these panoramas were created with drag-n-drop ease using the free Microsoft ICE photo-stitching software.
This picture is a 250-degree view taken today during the first snow of the season.
This is a similar view from back in October. This one goes a bit farther to the left — note the hammock. This blog's masthead is a version of this image.
And, finally, here's a slightly narrower vista from March after some fairly torrential Spring rain. The river is up in its banks to where it is clearly visible from the veranda. This is also the height where Cacapon River Road — a part of which you can see on the left — floods several miles downstream. Note, too, how wet several portions of our pasture are.


text:
Ousmane Camara may refer to:
Ousmane Camara (judoka) (born 1963), Malian judoka
Ousmane N'Gom Camara (born 1975), Guinean football winger
Ousmane Camara (basketball) (born 1989), French basketball player
Ousmane Camara (footballer, born 1998), Guinean football winger
Ousmane Camara (footballer, born 2003), French football midfielder

See also
Ousoumane Camara (born 1996), French footballer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A camera man for ESPN prepares for a match-up between the Miami Heat and the Denver Nuggets.
The new deal with Chinese Internet giant Tencent will allow ESPN to populate Tencent's wide range of digital platforms with tailored content such as Chinese-language coverage of the NBA and international soccer. Tencent will also get exclusive digital rights in mainland China to ESPN's March Madness coverage, along with more than 100 regular season college basketball games and the X Games.
By partnering with Tencent, ESPN ensures its sports content gets prominent placement throughout the Chinese company's massive Internet holdings, which include the popular Chinese instant-messaging service QQ as well as the country's largest social network, WeChat and its more than 650 million monthly active users.
Starting with this year's NBA playoffs, which kick off this spring, ESPN experts will be on hand to provide live coverage in Chinese that will be included exclusively in Tencent's live sports coverage. While the deal initially focuses on basketball and soccer, it could eventually expand to cover additional sports.
Basketball has been a popular sport in China since the days of Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution, and many in the country of 1.4 billion people closely follow the sport's biggest stars as well as the careers of countrymen such as the now-retired Yao Ming and the Chinese-American player Jeremy Lin. Tencent has actively tried to capitalize on the sport's popularity in China. Last month, the NBA announced that the Chinese company will have exclusive streaming rights to the league's online content as part of a new, five-year deal that allows Tencent to offer its users access to the NBA's League Pass package of live and on-demand games.
As for ESPN, the Walt Disney-owned (DIS) network likely sees the deal as a no-brainer to spread its coverage across a giant market at a time when the network is struggling with subscriber losses that have left the rest of the media industry spooked over the rise of cord-cutting.


text:
Home > Catholic Encyclopedia > N > Nuncio
Nuncio
An ordinary and permanent representative of the pope, vested with both political and ecclesiastical powers, accredited to the court of a sovereign or assigned to a definite territory with the duty of safeguarding the interests of the Holy See. The special character of a nuncio, as distinguished from other papal envoys (such as legates, collectors), consists in this: that his office is specifically defined and limited to a defininte district (his nunciature), wherein he must reside; his mission is general, embracing all the interests of the Holy See; his office is permanent, requiring the appointment of a successor when one incumbent is recalled, and his mission includes both diplomatic and ecclesiastical powers. Nuncios, in the strict sense of the word, first appear in the sixteenth century. The office, however, was not created at any definite moment or by any one papal ordinance, but gradually developed under the influence of various historical factors into the form in which we find it in the sixteenth century. The first permanent representatives of the Holy See at secular courts were the apocrisarii (q.v.; see also LEGATE) at the Byzantine Court. In the Middle Ages the popes sent, for the settlement of important ecclesiastical or political matters, legates (legati a latere, q.v.) with definite instructions and at times with ordinary jurisdiction. The officials, sent from the fourteenth century for the purpose of collecting taxes either for the Roman Court or for the crusades, were called nuntii, nuntii apostolici. During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries this title was given also to papal envoys entrusted with certain other affairs of an ecclesiastical or diplomatic nature. Frequently they were given the right of granting certain privileges, favours, and benefices. During the Great Western Schism and the period of the reform councils (fifteenth century), such embassies were more frequently resorted to by the Holy See. Then were also gradually established permanent diplomatic representation at the various courts. With previous forms of papal representation as a precedent and modelled upon the permanent diplomatic legations of temporal sovereigns, there finally arose in the sixteenth century the permanent nunciatures of the Holy See.
The exact date of the establishment of many of the nunciatures is not easy to determine, as it is impossible to fix exactly in all cases when an earlier type of papal envoy was replaced by a nuncio proper, and especially as in the beginning we find interruptions in the succession of envoys who, owing to their powers and their office, must be regarded as real nuncios. The necessity of resisting Protestantism was a special factor in the increase of the nunciatures. After the Council of Trent they became the chief agents of the popes in their efforts to check the spread of heresy and to carry out true reform. The fact that in 1537 the papal correspondence with foreign powers, previously carried on by the pope's private secretary, was handed over by Paul III to the vice-chancellor, Cardinal Alexander Farnese, was the chief element within the curia which led to the permanence of nunciatures. Thereby the political correspondence of the Holy See lost its somewhat private character, and was entrusted to the secretariate of state, with which the nuncios were henceforth to be in constant communication. The popes also employed extraordinary envoys for special purposes. Angelo Leonini, sent to Venice by Alexander VI in 1500, is commonly regarded as the first nuncio, as we understand the term today. In Spain the collector-general of the papal exchequer, Giovanni Ruffo dei Teodoli, was also given diplomatic powers; he resided in the country, and discharged these two offices from 1506 to 1518 or 1519. As his successors were appointed collectors-general with fiscal, and political representatives with diplomatic powers, so that from thenceforth the Spanish nunciature may be regarded as permanent. The beginning of a papal nunciature in Germany dates from 1511 when Julius II sent Lorenzo Campeggio to the Imperial Court. His mission was ratified in 1513 by Leo X, and from 1530 a nuncio was permanently accredited. The nuncios often accompanied Emperor Charles V, even when he resided outside the empire. Another German nunciature was established in 1524, when Lorenzo Pimpinella was sent to the court of King Ferdinand of Austria. The first real nuncio in France was Leone Ludovico di Canossa (1514-17). The French nunciature continued from the Council of Trent to the Revolution.
After the Council of Trent a number of new nunciatures were erected. In Italy diplomatic representatives were appointed for Piedmont, Milan, Tuscany (Florence), and for Naples, where the nunciature underwent the same development as in Spain. The nuntius entrusted with the duty of collecting the papal taxes received also diplomatic powers, and was recognized in this capacity by Philip II in 1569. Portugal and Poland likewise received permanent nuncios shortly after the Council of Trent. To foster Catholic revival new nunciatures were erected in the southern parts of the German Empire. Thus, in 1573, Bartolomeo Portia was made nuncio of Salzburg, Tyrol, and Bavaria, although no further successor was appointed after 1583. In 1580 Germanico Malaspina was appointed first nuncio of Styria, but this nunciature was discontinued in 1621. Bishop Bonhomini arrived in Switzerland in 1579, and up to 1581 with great zeal and success introduced ecclesiastical reforms. In 1586 Giovanni Battista Santonio succeeded him, whereupon the Swiss nunciature became permanent. In Cologne a nunciature was erected in 1584 for northwestern Germany and the Rhine, but in 1596 the Netherlands was detached from the Nunciature of Cologne and received its own nuncio, who was to reside in Brussels (Nunciature of Flanders). The jurisdiction of the Nunciature of Flanders extended also the English missions. Thus, toward the end of the sixteenth century, nunciatures were fully developed.
A dispute concerning the rights of the pope in the erecting of nunciatures and the competency of the nuncios themselves arose in 1785, when Pius VI determined to establish a new nunciature in Munich at the request of Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria. The elector desired the appointment of a special nuncio, because princes subject to the emperor alone were bishops of Bavarian dioceses, but did not reside in Bavaria, thus greatly impeding the exercise of ecclesiastical administration. The three spiritual electors (the Archbishops of Cologne, Mainz, and Trier) protested on the ground that thereby their metropolitan rights would be violated. The pope, however, appointed Zoglio, titular Archbishop of Athens, as nuncio, and to him Charles Theodore ordered his clergy to have recourse in future in all ecclesiastical matters within his jurisdiction. The three electors, imbued with Febronianism, formed a coalition with the Archbishop of Salzburg, hoping to recover their pretended primitive metropolitan rights by ignoring the nuncio and by giving decisions and granting dispensations on their own authority, even in cases canonically reserved to the pope. As Rome refused to support them, they appealed to Joseph II, who, in accordance with his principles, heartily approved of their efforts, pledged them his full support, declared that he would never allow the jurisdiction of the bishops of the empire to be curtailed, and that consequently he would recognize the nuncios only in their political character. At the Congress of Ems, the three elector archbishops passed resolutions embodying their contentions. Despite this protest, Pacca and Zoglio continued to exercise their spiritual jurisdiction in Cologne and Munich respectively, received appeals from the decisions of ecclesiastical courts, and granted dispensations in cases reserved to the pope. On the other hand the four archbishops arbitrarily extended their own authority, granting dispensations from solemn religious vows as well as from matrimonial impediments, and erecting ecclesiastical tribunals of third instance. The emperor brought the controversy before the Imperial Diet of Ratisbon in 1788, but without definite results. The archbishops, opposed both by the cathedral chapters and the suffragan bishops, renewed communications with the pope, who on 14 Nov., 1789, issued an extensive document giving a detailed exposition of the rights of the Holy See and those of its envoys (Ss. D. N. Pii pp. VI. Responsio ad Metropolitanos Moguntino, Treviren., Colonien. et Salisburgen., supre Nuntiaturis apostolicis, Rome, 1789). Frederick William II, King of Prussia, also recognized the jurisdiction of the Nuncio of Cologne in the territory of Cleves, and in Mainz his ambassadors opposed the pretentions of the emperor. The French revolution ended the dispute. Owing to the political dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire the Imperial German nunciature became the Austrian nunciature, when Francis II assumed the title of Emperor of Austria. The partition of Poland ended the nunciature there. The first state outside of Europe to receive a papal representative was Brazil. At first an internuncio was assigned to that country, but of late years a nuncio has resided there.
At present there are four papal nunciatures of the first class, four of the second, two internunciatures, and several delegations. The nunciatures of the first class are: (1) Vienna; (2) Paris, where the nunciature was re-established after the Revolution, after Cardinal Caprara had first been sent thither as legatus a latere by Pius VII. Since the rupture of diplomatic relations between France and the Holy See in 1904, this office has had no incumbent; (3) Madrid, which, since the Council of Trent, has been the permanent residence of the papal nuncio for Spain. It has a special tribunal, the Rota, which serves only as a court of appeals from the diocesan and metropolitan courts, but cannot handle any cases of first instance. Litigants are free to appeal from its decisions to the sovereign pontiff; (4) Lisbon, which had at first a nunciature only of the second class. It included a special court for ecclesiastical matters, but this was abolished in the beginning of the nineteenth century. From the second half of the sixteenth century Portugal always had a nuncio, although disputes arose at different times. The nunciatures of the second class are: (1) the Swiss nunciature which, in the eighteenth century, comprised the Dioceses of Constance, Basle, Ciore, Sion, and Lausanne. Since the religious troubles of 1873 there has been no incumbent; (2) since the beginning of the nineteenth century the only nunciature in Germany has been that of Munich (the last nuncio of Cologne was Annibale della Genga, later on Pope Leo XII); (3) Brussels, the residence of the Nuncio of Belgium as successor of the former Nuncio of Flanders. During the time of the French occupation this position was vacant. It was only in 1829 that Coppacini was sent to Brussels as internuncio; in 1841, it was again raised to a nunciature. Fornari, the first nuncio, was succeeded in 1843 by Gioacchino Pecci, afterwards Leo XIII. In 1880 the Liberal Ministry severed all diplomatic relations with the Holy See; the old status was restored, when in 1885 the Catholic party regained power; (4) Brazil. In 1807 Lorenzo Caleppi, the Nuncio of Portugal, followed John VI in his flight to Brazil. In 1829 a special internuncio, Felice Ostini, was appointed for Brazil; this marks the beginning of diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the other states of South America. In 1902 the papal Internuncio of Brazil was raised to the dignity of nuncio.
The internunciatures are: (1) the Internunciature of Holland and Luxemburg. Since the separation of these countries, the internuncio receives distinct credential letters for the two governments. From the time of the Peace Conference at the Hague Holland has only a chargé d'affaires; (2) the Internunciature of Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, which was erected in 1900. There had been accredited to these countries a papal delegate since 1847, and an internuncio, Mgr. Barili, had been sent in 1851 to what was then New Granada. The Apostolic delegates form a lower rank of papal representatives of diplomatic and ecclesiastical character. There are five Apostolic Delegations in South and Central America: (1) Chile, (2) Columbia, (3) Costa-Rica, (4) Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru, (5) San Domingo, Haiti and Venezuela, all erected during the nineteenth century. Owing to repeated religious troubles these delegations have often been vacant. Costa-Rica has been without a delegate for a considerable period. It is necessary to distinguish these Apostolic delegations of a diplomatic character from those which are merely ecclesiastical.
The powers to papal nuncios correspond to the two-fold character of their mission. As the diplomatic representatives of the pope, they treat with the sovereigns or head of republics to whom they are accredited. With their mission they are given special credentials as well as special instructions, whether of a public or of a private nature. They also receive a secret code and enjoy the same privileges as ambassadors. Their appearances in public are regulated in conformity with general diplomatic customs. They also have certain distinctions, especially that of being ex-officio dean of the entire diplomatic body, within their nunciature, and therefore on public occasions take precedence of all diplomatic representatives. Internuncio and delegates enjoy a similar right of precedence over all other diplomatic representatives of equal rank. This privilege of papal envoys was expressly recognized by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and is universally observed. Nuncios enjoy the title of "Excellency" and the same special honours as ambassadors. In addition to their diplomatic position nuncios have an ecclesiastical jurisdiction. The latter point is especially stated in the "Responsio" of Pius VI to the Rhenish archbishops, and was reaffirmed by Pius IX in a letter to Archbishop Darboy of Paris in 1863, as also in a declaration of the Cardinal Secretary of State Jacobini addressed to Spain, 15 April, 1885. The ample ecclesiastical faculties, granted in the Middle Ages to the legates a latere and other papal envoys, had led to abuses; the Council of Trent, therefore, enacted that papal envoys (legati a latere, nuncii, gubernatores ecclesiastici, aut alii quarumcumque facultatum vigore) were not to impede bishops or to disturb their ordinary jurisdiction nor to proceed against ecclesiastical persons until the bishop had first been applied to and had shown himself negligent (Sess. XXIV, cap. xx de ref.).
Apart from the special faculties in conferring ecclesiastical benefices and in granting spiritual favours, the nuncios had the power of instituting proceedings and giving decisions in cases of ecclesiastical administration and discipline reserved to the pope. The nunciatures had special courts, principally for cases of appeal. Today such a court is attached only to the Nunciature of Spain. In all other points nuncios enjoy essentially the same rights in ecclesiastical matters. They are the representatives of the pope, and as such are the organs through which he exercises his ordinary and immediate supreme jurisdiction. It is their special duty to supervise ecclesiastical administration, and on this they report to the cardinal secretary of state; they grant dispensations in cases reserved to the pope, carry on the process of information for the nomination of new bishops, give permission for reading forbidden books, and enjoy the privilege of granting minor indulgences. In special cases they are delegated for the settlement of important ecclesiastical affairs. In virtue of their position certain ecclesiastical honours are due to them as laid down in the "Cæremoniale Episcoporum". Pius X introduced a change in the practice hitherto followed with regard to nuncios, so that now they hold their position longer than formerly, and a nuncio of the first class, after his recall, is not regularly raised to the cardinalate.
Nunciature reports
The official reports concerning their entire field of work sent by the papal nuncios and legates (or their representatives) to the pope or the cardinal secretary of state. The contents of these dispatches are in accordance with the commission received by the legate or nuncio. The reports of the nuncios filling permanent nunciatures, on whom rested the protection of all the interests of the papacy within their special territory, relate to all the more important ecclesiastical or political questions which had any connexion whatever with their commission. The objects of the reports are: (1) to give the most exact information possible concerning all political and ecclesiastical occurrences which might be of importance to the pope or the cardinal secretary of state; (2) to give exact information concerning the action the nuncios have taken with respect to such occurrences; (3) to send news concerning the princes to whose courts they are accredited, and concerning the persons who are in personal contact with the princes, or appear at court on account of political matters, or in any way have a share in ecclesiastical and political affairs. In doing this attention is naturally paid both to the instructions that had been given to the nuncio before he left for his post, and to the letters regularly received from the office of the papal secretary of state, from the pope, or from other officials. Taken in a wider sense, nunciature reports also include those letters of the nuncios concerning the affairs of their nunciatures, addressed to cardinals or others having high official rank in the Curia. From the first half of the sixteenth century, when the bureau of the papal secretary of state was fully developed and the permanent nunciatures received their ultimate organization, the reports of the nuncios were sent regularly (from the middle of the sixteenth century, often weekly). They were written sometimes in Latin, sometimes in Italian. If important matters were treated, especially those concerning which negotiations needed to be carried on in the most secret manner possible, the nuncio employed the cipher given him before going to this position.
Although the individual dispatches vary greatly in worth, yet, as a whole, the nunciature reports form a very important source from the sixteenth century (especially during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries) both for the history of the Church and for political history. Only a very small proportion either of the reports made by papal legates in the second half of the fiteenth century or in the early years of the sixteenth century have been preserved. From the second decade of the sixteenth century a much greater number survive, and from the middle of this century the reports of individual nuncios frequently exist in unbroken sequence. Most of the manuscript reports are in the Vatican archives, and are classified in sixteen series, according to the nunciatures. The classification does not agree, however, with the present arrangement of the nunciatures, the series given being as follows: Spain, Portugal, France, Belgium, England, Germany (the imperial nunciature), Cologne, Bavaria, Switzerland, Poland, Savoy, Genoa, Venice, Florence, Naples, and Malta. Individual reports are also in other divisions of the archives. The nunciature reports brought together in the archives of the Vatican show serious gaps, especially for the sixteenth century. The reason is that the diplomatic correspondence of the Curia in that era was not systematically brought together and preserved in a papal archive, but was frequently purloined by the copyists, cardinal favourites, and their secretaries, just as the letters dispatched from Rome were retained by the nuncios and their heirs, and thus became dispersed to some extent in family archives. For example, the greater part of the nunciature reports pertaining to the reign of Paul III (1534-49) are now in the state archives of Naples, to which they came along with the archives of the Farnese family. Other collections of reports are to be found in various Italian archives. The reports preserved are either the original drafts made by the nuncios themselves, or the original letters drawn up in accordance with these, or copies of the original letters. As regards the reports written in cipher, a key can generally be found.
On account of the great historical importance of the reports an effort has been made, since the opening of the Vatican archives for general research, to publish these together with supplementary documents (especially the instructions and letters sent to the nuncios). Heretofore more has been done, in the way of publication, for the German nunciature than for the others. H. Lämmer published a series of nunciature reports from Germany as early as 1800 in his "Monumenta Vaticana historiam ecclesiasticum sæculi XVI illustrantia"; upon the opening of the Vatican archives, the assistant archivist, Father Balan, brought out further material pertaining to the same subject in his work "Monumenta reformationis Lutheranæ" (Ratisbon, 1883-4). Father Dittrich treats the reports sent by the nuncio Giovanni Morone from the Diet of Ratisbon (1541) in the "Historisches Jahrbuch der Görresgesellschaft", IV (1883), 395-472, 618-73, and, as a complement to this, edited the "Nuntiaturberichte Morones vom deutschen Königshofe" for the years 1539-40 in "Quellen und Forschungen aus dem Gebiete der Geschichte", I (Paderborn, 1892). In the mean time three historical institutes at Rome (the Prussian, the Austrian, and that of the Görresgesellschaft) divided among them the publication of all the nunciature reports sent from the German Empire for the period of the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth centuries. These societies have already published a large number of volumes: the first division, extending to 1559, is being published by the Prussian Institute; there have appeared so far vols. I-IV, VIII-X, and XII, comprising the nunciatures of Vergerio, Morone, Migganelli, Varallo, Poggio, Bertano, and Camiani, the legations of Farnese, Cervini, Campegio, Aleander, and Sfondrato (Gotha-Berlin, 1892—). The second division covering the period 1560-72, was undertaken by the Austrian Institute; up to the present vols I and III, containing the reports of the nuncios Hosius and Belfino, have appeared (Vienna, 1897-1903). A third division, covering the years 1572-85, was also assigned to the Prussian institute which has already issued this series (Berlin, 1892—); vol. I, containing the struggle over Cologne; vol. II, containing the Diets of Ratisbon (1576) and of Augsburg (1582); vols. III-V, containing the nunciature of Bartolomæus of Portia. At this point begin the publications of the Institute of the Görresgesellschaft, which has so far edited in four volumes the reports of the nuncios Bonomi (Bonhomini), Santonio, Frangipani, Malaspina, and Sega, and the nunciature correspondence of Caspar Gropper (Paderborn, 1895—). The period assigned to this institute covers 1585-1605. With 1606 begins another period (the fourth division), assigned to the Prussian Institute and covering the seventeenth century. Of this division two volumes have been published containing the reports of the nuncio Paletto (Berlin, 1895—). In this way the material concerning the German nunciatures for the period from the beginning of the sixteenth to the middle of the seventeenth century, that is for the age of the Reformation, will be available at a not far distant date.
Professors Reinhard and Steffens of Fribourg undertook the editing of the nunciature reports for Switzerland and began with Nuncio Bonomi (Bonhomini), of whose reports one volume has been issued (Solothurn, 1907); the introductory volume completed by Steffens after Reinhard's death has since appeared (Solothurn, 1910). As regard other countries the reports of the nuncio Andrea da Burgo, who was in Hungary during the years 1524-6, have been issued in the "Monumenta Vaticana Hungariæ", second series, vol I: "Relationes oratorum pontificiorum" (Budapest, 1884). For France the publication of the nunciature reports has been begun in the "Archives de l'histoire religieusede France"; of this Fraikin undertook the nunciatures during the pontificate of Clement VII and has issued so far vol. I (Paris, 1906), covering the years 1525-7, and including the nunciatures of Capino da Capo and Roberto Acciainolo, and the legation of Cardinal Salviati. Ancel, meanwhile, began the nunciatures during the reign of Paul IV, and edited (vol. I, pt. i) the dispatches of Sebastiano Gualterio and Cesare Brancato (1554-7). The general reports of Ottavio Mirto Frangipani and Fabio della Lionessa, the nuncios in Flanders (1605 and 1634), have been published by Cauchie in the "Analectes pour servir à l'histoire ecclésiastique de la Belgique" (Louvain). The publication of the dispatches of the papal nunciature in Spain has been commenced by Hinojosa, "Los Despachos de la Diplomacia Pontificia en España", I (Madrid, 1896). So far no comprehensive publication of this kind has been undertaken for Italy, although individual reports have been published. Tolomei has treated the Venetian nunciature during the pontificate of Clement VII, "La nunziatura di Venezia nel pontificato di Clemente VII" (Turin, 1892), and Cursi has edited the dispatches that have been preserved of the legation of Giacomo Gherardi, "Dispacci e lettere di Giac. Gherardi, nunzio pontificio a Firenze e Milano, 11 settembre, 1487-10 ottobre, 1490", in "Studi e Testi", fasc. xxi (Rome, 1909). Besides these comprehensive publications various historians in treating the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in their works have made use of and published individual dispatches of this kind.
NUNCIO:PIEPER, Zur Entstehungsgesch. der ständigen Nuntiaturen (Freiburg, 1894); BAUDET, Les nonciatures apostoliques permanentes jusqu'en 1648 in Annales Academiæ Scientiarum Fennicæ (Helsinki, 1910); RICHARD, Origines des nonciatures permanentes in Revue d'hist. ecclés., VII (1906), 52-70, 217-238; IDEM, Origines de la nonciature de France in Revue des quest. histor., LXXVIII (1905), 103 sqq.; MEISTER, Die Nuntiatur von Neapel im 16. Jahrh. in Histor. Jahrb., XIV (1893), 70-82; IDEM, Zur spanischen Nuntiatur im 16. u. 17. Jahrh. in Röm. Quartalsch., VII (1893), 447-81; FRIEDENSBURG, Anfänge der Nuntiatur in Deutschland in Nuntiaturber. aus Deutschland I, part I, xxxviii, sqq.; PIEPER, Die päpstl. Legaten u. Nuntien in Deutschland, Frankreich u. Spanien seit der Mittel des 16. Jahrh., I (Münster, 1897); MAERE, Les origines de la nonciature de Flandre in Revue d'histoire ecclés., VII (1906) 5405-84, 805-25); DE HINOYOSA, Les despachos de la Diplomacia pontificia en España, I (Madrid, 1896); BAUMGARTEN, Der Papst, die Regierung u. Verwaltung der hl. Kirche in Rom (München, 1904), 447 sqq.
NUNCIATURE REPORTS: See the introductions to the different publications of the nunciature reports and the bibliography of the article NUNCIO.
APA citation. Kirsch, J.P. (1911). Nuncio. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11160a.htm
MLA citation. Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Nuncio." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11160a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by WGKofron. With thanks to St. Mary's Church, Akron, Ohio.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. February 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.


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Seeing Yank! A WWII Love Story on the day that the streets of London were thronged with people celebrating Pride made what was already a strong show into a properly special occasion. Joseph and David Zellnik's 2005 musical was first seen in the UK at Manchester's Hope Mill Theatre which, with its collaborations with Aria Entertainments, has fast become a real fringe powerhouse (their production of Hair also transfers to London later this year) and with James Baker's assured direction and James Cleeve's rapturous musical direction, it is easy to see the love happening here.
Yank! was written by the Zellniks as a deliberate homage to the musicals of the 1940s but it is a Second World War love story with a difference. Beginning as a rites of passage tale for the barely 18 year old Stu who finds himself drafted into the army in 1943, the story grows in stature as his first real taste of the outside world is accompanied by his tumbling head over heels for his handsome fellow conscript Mitch, the revelation that those feelings are reciprocated, and then the crushing realisation of the impossibility of living their lives as proud gay men, whether within the army or without.
I'm a sucker for a tragic wartime romance but I was surprised at how affecting I found this show. From Stu's blossoming from the shy schoolboy afraid to go into the showers with the other guys to the young man owning – and enjoying – his sexuality (an excellent Scott Hunter); the force with which Andy Coxon's powerfully-voiced Mitch tries to battle his internalised homophobia; the sensitive but intelligent ways in which the book details the way in which gay men and lesbians developed coping strategies and identified the sacrifices they were willing to make in order to live life in the open.
For all the lightness of touch – the comms office scene is glorious, and Chris Kiely's Artie has a wonderful spring in his step with Chris Cuming's choreography – the melancholy air of the impossibility of Stu and Mitch's happiness grounds Yank! with real heart and honesty. Sole woman in the cast Sarah-Louise Young further deepens this with her cabaret-style contributions reminding us of the wider world the soldiers are fighting for. And Baker's sureness with the material means that we're never left in any doubt as to the strength of the love at stake here, whichever shade of the rainbow it reflects.


Gogoro, a Taiwanese electric scooter company led by former HTC executive Horace Luke, has raised another $300 million as it looks to further expand to new regions and product categories. Japanese conglomerate Sumitomo and Singapore's Temasek are among those that are joining the latest round, which brings the company's total funding to roughly $480 million.
For now, Gogoro's main business is its scooter and battery-charging network in Taiwan, where it has 34,000 users and 400 battery-swap stations, including one every half a kilometer or so in big cities. Customers pay $10 to $30 per month, depending on usage. The company also has projects in Berlin and Paris, with close to 2,000 scooters in those cities.
What about a car? Luke wouldn't say what the next products will be, but did say there are nine different projects in various stages of development. "Some have wheels," he said. "Some don't. Some have more than two wheels. Some have less than two wheels."


In May, the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College issued a report titled 401(k) Lawsuits: What Are The Causes and Consequences? The report examines the rise of retirement plan litigation and explores its origins and the impact it has had on the retirement plan fees paid by millions of Americans.
The report concludes that retirement plan litigation, which was spearheaded by Schlichter Bogard & Denton in 2006, has caused retirement plan fees to come down dramatically over the past several years. The report further attributes increased fee transparency, greater use of passive investment options, and a decline in the use of risky specialty funds to this litigation.


The poet describes his oeuvre as "popular historical poetry," and the more than two hundred poems in this book are each marked by moments of trauma; populated by students, doctors, jailers, drunks, dignitaries, dictators, rapists, rightists, leftists, police spies, dogs, refugees, daughters, et al., this book enumerates the human costs of ideological displacement endured by Koreans across the twentieth century. The poems are, essentially, elegies: "Since Liberation, Korea has been a land of blood. / Every single nook and cranny of our whole peninsula / Has become a cursed place . . ." And so this volume serves as a testimony, a monumental feat of remembrance memorializing the lives of ordinary people interrupted by extraordinary events.
Musing on an earlier English-language translation of Maninbo (volumes 1–10, published by Green Integer in 2005), Robert Hass recalls a comment from Czesław Miłosz: "Woe to the poet born to an interesting piece of geography in a violent time." Striding across the Korean peninsula, Ko Un is a literary giant once described by Allen Ginsberg as a demon-driven bodhisattva. The poet suggests, "A home is a grave on a hill buried in the heart"; resettling domains of erasure and disappearance, Maninbo: Peace & War single-mindedly protects these human stories from the darkness of forgetting.
Italo Calvino. Martin McLaughlin, tr.


text:
import unittest
import cmath
import numpy as np
from scipy import integrate

from .. import polarization
from ...utils import instance
from ...patch import jsonpickle

class test_polarization(unittest.TestCase):
    def _equal_params(self, params1, params2):
        for k, v in params1.items():
            if instance.isstring(v):
                self.assertEqual(v, params2[k])
            else:
                np.testing.assert_allclose(v, params2[k])

    def _gen_jones(self, n=20):
        x = np.random.uniform(low=-10, high=10, size=4 * n).reshape((n, 4))
        for xi in x:
            yield polarization.Jones(xi[0] + xi[1] * 1j, xi[2] + xi[3] * 1j)

    def _gen_stokes(self, n=20):
        x = np.random.uniform(low=-10, high=10, size=3 * n).reshape((n, 3))
        for xi in x:
            S0 = np.sqrt(sum(xi[1:] ** 2)) * np.random.uniform(low=1, high=1.5)
            yield polarization.Stokes(S0, *xi)

    def test_convert_representation(self):
        def f1(x, attr):
            return getattr(x, attr)

        def f2(x, attr):
            return getattr(x, attr) % 360

        attrs = {
            "coherency_matrix": f1,
            "dop": f1,
            "dolp": f1,
            "docp": f1,
            "hdolp": f1,
            "polangle": f2,
        }

        for J1 in self._gen_jones():
            S1 = J1.to_stokes()
            J2 = S1.to_jones()
            S2 = J2.to_stokes()
            J3 = S2.to_jones()

            self._equal_params(J2.to_params(), J3.to_params())
            self._equal_params(S1.to_params(), S2.to_params())

            self.assertEqual(J1.dop, 1)

            for attr, f in attrs.items():
                a = f(J1, attr)
                np.testing.assert_allclose(a, f(S1, attr))
                np.testing.assert_allclose(a, f(J2, attr))
                np.testing.assert_allclose(a, f(S2, attr))
                np.testing.assert_allclose(a, f(J3, attr))

            np.testing.assert_allclose(J1.norm, J2.norm)
            np.testing.assert_allclose(
                J1.phase_difference % 360, J2.phase_difference % 360
            )
            np.testing.assert_allclose(J2.to_numpy(), J3.to_numpy())
            np.testing.assert_allclose(S1.to_numpy(), S2.to_numpy())
            np.testing.assert_allclose(S1.to_numpy(), S2.to_numpy())

    def test_stokes(self):
        for S in self._gen_stokes():
            tmp = S.decompose()
            Spol, Sunpol = tmp["pol"], tmp["unpol"]
            np.testing.assert_allclose(
                S.intensity, S.intensity_polarized + S.intensity_unpolarized
            )
            np.testing.assert_allclose(S.intensity_polarized, Spol.intensity)
            np.testing.assert_allclose(S.intensity_unpolarized, Sunpol.intensity)
            np.testing.assert_allclose(S.dop, S.intensity_polarized / S.intensity)

            np.testing.assert_allclose(
                S.coherency_matrix, Spol.coherency_matrix + Sunpol.coherency_matrix
            )

            J = S.to_jones(allowloss=True)
            np.testing.assert_allclose(J.intensity, Spol.intensity)

            S2 = polarization.Stokes.from_params(**S.to_params())
            np.testing.assert_allclose(S.to_numpy(), S2.to_numpy())

    def test_jones(self):
        for J in self._gen_jones():
            np.testing.assert_allclose(
                J.to_numpy(), J.to_stokes().to_jones(phase0=J.phase0).to_numpy()
            )
            np.testing.assert_allclose(J.coherency_matrix.trace(), J.norm ** 2)

            J2 = polarization.Jones.from_params(**J.to_params())
            np.testing.assert_allclose(J.to_numpy(), J2.to_numpy())

            J.plot_efield(animate=True)

    def test_intensity(self):
        for J in self._gen_jones():
            S = J.to_stokes()
            Jparams = J.to_params()
            Sparams = S.to_params()
            IJ, IS = np.random.uniform(low=1, high=10, size=2)
            J.intensity = IJ
            S.intensity = IS
            Jparams["intensity"] = IJ
            Sparams["intensity"] = IS
            self._equal_params(J.to_params(), Jparams)
            self._equal_params(S.to_params(), Sparams)

        for S in self._gen_stokes():
            Sparams = S.to_params()
            IS = np.random.uniform(low=1, high=10)
            S.intensity = IS
            Sparams["intensity"] = IS
            self._equal_params(S.to_params(), Sparams)

    def test_rotate(self):
        for J1 in self._gen_jones():
            S1 = J1.to_stokes()

            azimuth = np.random.uniform(low=0, high=2 * np.pi)  # change-of-frame

            J2 = J1.rotate(azimuth)
            S2 = S1.rotate(azimuth)

            self._equal_params(S2.to_params(), J2.to_stokes().to_params())

            R = polarization.JonesMatrixRotation(-azimuth)
            Ri = polarization.JonesMatrixRotation(azimuth)

            np.testing.assert_allclose(
                R.dot(J1.coherency_matrix).dot(Ri), J2.coherency_matrix
            )
            np.testing.assert_allclose(
                R.dot(S1.coherency_matrix).dot(Ri), S2.coherency_matrix
            )

    def test_thomson(self):
        for J1 in self._gen_jones():
            S1 = J1.to_stokes()

            azimuth = np.random.uniform(low=0, high=2 * np.pi)
            polar = np.random.uniform(low=0, high=np.pi)

            J2 = J1.thomson_scattering(azimuth, polar)
            S2 = S1.thomson_scattering(azimuth, polar)

            self._equal_params(S2.to_params(), J2.to_stokes().to_params())

            angle = polarization.ThomsonRotationAngle(azimuth)  # change-of-frame
            R = polarization.JonesMatrixRotation(-angle)
            Ri = polarization.JonesMatrixRotation(angle)
            Mth = polarization.JonesMatrixThomson(polar)
            Mthi = Mth

            np.testing.assert_allclose(
                Mth.dot(R).dot(J1.coherency_matrix).dot(Ri).dot(Mthi),
                J2.coherency_matrix,
            )
            np.testing.assert_allclose(
                Mth.dot(R).dot(S1.coherency_matrix).dot(Ri).dot(Mthi),
                S2.coherency_matrix,
            )
            np.testing.assert_allclose(
                S2.intensity, S1.thomson_intensity(azimuth, polar)
            )

            def integrand(azimuth, polar):
                return S1.thomson_intensity(
                    np.degrees(azimuth), np.degrees(polar)
                ) * np.sin(polar)

            thomsonsc = (
                integrate.dblquad(
                    integrand, 0, np.pi, lambda x: 0, lambda x: 2 * np.pi
                )[0]
                / S1.intensity
            )
            np.testing.assert_allclose(thomsonsc, 8 * np.pi / 3)

    def test_compton(self):
        for S1 in self._gen_stokes():

            azimuth = np.random.uniform(low=0, high=2 * np.pi)
            polar = np.random.uniform(low=0, high=np.pi)
            energy = np.random.uniform(low=5.0, high=20.0)

            S2 = S1.compton_scattering(azimuth, polar, energy)

            np.testing.assert_allclose(
                S2.intensity, S1.compton_intensity(azimuth, polar, energy)
            )

    def test_serialize(self):
        g1 = next(iter(self._gen_jones()))
        g2 = jsonpickle.loads(jsonpickle.dumps(g1))
        self.assertEqual(g1, g2)
        g1 = next(iter(self._gen_stokes()))
        g2 = jsonpickle.loads(jsonpickle.dumps(g1))
        self.assertEqual(g1, g2)

def test_suite():
    """Test suite including all test suites"""
    testSuite = unittest.TestSuite()
    testSuite.addTest(test_polarization("test_jones"))
    testSuite.addTest(test_polarization("test_stokes"))
    testSuite.addTest(test_polarization("test_convert_representation"))
    testSuite.addTest(test_polarization("test_intensity"))
    testSuite.addTest(test_polarization("test_rotate"))
    testSuite.addTest(test_polarization("test_thomson"))
    testSuite.addTest(test_polarization("test_compton"))
    testSuite.addTest(test_polarization("test_serialize"))
    return testSuite

if __name__ == "__main__":
    import sys

    mysuite = test_suite()
    runner = unittest.TextTestRunner()
    if not runner.run(mysuite).wasSuccessful():
        sys.exit(1)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It's the most wonderful season of the year . . . Halloween . . . which means it's time for the media center's annual Spooky Books Trivia! Mrs. Baker will present trivia questions based upon the spooky books featured throughout October. Students are encouraged to submit their answers for chances to win awesome prizes! Be sure to tune into the morning news for all the details! And, of course, visit the media center to get in the Halloween spirit! Check out a fun read, and snap a selfie in the Getting Spooky Photo Booth.


Discussion in 'Mac mini' started by mjoshi123, Nov 17, 2012.
Is there anything specific that I'd need to do for using SSD as my primary disc and HDD as secondary ? I know in PC world you could go into BIOS as well as set the jumpers on HDD to work as primary or secondary. How does it work with Mac ? I did similar thing with my macbook pro in past but at that time I moved existing HDD to DVD drive slot so there was no confusion with regards to which one is primary disc.
You would need to purchase an additional SATA cable for the MM.
Why not upgrade your spinner to the SSD and use the spinner in a USB3.0 caddy?
I plan to buy a Mini soon and will be adding an SSD by putting it in an external enclosure and connecting it via USB3. Should be way more than fast enough for my needs. I have seen YouTube videos of people transferring over 450 MB/s via USB3 which I believe is faster than my SSD is even capable of.
As for the master/slave settings you're referring to, that's for IDE drives, not SATA. You shouldn't have to do anything special to get an SSD working with a Mac Mini other than connecting it.
Dont consider using the SSD as the main boot drive over USB3.0.
I'm planning on getting data doubler kit from OWC, they also supply SATA cable along with it.
Reason for not upgrading spinner to USB3.0 is than it will take away one USB 3.0 port.
So what are you doing with the other 3 USB3 ports?
Why would I waste one port for a drive when I already have space inside mini for it ?


The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) has denied a challenge to its ruling that wireless carriers are not required to share access to their networks with companies that do not own cellular airwaves of their own. As previously reported by MVNO Monday, in August last year the Canadian Network Operators Consortium (CNOC) – an industry group representing 37 independent ISPs – asked the watchdog to 'review and vary' part of its May 2015 decision on competition, asserting that the current rules offer little in the way of regulatory support for would-be MVNOs. Last week the CRTC responded to the August appeal, ruling that the original decision would stand, since the facts and arguments since then had not substantially changed since its initial ruling. In its decision, the CRTC noted: 'On balance … the Commission determined that the benefits of mandating MVNO access services were outweighed by the impact on overall wireless network investment … In fact, the evidence submitted during the wholesale mobile wireless service proceeding demonstrated that multiple wireless carriers had the ability to self-supply or to successfully negotiate access to the towers and sites of other wireless carriers. In addition, given that the Commission's current powers under the Act [Telecom Regulatory Policy 2015-177] allow it to impose conditions related to tower and site sharing services, as well as to make findings of unjust discrimination and undue preference with respect to the provision of these services, the Commission determined that no further regulatory intervention was required'.
The Czech Telecommunication Office (CTU) has reportedly ordered mobile network operators (MNOs) to lower the wholesale prices charged to MVNOs, following an investigation into the ability of MVNOs to replicate the retail prices of MNOs – based on the current wholesale reference offers relating to LTE access. The purpose of the assessment was to establish whether wholesale prices allow the alternative operators to run a profitable business in the retail market. The regulator conducted a similar assessment back in March 2015.
Elsewhere in the Czech Republic, Kaktus, the T-Mobile sub-brand that launched in October 2013, has announced that its user base has reached 100,000. The operator, which has sought to distinguish itself primarily by providing a customer-focused support set-up via Facebook. Data usage reportedly accounted for 45% of Kaktus' revenues in full-year 2015, with voice calls and SMS accounting for 32% and 23% of sales, respectively.
Slovak Telecom has unveiled its own sub-brand in the form of discount operator Juro. The new unit, which asserts that its pricing strategy undercuts tariffs offered by the likes of FunFon and Tesco Mobile, utilises imagery associated with Slovak folk hero Juro Janosik – a much-loved symbol of resistance to oppression.
Finally, the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) has taken Lycamobile Australia to task over its refusal to comply with the Telecommunications Consumer Protections Code (TCP). An investigation by the authority found that the UK-owned MVNO had failed to keep any records of due response dates for its complaints, and in some limited circumstances had not advised customers of delays in dealing with their complaints or kept records of proposed resolutions. Lycamobile has agreed to undertake a review its complaints-handling record-keeping to ensure it meets the requirements of the TCP.


text:
#curveballs, Being a woman, Heart, Life matters, Parent ponders, Patient journey
When MOM'S GET SICK… the GUILT can be the worst bit
June 17, 2021 September 15, 2021 Pauline O'Shea, @thehealingoflife blog...
Holding my new-born and delighting in her arrival, I had no idea that my coronary artery was about to threaten our ability to ever have a relationship.
Birth is such a time of newness, hope and promise, that the thoughts of death and ending are probably at their most alien. And for other good reasons too. When we hold our new-borns, motherly instinct usually has us feeling more like a tiger ready to kill for our baby's protection, than to consider the prospect of them being alone and without us. In fact, the pain of thinking of a new-born being left without a mother brings horror to most people's minds.
But moms are not invincible creatures. We may seem super-human at times, doing, organising, knowing, and delivering to our children's needs, but we are flesh and bone and body parts and sometimes, those body parts do not work.
My case was complicated. My artery tore suddenly, five days after the birth, but no one, not even the medics identified it, despite symptoms of sweating, nausea, ripping chest pain, raised troponin, all the classic signs that I had had a heart attack (because the ripped wall of the artery had blocked blood flow through my heart). But I was also 38, female, slim (yes my body always returned to near nine stone only days after birthing) and had just delivered a baby. I didn't 'look' sick, so I ended up being misdiagnosed with a 'virus', told to rest and sent home.
But how does a mother of a new baby and two energetic boys rest? I tried of course, but my instincts lay with being maternal and extra maternal in terms of having a new-born, so it was next to impossible to focus on just me.
But the sweating and nausea and ripping sensations in my chest continued. Yet all those had existed from the start, and I had been told it was a virus at the hospital, so I stayed at home, with my torn artery, three kids, husband and two further heart attacks.
When I got too weak to even have the baby lie on my arm when lying in bed, I felt so guilty that I was being such a bad mother to her, unable to tolerate her little head on my arm, for it being too heavy. How pathetic I was being over a virus I thought. What was wrong with me? I felt so guilty with my boys too, when they bounced on my bed with Easter eggs and wanted to show me their LEGO creations and me only able to offer them a watery smile, before asking my husband if he could bring them downstairs, so I could sleep.
I didn't know at the time of course, but my body was fighting for its life. My heart muscle had been so badly damaged by the then, three heart attacks, that it wasn't able to beat properly. I was lucky I was still alive. But as I lay in bed, I felt bad, not for me, but because I felt I was being a bad mother, letting my baby down, my boys down and a bad wife, because their father was now so over stretched with work, while I was just 'lying in bed'.
After my GP came to see me at home and advised me that I was experiencing tachycardia and needed to get back into hospital, I felt guilty leaving my family and fearful now too as to what was in store for them with me being gone.
It was only after a cardiac arrest and resuscitation in the hospital that I was transferred to another hospital, where emergency open heart surgery became the only way to save my life. But even in that ambulance trip and in ICU and in the high dependency wards that came after, I felt guilty that I was not there for my children, guilty that my husband was in such a battle now between family and hospital, guilty that my aging parents were having to deal with all this, the only respite to guilt coming from feelings of fear or grief, from all that was to come and had happened.
After surgery they told me that though they had replaced the artery with a bypass, some of my heart was now dead and that what remained had a function the same as that of a seventy-year-old. I remember my first thought being, how will I raise my kids? My second, what if they are left motherless from here, terrified and guilty, yet again, that they didn't have a more medically sound mother than me.
Mothers are programmed to nurture, but sometimes in all the nurturing, we forget our humanity, our limits, our own need for nurturing. Even when lying in ICU, under the influence of high levels of morphine, I was apparently asking what was going into the boys' lunchboxes for school.
I tell this story not to reflect myself as some martyr to motherhood, but to highlight how real a difficulty it can be to treat ourselves as humane, once we are mothers and especially if we get ill. Even when life is screaming at us in an ICU to just focus on getting better, we can wrestle with, guilt, anxiety, and feelings of being pathetic, because we are not living up to our ideals for the role.
On the flip side, I have often said it was the very fact that I was a mother that I got through the tough recovery, because I wanted to be alive for my kids, and that encouraged me to take the steps, to eat the meals and to force myself to rest, even when I didn't want to.
But yet, even in recovery, 'for them', I had to fight off the guilt and feelings of being pathetic too, when I had to lie on the couch at home, to accept myself as that flesh and bones mother, instead of that super-human one, I think I thought I should be.
So to all mom's out there, I think we need to re-draw the image of moms in our minds, not as endless sources of everything a family needs, but as human creatures performing superhuman things most days, but sometimes just needing to down tools like everyone else.
But knowing our motherly instincts, our wiring for nurture, our societal norms, and our emotional connections, we may need lots and lots and lots and lots of reminding, encouraging and reassuring from those that love us, from other mom's, from our society, that guilt-free, anxiety-free, judgement-free, self-nurture is vital for mom, both in times of illness and in order to stay well!
It is perhaps the love, support and encouragement not just for, but from, others in our lives, that could prove most crucial to a mother allowing herself some compassion when she gets ill and that guilt-free recovery time always.
Le grà, Pauline
© Pauline O'Shea
PS You can view previous blogposts by clicking here
PPS You can follow this blog by subscribing through email, or by following 'The healing of life' Facebook or Instagram pages through this link
Tagged #beingawoman, #curveballs, #heart, #lifematters, #parentponders, #patientjourney
Published by Pauline O'Shea, @thehealingoflife blog...
Patient Advocate/ Advocacy Campaign Manager, Irish Heart Foundation / Founder SCAD Ireland / Public Speaker / Writer / Health and wellness marketer / and last but by no means least, Parent, to three great kids! View all posts by Pauline O'Shea, @thehealingoflife blog...
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text:
Laurence Stephen Lowry – SOLD
Laurence Stephen Lowry - SOLD
Artist : Laurence Stephen Lowry
Sitter : Family group
Laurence Stephen Lowry RA RSBA
Family Group
Monty Bloom Collection
With Hamet Gallery, London, 29 September 1972, where acquired by
Mrs. Helen Keith-Roach
Private Collection, U.K.
Southport, Atkinson Art Gallery, The Bloom Collection, 1967
London, Hamet Gallery, L.S. Lowry, 21 September-21 October 1972,
cat.no.5
LS Lowry was born in Rusholme, Manchester in November 1887. His family moved to Pendlebury on the outskirts of Salford in 1909 where he was to live for almost 40 years. Lowry then moved to Mottram where he lived until his death in 1976.
Lowry's interest in drawing began when he was just eight years old. In 1915 he enrolled as a part-time student at the Municipal College of Art in Manchester, later to be known as Manchester College of Art. Despite an introduction to the Impressionist style from his tutor Adolphe Valette and from private classes with the American portrait painter William Fitz, Lowry developed his own individual style, gathering inspiration from the surrounding landscape of busy cotton mills, terraced houses and the bustle of the working classes.
In 1918 Lowry attended life classes at Manchester Academy of Fine Arts. In all, his studies continued for over 20 years. In 1919 he exhibited at the Manchester Academy of Fine Art and later at the Paris Salon and the New English Art Club in Dublin and Manchester. He had a solo exhibition of drawings in 1930 at the Roundhouse in Manchester but had little widespread success until his first solo exhibition at the Reid & Lefevre Gallery in London in 1939 from which a piece was purchased by the Tate.However, instead of being a springboard to continued recognition, the war intervened, and it was 1945 before Lowry began at long last to make a profit from his art.From this point on, continued exhibitions at Lefevre and elsewhere cemented his reputation.He exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1939 and was elected a Royal Academician
in 1962. He became a member of the Royal Society of British Artists in Suffolk Street and the Manchester Academy of Fine Art in 1934 and of the London Group in 1948. Retrospective exhibitions of his work were held at the Manchester City Art Gallery in 1959 and the Royal Academy in 1976.
Lowry's work is represented in many public galleries, including the Tate Gallery in London and the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The Lowry Centre in Salford Quays, Greater Manchester, now holds a major collection of his work.
In his later years L.S. Lowry posed for a charming black and white photograph holding a cup and saucer, beside a variety of his paintings positioned on easels (see image below). Propped carefully on top of four other pictures, the painting can be seen unframed next to Lowry dressed in his artist's overalls. These figure groups only began to emerge in Lowry's work in the 1950s and would sometimes incorporate just a singular person, whilst others show more complex juxtapositions of adults and children, perhaps with a dog or cat. Many were painted without any context, like we see in Family Group, so that the spectator has only the figures themselves to concentrate on; others were placed in domestic settings or urban streets.This painting was originally owned by Monty Bloom, a passionate collector who owned over a hundred of his works, mostly figure paintings.
Laurence Stephen Lowry RA RSBA 1887 - 1976
Nationality: British
Oil on panel, signed and dated 1951
Panel size: 9 x 6in / 23 x 15cm
John William Godward – SOLD⟶


Investigating study about the use of interactive whiteboard by teachers in Saudi Arabia in public schools.
I want the writer to write the First part of the literature review chapter in my dissertation.
Dissertation Title: Investigating study about the use of interactive whiteboard by teachers in Saudi Arabia in public schools.
This chapter will be divided into two main sections. The first one is about the interactive whiteboard and this is the chapter that I want the writer to do it for me next I will write about the education in Saudi Arabia and how the IWB has been used there.
For examples: Technical Support and Pedagogical Support or benefit and cricatisms, could be two main examples in the challenges.


NASHVILLE, Tenn. – A record number of voters have cast ballots during early voting for the Tennessee primary election.
The Tennessean (http://tnne.ws/1o3Ajgd) reports that data from the secretary of state's office showed more than 550,000 ballots were cast from July 18 through Saturday, when early voting ended. The newspaper reported that is more than any statewide total for an August election on record, according to data.
Headlining the ballot are races for U.S. Senate and House seats.
The ballot also includes primaries for state legislative seats; county races, judgeships and school board positions; and retention elections for state appellate judges.
With an especially long primary ballot, Secretary of State Tre Hargett had recommended that voters cast their ballots early.


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(Newser) – A bag of Indian diplomatic mail bound for the US has been found 46 years after the plane transporting it crashed in the Alps, killing all 117 people on board. A mountain rescue worker found the bag and other debris from the doomed Air India plane after tourists reported seeing something shining in a glacier on Mont Blanc, reports the BBC. The Mumbai-New York flight crashed into the mountain in 1966 as it descended for a scheduled stop in Geneva.
And a black fountain pen that still worked.


As the tradition goes, the designers' identity was not revealed until the princess stepped out from the chapel. Eugenie flaunted a few of dresses in previous occasions. In this special occasion, she relied on the duo to make her dream gown.


text:
Silver Spring è un census-designated place degli Stati Uniti d'America, nella contea di Montgomery, nello stato del Maryland. Silver Spring è la sede e il quartier generale della Chiesa Cristiana Avventista del Settimo Giorno e della Food and Drug Administration. È anche la sede di Hope Channel e Adventist World Radio, rete televisiva e radio ufficiali della Chiesa.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Census-designated place del Maryland
Avventismo


text:
Highland Park emerges as Lions' opponent
By Derrick Stuckly � Brownwood Bulletin
With six consecutive postseason victories to their credit, the Brownwood Lions are riding one of the biggest waves of momentum of any of the 16 teams remaining in the Class 4A baseball playoffs. But to make possibly the deepest postseason trek in the history of the program, the Lions will have to get past a team that�s on quite a roll itself � the Highland Park Scots.
The Lions (22-11) and Highland Park (32-9) will play a Region II-4A semifinals best-of-three series at Weatherford High School on Thursday and Saturday. There will be no game Friday due to graduation ceremonies.
Game 1 is scheduled for 7:30 p.m. Thursday, while Game 2 will start at 4 p.m. Saturday. Game 3, if needed, will begin 30 minutes after Game 2�s completion.
Brownwood swept its second straight playoff series to reach the fourth round for the first time since 1990, while Highland Park defeated Nacogdoches, 13-0, Saturday night in the final game of their best-of-three series to advance to the regional semifinals for the sixth time in seven years.
The Scots have also been to the state tournament three times since 1997 and captured the Class 4A state championship in 1998.
Highland Park�s loss in Game 1 Thursday was its first defeat since March 24. But the Scots regrouped and outscored Nacogdoches 19-4 over the final 12 innings of the series.
After opening District 10-4A action with four consecutive losses, Highland Park has won 18 of its last 19 games. The Scots � who have not allowed more than six runs in any game during their recent streak � rebounded to finish in a three-way tie for second place with Rockwall Heath and Richardson Pierce, three games behind 10-4A champion Mesquite Poteet.
Poteet (30-4) will be playing in the other regional semifinal series as its takes on 15-4A co-champion Corsicana (25-5). Corsicana eliminated 16-4A schools Midway and Copperas Cove from the playoffs, while Brownwood knocked out 15-4A representatives Midlothian and Waxahachie.
The winners of the Brownwood-Highland Park series and the Mesquite Poteet-Corsicana series will clash the weekend of June 1-3 for the right to represent Region II at the Class 4A state tournament at Dell Diamond in Round Rock June 8-9.


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