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How legal finance supports legal innovation
Greg McPolin
Read Greg McPolin's Profile
Former Chief Operations Officer, Thomson Reuters LMS
As macroeconomic conditions cause in-house legal budgets to shrink—and add to GCs' already lengthy list of priorities—legal tech has taken on renewed urgency as a potential pathway for legal departments to save money and create efficiencies. The challenge, of course, is that new technologies present immediate costs. And at a time of cash scarcity, GCs are increasingly hesitant to spend scarce cash on untested solutions.
Affirmative recovery efforts, aimed at generating cash through meritorious litigation and arbitration, can help pave the way for funding legal innovation. But frustratingly, in the current economic climate, the cost and risk of litigation may dissuade in-house decision makers from pursuing valuable claims, causing companies to leave millions on the table.
Legal finance offers a powerful solution.
By financing or monetizing affirmative litigation and arbitration, companies can unlock the value of their legal assets— without adding risk to the balance sheet. In so doing, GCs and in-house leaders can free up (or generate) capital to reinvest in the legal department. Thus, affirmative recovery efforts, financed with third-party capital, do more than generate cash for the business: They allow legal departments to invest in innovation.
The urgency of legal tech
For years, "innovation" has been the legal industry's hottest topic—and now, in this newly remote world, it seems that Covid-19 may accelerate the adoption of many long-heralded technologies. For instance, popular existing solutions such as digital contract management and e-billing will likely see continued use and adoption by legal departments trying to reduce costs and streamline process. GCs and in-house leaders will almost certainly look to implement new cybersecurity and data management tools, given the increasingly digital nature of legal work and ever-more complex global compliance demands. And more generally, legal departments will seek high-value but cost-effective alternatives to traditional and expensive outside counsel wherever possible. Though legal technology promises to help companies achieve those goals, it can only do so with significant investment.
Generating cash to finance innovation
Research shows that in-house legal departments are leaving significant cash on the table year after year. According to the 2019 Legal Finance Report, 72% of in-house lawyers report that their companies have failed to pursue meritorious legal claims for fear of adversely impacting the bottom line—and 65% report that their companies have unenforced judgments or uncollected awards valued at $20 million or more.
Understandably, GCs and in-house leaders may be reluctant to pursue the value of their legal assets, given the cost and risk inherent in affirmative litigation—but legal finance addresses those concerns. In the simplest scenario, companies can finance legal fees and expenses either for a single case or for portfolio of cases. Increasingly, companies are also taking advantage of monetizations, whereby they receive capital, based on the value of their affirmative claims, for general business purposes unrelated to the underlying litigation or legal asset. In both cases, capital is provided on a non-recourse basis, meaning that companies owe nothing to the financier in the event of a litigation loss or negative case outcome. Moreover, legal finance helps companies generate cash without taking on risk.
With the ability to generate risk-free value, legal departments can become profit centers for the business—and can focus on creating new efficiencies. By inverting the role of the legal department, GCs and in-house leaders demonstrate themselves savvy as business leaders. They allow their departments to generate capital that can then be reinvested in transformative technologies, both for the legal department and for the business writ large. Legal finance not only supports legal tech: It can bankroll innovation.


Smooth Fox Terrier is thought to be the oldest terriers having emerged in England during the 18th century as a fox-hunter and ratter. Even though, it is not very popular as other terrier breeds anymore, it holds immense importance due to the fact that many terriers have descended from it. Today this breed is known for its hunting capabilities and as a show dog.


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UK Parliament's human rights committee pushes for better protections of coronavirus contact-tracing data in law
Decentralised app rolling out soon, but manual process remains problematic
Matthew Hughes Tue 22 Sep 2020 // 08:30 UTC
In the absence of a working contact tracing app, the UK government has been forced to rely on manual data collection and human-powered tracing to identify potential cases of exposure to the Covid-19 virus. But, as Parliament's cross-party Joint Committee on Human Rights claims in a new report, this is just as problematic as the original centralized app, particularly when it comes to user privacy
The report acknowledged that human-powered contact tracing has many of the flaws that dogged the original application with respect to the deanonymised identification of individuals. "There has been little public debate of the privacy implications of manual contact tracing, but in some ways, the information gathered is more personal," the Committee said.
"Information gathered by a human contact tracer could feasibly be names of the people who were in contact, how long the contact was for and where they met," the report added, pointing out that a decentralised app would merely correlate two phones that have been within close proximity for more than 15 minutes.
Furthermore, as this information is recorded and stored digitally, any concerns regarding an app-based approach to contact tracing also apply to manual contact tracing.
The report raised eyebrows at the government's strategy of outsourcing contact tracing to third parties, like pubs and restaurants. One of the conditions that allowed the lifting of lockdown restrictions on the hospitality sector was that establishments would be forced to record the contact details of patrons. However, there have been instances where this track-and-trace information has been misused.
"There have been reports of customers being harassed after people obtained their numbers from sign-in books left on display in pubs and restaurants," the Joint Committee noted.
Irrespective of the ongoing national emergency, any organisation that collects data from the public is obligated to adhere to the existing data protection legislation, like GDPR and the UK's Data Protection Act. While the government has issued guidance to businesses, the Joint Committee questioned whether this information is being properly managed.
The report comes as the UK government is mere days away from launching its contact-tracing app in England and Wales. This follows the Northern Ireland Executive, which launched its own effort, StopCOVID NI, in July. This uses the purpose-made Bluetooth API interfaces created by Apple and Google in response to the pandemic, and is interoperable with the contact-tracing app used in the Republic of Ireland.
Similarly, the Scottish government has its own app, called Protect Scotland. Like StopCOVID NI, this also uses Apple and Google's tech, and has already received more than one million downloads.
The launch of the UK government's second contact-tracing app is already embroiled in confusion after a Downing Street spokesperson incorrectly told reporters yesterday that it wouldn't log interactions between users – which is a fundamental component of app-based contact tracing.
The government "clarified" later in the day that Thursday's app would include the feature.
Users will also be able to "check-in" to venues by scanning QR codes, allowing them to avoid providing their details directly to the establishment. A handwritten register will remain available for those without a smartphone. In addition, the app will support booking tests, checking symptoms, and display the ongoing risk level for a particular area.
The Joint Committee on Human Rights echoed previous calls for the government to protect contact-tracing data privacy with a bespoke law. Harriet Harman, who heads the committee, has previously described existing legislation as inadequate for the task and scope of any app designed to register the movements of the general population.
"To build trust with users, which has been shaken by high-profile missteps, the Government should introduce legislation which defines what data will be collected, how long it can be held, when it will be deleted," the report argued. "Such legislation should include a ban on contact tracing data being shared for any purpose other than combating the spread of Coronavirus."
As the experience of any country using app-based contact tracing shows, there will always be a need for human-powered processes. Not everyone owns a smartphone, and the apps themselves are voluntary. The report therefore suggested that any legislation should also extend to manual contact tracing.
"Manual contact tracing is the main component of the UK's test, track and trace system. This still involves data being collected; indeed, that data is arguably more sensitive than that collected by the app," it said.
"Whether that data is gathered digitally or manually, the legislation should limit how long manually gathered data can be held, define what type of information can be gathered, confirm when it will be deleted, and restrict it from being shared for any purpose other than combating the spread of Coronavirus." ®
Singapore changes the rules and will now use COVID-19 contact-tracing app data in criminal cases
Privacy policy re-written, which is somewhat scary given Singapore has made trackers just-about-mandatory
Germany is helping the UK develop its COVID-19 contact-tracing app, says ambassador
Deutschland, uber alle allies
GSMA suggests mobile carriers bake contact-tracing into their own apps – if governments ask for it
Working group already probing Bluetooth performance on myriad devices to help developers
Contact-tracing or contact sport? Defections and accusations emerge among European COVID-chasing app efforts
Debate seems to centre over where data needs to reside to get the job done
Baroness Dido Harding lifts the lid on the NHS's manual contact tracing performance: 'We contact them up to 10 times over a 36-hour period'
Some of them will be feeling very ill and won't pick up the phone and return the call. Ahem...
NHS COVID-19 contact tracing app is leaving some unable to access government self-isolation grants
'That button is there on the app' says minister. How many times have you heard a client make wild claims about functionality?
Contact-tracing is basically CRM so we think we've got it sorted, says Salesforce
Coming real soon now as-a-service. Details on data collection and price? Coming soon, promise
Singapore already planning version 2.0 contact-tracing wearable
Contract awarded for 300,000 units and another tender has been issued

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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GP recruitment crisis intensifies as vacancies soar to 12.2%
Survey by Pulse magazine suggests record level of vacancies, with some practices forced to close after failing to recruit
Thu 11 May 2017 19.01 EDT Last modified on Mon 27 Nov 2017 19.24 EST
Pulse found the GP vacancy rate had increased from 2.1% to 12.2% since 2011. Photograph: Anthony Devlin/PA
Vacancies for GPs are at their highest ever level, research suggests.
A survey of 860 GPs for Pulse, a news magazine for general practitioners, found 12.2% of positions were currently vacant – up from 11.7% at the same time last year and from 2.1% in 2011, when Pulse started collecting the data.
The findings show 158 GPs (18%) have been unsuccessful in filling a vacancy in the past 12 months. In that period, the average time taken to recruit a GP partner has risen from 6.6 months to 7.4.
Patients struggling to get GP appointments, watchdog finds
Pulse said some practices were having to hire non-GPs to fill the gaps, while others had closed after failing to recruit a GP partner.
A report from the Commons public accounts committee in April found there had been "no progress" in the previous year on increasing the number of GPs, despite a government target to recruit 5,000 more by 2020. The report said the number had actually fallen, from 34,592 full-time equivalent doctors in September 2015 to 34,495 in September 2016.
MPs said more trainees needed to be recruited and that existing GPs should be encouraged to stay on.
Prof Helen Stokes-Lampard, chair of the Royal College of General Practitioners, said of Pulse's findings: "We know that practices across the country are finding it really difficult to recruit GPs to fill vacant posts, and the degree to which this problem has increased over the last six years is staggering.
Time for a rethink on GP numbers | Zara Aziz
"In the most severe cases, not being able to recruit has forced practices to close, and this can be a devastating experience for the patients and staff affected, and the wider NHS."
Stokes-Lampard added: "At present, UK general practice does not have sufficient resources to deliver the care and services necessary to meet our patients' changing needs, meaning that GPs and our teams are working under intense pressures, which are simply unsustainable.
"Workload in general practice is escalating – it has increased 16% over the last seven years, according to the latest research – yet investment in our service has steadily declined over the last decade and the number of GPs has not risen in step with patient demand … This must be addressed as a matter of urgency."


Is Leptin The Reason We're Fat?
Leptin is transported across the blood brain barrier (BBB).
Animals who are in a state of starvation display elevated triglycerides that block the transfer of leptin across the BBB.
Interestingly, obese people also present with the same elevated levels of triglycerides. This tricks the brain into believing it is starving and therefore inhibits the transport of leptin across the BBB.
Studies injecting mice brains with leptin directly into their hypothalamus showed considerable weight loss.
In our two previous articles we covered the nature of leptin, a hormone that is secreted from your fat cells. It is often referred to as the 'satiety hormone' because it tells you that you're full and not hungry. Mice studied that had no capacity to produce leptin rapidly became obese, due to the inaction of leptin on their brain. However obese people actually have high levels of leptin. But with obese people the leptin is blocked in their brain, causing what we refer to as leptin resistance. This means they do not have the hormonal information instructing them to reduce their appetite or expend calories. In essence, they simply keep eating more and keep getting fatter. In our last article we discussed how insulin blocks leptin in the brain.
But insulin isn't the only theory researchers are looking at as to why leptin levels aren't being recognised by the brain.
Professor Banks from the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington (5) proposes that leptin is secreted from fat in proportion to the degree of obesity.
It is transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and acts on the brain to decrease the appetite and increase activity, which in turn reduces the level of fat stored in the body. What we know is that with the onset of leptin resistance, leptin fails to achieve the very task it has set out to achieve.
And therefore he concludes that obesity is actually a result of the blood brain barrier failure. Banks says the blood brain barrier transporter performs very efficiently at low levels of leptin. And that low levels of leptin should be enough to inform the brain that there is enough fuel (in the excess fat storage) to burn up calories and get about the job of doing something else, other than sitting around eating.
Triglycerides, if you needed a refresher, are a type of fat found in your blood. Your body uses them for energy; you do need some triglycerides for good health, but an increase in triglycerides stops leptin getting across the blood brain barrier, causing 'leptin resistance'.
Now what is even more interesting is that triglycerides are elevated in both people suffering from starvation and people suffering from obesity.
Which means that leptin is reduced during periods of starvation so that you can conserve your fat cells. And ironically, it's activated in obese people because of the very same system. Which means obese people are unwittingly conserving their fat cells too.
Ok so let's look at this blood brain barrier issue. If the problem is triglycerides inhibiting leptin crossing the BBB what would happen if we injected leptin straight into the brain tissue itself, bypassing the blood brain barrier issue altogether?
Researchers from Oregon State University (OSU) and University of Florida in a study(6) looked at injecting leptin directly into the brain through gene therapy. The gene for leptin was injected straight into the hypothalamus of rats to better understand the role of leptin in weight loss.
"Injecting the leptin into the brain allows the hormone to bypass the blood-brain barrier, which reduces the ability of leptin to enter the brain," said Urszula Iwaniec, an associate professor in the College of Public Health and Human Sciences at OSU.
The findings were published in the Journal of Endocrinology (6). The rats who had the leptin injection lost about 20% of their weight and showed no sign of bone loss. And moreover they were able to maintain that weight whilst the control group gained weight. The injected group also had a reduction in abdominal fat. Abdominal fat is the telltale indicator of leptin resistance, considered 'bad fat' as it contributes to weight related health problems.
"Using leptin at the level of the hypothalamus to control weight is where, at some point, we believe we're going to be able to control weight gain," she said. "When the brain tells us to lose weight, it works. When we try to lose weight and the brain tells us not to, it doesn't work." Iwaniec said.
Whilst the research is promising we're a long way from a solution. Gene therapy is permanent after all. And whilst probably an alternative to gastric banding, injecting genes into our brains might still be a little too sci-fi horror flick for the average Joe. Not to mention we don't know what the potential side effects or risks are in this type of gene therapy for humans.
So before you think drilling a hole through your skull and sticking a big needle in your grey matter seems like a good idea, maybe it'd be worthwhile trying to cut out sugar, carbs and saturated fats first?
Might be an easier shot at getting leptin into your brain.
 Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, Ohannesian JP, Marco CC, McKee LJ, Bauer TL, et al. N Engl J Med. 1996 Feb 1;334(5):292-5.


dancer, theatre maker, collaborator and micro-activist.
From her base in Scotland she works locally, nationally, internationally and as Associate Artist with The Scottish Mental Health Arts Festival; one of the world's largest social justice arts festivals.
'High octane... energetic, witty and playful' (The Skinny) she uses physicality as a catalyst for connection, making performance that brings attention to the issues facing society today.
Tackling challenging themes, her work connects with audiences through its authenticity, honesty and an underlying aim of creating spaces for dialogue about the complex matters that impact our everyday lives.
Her artistic focus includes questioning perceptions of identity, failure, autonomy, authorship/ re-authorship, questioning inherited power structures , cultural change and rescaling performance.
The IETM Satellite in Milan, organised in partnership with Fattoria Vittadini and in parallel of the Festival del Silenzio, will be a place to discuss the never-ending renegotiation of the linguistic codes accessing, mastering and owning the arts, and most importantly - who holds the right to define and redefine those. Emma will facilitate each of the conversations and debates which propose various areas of interest from visual aesthetics to linguistic elitism.
The young audience and their families arrive to a disaster; the cast, costume and set strewn everywhere! New to earth, the cast need taught how to move, what to wear and how to rebuild their escape vehicle; it's up to the Experts In Short Trousers to make sure the job gets done!
With hindsight it is easy to see how history has repeated itself but what happens when life throws you a curve ball of meteoric proportion? Exploring grief, change and our relationship with home, Here Before Now combines movement and text with live music from composer Nik Paget-Tomlinson.
An exploration of gender roles, gender identity and sexual orientation in modern life, questioning the point at which the comical stereotype becomes harmful, the action becomes unacceptable and the ability for a person to forever be in a state of transformation. Created using #TheSoloFilter.
would be nice to let you know what we are up to.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The Crab Nebula $\gamma$-ray emission has been established as a standard candle for the $\gamma$-ray astronomy (e.g. Meyer et al.~2010). This conclusion based mainly on the observations at energy ranges between $\sim 100$ MeV and a few GeV (satellite telescopes) and between
$\sim 100$ GeV and $\sim 10$ TeV (Cherenkov telescopes). The theoretical interpretation of the emission from the Crab Nebula suggests that this may not be exactly the case.
The $\gamma$-ray spectrum is widely interpreted in the two component radiation model in which the lower energy emission is due to the synchrotron process and the higher energy emission results as a consequence of the Inverse Compton (IC) process. It has been argued that
the ends of the synchrotron and IC components can flicker due to the non-stationary acceleration of leptons at the pulsar wind shock. First evidences of the variability of the end of synchrotron component has been reported based on the analysis of the EGRET data
(de Jager et al.~1996, Ramanamurthy et al.~1995). Also situation has not been clear at the highest observer energies (above $\sim 10$ TeV), where some measurements seemed to  be contradictory (Aharonian et al.~2004, Aharonian et al.~2006).

The spectrum from the Crab Nebula at energies 100-400 MeV is very steep, with the differential spectral index close to 4 (Abdo et al.~2010). It cuts off at about $\sim 100$ MeV, i.e. at clearly larger energies than previously reported $\sim 25$ MeV cut-off derived from the EGRET measurements (Kuiper et al.~2001). On the other hand, the $\gamma$-ray spectrum at GeV energies is very flat linking correctly with the TeV spectrum measured by the Cherenkov telescopes (e.g. Albert et al.~2008). Unexpectedly, the
AGILE telescope has recently reported an enhanced $\gamma$-ray emission above $100$ MeV from the Crab Nebula by a factor of 2-3 during September 19-21, 2010 in respect to steady emission (Tavani et al.~2010, 2011). This observation has been confirmed by the Fermi-LAT telescope which observed enhanced $\gamma$-ray emission
during the interval September 18-22, 2010 (Buehler et al.~2010, Abdo et al.~2011). The $\gamma$-ray flux reached the value of $(606\pm 43)\times 10^{-8}$ ph. cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ above 100 MeV.
The flaring component has a differential spectral index $2.49\pm 0.14$ and is coincident with the Crab Nebula.
The flare consists from three separated enhancements lasting 6-12 hours
(Balbo et al.~2010).
The lack of pulsed emission suggests that the flare is probably related to the Crab Nebula rather than the pulsar (Hays et al.~2010).

The enhanced $\gamma$-ray emission at about 1 TeV has been also reported by
the ARGO-YBJ air shower array (Aielli et al.~2010). This flaring component extends up to September 27th 2010, i.e. it lasts a few days longer than the 100 MeV emission reported by the satellite telescopes. The flux measured during the time interval September 17-22nd, 2010 was about 3-4 time higher than usual. Unfortunately, this enhanced emission has not been confirmed by the observations of the MAGIC (Mariotti et al.~2010) and VERITAS Collaborations (Ong et al.~2010).

The increased optical emission about 3 arcsec east of the Crab pulsar and from the wisp north-west of the pulsar has been reported by the Hubble Space Telescope
(Caraveo et al.~2010). This corresponds to the brightening of this same region in the X-rays as reported by the Chandra observations (Tennant et al.~2010).
However, other X-ray telescopes have not reported any significant change in the Crab Nebula spectrum and morphology (Sakamoto et al.~2010, Shaposhnikov et al.~2010).
Moreover, no any glitch of the Crab pulsar has been noted during the last 60 days before the $\gamma$-ray flare (Espinoza et al.~2010).

In this paper we investigate the hypothesis that the variable $\gamma$-ray emission
above $100$ MeV is due to the synchrotron radiation from electrons which are accelerated near the pulsar wind shock region to different maximum energies.
We expect that variable GeV $\gamma$-ray emission should be accompanied by the variable $\gamma$-ray emission above a few TeV from the Inverse Compton process.
Discovery of such variable emission by the present Cherenkov telescopes (HESS, MAGIC, VERITAS) and the future Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will allow to constrain the physical processes at the acceleration site and investigate the connections between the pulsar and the nebula. Note that recently
Komissarov \& Lyutikov~(2010) proposed the localization of the $\gamma$-ray flare emission region with the compact inner knot, based on their recent results on relativistic MHD simulations of the Crab nebula.

\section{A scenario for variable emission from the Crab Nebula}

The variability time scale of the $\gamma$-ray emission on the level of days can be understood assuming that the emission comes only from a part of the pulsar wind shock. Therefore, either only a small region of the axially symmetric pulsar wind shock is excited or the emission region is moving relativistically towards the observer.
The axial symmetry of the pulsar wind (with the axis parallel to the rotational axis of the pulsar) is consistent with the observations of the jet-torus morphology of the Crab Nebula (e.g. Hester 2008) and with the MHD simulations of the pulsar wind structure (Komissarov \& Lyubarsky~2003).
The first hypothesis seems unlikely since the wisp regions have already extensions which are larger than the light travel distance scale corresponding to 3-4 day time scale variability. Here we consider the second hypothesis in which the $\gamma$-ray emission region is related to the shock region which still moves with substantial Lorentz factor, $\gamma_{\rm sh}$, in the outward direction from the pulsar. This might be the region in the pulsar wind which is in the process of being decelerated at the pulsar wind shock region.
It is expected that in this region efficient reconnection process of the pulsar wind magnetic field can occur. As a result, good conditions are produced for acceleration of particles to the highest possible energies.
The first wisps in the Crab Nebula appear at the distance of $R_{\rm sh}\sim 7\times 10^{16}$ cm from the pulsar (Caraveo et al.~2010). In fact, recent optical observations of the wisp confirm its variability which may be related to the observed $\gamma$-ray variability by the AGILE and Fermi.

The observed day time scale $\gamma$-ray variability
allows to constrain $\gamma_{\rm sh}$. We assume that emission extends along the axially symmetric shock structure as observed in the Crab Nebula and expected from the MHD simulations (Komissarov \& Lyubarsky 2003). The turbulence which arrive to the shock is relatively thin, i.e. it is thinner than the light crossing time scale multiplied by the Lorentz factor of the emission region. The distant observer is able to detect emission only from a part of the shock with the opening angle $\alpha$ (see Fig.~1). Based on such scenario we can estimate $\sin\alpha$ on,
\begin{eqnarray}
\sin\alpha\approx
\sqrt{(c\tau_{\rm v}/R_{\rm sh})^2 + 2(c\tau_{\rm v}/R_{\rm sh})}.
\label{eq1}
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent
Produced radiation is collimated within the angle $\alpha$ for the Lorentz factor of the shock
of the order of,
\begin{eqnarray}
\gamma_{\rm sh}\sim 1/\alpha\approx \sqrt{R_{\rm sh}/(2c\tau_{\rm v})},
\label{eq2}
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent
provided that the variability time scale of the $\gamma$-ray emission is $\tau_{\rm v} << R_{\rm sh}/c$. In the case of the Crab Nebula shock with dimension $R_{\rm sh} = 7\times 10^{16}$ cm, the minimum Lorentz factor of the emission region should be of the order of $\gamma_{\rm sh}\approx 3.7\tau_{\rm d}^{-1/2}$ where $\tau_{\rm v} = 1\tau_{\rm d}$ days. We conclude that for the sub-day time scale variability (as observed in $\gamma$-rays by the Fermi-LAT telescope, Balbo et al.~2010), the Lorentz factor of the emission region in the shock has to be at least mildly relativistic. We suggest that the variable $\gamma$-ray emission observed from the Crab Nebula comes from a part of the pulsar wind which is just behind the shock and still moves with relativistic velocities.

\begin{figure}
\vskip 5.2truecm
\special{psfile=vcrabfig1.eps voffset=0 hoffset=0 hscale=43 vscale=47}
\caption{Schematic representation of the Crab Nebula. The pulsar (NS) produce relativistic axially symmetric wind which creates a shock at the distance $R_{\rm sh}$. $\gamma$-rays are produced behind the shock in the region of strong deceleration of the pulsar wind. Only those produced close to the part of the shock (thick part defined by the angle $\alpha$) can reach the observer (Obs). However, they reach the observer at different time due to the curvature of the shock structure. This time difference is limited by the observed variability time scale of the $\gamma$-ray emission ($c\tau_{\rm v}$).
It can be estimated for known $R_{\rm sh}$ and $\tau_{\rm v}$. The angle $\alpha$ is related to the collimation of the $\gamma$-ray emission which is caused by the relativistic motion of the emission region with the Lorentz factor $\gamma_{\rm sh}$.}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

We constrain the physical parameters of the emission region in the fluid frame (in which the electric field vanishes) based on the observations. This reference frame moves towards the observer with the Lorentz factor $\gamma_{\rm f}$.
We consider relativistic electrons with characteristic Lorentz factors $\gamma_{\rm br}^{\rm f}$ in the fluid reference frame which are immersed in the perpendicular magnetic field with the strength in the fluid frame $B_{\rm f}$.
The synchrotron spectrum from the Crab Nebula extends up to a hundred MeV, showing a break at, $\varepsilon_{\rm obs}\sim$100 MeV, during the quiescent stage (Abdo et al.~2010). This break can be related to a break in the electron spectrum according to,
\begin{eqnarray}
\varepsilon^{\rm syn}_{\rm br}\approx m_{\rm e}(B_{\rm f}/B_{\rm cr})(\gamma_{\rm br}^{\rm f})^2\approx \varepsilon_{\rm obs}/\gamma_{\rm f},
\label{eq3}
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent
where the critical magnetic field is $B_{\rm cr}\approx 4.4\times 10^{13}$ G, and $m_{\rm e}$ is the electron rest mass.
Applying the above value for the break in the synchrotron spectrum, $\varepsilon_{\rm obs}$, we get the constraint on the product of the magnetic field strength within the emission region and the Lorentz factor of radiating electrons,
\begin{eqnarray}
B_{\rm f}(\gamma_{\rm br}^{\rm f})^2\approx 8.8\times 10^{15}/\gamma_{\rm f}~~~{\rm G}.
\label{eq4}
\end{eqnarray}
On the other hand, the $\gamma$-ray flare observed by the AGILE  and the Fermi telescopes lasted for a few days and show a clear variability on a sub-day time scale, $\tau_{\rm obs}$ (Balbo et al.~2010). The duration of the flare has to be comparable (or longer) to the cooling time scale of electrons on the synchrotron process in the fluid frame, $\tau_{\rm syn}^{\rm cool}\approx \tau_{\rm obs}\gamma_{\rm f}$.
By comparing these two time scales, we get the lower limit on,
\begin{eqnarray}
B_{\rm f}^2\gamma_{\rm br}^{\rm f}\approx 6.5\times 10^3/(\tau_{\rm d}\gamma_{\rm f})~~~{\rm G^2}.
\label{eq5}
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent
These two conditions allows us to estimate the magnetic field strength at the acceleration region in the fluid frame on,
\begin{eqnarray}
B_{\rm f} > 1.7\times 10^{-3}\tau_{\rm d}^{-2/3}\gamma_{\rm f}^{-1/3}~~~{\rm G}.
\label{eq6}
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent
The magnetic field strength in the observer's frame is, $B_{\rm obs} = B_{\rm f}\gamma_{\rm f}$. For the variability time scale observed by the Fermi (of the order of 0.5 day, Balbo et al.~2010), we obtain the lower limit on $B_{\rm f}\approx 2.7\times 10^{-3}\gamma_{\rm f}^{-1/3}\approx 1.6\times 10^{-3}$ G, assuming that $\gamma_{\rm f} = \gamma_{\rm sh}$. The magnetic field as seen  from the observer reference frame is estimated on $B_{\rm obs}\approx 8.4\times 10^{-3}$ G.
On the other hand, a simple extrapolation of the magnetic field from the Crab pulsar surface up to the location of the first optical wisps in the Crab Nebula allows to estimate their magnetic field strength. We assume a dipole magnetic field structure in the pulsar inner magnetosphere below the light cylinder radius, $B(R_{\rm LC}) = B_{\rm NS}(R_{\rm NS}/R_{\rm LC})^3$, and a toroidal structure in the pulsar wind, $B(R) = B(R_{\rm LC})(R_{\rm LC}/R)$, where the surface magnetic field of the Crab pulsar $B_{\rm NS} = 6\times 10^{12}$ G, the light cylinder radius $R_{\rm LC} = cP_{\rm NS}/(2\pi)\approx 1.6\times 10^8$ cm, $B(R_{\rm LC})\approx 1.5\times 10^6$ G is the magnetic field strength at the light cylinder, the Crab pulsar rotational period is $P_{\rm NS} = 33$ ms, and $c$ is the velocity of light. The distance of the optical wisp from the pulsar is $R_{\rm wisp}\approx 7\times 10^{16}$ cm, estimated from the angular distance of 3 arcsec (Caraveo et al.~2010), and for the distance to the Crab Nebula of 1650 pc. This wisp has been recently reported as showing optical variability. Then, the magnetic field strength at the distance of the wisp is $B_{\rm wisp} = B(R_{\rm LC})(R_{\rm LC}/R_{\rm wisp})\sim 3.5\times 10^{-3}$ G. This estimate of the magnetic field fits well to the above estimate based on the variability time scale of the $\gamma$-ray emission.

In any way, this lower limit is significantly larger than the magnetic field strength within the whole volume of the Crab Nebula estimated on $\sim 10^{-4}$ G. Such low values of the magnetic field has been already predicted based on the spherically symmetric MHD model developed by Kennel \& Coroniti (1984). They have been successfully applied in modelling of the multiwavelength non-thermal emission from the Crab Nebula in terms of the popular Synchrotron self-Compton model (see e.g., de Jager \& Harding~1992, Atoyan \& Aharonian~1995, or recently Meyer, Horns \& Zechlin~2010).
The discrepancy between the magnetic field values estimated for the inner wisp and the whole Crab Nebula can be naturally understood in terms of the recent
axially symmetric MHD model discussed by Komissarov \& Lyutikov~(2010).
In this model the observed features in the inner part of the Crab Nebula (i.e. the inner knot and possibly also the wisp regions) are created by parts of the pulsar wind shock which lays significantly closer to the pulsar than the equatorial part of the pulsar wind shock. Therefore, the magnetic field strength at the considered by us the wisp region can be much stronger in respect to the whole nebula. The wisp region is quite extended but for the $\gamma$-ray flaring might be responsible only a part of this region which is more directed towards the observer (see Fig~1).
The possible variability of the pulsar wind termination shock (discovered in MHD simulations by Camus et al.~2009) can be responsible for the change of conditions in the acceleration region directed towards the observer at the Earth.

\section{Acceleration of electrons}

In general, the variable emission at the GeV energies observed from the Crab Nebula might be due to the change in the magnetic field strength at the acceleration site or the change of the plasma conditions which determines the acceleration process. Its influence on the acceleration of particles is usually described by the so called acceleration parameter.
We limit our considerations only to the second case since it is difficult to imagine situation in which the magnetic field, which source lays in the pulsar, can change significantly on a time scale of a few days in the pulsar wind.

The problem is how electrons can be accelerated to considered energies in the classical acceleration processes in such a relatively strong magnetic field. In the case of the shock acceleration scenario or acceleration in a turbulent region, the maximum Lorentz factors of electrons are limited by the synchrotron energy losses to $\gamma_{\rm max}\approx 10^9(\chi_{-1}/B_{-3})^{1/2}$,
where $\chi = 0.1\chi_{-1}$ is the acceleration coefficient, and the magnetic field strength at the acceleration site is defined in the shock reference frame. It is  scaled with $B = 10^{-3}B_{-3}$ G.
This limit has been obtained from the comparison of the energy gains of electrons from the shock acceleration mechanism, ${\dot P_{\rm acc}} = \chi E_{\rm e}/R_{\rm L}$, with their synchrotron energy losses,
${\dot P_{\rm syn}} = (4/3)\sigma_{\rm T}(B^2/8\pi)\gamma^2$,
where $E_{\rm e} = m_{\rm e}\gamma_{\rm e}$ is the energy of electrons, $R_{\rm L}$ is the Larmor radius of electrons, and $\sigma_{\rm T}$ is the Thomson cross section.

The maximum energies of synchrotron photons produced by electrons with the Lorentz factors, $\gamma_{\rm e}$, are independent on the magnetic field strength. They can be estimated from  $\varepsilon_{\rm max}\approx 11\chi_{-1}$ MeV (see Eq.~3). Note that the maximum energies of synchrotron photons produced by electrons accelerated in the shock scenario can not exceed $\sim 100$ MeV since $\chi\le 1$. This is also true in the case of relativistic shocks if considered in the shock reference frame (Kirk \& Reville~2010). However, in the case of relativistic shocks these maximum energies observed in the rest frame can be enlarged by the Doppler factor of the shock as shown in the analytical calculations by Achterberg et al.~(2001). Therefore, detection of synchrotron GeV emission from the Crab Nebula requires that the emission region moves towards the
observer with the Doppler factor of the order of $\sim$10, consistent with the lower limit estimated in Sect.~2. On the other hand, Monte Carlo simulations of the acceleration of particles by the first order Fermi shocks propagating in a realistically modelled turbulent magnetic fields show that the process may not be efficient and the maximum energies of accelerated particles can be lower than expected in previous modellings (Niemiec \& Ostrowski~2004, Niemiec, Ostrowski \& Pohl~2006).

Another possibility, originally considered by Coroniti (1990) and Michel~(1994), is the acceleration of electrons in the reconnection regions of the magnetic field in the pulsar wind before it reaches the shock region (e.g. Lyubarsky~1996, Lyubarsky \& Kirk~2001, Kirk \& Skjaeraasen~2003).
In the case of acceleration in the reconnection regions (along the magnetic field lines), electron energy does not need to be limited by the synchrotron energy losses (Kirk 2004). Electrons are injected into the magnetic field of the pulsar wind zone producing synchrotron $\gamma$-rays with energies overcoming the synchrotron energy loss limit on the shock acceleration process mentioned above.

Due to the observed shape of the spectrum from the Crab Nebula, we assume that electrons reach the equilibrium spectrum which can be described by a differential power law spectrum with the characteristic cut-off at $\gamma_{\rm br}$,
$dN/d\gamma_{\rm e} = \gamma^{-\beta}\exp(-\gamma/\gamma_{\rm br})$,
where $\beta$ is the spectral index considered in the range 3.0-3.6 in order to be consistent with the observed synchrotron spectrum at energies below the break.
Electrons with such equilibrium spectrum produce synchrotron photons up to GeV energies
and also TeV $\gamma$-rays by scattering variety of soft radiation fields inside or close to their acceleration site. Between them the best defined is the Microwave Background Radiation (MBR). The level of the soft synchrotron emission produced by low energy electrons fulfilling the whole Crab Nebula can not be so well defined in the region of the acceleration of electrons close to the pulsar wind shock.

\section{Gamma-rays from the Crab Nebula}

The reported variability of a hundred MeV - GeV $\gamma$-ray emission from the Crab Nebula
seems to be naturally interpreted as a result of the non-stationary acceleration of the end of the electron spectrum in the region when the pulsar wind interacts with the nebula. We propose that such emission variable on a short time scale likely comes from the region just behind the pulsar wind shock which still moves mildly relativistically. These electrons should produce synchrotron emission which sometimes can extend up to GeV energies.
On the other hand, these same electrons can produce also variable multi-TeV $\gamma$-rays as a result of the inverse Compton scattering of the MBR and very low energy (in radio range) synchrotron radiation.

\begin{figure}
\vskip 12.5truecm
\special{psfile=varcrabfig2a.eps voffset=230 hoffset=0 hscale=44 vscale=29}
\special{psfile=varcrabfig2b.eps voffset=115 hoffset=0 hscale=44 vscale=29}
\special{psfile=varcrabfig2c.eps voffset=0 hoffset=0 hscale=44 vscale=29}
\caption{The $\gamma$-ray spectrum from the Crab Nebula is compared with the calculations of the synchrotron spectrum (thick curves) and the IC spectra produced by electrons as a result of scattering of the MBR (thin curves) and low energy synchrotron emission within the nebula
(middle thick curves) in the quiescent, flaring, and supposed super-quiet episodes. (a) The magnetic field in the emission region is fixed on $B_{\rm sh} = 2\times 10^{-3}$ G,
the spectral index of electron spectrum is $\beta = 3$.),
and the Lorentz factors of electrons at the break in the spectrum are fixed on $\gamma_{\rm e}^{\rm q} = 7\times 10^8$ (solid curves, for the quiescent emission), $\gamma_{\rm e}^{f} = 3\times 10^9$ (dashed curves, for the flaring emission), and $2.3\times 10^8$ (dot-dot-dashed curves).
(b) As in figure (a) but for the spectral index of electrons $\beta = 3.6$.
(c) As in figure (b) but for $B_{\rm sh} = 4\times 10^{-2}$ G, and the Lorentz factors of electrons at the break fixed on $\gamma_{\rm e}^{\rm q} = 2\times 10^8$ (for the quiescent emission) and $\gamma_{\rm e}^{f} = 8\times 10^8$ (for the flaring emission),
and $7\times 10^7$.
The $\gamma$-ray spectrum in the quiescent stage is measured by the satellite telescopes above 100 MeV: COMPTEL (filled triangles, Kuiper et al.~2001) and Fermi (filled circles, Abdo et al.~2010) and by the Cherenkov telescopes above 1 TeV: HEGRA (open circles, Aharonian et al.~2004), HESS (open triangles, Aharonian et al.~2006).
The 5 hr sensitivity of the CTA is marked by the broken dot-dashed line (see Fig.~24 in the paper by The CTA Consortium~2010).}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}

We calculate the example spectra from the synchrotron process for
different parameters of the electron spectra which potentially could be responsible for the observed variability of $\gamma$-ray emission reported by the AGILE and the Fermi telescopes. For these same parameters we also calculate the IC $\gamma$-ray spectra in order to show how the end of IC spectrum should vary at energies above 1 TeV. In the calculations we apply the full formulae from Blumenthal \& Gould~(1970). Only the well defined soft photon target have been taken into account when calculating the IC spectra, i.e. the MBR and synchrotron radiation from the nebula. In the case of the synchrotron radio emission, we applied the observations of the Crab Nebula in the GHz energies (Baars \& Hartsuijker~1972).
The differential photon spectrum of this emission is well  described by a single power law with spectral index 1.26. This synchrotron differential photon density has been obtained by simple averaging over the whole volume of the nebula with the radius of 2 pc. We do not consider other possible low energy radiation fields such as the infrared radiation or the microwave radiation (see. e.g. Atoyan \& Aharonian~1996). The photon densities of these other radiation fields is much more difficult to define preciously in the region of the pulsar wind shock. Moreover their contribution to the total IC $\gamma$-ray spectrum at multi TeV region seems to be less important in respect to the comptonization of the MBR and the radio synchrotron photons (e.g. Atoyan \& Aharonian~1996).

At first, we model the steady synchrotron spectrum and the flare synchrotron spectrum by changing the maximum energies of accelerated electrons and keeping constant the magnetic field strength at the acceleration region which is fixed on $2\times 10^{-3}$ G.
For this magnetic field strength electrons have to have Lorentz factors $\gamma_{\rm e} = 7\times 10^8$, in order to be consistent with the observations of the cut-off in the synchrotron spectrum during the quiescent state (see Fig.~2a).
We also calculate the $\gamma$-ray spectra expected from electrons accelerated to
maximum energies which might correspond to the emission during the recently observed flare,
applying $\gamma_{\rm br} = 3\times 10^9$, and the supposed super-quiescent stage for which  $\gamma_{\rm br} = 2.3\times 10^8$ (Fig.~2a).
Electrons with the Lorentz factors corresponding to the quiescent stage
scatter the MBR almost in the Klein-Nishina (KN) regime since the energy of the MBR from the peak of the Planck spectrum
is equal to $\varepsilon^{\rm MBR}_{\rm EF} = 3kT\gamma_{\rm e}\approx m_{\rm e}$.
On the other hand, scattering of synchrotron radio emission is regulated to the
border between T-KN regimes, due to the power law spectrum of the synchrotron photons with the
spectral index $1.26$. The synchrotron and IC spectra are calculated for the two spectral indexes of electron spectrum, 3.0 and 3.6 (see Fig.~2a,b, respectively).
As expected the $\gamma$-ray emission produced by these electrons in the GeV and TeV energy ranges show clear correlations. However,
the end of the TeV $\gamma$-ray spectrum from scattering of MBR and synchrotron radio  emission vary on a lower level than the end of the synchrotron spectrum due to the IC scattering in (or close to) the Klein-Nishina regime. The change in the TeV $\gamma$-ray spectrum between the quiescent and flare states is substantial at energies above $\sim 10$ TeV.
Moreover, the IC component, due to the scattering of the radio emission, is steeper and start to dominate at lower energies than the IC component from scattering of the MBR.
The calculation of the level of the IC component from scattering of radio  emission is less reliable due to the uncertain determination of the photon density of the radio synchrotron photons
(produced in the outer nebula) in the region close to the pulsar shock.

In Fig.~2c, we also show the $\gamma$-ray spectra in the case of a very strong magnetic field at the emission region, equal to $B_{\rm sh} = 4\times 10^{-2}$ G, and a few values of the Lorentz factor of electrons at the break of their spectrum. Such strong magnetic field might appear as a result of the compression due to the decelerating pulsar wind.
The Lorentz factors of electrons, producing radiation in the quiescent stage, should be of the order of $\gamma_{\rm br} = 2\times 10^8$. Then, the energies of the MBR photons at the peak of the spectrum are $\varepsilon^{\rm MBR}_{\rm EF}\approx 0.3m_{\rm e}$, i.e. the ICS of the MBR occurs still in the T regime.
Therefore, the cut-offs in the IC spectrum calculated for the electron Lorentz factors corresponding to the quiescent and flaring stages clearly show stronger variability.

\section{Discussion and Conclusion}

We propose that the variable emission from the Crab nebula on a time scale of a few days, recently observed by the AGILE and the Fermi telescopes above 100 MeV, can be understood assuming that the emission region is moving mildly relativistically to the observer.
We suggest that this $\gamma$-ray emission comes from the region just behind the shock in the pulsar wind. It could be produced by electrons accelerated to
different maximum energies in the electric fields induced during the reconnection process of the magnetic field under the pressure exerted by the shocked wind.
These highest energy electrons produce synchrotron radiation in the MeV-GeV energy range and also the IC $\gamma$-rays above $\sim 1$ TeV by scattering of the MBR and the low energy synchrotron radiation. The relative role of these two soft radiation fields in the ICS process is difficult to estimate due to the lack of precise knowledge on the density of the GHz radio
photons at the acceleration site in the pulsar wind.

We consider different parameters describing the spectrum of injected electrons and compare them with the observations in the MeV-GeV and above 1 TeV energy ranges.
The flaring stage might result either due to the change of the maximum energies of accelerated electrons (described by their Lorentz factors at the break of the power law spectrum) or the the change of the spectral index of electrons at the highest energies, or by both effects. The change of only the break energy in the electron spectrum results in the TeV $\gamma$-ray IC spectra which show rather low level of variability at energies above $\sim 10$ TeV. Therefore, in such a case it will be difficult to observe synchronous
variations at the GeV and TeV energies even with the future Cherenkov Telescope Array
(see Fig.~2).
The situation is more promising in the case of the instantaneous change of the break energy in the electron spectrum with the flattening of the electron spectrum. In such a case, the clear variability of the IC spectrum through the broad range of the TeV energies
could be detected. The possible discovery of flaring emission in the TeV energies will be
easier in the case of significantly stronger magnetic field at the acceleration region. Then, the maximum energies of accelerated electrons can be lower and the IC scattering of the MBR could still occur in the Thomson regime. As a result, the end of IC spectrum should change quadratically with the change of energy of electrons.

The TeV $\gamma$-ray spectra calculated for the range of discussed parameters are compared with the best measurements of the Crab Nebula spectrum provided by the HEGRA (Aharonian et al.~2004) and the HESS (Aharonian et al.~2006). The HEGRA spectrum extends up to $\sim 80$ TeV showing no evidences of the cut-off. On the other hand, the HESS spectrum is steeper and shows
a cut-off at clearly lower energies. Calculated by us TeV spectra from IC scattering of the MBR and synchrotron radio photons in the quiescent and flaring stages shows better consistency with the spectrum measured by the HEGRA Collaboration (Aharonian et al.~2004). The relatively steep TeV $\gamma$-ray spectrum reported by the HESS Collaboration (Aharonian et al.~2006) might be consistent with our calculations provided that it has been obtained during the stage of a relatively non-efficient acceleration of electrons and relatively strong magnetic field strength in the emission region. The sub-GeV synchrotron $\gamma$-ray emission during such stage should be on the level below the $\gamma$-ray flux reported by the recent measurements
by the Fermi-LAT telescope (Abdo et al.~2010). Note however, that the $\gamma$-ray emission reported by the EGRET telescope a decade ago (e.g. Kuiper et al.~2001) seems to be on the lower level than the present Fermi-LAT measurements. This suggest that the sub-GeV emission from the Crab Nebula can vary not only up but also down in respect to the so called quiescent level
observed by the Fermi.

The possible variability of the end of the TeV $\gamma$-ray emission from the Crab Nebula produced in the ICS process by electrons may be partially hidden in the case of efficient acceleration of hadrons within the nebula. These hadrons, coming from the surface of the Crab pulsar, could be also accelerated in the scenario discussed here. They interact with the matter within the Crab Nebula producing steady emission which is expected above $\sim 10$ TeV, see e.g. Amato et al.~(2003), Bednarek \& Bartosik~(2003), Horns  et al.~(2005).

\section*{Acknowledgments}
We would like to thank Maria Giller for discussion.
This work is supported by the Polish MNiSzW grant N N203 390834 and NCBiR grant ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/10.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Date as a filter in vector format on GEE I want to use date as a filter in zone on GEE script and I want to add start and end date as date filter. I need to add start date and end date in here. But vectors format is different from Raster format. Can you help me please?

Map.addLayer(latest_radd_alert.select('Date'), {min:20001,max:21200,palette:['eb1677','f6f5ff', '0000FF']}, 'RADD alert date')

var year21sel = latest_radd_alert.select('Date');
var zones = year21sel.gt(20001).add(year21sel.gt(21001));
zones = zones.updateMask(zones.neq(0));' enter code'

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This year we are doing more in our homeschool classroom for Thanksgiving, and decided to share this Free 5 Day Thanksgiving Unit Study with you. With a few simple lessons focused around the book The Very First Thanksgiving, you'll find your kids learning, having fun and understanding what Thanksgiving is all about. Even though my husband may not be here for his years day of Thanks, our boys will be learning about why we should be thankful not just on this day, but every day.
Spend time helping your child learn about measurements in math by focusing on Thanksgiving themed items with this printable. Provide your child with a ruler and search the house and pantry for items that remind you of Thankstgiving. Beans, cranberry sauce, boxes of stuffing, pumpkins, corn stalks, hay bales, candles, etc. can all be great items to measure. If possible, give them a measuring tape as well to make this more accurate.
Add again to your I Am Thankful prompt from day 1. Encourage your children to come up with new and different things they are thankful for, outside what has already been listed.
Use this attached writing paper to have your older child write our vocabulary words; turkey, pilgram, indian, corn, Thanksgiving, Mayflower. For a younger child, write the word with highlighter and have them trace over your highlighter words.
Create another lovely table decoration for your Thanksgiving table scape. Have your child create a custom tablecloth. Purchase a roll of brown craft wrapping/shipping paper from Dollar Tree. Provide the kids with Fall themed stamps, ink pads , stickers, markers and crayons. If there is room left after decorating you could also place markers and crayons out on the Thanksgiving table to give kids and adults a fun busy activity.
Discuss with your child the type of food that the Pilgrims and Indians (the Wampanoag tribe) most likely ate for the first Thanksgiving. While of course there is no specific menu listed, there are several accounts written that outlined some of their fare. The Indian's contributed deer, and the colonists most likely provided ducks,geese, and wild turkeys. Since fish and shellfish were the main diet of the colonists, it was probably on the table as well. Indian corn (maze) was a primary crop of the time, and cabbage, beans, squash, and onions. It is believed that by this time the colonists were out or nearly out of sugar so it is not likely they had desserts on their table.
Continuewith the sensory bin daily, swapping out an item or two to keep it fresh. Perhaps today you could include some dried beans, or these fun Settlers Toobs by Safari or these Animal Toobs By Safari. These figures will be great for creative story telling, as well as simply telling different shapes and textures in the sensor bin. They are also very fun to use with the Apple Cider Playdough from Day 1.


An error has occurred. We are experiencing technical difficulties. Please try again later or contact the Development Services Center at 336-883-3151, for assistance. If you are trying to open or download a document, please click the file name link again and your document will begin to download. Thank you and we apologize for the inconvenience.


text:
What Is Annealing?
Category: Processes
While the chemical composition of a metal determines much of the mechanical properties, many metals can have their mechanical properties altered through heat treatment. There are many different types of heat treatment used today, and one of the most popular methods is annealing.
Annealing is a heat treatment process used mostly to increase the ductility and reduce the hardness of a material. This change in hardness and ductility is a result of the reduction of dislocations in the crystal structure of the material being annealed. Annealing is often performed after a material has undergone a hardening or cold working process to prevent it from brittle failure or to make it more formable for subsequent operations.
Why Is Metal Annealed?
As mentioned above, annealing is used to reduce hardness and increase ductility. Changing these mechanical properties through annealing is significant for many reasons:
Annealing improves the formability of a material. Hard, brittle materials can be difficult to bend or press without creating a material fracture. Annealing helps eliminate this risk.
Annealing can also improve machinability. A material that is extremely brittle can cause excessive tool wear. Reducing the hardness of a material via annealing can reduce the wear on the tool being used.
Annealing removes residual stresses. Residual stresses can create cracks and other mechanical complications, and it is often best to eliminate them whenever possible.
What Metals Can Be Annealed?
To perform an annealing process, a material that can be altered by heat treatment must be used. Examples include many types of steel and cast iron. Some types of aluminium, copper, brass and other materials may also respond to an annealing process.
The Annealing Process
There are three main stages to an annealing process.
Recovery stage.
Recrystallization stage
Grain growth stage
Recovery Stage
During the recovery stage, a furnace or other type of heating device is used to raise the material to a temperature where its internal stresses are relieved.
During the recrystallization stage, the material is heated above its recrystallization temperature, but below its melting temperature. This causes new grains without preexisting stresses to form.
During the grain growth, the new grains fully develop. This growth is controlled by allowing the material to cool at a specified rate. The result of completing these three stages is a material with more ductility and reduced hardness. Subsequent operations that can further alter mechanical properties are sometimes carried out after the annealing process.
When Are Annealed Metals Used?
Common applications for annealed metals include:
Work-hardened materials such as sheet metal that has undergone a stamping process or cold drawn bar stock.
Metal wire that has been drawn from one size to a smaller size may also undergo an annealing process.
Machining operations that create high amounts of heat or material displacement may also warrant an annealing process afterward.
Welded components can create residual stresses in the area of the material exposed to elevated temperatures; to recreate uniform physical properties, annealing is often used.
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Metal Supermarkets is the world's largest small-quantity metal supplier with over 85 brick-and-mortar stores across the US, Canada, and United Kingdom. We are metal experts and have been providing quality customer service and products since 1985.
At Metal Supermarkets, we supply a wide range of metals for a variety of applications. Our stock includes: stainless steel, tool steel, galvanised steel, engineering steel, aluminium, brass, bronze and copper.
Our steel is available in a wide range of shapes including: bars, tubes, sheets and plates. We can cut metal to your exact specifications.
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7 locations in the United Kingdom offering instant access to a wide variety of metal types, shapes, sizes and grades.
What Is Superfinishing?
Metals from the mill often have a finish that is not is not particularly smooth or aesthetically pleasing.
What Is Cold Welding?
While welding is often associated hot orange sparks and molten metal, there are several welding processes that do not fit this visual.
What Is Friction Welding?
What Is Friction Welding? Friction welding is a solid-state welding process that is used on metals and other materials.


text:
Main Library · Information and Reference Department
Second Floor—South Building
Manager: Ben Lathrop
Reference Team Leader Phoebe Acheson
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In 2007, a dynamic new service model was developed for the Main Library. Under this new plan, resources previously divided among individual Main Library subject departments were drawn together into the Information and Reference Department. The Information and Reference Department offers customers expert reference assistance across a broad range of subjects from the 2nd floor service desk.
The Information and Reference Department has an extensive nonfiction collection that encompasses a wide cross-section of subjects including: philosophy, psychology, religion, sports, chemistry, cooking, consumer research, gardening, engineering, natural history, health and medicine, parenting, car repair, business, government, computers, politics, investments, jobs, art, architecture, design, crafts, television and movies, photography, theater, journalism, literary analysis, biographies, publishing, poetry, history, geography, travel, popular culture, and current events.
The Information and Reference Department collection includes circulating copies of popular local, national, and international magazines, as well as scholarly and trade journals. The department also houses an extensive collection of local, national, and international newspapers and a microfilm collection containing many of Cincinnati's newspapers dating back to the 19th century. Current issues of many magazines and newspapers are on display in the department. Ask at the reference desk for other titles or back issues.
As a designated Government Documents and Patent and Trademark Depository Library, the Department's collection also includes many publications received from the federal government and the Patent and Trademark Depository Library program.
Grants. Resources to help non-profit organizations identify and pursue funding opportunities.
Careers. Resources about career choices, job searching, resume writing, and interviewing.
Small Businesses. Information on the management, planning, finance and legal aspects of starting a small business, as well as information on industry and market analysis.
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The Information and Reference Department staff offer professional, expert assistance to all customers having questions, from simple fact checking to in-depth research. Although the primary service point is the 2nd floor central desk, "Roving reference" staff are also available on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd floor to help customers locate material and use Library resources. Staff in the "Remote Reference Center" handle phone calls and emails. Passport application are also accepted in the Department, please see our Passport site for more details about this service.
Events & Classes for adults at the Main Library
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text:
Deokjong of Goryeo (9 June 1016 – 31 October 1034) (r. 1031–1034) was the 9th ruler of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea.  The son of Hyeonjong, he was confirmed as Crown Prince in 1022.  During his reign, the national histories begun under his father were completed, and the construction of the long Cheolli Jangseong wall began.

After ascending the throne in 1031, Deokjong requested that the Khitan return their Goryeo prisoners and pull back from the Yalu River. After this request was refused, he turned to fortifying the northern frontier.

Family
Father: Hyeonjong of Goryeo (고려 현종)
Grandfather: Anjong of Goryeo (고려 안종)
Grandmother: Queen Heonjeong (헌정왕후)
Mother: Queen Wonseong (원성왕후 김씨)
Grandfather: Gim Eun-bu (김은부)
Grandmother: Grand Lady of Ansan County of the Incheon Yi clan (안산군대부인 이씨)
Consorts and their Respective Issue(s):
Queen Gyeongseong of the Gyeongju Gim clan (경성왕후 김씨); half younger sister – No issue.
Worthy Consort Gyeongmok of the Gaeseong Wang clan (경목현비 왕씨)
Princess Sanghoe (상회공주); died young.
Queen Hyosa of the Ansan Gim clan (효사왕후 김씨); half younger sister – No issue.
Lady, of the Buyeo Yi clan (부인 부여 이씨) – No issue.
Lady, of the Chungju Yu clan (부인 충주 유씨) – No issue.
Unknown
Princess Wang (공주 왕씨)

See also
List of Korean monarchs#Goryeo
List of Goryeo people

References

1016 births
1034 deaths
11th-century Korean monarchs
People from Kaesong

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text:
Nuk comic book conventions 2015
The students can use their knowledge of comic components and conventions to guide the teacher through a wholeclass created comic. If youre not familiar with the fine art of cosplay, its all about recreating your favorite characters look and befriending other likeminded, awesomely dressed fans. The biggest entertainment expo in the world, comiccon has grown from humble origins to. Robcon is the primier comic convention in southwest virginia and northeast tennessee. This year we will be at the meadowview convention center in kingsport tennessee.
Be the first to hear about new arrivals, popular comics, and upcoming shows. A list of upcoming worldwide conventions from the biggest convention database as found on. Comic book horror and nerd conventions to attend in 2018. Conventions of comic writing character and conflict the easiest way to address the conventions of comic writing may be to set them in contrast with tragic or serious writing.
Huge selection of toys and comics earl shaws comics. He is excited to share his criticallyacclaimed work at the firstever chicago land comic con. Based in central florida, we produce and promote comic conventions in select cities throughout the united states and provide advertising services to clients worldwide. Ive been meaning to start this conversation for about a week now but its spring break and time is scarce no, its actually scarce in real life not just overstreet scarce but actually being hoarded by collectors. If youre not familiar with the fine art of cosplay, its all about recreating your favorite characters look. Conventions schedule download 2020 printable schedule. It has come to our attention that unscrupulous spammers have begun spoofing our. In addition to the conventions listed below, wizard entertainment produces large comic book conventions in 21 american cities. Comic book artist finally gets the recognition he deserves. The organizers of c4 intend to prove to the world that comic conventions just find out more. The full history of comic books was on display at the new york event, including a panel session with captain america cocreator joe simon just three days past his 98th birthday, a session on will eisners the spirit and bob kanes the batman, and an announcement of a new comic book series from famed comic book impresario stan lee. Flame con 2020 august 1516, 2020 flame con is returning to the new york sheraton times square for its sixth year. Once again, we hope to bring some more of your favourite stars from tv, film and comics as well.
Uk comic conventions, expos and popular culture shows in. Comic convention calendar dec 30, 2019 each weekend, in cities large and small, readers and fans can meet and interact with other fans, publishers, and celebrities at conventions dedicated to comics, science fiction, fantasy, media, gaming, anime, manga, and. Cosplay convention center finds fandom conventions by regions, state, and theme, as well as finding industry professionals. To help narrow down the list of mustattend events, heres a look at the five comic book conventions comic con happening in 2018. Here we are folks, 2017 is over leaving us with great memories of comic book, halloween, scifi and fan conventions from last year. Imaginarium is a multifaceted event production and advertising agency. Most comprehensive list of 2020 comic book conventions dates and locations around the country.
At c4, all comics are equal, as are their creators and their fans. The san diego comic convention comiccon international is a california. Do you like science fiction, fantasy, steampunk, comics, gaming, or anime. Due to popular demand, we are offering an early admission access vip pass. Saturday 17th october 2020 nottingham conference centre. The quick guide is a special section in the center of the wondercon anaheim 2017 program guide, which youll get while supplies last when you pick up your lanyard, bag and book or badge if you purchased after feb. The founders of imaginarium are fullfledged comic book and comic book original art nerds. The historically comicsfocused gathering was founded in 1970 as the golden state comic book convention. My hero academia, dragon ball z, superman, and more. Paul has also written for alterna and stache comics. In accordance with the naming conventions, it has been suggested that this page be moved to. Here you will see the latest news, ticket sales, guest appearances and more. Kenosha comic book and collectables show home facebook.
Then they should analyze professional comics use of the conventions. He is known for cocreating some of comics greatest characters such as wolverine, carol danvers, morbius, vision, iron fist, luke cage, valkyrie, ultron, red guardian, black knight and so many more. Our policy is to send out one mass email per show, approximately two days before each show, to inform our customers about the upcoming shows. Nicholas cage buys amazing comic books at amazing comic con las vegas 2016. Six tables, six guys, thirty or so boxes, and a lot of talk about john byrnes latest cover for the xmen. Dec 05, 20 uk comic conventions, expos and popular culture shows in 2014. Nov 29, 2017 looking ahead to 2018 comic book conventions have a number of things in store for us.
Convention scene is the webs leading source for comic book conventions, comic book creator store signings, and much more. First second hosts comics relief on saturday april 18th. To return to aristotle and his poetics for a minute, he defined tragedy as follows. Comic conventions strongly advises you check with the relevant convention s website for the most up to date information before you book and accept no responsibility for mistakes made on the basis of this page. A comic book convention or comic con is an event with a primary focus on comic books and. Various locations across the san francisco bay area.
Here is the current listing of small one day comic shows in the midwest, along with a few bigger ones. The infinity toy and comic cons conventions and events celebrate comics, toys and the pop cultures that has formed around them. Recognizing that countless attendees save and plan for its conventions. Cherry capital comic con c4 is a comic book convention that celebrates the medium of comics, rather than a specific genre. Apr 04, 2020 postponed big apple con new york, new york. Please buy the comics and take them home before reading them you will not get stepped on. The infinity toy and comic con is an organization dedicated to creating awareness, appreciation, and shared experiences related to comics and toys. Pages in category comics conventions the following 48 pages are in this category, out of 48 total. Roy thomas is a legendary comic book writer and editor, who was stan lees protege and first successor as editorinchief of marvel comics. Top comic book conventions to look forward to in 2018. The genre the genre was popular during the 1930s and 40s, but turmoil in the comic book industry prevented this from being sustained.
In this adaption, he is a police officer and his first name is changed to will. The collaboration highlights mcms commitment to comic book fans and the mcm. She started by going to anime conventions, but once she discovered comic con, she was in love. In a postapocalyptic wasteland, a woman rebels against a tyrannical ruler in search for her homeland with the aid of a group of female prisoners, a psychotic worshiper, and a.
Chester comic con is a comic book, pop culture and scifi convention in the historic. The convention mainly focuses on video games, scifi, cosplay and popular. Postponed big apple con new york, new york comic cons. Superhero songs comic book stores best streaming tv service comic book news. Aside from being a great place to get autographs or photos with your favorite celebrities, watch sneak peeks of upcoming blockbuster movies, or see some of the most talented cosplay enthusiasts pay homage to many fictional characters, comic book conventions are the ultimate collectors show. Comic conventions comic conventions, listings, news.
Chicago pop culture con takes place on november 30 10am to 7pm and december 1 10am read more zombreexwx cosplay. Mincon is a pop culture convention taking place at the mineola memorial library. In a sea of celebrity autograph festivals masquerading as comic book conventions, we have made it our mission to have an event that celebrates comics and creators above all else, for creative communitydriven event and familyfriendly experience here in cincinnati. At these one day events you can find a variety of comics and related collectibles such as action figures, non sports cards. Uk comic conventions, expos and popular culture shows in 2015. This weekend, we wandered the halls of comiccon with our camera at the ready, on the lookout for exceptional examples of disney cosplay. Nuke makes an appearance in the netflix series jessica jones as one of kilgraves victims, played by wil traval. Looking ahead to 2018 comic book conventions have a number of things in store for us. Commonly, comic conventions are multiday events hosted at convention centers, hotels, or college campuses. Money makers comic book films make a lot of money at the box office.
Now is the time to start planning which conventions to attend, and where they are, to make travel and work arrangements. At the time of bakers casting as davisons successor he was the only actor portraying the doctor to have appeared in the television series as another character prior to taking on the leading role in 20 peter capaldi was announced as the. A comic book convention or comic con is an event with a primary focus on comic books and comic book culture, in which comic book fans gather to meet creators, experts, and each other. Are comic book conventions really comic book conventions. Welcome to absolutely the best oneday comic convention in the south. This years comiccon was once again packed with cosplay, heres everything we saw. Paul axel is the creator and writer of rotten roots, a historical fiction crime drama set on cape cod. Join tens of thousands comic con going fans on the comic fans squad to receive information for your favorite comic, anime and fan conventions around the country. We have some of the best dealers from all around the region attending our show. Please do not move this page yet, as the correct name could still be in discussion and may change again soon.
Forest city comic con canada joe shuster awards 2015. Comicbook horror and nerd conventions to attend in 2018. Uk comic conventions, expos and popular culture shows in 2014. How comiccon has become an annual festival of costumes and comic books and a multimillion dollar industry. More than a week of events celebrating the bay areas thriving comics scene and its rich comics history during the third sf comics fest that runs friday, march 1st through sunday, march 10th. The mcm london comic con is a speculative fiction fan convention held in the london.
Indiana roots run deep in comic book writers, artists. Convention scene upcoming florida comic book conventions. The mcm london comic con is a speculative fiction fan convention held in the london borough of newham twice yearly, usually on the last weekend in may and october. Here are some of the dealers who will be attending the show. We update our calendar regularly when more comic book conventions are announced or as we learn of them see how to add your event to our calendar. Here we are folks, 2017 is over leaving us with great memories of comic book, halloween, scifi. This page is provided for ataglance information only and not. Paul i94 exit 246b mcknight ave eastbound exit 247 century ave westbound the convention is open to the public from 10 am to 4 pm and is the only twin cities comic event where admission is free. Conventions of comic writing character and conflict the. By continuing to use the comic conventions site, you explicitly agree to the use of cookies. Dec 30, 2019 comic convention calendar dec 30, 2019 each weekend, in cities large and small, readers and fans can meet and interact with other fans, publishers, and celebrities at conventions dedicated to comics, science fiction, fantasy, media, gaming, anime, manga, and other topics of interest. The minnesota comic book convention being held at the doubletree st paul east former hotel metro st paul 3m area located at 2201 burns ave. Comic con collecting tips, buying, deals, strategies, advice. Click for more information on what information we store accept the cookie settings on this website are set to allow cookies to give you the best browsing experience possible.
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Bilicze (ukr. Біличі, Biłyczi) – wieś na Ukrainie, w obwodzie wołyńskim, w rejonie iwanickim. W 2001 roku liczyła 528 mieszkańców.

Linki zewnętrzne
 Bilicze na stronie Rady Najwyższej Ukrainy

Wsie w obwodzie wołyńskim
Rejon iwanicki


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One month ago, former Daily Show host Jon Stewart went on Fox News to shame Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell for failing to protect 9/11 first responders. Wednesday afternoon, he was back on that network to give his fellow Republican senator from Kentucky a piece of his mind. In an interview with Bret Baier, Stewart immediately took aim at Rand Paul who, along with Sen. Mike Lee (R-UT), blocked a Senate bill that would extend the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund, making the case that it should be offset by other spending cuts. Responding directly to Paul, Stewart called his objection "absolutely outrageous," adding, "Pardon me if I'm not impressed in any way by Rand Paul's fiscal responsibility virtue signaling." Jon Stewart Fires Back at Mitch McConnell on 'Colbert': Stop 'Jacking Around' 9/11 First RespondersStewart went on to condemn Paul for supporting President Trump's $1.5 trillion tax cut that "added hundreds of billions of dollars to our deficit" and now trying to "balance the budget on the backs of the 9/11 first responder community." "Bret, this is about what kind of society we have," a clearly furious Stewart continued. "At some point, we have to stand up for the people who have always stood up for us, and at this moment in time maybe cannot stand up for themselves due to their illnesses and their injuries. And what Rand Paul did today on the floor of the Senate was outrageous." "He is a guy who put us in hundreds of billions of dollars in debt," he said of Paul. "And now he's going to tell us that a billion dollars a year over 10 years is just too much for us to handle? You know, there are some things that they have no trouble putting on the credit card, but somehow when it comes to the 9/11 first responder community—the cops, the firefighters, the construction workers, the volunteers, the survivors—all of a sudden we've got to go through this." Appearing next to Stewart was 9/11 first responder and activist John Feal, who thanked the host and Fox News as a whole for being so "generous" with their time on this issue before calling Senators Paul and Lee "bottom-feeders" who "lack humanity" and "lack leadership."Stewart said survivors like Feal and others shouldn't have to "drag themselves back to Washington, put their hats in their hands and beg for something that this country should have done 14 years ago," adding, "It's an abomination." Read more at The Daily Beast.Get our top stories in your inbox every day. Sign up now!Daily Beast Membership: Beast Inside goes deeper on the stories that matter to you. Learn more.
Here's the Lineup for the Second Democratic Presidential Debate
(Bloomberg) -- The Democratic National Committee and CNN unveiled the list of candidates who will take part in the second presidential primary debates of the 2020 election.The debates will take place in Detroit on July 30 and 31 with 10 candidates on each stage. The group participating each night will be selected at random in a live draw on CNN on Thursday. Each night's slate will be designed to feature a mix of high-polling and low-polling contenders.Below are the candidates who have qualified based on the DNC rules.Joe Biden, former vice presidentCory Booker, U.S. senator from New JerseyPete Buttigieg, South Bend, Indiana, mayorJulian Castro, former secretary of Housing and Urban DevelopmentTulsi Gabbard, U.S. congresswoman from HawaiiKirsten Gillibrand, U.S. senator from New YorkKamala Harris, U.S. senator from CaliforniaJay Inslee, Washington governorAmy Klobuchar, U.S. senator from MinnesotaBeto O'Rourke, former U.S. congressman from TexasBernie Sanders, U.S. senator from VermontElizabeth Warren, U.S. senator from MassachusettsMarianne Williamson, spiritual healerAndrew Yang, entrepreneurMichael Bennet, U.S. senator from ColoradoTim Ryan, U.S. congressman from OhioJohn Hickenlooper, former Colorado governorBill de Blasio, New York City mayorJohn Delaney, former U.S. congressman from MarylandSteve Bullock: Montana governorTo qualify, the DNC required a threshold of at least 1% support in major polls, or 65,000 individual donations from at least 20 states. If more than 20 candidates qualified under at least one criteria, the DNC would decide who to cut.The candidates who won't make the second debate are Seth Moulton, congressman from Massachusetts and Wayne Messam, mayor of Miramar, Florida. Billionaire activist Tom Steyer and former Pennsylvania Representative Joe Sestak, who recently joined the race, didn't qualify because they haven't been included in polls.The contenders have been grouped into three tiers based on polling to ensure that each stage features a mix of top-scoring and lower-scoring candidates. Contenders in each group will be divided evenly over the two nights. The top tier includes Biden, Warren, Sanders and Harris. In the last debate, Warren was the only top-polling candidate on the first night.(Updates with selection procedure in final paragraph)To contact the reporter on this story: Max Berley in Washington at mberley@bloomberg.netTo contact the editors responsible for this story: Joe Sobczyk at jsobczyk@bloomberg.net, Wendy Benjaminson, Max BerleyFor more articles like this, please visit us at bloomberg.com©2019 Bloomberg L.P.
The Latest: Protesters mark anniversary of Garner's death
The Latest on the U.S. Justice Department's decision not to prosecute the officer involved in Eric Garner's death. Several hundred people marched in lower Manhattan to mark the five year anniversary of Eric Garner's death. The marchers on Wednesday chanted and held signs saying "I Can't Breathe," a reference to Garner's dying words, as they marched past federal courthouses.
Man convicted for killing woman in front of her children
A man who served decades in prison for stabbing his wife 14 times in front of her daughter was convicted Wednesday in a nearly identical crime — stabbing a woman at least 11 times while her twin children watched. Albert Flick, 77, who was previously deemed too old to be a threat by a judge, was convicted in the 2018 death of Kimberly Dobbie. Both the attack, which was in front of a laundromat in broad daylight, and Flick's purchase two days earlier of two knives, were caught on surveillance video.
"There's a crisis in Queens and it's called AOC," said Scherie Murray, a Republican businesswoman who is challenging Ocasio-Cortez in 2020.
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Post-Superstorm: Planning and Design After Sandy
New Concentration at GSD Tackles Risk and Resilience
The list of recent natural disasters appears endless: hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons, earthquakes. The connection between climate change and a greater frequency of climate disasters is becoming increasingly clear. It's also evident that those...
Top-down approach: Green roof part of sustainability efforts at Design School
MudWorks
MudWorks was a design-build installation produced by the Harvard GSD Loeb Fellows Class of 2012 under the direction of Loeb Fellow Anna Heringer and Austrian earth artist, Martin Rauch.
Team of GSD researchers delivers Infrastructure Sustainability Awards
An interdisciplinary team of 12 Harvard Graduate School of Design students worked with Dr. Andreas Georgoulias, Lecturer in Architecture and director of the Zofnass Program for Sustainable Infrastructure, to deliver the Inter-American Development...
Avoid the 'science of yesterday'
Henk Ovink thinks about the threat posed by rising seas to developed coastlines, a lot. The Dutch expert on the subject brought his water wisdom to the Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD) this semester, co-teaching a course on managing such...
Greener Buildings and Cities
Learning from nature, native peoples
This is one in a series of profiles showcasing some of Harvard's stellar graduates. Search the whole world over, and you would be hard pressed to find one person who could do each of these: run 100 meters in 11.84 seconds, design a public park...
Where heat is deadliest
With longer and hotter heat waves in the offing, a Harvard professor has put the urban "heat island" under the microscope, finding smaller heat islands — mainly occupied by the poor — within city limits, and identifying...
The challenges of greener cities
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Wow!.. it was like yesterday i celebrated New Year with the whole family .. it was last last year.. yesterday, i mean last year only few of us.. my family, nephew, sister and parents. We celebrated simple dinner and prayer, last year was the simplest, without my sister's and brother's family, we were so quite.. lol.
Happy New Year 2009 to everybody.. from us, Shirley, Christopher, Sean Matthew and Chrissa Marie. May this new year will bring us peace, good health, wealth and happiness! God Bless!!
Next Next post: Congratulation! You Did It!
Happy New Year my dear friend! May this New Year brings good things in your life and family, God Bless always!
Have a prosperous & blessed 2009 Shirl.
May there be peace, joy, love, health and lots of kaching for all of us in 2009!
carol,.. thanks for your support, love and advice throughout 2008.. there were times i hurt your feeling but you never failed to trust and accept the way i am.. i hope this friendship last forever..
because you need strength to ease your burden and throw your sorrow away..
Thanks for being part of my blog. lol.. your comment indeed a support.. i love your cheese cake.. meeting you in person have been great.. next time we meet again kio..
HAPPY NEW YEAR!!!! 😀 and no im not looking forward to get back to work myself shirley…you are not alone..LOL!!!
LJ, thanks for your help during my paypal problems..lol.. and tips on where to get money.. even though i'm still can't win any bid..poor me… anyway i really hope to meet you in person. Happy New Year dear, may this year bring you more traffic, more assnmt, more money…most of all more love & happiness!
hi Emelda,.. i will be on leave lagi next week..urus sikul..lol.. phew..paning paning.
happy new year shirley..ur hubby looks familiar..hehehe..no many indian ba di kk nie..
Greg, Happy New Year to you.. God Bless!
hi deana.. happy new year to you too kio. God Bless!


text:
Q: how to get only fully matched string from match I need to match "test" or "test," from a string like
"test, testhellowowo, wowtest,"

Attempt 1
test[,]?

it will match all three since all of the string include the test regardless what comes after.
Attempt 2
^test[,]?$

it won't match any unless the string is test or test,
Expected results
"test, testhellowowo, wowtest,".match(x) // should match `test,`
"testhellowowo, wowtest,".match(x)  // should not match anything

A: You can use word boundaries
/\btest\b/g

They match at

*

*Before the first character in the string, if the first character is a word character.

*After the last character in the string, if the last character is a word character.

*Between two characters in the string, where one is a word character and the other is not a word character.

A: If you need to include the punctuation mark you could also do /^test[,]?$/gm
^ matches beginning of string
$ matches end of string


Top Five Mistakes Leaders Make in These Troubled Times - Bottom Line Underwriters, Inc.
without ever having a plan. Now that's a bonehead mistake.
this… then this…" so you can try it on for size.
away all sense of responsibility and ownership. How refreshing to have the Obama team now posting discussions on the internet and seeking input from a variety of people with differing viewpoints. Building transparency goes a long way for building trust and making us all feel we are part of the solution.
underserved customers and too much work done by too few people or canceling the meeting without realizing that this is the time TO GATHER and candidly talk are just two examples of cuts that could have been done with a scalpel instead of a hacksaw. Substitute Jello for Jamoca Fudge and Two Buck Chuck for Dom Perignon but bring people together.
to Layoffs by Wayne Cascio, professor of management at the University of Colorado-Denver Business School.
revenue. Ask how you can turn them into champions of what you provide. Make them feel special and valuable. I've noticed that my bank is now making every effort to thank me for my business, to call me by name, to answer any request with a "no problem" attitude. Sure, they should have been doing that all along but-better late than never. Besides, they've already got all my money in the safe. I think they'd like to keep it.
into every PowerPoint presentation that was made. It was a waste of executive talent, made each project longer than necessary, disempowered the employee creating the presentation, and actually used up some $15,000 worth of senior management time!


Chris, I really enjoyed your pictures, found your blog researching the Dix mountain range hike. We did it this September on a crystal clear day.
Glad you liked the pics and blog! Sounds like you all had a phenomenal day in one of the best ranges in the northeast!
This is amazing man. Incredible that you did 31 in 9 days. I love finding a well put together websites with exactly what Eastern hikers want to see, so I applaud you for this site. I hike in the Whites and I'm really itching to get to NY, I plan on visiting my buddy at Clarkson soon. I wanna hit the Algonquin range and Avalanche pass for my first 3. Any tips?
Hi Cole, The MacNtyre Range is awesome and it's a great first hike, my only tip is do it when you have decent weather with views, it makes for a phenomenal hike. If the weather is crummy or socked in the clouds hit up stuff like Street & Nye, Phelps & Table Top, Dial & Nippletop, or Marshall. Enjoy the ADKs!!


Topic: USB on STM32L432 Driving Me NUTS!
Re: USB on STM32L432 Driving Me NUTS!
I made the switch, https://github.com/alex31/chibios_svn_mirror is now tracking OSDN repository.
Is it possible for you to send a minimal example that use this library ?


Vedalam continues its record run Malaysia. It has managed to add 133,703MYR [$31,650] in its 3rd weekend. The grand total now stands at 7,978,592MYR [$1,826,558 | Rs 12.08 Cr ]. This Ajith starrer is expected to close its business with record 8 million Malaysian Ringgit as the movie is continued at around 40 locations. Only two other Tamil movies managed to cross the 8 million mark in Malaysia. Congrats to Thala Ajith and Team Siva for this extraordinary achievement.