text:
\section{Introduction}

In order to explain the observational results about current accelerated expansion of the Universe, we need to modify
the Einstein equation or introduce the anisotropic metric. The standard way to explain the accelerated expansion of the
Universe is by introducing the new energy called ``dark energy," or revising the left-hand side of the Einstein equation to obtain ``modified gravity."
The most popular model of these is the Lambda cold dark matter
 ($\Lambda$CDM) model because of its simplicity.
The $\Lambda$CDM model is given by introducing the contributions from the cosmological constant and the cold dark matter
into the Einstein equation.
However, an extraordinary fine-tuning for the value of the cosmological constant is necessary to explain the observational results, because
the typical scale of gravity $M_{\mathrm{Pl}}$ is much larger than the observed scale of the critical density $\sim 10^{-3} \,$eV.
Therefore, there have been suggested many dark energy models and modified gravity models to
relax the fine-tuning problem.
As an example of modified gravity models, there are $F(R)$ gravity models\cite{fr,Nojiri:2006ri,Sotiriou:2008rp,DeFelice:2010aj,Nojiri:2010wj}.
$F(R)$ gravity models are described as an extension of the Einstein-Hilbert action to have higher power terms of the scalar curvature $R$.
Today, viable $F(R)$ gravity models cannot be distinguished from the $\Lambda$CDM model by the observational data of the background evolution,
so it is necessary to evaluate carefully the perturbations in these models.
The perturbations in $F(R)$ gravity models had been also examined before the discovery of the current accelerated expansion of the Universe\cite{SS,Hwang}.
However, we need to reconsider the perturbations
because the matter can be negligible during the inflationary era of the early universe, but
the matter is an essential component of the late-time Universe.
And we are interested in the evolution of the matter density perturbation.
In this paper, not only quasi-static solutions, but also oscillating solutions of the matter density perturbation are investigated
by analytic calculations.
By numerical calculations,
this oscillating behavior of the matter density perturbation has been found in
L.~Pogosian and A.~Silvestri\cite{oci1} and S.~Carloni,  E.~Elizalde, and S.~Odintsov\cite{oci2}.
The behavior of the matter density perturbation in $F(R)$ gravity models with singular evolutions of the physical parameters are also investigated.

In Sec.~II, the matter density perturbation is investigated by using some approximations and as applications,
the perturbation is considered in the models which have singular behavior of some parameters.
Section III begins from the derivation of the differential equation without using any approximations\cite{E}, and
the behavior of the matter density perturbation is investigated while using the case analysis.
The popular viable models of $F(R)$ gravity are considered in Sec.~IV.
And concluding remarks are given in Sec.~V.
The units of $k_\mathrm{B} = c = \hbar = 1$ are used and
gravitational constant $8 \pi G$ is denoted by
${\kappa}^2 \equiv 8\pi/{M_{\mathrm{Pl}}}^2$
with the Planck mass of $M_{\mathrm{Pl}} = G^{-1/2} = 1.2 \times 10^{19}$GeV in this paper.
\section{Perturbative equations and approximated calculations}
\subsection{Background equations and linearized equations}
Here, we adopt the following action as a form of $F(R)$ gravity models:
\begin{align}
S=\frac{1}{2 \kappa ^2} \int d^4 x \sqrt{-g} \left [ R+f(R) \right ]+S_\mathrm{matter},
\label{10}
\end{align}
where $f$ is an arbitrary function of the scalar curvature $R$, and $f(R)$
represents the deviation from the Einstein gravity.
When we use the spatially flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric, $ds^2 = a^2(\eta) (d\eta^2-\sum_{i=1}^3 dx^i dx^i)$,
the Friedmann-Lemaitre equations are written by
\begin{align}
\frac{3\mathcal{H}'}{a^2}(1+f_{R})-\frac{1}{2}(R+f)
-\frac{3\mathcal{H}}{a^2}f_{R}' &=- \kappa ^2 \rho
\label{FL00}, \\
\frac{1}{a^2}(\mathcal{H}'+2\mathcal{H}^2)(1+f_{R})
-\frac{1}{2}(R+f)-\frac{1}{a^2}(\mathcal{H} f_{R}'+f_{R}'') &= \kappa^2 w \rho
\label{FLii},
\end{align}
where $R = 6a^{-2} (\mathcal{H}'+\mathcal{H}^2)$, $f_{R} \equiv df(R)/dR$, and
the prime represents the differentiation with respect to conformal time $\eta$.
$\rho$ is the energy density of the matter coming from the variation of $S_\mathrm{matter}$
and $w$ is the equation of state parameter expressed by $w=p/ \rho$.
The Hubble rate with respect to conformal time $\mathcal{H}$ is defined by $\mathcal{H}\equiv a'/a$.
The equation of continuity is written as follows:
\begin{equation}
\rho'+3(1+w)\mathcal{H}\rho = 0.
\label{15}
\end{equation}
The above equations (\ref{FL00})--(\ref{15}) are background equations of the Universe.

On the other hand, $(00)$, $(ii)$, $(0i)=(i0)$, and $(ij)$, $i\neq j$ elements of the linearized Einstein equation in
the Fourier space
are represented as follows, respectively, when we use the metric of the Newtonian gauge,
$ds^2 = a^2(\eta) [(1+2\Phi) d\eta^2- (1+2\Psi)\sum_{i=1}^3 dx^i dx^i ]$:
\begin{align}
(1+f_{R}) \{ &-k^2(\Phi+\Psi)-3\mathcal{H}(\Phi'+\Psi')+(3\mathcal{H}'
-6\mathcal{H}^2)\Phi-3\mathcal{H}'\Psi \} \nonumber \\
&+f'_{R}(-9\mathcal{H}\Phi+3\mathcal{H}\Psi-3\Psi')\,=\,\kappa ^2 \rho a^2 \delta
\label{R00}, \\
(1+f_{R})\{ \Phi''+&\Psi''+3\mathcal{H}(\Phi'+\Psi')
+3\mathcal{H}'\Phi+(\mathcal{H}'+ 2\mathcal{H}^2)\Psi \} \nonumber \\
+&f'_{R}(3\mathcal{H}\Phi-\mathcal{H}\Psi+3\Phi') + f''_{R}(3\Phi-\Psi)\,=\,
c_{s}^{2} \kappa ^2 \rho a^2 \delta
\label{Rii}, \\
(1+f_{R})\{ \Phi'&+\Psi'+\mathcal{H}(\Phi+\Psi) \}+f'_{R}(2\Phi-\Psi)\,=\,
- \kappa ^2 \rho a^2 (1+w) v
\label{R0i}, \\
\Phi-\Psi - \frac{2f_{RR}}{a^2(1+f_{R})}& \{ 3\Psi''+6(\mathcal{H}'+\mathcal{H}^2)\Phi
+3\mathcal{H}(\Phi'+3\Psi')-k^2(\Phi-2\Psi) \} = 0
\label{Rij}.
\end{align}
Here, we define the sound speed by $c_\mathrm{s}^2 \equiv \delta p / \delta \rho$ and the matter density perturbation by
$\delta \equiv \delta \rho / \rho$,
to express Eqs.~(\ref{R00})--(\ref{Rij}).
From the perturbation of the equation of continuity, $\nabla _\mu T^{\mu \nu}=0$, we have
\begin{equation}
3\Psi'(1+w)-\delta'+3 \mathcal{H}(w-c_\mathrm{s}^2)\delta +k^2(1+w)v=0
\label{T0}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\Phi+\frac{c_{s}^2}{1+w}\delta+v'+\mathcal{H}v(1-3w)=0.
\label{Ti}
\end{equation}
We treat the equation of state parameter and the sound speed of the matter as $w=c_\mathrm{s}=0$ by assuming
the era after matter dominance.

\subsection{Sub-horizon approximation}
In the following, we derive the differential equation of the matter density perturbation by
using sub-horizon approximation. Oscillating solutions cannot be, however, derived by such a procedure
as shown in the $k$-essence model \cite{kperturbation}, so we will discuss them in the next subsection.
Formally, sub-horizon approximation is given as $\partial/\partial \eta \sim \mathcal{H} \ll k$.
It contains two approximations, which are small scale approximation $\mathcal{H} \ll k$ and quasi-static approximation
$\partial/\partial \eta \sim \mathcal{H}$.
From now on, we apply sub-horizon approximation to Eqs.~(\ref{R00})--(\ref{Rij}) to
deduce the equation of the matter density perturbation; then it is necessary to be careful of the order of
calculations.
Unlike in the case of the exact calculations, the procedure to derive the equation of the matter density
perturbation is not unique in the approximated calculations.
For example, we can choose at least two procedures to derive the equation with respect to $\delta$ when
$\vert f_\mathrm{RR} \vert k^2/a^2 \ll 1$.
The first procedure is as follows:
\begin{enumerate}
 \item Combining Eqs.~(\ref{T0}) and (\ref{Ti}) to erase $v$.
 \item From Eq.~(\ref{Rij}), reading a relation $\Phi \thickapprox \Psi$.
 \item By using a sub-horizon approximation, we obtain $-2 k^2(1+f_R)\Phi \thickapprox
 \kappa ^2 \rho a^2 \delta$ from Eq.~(\ref{R00}).
 \item Gathering the above equations gives the equation only described by the parameter $\delta$.
\end{enumerate}
The other procedure is as follows:
\begin{enumerate}
 \item Combining Eqs.~(\ref{R0i}) and (\ref{T0}) to erase $v$.
 \item From Eq.~(\ref{Rij}), reading a relation $\Phi \thickapprox \Psi$.
 \item By using a sub-horizon approximation, we obtain $-2 k^2(1+f_R)\Phi \thickapprox
 \kappa ^2 \rho a^2 \delta$ from Eq.~(\ref{R00}).
 \item Gathering the above equations gives the equation only described by the parameter $\delta$.
\end{enumerate}
The only difference between the two procedures is the first step.
Because of it, the derived equations, however, become quite different.
So we should be sure of which is the correct equation. The answer is obvious.
The approximated calculations we considered by now are only correct at the leading order, but the cancellation of
the leading order happened in the second procedure, so that the correct equation is the first one:
\begin{align}
\delta '' + \mathcal{H} \delta ' - \frac{3a^2 \Omega_{\mathrm m}}{2(1+f_R)} \delta = 0.
\label{301}
\end{align}
Similarly, when $\vert f_\mathrm{RR} \vert k^2/a^2 \gg 1$, we have the following equation by using sub-horizon
approximation:
\begin{align}
\delta '' + \mathcal{H} \delta ' - \frac{2a^2 \Omega_{\mathrm m}}{(1+f_R)} \delta = 0,
\label{302}
\end{align}
because a relation $\Phi \thickapprox 2 \Psi$ can be read from Eq.(\ref{Rij}).

\subsection{The approximation of ultra-relativistic variation}
As referred in the last subsection, oscillating solutions cannot be derived by sub-horizon approximation,
so we use the approximation of ultra-relativistic variation $\partial/\partial \eta \sim k$ and
small scale approximation $\mathcal{H} \ll k$ instead.
To obtain the equation of $\delta$, we first assume a relation $\Phi \thickapprox -\Psi$
from the leading terms of Eq. (\ref{Rii}). And then, Eq. (\ref{Rij}) gives
\begin{align}
\Psi + \frac{3 f_{RR}}{a^2(1+f_R)}(\Psi'' + k^2 \Psi) \thickapprox 0.
\label{303}
\end{align}
If $\vert f_{RR} \vert k^2/a^2 \ll 1$, there is an obvious solution so that
the $F(R)$ gravity models which satisfy the condition $\vert f_{RR} \vert k^2/a^2 \ll 1$ do not have
oscillating solutions of $\Psi$ and $\delta$ within the form of $\mathrm{e}^{ik\eta}$.
On the other hand, if $\vert f_{RR} \vert k^2/a^2 \gg 1$, $\Psi$ should satisfy the equation,
$\Psi'' + k^2 \Psi \thickapprox 0$.
The solutions of it is,
\begin{align}
\Psi = C_1 \mathrm{e}^{-ik \eta} + C_2 \mathrm{e}^{ik \eta},
\label{304}
\end{align}
where $C_1$ and $C_2$ are integration constants.
Then, combining Eqs. (\ref{T0}) and (\ref{Ti}) gives a relation between $\delta$ and $\Psi$ as
$\delta '' \thickapprox 2 \Psi ''$, so we have solutions of $\delta$:
\begin{align}
\delta = 2C_1 \mathrm{e}^{-ik \eta} + 2C_2 \mathrm{e}^{ik \eta} + C_3 \eta + C_4,
\label{305}
\end{align}
where $C_3$ and $C_4$ are integration constants.
However, the behavior of the oscillating solutions are not only determined by the
leading order terms. Therefore, calculations without approximations are necessary for correct evaluations.
\subsection{The behavior near the singularity}
It is known that there are several future singularity scenarios of the Universe\cite{singular, reconstruction},
\begin{itemize}
\item Type I (''Big Rip'') : For $t \to t_s$, $a \to \infty$,
$\rho_\mathrm{eff} \to \infty$, and $\left|p_\mathrm{eff}\right| \to \infty$.
This also includes the case of $\rho_\mathrm{eff}$, $p_\mathrm{eff}$ being
finite at $t_s$.
\item Type II (''Sudden'') : For $t \to t_s$, $a \to a_s$,
$\rho_\mathrm{eff} \to \rho_s$, and $\left|p_\mathrm{eff}\right| \to \infty$.
\item Type III : For $t \to t_s$, $a \to a_s$,
$\rho_\mathrm{eff} \to \infty$, and $\left|p_\mathrm{eff}\right| \to \infty$.
\item Type IV : For $t \to t_s$, $a \to a_s$,
$\rho_\mathrm{eff} \to 0$, $\left|p_\mathrm{eff}\right| \to 0$, and higher
derivatives of $H$ diverge.
This also includes the case in which $p_\mathrm{eff}$ ($\rho_\mathrm{eff}$)
or both of $p_\mathrm{eff}$ and $\rho_\mathrm{eff}$
tend to some finite values, while higher derivatives of $H$ diverge.
\end{itemize}
And lately the little rip\cite{little} scenario is discussed, where any finite singularity does not appear but causes
the destruction of the bound system.
In the following, we will investigate the behavior of the quasi-static solutions of the matter density perturbation near these singularities.
However, we do not consider Type I, Type III, and the little rip scenarios, because the approximations in
these scenarios are equivalent to the superhorizon approximation.
\subsubsection*{Type II}
In the case of Type II, the Hubble rate $H \equiv \dot a(t)/ a(t)$ is finite, but the derivative of the Hubble rate $\dot H$ is singular, so
the approximations $k^2$, $\mathcal{H}^2 \ll \vert \mathcal{H}' \vert$ are applied in the following.
And the quasi-static approximation $\partial _\eta \sim \mathcal{H}$ will be used.
We first consider Eq.~(\ref{Rij}) to obtain the equation with respect to $\delta$, because the equation $\Psi '' \thickapprox -2 \mathcal{H}' \Phi$ can be read
by considering relations $\Psi '' \sim (\mathcal{H} \Psi)' \sim \mathcal{H}' \Psi$.
And $2\Phi \thickapprox \Psi$ is assumed from Eqs.~(\ref{R0i}) and (\ref{T0}). Then, the equation of $\Psi$: $\Psi '' + \mathcal{H}' \Psi = 0$ is obtained.
The solutions of the equation can be written as $\Psi = const./a +const. \mathrm{e}^{-a}$, then $\Psi ' = - \mathcal{H} \Psi$.
By using Eq.~(\ref{R00}) and $\Psi ' = - \mathcal{H} \Psi$, we have the following equation:
\begin{align}
\Psi'' \thickapprox \frac{2 \mathcal{H}'}{3 \mathcal{H}' - 7 \mathcal{H} f_R'} \frac{\kappa ^2 \rho a^2}{1+f_R} \delta.
\label{IIa}
\end{align}
Here, the assumption $2\Phi \thickapprox \Psi$ is justified because Eq.~(\ref{IIa}) implies that
$\Psi \gg \vert \mathcal{H}^4 \delta/(k^2 \mathcal{H}') \vert$.
To erase the parameter $v$ from Eqs.~(\ref{T0}) and (\ref{Ti}) gives the following equation:
\begin{align}
\delta '' + \mathcal{H} \delta ' -3 \Psi '' -3 \mathcal{H} \Psi ' + k^2 \Phi = 0,
\label{IIb}
\end{align}
so that the substitution of Eq.~(\ref{IIa}) into Eq.~(\ref{IIb}) gives the equation of the matter density perturbation,
\begin{align}
\delta '' + \mathcal{H} \delta ' - \frac{6 \mathcal{H}'}{3 \mathcal{H}' - 7 \mathcal{H} f_R'} \frac{\kappa ^2 \rho a^2}{1+f_R} \delta \thickapprox 0.
\label{IIc}
\end{align}
Equation (\ref{IIc}) indicates that the behavior of the matter density perturbation changes near the singularity
because Eq.~(\ref{IIc}) is different from Eqs.~(\ref{301}) and (\ref{302}).
\subsubsection*{Type IV}
In case of type IV, the approximations $k^3$, $\mathcal{H}^3$, $\mathcal{H} \vert \mathcal{H}' \vert \ll \vert \mathcal{H}'' \vert$ should be applied, and
from Eqs.~(\ref{FL00}) and (\ref{FLii}) $\mathcal{H}^2 \vert f_{RR} \vert$, $\mathcal{H}^4 \vert f_{RRR} \vert \ll 1$ are satisfied.
Then, Eq.~(\ref{Rij}) gives $\Phi \thickapprox \Psi$. Equations (\ref{R00}), (\ref{R0i}), and (\ref{T0}) give
\begin{align}
\Psi \thickapprox \Phi \thickapprox \frac{\kappa ^2 \rho a^2}{1+f_R} \left \{ -4k^2
+ \frac{6 \kappa ^2 \rho a^2}{1+f_R} + \frac{18 \kappa ^2 \rho \mathcal{H}^2 a^2}{(1+f_R)k^2}  \right \} ^{-1}
\left [ \left \{ 2- \frac{3 \kappa ^2 \rho a^2}{(1+f_R)k^2} \right \} \delta - \frac{6 \mathcal{H}}{k^2} \delta ' \right ].
\label{IVa}
\end{align}
The substitution of Eq.~(\ref{IVa}) into  Eq.~(\ref{IIb}) will give the third order differential equation with respect to $\delta$, but
it is not explicitly expressed here.

There is a notable literature written by A.~de~la~Cruz-Dombriz \textit{et al.} \cite{E},
which expresses a strict derivation of the differential equation of the matter density
perturbation in $F(R)$ gravity models.
However, it is too difficult to analyze the time evolution of the matter density perturbation exactly
because the differential equation is so complicated.
We use some approximations in the following. We then need to be careful to the order of applying approximations,
because their order is not commutable.

\section{Analyses started from the fourth order equation}
\subsection*{Case I}
First, the differential equation of the matter density perturbation
$\delta \rho/ \rho$ when we use small scale approximation $\mathcal{H}^2 \ll k^2$
is derived by using Eq.~(31) and the Appendix of \cite{E} as follows:
\begin{align}
\delta '''' &+ \mathcal{H} \left ( 3+\frac{f_R'}{\mathcal{H}(1+f_R)} +O(\mathcal{H}^2/k^2) \right )\delta '''
+\mathcal{H}^2 \left ( \frac{k^2}{\mathcal{H}^2} +  O(1) \right ) \delta '' \nonumber \\
&+ \mathcal{H}^3 \left ( \frac{k^2}{ \mathcal{H}^2} +  O(1) \right ) \delta '
-\mathcal{H}^4 \left ( \frac{2 \kappa^2 k^2 \rho a^2}{3\mathcal{H}^4(1+f_R)} + O(1) \right )\delta =0,
\label{20}
\end{align}
where we have neglected sub-leading terms under the approximation $\mathcal{H}^2 \ll k^2$.
If we assume quasi-static solutions of $\delta$, then we obtain an equation from the terms proportional to $k^2$ in Eq.~(\ref{20}):
\begin{equation}
\frac{d^2 \delta}{dN^2} + \left ( \frac{1}{2} - \frac{3}{2}w_\mathrm{eff} \right ) \frac{d \delta}{dN}
 -\frac{2}{1+f_R} \Omega_\mathrm{m} \delta =0.
\label{30}
\end{equation}
Here, we have defined $w_\mathrm{eff}= -2 \dot H/(3H^2) -1$, $\Omega_m = \kappa ^2 \rho /(3 H^2)$, and $N \equiv \ln a$.
And $H$ means the standard Hubble rate $H \equiv \dot a(t)/ a(t)$.
In the matter dominant era, Eq.~(\ref{30}) becomes
\begin{equation}
\frac{d^2 \delta}{dN^2} + \frac{1}{2} \frac{d \delta}{dN} -\frac{2}{1+f_R}  \delta =0.
\label{40}
\end{equation}
The growth factor of $\delta$, $f\equiv d\ln \vert \delta \vert /dN$,
is given by $f=-1/4 \pm \sqrt{33}/4$ when $\vert f_R \vert \ll 1$ from Eq.~(\ref{40}).
Therefore, the growth factor of this case in the matter dominant era is bigger than
that of $\Lambda$CDM model, $f_\mathrm{max} = 1$.
On the other hand, the fourth order differential equation (\ref{20}) has the following oscillating solutions:
\begin{align}
\delta (\eta) &= C_1(\eta){\rm e}^{ik \int d \eta}
+ C_2(\eta) {\rm e}^{-ik \int d \eta} \nonumber \\
&= const. \times \frac{1}{a \sqrt{1+f_R}}{\rm e}^{ik \int d \eta}
+ const. \times \frac{1}{a \sqrt{1+f_R}}{\rm e}^{-ik \int d \eta} \label{50}
\end{align}
We have used the WKB approximation under the condition $\mathcal{H}^2 \ll k^2$.
It is useful to define the effective growth factor
$f_\mathrm{eff}$ as $f_\mathrm{eff} \equiv d\ln \vert C_1 \vert/dN = d\ln \vert C_2 \vert/N$
because the effective time evolution of the solution (\ref{50}) is determined by $C_1(\eta)$ or $C_2(\eta)$.
In this case, the effective growth factor is given by
\begin{equation}
f_\mathrm{eff}=-1-3\left ( \frac{\ddot H}{H^3} + 4\frac{\dot H}{H^2} \right )\frac{H^2 f_{RR}}{1+f_R},
\label{60}
\end{equation}
which depends on the property of each model. If we consider some models of $F(R)$ gravity, which
does not satisfy the condition $\vert H^2 f_{RR}\vert \ll 1$, the oscillating solutions can
be growing ones.

\subsection*{Case II}
Next, we consider the time evolution of the matter density perturbation in the case of
$(k/\mathcal{H})^2\vert f_\mathrm{R} \vert \ll 1$, $\vert f_\mathrm{RR} \vert k^2/a^2 \gg 1$ and $\mathcal{H}^2 \ll k^2$.
We can also obtain the following equation of matter density perturbation in this case
by using Eq.~(31) and the Appendix in \cite{E}:
\begin{align}
\delta '''' &+  \mathcal{H} \left ( 3+O(\mathcal{H}^2/k^2) \right ) \delta '''
+\mathcal{H} ^2 \left ( k^2/\mathcal{H}^2 +O(1)  \right ) \delta '' \nonumber \\
&+ \mathcal{H}^3 \left ( k^2/\mathcal{H}^2 +O(1) \right ) \delta '
- \mathcal{H}^4 \left \{ \frac{4k^2}{3 \mathcal{H}^2} \left ( 1- \frac{\mathcal{H}'}{\mathcal{H}^2} \right )
+O(1) \right \} \delta  =0.
\label{70}
\end{align}
If we note to the terms proportional to $k^2$, then we have
\begin{equation}
\frac{d^2 \delta}{dN^2} + \left ( \frac{1}{2} - \frac{3}{2}w_\mathrm{eff} \right ) \frac{d \delta}{dN}
 -2\left ( 1+w_\mathrm{eff} \right ) \delta =0.
\label{80}
\end{equation}
In the matter dominant era, the equation
\begin{equation}
\frac{d^2 \delta}{dN^2} + \frac{1}{2} \frac{d \delta}{dN} -2 \delta =0
\label{90}
\end{equation}
holds. The growth factors of this quasi-static solutions are $f=-1/4\pm \sqrt{33}/4$, which are same as
those in Case I.
While, the oscillating solutions are given as
\begin{equation}
\delta (\eta) = C_1 \frac{1}{a }{\rm e}^{ik \int d \eta} + C_2 \frac{1}{a }{\rm e}^{-ik \int d \eta},
\label{100}
\end{equation}
where $C_1$ and $C_2$ are arbitrary constants.
The effective growth factor is expressed by
\begin{equation}
f_\mathrm{eff}=-1.
\label{110}
\end{equation}
If $\vert H^2 f_{RR}\vert \ll 1$, Eq.~(\ref{110}) is same as Eq.~(\ref{60}), while if
$H^2 f_{RR}$ is not negligible, it is different from that in Case I.

\subsection*{Case III}
If $(k/\mathcal{H})^2\vert f_\mathrm{R} \vert \ll 1$, $\vert f_\mathrm{RR} \vert k^2/a^2 \ll 1$ and $\mathcal{H}^2 \ll k^2$,
the fourth order differential equation of $\delta$ is given by
\begin{align}
\delta '''' &+ \left \{ \frac{ 12\mathcal{H}^2 (-2+ \mathcal{H}''/\mathcal{H}^3)f_{RRR}}{a^2f_{RR}}
+\frac{1-\mathcal{H}'/\mathcal{H}^2}{-2+ \mathcal{H}''/\mathcal{H}^3} + O(\mathcal{H}^2/\chi^2) \right \} \mathcal{H}
 \delta ''' \nonumber \\
+& \chi^2 \left \{
\left ( 1 + O(\mathcal{H}^2/\chi^2) \right ) \delta ''
+ \mathcal{H} \left ( 1 + O(\mathcal{H}^2/\chi^2) \right )  \delta '
+ \mathcal{H}^2  \left ( 2 \frac{\mathcal{H}'}{\mathcal{H}^2}-  \frac{\mathcal{H}''}{\mathcal{H}^3}
 + O(\mathcal{H}^2/\chi^2) \right ) \delta  \right \} =0
\label{fr120}, \\
& \chi \equiv \sqrt{\frac{a^2}{3f_{RR}}\frac{1-\mathcal{H}'/\mathcal{H}^2}{2- \mathcal{H}''/\mathcal{H}^3}}.
\label{fr130}
\end{align}
Noting to the terms proportional to $\chi^2$, we obtain
\begin{equation}
\frac{d^2 \delta}{dN^2} + \left ( \frac{1}{2} - \frac{3}{2}w_\mathrm{eff} \right ) \frac{d \delta}{dN}
 +\left ( 2\frac{\dot H}{H^2}+\frac{\ddot H}{H^3} \right ) \delta =0.
\label{fr140}
\end{equation}
The solutions of Eq.~(\ref{fr140}) depend not only on $f_R$ and $f_{RR}$ but also on
$f_{RRR}$ and $f_{RRRR}$, because Friedmann-Lemaitre equations (\ref{FL00}) and (\ref{FLii}) yield the
following relation:
\begin{equation}
 2\frac{\dot H}{H^2}+\frac{\ddot H}{H^3} = -\frac{3 \Omega_\mathrm{m}}{2(1+f_R)} - \frac{f_R'}{\mathcal{H}(1+f_R)}
 - \frac{f_R''}{\mathcal{H}^2(1+f_R)}+ \frac{f_R'''}{2\mathcal{H}^3(1+f_R)}.
\label{fr150}
\end{equation}
On the other hand, the oscillating solutions are given as:
\begin{equation}
\delta (\eta) = C_1 {\rm e}^{\int f_\mathrm{eff} dN +i \int \chi d \eta}
+ C_2 {\rm e}^{\int f_\mathrm{eff} dN -i \int \chi d \eta}.
\label{fr160}
\end{equation}
Here, $C_1$ and $C_2$ are arbitrary constants, and the effective growth factor $f_\mathrm{eff}$
is defined as:
\begin{equation}
f_\mathrm{eff}=1-\frac{5}{2} \frac{d}{dN} \ln \vert \chi \vert -2 \frac{d}{dN} \ln \vert f_{RR} \vert
 + \frac{1-\mathcal{H}'/\mathcal{H}^2}{2-\mathcal{H}''/\mathcal{H}^3}.
\label{fr170}
\end{equation}
We cannot further discuss the behavior of the solutions without assuming some models, because
they also depend on higher derivatives of $f(R)$.

\subsection{Model dependent analysis}
\subsubsection{Hu and Sawicki's model}
We consider here the following form of the function $f(R)$:
\begin{align}
f(R) = - m^2 \frac{c_1 (R/m^2)^n}{c_2 (R/m^2)^n +1},
\label{HS}
\end{align}
which was proposed by W.~Hu and I.~Sawicki \cite{H&S}.
If we use the best fit model\cite{N} to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the seven year data of the
 Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP7), we can examine detailed time dependence of the matter density
perturbation. In this case, parameters of the model are given by $n=1.53$, $c_1=10^{3.47}$, and $c_2=10^{2.28}$,
respectively, then this model is classified to Case III by assuming the scale, $k \sim 0.1 - 0.01 h\, \mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$.
Therefore, the deviation from the $\Lambda$CDM model is a little at the perturbation order when we consider the quasi-static mode because
$R^3f_{RRR}$ and $R^4f_{RRRR}$ are also negligible in these parameter sets.
This result is consistent with the conclusions in \cite{N}.
The fast fluctuating mode will be considered a bit later.
\subsubsection{Starobinsky's model}
We next consider the Starobinsky's model \cite{Starobinsky}
\begin{align}
f(R) = \lambda R_0 \left ( \left ( 1+\frac{R^2}{R_0^2} \right )^{-n} -1 \right ).
\label{Sta}
\end{align}
By the same procedure, we obtain the same result with Hu and Sawicki's model, i.e. the deviation from the
$\Lambda$CDM model is so small that the observational verification is difficult when we consider the quasi-static mode.

Such a result comes from the necessity to satisfy the local gravity tests.
Namely, fitting the models of $F(R)$ gravity to the general relativity in the solar system causes
the deviation from the $\Lambda$CDM model a little also in the large scale.
It is easy to understand where this result comes from by referring to Sec.~IIB.
That is to say, the condition $\vert f_\mathrm{RR} \vert k^2/a^2 \ll 1$ induces this result.
\subsubsection{Exponential gravity model}
Next we consider the exponential type function of $f(R)$\cite{Exp1,Exp2,Exp3}:
\begin{align}
f(R) = -cr(1-\e ^{-R/r}),
\label{exp}
\end{align}
which has a possibility to deviate from the $\Lambda$CDM model, because of its sharp dependence of $R$.
Some studies constrain the parameters in Eq.~(\ref{exp})\cite{AGSS,YLLG}; however, there is no
effective constraint on large $c$.
If we consider $c \sim 1000$, we would find interesting behavior of $\delta$ of the quasi-static mode which comes from
$\vert R^3f_{RRR} \vert \sim 1$
, while $\vert Rf_R \vert, \vert R^2f_{RR} \vert \ll 1$.
However, it is difficult to cause the characteristic evolution of the matter density perturbation without changing the
background evolution of the Universe, because $\vert R^3f_{RRR} \vert \sim 1$ induces the changes in the background equations
(\ref{FL00}) and (\ref{FLii}).

\subsubsection{The fast fluctuating mode}
We have seen that the $F(R)$ gravity models which yield almost equivalent background evolution to that of the $\Lambda$CDM model
cannot be also distinguished from the $\Lambda$CDM model at perturbation level when we consider
the quasi-static mode of the matter density perturbation.
So the other mode of the matter density perturbation, the fast fluctuating mode, is investigated in the following.
The models which yield almost equivalent background evolution to that of the $\Lambda$CDM model
are classified as Case III, i.e. the case of $(k/\mathcal{H})^2\vert f_\mathrm{R} \vert \ll 1$,
$\vert f_\mathrm{RR} \vert k^2/a^2 \ll 1$, and $\mathcal{H}^2 \ll k^2$.
It is determined by the argument of $\chi$ whether or not the fast fluctuating solutions are oscillating solutions,
because the behavior of the fast fluctuating solutions are understood from Eqs.~(\ref{fr160}) and (\ref{fr170}),
The argument of $\chi$ is found from the sign of $f_{RR}$
because the relation, $(1-\mathcal{H}'/\mathcal{H}^2)/(2- \mathcal{H}''/\mathcal{H}^3) \sim 1$, is held in this case.
On the other hand, the condition $f_{RR}>0$ is imposed to the famous viable $F(R)$ models to
satisfy the scalaron\cite{scalaron} mass squared to be positive. Namely, $\chi$ is real.
Therefore, the fast fluctuating solutions always express oscillating behavior in those models.
Next, it is important to investigate whether or not this oscillation is decaying oscillation.
The expression of the effective growth factor (\ref{fr170}) enables us to know the behavior of the oscillation.
By using Eqs.~(\ref{FL00}) and (\ref{FLii}) we have
\begin{align}
f_\mathrm{eff} \simeq -\frac{1}{2} + \frac{9}{2} \left ( 2-\frac{\mathcal{H}''}{\mathcal{H}^3} \right ) \frac{\mathcal{H}^2 f_{RRR}}{a^2f_{RR}}.
\label{fre1}
\end{align}
Here, $\mathcal{H}''/\mathcal{H}^3\simeq 1/2$ is held in the matter dominant era.
Thus, it is determined by $f_{RR}$ and $f_{RRR}$ that whether or not $f_{\mathrm{eff}}$ is positive.
If the values of parameters in \cite{N} are applied to Hu and Sawicki's model and Starobinsky's model,
we obtain $f_{\mathrm{eff}}<0$ because of $f_{RR}/f_{RRR} < 0$,
i.e. it indicates these solutions are decaying oscillating solutions.
This result does not strongly depend on the value of the parameters because the condition $f_{RR}/f_{RRR}<0$ is
derived from the property that $f_R$ is approximately regarded as an inverse power law function of $R$ in these models.
At the same time, the oscillating solutions are also decaying solutions in the exponential gravity model
because $f_{RR}/f_{RRR}<0$ is satisfied without depending on the values of parameters.

The period of this oscillation is shorter than that of quintessence model\cite{kperturbation}, as we can understand from
the condition $\vert f_\mathrm{RR} \vert k^2/a^2 \ll 1$.
That is to say, this oscillation corresponds to the oscillation when the sound speed exceeds light speed in the $k$-essence model.
However, this oscillation does not mean superluminality in $F(R)$ gravity. Therefore, there are not problems about causality.

How to yield these solutions can be supposed from Eq.~(\ref{Rij}).
The ($ij$), $i\neq j$ element of the linearized Einstein equation simply yields $\Phi = \Psi$ in the $\Lambda$CDM model and $k$-essence model.
However, there are solutions, satisfying $\Phi = \Psi$ or $\Psi \sim f_{RR} \Psi ''/a^2$ in $F(R)$ gravity models.
And the latter solutions correspond to the fast fluctuating mode.

\section{Conclusions}
First, the time evolution of the matter density perturbation has been investigated by using approximations.
When we use the sub-horizon approximation, it has been shown that the evolutionary behavior of the matter density perturbation depends on
which condition is satisfied $\vert f_\mathrm{RR} \vert k^2/a^2 \ll 1$ or $\vert f_\mathrm{RR} \vert k^2/a^2 \gg 1$, as is well known.
On the other hand, we may obtain the oscillating solutions by using the approximation $\partial/\partial \eta \sim k$ instead of
the sub-horizon approximation.
And the variation of the matter density perturbation near the singularity has also been investigated
as expanded applications of the approximate calculations.

Next, the growth of the matter density perturbations has been investigated by using the results in \cite{E} and
the case analysis.
The first case is that the small scale approximation, $\mathcal{H}^2 \ll k^2$, is more valid than others.
The second case is that the approximation $\vert f_\mathrm{R} \vert$ is small enough, and is more valid than small scale approximation, but
$\vert \mathcal{H}^2 f_\mathrm{RR} \vert$ is not very small.
The third case is that approximations $\vert f_\mathrm{R} \vert \ll 1$ and $\vert \mathcal{H}^2 f_\mathrm{RR} \vert \ll 1$
are more valid than the small scale approximation.
In each of the cases, we have obtained characteristic solutions.
Especially, the following behaviors have been shown: the quasi-static solutions in the first case grow faster than that of the $\Lambda$CDM model, and
the fast fluctuating solutions in the third case have nontrivial dependence of the function $f(R)$.
The popular viable models correspond to the third case if the parameters in these models are determined to
fit to the observations of the background evolution of the Universe.
And the quasi-static solutions are equivalent to that of the $\Lambda$CDM model.
Moreover, the fast fluctuating solutions in those models are the decaying oscillating solutions.
Thus, it is not possible to constrain these models from the matter density perturbation if
the $\Lambda$CDM model indicates the true evolution of the background universe and the matter density perturbation.

The conditions for the fast fluctuating mode to be decaying oscillating solutions are that of $f_{RR}>0$ and $f_{RRR}<0$ for the models
, which yield almost equivalent background evolution to the $\Lambda$CDM model.
So it can be said that imposing $f_{RR}/f_{RRR}>0$ enables us to make the model, which yields almost equivalent background evolution
to the $\Lambda$CDM model, but yields different evolution of the matter density perturbation compared to the $\Lambda$CDM model.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
The author is grateful to S.~Nojiri for corrections and advice, and also thanks S.D.~Odintsov for some comments.
This work was supported in part by the Global COE Program of Nagoya University,
''Quest for Fundamental Principles in the Universe (QFPU)'' from JSPS and MEXT of Japan
and supported by Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows \#461001209.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Gaon of Vilna and His Messianic Vision
Product code: BEAJK
Publisher: Gefen Publishing House
Gaon of Vilna and His Messianic Vision (Hardback)
Arie Morgenstern
In 1990 a document was discovered in Poland, according to which the Gaon of Vilna (1720 1797) stopped in Amsterdam on his way to Erez Israel. Research based on this astonishing find, detailed in this book, brought about a chain of dramatic discoveries that fundamentally altered our knowledge of the historic figure of the Gaon of Vilna. One such discovery reveals that the journey to Erez Israel transpired in the year 1778, three years prior to 1781 the year set as the end time by the kabbalists of that generation, including the Gaon of Vilna himself. This book demonstrates that the Gaon of Vilna traveled to Erez Israel in order to compose a new Shulh an arukh, a final halakhic code that would bring an end to halakhic disputes within the Jewish people. In this way he hoped to ensure the Messiah s arrival in the year 1781. Mysteriously, the Gaon of Vilna abandoned his dream, reporting that Heaven had prevented him. By following in the Gaon s footsteps, The Gaon of Vilna and His Messianic Vision uncovers the cause of his aborted journey and the revolutionary approach to redemption that the Gaon subsequently developed.
We hope to have this item available again soon.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


If you look, the Internet will tell you that it's OK to use Eggbeaters in ice cream recipes. As is so often the case, the Internet lies. I had been using Eggbeaters but I swapped to real eggs for David Lebovitz' oatmeal raisin ice cream, without the raisins, which is more or less like this recipe. Add some oatmeal praline, put some cinnamon and brown sugar in the heavy cream, and drop the whole vanilla bean step and there you go. The custard was definitely trickier with real eggs; there was a bit of scramble in it but that's why you strain it and all and all it was fine. And the resulting ice cream is awesome, or at least I assume it will be once it freezes up. Cause it's pretty good right out of the ice cream maker. Putting real eggs in makes a huge difference. You can mock me now if you like.
Note for next time: even if the ice cream maker looks like it's going to seize up around 15 minutes in, let it keep going — that's what gets all the air in. It'll be okay.
This is oatmeal praline, which is pretty easy to make if you pay close attention to the sugar. Came out way better than the roasted bananas. Tangentially, the problem there was that I tossed the bananas with the brown sugar in the pan, which left a lot of stray brown sugar in the pan, which was bad. I should have tossed the bananas and the sugar elsewhere. Water under the bridge. Anyhow, the oatmeal praline is going to wind up in some nice vanilla ice cream tomorrow, which will be made with real egg yolks, so we'll see how that all works out.
I got two books on making ice cream. I'm very pleased with one; I am not so pleased with the other.
Perfect Scoop is really good. David Lebovitz was a pastry chef at Chez Panisse and he cares a lot about good ice cream; his cookbook gives a nice solid grounding in ice cream theory and then rolls into a ton of recipes. There are also sections on granitas, toppings, and things to serve ice cream in. It's a very foodie cookbook but it's also very practical — there are not a lot of super-weird ingredients and he's not snotty about using just the right thing.
His blog has a lot of recipes, not limited to ice cream, but you can get a feel for his techniques and style with this one. Which sounds great, but I do like white chocolate. You may note that his recipes tend towards using less sugar than the average, which is a plus for me. Not that I don't like sweet ice cream; however, a guide to less sweet ice creams is good.
Finally, it's a really pretty book. Lots of nice ice cream photography. Ice cream isn't the most interesting subject in the world (look, another scoop of frozen dairy in a glass bowl!). On the other hand it gives me a good idea of desired textures.
So that's the good. Bad: Ben & Jerry's Homemade Ice Cream & Dessert Book . The history of the company is kind of interesting but the recipes, OK. They mostly have eggs, and there is no cooking of the eggs. It's an entire cookbook full of raw eggs. Grrr. This tells me there's not much thought given to the recipes, and it also tells me they weren't that concerned with really giving away how their commercial ice creams are made, because I'm also pretty sure we'd figured out salmonella by 1987. Don't buy this one, it's not worth it.
I got this recipe from the excellent The Perfect Scoop , about which more later, so I won't reproduce the recipe verbatim. But you roast your bananas with brown sugar and butter and then you blend with milk and vanilla and more sugar and so on. No eggs involved.
There is an attractive picture of bananas prior to roasting to your right. The sugar didn't caramelize as much as I think it's supposed to; I have a pan with a bunch of almost burnt sugar in the bottom. I should have read up on how that works first, but the banana mix (which is currently churning into ice cream) doesn't smell burnt or anything, so I don't think I've ruined it. We have plans to put roasted salted peanuts on top of the ice cream when we eat it.
And post-churn, we have pretty good ice cream. It's less sweet than the others I've done, which I suspected would be the case, since it just uses less sugar and the bananas alone won't make up for that. This allows the caramel and the banana flavors to shine more. I dig it. It's almost smoky with the brown sugar and all.
The chai ice cream turned out a little chalky in the end. I didn't like the taste, and Susan didn't so much like the texture. I think it's a lesson in ingredients — I'd have been better off using a purer tea rather than tea bags. Also, next time I do a custard we're going to use real eggs; I suspect the substitutes, which are mostly egg whites, are not thickening the ice cream the way yolks would.
Apple's released its new subscription/purchase rules. Interesting commentary here. He drills in on the one sentence in the press release which refers to anything other than subscriptions: "In addition, publishers may no longer provide links in their apps (to a web site, for example) which allow the customer to purchase content or subscriptions outside of the app." If Apple hadn't rejected the Sony Reader app, I'd assume that "content" referred to subscriptions, but since Apple clearly does care in some unspecified way about non-subscription content I can't feel confident there.
30% is a huge cut. If you're getting something for it, such as payment processing, it's not unreasonable. If you're a small content provider and this frees you from having to worry about PCI compliance, processor gateways, and so on? Sure! But if you're a big content provider or aggregator (hi, Amazon), you are not getting value for that money.
Hey, that's cool. AMC is running a two-day/one-day marathon of the 10 Best Picture nominees. 15 cities get the one-day marathon, and everyone else gets the two-day marathon. Probably the two-day marathon is saner. Sixty bucks a ticket for ten movies plus a $20 food card, so it's four dollars a movie, which is not bad at all.
This video makes me wildly happy because a) it illuminates how explicitly Tarantino intended Kill Bill as a remix, b) it shows how well he executed his plan, and c) it reminds me how much I liked Kill Bill .
More Apple/Kindle, Still Some ?
Apple said something somewhat confusing that nonetheless implies that the way in which they enforce the rules has changed. Gruber summarizes. If Apple means what they seem to mean, that's alarming. Also difficult to enforce. If Amazon removes the store button from the Kindle app, but still sells Kindle books pushed to the iPad via their Web site, is the Kindle app still offering the customers the ability to purchase books outside the app? I can buy ePub books from various sources without involving Stanza, and then download 'em to Stanza. Does this violate anything?
This wouldn't have happened when Jobs was around.
Sony says Apple rejected their Sony Reader app on the grounds that all purchases on the iPad must go through the App Store. I don't care that much about Sony on a practical level, but the implication is that the Kindle app is likewise in trouble, since it allows me to buy a book via the Amazon web site and download it to my iPad. If that's no longer allowed, I'd be fairly annoyed.
On the other hand, the Kindle app pushes you over to Safari to make the purchase. It isn't clear if the Sony Reader app did the same thing. The Sony Bookstore is not available on the Web; if you click on the "Want this eBook?" link on a Sony Bookstore page you're instructed to download the Reader. I'm guessing that Sony didn't implement a secret Web purchase page for the sake of the iPad.
The New York Times is not citing Apple sources in their reporting. There's one troublesome line: "The company has told some applications developers, including Sony, that they can no longer sell content, like e-books, within their apps, or let customers have access to purchases they have made outside the App Store." At face value, that would imply that the Kindle likewise violates the rules. But Sony has an interest in making Apple look like they're being unreasonable, and we don't even know if Sony was the source for that information.
Clause 11.2 of the current App Store guidelines (PDF) says "Apps utilizing a system other than the In App Purchase API (IAP) to purchase content, functionality, or services in an app will be rejected." Key words are "in an app." Safari is an app; I think a strict reading of those terms would rule out the way Amazon's doing it as well. On the other hand, a strict reading of those terms would rule out any ecommerce. It could be better written. Possibly the intent is that it be read as "for an app." Either way, there's room for rejecting the Kindle app, and of course Apple reserves the right to do whatever for whatever reason.
Given the upcoming subscription feature launch, it wouldn't surprise me if Apple's reevaluating its stance on paid content for iPad apps. It would surprise me somewhat if they decided to tighten the screws on Amazon, and it would disappoint me, but it's certainly possible. Check back in a month or so, I guess.
Oh, and a side note: the reason Kindle beats the crap out of the Apple iBookstore? Authors can't link to the Apple iBookstore on their Web pages. I can't buy while I'm sitting at my computer and push the book to my iPad. I gotta drag out the iPad, search, blah blah blah. Surprisingly bad design decision on Apple's part. Killing the Kindle app (and presumably other ebook apps like the Nook app and perhaps Stanza) would really hurt the iPad as a book reader.


text:
Filtering by Tag: press
"A Floating Population" in Fast Co. Design & Epsilon Magazine
It's hard to believe we're already at the halfway mark of my first major solo exhibition "A Floating Population" since it opened at MOCA this past December. We've received remarkable enthusiasm and support both in the community and beyond for the show, which features around eighty images spanning four years of work in Chinatown. Through public programming, panel discussions and walking tours around the exhibition at the museum, we're able to engage audiences with this body of work in a richer and more dynamic way than ever before. What's especially exciting to me is that all new current exhibits at the museum ("Portraits of New York Chinatown" by Tomie Arai, and "The Lee Family Since 1888" show) are taking a closer look at contemporary Chinatown, making this a distinctly historical season for the museum and the neighborhood.
The show is up till April 13th, so I wholly encourage a visit to MOCA in Chinatown soon! In the meantime, thank you Fast Company Design, Epsilon Magazine (below) and countless visitors for highlighting the show thus far.
In exhibition, editorial, media Tags floating population, MOCA, exhibition, chinatown, nyc, editorial, magazine, press
Conversations w/ Asian American Writers' Workshop
Added on May 1, 2013 by Annie Ling.
So often, we don't take enough time to discuss our process or share openly what we've learned through all the ups and downs. Few weeks ago, I was "cornered" by some friendly folks from Asian American Writers' Workshop (AAWW).
Ashok Kondabolu of Das Racist visited me on my home turf and we had a good long conversation about photography, justice, Chinatown, roots, and fires. Read the interview on The Margins.
Coincidently, Kyla Cheung from Open City Magazine published a cohesive article online about my work with tenement dwellers and Chinese immigrant workers, bringing to light past histories, the present, and the uncertain future of my friends at 81 Bowery.
"81 Bowery has been the subject of coverage by the Village Voice, the New York Times and CNN. The segment aired by CNN this past March on living conditions there led a concerned viewer from Arizona to call the FDNY, which then issued a vacate order citing "fire egress" and "sprinkler issues." Ten minutes of interviews and footage left the approximately fifty residents of 81 Bowery scrambling to find a bed with friends, relatives, the Red Cross, or the Housing Preservation and Development (HPD). Most were Chinese immigrant workers, some undocumented."
— http://opencitymag.com/81-bowery-tenement/
The New York Times have been a great supporter of my personal work in Chinatown, featuring 81 Bowery in 2011 and most recently, in March on the New York Times LENS blog. On March 7th, long-time tenants of 81 Bowery were ordered to vacate the premises due to safety violations.
It is with greatest disappointment that my friends at 81 Bowery are still in limbo, unable to return to their homes on the Bowery, with no promise of change or improvements made on living conditions in the near future. Meanwhile, I'd run into some of the former 81 Bowery residents hanging around Chinatown, and he/she would offer a warm hello followed by a question: "Do you know when I can go home?" I would shake my head and tell them that I do not have an answer, but that their advocates at CAAAV are working diligently on their behalf.
Sharing another one's story is a privilege that must be handled delicately. As storytellers, we must be vulnerable as well – to express our motivations and engage in conversations to better understand who we are and where we stand, especially if we find ourselves in the position of being a voice for those in need of a voice.
Chin Tu Yu in cubicle #6 at 81 Bowery packed a few possessions in the final minutes before vacating the building the evening of March 7th. Tu Yu Chin just arrived in US one month ago to join her husband who she hasn't seen in eight years. Chin currently works long hours at a laundromat in Chinatown. ©Annie Ling
In media, interview, The New York Times Tags 81 Bowery, chinatown, NYC, interview, conversation, press, Ashok Kondabolu, AAWW, The Margins, Open City Magazine, NYT, LENS blog, CAAAV, justice


Everything went right in Adamson University's abbreviated 11-2 series-opening win last Friday, as UST could not answer its opponent's impressive hitting and pitching.
Adamson University goes for the jugular as it tangles with University of Santo Tomas on Tuesday in the UAAP softball tournament at the Rizal Memorial Baseball Stadium.
The Tigresses may have lost all their three meetings against Adamson this season, but coach Ana Santiago is not resting her laurels as the Lady Falcons try to annex their ninth consecutive title - and 18th overall at 8:30 a.m.
"Basta ang importante sa amin, hindi pa tapos ang laban. Nagsisimula pa lang ang laban," said Santiago.
Unless the Tigresses will figure out everything that will get them back in the series, the Lady Falcons are a cinch to extend their dynastic rule.
Meanwhile, De La Salle University seeks to close its baseball championship series against Ateneo de Manila University in Game 2 at 12 noon.
The Green Batters won last Friday's opener, 9-7, but not without surviving a late Blue Eagles stand.
After Iggy Escaño blasted a three-run homer in the bottom eighth to give La Salle a needed cushion, Ateneo needed Gino Tantuico's grand slam home run in the ninth to inch closer, but the Katipunan-based batters fell short.
Coach Joseph Orillana, the ace pitcher of the Green Batters squad that won a championship in 2003, is aware of the Eagles' capability to extend the series.
"Same approach pa rin kami. In baseball, we will still focus on pitching, hitting at yung tulong sa depensa," said Orillana.
Both games will air live on LIGA, LIGA HD, iWant and sports.abs-cbn.com/livestream/uaap.


The excitation of light source is the important constituent of photoelectric direct reading spectrometer system, it takes on the material physical evaporation, dissociation and atomization and the other important constituent of the excitation, actually the analysis measured methods of several main technical indicators to be good or bad, such as the spectral analysis of the detection limit, the precision and the accuracy, to a great extent depends on the excitation of light source.
The Excitation of light source has two action processes. it is evaporated the samples and excited the atomic to produce spectrum. Both work at the same time and jointly determine the intensity of the spectral line. In the sample the element evaporatedand dissociated, will involve in the physical and chemical properties of the sample components.
Excited the vaporized atomic, related to the character of light generator, and more closely related to the generator electrical properties, so it can be said that the excitation of light source determines the spectral analysis method, so the understanding of light resource, it is needed for the spectral workers.
Due to the wide range of the spectral analysis samples, the shape sample was different, excitation of the elements with different difficult, It is very difficult to use a kind of excitation light source to meet the different tasks analysis.Therefore, each type of light source has its own characteristics and application scope, according to the different purpose of analysis and selection of different types of light source.
Consider From the quantitative analysis, the requirements of light source are as follows: highly analysis sensitivity and can analyze the trace, trace element, the sensitivity can up to ppm or ppb magnitude; high sensitivity of the concentrations, it means when there has minor changes with the analysis element content C, corresponding big changes in the analysis line 2, namely DI / DC;during the excitation process, the light source should have good stability and reproducibility, those basic requirements ensures the accuracy of the analysis;small matrix effects, the matrix content changes in the sample, the result are not affected by the changes of matrix effects. The Third elements of the impact and the impact of the organizational structure, the shape of samples has a small mass effect;about the burning time, exposure time (integral) should be short, that can improve the efficiency and the speed of analysis;Instrument has the advantages of simple structure, small volume, and easy operation, safe and reliable.
Because the power of spectrum analysis, using the photoelectric conversion measurement to instead the photosensitive plate measurement; the photometric error ≤ 0.2%, and the source of error in about 1%, playing a prominent role in the total spectrum error analysis, so using the photoelectric direct reading spectrometry, adopting the good performance of the excitation light source has a very important significance. The excitation light is used two electrode method; switch on the current, a light source is formed between electrodes. In this light source, the air (or gas) between the electrodes is in the atmospheric pressure. So the discharge occurred between the gas electrodes, is relying on the electrode current flowing through the gas to get light, which built on the basis of gas discharge.
Just like the low discharge pressure and the control wave source in the capacitor electric field, adopting the controlling atmosphere to discharge, but the glow light source is discharge by controlling the thin atmosphere under the action of DC electric field. The Plasma light source discharged in RF electromagnetic field by controlled atmosphere, it should be pointed out that, the voltage between the electrodes and the current relationship was not observed the Ohm's law when the gas through the current.


My first day of 2015 wasn't awesome. The pudding shots and wine last night were (and certainly the company!), but the hang over has made my usual optimism difficult to find.
We're about 22 hours into 2015 and I've spent a good part of my first day of the new year nursing a hang over and then doing work I needed to do while (binge) watching Marco Polo and Once Upon a Time.
Marco Polo is rather interesting, but graphically violent and therefore can be difficult to watch. Once Upon a Time less violent and if I wasn't a fan of fairytales, less interesting but I can listen to it and not watch it.
Binge watching Netflix can't be good for you, can it? Maybe I should limit my binge watching for 2015?
So other than not binge watching Netflix, have any resolutions? I don't, but I usually don't. I have some things in mind, specific challenges etc but I haven't otherwise decided what I want 2015 to look like yet. 2014 was an okay year but I dont know it exemplified Joy, Peace, and Simplicity. In fact I'm certain many days didn't even hint at any of the three! It had many happy moments and some heart breaking ones tossed in too. The love and laughter was balanced by significant loss and heartache. But thats Life, right?
I know in my heart that in the ways that matter I am infinitely more wealthy than this time last year and this holiday season was a prime example of just how. I don't think a day went by that I didn't feel love, laugh with someone, or have a lucky feeling. (Even on the really bad days.) When I say that I'm blessed, I really do feel that I am.
I could probably ramble on for another couple hundred words or so, but I want to try to get to 6:30am yoga tomorrow before work so I I'll close with this:(is that the right punctuation?) I hope you have had a lovely first day of the new year and that 2015 brings you happy days/nights, love, laughter, health, and good fortune.
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The first LaPointe Light was constructed about one-quarter mile from the islands western tip. It was originally intended to guide ships to the old fur trade settlement of LaPointe on nearby Madeline Island. The first lighthouse was hastily erected in 1858 when it was found that the original lighthouse intended for Long Island had been placed on Michigan Island by mistake. After the focus of shipping had shifted from LaPointe to the bustling industrial port of Ashland located in Chequamegon Bay, authorities installed a steam powered fog signal and replaced the old lighthouse with two new towers spaced one mile apart. These two new lighthouse were built in 1897. Both Lighthouses were fully automated in 1964.
Of the three historic Lighthouses only one remains in use today. You can read more about the history of these Lighthouses at the links below.
https://www.nps.gov/apis/learn/historyculture/long-lights.htm
http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=695
http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/superior/chequamegon/index.htm
http://lighthouse.boatnerd.com/gallery/superior/chequamegonpoint.htm
Apostle Islands, Chequamegon Bay, Chequamegon Point Light, Lapointe, Light Houses, Long Island, Madeline Island, s/v Egress
Apostle Islands, Bristol 29.9, Chequamegon Bay, Chequamegon Point Light, Lapointe, Light Houses, Long Island, Madeline Island, s/v Egress


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Children's Museum of Wilmington: Childrens museum fun - See 136 traveler reviews, 90 candid photos, and great deals for Wilmington, NC, at Tripadvisor. We're out to open new worlds for our kids. Show Phone. Programs and exhibits are geared toward children of preschool and elementary school ages, though there are fun events for adults as well! Children's Museum of Wilmington: Childrens museum fun - See 138 traveler reviews, 91 candid photos, and great deals for Wilmington, NC, at Tripadvisor. Wilmington Children's Museum Looking for a respite from the sun and sand, the Wilmington Children's Museum is a wonderful hands-on museum for children of all ages. Parties/Rentals. Get directions, reviews and information for Delaware Children's Museum in Wilmington, DE. Lewisburg Children's Museum. The museum's goal is for all of their visitors to learn things about themselves and the world where they live through child-directed experiences. The almost 3 year old, the 4.5 year old, the 39 year old, and the 42 year old. Designed for kids ages 1-10, the Children's Museum's mission is to inspire imaginative, independent thinking through hands-on, science, math and art experiences. Delaware Children's Museum 550 Justison St Wilmington DE 19801. During this family-friendly event, museum guests will … Play. TEMPORARY HOURS. The Children's Museum of Wilmington is a wonderful hands-on musuem with rotating exhibits and fun daily programs. Get Tickets. The Childrens Museum of Wilmington, 116 Orange St., City of Wilmington, North Carolina 28401 The Children's Museum of Wilmington, located in historic Downtown Wilmington on Orange Street, is an ideal destination for adventurous kids who want a day full of imagination exploring the world of art, science, and even pirates! With spectacular exhibits by one of the nation's foremost museum designers. The Museum serves children ages 1-8 and their adult company. Visit. Learn amazing things about themselves and the world where we live, through informal, playful hands-on and child-directed experiences. This art museum is filled with beautiful and interesting pieces so head over today and check out the latest galleries. 814 Market Street • Wilmington, NC 28401 • Phone 910-798-4370 • Fax 910-798-4382 Related Searches. The Children's Museum Of Wilmington. A Note of Caution: The Delaware Children's Museum is located in Wilmington's beautiful upscale riverfront, with a spacious parking lot and an easy walk to fantastic restaurants. Delaware is one of a handful of states that, until recently, did not have a children's museum. The Wilmington Railroad Museum , a great place to explore family-friendly activities in Wilmington's River District. Wilmington, DE Delaware Children's Museum The Delaware Children's Museum is a place for kids to develop creative minds through S.T.R.E.A.M. The Museum welcomes over 55,000 visitors annually to explore over 17,000 square feet of interactive exhibit Participants can visit the station "How Tall This Fall?," take their best guess at the number of crayons in a jar for a chance to win the whole thing, and snap a family photo at the fall-themed photo station. Our facilities are available for rent when they are not in use for our programs. Community. 33 Reviews (302) 654-2340 Website. We have been serving the greater Wilmington community for over 22 years. Delaware Children's Museum, Wilmington, 302 Delaware -654 2340 Florida The Children's Museum of the Treasure Coast, Jensen Beach, 772-225-7575 Explorations V Children's Museum, Lakeland, 863.687.3869 Glazer Children's Museum, Tampa, 813-443-3861 Wilmington, about 110 miles (177 kilometers) outside of the capital of the state, Raleigh, is where you'll find it. Worlds of wonders for them to explore. WILMINGTON, NC (WWAY) — The Children's Museum of Wilmington will host ribbon cutting for the grand opening of the newest exhibition, The Wonders of Water, at 10:30 a.m. on Friday, January 29. The Delaware Children's Museum is open from 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., 363 days a year, seven days a week. Mondays Closed Tuesdays School Visits Only (by reservation) Wednesdays 10:00 am-4:00 pm Thursdays Closed Fridays Closed Saturdays 10:00 am-5:00 pm Sundays Closed. The Children's Museum of Wilmington celebrates the joys of childhood by providing magical and playful experiences for children of all ages. Book your escape today! www.playwilmington.org Capacity: 350 people. SobeSavvy.com at the Wilmington Railroad Museum …and the Children's Museum of Wilmington , which served as a perfect place to play indoors on a rainy day. Easter Memorial Day With spectacular exhibits by one of the nation's foremost museum designers. Everything at the Children's Museum is hands-on and built for learning through play! The Structures exhibit is an exciting place where children will learn about various components and careers associated with architecture and engineering. The Children's Museum of Wilmington is designed keeping in mind the unique educational needs of a child and is a fun, informal place where children and adults can explore the world of art, science and culture through interactive and playful exhibits that both encourage you to ask questions and equip you with the tools to find the answers. The Delaware Children's Museum is ALL about giving giving kids a place to play, create, learn and discover until their heart's content!. I was worried about what an almost walking 13 month old would be able to do, and the answer is: a lot! The worlds of science, math and technology. We started in the mad scientist lab where the kids donned goggles and white lab coats before learning about mixing colors by using droppers and colored water. education and playful learning! The Children's Museum of Wilmington's mission is to provide a welcoming and engaging environment that promotes hands-on art, science, and literacy-focused learning for children and their caregivers. 15,343 were here. The Children's Museum of Wilmington will host ribbon cutting for the grand opening of the newest exhibition, The Wonders of Water, at 10:30 a.m. on Friday, January 29. In the Delaware Children's Museum, a 30-foot climber will greet guests. the children's museum of wilmington wilmington • the children's museum of wilmington wilmington photos • the children's museum of wilmington wilmington location • WILMINGTON — The Children's Museum of Wilmington will host holiday hoopla, 9:30 a.m.-12:30 p.m. Saturdays, Dec. 12 and Dec. 19. The Museum features 37,000 square feet of interactive fun, with age appropriate experiences for tots to tweens. Imagine. Delaware is one of a handful of states that, until recently, did not have a children's museum, but now, Riverfront Wilmington is getting in on the action! The Children's Museum of Wilmington has been providing families in southeastern North Carolina with inspiring and engaging activities for 23 years. Explore three historic buildings joined by an atrium and courtyard offering a unique layout of 17,000 square feet that will stimulate children's imagination, curiosity and love of learning through interactive and age appropriate science, math and art activities. We also played pretend kayaking and camping. Menu & Reservations Make Reservations . About The Children's Museum Of Wilmington. CATEGORY: Museums & Points of Interest Current As Of 05.23.18 Contact Telephone 910-254-3534 Contact Email info@playwilmington.org Holidays. Located in Wilmington Historic District, this hotel is within a 10-minute walk of Cape Fear Community College, Wilmington Convention Center and Children's Museum of Wilmington. With the Delaware Children's Museum. 116 Orange St Wilmington, NC 28401 Telephone: 910-254-3534. visit website. Save up to $379^ when you bundle your flight & hotel. More. Get Directions Explore Nearby The Wilmington Children's Museum … Looking for exceptional deals on Children's Museum of Wilmington, Wilmington vacation packages? The Children's Museum of Wilmington is located in beautiful, historic downtown Wilmington, North Carolina at 116 Orange Street. 39 reviews of The Children's Museum of Wilmington "We loved it. Greenfield Lake Park and Gardens and Battleship North Carolina are also within 6 mi (10 km). The Children's Museum provides magical and playful experiences for pre-school to elementary age, and their adult company. The exhibits within this fun museum are designed just for kids to build imaginative minds through play, math, science and technology based informal learning. 116 Orange St, Wilmington, NC. Closed on Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. With something exciting for every age − from toddlers to preteens, and parents to grandparents. Join. The exhibit was funded by the Duke Energy Water Resources … All of us. Learn. WILMINGTON — Get in on the autumn fun as The Children's Museum of Wilmington host its annual Fall Festival from 9:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. on Saturday, Oct. 10. Visit Us. At the Delaware Children's Museum. With 9 accommodations only 2 miles (3 kilometers) from Children's Museum of Wilmington, you should not have any issues finding something to suit your needs. Education. We have a variety of options available for group functions, private parties, and meetings. About. This is the Stratosphere exhibit, a place for children to climb up, down, and all around. 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What Does The News Media Have Against Network Marketing? - Network Marketing Works!
What Does The News Media Have Against Network Marketing?
Just about everyday you can find a news article that trashes network marketing. The real question is why are they doing it?
Does it fall in line with the fact that they are losing market dominance in every facet of their business model? Or is it that we can no longer believe what they are reporting?
The evidence appears to be leaning in that direction. Stories that really matter are totally ignored for those that will drive visitors and ratings.
Today in the online addition of the Wall Street Journal an article titled Is Life Insurance a Rip Off appeared.
I guess the new FTC rules don't apply here, where is the proof that it is patently corrupt and inefficient? Is it opinion or fact?
Just yesterday, in the Denver post there was an article Ponzi-scheme suspect peddling new business. I guess we are now a country that you are guilty first and then must prove your innocence.
The day before that an article in the Las Vegas Review mentions multilevel marketing again another attempt to get more readers to read the crappy story.
Then there is the issue going around of news organizations trying to sort out the details of how they can charge for reading their online content since their add revenue is falling.
I'm sure their falling ad revenue is caused by us inefficient network marketers today.
Maybe they are finally waking up to the fact that the internet has leveled the playing field and they can no longer control what is and what isn't news worthy.
It seems like only yesterday I was reading news about the hundreds of print edition news papers going out of business they no longer could compete as their readership dried up.
And, now they find that competing in the internet age is not as easy as they once thought or where lead to believe.
Personally I find it annoying going to a large news site that uses external sources for its ad content. Nothing like watch an hour glass spinning while waiting for the ads to download.
The chief editor must surely be saying can't we through in something about multi-level or network marketing so we can get more visitors to our site?
And, then they wonder why no one clicks on the ads!
Why they would do that thing? Err, they use the web also to gather such information. They must think on other ways than making such annoying ideas.
They do it because we allow them to get away with it. Seldom if ever do any network marketers call them on the carpet for their blatant accusations.
But, on the other hand when you look at many of the websites and blogs in network marketing today we don't have much to stand on.
Next post: Top 5 Ways To Become Unattractive In Network Marketing Today!
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Park Min-gyu
Park Min-gyu debuted in 2003 with two widely-acclaimed novels: The Sammi Superstar's Last Fan Club and Legend of Earth's Heroes . He has authored the short story collections Castella and Double , and the novels Ping Pong and Pavane for a Dead Princess . His books in translation include Pavane for a Dead Princess (Dalkey Archive, 2014), Pavane pour une infante défunte (Decrescenzo éditeurs, 2014), and Ping-Pong (Editions Intervalles, 2016).
Park Min-gyu debuted in 2003 with two widely-acclaimed novels: The Sammi Superstar's Last Fan Club and Legend of Earth's Heroes. He has authored the short story collections Castella and Double , and the novels Ping Pong and Pavane for a Dead Princess . His books in translation include Pavane for a Dead Princess (Dalkey Archive, 2014), Pavane pour une infante défunte (Decrescenzo éditeurs, 2014), and Ping-Pong (Editions Intervalles, 2016).
Park Nohae
Park Nohae is a poet, photographer, and revolutionary. His first poetry collection, The Dawn of Labor (1984), sold nearly a million copies despite being banned. He formed the South Korean Socialist Workers' Alliance in 1989. He was arrested in 1991 and imprisoned for seven and a half years, during which time he published the essay collection Only A Person Is Hope (1997). He published his third poetry collection, So You Must Not Disappear , in 2010. He has held photo exhibitions in South Korea since 2010.
Park Seongwon
Park Seongwon was born in 1969 in Daegu. He debuted in 1994 with the short story "The Will" in Literature and Society . He is a professor of creative writing at Keimyung University. He is the recipient of the Today's Young Artists Award, the Hyundae Literary Award, the Hyundae Buddhist Literature Award, and the Han Moosuk Literary Award. He has published the short story collections Steal Me , We Run , What Makes a City , and One Day .
Park Soran
Park Soran studied creative writing at Dongguk University. She won the Sin Dong-yup Prize for Literature in 2015 for her first poetry collection Words Close to the Heart. The following year, she was awarded the Tomorrow's Korean Writer Award by the Writers Association of Korea.
Park Wansuh
Park Wansuh (1931–2011) was one of Korea's most revered writers. She debuted at the age of forty and wrote over a hundred novels and short stories in a career that spanned almost forty years. She received several prestigious awards, including the Republic of Korea's Geumgwan Order of Cultural Merit. Recently published translations of her books include Who Ate up All the Shinga? (Columbia University Press, 2009), Lonesome You (Dalkey Archive, 2013), and Was that Mountain Really There? (Kitaab, 2018).
Park YeonJoon
Park YeonJoon won the JoongAng New Writer's Award in 2004 with the poem "Give Me Ice." She has published the poetry collections The Scream of Eyelashes, Father Called Me Sister-in-Law, and Venus Pudica, and the essay collection Disturbance.
Pyo Myoung-hee
Pyo Myoung-hee made her literary debut when she won the Changbi Prize for New Figures in Literature in 2001 with her short story, "Nocturnal Scenery." She is the author of the short story collections Exit No.3 and Housemate , and the novels, Off Road Diary and The Gold Rush .
Pyun Hye-young
Pyun Hye-young is the author of five novels and four short story collections. Her works in English include Evening Courtship (Dalkey Archive, 2016), The Hole (Arcade Publishing, 2017), and City of Ash and Red (Arcade Publishing, forthcoming). Translations of her short fiction have been published in Words Without Borders , Drunken Boat , the New Yorker and Harper's Magazine . Her novel The Hole won the 2017 Shirley Jackson Awards for best novel.
Ra Heeduk
Ra Heeduk is a poet and professor of creative writing at Chosun University. She has authored eight poetry collections, including A Disappeared Palm , three essay collections, and two volumes of literary criticism. Her collections in translation include Scale & Stairs , Wild Apple , and Le ver à soie marqué d'un point noir . She has received the Kim Su-Young Literary Award, Today's Young Artists Award, the Hyundae Literary Award, and the Midang Literary Award.


Kia Motors is to introduce Android Auto™ and Apple CarPlay™ functionality across its entire European model range over the next 18 months, making the Korean manufacturer's customers some of the most connected drivers on the road.
The all-new Kia Niro hybrid crossover, Optima Plug-in Hybrid and Sportswagon will be available with the latest smartphone-compatible operating systems when they are launched in Europe later this year. Every new model in Kia's product line-up will feature these technologies in future, as the brand seeks to offer the latest connectivity technology to buyers at all price points.
The new Niro hybrid crossover will be the first Kia model to feature Android Auto™ (designed to work with Android phones running 5.0 Lollipop or higher). Once the phone is connected to the car via USB, both the Android and Apple systems feature voice control and allow the driver to keep their hands on the wheel and eyes on the road ahead. Android Auto™ will be available on the Niro from the start of European sales in Q3 2016.
Android Auto™ connects to the user's Android device and lets them access smartphone apps and functions through the in-car infotainment system, such as voice-guided Google Maps navigation, hands-free calls and texts and voice recognition. Android Auto™ also lets users stream music from Google Play Music™.
Apple CarPlay™, for iPhone 5 or newer, will be available to Niro buyers by the end of 2016, after the car's initial launch. Apple CarPlay™ will enable full Siri voice control to control an iPhone's various functions and apps, including navigation via Apple Maps, calls and text dictation. The system also supports other audio apps, such as music streaming or audiobooks that the user may have downloaded to their iPhone.
The system has been designed to minimise distractions, and allow the driver to maintain their focus on the road ahead at all times. The new operating systems are built into a large 7.0- or 8.0-inch touchscreen infotainment system at the centre of the dashboard.
After its initial introduction in the Kia Niro, Android Auto™ and Apple CarPlay™ will be rolled out across every model in Kia's European product line-up over the next 18 months, starting with the new Kia Optima Plug-in Hybrid and Sportswagon, due to launch later in 2016.
Like the Niro, the Optima Plug-in Hybrid will be available with Android Auto™ from launch (during Q4 2016), with Apple CarPlay™ due to follow before year-end. The Optima Sportswagon, which goes on sale during Q4 2016, will be the first Kia model to offer both technologies from launch. Kia expects every model in its range to be available with the integrated smartphone operating systems by the end of 2017.
The all-new Kia Optima and Niro – and also the recently-launched Sportage crossover – are each available with Kia Connected Service, powered by TomTom®. Kia Connected Services is a new connectivity package offering drivers a wide range of up-to-date information, including live traffic updates, speed camera locations and alerts, local point-of-interest search and weather forecasts. In Europe, the system is available to buyers free of charge for seven years after the car's purchase.
That is a nice feature that I will be taking advantage of! I may have missed it but is this considered an add-on feature or does it come stock?
Thanks for your email. I'm glad to hear of your interest in the All-New Niro!
We don't yet have an exact date as to when Apple Car Play will be introduced to our vehicles.
If by the time you receive your new vehicle the feature is available, the dealer may be willing to update it to your car prior to the sale.
If however it is still not out, then they may be willing to offer it as a favourable package after the sale has been made.
This however cannot be guaranteed and you would need to contact with them directly.
I've been assured by 2 separate main dealerships the upgrade will be free. Kia head office tell me Apple CarPlay is aimed at 1st quarter 2017 but with caveat that it could be up to forth quarter 2017.
Kia Niro (2017-...) +/- ????