Bipolar transistor and method with recessed base electrode - Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
High frequency performance of (e.g., silicon) bipolar devices is improved by reducing the extrinsic base resistance Rbx. An emitter, intrinsic base and collector are formed in a semiconductor body. An emitter contact has a region that overlaps a portion of an extrinsic base contact. A sidewall is formed in the extrinsic base contact proximate a lateral edge of the overlap region of the emitter contact. The sidewall is amorphized during or after formation so that when the emitter contact and the extrinsic base contact are, e.g., silicided, some of the metal atoms forming the silicide penetrate into the sidewall so that part of the highly conductive silicided extrinsic base contact extends under the edge of the overlap region of the emitter contact closer to the intrinsic base, thereby reducing Rbx. Smaller Rbx provides transistors with higher fMAX.
7611955 Method of forming a bipolar transistor and semiconductor component thereof 2009-11-03 John et al.
20090065804 BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR WITH LOW RESISTANCE BASE CONTACT AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME 2009-03-12 Pagette et al.
5466960 BiCMOS device having self-aligned well tap and method of fabrication 1995-11-14 Ilderem et al.
5350942 Low resistance silicided substrate contact 1994-09-27 Jerome et al.
5338694 Method of fabricating BiCMOS device 1994-08-16 Ilderem et al.
5079182 BiCMOS device having self-aligned well tap and method of fabrication 1992-01-07 Ilderem et al.
1. A method for forming a semiconductor device, comprising: providing a semiconductor (SC) body; forming an emitter, a base and a collector in the SC body; forming a base contact on the SC body, the base contact having a proximate portion thereof ohmically coupled to the base; forming an emitter contact ohmically coupled to the emitter and having an overlap region extending over the proximate portion; removing part of the base contact beyond the overlap region thereby forming a sidewall in the base contact bordering the proximate portion; and forming in the sidewall, a metal-semiconductor alloy region extending into the proximate portion under the overlap region.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor body comprises silicon and the metal-semiconductor alloy region comprises a silicide.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of forming an emitter, a base and a collector comprises forming a hetero junction emitter-base region.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein a mask is used to define the emitter contact and the overlap region thereof and the method further comprises: using substantially the same mask during the step of removing part of the base contact.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of removing part of the base contact comprises, using the overlap region as a mask during the step of removing part of the base contact.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising prior to formation of the emitter contact, forming one or more sidewall spacers adapted to laterally separate the emitter contact from the base contact.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of forming on the sidewall, a metal-semiconductor alloy region extending into the proximate portion under the overlap region, occurs in part at or above about 100 degrees Celsius.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of forming on the sidewall, a metal-semiconductor alloy region extending into the proximate portion under the overlap region further comprises: annealing at about 350 to 850 degrees Celsius for at least 5 seconds in a substantially inert gas; and then etching to remove any un-reacted metal; and then further annealing at about 350 to 900 degrees Celsius for at least 5 seconds.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein prior to the step of forming on the sidewall, a metal-semiconductor alloy region extending into the proximate portion under the overlap region, the method further comprises, amorphizing part of the proximate portion adjacent the sidewall.
10. A method for forming a bipolar transistor, comprising: forming an emitter region, a base region and a collector region in or on a semiconductor body; providing a base contact, ohmically coupled to the base region, the base contact having a first portion proximate the base region, and a second portion separated from the first portion by a sidewall; forming an emitter contact on the emitter region, the emitter contact having an overlap region overlapping the first portion of the base contact; and forming a metal-semiconductor compound in the base contact, the metal-semiconductor compound extending from the sidewall into the first portion of the base contact and underlying at least part of the overlap region.
11. The method of claim 10, further comprising, prior to formation of the metal-semiconductor compound, amorphizing the sidewall.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein amorphizing the sidewall comprises bombarding the sidewall with inert gas ions.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein bombarding the sidewall comprises implanting inert gas atoms into the sidewall using an angled implant at an angle α>0 with respect to a normal to a surface of the base contact.
14. The method of claim 10, wherein the overlap region of the emitter contact has a distal edge, and wherein the sidewall of the base contact substantially underlies the distal edge.
15. The method of claim 10, wherein the overlap region of the emitter contact has a distal edge, and wherein the sidewall of the base contact is recessed within respect to the distal edge.
16. The method of claim 10, wherein the base contact has an inner terminal edge underlying the overlap region of the emitter contact, and wherein the first portion of the base contact is located between the inner terminal edge and the sidewall of the base contact.
17. The method of claim 10, wherein providing a base contact comprises: depositing a base electrode layer; and etching away a portion of the base electrode layer to define a substantially vertical sidewall separating the base contact into the first and second portions.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first portion of the base contact has a thickness greater than the second portion of the base contact.
This invention relates generally to semiconductor devices, and more particularly to methods and structures for forming bipolar transistors and other semiconductor devices.
For ultra-high frequency operation, e.g., in the 77 GHz auto radar band and above, transistors with very high fMAX (>250 GHz) and low high frequency noise are needed. Higher frequency bands, e.g., the 94+ GHz imaging band, will require even higher performance devices. While semiconductor devices employing III-V compounds are useful in these very high frequency bands, such devices are generally more expensive than is desired. A silicon based solution is desirable for ease of integration with other complex electronic functions and for low cost manufacturing. Self-aligned emitter-base silicon-germanium hetero junction bipolar transistors (HBTs) are potential candidates for such very high frequency devices, provided that current device performance limitations can be overcome. For example, the extrinsic base resistance Rbx is currently larger than desired and detracts from the overall device performance.
FIG. 13 illustrates a flow chart for a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device having reduced extrinsic base or other connection resistance, according to a further embodiment of the present invention.
For simplicity and clarity of illustration, the drawing figures illustrate the general manner of construction, and descriptions and details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention. Additionally, elements in the drawings figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements or regions in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements or regions to help improve understanding of embodiments of the invention.
The terms "first," "second," "third," "fourth" and the like in the description and the claims, if any, may be used for distinguishing between somewhat similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular spatial arrangement or sequence or chronological order. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments of the invention described herein are, for example, capable of operation or construction in sequences, orientations and arrangements other than those illustrated or otherwise described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprise," "include," "have" and any variations thereof, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. The term "coupled," as used herein, is defined as directly or indirectly connected in an electrical or non-electrical manner. As used herein the terms "substantial" and "substantially" mean sufficient to accomplish the stated purpose in a practical manner and that minor imperfections, if any, are not significant for the stated purpose.
FIGS. 1-9 and 11-12 show simplified schematic cross-sectional views of a portion of semiconductor device 100 at various manufacturing stages 201-209 and 211-212, according to embodiments of the present invention and FIG. 10 shows a simplified schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of semiconductor device 100′ at manufacturing stage 210 following stages 201-209 of FIGS. 1-9 illustrating how undesirable extrinsic base resistance can arise. It should be understood that semiconductor device 100 is merely exemplary and that the present invention may be manufactured using many different methods not specifically depicted or otherwise disclosed herein and that while device 100 is identified for convenience of explanation as a bipolar transistor, the various embodiments illustrated herein also apply to other types of semiconductor devices. Device 100 is generally symmetrical about cut line 101.
Referring now to initial manufacturing stage 201 of FIG. 1, the portion of device 100 therein can include semiconductor substrate layer 110. In one embodiment, substrate layer 110 can comprise a p-type bulk silicon wafer or an n-type bulk silicon wafer. In a different embodiment, substrate layer 110 can comprise other semiconductor materials besides silicon, such as silicon-germanium, germanium, gallium arsenide, other III-V compounds, II-VI compounds, further semiconductor materials both inorganic and organic, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, substrate layer 110 can be a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) wafer having, for example, a first semiconductor or other substrate layer, a second semiconductor layer, and an electrical insulator layer located between the first and second layers. As used herein, the terms "substrate", "substrate layer" and "substrate layer 110" are intended to include all such variations and combinations.
In an embodiment, by way of example, for forming an npn device and not intended to be limiting, substrate layer 110 is a p-type substrate and includes a heavily doped n-type region 122, a heavily doped n-type region 121, a less-heavily doped n-type region 124, and a moderately-doped n-type region 128. Regions 121, 122, 124, 128 along with region 126 that may be added later in the manufacturing process (e.g., see FIG. 5-6), will eventually form part of collector region 190 (see FIG. 6) of a bipolar transistor or other terminal of other semiconductor devices. Various methods for forming regions 121, 122, 124, and 128 are well-known in the art and will not be further described herein. Isolation region 112, preferably of a dielectric material, is formed over a portion of region 122 and can be provided before forming regions 121, 122, 124, and 128, during their formation or after their formation. By way of example and not intended to be limiting, region 112 can be formed using a shallow trench isolation (STI) method, by a local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) method, and by other methods well known in the art. For convenience of description and not intended to be limiting, the term "STI" is used in connection with region 112, but is intended to include the variations noted above and functional equivalents. After the formation of isolation region 112 and regions 121, 122, 124, and 128, dielectric layer 130 of thickness 1301 is formed over layer or region 128 and isolation region 112. Layer 130 is desirably an electrical insulating layer and can be formed by any number of well known techniques. Non-limiting examples are: growing a thermal oxide or depositing an insulating material such as an oxide, a nitride, an oxy-nitride or other dielectric by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Non-limiting examples of other useful deposition means and methods comprise: (i) forming an oxide using TEOS (tetra-ethyl-ortho-silicate) or other reactants, and (ii) sputtering or evaporation of oxides, nitrides, oxy-nitrides and/or other dielectric materials. Growing and/or depositing a combination of insulating materials comprising one or more of any of the previously listed dielectric materials and other dielectric materials, using any of these preparation techniques may be used. Silicon oxide and silicon nitride are non-limiting examples of materials useful for dielectric layer 130. Silicon oxide is preferred. Thickness 1301 is usefully in the range of about 30 to 120 nanometers, more conveniently about 40 to 90 nanometers and preferably about 75 nanometers but thicker or thinner layers can also be used depending upon the desired device properties. Structure 301 results. The combination of substrate layer 110 and layers or regions 112, 121, 122, 124, 128 and 130 (including region 126 and 150 formed in connection with FIGS. 5 and 6) is referred to as semiconductor (SC) body 115.
Referring now to manufacturing stage 202 of FIG. 2, base electrode layer 129 of thickness 1291 is formed over layer 130. As an example and not intended to be limiting, layer 129 can be formed by depositing a layer of amorphous or polycrystalline silicon over dielectric layer 130. Thickness 1291 is usefully in the range of about 20 to 200 nanometers, more conveniently about 50 to 150 nanometers and preferably about 120 nanometers, but thicker or thinner layers can also be used depending upon the desired device properties. In one embodiment, layer 129 can be deposited by a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) method, but other well known methods may also be used in other embodiments. Where an NPN transistor is being fabricated, layer 129 can be heavily p-type doped in-situ, e.g., by ion implantation, or by thermal diffusion or by other means. In-situ doping, as that term is used herein, includes doping during formation of the layer, for example, using the same chamber or the same tool. If a PNP device is being fabricated, opposite conductivity (e.g., n-type) doping is preferably used for layer 129. In subsequent manufacturing stages, layer 129 will become the extrinsic base contract of transistor 100, 100′ and is therefore from time to time also referred to as extrinsic base contact 129.
Oxide-nitride structure 131 is usefully formed over the layer 129. Structure 131 desirably includes oxide and nitride layers. In one embodiment, structure 131 desirably includes nitride layer 136 of thickness 1361 sandwiched between two oxide layers; oxide layer 134 of thickness 1341 and oxide layer 138 of thickness 1381, to form oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) structure 131. As an example, silicon nitride layer 136 can be formed between two layers 134, 138 of an oxide formed using TEOS. Thickness 1341 is usefully in the range of about 5 to 100 nanometers, more conveniently about 10 to 30 nanometers and preferably about 15 nanometers, but thicker or thinner layers can also be used depending upon the desired device properties. Thickness 1381 is usefully in the range of about 5 to 100 nanometers, more conveniently about 10 to 30 nanometers and preferably about 15 nanometers, but thicker or thinner layers can also be used depending upon the desired device properties. Layer 136 of thickness 1361 can be formed by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition of silicon nitride over layer 134. Thickness 1361 is usefully in the range of about 20 to 150 nanometers, more conveniently about 40 to 100 nanometers and preferably about 70 nanometers, but thicker or thinner layers can also be used depending upon the desired device properties. Layer 138 is conveniently formed by depositing over layer 136 a layer of oxide formed using TEOS. In other embodiments, structure 131 can comprise an oxide layer formed over a nitride layer, a nitride layer formed over an oxide layer, two other dielectric layer stacks, an oxide layer sandwiched between two nitride layers, or three or more other dielectric layer stacks. While multi-layer dielectric structures 131 employing various dielectrics not limited merely to oxides and/or nitrides are useful, the above-described oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) structure is preferred.
After depositing structure 131, layer 129 and structure 131 are patterned and etched to facilitate forming an emitter region in location 133 to the left of edge or boundary 120 of structure 131 and layer 129. In one embodiment, a masking layer (not shown) is formed over layer 138, having an opening corresponding to location 133. This masking layer (not shown) can be a photoresist mask or a hard-etch mask. An etching process then is used to sequentially etch layers 138, 136, 134, and 129 in location 133. As an example, a first reactive-ion-etch (RIE) process can be used to etch through a portion of layer 138 to form a first part of emitter location 133. Then, a second RIE etch process can be used to etch through a portion of layer 136 to form a second part of emitter location 133. Then a third RIE etch process, which can be similar to the first RIE etch process, can be used to etch through a portion of layer 134 to form a third part of emitter location 133. Finally, a fourth RIE etch process can be used to etch through a portion of layer 129 to form a fourth part of emitter location 133. The remaining portions of layers 129, 134, 136, 138 to the right of edge or boundary 120 underlying the etch mask (not shown) are substantially undisturbed. Structure 302 results.
Referring now to manufacturing stage 203 of FIG. 3, insulating layer 140 of thickness 1401 is formed over layers 129 and 130 and structure 131. As a non-limiting example, layer 140 can be formed by low pressure chemical deposition (LPCVD) of silicon nitride. Thickness 1401 is usefully in the range of about 5 to 100 nanometers, more conveniently about 10 to 80 nanometers and preferably about 20 nanometers, but thicker or thinner layers can also be used depending upon the desired device properties. In the same or different embodiments, layer 140 is conveniently composed of the same material as layer 136, as for example, silicon nitride, but this is merely an example of a further embodiment and not intended to be limiting. Structure 303 results.
Referring now to manufacturing stage 204 of FIG. 4, spacer 142 is formed in location 133 adjacent to edge or boundary 120 of structure 131 and layer 129 by removing a portion of layer 140 formed in manufacturing stage 203 of FIG. 3. Among other things, spacer 142 seals sidewall edge or boundary 120 of layer 129 to prevent selective epitaxial growth on boundary or edge 120 in a later manufacturing step. Width 1421 of spacer 142 corresponds approximately to thickness 1401 and is desirably less than about 100 nanometers and preferably about 20 nanometers, but thicker or thinner layers can also be used depending upon the desired device properties. As a non-limiting example, layer 140 (see FIGS. 3-4) can be anisotropically etched to provide spacer 142. In one embodiment, layer 140 can be anisotropically etched using a dry etch process, preferably a selective etch process that stops on layers 130 and 138. Use of a mask is usually not required because of the anisotropic nature of the etchant and its selectivity. Selectivity means, for example, being able to etch the material of layer 140 while not significantly etching the materials of layers 130, 138. As an example, a reactive-ion-etch (RIE) process is preferably used to etch layer 140 to form spacer 142. Structure 304 results.
Referring now to manufacturing stage 205 of FIG. 5, layer 138 (see FIG. 4) and a portion of layer 130 are removed. In a preferred embodiment, these are both oxide layers and may be removed at the same time. The portion of layer 130 removed underneath spacer 142 and under left edge or boundary 120 of layer 129 forms cavity 105, thereby exposing a portion of region 128 and a portion of the underside of layer 129. As an example, layers 130 and 138 of silicon oxide (see FIG. 4) can be selectively wet etched by a hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution. As used herein, the term "selective etching" or "selectively etched" is intended to refer to reactions in which the materials being removed are etched while other materials that may also be exposed to the etchant(s) are not significantly attacked. Other reagents can be used when layers 130 and 138 are formed of other materials. The selective etching does not significantly attack (e.g. silicon) region 128 and (e.g., poly-silicon) layer 129. In one embodiment, the removal of layer 138 and the portion of layer 130 near edge or boundary 120 can occur at the same time. Following the formation of cavity 105, regions 124 and 128 can be optionally locally doped (e.g., n type) in location 133 to form region 126. As an example, a selectively implanted collector (SIC) implant can be performed in a portion of regions 124 and 128 in location 133 to form region 126. As a further example, region 126 can be self-aligned by spacer 142 and layers 136, 134, 130, and 129. Doping regions 124 and 128 to form region 126 improves fT of device 100. However, excess dopants too close to the transistor base can undesirably increase the collector-base capacitance of the transistor and hence degrade both fT and fMAX, which are defined respectively as: (i) fT=the frequency where the short-circuit current gain=1, also referred to as the cut-off frequency or transit frequency, an intrinsic speed figure of merit, and (ii) fMAX=the frequency where the unilateral power gain=1, also referred to as the maximum frequency of oscillation, a power gain figure of merit. In the same or a different embodiment, before implanting to provide region 126, an additional oxide layer may be deposited in cavity 105 and over layer 136 and region 128 in order to further reduce the collector-base capacitance. An additional etch can also be used in this embodiment, to remove the oxide layer after the implant. As an example, the additional oxide layer (not shown) can be formed by depositing and/or growing an approximately 75 nanometer thick layer of silicon dioxide over region 128 and layer 136 and in cavity 105. The oxide layer can be removed by performing, for example, a wet HF etch after doping regions 124 and 128 to form region 126. In another embodiment, instead of implanting after the formation of cavity 105, the implanting can be performed after the formation of spacer 142 and before the formation of cavity 105. In still another embodiment, this implantation to form region 126 can be omitted altogether. All these approaches are useful. Structure 305 results.
Referring now to manufacturing stage 206 of FIG. 6, epitaxial layer 150 is formed on regions 126 and 128. A portion of epi-layer 150 underlies spacer 142 and the left end of layer 129 proximate edge or boundary 120. Layer 150 couples together region 126 of collector region 190 and extrinsic base contact 129. In one embodiment, layer 150 is doped. As an example for an NPN device, a portion of layer 150 includes a boron dopant to form an intrinsic base region for an NPN device. In another embodiment, layer 150 can be a composite epitaxial layer. As a non-limiting example, layer 150 can be formed by the process of: (a) growing a silicon epitaxial layer 162 over regions 126 and 128; (b) growing a SiGeC (silicon-germanium-carbon) epitaxial layer 161 over layer 162; and (c) growing a silicon epitaxial layer 160 over layer 161. One or more of layers 160, 161, and 162 can be doped to form the intrinsic base region of transistor 100. The exact nature and manner of formation of epi-region 150 is not important to the present invention provided that some portion thereof forms the intrinsic base region of transistor 100, 100′. For convenience of explanation it is assumed hereafter that epi-region 150 comprises n-type region 162 in contact with n-type region 126 of collector region 190, p-type intrinsic base region 161, and n-type emitter region 160 in a stack-like arrangement. Region 160 may be n-doped during formation or afterward, for example, by out-diffusion from heavily doped emitter contact layer 153 of FIG. 8. In other embodiments, layer 150 can be a composite epitaxial layer formed by a combination of silicon, silicon germanium (SiGe), SiGeC, or other epitaxial semiconductor materials.
Semiconductor base transition region 163 of enhanced doping in contact with the left end of extrinsic base contact layer 129 is desirably formed during the formation of layer 150. In one embodiment, base transition region 163 is a non-single crystalline epitaxial region formed during the formation of layer 150 and doped by out-diffusion from polycrystalline or amorphous layer 129. In another embodiment, base transition region 163 is a portion of region 150, which is similarly doped by diffusion from layer 129 and/or doped during formation of layer 150. The combination of one or more of layers or regions 162, 128, 126, 124, 121, and 122 are also referred to as collector region 190 of bipolar transistor or other SC device 100, 100′. Depending on the desired electrical characteristics of the transistor or other SC device, any combination of one or more of these layers may be utilized with the present invention. For example, layer 162 may be omitted from collector region 190, or layer 126 and/or layer 124 may be omitted from collector region 190. All such variations are useful.
Dielectric layer 139 is desirably formed over spacer 142, layer 136 and layers 150 thereby providing ONO structure 131′. As an example, layer 139 of thickness 1391 can be formed by depositing an oxide formed using TEOS or other formation means. Thickness 1391 is usefully in the range of about 5 to 60 nanometers, more conveniently about 10 to 40 nanometers and preferably about 20 nanometers, but thicker or thinner layers can also be used depending upon the desired device properties. Spacer layer 144 of thickness 1441 is desirably deposited over layer 139. In one embodiment, amorphous silicon (a-Si) is deposited to form layer 144. In another embodiment, the a-Si layer is implanted with one or more (e.g., N+) dopants. In a further embodiment, the a-Si layer is doped in-situ. In yet another embodiment, layer 144 is formed by deposition of silicon nitride instead of a-Si. In still another embodiment, layer 144 can be an oxide-nitride stack. All such variations are useful. In a preferred embodiment, layer 144 comprises a first layer 144-1 of, for example, silicon nitride of about 20 nanometers thickness followed by a second layer 144-2 of, for example, silicon oxide of about 60 nanometers thickness, but other materials and thicker and thinner layers can also be used in other embodiments. CVD or LPCVD is a suitable method for forming the nitride layer and CVD or LPCVD or thermal decomposition of TEOS is suitable for forming the oxide layer. Structure 306 results.
Referring now to manufacturing stage 207 of FIG. 7, part of layer 144 of FIG. 6 is desirable removed to form spacer 146. In one embodiment, layer 144 is anisotropically and/or selectively etched, for example using layer 139 as an etch stop, to form spacer 146. As an example, layer 144 can be etched using a RIE process to form spacer 146. There are many variations of spacer shapes that may be formed here, depending on the composition of layers 144 and 139. All such variations are useful. For example, if layer 144 comprises a first layer 144-1 of silicon nitride and a second layer 144-2 of silicon oxide, spacer 146 will be comprised of both nitride and oxide. The exact nature and manner of formation of spacer 146 is not important to the present invention but it is desirably included so that greater lateral spacing is maintained between (i) emitter electrode layer 153 formed in FIG. 8 (described below) and (ii) base transition region 163 and extrinsic base contact 129. Structure 307 results.
Referring now to manufacturing stage 208 of FIG. 8, spacer 155 is formed by removing part of (e.g., oxide) layer 139 of FIG. 7. In one embodiment, layer 139 is wet-etched to form spacer 155 using spacer 146 as a hard mask and spacer 142 and layers 136 and 150 as etch stop regions or layers. In another embodiment, spacer 155 is formed by anisotropically etching part of layer 139 before wet etching the rest of layer 139. Either arrangement is useful.
Emitter electrode layer 153 of thickness 1531 is formed over layers 136 and 150, and spacers 142, 146, and 155. Thickness 1531 is usefully in the range of about 20 to 200 nanometers, more conveniently about 60 to 120 nanometers and preferably about 100 nanometers, but thicker or thinner layers can also be used depending upon the desired device properties. In one embodiment, emitter electrode layer 153 is formed by depositing an in-situ doped amorphous or polysilicon layer that will be subsequently patterned and etched in manufacturing stage 209 of FIG. 9 to form emitter contact 154 (see FIG. 9). A hydrogen pre-bake is desirably performed for mono-emitters to eliminate any interfacial oxide layer between layer 153 (and eventual emitter contact 154 of FIG. 9) and layer 150, which also promotes epitaxial alignment of eventual emitter contact 154. In another embodiment, amorphous or polysilicon emitter electrode layer 153 can be deposited and then doped with ion implantation. Either arrangement is useful. The (e.g., n-type) dopants from the in-situ doping or implantation of amorphous or polysilicon emitter contact 154 of FIG. 9 will diffuse into layer 160, to form an emitter region. Structure 308 results.
Referring now to manufacturing stage 209 of FIG. 9, emitter electrode layer 153 and underlying portions of layer 136 are patterned and etched, e.g., using mask 157 having closed portion 1571 and open portion 1572, to form emitter contact 154 ohmically coupled to epitaxial region 150. Emitter contact 154 has overlap region 1541 above spacers 134′. 136′ of layers 134, 136 that are protected during etching by closed portion 1571 of mask 157 and overlap region 1541. Emitter contact 154 is laterally separated by spacers 146, 142, 155 and vertically separated by spacers 136′, 134′ from the extrinsic base contact provided by conductive layer 129, also referred to as extrinsic base contact 129. In general, lateral width 1542 of overlap region 1541 by which emitter contact 154 extends to the right beyond left edge or boundary 120 of extrinsic base contact 129 should be equal or larger than the minimum alignment accuracy of the manufacturing process being used. Selective etching is preferably used: (i) to remove those portions of emitter contact layer 153 and dielectric (e.g., nitride) layer 136 not protected by mask 157, and (ii) to stop etching upon reaching (e.g., oxide) dielectric layer 134 so that dielectric layer 134 is temporarily left in place. Dielectric regions 136′ and 134′ underlie overlap region 1541 and closed portion 1571 of mask 157, and vertically separate overlap region 1541 of emitter contact 154 from extrinsic base contact 129. In a still further embodiment, an additional (e.g., boron) implant into that part of layer 129 to the right of edge 1573 of mask 157 may be performed at this stage to increase the doping at the surface of layer 129. This can reduce subsequent metal-semiconductor contact resistance. Structure 309 results.
FIG. 10 shows a simplified schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of semiconductor device 100′ following from manufacturing stages 201-209 of FIGS. 1-9, illustrating how higher than desired extrinsic base resistance can arise. In manufacturing stage 210 of FIG. 10, dielectric (e.g., oxide) layer 134 to the right of edge 1573 of mask 157 (or distal edge 1543 of emitter contact 154) shown in FIG. 9 is removed and, after removal of mask 157, the doped semiconductor of emitter contact 154 and extrinsic base contact 129 are exposed, for example, to a highly conductive metal(s) or equivalent to form metal-semiconductor alloy (e.g., silicide) regions 170, 172, thereby reducing the resistance of contacts 154 and 129. The metal-semiconductor alloy is much more conductive than what can be achieved merely by doping contacts 154, 129. Use of a metal-semiconductor alloy (e.g., a silicide) significantly reduces the resistance of emitter contact 154 and extrinsic base contract 129. As used herein in connection with metal-semiconductor alloys including but not limited to silicides, the term "metal" is intended to include any conductor that forms an alloy with a semiconductor that is significantly more conductive than what can be achieved merely by substitutionally doping the semiconductor with impurity atoms. However, even though such conductive metal-semiconductor alloys are employed in regions 170, 172 of FIG. 10, undesirable extrinsic base resistance 180 (see FIG. 10) can still exist where base current must flow through non-silicide or non-alloyed portion 1292 of layer 129 between left end 1721 of silicide or alloy region 172 and doped base transition region 163 in contact with intrinsic base 161 of transistor 100′.
Manufacturing stage 211 of FIG. 11 follows from manufacturing stage 209 and structure 309 of FIG. 9, and illustrates how undesirable extrinsic base resistance 180 illustrated in FIG. 10 can be significantly reduced. In an exemplary embodiment of manufacturing stage 211 of FIG. 11, mask 157 that was used to define emitter contact overlap region 1541 in manufacturing stage 209 of FIG. 9, is conveniently left in place and structure 309 etched to first remove the portion of dielectric (e.g., oxide) layer 134 not protected by closed portion 1571 of mask 157 and then etch away part 1297 of extrinsic base contact layer 129, leaving in place: (i) portion 1293 of initial thickness 1291 (see FIG. 2) of layer 129 underlying and to the left of distal edge 1543 of emitter contact overlap region 1541, and (ii) portion 1295 of reduced thickness 1296 of layer 129 over layer 130 laterally to the right of distal edge 1543 of emitter contact overlap region 1541. Structure 311 results, in which portion 1293 of extrinsic base contact layer 129 has exposed sidewall 1294 proximate distal edge 1543. Sidewall 1294 may substantially underlie distal edge 1543 of emitter contact overlap region 1541 or may be somewhat recessed to the left of distal edge 1543 of overlap region 1541 as indicated by sidewall 1294′, depending upon the degree to which the etchant used on extrinsic base contact layer 129 acts anisotropically (e.g., yielding sidewall 1294) or isotropically (e.g., yielding sidewall 1294′). In the figures that follow it is assumed that etching of layer 129 was substantially anisotropic resulting in the sidewall of portion 1293 being located as shown for sidewall 1294 in FIG. 11. However, either location is useful, and the term "at or near edge 1543" or "proximate edge 1543" or equivalent when referring to sidewall 1294 or sidewall 1294′ or both is intended to include either of the locations shown in FIG. 11 or any other location in the general vicinity of edge 1543.
In manufacturing stage 212 of FIG. 12, emitter contact 154 and the exposed portions of extrinsic base contact 129 including edge 1294, and portion 1295 of FIG. 11 are coated with a deposited metal (e.g. by sputtering) and annealed to form a relatively low resistance metal-SC alloy (e.g., a silicide) regions 180, 182 analogous to regions 170, 172 discussed in connection with FIG. 10. Metal-SC alloy region 180 overlies emitter contact 154 and metal-SC alloy region 182 overlies remaining portion 1295′ (if any) of extrinsic base contact 129 and has portion 183 that extends under overlap region 1541 into region 1293 (see FIG. 11) of extrinsic base contact 129, as is explained more fully below. Because of the existence of alloy region 183 extending from sidewall 1294 (or 1294′), unalloyed region 1293′ of FIG. 12 underlying overlap region 1541 is smaller than unalloyed regions 1293 of FIG. 11. Structure 312 results.
It is found that if the surface of extrinsic base portions or sidewall 1293, 1294, 1294′, 1295 have a substantially amorphous rather than crystalline or polycrystalline structure, that such metal-semiconductor alloy (e.g., a silicide) is more readily formed, especially on sidewall 1294 (or 1294′) and penetrates to a greater extent both laterally and vertically into extrinsic base portions or sidewall 1293, 1294, 1294′ 1295 shown in FIG. 11. The presence of sidewall 1294 (or 1294′) (see FIG. 11) permits the metal atoms used to form the metal-semiconductor alloy regions 180, 182 (e.g., silicide or equivalent) to migrate and penetrate laterally by distance 185 (see FIG. 12) toward left edge or boundary 120 of extrinsic base contact 129, thereby forming extrinsic base metal-semiconductor alloy (e.g., silicide) contact 182 having region 183 thereof beneath overlap region 1541 of emitter contact 154. In this way, resistance 184 in remaining region 1293′ of FIG. 12 between the leftward edge of alloyed region 183 of extrinsic base contact 129, 182 and doped base transition region 163 is much less than resistance 180 of region 1292 of FIG. 10. Thus, the overall extrinsic base resistance is reduced and the overall performance of device 100 of FIG. 12 is improved compared to device 100′ of FIG. 10.
As is noted above, it has been found that the tendency of silicide (or equivalent metal-semiconductor compound) to form on sidewall 1294 (or 1294′) underneath emitter contact overlap region 1541 is enhanced by amophizing the sidewall 1294 (or 1294′) of portion 1293 of extrinsic base contact layer 129. This can be accomplished in several ways of which two are described below. The terms "amorphizing", "amorphization", "amorphized" and the like mean "rendering amorphous" or "to have rendered amorphous".
According to one embodiment, one or both of the deposition temperature TD and/or the deposition pressure PD for extrinsic base contact layer 129 formed in manufacturing stage 202 of FIG. 2 are reduced. For example, where silicon is used to form layer 129, in order to promote formation of substantially amorphous rather than polycrystalline material for layer 129, deposition at pressures in the range of about PD≧0.1 Torr are useful, about PD≧1 Torr are convenient and about 1≦PD≦80 Torr are preferred, and/or deposition temperatures of about TD≧510 degrees Celsius are useful, about TD≧550 degrees Celsius are convenient, and about 550≦TD≦590 degrees Celsius are preferred. In other embodiments, both TD and PD may be reduced to promote formation of an amorphous rather than a crystalline or poly-crystalline semiconductor material for extrinsic base contact layer 129. Persons of skill in the art will understand that there are many combinations of pressure and temperature that can be used to deposit primarily amorphous rather than crystalline or poly-crystalline semiconductor layers and any such combination is useful.
In another embodiment, deposition of layer 129 in manufacturing stage 202 of FIG. 2 may be initially made at temperatures and/or pressures that favor formation of a polycrystalline layer and then the exposed surface of such layer and particularly sidewall 1294 (or 1294′) amorphized prior to formation of a silicide (or equivalent metal-semiconductor compound) thereon. In a preferred embodiment, amorphization can take place after etching of layer 129 in manufacturing stage 211 of FIG. 11 and prior to, e.g., siliciding, in manufacturing stage 212 of FIG. 12. It has been found that this may be accomplished, for example, by bombarding the exposed surface of portions 1293, 1295 (including sidewall 1294 or 1294′) of extrinsic base layer 129 with substantially inert gas atoms of sufficient energy to break up the structure of such crystalline or polycrystalline surface. Such bombardment is indicated, for example, in manufacturing stage 211 of FIG. 11 by IMPLANT (A). Xe is an example of a suitable gas for this purpose, but other gases that do not interfere with subsequent silicide formation (or equivalent metal-semiconductor compound)) may also be used. Ion implantation is an example of a suitable means of delivering the Xe or other bombardment atoms or ions, but other means of delivering atoms or ions of sufficient energy may also be used and the term IMPLANT (A) as used herein is intended to include such variations. For polycrystalline silicon layers it has been found that Xe energies in the range of about 50 to 150 keV are useful, with about 80 to 120 keV being convenient and about 110 keV being preferred, but higher or lower energies may also be used. Xe implant doses in the range of about 1E14 to 4E15 atoms cm−2 are useful, doses in the range of about 4E14 to 2E15 atoms cm−2 are convenient, and doses of about 1E15 atoms cm−2 are preferred, but higher and lower doses and other implant ions may be used in other embodiments depending upon the amount of amorphization desired.
In order to facilitate amorphization of sidewall 1294 (or 1294′) under emitter contact overlap region 1541, it is desirable that such bombardment or implant be made at angle α with respect to normal 187 to the surface of layer 1295, with the implant direction inclined as illustrated with respect to sidewall 1294 (or 1294′). Angle α is usefully in the range of about 0<α degrees, more conveniently in the range of about 5≦α≦90 degrees, and preferably about 10≦α≦90 degrees. Persons of skill in the art will understand that to facilitate amorphization of sidewalls 1294 (or 1294′) of multiple devices 100 that may have different azimuthal orientations on the wafer in which they are being formed, it is desirable that the amorphizing implant be done at multiple azimuthal orientations.
Where emitter contact 154 and extrinsic base contact 129 comprise silicon, then CoSi2 and NiSi2, PtSi and/or NiPtSi are non-limiting examples of suitable silicides for layers or regions 180, 182. When for example and not intended to be limiting, poly-silicon or amorphous silicon contacts 154, 129 are exposed to atoms or molecules of Co or Ni or Pt and/or NiPt, the silicon and cobalt, nickel or platinum or combinations thereof react in place, thereby converting portions of contacts 154, 129 to highly conductive silicide layers or regions 180, 182. Sputtering is a preferred method for depositing Co, Ni, Pt, NiPt, etc., to form silicides or equivalent. Other well known deposition techniques can also be used. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a non-limiting example of a suitable alternate technique. In an exemplary embodiment and not intended to be limiting, sputtering onto polysilicon contacts 154, 129, 1293, 1294, 1295, etc., of FIGS. 11-12 of about 1 to 50 nanometers of cobalt (Co) is useful, about 4 to 30 nanometers of Co is convenient and about 8 to 15 nanometers of Co is suitable. By way of example and not intended to be limiting, other metals such as those noted above may also be used. The sputtering usefully occurs at substrate wafer temperatures of about 20 to 300 degrees Celsius, more conveniently about 100 to 200 degrees Celsius and preferably at or above about 150 degrees Celsius. Sputtering is conveniently carried out in argon at a pressure of about 7 milli-Torr but higher and lower pressures and other inert gases can also be used. In some embodiments, the Co may be capped with a titanium nitride (TiN) layer having usefully about 1 to 50 nanometers of TiN, more conveniently about 4 to 30 nanometers of TiN and suitably about 15 nanometers of TiN. This is desirable to improve thermal stability and reduce sensitivity to contaminants in some embodiments. The sputtered metal layers are reacted with the underlying amorphous silicon of contacts or sidewall 154, 129, 1293, 1294, 1295, etc., by usefully annealing at about 350 to 850 degrees Celsius for about 5 to 120 seconds in nitrogen or other substantially inert gas, more conveniently at 400 to 500 degrees Celsius for about 20 to 60 seconds and suitably at about 450 degrees Celsius for about 30 seconds. Other atmospheres or vacuum may also be used. A brief wet etch is then desirably performed to remove any un-reacted Co or other alloying metal (and the TiN cap layer if present) and a further anneal performed at about 350 to 900 degrees Celsius for about 5 to 120 seconds usefully provided, more conveniently at about 750 to 850 degrees Celsius for about 30 to 90 seconds and suitably at about 800 degrees Celsius for about 60 seconds. The cobalt or other alloying metal reacts with the amorphous silicon or other semiconductor in emitter contact 154 and extrinsic base contact and/or sidewall 129, 1293, 1294, 1294′, 1295 to form silicide (or other alloy) layers or regions 180, 182 of FIG. 12.
Table I below shows measured results for the base resistance Rb and the frequency of unity power gain fMAX for "Recessed Base" structure 312 of FIG. 12 compared to measured results for otherwise equivalent "Standard Base" structure 310 of FIG. 10 with substantially similar emitter width.
It will be readily apparent that the "Recessed Base" structure with silicide region 183 on sidewall 1294 (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 12) provides at least 5-7% improved performance compared to otherwise equivalent "Standard Base" structure 310 of FIG. 10. In addition to the measured results presented above, a theoretical analysis of the two structures indicates that improvements greater than 10% should be achievable. Such improvements are very significant in permitting device operation at higher and higher frequencies, to meet demands for devices capable of operation at such frequencies. The important part played by sidewall silicide region 183 underlying overlap region 1541 on Recessed Base structure 312 of FIG. 12 is illustrated in the third data line of Table I. The third data line of Table I shows that when sidewall silicide region 183 is omitted, the base resistance is higher and the fMAX is significantly lower.
FIG. 13 illustrates a flow chart for method 500 of manufacturing a semiconductor device (100) having reduced base resistance. Method 500 begins with START 502 and initial step 504 wherein a semiconductor (abbreviated as "SC") body (115) is provided, as for example is illustrated in FIG. 1. In subsequent step 506, an emitter (160), an intrinsic base (161) and a collector (190) are formed in the SC body (115), as is illustrated for example in FIGS. 2-6. In step 508, an extrinsic base contact (129) is provided on the SC body (115), the extrinsic base contact (129) having a proximate portion (1293) thereof ohmically coupled to the intrinsic base (161, 163) but insulated from the emitter (160) and the collector (190), as is illustrated for example, in FIGS. 2-6. In step 510, an emitter contact region (154) is formed, ohmically coupled to the emitter (160), laterally bounded in a first direction by a distal edge (1543), and having an overlap region (1541) insulated from and extending in a first direction laterally over the proximate portion (1293), as is illustrated for example, in FIGS. 8-9. In step 512, part (1295) of the extrinsic base contact (129) laterally beyond the distal edge (1543) in the first direction is removed, thereby forming a sidewall (1294, 1294′) of the extrinsic base contact (129) partially bordering the proximate portion (1293) at or near the distal edge (1543), as is illustrated for example, in FIG. 11. In step 514, an electrically conductive metal-semiconductor (e.g., a silicide or the like) alloy region (183) is formed on the sidewall (1294, 1294′) under the overlap region (1541) and extending into the proximate portion (1293) in a second direction opposite the first direction, as is illustrated for example in FIG. 12. Method 500 then proceeds to END 516. In an exemplary embodiment, a mask (157) is conveniently used to define the emitter contact region (154) and the overlap region (1541) thereof and is also used as a mask during step 512 wherein part (1297) of the extrinsic base contact (129) is removed. In another embodiment, the overlap region (1541) of the emitter contact region (154) is used as a mask in the step wherein part (1297) of the extrinsic base contact (129) is removed. In a still further embodiment, in step 514 wherein an electrically conductive metal-semiconductor (e.g., a silicide or the like) alloy region (183) is formed on the sidewall (1294, 1294′) under the overlap region (1541) and extending into the proximate portion (1293) in a second direction opposite the first direction, the same electrically conductive metal-semiconductor alloy is also formed on the emitter contact region (154), as is illustrated in FIG. 12. In a yet further embodiment, one or more sidewall spacers (120, 146, 155) may be provided prior to forming the emitter contact region (154), as is illustrated for example, in FIGS. 3-4 and 6-7. Persons of skill in the art will understand that following manufacturing stage 212 of FIG. 12 and step 514 of FIG. 13, that further conductive interconnections and protective encapsulants may be applied, that the substrate may be singulated into individual die or integrated circuits (and optionally mounted into a protective package) to provide a finished product, using means well known in the art. Although the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments and in the context of a bipolar transistor, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention, including forming other types of semiconductor devices. Accordingly, the disclosure of embodiments of the invention is intended to be illustrative of the scope of the invention and is not intended to be limiting. It is intended that the scope of the invention shall be limited only to the extent required by the appended claims. For example, to one of ordinary skill in the art, it will be readily apparent that regions or layers 129, 130, 134, 136, 138, 139, 144, 153, 154, 180, 182, 183, etc., may be comprised of many different material and formed by many different methods, and that the foregoing discussion of certain of these embodiments does not necessarily represent a complete description of all possible embodiments.
Additionally, benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described with regard to specific embodiments. The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element or elements that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced, however, are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all of the claims. Moreover, embodiments and limitations disclosed herein are not dedicated to the public under the doctrine of dedication if the embodiments and/or limitations: (1) are not expressly claimed in the claims; and (2) are or are potentially equivalents of express elements and/or limitations in the claims under the doctrine of equivalents.
According to a first embodiment, there is provided a method (201-209, 211-212, 500) for forming a semiconductor device (100), comprising, providing a semiconductor (SC) body (115), forming an emitter (160), a base (161, 163) and a collector (162, 190) in the SC body (115), forming a base contact (129) on the SC body (115), the base contact (129) having a proximate portion (1293) thereof ohmically coupled to the base (161, 163), forming an emitter contact (154) ohmically coupled to the emitter (160) and having an overlap region (1541) extending over the proximate portion (1293), removing part (1297) of the base contact (129) beyond the overlap region (1541) thereby forming a sidewall (1294, 1294′) in the base contact (129) bordering the proximate portion (1293), and forming in the sidewall (1294, 1294′), a metal-semiconductor alloy region (183) extending into the proximate portion (1293) under the overlap region (1541). According to a further embodiment, the semiconductor body (115) comprises silicon and the metal-semiconductor alloy region (183) comprises a silicide. According to a still further embodiment, the step of forming an emitter (160), a base (161) and a collector (162, 190) comprises forming a hetero junction emitter-base region (150). According to a yet further embodiment, a mask (157) is used to define the emitter contact (154) and the overlap region (1541) thereof and the method further comprises, using substantially the same mask (157) during the step of removing part (1297) of the base contact (129). According to a still yet further embodiment, the step of removing part (1297) of the base contact (129) comprises, using the overlap region (1541) as a mask during the step of removing part (1297) of the base contact (129). According to a yet still further embodiment, the method further comprises prior to formation of the emitter contact (154), forming one or more sidewall spacers (120, 146, 155) adapted to laterally separate the emitter contact (154) from the base contact (129). According to another embodiment, the step of forming on the sidewall (1294, 1294′), a metal-semiconductor alloy region (183) extending into the proximate portion (1293) under the overlap region (1541), occurs in part at or above about 100 degrees Celsius. According to a still another embodiment, the step of forming on the sidewall (1294, 1294′), a metal-semiconductor alloy region (183) extending into the proximate portion (1293) under the overlap region (1541) further comprises, annealing at about 350 to 850 degrees Celsius for at least 5 seconds in a substantially inert gas; and then etching to remove any un-reacted metal; and then further annealing at about 350 to 900 degrees Celsius for at least 5 seconds. According to a yet another embodiment, prior to the step of forming on the sidewall (1294, 1294′), a metal-semiconductor alloy region (183) extending into the proximate portion (1293) under the overlap region (1541), the method further comprises, amorphizing part of the proximate portion (1293) adjacent the sidewall (1294, 1294′).
According to a second embodiment, there is provided a semiconductor (SC) device (100), comprising, an emitter (160), a base (161) and a collector (162, 190), a base contact (129) ohmically coupled to the base (161, 163), wherein the base contact (129) has a sidewall (1294, 1294′) therein separated from the base (161, 163) by a first portion (1293) of the base contact, and wherein the base contact (129) has a second portion (1295) extending beyond the sidewall (1294, 1294′), an emitter contact (154) having a peripheral region (1541) overlapping the first portion (1293) of the base contact (129), and a metal-semiconductor material (183, 182) extending under the peripheral region (1541) from the sidewall (1294, 1294′) in the first portion (1293) of the base contact (129). According to a further embodiment, a part of the first portion (1293) of the base contact (129) underlying the overlap region (1541) is amorphized prior to formation of the metal-semiconductor material (183, 182) therein. According to a still further embodiment, the metal-semiconductor material (183, 182) comprises a semiconductor reacted with one or more of Co, Ni, Pt, NiPt or a combination thereof. According to a yet further embodiment, a metal for forming the metal-semiconductor material (183, 182) is deposited at a temperature equal or greater than about 100 degrees Celsius. According to a still yet further embodiment, the metal-semiconductor material (183, 182) is annealed after deposition at a temperature exceeding the deposition temperature. According to a yet still further embodiment, the sidewall (1294, 1294′) is substantially amorphous. According to another embodiment, the sidewall (1294, 1294′) is rendered amorphous by ion bombardment prior to formation of the metal-SC material (182, 183) thereon.
According to a third embodiment, there is provided a method (201-209, 211-212, 500) for forming a bipolar transistor, comprising, forming an emitter region (160), a base region (161, 163) and a collector region (162, 190) in or on a semiconductor body (115), providing a base contact (129), ohmically coupled to the base region (161, 163), the base contact (129) having a first portion (1293) proximate the base region (161, 163), and a second portion (1295) separated from the first portion (1293) by a sidewall (1294, 1294′), forming an emitter contact (154) on the emitter region (160), the emitter contact (154) having an overlap region (1541) overlapping the first portion (1293) of the base contact (129), and forming a metal-semiconductor compound (183, 182) in the base contact (129), including underlying at least part of the overlap region (1541) from the sidewall (1294, 1294′). According to a further embodiment, the method further comprises, prior to formation of the metal-semiconductor compound (183, 182), amorphizing the sidewall (1294, 1294′). According to a still further embodiment, amorphizing the sidewall (1294, 1294′) comprises bombarding the sidewall (1294, '1294′) with inert gas ions. According to a yet further embodiment, bombarding the sidewall (1294, 1294′) comprises implanting inert gas atoms into the sidewall (1294, 1294′) using an angled implant at an angle α>0 with respect to a normal (187) to a surface of the base contact (129).
While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description of the invention, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment of the invention, it being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements described and methods of preparation in an exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims and their legal equivalents.


A Stuffed Owl is a great gift for someone who loves birds or for a fan of the Snowy Owl, Hedwig in Harry Potter. Stuffed Owls are popular with babies, toddlers, kids and adults.
Stuffed and Snow Bird Emperor Plush Penguins are perhaps the best friends of a toddler. The baby can hug the toy, cajole and press without getting harmed in the process.
Here's the best selection of Stuffed Yorkshire Terrier Toys. The Yorkie is a small terrier breed of dog and the plush versions are almost as sweet but don't need to go walkies!
Stuffed Cupcake Toys make cute plushies for anyone who loves cupcakes. Not just for kids and sweet-toothed friends, these soft toys provide fat-free delight to cupcake collectors.
Most people remember Hedwig the Snowy Owl but there are a number of great stuffed Harry Potter soft toys which make perfect magical plush pets for the Hogwarts fantasy fan.
Stuffed Labrador Toys make loving and loyal plush pets - faithful companion dogs that you get to keep and cuddle forever. Will you choose a yellow, black or brown stuffed Labrador?
On the hunt for a super soft Wolf? Stuffed Wolf Toys are adorable plush pets that don't howl or bite. Snuggle up with your new canine friend as there's no big, bad wolves here!
Use as a snuggly pillow or as a soft, plush pet. The gorgeous giraffe pillow pet animal is made from super soft, safari print chenille and is adored by kids and adults alike.
A super snuggly Cow Plush toy makes an ideal stuffed companion for babies, kids and even adults who can't resist this adorable creature. Are cows the cutest barnyard animals?
Calico Critters provide a whole animal world for your children's play and imagination. Calico Critters' wide choice of animal families, cottages, and shops will delight your kids.
Are the kids stuffed animals getting out of hand? Stuffed Toy Organizers will tidy those plush pets and free bedroom floor space. Toy organizer ideas for mess-free and tidy rooms.
In the market for great plush toys? These are unique and charming plush toys made by Bla Bla. Suitable as Mother's day gifts, baby showers or birthday presents.


Today we begin our crypto journey. We'll be learning all about the new world of cryptocurrencies, talking to world-class experts along the way.
So what are cryptocurrencies? I had the help of Tim Delmastro, international film-maker and staff writer here at Ultimate Money. He teaches me the ropes as he introduces us to this first step of the journey: What Are Cryptocurrencies?
Listen to episode one of the Ultimate Money podcast to find out.


text:
Q: Webkit filter as a text or box-shadow Is there any way to get a text shadow or a box shadow that behaves similar to how a -webkit-filter:saturate(50%); (or brightness(80%);) would look over the entire selector?  Basically, I need whatever the shadow falls on to be saturated/desaturated.
Why?  I'm putting text over an image, and I think it would be a cool effect to either blur or desaturate the space around the text.  In the end, the effect would look something like this:

That's not a white text-shadow, it's basically a text shadow with a blending mode of "Color Dodge", which accomplishes the effect I'm after.  Any way I can do this in CSS?

A: One possible solution might involve a combination of -webkit-filter: blur() and pseudo-elements. For example: DEMO
This could also be combined with any text-shadowing given. Not sure if that resolves the issue perfectly, because the effects on the text aren't really evaluating the background colors, but it might work for your purpose. Interesting challenge, and would be a useful feature to have built-in to css.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Australian that claims to be Satoshi Nakamoto is "sorry" for Gavin Andresen and Jon Matonis after backlash.
Just a couple of days after coming out to the world as Bitcoin creator Satoshi Nakamoto, Craig Wright is trying to disappear off the radar. He has deleted his blog and says that he intends to no longer appear in public ever again.
The reason for the move is allegedly his inability to handle the scrutiny that comes with claiming to be one of the most important inventors in the history of modern financial technology.
After greatly damaging the reputations of Gavin Andresen and Jon Matonis who vouched for him, he only offers them his apology instead of simply providing the proof that he is who he claims to be and that they were not duped along with the BBC, the Economist and GQ.
I believed that I could do this. I believed that I could put the years of anonymity and hiding behind me. But, as the events of the week unfolded and I prepared to publish the proof of access to the earliest keys, I broke. I do not have courage. I cannot.
I know that this weakness will cause great damage to those that have supported me, and particularly to Jon Matonis and Gavin Anderson. I can only hope that their honour and credibility is not irreparably tainted by my actions. They were not deceived, but I know that the world will never believe that now. I can only say I'm sorry.


text:
What Role Does Social Media Have To Play In The Transmission Of Fake News?
February 27, 2019 by O.CurtisCogitations, Featured, Ollie Curtis
"Fake news is a threat to democratic elections also as the DCMS claim: "relentless targeting of hyper-partisan views, which play to the fears and prejudices of people, in order to influence their voting plans."
Throughout history, technology has played an enormous role in how society consumes the news and media. The invention of social media has revolutionised that concept. From Facebook to Twitter people can get access to news quicker than ever before. This advancement has also brought around the ability to share inaccurate news and fake news to unsuspecting people. Through sharing and 'click-baiting' fake news has become one of journalism biggest issues. Fake news took its prime grip on society predominantly since the 2016 US election, though there are other examples. From death hoaxes to the Brexit Bus, fake news is there. social media has simply given it a powerful stepping stone.
During the US election according to Hunt Allcott & Matthew Gentzkow (2017, p.212) say 'We confirm that fake news was both widely shared and heavily tilted in favour of Donald Trump. Our database contains 115 pro-Trump fake stories that were shared on Facebook a total of 30 million times, and 41 pro-Clinton fake stories shared a total of 7.6 million times.' From the above statement, we can see that roughly 10% of the US population (30 million) shared fake pro-Trump stories. To put that into perspective, that is nearly half of the UK population. Facebook's ability to share these stories combined with the political climate has evidently influenced the populous of the United States possibly altering the results of the election. Hunt Allcott & Matthew Gentzkow also claim that the most popular fake news stories were more widely shared on Facebook than the most popular mainstream news stories in the US. This comes after they found that 62% of US adults claim to get their news from social media. It is without a doubt that if these fake news stories were widely shared across Facebook that a large majority of those 62% would have at least seen those stories. They estimate that approximately 760 million instances of a user clicking and reading a fake news story, which translates roughly to 3 false stories read per American adult. This illustrates the huge impact that social media can have to help circulate false information.
Social media has also helped to spread disinformation during Brexit. Brexit is a subject that is very closely linked with the US election of 2016 and often is quoted as an event that was associated with a large number of fake news stories. The biggest fake news story of Brexit is definitely the leave campaigns NHS bus. It was widely circulated on social media and claimed to give £350 million per week to the NHS if the UK decides to leave which turned out to be a complete fabrication. In reality, the EU membership fee is deducted to help support the poorest areas, farms and other industries and after that, it leaves the real fee of £136 million per week, a 60% reduction from the original number. The Institute for Fiscal Studies branded the figure as 'clearly absurd.' A claim can be made that fake or false news travels further than real news because it evokes a level of surprise, whereas true or real news is often found with sadness or trust. A study found from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2018, p.1146) 'There is worldwide concern over false news and the possibility that it can influence political, economic, and social well-being. To understand how false news spreads, Vosoughi et al. used a data set of rumour cascades on Twitter from 2006 to 2017. About 126,000 rumours were spread by ∼3 million people. False news reached more people than the truth; the top 1% of false news cascades diffused to between 1000 and 100,000 people, whereas the truth rarely diffused to more than 1000 people. Falsehood also diffused faster than the truth. The degree of novelty and the emotional reactions of recipients may be responsible for the differences observed.' This is due to the fact that fake news is often sensationalised, so, therefore, is exciting and grabs the reader's attention more than less extreme stories.
Fake news is not always fake news, for instance, a news site called TeleSUR English, the English language version of a Venezuelan based broadcaster supported by five Latin American governments, has been repeatedly removed from Facebook without reason. This suggests that social media will be taking censorship into their own hands instead of clear, thought out laws by governments. As Chauncey Alcorn (2018) says 'Several popular left-leaning and progressive content creators on Facebook have either been booted from the site with no clear explanation as to why or have seen their traffic take a nosedive after being erroneously flagged as fake news.' Fake news is increasingly becoming a threat to democracy across the world, for example, Sri Lanka's week-long ban on social media called a "digital curfew." This is a threat to freedom of speech. Instead of punishing the people it should be the sites that share them or the people that create them, for example The Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) Committee (2018) believe that since the Cambridge Analytica data scandal, social media companies should face harder regulations or even a new type of tax. Not only is fake news a threat to freedom of speech, but it is also a threat to democratic elections also as the DCMS claim: "relentless targeting of hyper-partisan views, which play to the fears and prejudices of people, in order to influence their voting plans". This quote suggests social media's role in influencing voting plans is being an easy to use and abuse platform for bots and fake news authors, as seen with the 115 pro-Trump stories.
"Social bots are programmed Facebook accounts which help to like, share and comment on posts of certain agendas which can often help to spread fake news."
Social media has helped to platform all kinds of journalism and news, not just true or fake news. There is also a subset of satire news sites which can sometimes be easily mistaken for misinformation and fake news. Satire news does share some characteristics with fake news however its factual incorrectness is often used to call someone out, ridicule, expose, or just make fun of a subject. Whereas fake news' intention on social media is to spread lies surrounding a certain topic or subject. For example a study from the University of Maryland 'fake news vs satire: a data set and analysis' (2018 p.1) suggests: 'If actual fake news is to be combated at web-scale, we must be able to develop mechanisms to automatically classify and differentiate it from satire and legitimate news.' Stories on Facebook all seem the same, with similar sensational headlines and photos, perhaps it is the real news creating sensational headlines to keep ahead of their competition which is assisting the fake news and satire to blend into the mainstream media on people's Facebook news feeds.
Facebook's easy ability to create an account has easily contributed to the spread of fake news. Social bots are programmed Facebook accounts which help to like, share and comment on posts of certain agendas which can often help to spread fake news. The company removed 559 pages and 251 accounts that helped spam and spread misinformation and had this to say: "The people behind the activity also post the same click-bait posts in dozens of Facebook Groups, often hundreds of times in a short period, to drum up traffic for their websites and they often use their fake accounts to generate fake likes and shares. This artificially inflates engagement for their inauthentic pages and the posts they share, misleading people about their popularity and improving their ranking in news feed." This isn't just true for Facebook, for example during Amazon's workers environmental disputes a strange army of Amazon affiliate workers, which turned out to be bots, reassured twitter users that they can use the toilet while they work. 'They're mostly stowers, pickers or packers, and they claim to work in warehouses ranging from Kent, Washington, to Jacksonville, Florida.' The Guardian said. This suggests that companies are using social media to spread misinformation through the specific use of bots, which give a human characteristic making them more believable to unsuspecting readers. This proves that fake news is often less obvious and harder to detect than initially believed.
Death hoaxes are also a strange yet recurring problem on social media. There has been a fake death for Sir Rowan Atkinson, and even Sylvester Stallone. For example, a fake news story from a Twitter account posing as the BBC claimed Queen Elizabeth II had died, which soon became a trending hashtag on Twitter, spread at such a rate that real news sites began to believe it was true and prepared news stories of their own for the event. This was until the Royal family had to release a statement that she had in fact not died. The Washington Post reported (2016) "A number of Twitter users began tweeting that there had been a "media blackout" in an attempt to hide news of the queen's death from the public. By Friday, it was one of the top trending topics on Twitter" This proves that news travels so quickly on social media, that fake news can spread at a rate too fast to be combated by accurate news sources. This has a negative impact on social media users because it makes the likelihood of them finding out the truth much lower.
An argument can be made that people crave confirmation of our views and social media is the perfect place for this to happen. With a site like Facebook, you can physically see how many people share the same opinion as you and even communicate with them in the comments. This according to Dr Jens Binder (2017) is our bias being validated through confirmation: "the more people share my sense of understanding, the more I am convinced that I got it right." This helps to create echo chambers in social media, where people with similar opinions communicate, view and share things to do with said opinion and often block out things that try to contradict their view. This can be a contributing factor in how fake news is spread if it is targeted at a specific group, for instance, the 115 pro-Trump fact stories in the US 2016 election. Social media also use algorithms in platforms like Facebook to filter a user's news feed showing them stories representing opinions similar to their own. This means that users are not seeing a comprehensive overview of news stories. Fake news uses these algorithms to be viewed by people who are most likely to be responsive to their story, as say News24 (2018) 'At the heart of the spread of fake news are the algorithms used by search engines, websites and social media which are often accused of pushing false or manipulated information regardless of the consequences.' This issue is specific to social media as with other forms of news such as newspapers, the reader was aware that their news was being filtered based on which kind of newspapers they would choose to buy. However, with social media, the majority of users are not aware of these algorithms and therefore do not know that their news is being filtered.
Overall the points throughout this essay collectively prove social media is one of the biggest influences in the transmission of fake news. Due to the fact that it is both easily edited and widely viewed while being difficult to differentiate between many different stories and opinions on social media. This has a negative effect on society as it has altering effects upon elections, changes people's views on social issues, and alters how our freedoms are impeached. If some kind of action is not taken to tackle fake news then social media is sure to become even more of a breeding ground for misinformation.
Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M. 2017 The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association.
Alcorn, C. 2018, Left-wing news sites censored on Facebook aren't in favour of banning Alex Jones either, The Mic. https://mic.com/articles/190621/left-wing-news-sites-censored-on-facebook-arent-in-favor-of-banning-alex-jones-either#.lR0Zb1JlG
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018, Science volume 359.Binder, J. 2017, Why does fake news go viral? Experts give 7 reasons, BT.com. http://home.bt.com/tech-gadgets/internet/why-does-fake-news-go-viral-11364225690826
The Digital, Culture, Media and Sports Committee, 2018, Fake news a democratic crisis for the UK, MPs warn, The BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-44967650
Golbeck, J. et al. 2018, Fake News vs Satire: A Dataset and Analysis, University of Maryland.
Frier, S. 2018, Facebook Has Removed More Than 800 U.S. Accounts Spreading Fake News, Times Online. http://time.com/5422546/facebook-removes-800-fake-news-accounts/
Tynan, D. 2018, Amazon's 'ambassador' workers assure Twitter: we can go to the toilet any time, The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/aug/23/amazon-fc-ambassadors-twitter-working-conditions
Taylor, A. 2016, A Twitter hoax briefly convinced some that Queen Elizabeth II was dead, The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/12/30/a-twitter-hoax-briefly-convinced-britain-that-queen-elizabeth-ii-was-dead/?utm_term=.36c4e29898ae
Fake News, Politics
O.Curtis
Previous Previous post: The Insubordinate Newsletter: Kerala Floods – 13/08/18

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I used Leone's Refrigeration & Appliance Service for appliance repair. He was here about 2 months ago when my washer broke. He could have charged me an arm and a leg to fix it but he said that it's gonna cost me more and it's better to buy a new one. He didn't make any money on it, so he's so honest and he's very nice.
He was excellent and I recommend him to other people.


text:
Bishop-in-Residence
Online Sunday Worship
10:30 Eucharist
Rota Assignments
This Week's Bulletin
2021 Pledge Form
Donate a Chair!
"Think and imagine a world when love is the way…"
Our Presiding Bishop. the Most Reverend Michael Curry, was the preacher at the Royal Wedding and the world paid attention to his wonderful message of love. Below are some of our Presiding Bishop's media appearances and press coverage. Curry's mission was to bear witness to that power of love that he referenced in his sermon, and his own profound faith that God's love makes all the difference in the world. We at St. Thomas' Parish fully believe in our Presiding Bishop's message of the power of love to change our world.
Royal wedding: 10 quotes from the Most Rev. Michael Curry's powerful sermon (Chicago Tribune)
Meet Michael Curry, the bishop who spoke at the royal wedding (Today Show, NBC)
Bishop whose sermon lit up royal wedding to lead White House protest
Bishop describes powerful sermon at Harry, Meghan's wedding (Good Morning America (ABC)
Most Reverend Michael Bruce Curry, the Breakout Star of the Royal Wedding, Continues to Grace the Airwaves (Vanity Fair)
Bishop Michael Curry On His Sermon At The Royal Wedding (The View)
Posted on May 23, 2018 by revalexdyer
← The Rev. Alex Dyer – Pentecost
Mr. Kevin Montgomery – Trinity Sunday →
St. Thomas' Parish – 1517 18th St NW, Washington, DC 20036


"The suspects were in search of AK47s, handguns, hand grenades, explosive vests and raw materials for several (car) bombs," prosecutors said in a statement. They will be brought before a judge on Friday.
The arrests took place nearly a month after an Afghan Muslim terrorist was shot by police at Amsterdam's central station after stabbing two American tourists.


text:
About SDHDF
Fund Types
For the LGBT Community
Professional Advisor Network (PAN)
http://www.mylgbtfoundation.org
444 Camino del Rio South, Suite 107
E-mail a copy of this message to your own address.
San Diego Human Dignity Foundation Announces New Grant Programs!
The San Diego Human Dignity Foundation's board of directors is proud to announce the star of two new grant opportunites to benefit San Diego's Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) community starting this year. In one program SDHDF will designate up to $50,000 to match qualifying donations to participating LGBT non-profit organizations for the time period of July 1, 2013 to June 30, 2014. Certian qualifying restrictions will apply. In the second program, the SDHDF Board of Directors has designated up to $100,000 from its general endowment to be expended in a direct grant program for the upcoming year. Grants of up to $10,000 may be awarded to qualifying organizations that deliver strong programs and services to the LGBT community.
Click here to read more about our new grant programs!
We're on Flickr!
Want to re-live some of our favorite past events?
Interested to see how we've changed through the years? SDHDF is now on the social photo sharing site, Flickr! Visit our page to see hundreds of pictures spanning the past 16 years!
www.flickr.com/photos/SDHDF
Do you have event photos you'd like to share? Let us know! All pictures or requests may be sent to info@sdhdf.org
Contact SDHDF


Signal Driver Training specialise in providing driving instructor training and intensive learner driving courses.
Our courses include first Theory and Practical Test fees. Pick-up from your home address. Flexible training schedule. All tuition is on a one-to-one basis.
Pass Plus training is aimed at improving the skills of new drivers. Pupils reaching the standard may then be entitled to a discount on their motor insurance.
All training tutors and Instructors are registered with the Driver & Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) and have been vetted by the Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) checks (previously CRB checks). All courses are tailored to meet the individual requirements of each pupil, ensuring Safe Driving for Life.
Signal Driver Training specialise in providing driving instructor training and intensive learner driving courses. Based near Stafford, training is offered in Burton on Trent, Lichfield, Newcastle under Lyme, Rugeley, Stafford, Stoke on Trent, Stone, Uttoxeter and their surrounding areas.