text:
\section{Introduction}
Flux density limited radio source samples are known to contain a large
portion of compact sources with high frequency spectral index $\alpha$
$\ge$ 0.5 (S$_{\nu} \sim \nu^{-\alpha}$) and  angular sizes below 2$''$. The
corresponding projected linear sizes are typically $\le$ 15~kpc\footnote{We
assume H$_0$ = 100 km~s$^{-1}$~Mpc$^{-1}$ and q$_0=0.5$}.
 Fanti et al. (1990) have shown that the majority of these CSS sources
 cannot be larger sources foreshortened by projection
effects, which means that their radio emission originates on
sub-galactic scales.

It is obvious that one should investigate the connection between CSS
and larger radio sources. Two scenarios have been proposed that
would naturally explain the observed small sizes. First, they could
reflect an early stage in the evolution of radio sources. This is the
{\it youth scenario} (Phillips $\&$ Mutel 1982; Carvahlo 1985).
The second possibility is that the unusual conditions in the
interstellar medium of their host galaxies, such as a higher density
and/or the presence of turbulence, inhibit the radio source from growing to
larger sizes. This is the {\it frustration scenario} (van Breugel et al. 1984).

Most CSS sources exhibit double-lobed structures such as seen in classical
radio galaxies. This feature is common to both quasars and galaxies.
Quite a few of these are symmetric, which gave rise to the terms CSO
(compact symmetric objects, with sizes $\le$ 0.5~kpc) and MSO
(medium-size symmetric objects, with sizes $>$ 0.5~kpc). These sources
are considered as scaled-down versions of larger-sized double radio
sources (Fanti et al. 1995). A minority of CSS sources is made up by sources
with complex or highly asymmetric structures. These are mostly quasars,
with most of their luminosity provided by the jet. The distortions may
be caused by jet bending, which is further amplified by strong
projection. \par \noindent
A plausible organization scheme for these different morphological classes is to
identify CSO and MSO with progenitors of large doubles (`baby radio galaxies'),
while the asymmetric CSS sources could represent frustrated radio sources.

\section{Sample selection}
The sample we choose for this study consists of: \par \noindent
1) the sample selected from the 3CR and the Peacock \& Wall (1981;
PW) catalogues (Fanti et al. 1995), and \par \noindent
2) nine sources extracted from the B3\,VLA sample (Vi\-gotti et al. 1989).

1) The 3CR/PW sample (38 sources) was established on the basis of the well-known
criteria: linear size $<$ 15 kpc, spectral index $\alpha >$ 0.5 and a limit in
radio power P $\geq 10^{26.8}$ W/Hz at 178 MHz for the 3CR, or P $\geq 10^{26}$
W/Hz at 2.7 GHz for the PW.
High resolution structure information is available for these sources from the
literature. In the framework of this project we observed at 230~GHz
the 17 sources for which the flux densities at this frequency were
not available from literature.

2) The second complete sample of CSS sources was selected from the ``strong''
section of the B3\,VLA catalogue ($S_{408 {\rm MHz}}\geq$ 0.8 Jy) according
to the following definitions: $\alpha_{408{\rm MHz}}^{1.4{\rm GHz}} > 0.5$
up to 10~GHz, and a size of $\la$ 15~kpc. Sources with $\alpha_{408{\rm
MHz}}^{1.4{\rm GHz}}< 0.5$ have also been included if their spectrum is steeper
than $\alpha=0.5$ at $\nu>1.4$~GHz. These are Giga-Hertz-peaked
spectrum (GPS) candidate sources. This sample contains 83 objects.
The sample has been recently observed with the VLA at 5 and
8.4 GHz, with resolutions of $\sim 0\farcs2$. Additional observations with
VLBI arrays are planned.
Only about 60\% of these sources have at the moment either a photometric or a
spectroscopic redshift, therefore we limited the list to the objects which
could be observed at 230~GHz to the latter.
Due to scheduling constraints we only observed 9 sources of the B3\,VLA sample.

\begin{figure*}
\begin{minipage}[h]{8cm}
\epsfxsize=8cm
\epsfbox  [45 190 540 720] {8461.f1a}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[h]{8cm}
\epsfxsize=8cm
\epsfbox  [80 190 575 720] {8461.f1b}
\end{minipage}
\caption[]{Selected source spectra (left: type a, right: type b; see Sect. 4.3). The
$\chi^2_{\rm red}$-values refer to the pure synchrotron loss models. The
self-absorbed part of the spectrum has been modelled in a subsequent fit
procedure.}
\end{figure*}

\section{Observations and data reduction}
The observations were done with the IRAM~30-m telescope near Granada, Spain
between 10th Feb. and 15th Feb., 1998. The receiver we used was the 37-channel
bolometer described by Kreysa et al. (1998), with  feeds arranged in a
hexagon around the central feed, and beam separations of 20$\arcsec$. The
sensitivity of each channel was 70\,mJy/s. The beam size was
$10\farcs5$ as derived from pointing scans. All our sources were point-like to
this beam. Opacity measurements were made via
skydips, from which we derived zenith opacities of 0.1--0.8. Despite the high
atmospheric attenuation of the signal, the observations (generally done at
high source elevations) could be performed satisfactorily, owing to the
relatively quiet atmosphere present during our observing run (resulting in
a relatively low sky noise). The calibration factor to convert the observed
counts into flux densities was determined by observing the source K3--50A,
which has a total flux density of 10\,Jy and a peak flux density of 7.6\,Jy
for the beam size of our measurements. The measures were finally corrected for
atmospheric attenuation and the elevation-dependent gain of the telescope.
The pointing was frequently checked by cross-scanning the sources 0923+392,
1144+402, 1308+326, and 1418+546.
The pointing accuracy was found to be $\sim\,3\arcsec$. The same sources were
used to adjust the focus at regular intervals.

The sources were observed in an ON-OFF mode in which the wobbling secondary
mirror of the telescope moved at a frequency of 2\,Hz between the source
position and positions located at $\pm~60\arcsec$ in azimuth. Each source
was observed between 3 and 5 times, with 10 ON-OFF pairs each. The differences
of the flux densities between the main and the reference beams were averaged by
weighting inversely proportional to the square of the r.m.s. noise of each
measurement.
The resulting integration time spent on each source was thus typically 50
minutes, and the final r.m.s. noise of each measurement was between 2 and
5\,mJy. In addition, the calibration may be uncertain by 15\% owing
to day-to-day variations in the system gain.

The data were recorded with all receivers, with the central one pointing
at the source. As the angular extents of the target sources are
in the range of a few arcseconds, the outer channels
contain only sky emission. Hence, they were used to subtract a mean sky level
from the central channel. Using this procedure, we assumed that the scale size
of the fluctuations of the sky emission is large compared to the total
coverage of the bolometer array ($60\arcsec$), which corresponds to 1.5\,m at
a distance of 5\,km. Together with the wobbling rate, this ensures
efficient rejection of sky noise, since the time scale of atmospheric
fluctuations is much larger (see e.g. Altenhoff et al. 1987).

In Tab.~1 we list the measured flux densities and 1-$\sigma$ errors, inclusive
of noise and calibration uncertainty, at 230~GHz.

\begin{table}
\caption{Flux densities at 230 GHz}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|lccr|}\hline
 Name & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Pointing centre (B1950)} &
\multicolumn{1}{c|}{S$_{230}$}\\
      & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\alpha$}& \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\delta$}   &
\multicolumn{1}{c|}{[mJy]}     \\
\hline
 3C-PW          &             &             &                   \\
0404+76         & 04 04 00.13 & 76 48 52.50 &  115 $\pm$     18 \\
0428+20         & 04 28 06.86 & 20 31 09.13 &   62 $\pm$     11 \\
0740+38 3C186   & 07 40 56.77 & 38 00 30.97 &    5 $\pm$  \ph14 \\
0758+14 3C190   & 07 58 45.05 & 14 23 04.40 &    8 $\pm$  \ph13 \\
1005+07 3C237   & 10 05 22.04 & 07 44 58.56 &   14 $\pm$  \ph15 \\
1019+22 3C241   & 10 19 09.38 & 22 14 39.63 &    2 $\pm$  \ph13 \\
1153+31         & 11 53 44.08 & 31 44 16.00 &    9 $\pm$  \ph13 \\
1203+64 3C268.3 & 12 03 54.08 & 64 30 18.40 &    1 $\pm$  \ph12 \\
1225+36         & 12 25 30.77 & 36 51 47.00 &    0 $\pm$  \ph13 \\
1358+62         & 13 58 58.36 & 62 25 06.71 &   29 $\pm$  \ph16 \\
1416+06 3C298   & 14 16 38.80 & 06 42 21.30 &    8 $\pm$  \ph14 \\
1447+77 3C305.1 & 14 47 49.35 & 77 08 46.65 &    2 $\pm$  \ph13 \\
1517+20 3C318   & 15 17 50.63 & 20 26 52.95 &    5 $\pm$  \ph13 \\
1634+62 3C343   & 16 34 01.06 & 62 51 41.80 &   12 $\pm$  \ph14 \\
1637+62 3C343.1 & 16 37 55.29 & 62 40 34.24 &    7 $\pm$  \ph14 \\
1819+39         & 18 19 42.33 & 39 41 15.00 &    5 $\pm$  \ph14 \\
1829+29         & 18 29 17.93 & 29 04 58.29 &    9 $\pm$  \ph14 \\
\hline
B3\,VLA         &             &             &                   \\
0809+404        & 08 09 31.62 & 40 28 02.76 &   11 $\pm$  \ph13 \\
0810+460B       & 08 10 58.61 & 46 05 48.12 &    2 $\pm$  \ph12 \\
1025+390B       & 10 25 49.34 & 38 59 57.55 &   46 $\pm$  \ph18 \\
1128+455        & 11 28 56.40 & 45 31 24.57 &    4 $\pm$  \ph13 \\
1159+395        & 11 59 16.35 & 39 35 52.89 &    5 $\pm$  \ph13 \\
1225+442        & 12 25 15.70 & 44 17 17.23 &    1 $\pm$  \ph13 \\
1233+418        & 12 33 10.88 & 41 53 38.00 &   11 $\pm$  \ph14 \\
1242+410        & 12 42 26.39 & 41 04 29.97 &   83 $\pm$     13 \\
1350+432        & 13 50 24.04 & 43 14 09.40 &    4 $\pm$  \ph13 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\section{Results and discussion} \label{sec:results}
For each source we have compiled flux densities at different frequencies from
the literature, mostly from K\"uhr et al. (1979) and from the CATS database
(Verkhodanov et al. 1997). Our new measures at 230~GHz have been added to the
compilation. All flux densities have been brought to the BGPW scale (Baars et
al. 1977). Examples of source spectra are shown in Fig.~1.
For the fit algorithm described in Sect. 4.2 we have assumed flux densities less
than 3$\sigma$ to be upper limits only.

Most of the sources show significant departure from the classical power law
which describes a zero age transparent synchrotron spectrum
from a relativistic electron population with power law energy distribution.
The deviations from the power law are of the following type: a) a low-frequency
turnover (the most conspicuous deviation); b) a steepening at high frequencies.
High-frequency flattening, if any, is quite rare.
The above deviations are interpreted as due to synchrotron self-absorption and to
particle energy losses, respectively.
In order to describe them, we have fitted the compiled flux densities with a
synchrotron aged spectrum ${\rm S}_{\rm aged}(\nu)$
(described in the next section), modified by low-frequency absorption, as
follows (Pacholczyk 1970):
\begin{equation}
{\rm
S}(\nu)\propto(\nu/\nu_1)^{\alpha+\beta}(1-e^{-(\nu/\nu_1)^{-(\alpha+\beta)}})
\cdot {\rm S}_{\rm aged}(\nu)
\label{a}
\end{equation}
where $\nu_1$ is the frequency at which the optical depth is equal to 1. In
case of an homogeneous synchrotron self-absorbed source $\beta = 2.5$, while
$\alpha$ is the not aged spectral index in the transparent frequency range.

\subsection{The synchrotron aged spectrum model}
We assume that the radio source evolution is described by a
{\it continuous injection model}, where the sources are continuously
replenished by a constant flow of fresh relativistic
particles with a power law energy distribution, with exponent $\delta$.
It is well known that,
under these assumptions, the radio spectrum has a standard shape
(Kardashev 1962), with spectral index
$\alpha_{\rm inj} = (\delta -1)/2$ below a critical frequency $\nu_{\rm br}$ and
$\alpha_{\rm h} = \alpha_{\rm inj} + 0.5$ above $\nu_{\rm br}$. If there is no
expansion and the magnetic field is constant, the frequency
$\nu_{\rm br}$ (in GHz) depends on the elapsed time since the source formation,
$\tau_{\rm syn}$ (in Myrs), the intensity of the magnetic field $B$ (in $\mu$G)
and the magnetic field equivalent to the microwave background $B_{\rm CMB} =
3.25 (1+z)^2$ (in $\mu$G) as:
\begin{equation}
\tau_{\rm syn} = 1610 {\frac{B^{0.5}}{B^2 + B^2_{\rm CMB}}}
{\frac{1}{[\nu_{\rm br}(1+z)]^{1/2}}}
\label{b}
\end{equation}
The whole spectral shape cannot be described by an analytic equation,
the two behaviours described being only the asymptotical ones, and has
to be computed numerically. This model is referred as continuous
injection (CI). Fitting the spectral data to the numerically computed CI spectrum, one
obtains the break frequency $\nu_{\rm br}$, from which
 the source age is obtained if the magnetic field is known. \par
\noindent
This simple model does not consider expansion effects, which may be
important if the source is young.
So, the simplest variant of the original model is the one in which the radiating
particles loose energy through expansion and the magnetic field changes
according to flux conservation (Kardashev 1962, CIE).
An alternative possibility to be considered, in an expanding source, is that the
magnetic field changes less rapidly than in the flux conserving assumption
because of a continuous magnetic flux input associated to the fresh particles
injection. We set $B \propto t^{-{\rm m}}$, where for m = 2 we get the flux
conserving expansion. This is referred as CIm model.
In our special case we assume m = 1, consistent with the models
applied by  Baldwin (1982) or Begelman (1996).
Although the theoretical background to these models is in the Kardashev
paper, we have decided to present in the Appendix the detailed development.
The spectral shapes of the CIE and CIm models have been computed again
numerically. The break frequency for the CIE model is
sixteen times higher than in the CI case, for equal elapsed time and
final magnetic field intensity (Kardashev 1962). In the CIm model,
instead, one finds that the break frequency is $(2.5{\rm m}-1)^2$ larger than in
the CI model. The asymptotic behaviours at
frequencies lower and larger than the break frequency are the same
as in the CI model.
However the steepening occurs over a broader frequency interval.
In order to
better emphasize the differences between these three models it is useful
to consider, together with the usual flux-frequency representation,
 the point-to-point spectral index defined as
\begin{equation}
\alpha(\nu/\nu_{\rm br})=-\frac{d\log {\rm S}_{\rm aged}(\nu/\nu_{\rm
br})}{d\log \nu/\nu_{\rm br}}
\end{equation}
Both representations are shown in Fig.~2. While in the flux-frequency
plane the differences are hardly visible, they can be much better
traced in the point-to-point spectral index behaviour.
Note that the displayed figures only show the theoretical differences.
In practice the observed spectra permit only fits in the flux-frequency plane.

\begin{figure}[t]
\epsfxsize=8cm
\epsfbox  [45 150 540 720] {8461.f2}
\caption[]{The three continuous injection models described in the text.
The solid line corresponds to the CI, the dashed line to the CIE and the
dot-dashed line to the CIm. On the top the flux density (arbitrary units)
is plotted as a function of the ratio $\nu/\nu_{\rm br}$ (flux-frequency plane),
on the bottom the point-to-point spectral index is shown as a function of
$\nu/\nu_{\rm br}$. The injection spectral index is the
same for all three models $\alpha_{\rm inj}=0.625$.}
\end{figure}
\subsection{The spectral fits}
Spectral fits to the spectra have been made with the CI, CIE, and CIm
models. They allow us to determine the non-aged spectral index $\alpha_{\rm
inj}$
and the break frequency $\nu_{\rm br}$, that, together with the
normalization, are the three free parameters characterizing all the
models. The best fits are, surprisingly,
obtained with the CI model. The other models have steepenings which are too
gradual for the majority of the spectra. An example is given in Fig.~3.
The reduced $\chi^2_{\rm red}$ of the
models including adiabatic expansion and a variable magnetic field
is always greater (typically twice) than that of the CI model (Fig.~4).
The CI fits appear quite good, even in cases of high $\chi^2_{\rm red}$ values,
which, at visual inspection, appear more due to an under-estimation of the flux
density errors than to a poor fit of the spectral model on the data.
\begin{figure}[t]
\epsfxsize=8cm\epsfbox  [45 150 540 720] {8461.f3}
\caption[]{Three different fit results for the source 2252+12. The solid line
corresponds to a pure CI model, the dashed line represents the CIE model, the
dot-dashed line stands for the CIm model.
Note the different qualities of the fits, expressed by the various
$\chi^2_{\rm red}$ values!}
\end{figure}

The majority of the spectra show a clear break frequency, with a change of slope
$\Delta \alpha \sim 0.5$. We stress that there is no evidence for spectral
steepening with $\Delta \alpha$ significantly larger than 0.5. Only a few
sources are fitted by simple power laws. In these cases $\nu_{\rm br}$ could be
either very high ($\ga 100$ GHz) or very low ($\la {\rm few}~100\;{\rm MHz}$).
In these sources we have preferred the low frequency choice, since for the
high frequency one would have implied abnormally high values for
$\alpha_{\rm inj}$ as compared to the other sources.

We also note that only a very small fraction of the CSS sources, if any,
shows some evidence of flux density excess at high frequency, as it would
be caused by a flat spectrum core or by thermal dust emission. Perhaps
the only case is 3C138, where the core, known from VLBI observations,
shows up in the integrated spectrum at 230 GHz only.

It may appear surprising that the fits with the assumed spectral
model are so good. In fact the sources of the sample consist of several
components, as lobes and jets and hot spots, where physical conditions
can differ from one another and therefore also break frequencies may be
different. It is likely  that the spectrum is dominated by the brighter
component(s).
In addition, one could imagine that some confusion might have occurred between
genuine spectral steepening due to energy losses and the low-frequency turnover
due to absorption processes. We feel that this is a minor problem, but it
is difficult to quantify it (see, however, next section).

The break frequencies range from a few hundred MHz to tens of GHz. At low
frequencies, as said above, the limit is set by confusion with the effects of
absorption processes. The injection spectral index $\alpha_{\rm inj}$
ranges from 0.35 to 0.8, with $\langle \alpha_{\rm inj} \rangle = 0.63$. The typical errors of
the break frequencies and the injection spectral indices as given by the
fit algorithm are up to 40\% and 0.05, respectively. The results of
the CI fits are compiled in Tab.~2.
\begin{table*}
\caption{ Physical Parameters }
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|llrrcrrrc|}\hline
\multicolumn{1}{|c}{Source}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{redshift}& \multicolumn{1}{c}{LS}
& \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\nu_{\rm br}$}& \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\alpha_{\rm inj}$} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{$B_{\rm eq}$} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\tau_{\rm syn}$}
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{$ v_{\rm exp}$/c} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{type}\\
                &        & \multicolumn{1}{c}{[kpc]}& \multicolumn{1}{c}{[GHz]}
      &      & \multicolumn{1}{c}{[$10^{-3}$G]}& \multicolumn{1}{c}{[$10^{3}$ yrs]}   &
& \\
\hline
 3C-PW          &       &       &        &      &       &          &       &
\\
 0127+23 (3C43)  &  1.46 &  9.40 & $>$100\phantom{.0} & 0.76 &  5.0  &   0.3
&  55.0\phantom{1}  &  b \\
 0134+32 (3C48)  &  0.37 &  2.10 &  1.8   & 0.50 &  2.0  &  11.3    &  0.60 & b
\\
 0138+13 (3C49)  &  0.62 &  3.60 &  2.6   & 0.57 &  7.0  &   1.3    &  4.39 & b
\\
 0221+67 (3C67)  &  0.31 &  6.80 &  2.2   & 0.56 &  0.7  &  51.0    &  0.22 &  a
\\
 0223+34         &  1.00 &  3.80 & 24.1   & 0.38 &  9.4  &   0.3    & 24.20 & b
\\
 0316+16         &  1.00 &  1.20 & 12.0   & 0.81 &  9.8  &   0.3    &  5.74 & b
\\
 0345+33 (3C93.1)&  0.24 &  1.20 &  1.6   & 0.58 &  1.0  &  35.8    &  0.05 &  ?
\\
 0404+76         &  0.60 &  0.53 & 10.7   & 0.38 &  4.9  &   1.1    &  0.76 & a
\\
 0428+20         &  0.22 &  0.45 &  7.2   & 0.38 &  5.8  &   1.2    &  0.59 & b
\\
 0429+41 (3C119) &  1.02 &  0.75 &  9.5   & 0.49 &  8.0  &   0.5    &  2.36 & b
\\
 0518+16 (3C138) &  0.76 &  2.90 &  5.3   & 0.47 &  1.0  &  16.7    &  0.28 &  b
\\
 0538+49 (3C147) &  0.55 &  2.40 &  1.6   & 0.44 &  2.5  &   8.3    &  0.47 & b
\\
 0740+38 (3C186) &  1.06 &  8.20 &  0.3   & 0.75 &  0.7  & 113.2    &  0.12 &  a
\\
 0758+14 (3C190) &  1.20 & 14.10 & 30.3   & 0.79 &  0.7  &  10.6    &  2.15 & b
\\
 1005+07 (3C237) &  0.88 &  4.50 &  2.4   & 0.59 &  1.2  &  18.1    &  0.40 &  a
\\
 1019+22 (3C241) &  1.62 &  2.80 &  1.1   & 0.77 &  2.2  &   9.3    &  0.49 &  a
\\
 1153+31         &  1.56 &  3.20 &  6.9   & 0.69 &  1.7  &   5.4    &  0.95 & a
\\
 1203+64 (3C268.3)& 0.37 &  3.90 &  4.4   & 0.66 &  0.7  &  35.4    &  0.18 & a
\\
 1225+36          & 1.98 &  0.17 &  3.9   & 0.64 & 18.0  &   0.2    &  1.41 & b
\\
 1250+56 (3C277.1)& 0.32 &  4.40 &  0.7   & 0.39 &  0.4  & 204.3    &  0.04 & a
\\
 1323+32         & 0.37 &  0.18 &  6.9   & 0.38 &  5.1  &   1.4    &  0.20 & a
\\
 1328+30 (3C286) & 0.85 & 14.20 &  7.3   & 0.38 & 13.0  &   0.3    & 77.82 & b
\\
 1328+25 (3C287) & 1.06 &  0.40 & 10.7   & 0.47 &  3.5  &   1.7    &  0.39 & b
\\
 1358+62         & 0.43 &  0.16 & 71.9   & 0.70 &  9.0  &   0.2    &  1.39 & b
\\
 1416+06 (3C298) & 1.44 &  9.10 & $<$0.1 & 0.50 &  1.6  & $>$50\phantom{.0}
&$<$0.3\phantom{1} & a  \\
 1443+77 (3C303.1)& 0.27 &  5.00 &  0.8   & 0.64 &  0.6  & 110.2    &  0.07 & a
\\
 1447+77 (3C305.1)& 1.13 &  9.00 &  0.8   & 0.62 &  0.4  & 151.3    &  0.10 & a
\\
 1458+71 (3C309.1)& 0.90 &  7.80 &109.4   & 0.65 &  7.0  &   0.6    & 21.0\phantom{1}
&  b \\
 1517+20 (3C318)  & 0.75 &  7.80 &  4.8   & 0.69 &  1.5  &   9.6    &  1.32 & b
\\
 1607+26          & 0.47 &  0.18 &  6.3   & 0.71 & 10.0  &   0.5    &  0.55 & a
\\
 1634+62 (3C343)  & 0.99 &  0.70 &  3.8   & 0.65 &  2.0  &   6.5    &  0.17 & ?
\\
 1637+62 (3C343.1)& 0.75 &  1.30 &  1.7   & 0.62 &  1.5  &  16.0    &  0.13 & a
\\
 1819+39          & 0.40 &  3.10 &  3.3   & 0.73 &  6.0  &   1.6    &  3.13 & b
\\
 1829+29          & 0.60 &  9.30 & 12.1   & 0.63 &  6.0  &   0.8    & 19.12 & b
\\
 2248+71 (3C454.1)& 1.84 &  6.60 &  0.4   & 0.69 &  1.5  & $\ga$26.5& $<$0.40 &
a \\
 2249+18 (3C454)  & 1.76 &  2.10 & 11.9   & 0.72 &  5.0  &   0.8    &  4.29 &  b
\\
 2252+12 (3C455)  & 0.54 & 13.70 &  1.7   & 0.62 &  0.2  & 348.2    &  0.06 & a
\\
 2342+82          & 0.74 &  0.66 & 10-100 & 0.79 &  4.5  & $\la$1.3 &  0.82 & a
\\
\hline
 B3\,VLA         &        &       &         &         &      &       &       &
\\
 0809+404        &  0.55 &  4.80 &    4.8  &    0.53 &  1.1 & 16.1  &  0.48 & ?
\\
 0810+460B       &  0.33 &  2.80 &    13.9 &    0.94 &  1.1 & 10.3  &  0.44 & a
\\
 1025+390B       &  0.361&  5.10 &$>$100\phantom{.0}&   0.65 &  0.8 &  6.0  &  1.40 & a?
\\
 1128+455        &  0.40 &  1.90 &    1.8  &    0.53 &  1.5 & 17.3  &  0.18 & ?
\\
 1159+395        &  2.37 &  0.35 &    2.8  &    0.38 &  4.7 &  1.6  &  0.35 &  ?
\\
 1225+442        &  0.22 &  0.50 &    2.5  &    0.67 &  0.8 & 40.3  &  0.02 &  ?
\\
 1233+418        &  0.25 &  2.70 &    3.5  &    0.51 &  0.6 & 52.7  &  0.08 & a?
\\
 1242+410        &  0.811&  0.40 &    4.7  &    0.38 &  2.6 &  4.2 &  0.16 &  ?
\\
 1350+432        &  2.149&  8.00 &    0.2  &    0.84 &  1.2 & 55.4  &  0.23 &  ?
\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table*}
\begin{figure}[t]
\epsfxsize=8cm\epsfbox  [45 150 540 720] {8461.f4}
\caption[]{$\chi^{2}_{\rm red}$ histograms for the CI, CIE, and CIm models. On
the
bottom right the histogram of the ratio between the CIm and the CI
$\chi^{2}_{\rm red}$ is also shown.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Radiative ages and the nature of CSS sources}
In order to determine radiative ages, from Eq. (\ref{b}) and variants of the other
models, the magnetic field $B$ has to be known.
We stress that the age depends rather strongly on $B$, which is
somewhat uncertain. We take the equipartition value $B_{\rm eq}$. Our assumption
is motivated by the fact that $B_{\rm eq}$ accounts rather well for the
low-frequency turnover in terms of synchrotron self-absorption.
 We are aware that this is not a proof for equipartition.
 Other authors (e.g. Bicknell et al. 1997) prefer instead
thermal absorption. In any case, $B_{\rm eq}$ represents a poor statistical
upper limit to $B$, in the sense that, were it larger by a factor of four,
the low frequency turnovers would be systematically higher than observed
by $\approx$ 30\%.

Using the value of $B_{\rm eq}$, we obtain, from Eq. (\ref{b}), radiative
ages $\tau_{\rm syn}$ ranging from $10^3$ to $10^5$ years. Since the intrinsic
magnetic fields of the CSS sources in our sample strongly overweight the
magnetic field equivalent to the cosmic microwave background ($B_{\rm CMB}$),
the latter can be neglected in Eq. (\ref{b}). Therefore, if the source magnetic
field deviates by a factor {\it f} from the field determined for equipartition
$B_{\rm eq}$, the radiative ages will change by $f^{-3/2}$.
These radiative ages do not necessarily represent the source ages, but rather
the radiative ages of the dominant source component(s). Only when the
lobes, which have accumulated the electrons produced over the source lifetime,
dominate the source spectrum, the radiative age $\tau_{\rm syn}$ is
likely to represent the
age of the source.
If, instead, the spectrum is dominated by a jet or by hot spots,
the radiative age likely represents the permanence time of the electrons in that
component and is expected to be less (perhaps much less) than the source age.
In addition, dominant jets or hot spots might have their break frequency
up-shifted by Doppler effects.

The existing structure information on our sample, mostly from MERLIN and VLBI
observations, allows us to split the sources in two groups: those in which
the overall spectrum is dominated by lobes (classified ``type a'' in Tab.~2);  those
in which the spectrum is dominated by a bright jet or hot spot
 (classified ``type b'' in Tab.~2). For the B3\,VLA sample the
available information does not yet allow such a morphological sub-division.

The sources of class b have radiative ages systematically lower than those of
class a, as we expected.  Furthermore, while the synchrotron
age is well correlated with the source size for class a, it
seems that there is no correlation at all between the linear size and
the radiative age for  class b sources (see Fig.~5).
\begin{figure}[t]
\epsfxsize=8cm\epsfbox  [45 150 540 680] {8461.f5}
\caption[]{Linear size as a function of the synchrotron age for type a
(filled dots) and type b (open dots) sources. The B3\,VLA sources have
been excluded. The horizontal dashed lines represent the selection limits
of the linear size distribution of the sources in our samples while the
diagonal lines reflect constant values of $\frac{v_{\rm exp}}{c}$.}
\end{figure}
We have further computed for each source the expansion velocity $v_{\rm exp}
\approx {\rm LS}/2 \tau_{\rm syn}$, where LS is the source largest dimension.
The two classes show very different distributions:\\
Class a $\langle v_{\rm exp}/c \rangle = 0.34 \pm 0.07~~~ \sigma_{v_{\rm exp}} = 0.28$\\
Class b $\langle v_{\rm exp}/c \rangle = 11 \pm 4.4~~~ \sigma_{v_{\rm exp}} = 20$\\
Provided the assumed magnetic field is reasonably correct, the above values
for the radiative ages indicate that {\it the CSS sources are young}.
We further note that the
ages, and corresponding expansion velocities, are not far (somewhat larger)
from the recent results on expansion of CSOs by Owsianik et al. (1998)
and Owsianik \& Conway (1998).
As the radiative ages are strongly dependent on the assumed magnetic field,
a field only a factor two lower than assumed would be required for a
better agreement.
\par \noindent
In order to maintain the {\it frustration scenario}, in which the sources'
lifetimes are $\approx 10^7$ years, their equipartition magnetic field
should be decreased by a factor $\ga 20$.
\par \noindent
One could think that the correlation between linear
sizes  and the radiative ages shown in Fig.~5 could be a partial consequence
of the equipartition assumption. In fact, $B_{\rm eq} \propto {\rm LS}^{-6/7}
$ implies that ${\rm LS} \propto \tau_{\rm syn}^{7/9}$.
This is not the case for the following reasons: 1) no correlation between
linear sizes and radiative ages is obvious for type b sources. \par \noindent
 2) In particular, the break frequencies seem to be correlated with the
linear sizes for type a sources (Fig.~6). \par \noindent
These means, at least for class a sources, that the break frequency is an
effective clock indicating the source age. The correlation seen in Fig.~5 is
not an artifact completely introduced by the assumption of equipartition in
Eq. (2). \par \noindent

\begin{figure}[t]
\epsfxsize=8cm
\epsfbox  [45 150 540 680]{8461.f6}
\caption[]{Linear size as a function of the break frequency (in the source
rest frame) for type a
(filled dots) and type b (open dots) sources. The B3\,VLA sources have
been excluded. The horizontal dashed lines represent the selection limits
of the linear size distribution of the sources in our samples.}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}
The high-frequency integrated spectrum of CSS sources
shows a break with a moderate spectral steepening ($\Delta \alpha \approx 0.5$),
well fitted by the continuous injection model spectrum with constant
magnetic field. Spectral fits with synchrotron models with decreasing magnetic
field are definitely poorer.
There is no evidence of sharp cut-offs as would be expected if the supply of
relativistic electrons had stopped more than $\approx 10^4$ years ago.

In lobe dominated CSS sources the radiative ages $\tau_{\rm syn}$ are likely to
represent
the source ages. Assuming equipartition magnetic field strengths the source ages are
in the range of up to $10^5$ years, in agreement with the recent results on
expansion velocities of small size CSOs by Owsianik et al. (1998)
and Owsianik \& Conway (1998) derived from VLBI observations.
Therefore, assuming the CSS sources to be young, the magnetic field has
been deduced to be equal to the equipartition value within a factor $\approx 2$.

In jet or hot spot dominated CSS sources, the radiative life times are much
shorter and very likely represent the permanence time of the electrons
in those components.

\begin{acknowledgements}
We are grateful to Drs. B. Cotton and S. Spangler for very
helpful comments on the manuscript of this paper and to Dr. H.
Andernach for the suggestions on the compilation of the flux densities.
We made use of the database CATS (Verkhodanov et al. 1997) of
the Special Astrophysical Observatory.
We acknowledge the Italian Ministry for University and Scientific
Research (MURST) for partial financial support (grant Cofin98-02-32).
Part of this work was supported by European Commission, TMR Programme,
Research Network Contract ERBFMRXCT97-0034 ``CERES''.
\end{acknowledgements}
\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
111 Pułk Artylerii Przeciwlotniczej (111 paplot) – oddział artylerii przeciwlotniczej ludowego Wojska Polskiego.

Formowanie i zmiany organizacyjne
W latach 1951-1952, w garnizonie Krosno Odrzańskie, w składzie 4 Pomorskiej Dywizji Piechoty został sformowany 19 Dywizjon Artylerii Przeciwlotniczej. W 1955 roku dywizjon został przeformowany w 111 Pułk Artylerii Przeciwlotniczej.

W 1957 roku pułk został przeformowany w 19 Dywizjon Artylerii Przeciwlotniczej, dyslokowany do garnizonu Zgorzelec i podporządkowany dowódcy 11 Dywizji Zmechanizowanej, która w 1963 roku została przeformowana w 11 Drezdeńską Dywizję Pancerną.

W 1967 roku dywizjon po raz drugi został przeformowany w 111 Pułk Artylerii Przeciwlotniczej. W 1982 roku jednostka została rozformowana, a w skład 11 DPanc został włączony 66 Pułk Artylerii Przeciwlotniczej z Bolesławca.

W latach 1964-1967 w jednostce pełnił służbę Tadeusz Jauer, przyszły generał dywizji i szef Wojsk Obrony Przeciwlotniczej.

Struktura organizacyjna
Dowództwo i sztab
 bateria dowodzenia
 pluton rozpoznawczy
 pluton łączności
 pluton RSWP
 4 baterie przeciwlotnicze
 2 plutony ogniowe
 plutony: remontowy, zaopatrzenia, medyczny

Razem w pułku:
 dwadzieścia cztery 57 mm armaty przeciwlotnicze S-60
 radiolokacyjna stacja wstępnego poszukiwania RSWP "Jawor"
 radiolokacyjna stacja artyleryjska RSA SON-9A
 cztery wozy dowodzenia WD Rekin-1
 jeden wóz dowodzenia WD Rekin-2

Przekształcenia
19 daplot w Krośnie Odrz. (1951-1955) → 111 paplot w Krośnie Odrz. (1955-1957) → 19 daplot w Zgorzelcu (1957-1967) → 111 paplot w Zgorzelcu (1967-1981)

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Pułki artylerii przeciwlotniczej ludowego Wojska Polskiego
Wojsko Polskie w Zgorzelcu
Ludowe Wojsko Polskie w Krośnie Odrzańskim
Oddziały 4 Pomorskiej Dywizji Piechoty

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Yes side's secret weapon
With Scotland's referendum on independence coming up this week, the threats from England's rulers are becoming more frantic, writes Independent columnist Mark Steel.
THAT WAS a strange tactic of the political leaders of England--to try and convince Scotland not to vote for independence from England by sending up all the English people they dislike the most, who have made them consider independence in the first place. If that doesn't work, maybe David Cameron will dig up Margaret Thatcher and send her to the middle of Glasgow as well.
Then they all made speeches along the lines of "I appreciate you think English politicians patronize you, which is why we've come to tell you to think about this tricky matter properly, because it's more complicated than you hunky but dim Scots are used to."
Cameron went further, adding, "Come along Scotland, if you vote for independence, I'll get upset, and you working-class Glaswegians wouldn't want to make an Etonian Conservative prime minister cry, would you?"
With such an understanding, his next move will be to tour the country dressed as Edward II, and unveil billboards that say, "Tearing Britain in half / All of a sudden / Is less of a laugh / Than we had at Culloden." Cameron does at least have experience of Scotland, as his mother-in-law owns 19,000 acres of land on the Isle of Jura, on which he visits to stalk deer. So there's plenty of common experiences for him to chat about with the unemployed of Motherwell.
British Prime Minister David Cameron (Moritz Hager)
Then former Tory Prime Minister John Major went on the radio to warn about the perils of independence. At this point, you had to suspect the "Yes" campaign must have influence in the BBC. Because getting Major, who lost every single seat when he last campaigned in Scotland, to order Scotland to vote "No" is genius.
At one point, Major said of the Yes campaign's attitude to the currency issue: "I have never known such incompetence." And that's a fair point, because when Major was in charge of currency, it collapsed so much that he put up interest rates to 5,000 percent, while spending all day on the television making statements such as, "I don't know what to do," while clutching a blanket and wetting himself, before being kicked out of the Exchange Rate Mechanism--and you can't BUY that level of competence.
THERE DOES, however, seem to be a darker side to the sudden intense efforts to persuade Scotland to vote no. Because along with the begging comes the threats. Every day, party leaders inform us about businesses that will move to England--that Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) and most of the economy will leave, and BP will suck their oilfields to Norwich, and Edinburgh will move to Berkshire, and Dundee will be towed to a swamp in Kent that's overrun with crocodiles, and Ben Nevis will be taken over by North Korea, and there'll be nothing anyone can do because Scotland won't be allowed in NATO and, in fact, won't even be covered by International Regulations on Cheetahs, so they'll sprint across Cumbernauld eating the lot of you, and see if WE care.
It turned out that even the threat from the Royal Bank of Scotland was that they'd move their official address to England, with no one losing their jobs. So the argument of the No campaign is: "You know that bank that led the world in buying useless debts across America, playing a major part in destroying the global economy and awarding its executives with millions of pounds each as a prize? Well, if you vote for independence, they might change their P.O. Box address. THEN let's see how you cope."
Tomorrow, they'll announce, "Now we've heard that Crazy wee Jimmy, the Butter Knife from Fife, who threatens to take out your internal organs with a butter knife unless you give him a fiver, has said if there's a Yes vote, he's relocating to Cambridge, causing even more economic chaos for an independent Scotland."
The next time it's claimed that RBS is threatening to leave, the best response for Scotland First Minister Alex Salmond would be to say that they're not going to be allowed to stay even if they want to, as they're nothing but a bloody nuisance, and from now on, Scotland's money will be looked after by a couple of retired ladies who run a charity shop in Morningside, who have no desire to bundle up any debt packages of sub-prime mortgages at all.
The No campaign is also quoting executives of the John Lewis department stores, who say they'll increase prices if there's a Yes vote. But these aren't arguments, they're threats. They might as well say, "And the CEO of Walkers Crisps has said that if Scotland goes independent, he'll kick everyone right up the crutch."
The biggest threat is over the currency. The government says it won't let Scotland use the pound, and then spends all day asking, "What you going to do without a pound?"
And this is where the Yes campaign could be much more forceful. Instead of talking about currency unions, it should say that if Scotland isn't allowed to use the pound, everything it buys from England will be paid for with pennies. So if Scotland buys a fleet of airplanes from British Aerospace, they'll go to the office with a jar the size of a dumpster and pour 50 million quid worth of pennies over the floor, saying, "We're not allowed a pound, pal, so ye'll have to pick them up yeself, big man."
Because what we've learned from this referendum is that it's fun to watch the establishment when they panic.
Interview: Neil Davidson
Understanding the Brexit bedlam
The Brexit crisis has turned Theresa May into a zombie prime minister presiding over a paralyzed state that could ultimately break apart.
No exit from the Brexit crisis
Theresa May's Tory government is as unstable as any in 170 years as a result of the Brexit mess — and no one knows what comes next.
How far is Corbyn's Labour Party ready to go?
A book edited by Jeremy Corbyn's top ally envisions an economic system to meet people's needs — but it's thin on how to get there.
Confronting the lies they tell about Corbyn
British Zionists and the Labour Party right are charging left-winger Jeremy Corbyn with anti-Semitism. The whole left has a duty to respond.
Seb Cooke
Labour needs to inspire voters
Local elections in Britain didn't produce another triumph for the Labour Party and leader Jeremy Corbyn. So what happened?
Malcolm X: A revolutionary life
Fifty years after his murder, SW's multi-part series starts with a looks at the world that shaped one of the 20th century's most important revolutionaries.
Charleston and the crucible of race and class
The terrorist killings in a Black church is the product of 400 years of slavery, segregation and racist violence that still shapes life and labor today.
Larry Bradshaw and Lorrie Beth Slonsky
The heroes and sheroes of New Orleans
SW contributors Larry Bradshaw and Lorrie Beth Slonsky were trapped in New Orleans by Katrina--their story, first told here, shocked the world.
The many other Trayvons
The death of unarmed African Americans at the hands of police and racists remains routine today--but a new movement is saying: "Enough."
The drive to a war crime
In spite of the largest coordinated protests in history, George Bush and the neo-cons were determined to have their war on Iraq.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home > Journals > Affiliated Journals > SJIS > Vol. 13 (2001) > Iss. 1
Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems
A Conceptual MAP of Software Process Improvement
Ivan Aaen, Aalborg University, DenmarkFollow
Jesper Arent, Aalborg University, DenmarkFollow
Lars Mathiassen, Aalborg University, DenmarkFollow
Ojelanki Ngwenyama, Aalborg University, DenmarkFollow
Software organisations have for many years struggled to mature engineering practices using a variety of approaches. Over the last decade a new approach, known as software process improvement (SPI), has emerged and become widely used in the software industry. In this paper we position SPI in the landscape of initiatives that can be used in software organisations to mature their operations. A map is offered describing the characteristic features of SPI initiatives, the benefits and risks related to such initiatives, and the relations to complementary approaches to professionalise the industry. The map highlights management, approach, and perspective as three main concerns of SPI and lists three key ideas for each of these concerns. The map is based on an extensive survey of the SPI literature combined with experiences from SPI practice. Practitioners can use the map strategically to make decisions on whether to initiate SPI initiatives, to integrate SPI efforts with other improvement initiatives, and, more generally, to create and manage improvement programs based on SPI ideas. Researchers can use the map to identify key questions and areas of knowledge that can fruitfully inform SPI theory and practice.
Aaen, Ivan; Arent, Jesper; Mathiassen, Lars; and Ngwenyama, Ojelanki (2001) "A Conceptual MAP of Software Process Improvement," Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems: Vol. 13 : Iss. 1 , Article 8.
Available at: https://aisel.aisnet.org/sjis/vol13/iss1/8
Past Editors in Chief
All Issues Vol. 32, Iss. 2 Vol. 32, Iss. 1 Vol. 31, Iss. 2 Vol. 31, Iss. 1 Vol. 30, Iss. 2 Vol. 30, Iss. 1 Vol. 29, Iss. 2 Vol. 29, Iss. 1 Vol. 28, Iss. 2 Vol. 28, Iss. 1 Vol. 27, Iss. 2 Vol. 27, Iss. 1 Vol. 26, Iss. 2 Vol. 26, Iss. 1 Vol. 25, Iss. 2 Vol. 25, Iss. 1 Vol. 24, Iss. 2 Vol. 24, Iss. 1 Vol. 23, Iss. 2 Vol. 23, Iss. 1 Vol. 22, Iss. 2 Vol. 22, Iss. 1 Vol. 21, Iss. 2 Vol. 21, Iss. 1 Vol. 20, Iss. 2 Vol. 20, Iss. 1 Vol. 19, Iss. 2 Vol. 19, Iss. 1 Vol. 18, Iss. 2 Vol. 18, Iss. 1 Vol. 17, Iss. 2 Vol. 17, Iss. 1 Vol. 16, Iss. 1 Vol. 15, Iss. 1 Vol. 14, Iss. 2 Vol. 14, Iss. 1 Vol. 13, Iss. 1 Vol. 12, Iss. 1 Vol. 11, Iss. 1 Vol. 10, Iss. 1 Vol. 9, Iss. 2 Vol. 9, Iss. 1 Vol. 8, Iss. 2 Vol. 8, Iss. 1 Vol. 7, Iss. 2 Vol. 7, Iss. 1 Vol. 6, Iss. 2 Vol. 6, Iss. 1 Vol. 5, Iss. 1 Vol. 4, Iss. 1 Vol. 3, Iss. 1 Vol. 2, Iss. 1 Vol. 1, Iss. 1


text:
Home » Innovations in Release Liners
Adhesives and Sealants TopicsPressure-Sensitive Adhesives (PSAs)
Innovations in Release Liners
The AWA Global Release Liner Conference and Exhibition explores the current state of the release liner industry.
The annual AWA Global Release Liner Conference and Exhibition took place March 18-20 in Denver.
Figure 1. Global release liner market by region.
KEYWORDS associations / labels / release liners
"The release liner industry is innovating," said Corey Reardon, president and CEO of AWA Alexander Watson Associates, as he opened the annual AWA Global Release Liner Conference and Exhibition. More than 150 delegates from the industry's supply chain attended the event, which took place March 18-20 in Denver, to participate in a program that consisted of three core elements: the full conference agenda, a silicone and technical session, and a release liner workshop.
Reardon set the overall agenda with his annual market summary and an evaluation of the changing market structure, featuring new owners and
also new entrants, new technologies, and a new focus on meeting customers' needs. Forecasting industry growth to 2019 at an average 4.8% across all regions, he also provided delegates with regional forecasts, end-use market trends, and changing choices in release liner substrates.
Live Industry Survey
Jackie Marolda, vice president and senior consultant, shared the results of AWA's annual Industry Survey, and then Reardon conducted a live survey with the audience, using electronic counters to record and display the answers. Both surveys centered on the strategic planning horizons, strategic focus, strategy implementation, approach to innovation, and companies' different focuses and challenges. The survey ended with questions about the liveliness of the industry and the stage in its lifecycle which it has reached—introduction, growth, maturity, or decline. Mirroring the AWA Industry Survey, respondents at the conference considered the industry to be in its mature phase.
The event brought together four industry CEOs and leaders to discuss and evaluate key management topics for the industry. Moderated by Corey Reardon, the Executive Leadership Panel featured Bernhard Klofat, Ph.D., CEO of Felix Schoeller Group; Anthony P. MacLaurin, CEO of FiberMark Inc.; Tomas Rink, president of Ritrama; and David Silverstein, founder and CEO of BMGI. The resulting discussion was both lively and informative, and demonstrated the panelists'diverse approaches to leadership and management in an industry that is seeking to innovate in every way.
Innovate: The Conference Keynote
BMGI, an internationally recognized operational strategy consultancy, contributed insights into the way to create pathways to innovation with two very focused presentations. In the conference keynote, Silverstein elaborated on the theme of "collecting the dots" for which he is known. He says collecting the dots must be the precursor to joining them up—and achieving success. Phil Samuel, Ph.D., BMGI chief innovation officer, went on to present case histories that demonstrated different and highly effective approaches to innovation. His premise was that "Innovation is for everybody" and anyone can unlock his or her potential using a toolset of seven key habits.
The innovation theme continued through the day's conference program, with Wilhelm Munninger, Ph.D., technical director for Mondi, exploring it from a release liner industry supplier's perspective. He highlighted two areas where real advances are being seen: in linerless labels and in surface structuring of the liner substrate.
Loparex's vice president of global sales and marketing, Michael Werner, posed the question, "Are we our own worst enemy?" He pointed out that "cost-out by itself is not necessarily innovation," and that innovation is not just about the product: customer needs should ignite the process.
One of the day's closing papers summarized the program's innovation content from AWA's Marolda, who pulled together all the various threads into one overarching question: How can we take innovation learning and theory and grow the opportunities for our companies and our industry?
The Business of Release Liners
The first day of the conference also featured important updates on the financial and business aspects of the release liner industry. William Hornell, managing director of Mesirow Financial, looked at the status of M&A activity—which is currently at a high level. "We're back in the boom period," he said. Ian Murdoch, PwC's European leader in forestry, paper, and packaging practice, provided an in-depth analysis of the performance and ROI of the industry's top 100 players, ranking them by turnover both overall and by region, in his annual global survey.
End-Use Applications
The conference's second day was focused on the broader horizons of end-use applications. Paul Roba, a leading self-adhesive graphics industry instructor, installer, and consultant, opened proceedings with a declaration that release liners are the unsung heroes of self-adhesive graphics.
Next, Greg Rucks, principal for Transportation and Industry at the Rocky Mountain Institute, introduced the institute's technical auto-composites project, which—working with leading companies in key supplier areas—is kick-starting the mainstream adoption by the automotive industry of carbon fiber composites. A hands-on presentation about the use of pre-preg in building a graphite composite snowboard was given by specialist Steffen Hak, who demonstrated the key role of the release liner in achieving a successful outcome.
The Label Market
Of course, the release liner's largest market, pressure-sensitive labels, was not neglected, and Dan Muenzer, vice president of marketing for Constantia Flexibles, presented a colorful catalogue of current trends and developments in pressure-sensitive labeling and its competition. Closing the formal conference program, Mike O'Connell, business development manager for AD Tape and Label, detailed the particular performance requirements for release liner in the fast-growing medical sector.
Silicone and Technical Session
The event's agenda featured additional concurrent programs, including the Silicone and Technical Session, which provided an opportunity for technical delegates to hear about the latest trends in manufacturing; release coatings and their technology (including non-silicone release coatings); adhesives; the adhesive/release liner interface; radiation curing vs. platinum-catalysis; cellulose nanofibrils and other developments in paper release base; creating an "unbreakable" film liner; layflat; humidity control in label laminates; and anti-ageing.
Chaired by Sjaak Elmendorp, Ph.D., vice president of core technology for Avery Dennison's Materials Group, the event presented industry technology advances for the first time. It was extremely well-attended and created plenty of discussion during the subsequent cocktail party around the tabletop exhibition.
Release Liner Workshop
The Release Liner Workshop, running concurrently with the technical session, provided an opportunity for those who are new to the industry to gain insights into the role of release coatings and liners in pressure-sensitive materials. Chemsultants International hosts regular events with AWA Alexander Watson Associates on the subject, and has created an in-depth program that briefs participants on all aspects of pressure-sensitive adhesive-coated products, from constituents to coating, converting, testing, and quality assurance.
The annual AWA Global Release Liner Conference and Exhibition alternates between North America and Europe. It is scheduled to take place April 20-22, 2016, in Vienna.
For additional details, visit www.awa-bv.com.
MPI RELEASE: Release Liners
Release Liners Market to Reach $17 Billion
Demand for Release Liners Projected to Benefit from Expanding Applications
AWAVirtual™ Label Release Liner Industry Seminar


The tote bags and messenger bags are probably my favorite products in my Zazzle shops. They are great quality and my art and designs look great on them. I love using my tote and grocery bags for shopping and traveling. They would also be great for trick or treating! I also have two of the Rickshaw messenger bags, a medium size one I use as a camera bag and a mini one I use as a purse, and they are amazing. I get compliments on both types of bags everywhere I go and they make fabulous gifts, too.
Click here to browse my full line of tote, grocery & messenger bags.
Shop for another commuter bag.
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What are the signs of a sinking economy? There are obvious symptoms of such a downturn -- decreased consumer confidence, lower demand and rising unemployment.
But we looked at other strange correlations between bad times and peoples' behavior.
A recently released Center for Disease Control and Prevention study found that incidences of drunk driving hit a 20 year low last year. The report is based off a 2010 telephone survey of about 210,000 Americans, and found that those that admitted to drunk driving had dropped 30% in the last five years.
Despite the decrease in drunk driving, some studies show people are still imbibing heavily.
CDC Director Dr. Thomas Frieden offered one explanation for the discrepancy - more people are choosing to drink at home. That could be due to cash-strapped Americans becoming reluctant to drink at restaurants or hop bars because of the weak economy.
Despite the decrease noted in this survey, drunk driving is still a serious issue - it accounts for one third of all crash deaths in the U.S, according to the CDC.
The first things that go out the window when one's bank account suffers or there's a looming recession are items of unnecessary indulgence. But that doesn't hold for everyone's favorite guilty pleasure - sweets.
In the midst of the crisis in 2008, candy sales went up 2.2% nationwide, according to the National Confectioners Association.
Cadbury reported a 30% increase in profits in 2008, Nestle saw a 10.9% jump, and Hersey - which had struggled throughout 2008, had its fourth quarter profits rise too.
Desperate times call for desperate measures - and sometimes that means leaving a loved one or significant other behind.
A survey found that 18.2% of workers relocated for a job in the second quarter of 2009, a hefty increase from 11.4% in 2008. The implications of relocation are most significant for working couples - and many are willing to choose temporary or long-term separation in order to pursue careers and financial stability, the Wall Street Journal reported.
If recent data from home improvement stores, trade associations and smaller gardening vendors are any indication, the gardening business is flourishing.
Since 2009, major gardening retailers and mail order services have reported increased sales of seeds and home gardening products. An Ace Hardware store in Denver said its sale of seeds went up 300 percent at one point. Many mail-order companies saw their supply of seeds for basic vegetable plants run low.
According to the National Gardening Association, a healthy vegetable and herb garden can garner savings of up to $500 per year. Another study from Burpee Seeds, a mail-order seed company, showed that $50 of gardening supplies could translate into $1,250 worth of annual produce.
Sure, neither boxers or briefs are as fun as their female counterparts, but apparently as soon as the economy takes a dive men decide to scrap new underpants off their list of necessities. Even former Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan noted that sales of men's underwear are often flat, being in consistent demand; and thus a drop in underwear sales for men could be a sign that flush times are past. And that's exactly what happened in 2009 when a report done by research firm Mintel forecasted that men's underwear sales would fall 2.3%.
Who knew that barbering would become a recession-proof industry? The Census Bureau noted that the number of hairdressers and the salons they worked in grew 8% from 2008 to 2009. In Washington D.C. alone, the numbers noted an 18% increase.
The New York Times surmises that barbering has survived the recession because it's a basic necessity that cannot be outsourced to other countries or states. (Along those lines, we can also argue that there's no mainstream automation to cut hair either. Yet.) In addition, the Times also noted people may have turned to styling hair after their old careers were put to a halt due to the recession - and found it to be a monetarily-rewarding gig.
What's better than free recreation during difficult times? From 2009 to 2010, New Jersey saw visits to its state parks sky rocket as several counties reported between 10% to 20% increases in attendance, according to The Star-Ledger.
Overall, the number of visitors more than tripled from the 1980s to present day for Jersey parks, vastly outpacing the population growth.
But it is not all sunshine and green grass for parks though - budgets for public parks have been the target of budgetary cutbacks, and many are at the risk of closing.
Typically, parents are least likely to cut back on spending on their children even during an economic downturn. But recent data from Consumer Edge Research showed volumes of diapers sold in August this year fell by 1% compared to last year. Furthermore, dollar sales slipped about 3% for diapers.
Less diapers bought could indicate less babies being born, but in the last year sales of remedies for diaper rash has gone up 8%.
These stats show parents are either cutting back on buying diapers - which could cost up to $1,500 per year if a baby is changed six times a day - or switching to cheaper private labels.
Perhaps the most contradictory pattern in the wake of the financial crisis and a mark of the widening split between the rich and the poor - sales of luxury goods are booming at the same time that pawn shops and second-hand store sales are also thriving.
Miami has seen its pawn shop numbers nearly double since the recession, and investors are flocking to pawn shop operators as their share prices rise. Sales at Goodwill stores are up nearly 7% across the U.S.
Yet concurrently, luxury item sales have been on the upswing for the last 10 months, according to a MasterCard Advisors SpendingPulse report.
Unemployment among the younger generation has been a festering issue. And their temporary solution? Moving back in with the parents. The number of adults living with their parents has jumped 25.5% since 2007, according to Census data.
But it is not just the "boomerang" kids that are part of the trend, the number of unmarried couples living together increased 13% between 2009 and 2010, which experts noted to be a shift in living patterns that generally does not happen within a year.
This could be due to a changing standard and view of marriage itself, but there are key economic benefits to cohabitating - and usually unmarried partners that live together enjoy greater financial stability, according to a Pew Center study. But there is a catch, the research noted that the financial benefit is only enjoyed by college educated cohabiters.
In the UK, sales for cheaper ties in man-made materials shot up to 21.4 million in 2007 from 19.6 million in 2006, while sale numbers for more high quality silk ties remained relatively unchanged, according to the Financial Times. Men may have been gearing up in anticipation of the teetering economy - for a possible a job search, job interviews, or just trying to look more professional at the workplace to help preserve their job. They just weren't willing to splurge to do it.
Property crime rates have been falling for the last two decades, and that trend seems to be recession-proof. Data from the U.S. Department of Justice on regional crime showed that states with the largest decreases in income per-person also had the biggest drops in property crime rates, according to The Economist.
The correlation between lower income and a lesser crime rate was actually strongest during 2008 to 2009, when the recession was at a head, especially in states like Nevada, Arizona and Hawaii. This chart from The Economist shows the pattern well.
A possible explanation. for the bizarre correlation are that criminals might be migrating to states with bigger cities. Also: the recession hasn't left the rich unscathed - so their items might become less desirable for some criminals.


text:
Home / News / TSTC graduate thrives in career at city of San Benito
TSTC graduate thrives in career at city of San Benito
(HARLINGEN, Texas) – U.S. Army veteran Omar Cano sought a career that would offer meaningful service to a community.
The Harlingen resident graduated with a certificate of completion in HVAC Technician from Texas State Technical College's Harlingen campus in 2021.
Later Cano accepted a job at the city of San Benito.
"I am a water treatment plant operator for the city's public works," he said. "The job advertisement was based on laws of water and how it affects the atmosphere. I have TSTC to thank because of the education and schematics I learned."
Cano said the job keeps his mind active and craving knowledge.
"What excites me is learning the process of how clean water is made for the city," he said. "I have learned how chemicals can affect how potable the water is. There is always something new to learn every day on the job."
Julio Gonzales, water treatment plant supervisor for the city of San Benito's public works department, said Cano has demonstrated a positive drive during his employment with the city.
"His ability to learn from experienced fellow operators displays an overall compassion not only to be a part of the team, but to be a leader," Gonzales said. "Mr. Cano has built a very good positive bond with all of our staff and myself included."
Cano's favorite memory of his days as a TSTC student was when the HVAC instructors persuaded him to pursue SkillsUSA, a competition for high school and college students.
"(Jorge) Salinas, lead HVAC Technology instructor at the Harlingen campus, and (Billy) Weaver, also a TSTC HVAC instructor and SkillsUSA advisor, guided me toward the HVAC advanced sections," he said. "They suggested I review the electrician handbook and the codes for city gas lines to master my craft. It opened my perspective to a broader spectrum and made me successful."
That motivation elevated Cano to place in the top nine at the 2020 SkillsUSA National Leadership and Skills Conference.
"It was such an amazing accomplishment," he said.
On its Harlingen campus, TSTC offers an Associate of Applied Science degree in HVAC Technology and an HVAC Technician certificate of completion.
HVAC Technology is one of TSTC's Performance-Based Education programs. PBE programs allow students to study both online and in person, at a flexible pace, and with a class schedule that can accommodate their lives outside of TSTC.
HVAC mechanics and installers can earn an average of $47,980 per year in Texas, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. These types of positions are expected to grow by 16% in the state through 2028, according to onetonline.org.
Registration for the summer and fall semesters is underway. For more information, visit tstc.edu.
Construction & Maintenance Student Spotlight
TSTC Plumbing program hosts representatives of Sunbelt Marketing Inc. for presentation
Interest in building things leads Duggan to TSTC
TSTC graduate stays close to home to work in solar industry


How can I tell potential employers I am only interested in full remote jobs?
In my "Job match preferences" I can check the box saying "Willing to work remotely", but I assume that only shows my willingness to possibly work remotely instead of it being a requirement from my side.
I already just got a message from a potential employer with only the buttons: "I'm interested" and "I'm not interested", however I don't even know if it is an actual remote job or not. So I cannot even choose whether I am interested.
Is there a way to make clear I am only looking for remote jobs?
How do I handle the current message from the potential employer?
I just told the potential employer "I am interested" because I replied to the message asking for clarification about the remote possibilities. Doesn't look optimal having to do this for every employer coming to me me thinks.
That's an interesting request, I'll make sure to bring it up.
When you received a message from the potential employer, you also got a link to the position they were recruiting for, right? you should be able to see the listing and determine if it's a remote position or not.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged support status-deferred jobs jobs-messages .


text:
Q: Jquery accordion height overflowing I am using jquery 1.9.1. In my accordion, the height is assigned according to the heightStyle value ( i.e. 'content' of 'fill').
In one of the panes, I am using for loop to render a list. This panes is always overflowing, no matter what property i set.
Here is my JSP:

Projects

                <form:form method="post" modelAttribute="projects" >
                    <c:forEach items="${projects}" var="project" varStatus="status">

                            ${status.count}
                            <input name="projects[${status.index}].projectId"
                                value="${project.projectId}" />

                    </c:forEach>

                    <button type="submit"></button>
                </form:form>

Excepteur sint occaecat

Lorem Ipsum

tempora incidunt ut labore

Other Info

Neque porro quisquam

Sed eleifend nonummy

The first pane, after loading, expands the form and thus, overflows. The other panes, which are otherwise of normal height, also adopt to this new height.
I have tried:

heightStyle: "fill" and
  heightStyle: "content"

both are not able to stop the first pane from blowing out.

A: After trying a lot, finally I found the solution. It was happening because accordion panes had variable length.
This setting prevents panes from overflowing, adds a nice scroll bar
  #accordion .ui-accordion-content {
    max-height: 500px;
    overflow-y: auto;
}

Thank you

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Manufacturing & Fabrication Services | March Consulting Associates Inc.
Design of mechanical machinery and equipment (including prototypes) is one of our core specialties. We work with fabrication shops to supply our clients with custom solutions that address their unique requirements.
We provide fabricators with detailed fabrication drawings and 3D models. Once the fabrication process is complete, we work with our clients to conduct field testing to gather feedback on the equipment and make adjustments where required.


text:
class EventSchedule < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :schedule
  belongs_to :event
  belongs_to :room

  has_paper_trail ignore: [:updated_at], meta: { conference_id: :conference_id }

  validates :schedule, presence: true
  validates :event, presence: true
  validates :room, presence: true
  validates :start_time, presence: true
  validates :event, uniqueness: { scope: :schedule }

  scope :confirmed, -> { joins(:event).where('state = ?', 'confirmed') }
  scope :canceled, -> { joins(:event).where('state = ?', 'canceled') }
  scope :withdrawn, -> { joins(:event).where('state = ?', 'withdrawn') }

  delegate :guid, to: :room, prefix: true

  ##
  # Returns end of the event
  #
  def end_time
    start_time + event.event_type.length.minutes
  end

  ##
  # Returns event schedules that are scheduled in the same room and start_time as event
  #
  def intersecting_event_schedules
    room.event_schedules.where(start_time: start_time, schedule: schedule).where.not(id: id)
  end

  def replacement?
    event.state == 'confirmed' && (!intersecting_event_schedules.canceled.empty? || !intersecting_event_schedules.withdrawn.empty?)
  end

  private

  def conference_id
    schedule.program.conference_id
  end
end


text:
ABOUT ▼
OUR GLASSWARE
BRAND ▼
GOOD DESIGN AWARDS
EDO GLASS
YACHIYO KIRIKO
Fine Crystal® - Ion Strong®
Japanese >
Fine Crystal®
- Ion Strong®
History of TSG(Toyo-Sasaki Glass)
TSG (Toyo-Sasaki Glass) was created in 2002 following the merger between the Houseware Division of Toyo Glass and Sasaki Glass, two of Japan's oldest and largest glassware manufacturing companies. The combination of their long-standing traditions, technologies, and extensive sales networks have made TSG the biggest glassware manufacturer in Japan and marked a new chapter in Japan's glassware industry.
Toyo Glass Co., Ltd.
Sasaki Glass Co., Ltd.
The founding of Toyo Glass and Sasaki Glass witnessed the rise of Japan as a modern nation state during the era of Meiji Restoration, Japan's period of Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution.
Founder Magoichi Shimada joined Shinagawa Glassworks, established by the new Meiji government as an effort to pioneer Japan's domestic glassware industry. Shimada studied under British craftsman James Speed to learn the latest European mixing and production techniques. He later began to teach his knowledge and helped spreading the art of European glassmaking across the country.
Shimada Glass was founded in the village of Kawasaki, Osaka. Using the latest European glassblowing techniques, the company produced excellent glass tableware and lamps and the business grew steadily.
Shimada established a new factory in Ebie, Osaka, incorporating the latest glassmaking technologies. Reputed to be as good as "the German one", the furnace he created was a particular success. Shimada later acquired patent on his furnace design.
Sojiro Sasaki created his own glass shop in Kanda, Tokyo. He built his business around wholesaling oil lamps, a major product at the dawn of Japan's domestic glass industry. In the following year, Sasaki's glass shop began to export lamps to Hawaii, China, and Southeast Asia. The company also expanded its sales channels and creates a nationwide wholesale network in Japan.
As the demand for oil lamp faded paving the way for gas and electric lamps, Sasaki began to focus his business on household glassware merchandise.
To meet the ever-growing popularity of his products, Sasaki established his own factory and began to sell directly. He also re-organized his company into a modern corporate structure.
The two founding companies continued to place utmost importance on quality and technology as Japan moved into the modern era.
The company imported the latest fully-automated press machine from the U.S. to produce tumblers. Equipped with the latest heavy oil tank furnace, the company successfully established itself as a top-grade high-volume glassware producer in Japan.
The company pioneered Japan's glassmaking industry by successfully manufacturing lead crystal glassware through mass production.
The company began to supply glass food containers as a substitute for tin cans. Glass containers met a huge demand at the time, as Japan was moving toward war and placed tight control on metal supply.
The company was requested by the American Allied Force to supply lighting glass.
Shin Toyo Glass introduced the H-28 automated production machine at Ebie plant.
Toyo Glass introduced the MDP-24-30 double molding press machine. The state-of-the-art machine was able to mold two glasses at once, which dramatically increased productivity and allowed Toyo Glass to offer better and more affordable high-quality plate and vase glassware to customers.
Toyo Glass introduced the TBM-18 machine to produce tumblers by blowing into the glass with minimal touching to the mold. The machine was able to produce glassware of very high grade and beautiful texture.
Sasaki Glass developed special imprinting inks for glassware. The colors were applied to the glassware by hand.
The company successfully produced overlay colored glassware by mass production, offering quality similar to European ones but with lower price. The company began to export these beautiful overlay glassware to the U.S.
Sasaki Glass developed its own glass printing technology and became the first company in Japan to print to glass by machine screen printing. The technology received patents in Japan and became the foundation for Japan's glass printing development.
Sasaki became the first Asian manufacturer to introduce a state-of-the-art H-28 automated production machine. With a daily capacity of 100,000 pieces, the machine allowed Sasaki to provide quality, affordable tumblers to Japanese consumers.
HS series made its debut as Japan's first commercialized glass-rim toughened glassware brand. The safety, quality, and value it provides have made HS the top brand in the hospitality and foodservice industries.
Sasaki Glass opened a new facility in Sumida, Tokyo. The new plant inherited all the technologies and craftsmanship skills accumulated by Sasaki Glass. Equipped with the latest pollution-free technology, the new location also became the production center for Sasaki's premium crystal glass.
TOYO-SASAKI GLASS Co.,Ltd.
TSG era - Moving Forward Into New Horizons
In April, the Houseware Division of Toyo Glass and Sasaki Glass merged and formed Toyo-Sasaki Glass. In October, a brand new comprehensive production facility was completed in Yachiyo. Located in Chiba prefecture near Tokyo, the new site combined the latest automation equipment from both companies and allowed both hand-made and machine production to be fulfilled under one roof.
TSG Chiba Plant became ISO 14001 certified.
All machine-made soda-lime glassware products were shifted to "Fine Clear", an innovative soda-lime material exclusively developed by TSG. "Fine Clear" provides superior clarity and transparency while offering strength that is comparable to conventional soda-lime composition.
TSG celebrated 40th anniversary of HS toughened glassware product series, Japan's first and most successful commercialized glass-edge toughened glassware brand. Debuting in 1967, TSG sold more than 700 million pieces of HS glassware in 40 years. HS has become the most popular glassware brand in Japan's hospitality and foodservice industry.
TSG announced the debut of Fine Crystal®. The lead-free Fine Crystal® material is environmentally-safe and possesses various advantages over conventional crystal glass. Japan Patent No. 3961560. International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2006/317244.
TSG made the debut of Ion Strong®, the world's first full-surface crystal glass ion toughening technology. Ion Strong® brings additional strength and elegance to Fine Crystal®. International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2007/058425.
Fine Crystal® - Ion Strong® acquired its patent in Japan. Japan Patent No. 4279349.
"Edo Glass" was registered as Traditional Craft by Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry in Japan.
TSG celebrated 50th anniversary of HS toughened glassware product series, Japan's first and most successful commercialized glass-edge toughened glassware brand from 1967. TSG has sold more than 800 million pieces of HS glassware for 50 years since 1967.
2-1-3 Nihombashi Bakurocho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Copyright (C) 2019 TOYO-SASAKI GLASS Co.,Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


When we last left off with Elvira in the first issue of this new Dynamite Entertainment run, she'd finished up with Mary Shelley and had made her way to a graveyard (the Wrightson cemetery – a nice touch) where she pops out and meets none other than Edgar Allan Poe. Here we get a quick and humorous recap of the first issue, some more variant cover jokes and voila, we're caught up and so is Mr. Poe, though he's confused by the 'pale vision of transcendent, voluptuous beauty' in front of him. She and he head off for a drink, unaware that the 'creep with the pornstache' who was after Elvira in the first issue has travelled through time with her and just emerged out of the coffin.
As our heroine and her new pal imbibe, her foe gets ever closer – eventually crashing down the door of the tavern where they've been hanging out. He figures since Elvira is the 'constant' here that she's responsible for all of this and he threatens to pluck off her head. This inspires the barkeep to pull a pistol and fire away. The fiend goes down, but not for long – soon enough he's back up and baring his fangs at which point we confirm we already suspected… he's none other than Vlad Tepes. If she doesn't reveal to him her secret for travelling through time, he's going to kill everyone in the bar.
Thankfully, Poe has a plan… sort of. It's a plan, yeah, just not a particularly good one.
If you dug the first issue, you'll dig this second one just as much because it works on the same level – bad puns, lots of innuendo, pop culture references and hey, even a political jab. It's funny stuff. It isn't highbrow but it is clever and it's very much in keeping with the schtick that made Elvira so beloved in the first place. Sometimes corny humor is just what the doctor ordered and David Avallone serves it up in heaping spoonfuls with this second chapter. The book is also paced quickly and, as you'd probably have guessed, it ends with the expected cliffhanger that leaves you wondering what will happen next issue and what Elvira's part in all of this will be.
Dave Acosta's artwork was good in the first issue and it's good in this second one. He does a really good job capturing Cassandra Peterson's likeness – Elvira looks like Elvira, not just in terms of her figure but in terms of her facial features and expressions as well. It's obviously important when dealing with a licensed property that the comic book version look right, and Acosta nails it. He's also got a good eye for layouts, as there are some very cool angles used here for dramatic effect as well as some great panel compositions. Andrew Colvat's coloring brings it all to life – and on top of that we get another gorgeous cover from none other than Joseph Michael Linsner.
A great read all in all – plenty fun and plenty funny.


Located in NSW's South Coast, Medowie Gymnastics is a set up/pack up gym that opened it's door in July 2017.
In just 18 months, Medowie now offer classes in KinderGym, Gymnastics for All and Women's Gymnastics, with a goal to compete in larger competitions in 2019.
Still new in the world of gymnastics, the team at Medowie are excited to increase their knowledge and workforce to continue to provide the best gymnastics experience for their members!


Stretch socks are the medical equipment which is made of a material that has a very high elasticity. Stretch socks can deliver a distributed amount of compression at the ankle and up the leg and help relieve symptoms and slow the progress of varicose veins. They are designed to gently squeeze the legs, which promotes good blood flow in the veins. Patients with venous disease may benefit from wearing compression socks or compression stockings even if they have not recently undergone sclerotherapy treatment for varicose veins.
This report focuses on the Stretch Socks in global market, especially in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East and Africa. This report categorizes the market based on manufacturers, regions, type and application.
Covered Yarn, spandex and nylon are the main raw materials for the production of stretch socks. Most of companies purchase materials from the market. With the development of stretch socks, the raw materials manufacturers are also benefited from the stretch socks industry in some extent.
Stretch socks can be classified into two types: gradient Socks and anti-embolism Socks. Gradient socks are more often prescribed to the ambulatory patient, or those who are walking, accounting for about 72.31% of the total sale amount.
We tend to believe this industry is an emerging industry, and with the economic recovery, more and more people pay attention to their status of physical health, especially in rural places that have a large population and fast economic growth, the need of stretch socks will increase and the consumption increasing degree will show a rapid growth curve.
The worldwide market for Stretch Socks is expected to grow at a CAGR of roughly 8.2% over the next five years, will reach 2370 million US$ in 2023, from 1470 million US$ in 2017, according to a new GIR (Global Info Research) study.
There are 15 Chapters to deeply display the global Stretch Socks market.


text:
Q: Ping failing "Destination Host Unreachable" I am trying to set up a static IP address for my Debian virtual machines. In my /etc/networking/interfaces file I added:
iface ens33 inet static
    address 192.168.75.XXX
    gateway 192.168.0.1
    netmask 255.255.255.0

In the /etc/resolv.conf file I have added nameserver 8.8.8.8. I believe my issue is that unless I have the NetworkManager service enabled nothing shows up when I run route or ip route show. I tried adding a route to the routing table by running the following command: ip route add 192.168.75.0/24 via 192.168.75.XXX (my static ip) dev ens33. This populates the routing table and the table now looks like:

Destination      Gateway     Genmask         Flags    Metric    Ref   Use  Iface

192.168.75.0    0.0.0.0     255.255.255.0       U         0         0     0    ens33

When I run ping I still get the same error: "Destination Host Unreachable". How can I fix this?

A: In /etc/networking/interfaces, in each section, you set a netmask that defines the subnet your machine belongs to. Here: 255.255.255.0 means /24. IOW, the adresses on your subnet go from 192.168.75.1 to 192.168.75.254.
The gateway line specifies the address of the router that must be used to reach a machine that is outside that subnet. Obviously, the router must be a machine that is on the same subnet, i.e. that has an IP address between 192.168.75.1 to 192.168.75.254.
You have specified gateway 192.168.0.1. That means that the router is outside the subnet. That's why you cannot ping any machine outside your sub-network 192.168.75.0/24 ("Destination Host Unreachable").
You are using VMs. Your router is probably the IP address of your host. It depends on the configuration of your VM.
One last thing:
ip route add 192.168.75.0/24 via 192.168.75.XXX (my static ip) dev ens33

is wrong. If you want to declare a router manually (as opposed to the interfaces file) then use this command:
ip route add default via 192.168.75.YYY (the IP of your router) dev ens33

(default means "any address that has no known route")

A: Destination host unreachable is a common ICMP error message when the ping packets from your machine could not find the destination machine.
It looks like some settings on your machine are blocking the ping packets from discovering the route to the destination IP.
Well, I see you fixed the problem by changing the network type to bridge mode. So I think I better write a general answer since your issue is solved.
The common reason to get the ping reply Destination Host Unreachable is due to the overprotective settings on the firewall. Unless you are running a bridging firewall, a simple misconfiguration can block proper ping packet working.
You can verify it by disabling the firewall and ping the destination IP again.
The second common reason is a loose network connection. Referred from this source.
We can fix this, by disconnecting both power cables and Ethernet cables from the modem, router, and PC. Reconnect them again and power on the devices. It is called power cycling.


text:
5 best farm multitools to tackle your daily tasks
By AGDAILY Staff Published: December 16, 2022
Image by Daniel Gangur, Shutterstock
Almost nobody on a farm has just one task that they focus on, so why should your tools be one-dimensional as well? Enter the multitool. While many people generically refer to multitools generically as "Leathermans" — because of how well the Leatherman brand has penetrated this market — there are actually several makers of multitools. And among them, you should be able to find the best farm multitool to suit many of your chores.
While I'll admit that I also love having a traditional (and trusty) knife on my hip or in my pocket, I get a lot of benefits from my farm multitools, especially when I have to work around small machinery or tackle some fencing repairs. A good multitool is going to have a wealth of features and functionality, such as pliers, one more more knife blades, a saw, wire cutters, files, and screwdrivers.
When looking at multitools, things to consider are the number of features they have, so that you can complete your tasks properly, as well as the build quality and feel of the tool in your hand. If you have smaller hands, for example, some multitools may feel too big and unwieldy, especially if trying to use the needle-nose pliers on them. But the best farm multitool will be one that really works for your situation. Yes, the old adage goes that "the best tool is the one you have on you," but with a little understanding of what you're looking at and buying, you can really get the best tool the first time around: the one you have as well as the one that works for your needs.
If you're in the market for a multitool and are trying to narrow down which are some of the best farm multitools around, this list should be where you get started. Here are our five favorites:
Leatherman Wave Plus
The Leatherman Wave is the OG in the multitool space, and really, if any list of multitools out there doesn't include this one, it's doing you a massive disservice. The Wave is Leatherman's flagship tool lineup, and many of its features — like the exterior blades — are accessible with just one hand. The Wave got its "Plus" name after a redesign in 2004, which included adding a larger knife and locking blades, as well as stronger pliers. This is a workhorse of a tool, and it includes 18 tools in all, including replaceable wire cutters, wire stripper, saw, spring-action scissors, ruler, can and bottle openers, files, and screwdrivers.
Best Screwdriver Functionality
Gerber's Center-Drive Plus
The Gerber's Center-Drive Plus is the multitool I use most around my farm, because I love the heavier weight of it, which makes it feel and perform with a lot of durability, as well as how it contours to my hand. The center axis screwdriver is the standout feature of this multitool, as prior to the Center-Drive Plus, no multitool had ever offered a driver on the center axis with a standard bit. It provides a lot of torque — more than any other multitool, in fact. The multitool as a whole has 16 pieces, including spring-loaded scissors, a partially serrated 3.25-inch blade, and one-thumb opening sliding jaws, as well as a 12-piece standard bit set. The tools are tumble finished for a sleek, polished aesthetic.
Best Lightweight
Leatherman Skeletool CX
Compared to other multitools on the market, the Leatherman Skeletool is going to feel very minimalist — but that's part of why it's great for many folks and what really makes it stand out from some of its peers. The Skeletool has only needle-nose and regular pliers, wire cutters, a knife, carabiner clip/bottle opener, and a large bit driver (with one flat head and one Phillips head bit each). That's it. But those are the essentials, and this multitool delivers well on them. The Skeletool is so lightweight that you can walk around all day and not realize you have it on your hip or in your pocket. While the functionality is really good with this tool, it's not going to be as strong as the previously mentioned multitools. For example, to trim weight, the Skeletool has holes drilled into the handle at several spots, which doesn't make it as durable as its heavier counterparts. This is more of a light-duty, everyday multitool rather than a tough-task one.
Most Fully Featured
Victorinox Spirit X Swiss
It's not hard to see how the Victorinox Spirit X Swiss stands out, and it's made by the same company that has become renown for the classic "Swiss Army Knife." This multitool has more tools than any other on this list — 24 of them, in fact. Beyond the basics, the Spirit X Swiss includes a cable cover crossways cutter, cable cover longitudinal cutter, chisel seven mm, crate opener, hard wire cutter, metal saw, multipurpose hook, Phillips screwdriver, reamer, punch, scissors, scraper, and so much more. I like how ergonomic it feels, even with all of these features packed into it. It's super versatile and relatively compact for everything it delivers on.
Best On A Budget
Gerber Suspension-NXT
If you're prone to losing your tools — yeah, we know you're out there — this is probably where you want to look for your next multitool. Because losing the Gerber Suspension-NXT in the hay field or while feeding the cattle won't lead to your financial downfall — this one is quite affordable. This multitool is fairly slim in design and doesn't have as many tools as some others do — but the 15 tools it does have include many of the standard pliers and blades, a wire stripper, awl, large and small flathead drivers, and a cross driver. The spring-loaded pliers is among my favorite things about this, and it works great as an everyday carry for many people — or even for younger workers who are just getting used to having multitools on them at all times.
Updated: This article was originally published March 25, 2022, and was updated Dec. 16, 2022.
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Writer Francois-Marie Arouet, better known as Voltaire, is imprisoned in the Bastille on this day in 1717.
The outspoken writer was born to middle-class parents, attended college in Paris, and began to study law. However, he quit law to become a playwright and made a name for himself with classical tragedies. Critics embraced his epic poem, La Henriade, but its satirical attack on politics and religion infuriated the government, and Voltaire was arrested in 1717. He spent nearly a year in the Bastille.
Voltaire's time in prison failed to dry up his satirical pen. In 1726, he was forced to flee to England. He returned several years later and continued to write plays. In 1734, his Lettres Philosophiques criticized established religions and political institutions, and he was forced to flee again. He retreated to the region of Champagne, where he lived with his mistress and patroness, Madame du Chatelet. In 1750, he moved to Berlin on the invitation of Frederick II of Prussia and later settled in Switzerland, where he wrote his best-known work, Candide. He died in Paris in 1778, having returned to supervise the production of one of his plays.


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The Association of Social Workers (ASW) was the main professional body for non-specialised social workers in the United Kingdom. It was established as the British Federation of Social Workers (BFSW) in 1935 and changed its name in 1951. From 1949 it opened its membership to all social workers and from 1951 promoted itself as the body to join to work towards a unified profession.

In 1970 the association finally achieved its aim by merging with six other social workers' organisations to form the British Association of Social Workers, having been a member of the Standing Conference of Organisations of Social Workers which had been led by Kay McDougall.

References

External links
Catalogue of the ASW archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

Social work organisations in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1935
Organizations disestablished in 1970


Thyroid Cancer and Nuclear Accidents: Long-Term Aftereffects of Chernobyl and Fukushima discusses the radiobiological effects of the release of radioiodine from two nuclear power plant accidents and appropriate interpretation of the results of thyroid ultrasound examination.
The book pulls together expert opinion on radiation related thyroid cancer in an understandable manner, even for non thyroidologists. The book explains what has been learned from both accidents in relation to prevention of thyroid cancer following nuclear power plant accidents.
The book encompasses topics such as risk estimations of thyroid cancer following nuclear accidents and clinical aspects after those specific situations.
Additionally, it discusses in detail the reports from Fukushima related to thyroid cancer in the population.
This book is a valuable resource for oncologists and biomedical researchers with interest in nuclear accidents and cancer cases.


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Ландейяхёбн (, ) — небольшой порт на юге Исландии в регионе Сюдюрланд. Расположен неподалеку от устья реки Маркарфльоут на южном побережье Исландии, в 15 километрах к северу от архипелага Вестманнаэйяр и 134 км на юго-восток от Рейкьявика.

Характеристика
Между островами Вестманнаэйяр и Исландией с 1959 существует морская автомобильная грузопассажирская паромная переправа. Но так как бухт удобных для судоходства, на ровном плоском южном побережье Исландии нет совсем, то паром Herjólfur ходил от порта Вестманнаэйяр в порт Торлауксхёбн, расположенный в 50 км к западу на полуострове Рейкьянес. Для сокращения длины переправы, в начале 2000-х в относительно глубоком месте вблизи от устья реки Маркарфльоут была сооружена искусственная гавань окруженная двойными пирсами, в которой расположился порт Ландейяхёбн. Порт стоился исключительно для обслуживания паромной переправы длиной около 15 километров до островов Вестманнаэйяр, поэтому не может принимать другие морские суда.

Порт Ландейяхёбн открылся в 21 июля 2010 года. Первоначально предполагалось, что порт Ландейяхёбн будет работать круглогодично и не будет закрыт более чем 18-36 дней в году, а его закрытие в зимние месяцы составит максимум 30 дней. Но оказалось, что порт из-за неблагоприятных погодных условий — частых сильных штормов и заноса песком, Ландейяхёбн бывает закрыт более 150 дней в году.

Из-за того, что гавань постоянно заносит черным вулканическим песком, в порту Ландейяхёбн идёт непрерывная откачка песка (300—500 тысяч кубометров в год), что обходится государству в 2,5 миллиона долларов в год.

Порт имеет всего один причал, предназначенный для обслуживания парома Herjólfur и небольших катеров приписаных к порту, но в экстренной ситуации разрёшен заход других судов с соответствующей осадкой. Глубина у причала 7,5 м.

Дорога Ландейяхабнарвегюр  длиной 11,9 км соединяет порт с кольцевой дорогой Хрингвегюр  и дорогой Баккавегюр , ведущей к небольшому аэродрому Бакки (). Паром соединяет порт с аэропортом Вестманнаэйяр, обслуживающим регулярные региональные рейсы.

Галерея

Примечания

См. также
Тоннель между Исландией и архипелагом Вестманнаэйяр

Порты Исландии
Порты Атлантического океана
Сюдюрланд


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In more ways than one, "taking the knee" is like taking a pee. It's a waste. It speaks to the inward-looking, ego-driven, vain posturing of the Left and its perpetually seething, predatory racial coalition. They're bent on extracting something from innocent, ordinary Americans who owe them nothing.
The Seahawks dissed the fans to show they "oppose those that [sic] would deny our most basic freedoms." But which fan in that Nashville stadium denied any one of the Seahawk players his "most basic freedoms"?
Number and name them or shut up and play.


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Dan Bongino Obliterates Biden With A Simple 7-Word Question On Migrant Facilities: 'Why Are You Treating People Like Animals?'
Dan Bongino completely slammed Biden with a single question, according to Fox News.
Bongino accused the Biden Administration of treating immigrants like "animals."
Bongino said, "[Ted Cruz] is down there trying to just take on videotape for America to see what's happening at their border. We own this, it's our country. It's not Joe Biden's, okay? It's ours. Are we not entitled to see this?"
"And think of the nonsense from that press person or whoever she was. She's a government employee, which is scary. Your tax dollars are paying her to block a U.S. senator from seeing what's going on."
"She says a couple of things there which are so absurd you would think liberals would be losing their minds too. She says at one point 'this is not a zoo.' Well, I mean that's obvious it's not a zoo. But, why are you treating people like animals then?"
"You have them head to toe stacked in plastic boxes wrapped in, literally not figuratively, emergency blankets and you're claiming it's not a zoo? Again, why are you treating people like animals?"
Fox News contributor Dan Bongino slammed the Biden administration Monday for treating migrants housed within border detention facilities like "animals," and blocking Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas., from filming the conditions.


Contacts I pledge to pray for and make every effort to disciple for Christ in 2018. (This list will remain secure and private).
Please print (or take a picture of this list before you hit "Submit" so that you keep a copy of the list close to your heart for ready reference and prayer.
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