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Newcomer education is the specialized teaching of refugees, migrants, asylees, and immigrants who have resettled in a host country, with the goal of providing the knowledge and skills necessary to integrate into their country of refuge. Education is the primary way by which newcomers can adjust to the linguistic, social, and cultural environments of their new communities. Newcomer education aims to empower newcomers with a sense of self-efficacy and social integration, as well as giving them the skills to pursue employment or higher education. Newcomer education also aims to help address trauma, culture shock, and other negative effects of forced displacement. Education for newcomers can provide long-term prospects for stability of individuals, communities, countries and global society.

Background
Newcomer education is a need with international implications. The Refugee Convention of the UNHCR in 1951 listed public education as one of the fundamental rights of refugees, stating that "elementary education satisfies an urgent need [and] schools are the most rapid and effective instrument of assimilation." As of 2019, 149 states were party to this agreement.

There is significant difficulty in obtaining a total estimate of global newcomers. In 2019, the UNHCR estimated a global total of 26.0 million refugees and 4.2 million asylum-seekers. Of that total, 16.2 million applied for asylum in countries of refuge, and 1.1 million were formally resettled. According to the UN, 2019 saw a total of 22.8 million declared new immigrants worldwide. However, irregular or illegal migration may contribute upwards of 20 million to official totals.

While there is an increasing number of refugees forcibly displaced to host countries with hopes of beginning a successful new life, the lack of resources and countless obstacles prevent many from success in their education. Forcibly displaced persons are especially underrepresented in higher levels of education. In 2017, 61% of Refugee children were enrolled in primary school, compared to 92% globally.  23% of refugee adolescents were enrolled in secondary education, compared to 84% globally. In 2016, 1% of refugee youth were enrolled at the tertiary level, compared to 34% globally.

Challenges and best practices

Newcomer students have a unique set of challenges in the classroom. Newcomers face cultural, linguistic, and social barriers to accessing classroom content, as well as the academic challenges of content comprehension and demonstration of mastery. Host nations are challenged to fulfill international commitments to respect the right to education for all. In order to provide effective education for newcomers, schools must meet a set of broad comprehensive needs as well as a set of specialized academic needs specific to newcomer students. Newcomer students may experience trauma from rape, war, psychological abuse, physical abuse, neglect, and involuntary displacement affects their learning abilities and development. Trauma imposes challenges in education for these students. Recognizing trauma among newcomer students is necessary to understand trauma-informed care and implement trauma-informed teaching practices to assist these students. This trauma-informed care is shifting the focus from what is wrong with a person to what has happened to a person in order to understand their current mental state and how it affects them in the present moment.

Additionally, legacies of institutionalized racism and xenophobia can be exacerbated in cases of refugee resettlement as explained by the theory of segmented assimilation; this theory posits that the assimilation of refugees is constrained by the existing racism of the host country. This results in ineffective refugee education, and disadvantages refugee children in both their social and educational environments. Better or full assimilation and integration of refugee children has been demonstrated to positively impact their education and development.

The education and quality of resources these refugee students are dealt with can completely alter the direction of their lives. Certain programs that are more supportive of refugee students and provide them the quality education they need in a way that is specifically tailored toward them reap positive results. One example of this can be identified in a case study where a young refugee student named Moussa attended a school with a tailored refugee-specific curriculum. Within Moussa's school which consisted of majority of refugee and minority students, it was found that "Black [refugee] students at Moussa's school were much more likely to graduate in four years than other black students citywide [New York], and the school fostered aspirations for college and professional success." Specifically, when looking at the percentage differentiation between generic public schools in New York City and Moussa's specialized school, Black refugee students were 85% more likely to graduate as compared to the significantly low 60% that is present in other schools. Schools such as Moussa's that are specially tailored for students of refugee background have demonstrated significant benefits and appeal as compared to "normal" public schools. Within a program like this, they can be provided with a quality education that better prepares them for America. This is one of the countless similar schools within the United States that are specially designed to support refugee students.

These programs are critical to the growth and lives of refugees in the United States. While public schools across the United States have systems in place that provide support and resources for these types of students, they tend to fall under a "one size fits all" approach. However, as seen in other countries, "Recognizing the different levels of adversity students face, we have called this a triple disadvantage, which we understand may still be underestimating the range of experiences and challenges faced by immigrant families and their children". Rather than boxing and categorizing refugee and newcomer children into generic groups with generalized methods of supporting them, specialized programs are needed to address the specific experiences of these students. Within schools like Moussa's, educators can spend more time recognizing the individual struggles of students and pursue specialized methods of education and support for them as compared to more normal public schools. These programs have been proven to have long-term positive effects on the lives of these students.

Research shows that addressing the specific needs of refugee and immigrant students, supporting their second language learning through more personalized instruction, adapting the curriculum in classrooms to be culturally relevant, and creating an environment of inter-student collaboration is key to cultivating their academic success.

Comprehensive needs
Academic research suggests that newcomer students have a set of "comprehensive needs" that must be met as a precondition for language acquisition and academic success. These needs include secure housing, financial support, legal aid, mental health and trauma support, and social and acculturation support. The main issues faced by refugee students are related to multicultural adaptation, second language learning, assessment trends, and interventions. The need for school-provided mental health services for refugees, who have often escaped highly traumatic backgrounds, is also critical. Academic and career opportunities are beneficial for refugee students when paired with need-specific support programs for refugee and immigrant students.

Best practices for meeting comprehensive needs involve two phases: an introductory period and an ongoing support system. The introductory period includes a robust intake and cultural orientation process. An ongoing support system involves the provision of wraparound services and connections with community based organizations outside of the school context.

Intake involves an assessment of students' language abilities, educational history, home and family situation, and physical and mental health needs. Schools can improve such an intake process by employing dedicated psychiatric social workers to help with assessments, as well as providing referrals to community resources and following up with families after the intake process is complete. Social workers have also been shown to play vital roles in facilitating social inclusion in educational settings. Through their unique connections to students' personal, academic, and familial life, these workers can advocate for them through supportive counseling, policy advocacy functions in their schools and communities, and case management.

Cultural orientation to school life includes formal explanations of expectations and requirements as well as ongoing informal conversations with peers or administrators. Orientation is especially critical for students with limited or interrupted formal education, as they may not understand the cultural and behavioral expectations of a school environment. During this process, it is important to introduce culturally specific ways of thinking about education. In the western world, these include understanding the emphasis placed on individual academic achievement and "viewing learning as a foundation for future learning[...] rather than solely as a tool for practical use."

Ongoing support involves the provision of wraparound services, such as onsite physical and mental health clinics, restorative justice systems, college counseling, nonprofit legal services, extracurricular student engagement, and trauma response teams. Often, schools partner with community-based organizations to ensure effective provisioning for these needs.

The trauma of violent experiences and the resettlement process, poverty, and resentment faced by classmates and students all lead to educational disadvantages that cannot be completely addressed  by only providing academic resources. School administrations must utilize a comprehensive community-based approach when addressing the needs of refugee and immigrant students.

Academic needs
Specialized academic programming for newcomers is beneficial to effective language acquisition and academic success. Sheltered instruction, content integration, and flexible scheduling have proven successful in improving graduation rates for newcomer students.

Sheltered instruction involves placing newcomer students in specially designed content classes, typically with smaller class sizes and more instructional support. This approach is recommended for newcomer students with limited literacy skills, especially those with partial or interrupted formal education. Sheltered instruction can also be used as a strategy to integrate newcomer students into formal education for the first year or years of their education, before joining broader ESL programs or general instruction classes.

Content integration combines language instruction with grade-level content instruction in math, science, and humanities. Learning content and language together has proven significantly more effective than learning language in isolation, and has the additional benefit of keeping students intellectually engaged and on track for high school graduation.

Flexible class scheduling and additional learning time during evenings, summers, and weekends allow newcomers with work or family responsibilities to stay in school, as well as providing additional instructional time for students with interrupted formal education.

Funding
As of 2019, approximately 85% of refugees and 50% of immigrants globally were living in developing countries. The Least Developed Countries hosted 27% of refugees and 14% of immigrants worldwide. These countries often have poor educational infrastructure, which provides an additional challenge to refugee education.

Even in developed countries, newcomer education is often underfunded.

Teacher training
Teachers of newcomers require specialized training to manage multilingual classrooms and help students in need of psychosocial support.

Research indicates that addressing the specific needs of immigrant students, supporting their English language learning through providing them with more personalized instruction, adapting the curriculum in classrooms to be culturally relevant, and creating an environment of inter-student collaboration is key to cultivating for their academic success. In countries like the United States, there is a lack of cultural awareness in most academic settings due to the majority white homogeneity of teachers. Due to the adversity of their situation, refugee and immigrant children require instructors that not only have cultural awareness but are also educated on how to teach trauma survivors. This can only be achieved through increased teacher training programs and increased support for teachers managing diversity in their classrooms.

In six European countries, half of teachers felt there was insufficient support to manage diversity in the classroom. In the Syrian Arab Republic, 73% of teachers surveyed had no training on providing children with psychosocial support. Teacher recruitment and management policies often react too slowly to emerging needs. Germany needs an additional 42,000 teachers and educators, Turkey needs 80,000 teachers and Uganda needs 7,000 primary teachers to teach all current refugees.

United States newcomer programs
A newcomer program is an educational institution created specifically for those students with limited proficiency in English that have recently arrived from outside the United States within the past one to three years. Newcomer programs offer a safe space for immigrants and refugees new to the United States where the focus can lie on nurturing students as they adjust to a new school and are immersed in English in a non-threatening way. Newcomer programs support this special population of students to grow in English language development while implementing appropriate academic skills necessary for success in United States educational systems. Qualifications to attend such programs also include an initial English placement exam. Educational backgrounds of students differ depending on how much education in their native language they have received. There are literate newcomers who arrive with grade level equivalent skills in literacy and academics due to schooling in their native language. There are also newcomers who arrive with minimal exposure to formal schooling (Limited Formal Schooling or LMS students). Schooling may be interrupted placing the student below grade level. Existing newcomer centers can serve students at the elementary, middle, and high school levels.

The organization of newcomer programs vary. One example of a newcomer program are the International Networks Schools that works to provide immigrants a school where they use student's cultural and linguistic backgrounds as a backbone to create academically and language appropriate instruction. The International Schools' curriculum includes English Language Learning, assessment, professional learning, governance, and organization. To accommodate this, International schools try to integrate language development by engaging students in "deeper learning". Deeper learning includes project-based learning, work-based learning, and performance assessments which allows students to learn in a personalized way. This includes a lot of collaboration within the classroom setting to help enhance students' communication and English language skills. In addition to classroom approaches, International Schools also include "structures to address their social and emotional needs, including regular access to social workers, counselors, and wraparound services". The teaching approach used at these schools focuses on that of the "plurilingual" way of instruction. A newcomer center also is complemented by culturally responsive teaching which encompasses all cultural characteristics to make academic instruction authentic for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) students. Another example of a U.S. newcomer program is one set up within a school based upon the community location where newcomer populations are most prevalent. Newcomer programs are also found 1) within a district intake center, 2) located in an area equidistant from surrounding schools, or 3)  in a district that offers multiple newcomer centers. Conversely, some school districts across the United States do not offer a newcomer program due to lack of resources.

Germany newcomer programs
The German government has designed and funded a well-regarded newcomer education program. Refugees in Germany can avail of Germany's free public education system for primary and secondary schooling. The program is especially well known for its emphasis on higher education. The most recent wave of refugees have been from Syria, and have been under the age of 25, of which 50,000 embraced the opportunity for higher education in Germany. The German government created an initiative where approximately 2,400 refugees would be integrated into universities every year and allocated 110 million to spend between 2015 and 2019. The German Academic Exchange Service, which is funded by federal ministries, integrated refugees into degree programs that included preparatory colleges and foundation courses.  A unique policy funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education is their "Welcome Students Helping Refugee" program which is a mentorship program that connects refugees to local university students to help them in language exchanges and expose them to cultural events.  Furthermore, programs by Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, the Leibniz Association, and the Max Planck Society offered "internships lasting up to three months, research assistant positions, and training opportunities" for professional development. Not only does Germany solely focus on incorporating refugees into higher educational spaces, but they are also making the effort to help them receive professional opportunities.

Literacy instruction focus

A foundational goal is for newcomer students to be immersed in a sound literacy program that fosters success in both oral language and English language development in the area of literacy. Unlike a native English speaker who begins literacy instruction in early elementary grades, it is common for newcomer students to first have their first exposure to the English language upon entrance in a newcomer program. To validate this point, Alfred Schifini (2002), zeroed in on literacy for this specific population and states English Language Learners (ELLs) need to have a focus that is, "systematic, explicit, and targeted at diagnosed needs" as he presented at the National Conference on Newcomer Programs.  The speech highlighted how a newcomer literacy program provides specialized instruction based on the needs of the students within the program in order to provide meaningful and appropriate instruction.

For implementation of a literacy-focused program to occur, Custodio suggests there be a selected set of elements to consider, fourteen to be exact.  The fourteen components that Custodio (2011) highlights in her text, can complement a newcomer program and have been created by Gail Tompkin (2003). These components are summarized as:

1) Instruction of Basic Reading Skills

2) Instruction of High Frequency Words

3) Implementation of Vocabulary Comprehension

4) Incorporation of Reading and Writing Activities that Improve the Fluency and Comprehension

5) Interweaving of Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing Simultaneously

6) Instruction of Learning Strategies and Building Background to Aid in Comprehension

7) Incorporating the Visual Strategy of Graphic Organizers

8) Utilization of Varied Genres

9) Incorporation of Routined Reading and Writing Activities

10) Incorporation of Student Choice Classroom Activities

11) Implementation of Writing Scaffolds

12) Student Familiarization of Textbook Features and Study Techniques

13) Orientating Newcomers on Content Level Resources at Student's Grade Level

14) Support in Student's Continued Academic and Language Growth

The above components provide helpful guidelines for ELL newcomer teachers and staff running a program and implementation of these aid newcomer students to thrive and grow in their English language development. Custodio (2011) continues to stress the importance of a strong newcomer literacy program. Implications for such a program, can push newcomers from, "pre-literacy to a point of fluency and comprehension of grade-level fiction and nonfiction text" (p. 59).

Alongside these components other criteria can be considered: the student's native language background and cultures, limited oral speaking abilities, and the selection of differentiated curriculum.

Trauma-informed teaching practice

Newcomer children and youth often experience trauma, whether it be psychological or physical. The various experiences faced by newcomers considerably affect their abilities to learn in school and interact with others. Due to the natural state of displacement that newcomers experience while fleeing their home countries, their learning is disrupted, and their migration to a new country comes with many challenges. Newcomer students are expected to acclimate, learn new languages, and perform well while experiencing trauma. Educators spend a significant amount of time with their students, and ensuring that they are equipped to assist their students is critical and beneficial for the students. Understanding and supporting their student's needs by implementing trauma-informed practices can alleviate some of the pressures newcomer children experience and create a safe place for them to heal. The ARC Framework employs strategies to address the issues of trauma. The acronym stands for attachment, regulation, and competency, three critical components to recovery from trauma. The framework is a guiding tool for educators to support their students who have traumatic pasts. The ARC framework is applied to a high school in Canada where multiple children in a classroom are newcomers. Upon implementing the ARC framework and trauma-informed practices, the teachers reported feeling better equipped to assist their students.

See also

 Education in emergencies and conflict areas
 Mobile learning for refugees
 Refugee children

Sources

References

Education


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During an interview with Safe & Savvy about major hacking attacks, bitcoin and other trending discussions within the security and privacy communities, Hypponen explained that his team at F-Secure is directing day-to-day operations based on future threats and trends. On December 11, 2015, he emphasized bitcoin as an important tool for criminals and of course, the general population, making the digital currency a crucial part of F-Secure's research initiatives.
ypponen went on further to express his plans to hold on to his storage of bitcoin, as he firmly believes the value of bitcoin will continue to increase rapidly in the upcoming years.
Although Hypponen emphasized the importance of bitcoin as criminal money and explained the increasing use cases of bitcoin within the criminal world, the criminal side of bitcoin must be acknowledged as a positive outlook on bitcoin.
Some traders, investors and high profile individuals tend to dismiss bitcoin as a global store of value or digital gold due to its applicability in the cybercrime world. However, it is also crucial to note that criminals always are in search for better technologies and methods to settle transactions with ease in a secure yet efficient ecosystem.
Instead of observing bitcoin as criminal money, users and investors should acknowledge the fact that criminals are considering bitcoin to be more efficient than cash, gold or other forms of traditional assets and money, which makes bitcoin a viable contender to reserve currencies.
Increasing cases of criminal activities is not one of the many factors that pushed the rally of bitcoin price in the past week. As CNBC and other mainstream analysts, research teams and media outlets have reported, the surging price of bitcoin can be attributed to two major factors: increasing demand vs. decreasing supply and tightening capital controls due to currency devaluation.
But, if bitcoin is allowing criminals to settle cross-border transactions without any boundaries, it also means that bitcoin is performing as an efficient currency for the general population and even for the underbanked that are struggling to deal with lack of proper financial infrastructures.
In spite of many requests on social media and online bitcoin communities, Hypponen is yet to offer a prediction for 2017. It is highly likely that Hypponen would prefer not to provide an official prediction as 2017 is a highly anticipated year for bitcoin investors and companies.
There exists a wide range of factors that could push bitcoin price to new all time highs next year and these include the launch of bitcoin ETFs, significant improvement to the bitcoin protocol and emergence of practical bitcoin platforms working to solve real-world problems revolving around payments, cross-border transactions and settlement of assets.


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Marten : National animal of Croatia
By Kobe Dallas
Marta is national animal of Croatia. Croatian national animal has small-headed mustelid, long tail and soft, thick brown hair with a yellow or white spot on the throat, which feeds on birds, eggs, and rodents; lives in the forests of Europe and is highly prized for its skin.
National Animal of Croatia
It is very well adapted to life in the forest, climbing nimbly and jumping with spectacular precision between the branches of the trees. Among their well-developed senses, they emphasize the exceptional smell and hearing they possess. Normally on the ground, it jumps. He also knows how to swim, although he refuses to do so.
When he gets scared he emits screams and grunts and dismisses a viscous substance of unpleasant odor, more intense during the heat, which normally uses to mark the territory. After hunting a prey, it moves it to its burrow, and if it were big or very heavy, it will drag it to a safe place where to eat it with tranquility. With the exception of the season of zeal, the marten is a solitary animal whose activity runs throughout the year and usually between dusk and dusk, being able to observe during the zeal also during the day, more often than the garden. During the day it is encased in hollows of trees, nests of corvids, birds of prey, or squirrels.
Interesting facts about Marten
It is a carnivorous mammal belonging to the family of mustelids and closely resembles the marten (Martes foina), differing from this in the triangular orange spot that it has in the throat.
His body is elongated, his head wide, his ears small and rounded, and the muzzle sharp. The legs are short, provided with 5 fingers, darker than the coat and the hair completely covers the soles of the feet. The tail is long and thick, well populated with hair and its length varies between 22 and 27 cm. The head together with the body of the marten, usual measures between 42 and 52 cm, reaching the males a weight of 1.2 to 2 kg, and females between 0.9 and 1.5 kilograms.
Do You want to know about a National animal of Cote d'Ivoire?
The general color is dark brown, lighter by the belly and darker by the legs. A more or less triangular, bib-shaped spot appears on the neck, which may be creamy, yellow or orange, which is most clearly visible outside the summer season. The color of his eyes is dark, and the color of his nose, black. The ears are bordered by a very light color.
It has a total of 38 teeth, being observed in the upper jaw 6 incisors, 2 fangs, 8 premolars, and 2 molars, and in the lower one, 2 more molars.
It is distributed throughout most of the European continent from Scandinavia to some islands of the Mediterranean and Asia Minor as well as the North of the British Isles. It finds the southern limit of its distribution area in the Iberian peninsula, where it only appears in a strip that goes from the north of Portugal to the north of Lerida.
In Spain, there is another subspecies, that inhabits in Majorca and its general coloration is paler and in the Balearic Islands exists a subspecies, the Tuesday minoricensis.
Its habitat is linked to large forests, especially those of conifers, also occupying mixed forests, beech forests, oak forests, etc.
It lives in the deepest part of the forest, separated from the human environment, where it has its territory, which can travel in a single night and in which are the multiple cubiles located in hollows of trees, squirrel nests, birds, between stones, etc.
It adapts to life from sea level, up to 1,700 meters of altitude.
The marten can be fed from birds and their eggs to the size of the grouse, squirrels, dormouse, rats, mice, reptiles, rabbits and hares, amphibians, poultry, eggs, fruits, honey, insects and larvae, Roe deer.
The eggs eat them in a characteristic way, making them an elongated hole, almost rectangular, where the content is sucked. Sometimes if the eggs are many, you can bury some under the moss, the vegetation. When hunting an animal, it begins by drinking its blood, with which the excrement pertaining to that food, will present a black color.
Reproduction of Croatian National Animal
There could be two periods of zeal, one of them during the winter, which according to various authors does not correspond with a real zeal, but with a period of excitement or false zeal.
The royal seal of the Marta can take place between the months of June and August and lasts about 15 days. During this period, more movement is observed within the territories, being put together several males to the dispute to the female. The winning male will play and fight with the female, in a true nuptial stop, and after fertilizing it, will abandon her.
The female will keep the male's sperm alive in the uterus, but will not fertilize them until the month of January (delayed implantation), having a real gestation lasting about 9 weeks.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


6.7.1 An expression denotes a value unless a variable denoted by a variable-access contained by the expression is undefined at the time of its use, in which case that use is an error.
In other words, it is an error to use a variable with an undefined value in an expression.
This error is reported only if checking for undefined values is enabled and the variable's type is one of the supported types (see Run-Time Project Options in the Irie Pascal User's Manual).


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Source Texts for the Inner Life
Quotations for an Examined Life
How to Use Quotes
Limitations of Science
Sample Quotes
Play – Word
Play – Wordy
[1 of 1] Swedenborg (1688-1772, Sweden): primary subject "Sex, reproduction, porneia" (search under Inner Life/Evil, Negative Emotion, Vice)": source "Conjugial Love": detail "Section 98"
The love of sex with man is not the origin of conjugial love, but its first rudiment; thus it is like an external natural principle, in which an internal spiritual principle is implanted. The subject here treated of is love truly conjugial, and not ordinary love, which also is called conjugial, and which with some is merely the limited love of sex. Love truly conjugial exists only with those who desire wisdom, and who consequently advance more and more into wisdom. These the Lord foresees, and provides for them conjugial love; which love indeed commences with them from the love of sex, or rather by it; but still it does not originate in it; for it originates in proportion to the advancement in wisdom and the dawning of the light thereof in man; for wisdom and that love are inseparable companions.
The reason why conjugial love commences by the love of sex is because before a suitable consort is found, the sex in general is loved and regarded with a fond eye, and is treated with civility from a moral ground: for a young man has to make his choice; and while this is determining, from an innate inclination to marriage with one, which lies concealed in the interiors of his mind, his external receives a gentle warmth.
A further reason is, because determinations to marriage are delayed from various causes even to riper years, and in the meantime the beginning of that love is as lust; which with some actually goes astray into the love of sex; yet with them it is indulged no further than may be conducive to health. This, however, is to be understood as spoken of the male sex, because it has enticements which actually inflame it; but not of the female sex.
From these considerations it is evident that the love of sex is not the origin of love truly conjugial; but that it is its first rudiment in respect to time, yet not in respect to end; for what is first in respect to end, is first in the mind and its intention, because it is regarded as primary; but to this first there is no approaching unless successively through mediums, and these are not first in themselves, but only conducive to what is first in itself.
Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider — Francis Bacon


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One Size Won't Fit All: Multinational Corporations' Compliance with Privacy Regulations (Part 3 of 3)
Part 3: Proposed Solutions
This is the third and final post in a three-part blog post examining privacy issues confronting multinational corporations in a global economy. The first post explored privacy generally by analyzing privacy as the concept is understood and applied in the European Union, in China, and in the United States. The second post assessed the experiences of Google and McDonald's in adhering to privacy regulations while operating on a global level in attempting to comply with the three privacy regimes described in the first post. This post will provide recommendations on privacy strategies companies can implement to mitigate some of the issues identified in the second post. These posts do not attempt to provide an exhaustive list of privacy issues multinational corporations encounter, but they are intended to show the importance of privacy concerns and to highlight the need to confront compliance issues in a proactive manner.
"The establishment of good privacy and data security practices, backed by a commitment of resources, and assignment of responsibility for implementing such practices, may be some of the best insurance the company can buy."– Steven Bennet.[1]
The recent breach at Target shows how vulnerable large companies are to hackers (USA Today)
The recent high-profile privacy breaches at Target and at Neiman Marcus demonstrate the consequences of failing to take privacy issues seriously. Companies with greater presence on the world stage expose themselves as even greater targets for privacy attacks. Similarly, companies operating in multiple jurisdictions have to comply with varied privacy regimes. The Google and McDonalds examples from the second post in this series indicate how difficult it can be to adhere to multiple privacy demands. As these examples illustrate, privacy is a difficult, but essential, component to any company's operations. This final post seeks to provide some proposals companies operating on a global level should consider when implementing or reviewing their privacy policies.
The most important thing for any multinational corporation to do is to have an understanding of privacy in every jurisdiction in which it operates. The thorough understanding of privacy laws I propose is multifaceted. It is, or should be, obvious that companies must adhere to privacy regulations that currently exist; to have a good compliance program, "one must first know the rules." Whether it is the Sarbanes-Oxley ("SOX") requirements McDonald's was attempting to comply with or Google executives being found guilty for not adequately protecting an individual's privacy rights, companies must have an understanding of the privacy laws that are presently in place in the jurisdictions in which they operate. Google's timely action of removing the video helped to ensure its executives were ultimately relieved of liability. Similarly, McDonald's France's request for approval of its professional integrity plan came prior to implementation, which was prudent given the fact that the plan was found to be in violation of France's privacy policies. The two cases illustrate the necessity of complying with laws and regulations that are currently in place.
In tandem with compliance of existing laws, companies also have to stay current on any new regulations or laws that come into force. This is likely axiomatic to most companies, but it is well worth consideration. A globalized economy requires that companies keep up to date with any new regulations in every country in which they operate. For instance, the SOX requirements of providing whistleblower hotlines and ensuring anonymity of whistleblowers definitively apply to American companies operating exclusively in the U.S. It is unclear, however, if those same requirements apply to every country in which U.S. companies operate.[2] Because the SOX requirements might apply in every country in which they operate, companies have to be alert to any new amendments to the SOX requirements in the U.S. as well as any new developments in foreign jurisdictions, such as France, in which SOX compliance might violate privacy laws. What this means for multinational companies is that being up to date on the latest privacy regulations requires keeping abreast of privacy developments both domestically and abroad.
The greatest difficulties in keeping up-to-date with both domestic and foreign developments in privacy laws are undoubtedly the expertise required and the costs associated with maintaining that expertise. One way to offset these costs involves the third facet of a thorough understanding of privacy concerns; understanding the cultures in which privacy laws develop.
From the first post, Louis Brandeis was one of the first jurists to write about the concept of privacy in the law
Laws reflect society's values.[3] Privacy laws have developed out of cultural norms that contrast according to a wide variety of actors, including philosophy, religion, history, and culture. Thus, it comes as no surprise that no two privacy regimes are identical. In the U.S., the sectoral model of privacy laws traces its development to a strong mistrust of a strong central government. In the E.U., on the other hand, privacy is equated to personal dignity, and personal dignity is manifest when all Europeans are treated equally before the law. The concept of personal equality lends itself toward omnibus regulations that exist in the E.U. and China. However, the omnibus regulations in China stem from its socialist development. Because of the different contexts from which modern privacy regimes arose, it is important to understand privacy regimes in their greater cultural context. Understanding the bigger picture in how particular privacy regimes evolved will allow for a degree of predictability in how the regimes will develop.
The fact that it is best to incorporate a privacy policy in a prospective rather than a reactive manner is largely agreed upon to be the best course for companies to take. Yet, pursuing such a course is fraught with difficulty because of the changing nature of today's changing marketplace. However, a thorough understanding of how a privacy regime has developed in the past will provide insight into how it will evolve in the future.
The Google case provides a perfect example of how understanding where privacy law developed from will help predict how it will evolve. Google may or may not have been aware that an Italian court would find that its activities in China exposed its executives to liability, but Google certainly knew that such a decision was not in keeping with E.U. privacy laws. Knowledge that the E.U. privacy directive precluded content providers from liability unless the content provider controlled the information, Google was able to successfully argue that, despite its activities in China arguably to the contrary, it did not host the content. As a result of Google's thorough understanding of where the E.U.'s privacy laws stem from, it was therefore able to convincingly show that it was not liable.
A thorough understanding of privacy regimes takes three forms: knowledge of what the laws currently are, an up-to-date knowledge of laws as they develop, and comprehensive knowledge of how the laws advanced in the past to help predict how they will progress in the future. This understanding should form the bedrock of a company's approach to privacy; without it, a company is missing vital pieces of the picture that could have severe implications.
Nuanced Policies
After a thorough understanding of the privacy regimes in which a company operates, the next logical step is to develop nuanced privacy policies. As both the Google and McDonald's experiences highlight, a company cannot simply develop a one-size-fits-all mentality when it comes to privacy. Google's censorship activities in China created complications for its operations in Italy. SOX compliance in the U.S. was potentially implicated by McDonald's activities in France. These are but two examples of how privacy policies must be narrowly tailored to comply with each jurisdiction's privacy laws. The privacy regimes in world's largest economies are simply too divergent to allow for a single prophylactic privacy compliance program.[4]
The simple solution to divergent privacy schemes is to create privacy policies specific to each jurisdiction, or a common approach to jurisdictions with similar privacy policies like the E.U., in which the company operates. This allows for adopting privacy policies that adhere to each jurisdiction's unique privacy regulatory system, including the powers of each jurisdiction's regulatory bodies.[5] Adopting a whistleblower hotline in France that meets that nation's whistleblower directive permitted McDonald's France to comply with French law while still following the SOX requirements in the U.S. Similarly, Google was able to filter the content accessible in China while still providing unfiltered material elsewhere.
Companies operating in multiple jurisdictions have to think domestically before they think globally. Each jurisdiction requires adherence to their privacy laws, and such adherence requires nuanced privacy policies that apply a thorough understanding of each jurisdiction's privacy scheme. Companies likely view complying with every jurisdiction's particular laws as natural as breathing, but compliance with each jurisdiction's regulations is impossible if obedience to the laws of one nation creates violations in a second country. Both the McDonald's and Google examples illustrate this point; it can be seemingly impossible to obey laws if doing so violates another. The solution requires a global awareness in terms of thinking about privacy policies.
Crafting nuanced privacy policies in each jurisdiction creates the potential for conflict with the regulations of a second state. To overcome this conflict, companies need to have an awareness of how privacy policies developed for compliance with U.S. or E.U. laws will be interpreted in China or vice versa. Developing nuanced privacy policies while considering their global ramifications is a tight line to walk to be sure, but it is essential in today's globalized market.
European Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding – The E.U.'s stricter data protection laws require companies to pay greater attention to compliance
Each jurisdiction in which a multinational company operates will have different requirements for privacy. When Google altered its search algorithm in order to comply with China's "Great Firewall," it moved itself from being in a position of a passive purveyor of information to a content provider. This approach allowed Google access to China's massive population of internet users, but it also exposed Google to liability in Italy. It is debatable whether Google could have prevented this occurrence; Google likely could not have perceived that an Italian court would deviate from the commonly understood interpretation of the E.U. Privacy Directive based on Google's activities in China. The debate over the efficacy of potential preventative measures should not take away from the need for a global awareness of privacy regimes, however; only through an awareness that its actions in China could have ramifications in other jurisdictions would allow Google to more ably predict the best policies to implement. Such an awareness of the risks involved in filtering the content available in China allowed Google to weigh the potential compliance issues against the potential benefits of access to the Chinese market.
McDonald's France's experience in attempting to comply with SOX regulations reinforces the need to have a global awareness of privacy regimes. Attempting to comply with U.S. whistleblower hotlines and protections by requiring every McDonald's subsidiary to implement a one-size-fits-all global whistleblower hotline scheme would have resulted in privacy violations in France if it had been executed. Although McDonald's would have been relieved of any SOX liability in the U.S., the potential damages in France could have been severe. Breaking consumer trust from privacy breaches or violations from mishandling personal information can cost millions and the loss of goodwill associated with such mishandling is "immeasurable." This is especially true in places where data collection is carefully scrutinized and where regulators are willing to impose hefty fines for improper data collection practices.
Understanding the current privacy context in every jurisdiction is obviously necessary for every multinational company, but the benefits of such understanding are diminished unless companies think globally. As the Google and McDonald's examples illustrate, actions in one country will have ramifications in others. As a result, multinational companies should implement nuanced privacy policies for each jurisdiction while simultaneously ensuring that the policies will not fun afoul of competing privacy regulations. Balancing nuanced privacy strategies with global awareness of privacy regulations requires creativity and meticulousness. Such a juggling act nearly mandates that multinational companies retain one or more privacy experts.
Increased Reliance on Privacy Experts
Privacy has increasingly become a "C-Suite issue" for many companies, highlighting privacy's role in the broader context of a company's business strategy. The proposals outlined above—a thorough understand of privacy regimes, nuanced privacy policies, and a global awareness of privacy policy implications—are meaningless if there is not some person or group of individuals responsible for overseeing a company's privacy program. This is where the importance of privacy experts comes in.
For privacy and data protection professionals to obtain a certificate in privacy matters, the International Association of Privacy Professionals ("IAPP") requires an understanding of the following topics: (1) the U.S. legal system: definitions, sources of law and sectoral model for privacy enforcement; (2) U.S. federal laws for protection of personal data: FCRA and FACTA, HIPAA, GLBA, COPPA and DPPA; and (3) U.S. federal regulation of marketing practices: TSR, DNC, CAN-SPAM, TCPA and JFPA. And that list is only to become certified as an Information Privacy Professional for the U.S.; it does not entail certification as an expert on other privacy regimes. The IAPP certification process simply shows how much information there is to cover in each jurisdiction. If a company wishes to operate on the global stage and to implement a privacy policy that is thorough, nuanced, and globalized, companies cannot afford to not hire privacy experts.
Privacy professionals meet for a summit in 2012 (U.S. Dept. of Commerce)
Privacy experts are critical to any global company. The Google and McDonald's cases focus specifically on how essentially important it is for companies to know not only what the laws are, but how those laws affect companies' operations. A privacy expert blends knowledge of the legal aspects of privacy with the demands of the particular business. Further, privacy experts, working in conjunction with security experts, can help make or break a company's reputation; the loss of goodwill resulting from security breaches or non-compliance with privacy regulations has the potential of creating "major backlash from customers."
Privacy experts also allow for a focal point of privacy responsibility. Complying with the numerous existing and evolving laws, not to mention any future compliance issues resulting from increases in technology or changes in the economy, is difficult. Ensuring compliance in a piecemeal fashion, with each department myopically focusing on their own compliance issues, is nearly impossible. A privacy expert allows for a single, comprehensive source for all of the privacy issues a company confronts. Further, a single repository for privacy issues allows that expert to assist the company in making the most economically desirable decisions. The decision to ask the French privacy agency's permission before enacting whistleblower hotlines likely saved McDonald's France from a disaster, and a privacy expert can help facilitate that discussion.
The proposals outlined in this blog post represent some common sense steps multinational companies can take to maximize privacy compliance. The first step is to thoroughly understand what the laws are, to keep up to date with any new laws that might impact a company's business, and to know the context from which privacy laws and regulations result. A thorough understanding of the laws then allows for the next step, which should be to create nuanced privacy policies tailored to each jurisdiction in which a company operates. The nuanced privacy policies company's implement cannot be viewed in isolation, but must instead be viewed holistically with a mind toward how they impact the privacy regimes in other jurisdictions. Such a global awareness will save the company time and, most importantly, will shield the company from liability. It is incumbent on privacy experts to guide companies through this process and to be the focal point of a company's privacy strategy.
Rather than shying away from privacy in the hopes that their privacy compliance procedures are adequate, companies should take a proactive role in embracing privacy. It is undoubtedly better to think in advance of how a company will ensure compliance with privacy regulations than to suffer the consequences of learning that its privacy policy is inadequate after the fact. And privacy cannot be ignored; the high profile cases of McDonald's and Google, not to mention other instances of privacy breaches, indicate how serious an issue privacy currently is as well as how critical it will be in the future. As one vice president of information protection and privacy stated, "[g]ood privacy is good business." Bad privacy is, by implication, bad business.
Greg Henning is a 3L at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law and a General Editor for the View From Above.
[1] Partner of Jones Day's New York office and professor of Privacy Law at Hunter College. 53 No. 1 Prac. Law. 17, 19.
[2] There has been an administrative law decision that found SOX to have no extraterritorial reach. See Villanueva v. Core Labs. NV, ARB No. 09-108, ARB's Final Decision and Order (Dept. of Labor, Dec.22, 2011), available at http://www.oalj.dol.gov/PUBLIC/ARB/DECISIONS/ARB_Decisions/SOX/09_108.SOXP.HTM. For an analysis of the implications of this decision, see Anthony J Oncidi & Jeremy M Mittman, New US Decision Limiting Extraterritorial Scope of 'Whistleblowing' Provides Welcome Clarification to US Multinationals, 22 No. 1 Emp. & Indus. Rel. L. 15 (2012).
[3] Francisco M. Ugarte, Reconstruction Redux: Rehnquist, Morrison, and the Civil Rights Cases, 41 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 481, 507 (2006).
[4] See Dennis D. Hirsch, In Search of the Holy Grail: Achieving Global Privacy Rules Through Sector-Based Codes of Conduct, 74 Ohio St. L.J. 1029, 1035 (2013) ("The important differences among national systems occur, not with respect to these broad principles, but in how countries interpret and apply them. Examples abound. Some nations define "personally identifiable information" (PII) more broadly than others. Some exclude certain types of personal information, even if it falls within the definition of PII. Countries disagree on what constitutes adequate notice.") (citations omitted).
[5] See Joel R. Reidenberg, Resolving Conflicting International Data Privacy Rules in Cyberspace, 52 Stan. L. Rev. 1315, 1334 (2000) ("Oversight of information privacy is also handled in many different ways. Data protection supervisory agencies are a common feature in democracies, but agency powers are often specific to each country. Some countries, for example, established regulatory enforcement agencies and licensing boards, while others adopted an ombudsman position.") (citations omitted).
corporate governance, internet regulation, Personal data, privacy
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The "Reading Scaladoc" lecture is not free and you are not enrolled in the course, or you are not logged in. Information about the lecture follows. Click on the About the Course and Course Outline tabs above to learn more about the course. You can enroll by clicking on the button on the upper right of this page.
Scaladoc is both the name of a program that reads a project's Scala source code and generates documentation, and the name of the generated documentation. This lecture only discusses how to work with the generated documentation, so the term Scaladoc in this lecture pertains to the generated documentation and not the program called scaladoc.
Scaladoc is like Javadoc with a more capable user interface. Like Javadoc, Scaladoc is HTML-based documentation, created by the scaladoc program after it parses source code. Scaladoc only documents Scala code. Scaladoc has some extra features, and its user interface has evolved considerably from its roots. This lecture shows how to take advantage of the new Scaladoc user interface introduced with Scala 2.12.


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Manchester City, Gabriel Jesus: 'When I play badly I want to shoot myself'
Manchester City striker Gabriel Jesus discussed last night's 4-1 victory over Dinamo Zagreb in the Champions League as well as his performances so far this season with the Sky Blues, with Italian media outlet Calciomercato.com noting his words.
"I think it's something that happens to other players as well. I can't speak for them, but I can for myself and when I'm not happy with how I play I want to shoot myself in the head because it's difficult for me. I take it personally."
The 22-year-old Brazilian forward, who scored a hat trick in last night's 4-1 win, then touched on the pressure he feels when playing for the reigning Premier League champions.
"I start to think, 'oh, my God, I gotta score, I gotta score, I gotta score'. And sometimes when I get the right chances, I make a mistake because I think too much and I put too much pressure on myself. But I'm getting better, I'm working on my finishing and I try not to think about the pressure."
So far this season Jesus has made 21 appearances for the Manchester based club, scoring ten goals and providing four assists in the process.
Report: Man City keeping tabs on Barca's defender
From England: Man City interested in signing Barca's defender in January
Man City, Guardiola is furious as Barcelona open their doors to him: the latest
Manchester City, eyes on exciting young forward in Argentina
Photos: AC Milan players arrive for team dinner in city centre


You'll have easy living when you live at the Pointe Parc at St. Johns apartments in Jacksonville, FL. These beautiful one and two bedroom units are more than just apartments, they are places you will find it easy to call home. With resort style living in every aspect of the community you'll want for nothing. Each unit features designer espresso kitchen cabinetry, refinished countertops, upgraded stainless steel appliances, spacious bedrooms with walk-in closets, and gorgeous wood-style plank flooring you'll feel like you're on vacation every day of the year. At Pointe Parc, you find yourself in a close knit community with amenities chosen to bring you the ultimate in comfort at every turn. Whether you are a professional looking to get your job done or you're a family looking for a place to bond you'll find an outlet for everyone in the household, including your favorite four legged members. When it comes to comfort, you'll have it easy at the Pointe Parc at St. Johns.
Jacksonville is a beautiful city and we are proud to call it home. Nearby are a variety of shops, restaurants, and entertainment opportunities. St Johns Town Center is among our favorite destinations in Southside Jacksonville. From our community, you can also explore the best of Jacksonville.
Find your new home at Pointe Parc at St. Johns. Speak with a member of our leasing office to learn more about apartments for rent in Jacksonville.


Have you experienced the feeling of being top in class? Or was it that one time that you were recognized as the best in a tight competition? Well, that is how it feels to own the all-new Tecno Spark series. You know what makes you feel thrilled about that new technology? It is both the pride of being the pioneer and the need for that extra feature that comes in handy with the latest devices. How would you like to introduce your colleagues to the improved second generation Techno Spark 2? Among other advancements that make me tick on this one is the 18:9 aspect ratio. I bet you will fall in love with the latest Android version 8.1 Oreo (Go Edition).
Do you like being unique? The hybrid dual sim with triple SIM card slots will offer exactly that which you yearn for. You will notice that the slim but highly-performing phone is rare amongst people. It has your best interest at heart, with the modern-day storage needs satisfied with 16GB internal memory and expandable memory of up to 32GB. The 2GB RAM and 1.3 GHz processor will ensure that your multitasking and speed needs are well-catered. After all, you know how annoying it is to keep restarting your constantly hanging phone.
Did you find a picturesque spot for a selfie or groupie? Well, here comes the selfie-master. With 13MP rear and 8MP front cameras, you can be sure of the clearest photos every time you use this camera freak. I must admit I have a soft spot for those cute baby snaps. Are you ready? The Techno Spark 2 will command respect every time you capture a memorable moment with your friends. Be ready for some camerawork. You even have the new option of taking a photo at the touch of the fingerprint sensor. Did you just mention fingerprint? Yes, your phone security is guaranteed with the fingerprint option. You no longer need those complex patterns that give you a headache every time you cannot recall.
What's more? Don't let anyone mistake you for an electric robot if you are always carrying a power bank and a cable hanging from your pocket. The 3500mAh Li-Ion battery will take care of your power needs from morning till you have no more sparks for the phone. You can snap, browse, chat, call, and even watch the World Cup from your smartphone without looking around for a power plug. You can grab yours this early at Globalguds and get it delivered at the comfort of your home. Oh! And don't forget to specify your favorite color when ordering.


Tresor has announced the upcoming reissue of a number of classic albums from its back catalogue.
Kicking off later this week with Jeff Mills' Waveform Transmission Vol.3, the label will follow-up with reissues of albums by Juan Atkins, Robert Hood, Drexciya and Scion.
Mills' 1994 album will be made available in a limited, stamped and hand-numbered vinyl edition. You can check previews of its track above ahead of the reissue being available to purchase from Friday (November 2).
Following that, Infinit's Skynet will be reissued on vinyl and available to purchase from November 16. Infiniti is the project of Juan Atkins and Skynet saw original release in 1994.
Scion's Arrange and Process Basic Channel Tracks follows on November 23, 16 years on from its original release. It will again be made available in a CD edition. On November 30, Drexicya's first album Neptune's Lair, which dates back to 1999, is back again on vinyl, before Robert Hood's Internal Empire rounds off the reissue campaign on February 1 next year.


Every now and then, homeowners and corporations may find the need to call a pest control business.
Various types of pests can plague both commercial and residential areas. Some can be more rampant than others, depending on the time of year, the species becomes more prevalent.
No one enjoys seeing mice, cockroaches, ants, and other pests in the home or workplace. However, being that the season is quickly turning towards fall, this is the time when your home may become invaded by different types of beetles that will be looking for a place to stay warm.
When this happens, you realize that it is now time to call on a licensed professional that will have the expertise to help resolve your problem. Even though most of the pesky insects are harmless, they quickly become problematic. And when you call on the local pest control in Hamilton, they have the expertise in locating the origin of the insects or rodent infestation.
Bugs such as the boxelder and the ladybug like to hide in wall voids, attics and basements of your home, which can make it very difficult for you to detect exactly where they are nesting. When you are dealing with a fall pest, it is important to know that you may not have any knowledge that they are in your home.
For example, if a fertile female wasp happens to hide in your eaves, soffits, wall voids or garage, you may not know she is there until the weather begins to warm up. This is because she has stayed silent all winter long and in the springtime, she is now ready to begin establishing her nest in the place that she has been hiding. However, if she does come out prematurely, it is probably due to some unusually warm days that occurred during the winter months.
When you begin to experience a home invasion by rodents and insects the pest control in Hamilton will also be able to educate you on preventive measures you can take to help eliminate the problem after they have exterminated your home or building. Insects especially like the sunny side of your home.
Sometimes you are in your home or apartment and all is quiet and suddenly you get that uh-oh moment. You have heard the infamous quick scurrying behind your bedroom wall or in the ceiling above you. It is best that you don't ignore the sound or delay in calling the exterminator. This is because the mice in your attic or behind your wall are not the same cute little mice that you buy at your local pet store.
The mice in your home live in an uncontrolled environment and are exposed to many unhealthy and unclean things in the outdoors. This type of uncleanliness clings to their fur and then can be transferred to your home, leaving many harmful bacteria that can adhere to your silverware, plates, glasses and kitchen counters.
Also, these rodents, often known as field mice, pick up mites, ticks and fleas and bring them in your house through the holes that they have chewed in your home, not to mention the feces that they can leave behind.
It is important for you to know that one mouse can turn into many mice in a very short amount of time. Fertile female mice can give birth to a litter that can range anywhere between 3 and 14.
So, if you have discovered that there are places in and around your home that has become infested with some type of insect or rodent—then it is time for you to contact one of the highly trained professionals that specialize in pest control somewhere in the city of Hamilton.


Whether you "hang your stockings by the chimney with care," or somewhere else in your home, festive holders are a cheerful way to display stockings throughout the holiday season. Options abound, from mantelpiece holders to lighted holders to stand-alone holders.
Getting that stocking to stay up, especially after Santa Claus stuffs it with goodies, might require a special Christmas stocking holder. Stocking holders add a festive, decorative touch anywhere you put them. They also help prevent damage to your mantelpiece or wall from nails and tacks.
The traditional location to hang stockings is a mantelpiece above a fireplace. A stocking holder adds a touch of whimsy without causing damage.
Alphabet holders: Spell out a name, or use an initial for each family member with these individual alphabet stocking holders. The holders are made of aluminum and iron with a bronze finish. Any letter of the alphabet is available for about $30 and shipping is free at Pottery Barn.
Personalized steel: This steel holder can hold up to six stockings. It may be personalized with your family name or your favorite holiday sentiment up to 10 characters long. It costs about $60 plus shipping from MerryStockings.
Gingerbread house: If you enjoy decorating with gingerbread for the holidays, this stocking holder is for you. It features a sweet gingerbread house made of clay dough. And since it only costs about $8 plus shipping from Walmart, it won't break your holiday budget.
Wooden stocking hangers: These stocking holders are made of hardwood in Maine. They're angled to hang from a mantelpiece, shelf, or ledge. They are unobtrusive and blend well with many décors. Each set of two is available in natural or green and costs around $25 at L.L. Bean. Shipping is free.
Snow globe holder: If you're a snow globe collector or you just enjoy the fun of snow globes, this stocking holder is for you. It's made of glass and resin. It includes a battery-operated motor, no shaking required! Three scenes are available - a polar bear and her cub, a Christmas tree, and Santa Claus. Each is about $60 with free shipping from Balsam Hill.
Light-up stocking holders are a fun choice if you enjoy decorating with a little bling.
Light-up leg lamp option: Fans of A Christmas Story, you've found your stocking holder! It features the iconic leg lamp from the beloved film. The lamp lights up using three included button cell batteries. The holder costs about $38 and shipping is free through Walmart.
LED red gift holder: This shimmery holder is shaped like a present. Its seven white LED lights are battery-operated. Choose green or red for about $25 each, plus shipping at Pier 1 Imports.
LED flicker candles holder: This holder has a vintage look. It features three LED flicker candles surrounded by festive sprigs of holly and sitting on a glittered base. The holder requires three AAA batteries, and at Sears, costs about $20 plus shipping.
Marquee light-up holders: Light Santa's way to your stocking with a marquee-style stocking holder. It's available in two sentiments: Joy and Noel. Each holder features LED light-up letters which sit on a glittery metal base accented with faux holiday greenery. Three triple A batteries are required. The holders cost about $22 each or $43 for the set of two, plus shipping, when ordered at Touch of Class.
Personalized metal stand: You can personalize this stocking stand with your family's name, up to nine characters. It's made of metal and has your choice of a green Christmas tree or yellow star on top. The stand holds up to six stockings and costs about $28 from Walmart, plus shipping.
Christmas tree stand: This metal stocking stand features lovely scrollwork and resembles a Christmas tree. It even has a star on top. The rotating stand holds up to eight stockings in a vertical fashion. It's available in gold or black and costs around $40, plus shipping at Improvements.
Chalkboard presents stand: This stand holds up to six stockings. It features chalkboard panels in the shape of presents that may be personalized and changed each year. It costs about $30, plus shipping at Kirkland's.
There's a Christmas stocking holder that fits for every design style, whether it's country, contemporary, whimsical, or vintage. Stocking holders add charm to your Christmas decor.


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Cleveland Public Library is officially fine-free
by: Talia Naquin
Posted: Jul 27, 2019 / 06:00 AM EDT / Updated: Jul 27, 2019 / 01:20 PM EDT
CLEVELAND, Ohio – The Cleveland Public Library has officially done away with late fines.
The library made the announcement in February, but the change went into effect Saturday.
"We want to remove barriers, not block people from accessing the library," executive director and CEO of the Cleveland Public Library Felton Thomas said. "We want to connect people to knowledge and ideas, not stand in their way."
Cleveland Public Library eliminated overdue fines for seniors in 1977, for children's materials in 1978, for disabled patrons in 1992, and for young adults and homebound patrons in 2001.
"So, for Cleveland Public Library, this is a natural, next step and a way to demonstrate our commitment to leveling opportunity for our community," Chief Marketing and Communication officer for CPL Tana Peckham told FOX 8 in March.
CPL is celebrating its 150th anniversary.


Reference Entry. Subjects: Late Antiquity. 762 words.
Reference Entry. Subjects: Medieval and Renaissance History (500 to 1500). 669 words.
Reference Entry. Subjects: Late Antiquity. 201 words.
Reference Entry. Subjects: Music. 130 words.
Reference Entry. Subjects: Literary Studies (European). 1003 words.
Reference Entry. Subjects: Early Modern History (1500 to 1700). 240 words.
Chapter. Subjects: Early Modern History (1500 to 1700); Political History. 3318 words.
Article. Subjects: Ancient Roman History. 128 words.
Reference Entry. Subjects: Archaeology. 72 words.
Reference Entry. Subjects: Classical Studies. 118 words.
Reference Entry. Subjects: Classical Studies. 132 words.
January 1991; p ublished online January 2005 .
Reference Entry. Subjects: Medieval and Renaissance History (500 to 1500). 267 words.
February 2005; p ublished online June 2013 .
Chapter. Subjects: Medieval and Renaissance History (500 to 1500). 29788 words.
Overview page. Subjects: Renaissance Art.


"We signed the base conditions of financing for Yamal LNG together with VEB, Gazprombank, China Development Bank and China Eximbank", said Poletayev.
Sberbank, Gazprombank, Vnesheconombank (VEB), China Development Bank and China Eximbank have signed the base conditions of project financing for the Yamal LNG project, which is being implemented by Novatek, France's Total and China's CNPC, Sberbank Deputy CEO Maxim Poletayev said in an interview with Interfax on the sidelines of the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum.
"We signed the base conditions of financing for Yamal LNG together with VEB, Gazprombank, China Development Bank and China Eximbank. I would not like to name concrete numbers now because they will be adjusted depending on how the concrete credit agreements are reviewed. The sum may be named when we finish structuring the deal and agree with all syndicate participants," he said.


The term national army typically means the lawful army of the state as distinct from rebel armies or private armies that may operate there.
The National Army, sometimes unofficially referred to as the Free State army, was the army of the Irish Free State from January 1922 until October 1924. Its role in this period was defined by its service in the Irish Civil War, in defence of the institutions established by the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Michael Collins, was the army's first chief of staff from its establishment until his death in August 1922.
The Libyan National Army is the national armed force of Libya, comprising a ground army, an air force and a navy. It was established by the Libyan government after the first Libyan civil war, as Libya's previous national army was defeated by the uprising and disbanded.
In the ongoing Second Libyan Civil War, the Libyan National Army is loyal to the internationally recognized government in Tobruk. It therefore fights against Libya Dawn, the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries and the Islamic State in Libya.
At the beginning of the Second Libyan Civil War, the army was split between Khalifa Haftar's "anti-terrorist" faction, which acted largely independently, and Abdulsalam al-Obaidi's "legalist" faction which relied on orders from political authorities. In 2014, the Council of Deputies appointed Khalifa Haftar commander of the whole army, re-uniting the two factions. Abdulrazek Al Nadoori is chief of staff.
In the case of many armed groups in Libya, it is not clear whether they belong to the Libyan National Army or not. Many armed groups accept government funding and openly exert authority associated with official forces, while avoiding any clear commitment to obeying the Libyan National Army hierarchy or the government. As the Second Libyan Civil War progresses, armed groups with suspect loyalties groups are increasingly condemned by the Council of Deputies.
Migrants evacuated as confident Tripoli fighters tell Haftar: "we are coming"


8th Linux Vacation / Eastern Europe, the international conference of FLOSS developers and users, will be held on June 07 – 10, 2012 near Grodno.
Reception of abstracts and applications for participation have been started, sponsors are welcome.
The annual conference of developers and users of free / open source software taking place in Belarus inevitably gathers specialists from Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, the European Union countries, etc.
Official conference languages are Russian, Belorussian and English. In Linux Vacation / Eastern Europe the professional exchange of experience is combined with three-day informal communication on the landscape. The conference format includes oral presentations, lightning talks, workshops and round tables. The spectrum of topics is traditionally wide — from a report on new free / open technologies, software products and practice of their usage to the analysis of legal and economic aspects of free licensing. The book of abstracts planned to be published before the conference includes accepted LVEE 2012 abstracts, and also materials from the LVEE Winter 2012 winter session and traditional block of interviews.
To participate in LVEE 2012 it is necessary to pass registration on the conference site http://lvee.org and request participation in LVEE 2012 before the May, 24. Conference speakers should submit abstracts before this date, using the online abstracts editing & reviewing system on the conference website. Along with LVEE tradition speakers are free from paying the organization fee.
The site also contains a lot of information about the conference, including history of the project, abstracts guidelines, information on delivery and accommodation of participants, on-line materials of previous conferences.
Organization board invites sponsors. The event is traditionally supported by the IT companies interested in cooperation with qualified specialists in the field of free / open source software and in in support of the FOSS social phenomenon. Participation in LVEE-2012 gives them exclusive possibility to work directly with the audience consisting of the most active developers and users of free / open source projects.
By now SaM Solutions, Promwad, EPAM Systems, WORLD of TANKS team, SOURCEFABRIC companies have already announced their support of LVEE-2012, as far as hoster.by and it-job.by resources.


line. For an hour and a half they climbed the very steep ascent, but when they reached the top they surveyed in every direction an exceedingly wide region, and it seemed to them as if the whole earth were at their feet.* On account of its remarkable height, they called the mountain "Fuersten Spitz" [Prince Peak]. In passing over the top and in their descent they spent four full hours. As it was evening and they missed the road, they happened to strike an "elk trail," which took them between two mountains.† Here they passed the night, hungry and thirsty, encamped at their fire. They were frequently visited by the elks, which are numerous in those mountains. On the following morning, July 26th, they came to a marked path. It brought them to a salt lick, which is frequented by the elks and where they are usually shot by the hunters. A kind spirit led them to the right way, by which they continued their journey, till they came in the evening to a German plantation. Here Adam Roeder‡ lives, whose mother, eighty-six years of age, lives at Makuntsche [Macungie, now Emmaus, Lehigh county, Pa.], and belongs to that congregation. * The region seen by the missionaries from the top of "Fuersten Spitz" is now comprised in the counties of Augusta, Rockingham and Shenandoah. † This was probably Brock's Gap, one of the most important passes through the North Mountain. ‡ Adam Rader. The missionaries were now in the vicinity of Timberville, Rockingham county, Va. About one mile west of this place stands Rader's Church, which is known to be one of the oldest places of worship in Rockingham, although the date of the organization of the congregation cannot be given definitely. The first reference to the Reformed congregation worshipping in Rader's Church is found in the diary of Rev. Charles Lange, pastor at Frederick, Md, who visited the congregation on April 17, 1768. See Fathers of the Reformed Church, Vol. II, p. 154. From the beginning until 1879 it was used jointly by the German Reformed and Lutheran denominations. In that year a new church was built by the Lutherans for their sole use, the German Reformed congregation shortly afterwards erecting a church at Timberville.
slept as well as we could. As we had nothing to eat, we had to fast, thanking the Lord that he had protected us this day. On November 16th, we started early from our lodging place and hurried to the next house to get a breakfast. When we arrived there, the good people had themselves no hread, but they were willing to serve us some Welsh corn* and butter-milk. The man seemed to be a pious Presbyterian. He praised Whitefield very much. We crossed the mountains and came to the James River, through which we had to swim. It was hard work, but we got through safely. We continued our journey till evening, seeing a country with mountains all around. In the evening we had to cross still another small river. Then we came to a house, where we had to lie on bear skins around the fire like the rest. The manner of living is rather poor in this; district. The clothes of the people consist of deer skins. Their food of Johnny cakes, deer and bear meat. A kind of white people are found here, who live like savages. Hunting is their chief occupation.† On November 17th, our path led through the mountains. We heard an awful howling of wolves in the morning, quite near. We wished them far away.! When we crossed the Catawba Creek a Quaker joined us, going with us three miles. In the afternoon we came to Justice Robeson, who owns a mill. Here we expected to get some bread. But his answer was: "There is not a bit of bread in the house." We went two miles further, * Probably hominy. used as a substitute for bread until the erection of mills. † The missionaries were then in the section now embracing the counties of Bath and Allegheny. The settlers who then resided there were sentries on the last outpost of civilization, with the Indians as their only neighbors upon the west. It may be properly noted here that the diaries confirm Kercheval's statement that peace with the Indians was not broken until subsequent to 1754, as the missionaries make no reference whatever to Indian troubles in any of the sections visited by them. ‡ Wolves were numerous in this section of Virginia for years after the date of this journey. A reward was given for wolf heads. and the County Court of Augusta made allowance in 175' for 256 heads. Waddell's Annals of Augusta County, p. 68 (1902).


This has been a goal of mine for I don't know how long, to achieve full range one arm hanging leg raises. This video captures the first reps I've ever done.
Now, this was never a primary goal for me. Maybe even tertiary. Something I wanted to get but was not really focusing my training on.
Lately, I have been doing lots of hanging leg raises of the two arm variety. I've done more reps than ever…and also the strictest form I've ever done. In doing that training, it's no wonder that I then was able to achieve this.
As you can see, I only managed it on my right arm for now. My left is having a harder time supporting in the top position. But within a couple of months at most, I should be repping out with both arms.
I've also been working on the ab wheel rollouts and having good success there. At least when it comes to bodyweight ab training, I've never been stronger.
And everything I've been doing is what I laid out years back in The Ultimate Guide to Bodyweight Ab Exercises. In my mind the hanging leg raises and ab wheel are the best bodyweight ab exercises and I show you how to progress with them from the very basics (which in both cases involves the knees, aka hanging knee raises and knee rollouts).
That's not to say that there aren't harder bodyweight ab exercises like flags, levers, planches, v-sits, etc. Just that those all don't have very good beginner progressions. Before those, you need to build a stronger base. And that's what this book is all about.


I'm using PXFMINI on raspberry Pi 3 and installed escarlata on it. I want to use ROS to make some programs for showing feedbacks such as imu data and etc. And I want to write my own controller to drive a quadcopter. How can I disable functions that access to PWMs, because I want to send PWMs myself with PCA9685 and I2C?
Please help, I really need this.


text:
Core inflation becomes the main threat to your pocket
Headline inflation reached 7.37% in the eleventh month of 2021, a level far removed from the Banco de México (Banxico) target of 3% +/- one percentage point.
What is underlying inflation?
"Core inflation is another way of looking at inflation because it excludes the most volatile goods and servicesIn other words, it does not take into account the price of some energy sources and agricultural food because the behavior of these goods is due to seasonal factors ", explained Héctor Magaña, coordinator of analysis and research at the Center for Research in Economics and Business (CIEN) from the Tecnológico de Monterrey.
Edible vegetable oils and fats, corn tortilla and non-durable disposable items stand out among the goods with the highest price increases at an annual rate in core inflation, with 34.21%, 16.85% and 16.61%, respectively. On the services side, air transport, packaged tourist services and hotels became more expensive by 34.71%, 12.07% and 10.24%, respectively.
For Banco Base, the upward trajectory of core inflation is the main upward risk for headline inflation: the increases in prices are due to raw materials, which in turn make food merchandise more expensive, while non-food goods have raised due to increases in transportation costs and inputs for its production.
"These goods, to manufacture them, require inputs that are mostly imported and both the inflation that has also hit the US and the depreciation in the exchange rate have impacted on the cost of these inputs, (so) the Manufacturing cost tends to be transferred to final consumers ", commented the professor from Tecnológico de Monterrey.
Structural damage?
The specialists consulted agreed that despite inflation doubling the central bank's target, there are still far from structural problems.
Héctor Magaña considered it premature to say that inflation already has a structural problem: "I think it will depend a lot on the evolution of inflation in the first half of 2022 to know the impact that the general price level has on the economy and see how they are evolving ".
"Inflation is affected by volatility in the exchange rate and by capital outflows. There, something can be done from internal economic policy, which is more conciliatory; fewer initiatives and reforms and, in this sense, the popular consultation to revoke the mandate may generate more uncertainty, "Siller said.
Alejandro Saldaña, Chief Economist at Banco Ve por MásHe commented that in the face of the rise in prices, Banxico tries to operate through the channel of expectations, in which it seeks to send a message that it is going to take the necessary actions so that inflation begins to fall in a moment. "That builds trust and a certain credibility and keeps expectations anchored."
Next week, the central bank will have its last monetary policy meeting of the year, where analysts estimate that there will be an increase in the reference interest rate of 25 basis points, to leave it at 5.25%.
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Following the success of their first film for UBS' 'Think Unlimited', designed to encourage curiosity, Rudolf & Ragnar return to grill Formula OneTM star Lewis Hamilton on the answers to life's big questions.
A charming delightful film that can't help but raise a smile, it takes you through Lewis' career from childhood to the present day. From finding out if the Mercedes AMG Petronas driver is as good at Mario Kart as in real-life, to young reporter Chloe providing insight on the existence of a 'pen license', the film has questions and revelations that leave both the stars equally enlightened by the end.
Crafting authentic performances from their cast and generating a warm sincere atmosphere, Rudolf & Ragnar deliver a heartwarming interview piece, which reconnects viewers to their inner child and leaves you deep in thought with a surprisingly touching final thought from Lewis.


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West Florida Yachts would love to guide you through a personal showing of this 46' Custom Chuck Paine Cutter 1993. This yacht for sale is located in St Augustine, Florida and priced at $170,000. For a showing please contact us by filling out the form on this page and we will get back to you shortly!