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Tag Archives: Gilbert White
by willturnstone | September 5, 2021 · 00:59
5 September, Gilbert White XIII: A Harvest Scene. (Season of Creation VII)
Gilbert White introduced the Natural History of Selborne (1789) with a selection of his verses, including this description of one family's harvest time. Their field would have been much smaller than this expanse of barley, ready for the combine harvester, but barley it might well have been, grown for the breweries of London and nearby Alton. Every year, White would have seen the harvest gathered in by hand as he records here. By the sweat of their brow this couple took their part in God's creation.
Waked by the gentle gleamings of the morn,
Soon clad, the reaper, provident of want,
Hies cheerful-hearted to the ripen'd field:
Nor hastes alone: attendant by his side
His faithful wife, sole partner of his cares,
Bears on her breast the sleeping babe; behind,
With steps unequal, trips her infant train;
Thrice happy pair, in love and labour join'd !
All day they ply their task; with mutual chat,
Beguiling each the sultry, tedious hours.
Around them falls in rows the sever'd corn,
Or the shocks rise in regular array.
But when high noon invites to short repast,
Beneath the shade of sheltering thorn they sit,
Divide the simple meal, and drain the cask:
The swinging cradle lulls the whimpering babe
Meantime; while growling round, if at the tread
Of hasty passenger alarm'd, as of their store
Protective, stalks the cur with bristling back,
To guard the scanty scrip and russet frock.
Filed under Autumn, Daily Reflections, PLaces, poetry
Tagged as children, dogs, family, Gilbert White, harvest, love, shared table, sleep, work
20 May: Gilbert White XII, on worms.
Science was not always seen as attacking Christian belief, and should not be presented as doing so. Rather it challenges the believer to accept, or not, the evidence of their own observations, and the often detailed observations of honest men and women looking at Creation, trying to understand it and their place within it. As one scientist put it, you can believe that God indeed created all things inside a week, but you have to accept that he created a world that looks, sounds and tastes as though he has been creating on a larger scale and over a longer period of time than we can even begin to imagine.
Gilbert White, the curate of Selborne in Hampshire, was one such honest observer. He had his battles to convince gardeners and farmers that 'worms seem to be the great promoters of vegetation'. That is now received wisdom. As for 'small shell-less snails, called slugs' … well, at least the hedgehogs enjoy them. White's Natural History is based on letters to scientist friends.
These worms are rather dirty with grains of sand and soil adhering to their skin. We thought it would be unfair to wash them down. After the photo op they were soon back in their native soil.
Selborne, May 20, 1777.
Lands that are subject to frequent inundations are always poor; and probably the reason may be because the worms are drowned. The most insignificant insects and reptiles are of much more consequence, and have much more influence in the Economy of nature, than the incurious are aware of; and are mighty in their effect, from their minuteness, which renders them less an object of attention; and from their numbers and fecundity.
Earth-worms, though in appearance a small and despicable link in the chain of nature, yet, if lost, would make a lamentable chasm. For, to say nothing of half the birds, and some quadrupeds, which are almost entirely supported by them, worms seem to be the great promoters of vegetation, which would proceed but lamely without them, by boring, perforating, and loosening the soil, and rendering it pervious to rains and the fibres of plants, by drawing straws and stalks of leaves and twigs into it; and, most of all, by throwing up such infinite numbers of lumps of earth called worm-casts, which, being their excrement, is a fine manure for grain and grass.
Worms probably provide new soil for hills and slopes where the rain washes the earth away; and they affect slopes, probably to avoid being flooded. Gardeners and farmers express their detestation of worms; the former because they render their walks unsightly, and make them much work: and the latter because, as they think, worms eat their green corn. But these men would find that the earth without worms would soon become cold, hard-bound, and void of fermentation; and consequently sterile: and besides, in favour of worms, it should be hinted that green corn, plants, and flowers, are not so much injured by them as by many species of coleoptera (scarabs), and tipulae (long-legs), in their larva, or grub-state; and by unnoticed myriads of small shell-less snails, called slugs, which silently and imperceptibly make amazing havoc in the field and garden.
From "The Natural History of Selborne" by Gilbert White.
Let's pray that we may never be counted among the incurious, but may appreciate that every link in the chain of nature has its part to play.
Tagged as Anglican, birds, ecology, Gilbert White, grass, science, slugs, soil, worms
15 February: Gilbert White XI: a reflection on the crocus.
The 18th Century curate and scientist saw no conflict between these two ways of looking at the world; here it is science inspiring him to a prayer in poetry.
The crocus sativus, the vernal, and the autumnal crocus have such an affinity, that the best botanists only make them varieties of the same genus, of which there is only one species; not being able to discern any difference in the corolla, or in the internal structure. Yet the vernal crocus expands its flowers by the beginning of March at farthest, and often in very rigorous weather; and cannot be retarded but by some violence offered: — while the autumnal (the saffron) defies the influence of the spring and summer, and will not blow till most plants begin to fade and run to seed.
This circumstance is one of the wonders of the creation, little noticed, because a common occurrence: yet ought not to be overlooked on account of its being familiar, since it would be as difficult to be explained as the most stupendous phaenomenon in nature.
Say, what impels, amidst surrounding snow,
Congealed, the crocus' flamy bud to grow?
Say, what retards, amidst the summer's blaze,
Th' autumnal bulb till pale, declining days ?
The GOD of SEASONS; whose pervading power
Controls the sun, or sheds the fleecy shower:
He bids each flower His quickening word obey;
Or to each lingering bloom enjoins delay.
Letter XLII from The Natural History of Selborne by Gilbert White.
Filed under Autumn, Daily Reflections, Laudato si', poetry, Spring
Tagged as Creation, Creator God, flowers, Gilbert White, poetry, science, seasons
1 January: Gilbert White X: a New Year Reflection
Gilbert White, Anglican curate of Selborne, Hampshire, and pioneer naturalist, is writing to his friend, Thomas Pennant, reflecting on his studies and writing. Enjoy the XVIII Century prose, but reflect: what observations should I be sharing that might induce any of my readers to pay a more ready attention to the wonders of the Creation, too frequently overlooked as common occurrences? Dip your (metaphorical) pen!
Scabius
If the writer should at all appear to have induced any of his readers to pay a more ready attention to the wonders of the Creation, too frequently overlooked as common occurrences; or if he should by any means, through his researches, have lent an helping hand towards the enlargement of the boundaries of historical and topographical knowledge; or if he should have thrown some small light upon ancient customs and manners, and especially on those that were monastic, his purpose will be fully answered. But if he should not have been successful in any of these his intentions, yet there remains this consolation behind—that these his pursuits, by keeping the body and mind employed, have, under Providence, contributed to much health and cheerfulness of spirits, even to old age:—and, what still adds to his happiness, have led him to the knowledge of a circle of gentlemen whose intelligent communications, as they have afforded him much pleasing information, so, could he flatter himself with a continuation of them, would they ever be deemed a matter of singular satisfaction and improvement.
Gil. White.
Selborne, January 1st, 1788.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF SELBORNE: LETTERS to THOMAS PENNANT, ESQ.
from "The Natural History of Selborne" by Gilbert White)
Filed under Interruptions, Laudato si', PLaces
Tagged as Creator God, Gilbert White, Hampshire, health, history, Laudato si', seeing, writing
by willturnstone | August 22, 2020 · 00:14
22 August: Gilbert White IX, summer birds.
blackcap by Ron Knight
As to the short-winged, soft-billed birds, which come trooping in such numbers in the spring, I am at a loss even what to suspect about them. I watched them narrowly this year, and saw them abound till about Michaelmas, when they appeared no longer. Subsist they cannot openly among us, and yet elude the eyes of the inquisitive; and, as to their hiding, no man pretends to have found any of them in a torpid state in the winter. But with regard to their migration, what difficulties attend that supposition! that such feeble bad fliers (who the summer long never flit but from hedge to hedge) should be able to traverse vast seas and continents in order to enjoy milder seasons amidst the regions of Africa!
LETTER XXIX.
Selborne, May 12th, 1770.
Dear Sir,—Last month we had such a series of cold, turbulent weather, such a constant succession of frost, and snow, and hail, and tempest, that the regular or appearance of the summer birds was much interrupted. Some did not show themselves (at least were not heard) till weeks after their usual time, as the blackcap and whitethroat; and some have not been heard yet, as the grasshopper-lark and largest willow-wren. As to the fly-catcher, I have not seen it; it is indeed one of the latest, but should appear about this time: and yet, amidst all this meteorous strife and war of the elements, two swallows discovered themselves, as long ago as April 11th, in frost and snow; but they withdrew quickly, and were not visible again for many days. House-martins, which are always more backward than swallows, were not observed till May came in.
I repeat that we are reproducing White's letters because it is the tercentenary of this rural parson's birth, nd because he is a well-known exemplar of the man of faith and of science combined.
What a lovely turn of phrase, 'meteorous strife and war of the elements'! Up in Selborne, Gilbert White did not have chance to observe the (to us) nearby beaches of Hampshire and Sussex, or the ground below lighthouses where birds, confused and dazzled by the life-saving lantern, were cast down after striking the glass. He would have gathered all the evidence he needed for migration, down by the sea.
Some Blackcaps winter with us these days.
Tagged as birds, Faith, Gilbert White, migration, question, storm
21 August: Gilbert White VIII, Migration or hibernation?
Starlings in early Autumn before they gather in huge murmurations.
Hibernation of birds was one area where Gilbert White's instincts were wrong: unlike snakes and harvest mice, neither swallows nor any other birds hibernate; they migrate. I have seen a house martin or two, flying over Dumpton Park in Thanet, just a few metres from the coast, on 20th October one year. Is it likely that they fly south to Senegal? Conversely, is it likely that they hide in river mud, completely without trace?
About ten years ago I used to spend some weeks yearly at Sunbury, which is one of those pleasant villages lying on the Thames, near Hampton Court. In the autumn, I could not help being much amused with those myriads of the swallow kind which assemble in those parts. But what struck me most was, that, from the time they began to congregate, forsaking the chimneys and houses, they roosted every night in the osier-beds of the aits of that river. Now, this resorting towards that element, at that season of the year, seems to give some countenance to the northern opinion (strange as it is) of their retiring under water. A Swedish naturalist is so much persuaded of that fact, that he talks, in his calendar of Flora, as familiarly of the swallows going under water in the beginning of September, as he would of his poultry going to roost a little before sunset.
An observing gentleman in London writes me word that he saw a house-martin, on the twenty-third of last October, flying in and out of its nest in the Borough. And I myself, on the twenty-ninth of last October (as I was travelling through Oxford), saw four or five swallows hovering round and settling on the roof of the county hospital.
Now is it likely that these poor little birds (which perhaps had not been hatched but a few weeks) should, at that late season of the year, and from so midland a county, attempt a voyage to Goree or Senegal, almost as far as the equator?
Filed under Autumn, Daily Reflections, Laudato si'
Tagged as birds, co-operation, Gilbert White, hibernation, Laudato si', migration, science, Thames, water, willow
20 August: Gilbert White VII, Harvest Mice
Harvest mouse by Hendrik Osadnik
White depended upon correspondence with other gentlemen researchers to further his researches – and theirs. He contributed to the identification of the harvest mouse as a separate species. 'Nondescript' here means not having its description recorded in a scientific publication. Two inches is about 5 cm.
I have procured some of the mice mentioned in my former letters, a young one and a female with young, both of which I have preserved in brandy. From the colour, shape, size, and manner of nesting, I make no doubt but that the species is nondescript. They are much smaller, and more slender, than the mus domesticus medius of Ray, and have more of the squirrel or dormouse colour; their belly is white, a straight line along their sides divides the shades of their back and belly. They never enter into houses; are carried into ricks and barns with the sheaves, abound in harvest; and build their nests amidst the straws of the corn above the ground, and sometimes in thistles. They breed as many as eight at a litter, in a little round nest composed of the blades of grass or wheat.
One of these nests I procured this autumn, most artificially platted, and composed of the blades of wheat, perfectly round, and about the size of a cricket ball, with the aperture so ingeniously closed, that there was no discovering to what part it belonged. It was so compact and well filled, that it would roll across the table without being discomposed, though it contained eight little mice that were naked and blind. As this nest was perfectly full, how could the dam come at her litter respectively, so as to administer a teat to each? Perhaps she opens different places for that purpose, adjusting them again when the business is over; but she could not possibly be contained herself in the ball with her young, which moreover would be daily increasing in bulk. This wonderful procreant cradle, an elegant instance of the efforts of instinct, was found in a wheat-field suspended in the head of a thistle.
Letter xiii
As to the small mice, I have farther to remark, that though they hang their nests for breeding up amidst the straws of the standing corn, above the ground, yet I find that, in the winter, they burrow deep in the earth, and make warm beds of grass: but their grand rendezvous seems to be in corn-ricks, into which they are carried at harvest. A neighbour housed an oat-rick lately, under the thatch of which were assembled nearly a hundred, most of which were taken, and some I saw. I measured them, and found that, from nose to tail, they were just two inches and a quarter, and their tails just two inches long. Two of them, in a scale, weighed down just one copper halfpenny, which is about the third of an ounce avoirdupois: so that I suppose they are the smallest quadrupeds in this island. A full-grown Mus medius domesticus weighs, I find, one ounce lumping weight, which is more than six times as much as the mouse above; and measures from nose to rump four inches and a quarter, and the same in its tail.
Zwergmaus (Micromys minutus), fotografiert 9/2005 von Hendrik Osadnik
Tagged as friendship, Gilbert White, harvest, home, Laudato si', letters, science, seeing
19 August: Gilbert White VI, trouble in the forest.
It seems that Gilbert White had some sympathy with the poor of his district, who had free spirits among them who were prepared to stand up to the nobility.
At present the deer of the Holt are much thinned and reduced by the night hunters, who perpetually harass them in spite of the efforts of numerous keepers, and the severe penalties that have been put in force against them as often as they have been detected, and rendered liable to the lash of the law. Neither fines nor imprisonments can deter them, so impossible is it to extinguish the spirit of sporting which seems to be inherent in human nature.
General Howe turned out some German wild boars and sows in his forests, to the great terror of the neighbourhood, and, at one time, a wild bull or buffalo; but the country rose upon them and destroyed them.
A very large fall of timber, consisting of about one thousand oaks, has been cut this spring (viz., 1784) in the Holt forest: one fifth of which, it is said, belongs to the grantee, Lord Stawell. He lays claim also to the lop and top; but the poor of the parishes of Binsted and Frinsham, Bentley and Kingsley, assert that it belongs to them, and assembling in a riotous manner, have actually taken it all away. One man, who keeps a team, has carried home for his share forty stacks of wood. Forty-five of these people his lordship has served with actions. These trees, which were very sound and in high perfection, were winter-cut, viz., in February and March, before the bark would run. In old times the Holt was estimated to be eighteen miles, computed measure from water-carriage, viz., from the town of Chertsey, on the Thames; but now it is not half that distance, since the Wey is made navigable up to the town of Godalming, in the county of Surrey.
The Wey joins the Thames, so timber could be sent there, and on to dockyards along the Estuary and into Kent. Winter-cut trees were easier to transport, as the sap was not running beneath the bark, and the wood was appreciably lighter in weight.
Filed under Daily Reflections, Laudato si', winter
Tagged as forest, Gilbert White, Laudato si', oppression, poverty, rights, sustainability, Thames, water
18 August: Gilbert White V. Pond life
This marshy stretch of water offers cover to birds – and would-be hunters.
We continue reading from White's letter to Pennant.
Wolmer Pond, so called, I suppose, for eminence sake, is a vast lake for this part of the world, containing, in its whole circumference, 2,646 yards, or very near a mile and a half. The length of the north-west and opposite side is about 704 yards, and the breadth of the south-west end about 456 yards. This measurement, which I caused to be made with good exactness, gives an area of about sixty-six acres, exclusive of a large irregular arm at the north-east corner, which we did not take into the reckoning.
On the face of this expanse of waters, and perfectly secure from fowlers, lie all day long, in the winter season, vast flocks of ducks, teals, and widgeons, of various denominations, where they preen and solace, and rest themselves, till towards sunset, when they issue forth in little parties (for in their natural state they are all birds of the night) to feed in the brooks and meadows, returning again with the dawn of the morning. Had this lake an arm or two more, and were it planted round with thick covert (for now it is perfectly naked), it might make a valuable decoy.
A decoy uses floating model ducks to attract flocks of wild birds to a stretch of water where hunters and their retriever dogs are waiting.
Gilbert White can be seen here involving his parishioners in his science, surveying the pond. It must have been exciting for the swarms of children following behind. I daresay they got in the way.
He says elsewhere that rich tenants had stripped the oak woods around the pond, selling the timber, in all probability, to the Royal Naval Dockyard at Portsmouth to build ships with 'hearts of oak'. War and greed deforesting England.
Tagged as community, duck, Gilbert White, night, science, trees, War, watching, water
17 August: Gilbert White IV, Nature is a great economist.
Sussex Cattle
LETTER VIII Continued.
Within the present limits of the forest are three considerable lakes, Hogmer, Cranmer, and Wolmer, all of which are stocked with carp, tench, eels, and perch: but the fish do not thrive well, because the water is hungry, and the bottoms are a naked sand.
A circumstance respecting these ponds, though by no means peculiar to them, I cannot pass over in silence; and that is, that instinct by which in summer all the kine, whether oxen, cows, calves, or heifers, retire constantly to the water during the hotter hours; where, being more exempt from flies, and inhaling the coolness of that element, some belly deep, and some only to mid-leg, they ruminate and solace themselves from about ten in the morning till four in the afternoon, and then return to their feeding. During this great proportion of the day they drop much dung, in which insects nestle, and so supply food for the fish, which would be poorly subsisted but from this contingency. Thus Nature, who is a great economist, converts the recreation of one animal to the support of another! Thomson, who was a nice observer of natural occurrences, did not let this pleasing circumstance escape him.
He says, in his "Summer,"
"A various group the herds and flocks compose;
. . . on the grassy bank
Some ruminating lie; while others stand
Half in the flood, and, often bending, sip
The circling surface."
White is more aware than many modern people of the cycle of life! These Sussex heifers were beside the Little Stour River in July 2020.
Tagged as farming, Gilbert White, Laudato si', poetry, science, Summer, sustainability, water


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Found 6346 results
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Preece, Michael J.. Learning to Love the Book of Mormon - The Book of Moroni., 2014.
Preece, Michael J.. Learning to Love the Book of Mormon - The Book of Mosiah., 2014.
Preece, Michael J.. Learning to Love the Book of Mormon - The Book of Omni., 2014.
Preece, Michael J.. Learning to Love the Book of Mormon - The First Book of Nephi., 2014.
Preece, Michael J.. Learning to Love the Book of Mormon - The Second Book of Nephi., 2014.
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Book of Mormon Stories: A New Home in the Promised Land., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Aaron Teaches King Lamoni's Father., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Abinadi and King Noah., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Alma and His People Escape., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Alma and Nehor., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Alma Counsels His Sons., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Alma Teaches about Faith and the Word of God., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Alma Teaches and Baptizes., 2011.
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Book of Mormon Stories: Building the Ship., 2011.
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Book of Mormon Stories: Captain Moroni and the Title of Liberty., 2011.
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Book of Mormon Stories: Enos., 2011.
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Book of Mormon Stories: Helaman and the 2,000 Young Warriors., 2011.
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Book of Mormon Stories: Jesus Christ Appears to the Nephites., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Jesus Christ Blesses His Disciples., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Jesus Christ Blesses the Children., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Jesus Christ Teaches about the Sacrament and Prayer., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Jesus Christ Teaches and Prays with the Nephites., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Joseph Smith Sees a Vision of God and Jesus Christ., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: King Benjamin., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: King Limhi and His People Escape., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: King-Men versus Freemen., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Korihor., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Lehi Leaves Jerusalem., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Lehi Warns the People., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Lehi's Dream., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Mormon and His Teachings., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Moroni and His Teachings., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Nephi and Lehi in Prison., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Nephi Receives Great Power., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Peace in America., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: Samuel the Lamanite Tells about Jesus Christ., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: The Amlicites., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: The Brass Plates., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: The Destruction of the Jaredites., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: The Jaredites Leave Babel., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: The Jaredites Travel to the Promised Land., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: The Murder of the Chief Judge., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: The People of Ammon., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: The Promise of the Book of Mormon., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: The Signs of Christ's Birth., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: The Signs of Christ's Crucifixion., 2011.
Book of Mormon Stories: The Sons of Mosiah Become Missionaries., 2011.
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Andersen, Joe V.. Book of Mormon Objective Geographic Standard No. 4: The Nature and Location of the Three Defensive "Lines"., 2015.
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Butler, John M.. Mormon Scholars Testify: John M. Butler. Mormon Scholars Testify, 2010.
Mattox, John Mark. Mormon Scholars Testify: John Mark Mattox. Mormon Scholars Testify, 2011.
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Adjimani, Jonathan. Mormon Scholars Testify: Jonathan Adjimani. Mormon Scholars Testify, 2010.
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Anderson, Karl Ricks. Mormon Scholars Testify: Karl Ricks Anderson - "Testimony of Joseph Smith". Mormon Scholars Archive, 2011.
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L. Smoot, Douglas. Mormon Scholars Testify: L. Douglas Smoot. Mormon Scholars Testify, 2011.
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Wilson, Lynne Hilton. Mormon Scholars Testify: Lynne Hilton Wilson. Mormon Scholars Testify, 2010.
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Arnold, Marilyn. Mormon Scholars Testify: Marilyn Arnold. Mormon Scholars Testify, 2010.
Walters, Matt. Mormon Scholars Testify: Matt Walters. Mormon Scholars Testify, 2011.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Learning the lay of the land
Sean Gallen. Biodiversity inventory with Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) biologists in the Tennessee River basin.
Alice McBride | EAPS News
MIT's Surface Processes group examines how physical factors like river networks and climate slowly shape the landscapes of Earth and other celestial bodies.
A computer-generated model of a round lake appears in the Zoom window as PhD student Rose Palermo shares her screen. It's a barebones graphic – a ragged yellow coastline punctuated by blue rivers that radiate outward, diminishing in width as they go. Palermo is modeling different scenarios to see how erosion affects the shape of the shoreline in a hypothetical lake on Titan, Saturn's largest moon.
"So you're proposing the lake hasn't been filled with liquid long enough for waves to smooth out the coastline?" asks Maya Stokes, another PhD student. "How do you separate that from river incision introducing more ruggedness?"
Stokes absently presses the tip of her nose down with a finger as she listens to Palermo's response. She and Palermo are two of about a dozen digital faces framed by familiar little boxes, all gathered on Zoom to discuss research updates in their weekly group meeting.
The MIT Surface Processes research group covers a lot of ground – literally. Headed by professor of geology Taylor Perron in MIT's Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS), the group examines how physical factors like river networks and climate slowly shape the landscapes of Earth and other celestial bodies.
This EAPS group itself consists of three postdoctoral researchers, six graduate students (two in the MIT-WHOI Joint Program), and a number of close collaborators from other research groups at MIT. As a result, the group's research scope is broad – everything from floodplains in South America to the coastlines of Titan – and incorporates elements of other disciplines, including archaeology and ecology. But the common thread, Perron says, is "landforms and especially rivers."
Shaping worlds
Rivers are the movers and shakers on a planetary surface. Their flowing waters cut into the earth, picking up soil and rocks and carrying them away. These sediments build up other parts of the landscape when they are eventually deposited somewhere downstream. Meanwhile, upstream, the river cuts deeper and deeper into the ground, creating steep banks that lead the surrounding soils to tumble downhill in landslides. The rate of this erosion varies by location. But over geologic timescales, rivers are ultimately responsible for lowering the level of the entire surrounding landscape.
These changes are a challenge to study – not just because they happen so slowly, but also because the landscapes themselves are so vast. "You can't do controlled experiments at the planetary scale," says Perron. Scaling everything down to run experiments in a lab often isn't an option – shrinking sand grains to one-tenth or one-hundredth of their normal size, for example, would yield very fine particles with different physical properties than the sand at the bottom of a life-size river.
Computer modeling is one way the Surface Processes group gets around these difficulties of scale. But the group's breadth of focus makes it possible to use another strategy as well: observing multiple systems at once. Group members like Palermo, who focus on the landscapes of planetary bodies like Titan and Mars, are studying similar – but not quite parallel – systems to those on Earth.
Titan's rivers of liquid methane, for example, don't behave exactly like Earth's more familiar waterways; for one thing, it's likely easier for them to carry their loads of icy and organic sediment than it is for rivers on Earth to carry rocks and dirt. But the laws of physics still apply, and comparing the similarities and differences between systems on Earth and systems on other celestial bodies helps further our understanding of both.
"We think about the planetary situations as natural experiments that can help teach us about mechanisms that are happening here," says Perron.
Photo credit: Taylor Perron. A treeless landscape and the Grashagakvisl River in southern Iceland.
Interwoven disciplines
Down on Earth, river networks are not just dynamic players that link a hydrologic cycle with a physical landscape. They're also connected to a larger, living environment – and in the past few years, the Surface Processes group has been spending more time investigating these unique connections.
Stokes's research, for example, is centered on how river patterns in the southern and central Appalachian Mountains have changed over time. But she's looking at it in a larger context: how the physical landscape connects to biological diversity. The Upper Tennessee River Basin has more freshwater fish species than all of Europe, and Stokes has teamed up with fish biologists to try to connect the historical dots between a perpetually changing mountain landscape and the startling amount of biodiversity among the fish that evolved to live there.
Her current focus is the Greenfin Darter (Nothonotus chlorobranchius), a slender brownish-green fish living in sections of rivers that flow through metamorphic rock. In the present day, multiple populations of this fish species are isolated from one another by long stretches of river that pass through a different type of rock, a habitat these fish don't use. But genetic profiles of these fish show that at some point in the past, their populations overlapped.
Coupling this biological information with data on the area's geology, Stokes is working to identify the past river patterns and landscape shapes that would have physically connected sections of metamorphic rock in the right places and at the right times to match up with the genetic history of these now-distinct fish populations.
Her efforts both illuminate the history of a changing landscape and show how the landscape itself can cause evolution – splitting fish populations into separate groups which then evolve in slightly different ways until eventually they become separate species. This holistic approach has the potential to aid conservation efforts in the present day. "In order to conserve [Earth's] biodiversity, it is essential that we understand where it came from," says Stokes.
Navigating multiple research spheres isn't always easy. "Sometimes you're talking about the same thing, but you're actually talking about separate things," says Stokes with a smile, regarding collaborations with both geologists and biologists. Nonetheless, the collaborative spirit of her work is echoed throughout the Surface Processes group.
Building off her Appalachian river research, Stokes recently co-wrote a paper with another of the group's PhD students, Sam Goldberg, about how the Amazon River is "stealing" water from the nearby Rio Orinoco. Goldberg, who focuses on how climate has shaped the Amazon basin, in turn collaborates closely with postdoctoral researcher Morgan Schmidt, the group's resident archaeologist who specializes in the Amazon region. Schmidt studies the carbon-rich soil associated with riverside indigenous settlements – another link between rivers and the living environment.
These Earth-bound research efforts intertwine with insights from those group members focused on the heavens, with each project complementing the others. Nowadays, that synthesis of ideas happens mostly over Zoom – but that doesn't hamper the synergy of this group.
"You always want to be learning as a scientist," says Stokes. "I'm excited just to constantly be learning about new and different things."
This research was supported, in part, by the Martin Family Society of Fellows for Sustainability, the mTerra Catalyst Fund, the MIT Abdul Latif Jameel Water & Food Systems Lab, NASA, and the National Science Foundation.
by MIT Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences
Energy poverty in Europe: Using evidence to address an urgent challenge


(Reuters) - India's Tata Steel Ltd said on Friday it had completed the acquisition of a 72.7 percent stake in Bhushan Steel Ltd, which was in bankruptcy court over unpaid loans.
As part of the deal, a unit of Tata Steel is paying 352.33 billion rupees ($5.18 billion) to Bhushan Steel's creditor banks. It will also pay Bhushan Steel's operational creditors, such as vendors, another 12 billion rupees over 12 months.


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Data Doctor: Tim Flood Honored with Aquatics International's Power Award
2019 Power Issue
His research was the catalyst for the formation of the Drowning Prevention Coalition of Arizona and has spurred other organizations to initiate safety programs in an effort see those published numbers go down.
By Nate Traylor
Dr. Tim Flood has been tracking Arizona's drowning rates since 1990, compiling reports that detail how many deaths occurred and where they happened. His annual reports are the barometer by which water-safety experts gauge their progress.
There was a time when drownings were assumed to be relatively rare in Arizona. After all, it is a landlocked, desert state. Then Flood began digging into the data.
"To my shock and horror, Arizona had a high drowning rate compared to the rest of the nation," says Flood, Bureau Medical Director with the Arizona Department of Health Services.
Arizona still ranks fourth highest in the country for drowning deaths of children ages 1 to 4.
The culprit? Largely backyard swimming pools. There are an estimated 300,000 residential swimming pools in the Phoenix metro area alone. In 2016, the most recent year for which data is available, there were 175 pool-related incidences, either fatal or nonfatal, in Maricopa county, the state's most populous county.
Figures such as these spark action. Early efforts such as drowning-prevention campaigns were largely aimed at parents.
Then the focus shifted to the life-saving importance of barriers around pools, by then a state law.
Now, organizations are trumpeting a new strategy.
"If I had to say one bright spot in how we're going to control this issue, it's the role of swim lessons," Flood says.
In Arizona, it can be hard to find a home without a pool. So people with lower incomes often have pools without the means to afford swimming lessons. Obviously, that puts children at risk. Cities have responded to the call of action by offering discounted or free swim lessons for disadvantaged populations.
It's hard to tell if they're making progress. That's because Flood's data has become more accurate over the years. He used to depend on Phoenix-area fire departments to submit drowning reports. Now he uses hospital discharge data, which not only includes drowning deaths, but nonfatal incidents as well. He is now able to collect that information statewide. As a result, he's seen a two- to threefold increase in the number of incidents from that data set.
Says Flood: "Our work is not done yet."
Nate Traylor
Nate Traylor joined Hanley Wood in 2013 as a senior editor of Pool & Spa News and Aquatics International. He's written about Elvis Presley's pool, underwater hockey and how skateboarders may be the pool industry's last best hope. He lives in Los Angeles. Follow him on Twitter @n8traylor.
2022 Best of Aquatics: Events Marana Pool Recognized in 2022 Best of Aquatics


This is a garden that belongs to a friend and client, and that I secretly covet because it is so peaceful and private.
It has been a work in progress over the last several years, not least of which due to the challenges of planting under a very large, very thirsty Norway maple (you can see its trunk sandwiched between the lattice panels).
This is the first year the rhododendron has bloomed significantly, but clearly it needs some attention as its leaves appear chlorotic – not the yellow we were going for!
These lattice panels and fencing allow for privacy without the feeling of being closed in. They also provide some textural interest along a flat plane that divides the properties.
Two stepped planters along the rear next to the maple's trunk provide added planting space that is (theoretically) not taken up by maple roots and allows for more vertical interest in a confined space.
The challenge here has also been to provide intermediate height: somewhere between the overwhelming maple canopy and the scale of the perennials. We have achieved this with several small trees and shrubs: a serviceberry, a dogwood, a witchhazel, a 'Bloodgood' Japanese maple and a transplanted purple-leafed sandcherry.
We have also used a lot of yellow to brighten up this secret garden.
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This is my dream garden, thanks Ailsa. So soothing!
Thanks Kathi! Yes, it is a very soothing space – but as you can see, also very tiny. A perfect jewel.
You're dead-on re: hostas! I had an old Victorian up north with one of those big wrap-around-the-turret front porches….omg!! we had it totally lined with the empress wu variety and by end of summer people would stop when driving by just to gape at their size and beauty. That house was a work-of-art in every way….but it drained my money,time and emotional resources!!! Can't say I miss it, but the hostas? Those, I miss!!!
I had to google 'Empress Wu' hosta because I wanted to get an exact vision of your planting – I was right! I knew it was big, but didn't remember it was blue too. What a show-stopper; I hope you took pics before moving. You're right about those old Victorian homes – they are beautiful but also costly, in every way :c( I guess Florida is not the best place for hostas; but hey, you can grow so many other show-stoppers!


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Equity Fights AIDS was founded in October 1987 by the Council of Actors' Equity Association. Money raised through the efforts of Equity theatre companies across the country was specifically earmarked for The Actors Fund's AIDS Initiative.
Broadway Cares was founded in February 1988 by members of The Producers' Group. Money raised was earmarked to be awarded to AIDS service organizations nationwide, including Equity Fights AIDS.
In May 1992, Equity Fights AIDS and Broadway Cares merged to become Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS. The Board of Trustees of this newly established not-for-profit fundraising organization assumed the missions of the previously separate organizations and continues to fund the social service work of The Actors Fund and to award grants three times a year to AIDS service organizations nationwide. (BC/EFA)
CAPCO provides direct services to indigent clients through the National Grants Program for Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), which is administered by Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS (BC/EFA). The CAPCO staff assesses the needs of clients who may be eligible for any of the following services:
Personal care items: toothbrushes, toothpaste, brushes, combs, feminine products, soap, shampoo, conditioner, towels, washcloths, etc.
Clothing: shirts, pants, sweaters, jackets, shoes, boots, etc.
Transportation assistance: bus tickets or taxi vouchers for medical appointments and social service appointments
Schedule an appointment with the CAPCO office in order to assess your present financial situation. One of our case managers can help determine whether you are eligible for BC/EFA-funded assistance.


QUIZ: Can You Guess The Real Meaning Of These Common Dog Behaviors?
Dogs make the best friends, but sometimes they leave us wondering what they're really getting at.
Have you ever been confused by dog behavior? Led astray by an errant lick? Wondering why your canine companion is yawning a lot? You're not alone. Dogs have their own language and understand each other very well, but sometimes it's their humans who lose a bit in translation.
Dogs use their bodies to communicate. From tail to tip, their behavior can show what they're thinking and feeling in many different ways, using nearly every muscle in their bodies. There's a big difference between a dog that's angling to play and one that would like you to back off.
Perhaps you've come across a confiding canine who's greeted you with a playful bow, or maybe you've noticed how dogs tend to greet each other when they're feeling frisky. It hardly makes you fluent in Fido, but it is a good start.
Here is your chance to show off how much you understand about our furry friends. Follow the prompts in this interactive story and see how far you can get! Then share your results with your friends and see how they compare.
Do you know what these dog behaviors mean?
Translate the meaning of these dog behaviors and make your way through our interactive story! Be sure to use your best judgement. An incorrect answer could send you back to the beginning!
What does the greeting stretch mean?
Morning has come, once again. You've just woken up with a less than appreciative view of Monday, but press on against all odds. Your dog approaches gingerly, and pauses at your feet for a long stretch.
What does your dog's "shrinking" indicate?
Still a bit groggy, you hear a knock at the door. It's a package for you, but neither you or your dog recognize the delivery person. Your canine companion slinks back, her ears flattening against her head.
What does your dog's yawning mean?
Taking your dog for a morning stroll, you come across a neighbor who had the same idea, and is out with their dog as well. Upon approaching, your dog stops for a hearty yawn, which is reciprocated by the neighbor's.
You arrive home from work, and your dog is excited to see you! She greets you with a wagging tail, front paws out, and bows her head.
What does the bow mean this time?
Walking your dog to the park for some socialization, you spot a squirrel. Your dog gets excited again and jumps to action in a bow similar to what you saw before, but this time her tail is stiff, her ears are pricked up, and she's concentrating on the rodent.
What does this behavior mean?
At the park, your dog finds a small group to run around with, while others play in the distance. You throw a ball for her to chase after, when a larger unfamiliar dog nears. Your dog sticks her tail straight up in the air, stiffens her entire body, and raises her head.
What do your dog's licks mean?
You head home from the park, your dog properly tired out and ready to relax. At home, you take a seat on the couch after dinner. Your dog jumps up and licks your face.
What does the head tilt mean?
Getting ready for bed, you decide to go over the day's events with your dog, naming all the places you had visited. When you mention the word "park," she tilts her head.
You better call the fence repair shop, because dogs seem to elude you. Follow this link and see how well you can decipher the behavior of our feline friends.
That's OK. Give the quiz another try, or follow this link and see how well you can decipher the behavior of our feline friends.
Caught you taking a dog nap!
You've gotten a few correct, but there's certainly room for improvement. Follow this link and see how well you can decipher the behavior of our feline friends.
Truly impressive, but not perfect! Be sure and share your results with your friends .Then, follow this link and see how well you can decipher the behavior of our cat companions.
Perfect score! You really understand dogs! Be sure and share your results with your friends .Then, follow this link and see how well you can decipher the behavior of our cat companions.


A pioneer in humanistic psychology and the originator of Trust Level theory, Jack Gibb's distinguished career as a psychologist and consultant spanned five decades. Often referred to as the grandfather of organizational development, he applied TORI theory to all forms of organizations, from corporations and governments to schools, churches, and hospitals. He was the original proponent of the importance of trust in team dynamics and organizational behavior, and the effect of trust on creativity.
He was an early innovator at the renowned National Training Laboratories in Bethel, Maine, where behavioral scientists performed the pioneering work in team dynamics, communication, sensitivity training, and leadership training in the 1940's and 1950's. Jack was one of the first and most highly regarded T-Group (training group) leaders at NTL, served as Director of Research, and co-authored two books with the three NTL founders: T-Group Theory and Laboratory Method and The Laboratory Method of Changing and Learning. His seminal book was Trust: A New Vision of Human Relationships for Business, Education, Family, and Personal Living.
An internationally acclaimed consultant, Jack consulted for IBM, AT&T, General Motors, Dow, DuPont, the State Department, the IRS, TVA, YMCA, and the National Council of Churches. He held a doctorate in psychology from Stanford and has taught at Brigham Young, Michigan State, and the University of Colorado, where he also directed the Group Process Laboratory.
Jack is past President of the Association for Humanistic Psychology, a diplomate of the American Board of Professional Psychology, and a fellow of the APA, ASA, the NTL Institute for Applied Behavioral Sciences, and of the International Association of Applied Social Sciences.
He contributed chapters to 26 professional books on management, organizational development, group dynamics, human potential, communication, and education, and over 350 articles to professional journals on those subjects and on learning theory, therapy, and counseling. His classic article "Defensive Communication," written in 1960, continues to be the standard in the field. Over one million copies of the article have been distributed to staff of various corporations.
Jack received numerous international awards for his contributions to the fields of psychology, education, communications, organizational development, and world peace. His work focused on capturing and translating a new vision of a more trusting world.


Pursuant to Arkansas House Bill 2044, which was effective January 1, 2018, the filing office for charitable solicitation registrations and annual financial report filings in Arkansas has been changed to the Business and Commercial Services Division of the Arkansas Secretary of State.
Another important change is that charitable annual financial report filings are now due August 1st, rather than 4.5 months after an organization's fiscal year end. This new due date for charities soliciting in Arkansas, also happens to be the existing due date for corporate annual report filings for nonprofits conducting business in Arkansas…please be careful not to confuse these two filing requirements (charitable vs. corporate). For organizations not able to file the charitable annual financial report by August 1st, a six-month extension (to February 1st) can be requested via e-mail. Make sure to include the words "Annual Financial Report Extension" in the subject line of the email. There is no extension available for filing the corporate annual report.
If you have questions, please contact the Charities Registration office via e-mail, phone or mail using the contact info provided above. You can also contact our Nonprofit Team directly or leave your questions in the comment section below and we will get back to you promptly.


Are you excited that #back2school is around the corner? I know my oldest little guy is really looking forward to heading off to senior kindergarten this year!
What better way to start the year off by outfitting your child with a $150.00 gift certificate to The Childrens Place? I am joining with a great group of bloggers to help promote this giveaway - it is open to Canada/US and will run from August 17 until 11:59PM August 31! Use the rafflecopter form below to enter, and good luck!
Thank you to MySillyMonkeys for organizing this giveaway!
There is so much we'd want to get! My daughter needs pants that fit her (long enough and won't fall down). She would love to choose some of her own clothes and I think some rhinestone leggings would be on the top of her list! Both children also need PJs.
I would shop the Halloween section - this would be a fun shop.
I would love so many things from Children's Place. I'm expecting #2 right now, and their blanket sleepers are awesome. Plus, I love the little tutus and chambray skort for my daughter, and I think I'd top it off with a costume from the Halloween shop. Their costumes are the best!


Although the term 'manager' has been used in football since the beginning of professional football the role of the position has changed greatly over that time. In the case of Falkirk FC the earliest character at the centre of the running of the club was the Secretary [there being no manager, whose title evolved into Secretary-Manager before finally just becoming the Manager]. But the simple fact there has always a single chap around whom the club revolved. Initially he was an ordinary member elected for the upcoming season at the AGM, a couple only lasted a season or two, Robert Bishop came and went four times due to his work commitments in the real world, and it was not really until William Nicol [1900/01-1923/24] that it became a serious permanent paid position.
The secretary's role at the club was also different, he was involved more broadly in the running of the club [which was after all, for a long time a gentleman's amateur sporting club whom anyone could join if they paid their annual dues] his jobs included chasing up late payments of club dues, arranging fixtures with other clubs, arranging the club's annual sports day and making sure the bills were paid [though this job was shared with the treasurer]. Strangely the one thing he was not responsible for was the selection of the team on a week by week basis [in the case of Falkirk this was left in the hands of a selection panel [also elected at the AGM] of either five or seven members, though it must be said that the secretary had the casting vote when needed. The Secretary had the duty of sending those selected a postcard informing them so [oh I wish I could find some of those poscards].
Needless to say the shift from amateurism to professionalism, then the further need for 'results on the pitch' meant a shedding of those wider roles and a concentration upon first team affairs, until we get to the point where we are today.
I give this background info to the role of the football manager through history in order to bring you the curious case of the death of Falkirk's second full-time Manager – David Reid.
David Reid was thrust into the role of Falkirk Manager with the death of William Nicol [he died on the 9th of February 1924 during a Scottish Cup 2nd Round game with East Fife] and at the time Falkirk was a relatively strong Division 1 side, with some great names in the history of the club on their books.
Over the course of the next three seasons Falkirk gained in strength year on year, and although some good players had to be sold down south [few clubs in Scotland could resist, then as now, the sums offered by English League clubs] these were replaced by players who were equally up to the job from Division 2, Northern England, Ireland and especially from the Junior ranks.
It was on a scouting trip when David Reid died, he died at about 2 o'clock on the 29th of October 1927 at Thornhill Junction Station on his way to a Fife Junior Cup match to watch a potential signing... Nothing surprising about a football manager going to watch a potential signing I hear you think, but here is the thing. This could never happen nowadays. Because if you check the dates you might notice that Falkirk were due to play Clyde in a League match at Brockville an hour later.
Unthinkable in our time, but if you mull it over, it kind of makes sense, the team had been picked, and the captain ran the team on the pitch [in the 1920s substitutes were a long way in the future], there was little tactical fluency [all clubs played a form of 2-3-5, yes some centre-halves played deep while others were more central midfielders, some wing-halves overlapped the winger whilst others kept back, and some centre-forwards were out-and-out penalty box players whilst others laid off and brought the Inside-Forwards into play much more, but this was often more reliant upon the skills of the players available than upon tactical nuance], so there was little the manager could do once the whistle had blown. And in a time when few games kicked off at other than 3 o'clock on a Saturday there was no better time to scout.
In comparison with other managers of the era he never really got a chance to build his own Falkirk side, but the one he was building seemed to be improving. Below is his record as manager [including the posthumus match against Clyde], it is not outstanding, but had been improving season upon season.


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Royal Oak/Birmingham Southfield/Farmington
Lawn Doctor of Royal Oak-Birmingham and Southfield-Farmington is owned and operated by husband and wife team Bob and Kristin Eisbrenner of Royal Oak, MI.
Bob grew up in the Detroit area, and graduated from Michigan State University with a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering. For the subsequent 25 years, he specialized in product design and business development in the automotive, heavy duty diesel and industrial industries.
Kristin's background includes more than 20 years of customer service and management experience in automotive and recreational vehicle (RV) businesses.
Both Bob and Kristin have always been active around their own home – from home improvements including building their own garage, barbecuing on one of their four grills, building their own raised vegetable garden, and playing with their dog Izzy.
"As a local Lawn Doctor franchisee, our goal is to provide outstanding customer service and responsiveness," says Kristin. "We found that to be lacking in other companies that we've hired in the past to treat our own lawn."
"We really feel great about being a locally owned and operated business that supports the community we live in," adds Bob.


Such a focused and talented athlete, as well as being a well-mannered and polite young woman. Congratulations on your selection to the NSW State volleyball team.
Love this moment of calm just before Krista headed to her wedding ceremony. All the work was done and now it was just a matter of waiting. Such a relaxed and gorgeous bride.
I must admit that the thought of photographing a wedding with a bridal party of 14 did have me a bit concerned. How was I going to wrangle that many people into formal shots? It ended up being so much fun and the guys were hilarious to work with. They totally nailed the jump shot.
For a Cake Smash, one year old Sienna completely met, then exceeded the brief. Done. What's next?
Excited to share a sneak peek of some of the photos of Matt + Krista's wedding yesterday. Congratulations guys, the day was planned to perfection and had such a relaxed feel.
I've just finished editing all the colour photos from Kady + Kye's wedding and keep coming back to this photo as one of my favourites. After months of planning and organising, it all came together beautifully and they were able to just relax and enjoy the excitement of their day.
I've been knee-deep in editing wedding photos for the last two days and I must admit to being smitten. I love the storytelling aspect through photography, capturing the stolen moments, and spending the day immersed in love and happiness. Can't wait to get my next fix with shooting a wedding this weekend.
Every child approaches their Cake Smash differently. Alexia was very inquisitive and gentle, being happy to pat, hug and roll her cake around. More of a 'Cake Consideration' session.
Such an incredible and emotional experience to be there with Bel and Ry to capture the birth of baby William in a calm and peaceful water birth. 7 days later I was able to see just how quickly he had become a much loved member of this gorgeous family.
So much to love about this gorgeous couple and their beautiful, relaxed wedding. I've put together a sneak peek of a few of their photos from the day.
With only 7 days practice of being a big brother, Oli has got this gig sorted. Train initiation for Will done and dusted already.


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Le manga d' Akira Toriyama Dragon Ball, et plus particulièrement la seconde partie de son adaptation animée, Dragon Ball Z ont fait l' objet de nombreuses adaptations vidéo- ludiques. In Dragon Ball Super Trunks' clothes change somewhat from the outfit he initially wore; he wears a periwinkle- colored jacket that reaches his waist with the Capsule Corporation logo on the left sleeve, dark gray pants, with a long red scarf around his neck pale- green boots with black tips.
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Neo) in Japan, is the second installment in the Budokai Tenkaichi series. The game is available on both Sony' s PlayStation 2 and Nintendo' s Wii.
The PlayStation 2 and Wii versions have different dates of release.


County Line Self Storage is designed for your safety and convenience with two locations to serve you better.
Why Store at County Line Self Storage?
Contact us at 317-885-7025 or countylineroadstorage@gmail.com.


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Facebook improves tool for suicide prevention
By Zach Miners
PCWorld	 Feb 26, 2015 2:14 pm PST
Facebook is adding new features to its site to provide better information and support to people at risk of suicide.
Facebook, the world's largest social network, has become a place for many of its 1.3 billion active users to share deeply personal thoughts. When users see posts from people who are directly threatening suicide, they should contact local emergency services immediately, Facebook says. Still, the company wants to improve how it responds to reports of suicide threats. It wants to provide better information to people in need and also to users who submit reports after seeing troubling posts.
Facebook users were already able to report what they considered to be content indicating suicidal thoughts, either from the top-right dropdown menu of posts, or by filling out this form. Facebook would then reach out to the person reported. Now, it's incorporating more information and communication tools into the process, and offering to connect the person who made the report with health professionals.
If a person is reported as being at risk of suicide, the next time they log in to Facebook, a new message box will appear, perhaps saying, "Hi Gerald, a friend thinks you might be going through something difficult and asked us to look at your recent post." From there, Facebook will provide a way to connect the person with a friend, or a mental health expert at the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. (The direct number there is 1-800-273-8255.) The dialogue box will also provide a link to tips and advice in text and digital video form.
The person suspected of being at risk of suicide must be reported by another user for this process to occur. Facebook does not have any tools to automatically detect people at risk of suicide.
The resources were created in conjunction with clinical and academic partners, Facebook says. In supplying them, the company worked with mental health organizations like Forefront, Now Matters Now and the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, and consulted with people who have intentionally hurt themselves.
Meanwhile, Facebook is now providing more resources to people who flag such posts. While previously the site may have only sent a thank you, now Facebook will offer to connect them with their friend as well as a worker at a suicide hotline, for support.
Facebook has a team of hundreds trained by mental health professionals who work around the world, 24/7, reviewing reports of troubling posts. The most serious reports, like those related to self-injury, are prioritized, Facebook says.
The updates will roll out to all Facebook users in the U.S. over the next couple months, on both the desktop and mobile. Improvements are in the works for people outside the U.S.
Facebook has added more tools around public health and safety issues as its user base has grown. Last month the company added Amber Alerts to its site and mobile app; last year it released a tool to let users tell their friends they're O.K. after an emergency.