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Tax Division Judgement Collection Manual - 3. Entering Judgment, Stays Of Collection, And Obtaining A Judgment Lien
Judgment Collection Manual
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III. Entering Judgment, Stays of Collection, and Obtaining a Judgment Lien
A. What is a Judgment?
A judgment is "any order from which an appeal lies." Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(a). Fed. R. Civ. P. 58 provides that a judgment "shall be set forth on a separate document." A judgment "should be a self-contained document, saying who has won and what relief has been awarded, but omitting the reasons for this disposition, which should appear in the court's opinion."13 Nevertheless, Rule 58, as amended effective December 1, 2002, provides that a judgment or amended judgment will be considered entered either when set forth on a separate document and entered on the docket or – even if not set out on a separate document as required – after 150 days from the docket entry. Rule 58 thus statutorily modifies United States v. Indrelunas, 411 U.S. 216 (1973), which had effectively safeguarded a judgment debtor against forfeiture by requiring a judgment to be entered on a separate document, with no stated time limit (although presumably subject to a laches argument). TheIndrelunas court had held in that case that the final appealable order was the money judgment entered some two years after the jury verdict, and not the civil docket entry "Enter judgment on the verdicts. Jury discharged."
The courts have generally construed the term "final decision" as used in 28 U.S.C. § 1291 as a decision that disposes of all claims of all parties in a lawsuit. A decision that disposes of fewer than all claims or all parties is, as a general rule, a nonappealable interlocutory order. An important exception to this general rule is provided in Fed. R. Civ. P. 54, which permits a court, when multiple claims and/or parties are involved, to direct entry of a final judgment upon an express determination by the court that there is no just reason for delay. Rule 54(b) becomes important if we obtain a favorable decision as to one of several claims or one of several parties. This situation arises commonly in trust fund recovery suits where several responsible persons are joined as defendants on the Government's complaint or counterclaim, and the Government obtains a default judgment or summary judgment against one defendant but has to proceed to trial before obtaining judgment against others. When this happens, a trial attorney should request the court to make a Rule 54(b) determination and direct entry of final judgment. This will allow the Government to proceed without delay to collect the judgment.
Accordingly, unless otherwise specified, the term "judgment" as used in this Manual means either a final decision that disposes of all claims of all parties in a lawsuit, or a 54(b) decision.
B. Form of Judgment
A money judgment in favor of the United States in a tax case should state one figure that is the entire amount to which the United States is entitled, including tax, assessed interest and penalties, collection fees (including lien notice filing fees), and accrued but unassessed interest and penalties. In addition, the language of the judgment should make clear that it covers interest, penalties, and collection fees that may accrue in the future. A judgment should also state that it includes costs under 28 U.S.C. § 1920, unless none were incurred, although the amount of those costs need not be specified.
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1961(c)(1), interest accrues on tax liabilities, including judgments, at the rate set forth in I.R.C. § 6621. That rate can change quarterly, so tax judgments should not specify a numerical rate of interest. Under I.R.C. § 6622, interest on tax liabilities, including judgments, compounds daily. Interest accrues on the entire unpaid balance of the liability, including interest and penalties.14
The trial attorney should contact the IRS and obtain a payout figure including all tax, penalties, interest, and collection fees, for a date close to, but not after, the date on which the judgment will be entered by the court. The judgment should recite that "judgment is entered in favor of the United States and against [taxpayer] for unpaid [type] taxes for the [period of liability] in the amount of $_________, plus interest and other statutory additions accruing from and after [date of payout figure]." Sample forms of judgment are attached as Exhibits 3, 4, and 5.
We generally should not set out the terms of a settlement in the judgment. If there is a default on the settlement obligations, we want to execute on the judgment, and the terms of settlement are academic. The exchange of correspondence (offer and acceptance letters) that constitutes the settlement agreement is a contract, which protects the taxpayer. The judgment for the full amount of the liability is to protect the Government in case the taxpayer defaults on obligations under the settlement. When the judgment is for the full amount sought from the taxpayer instead of the lesser amount accepted under the settlement, the judgment also serves to give the taxpayer a strong financial incentive to comply with the terms of the settlement.
A judgment securing installment payments (or collateral agreement payments) under a settlement should be entered immediately, and the abstract of judgment filed promptly to create a judgment lien.
C. The Judgment Should Include an Award of Costs
The United States, like any other litigant, is entitled to an award of costs when it prevails in an action.15 The district courts use a standard form for the bill of costs (AO 133),16 which the trial attorney should submit to the clerk.17 Only those costs enumerated in 28 U.S.C. § 1920 are taxable.18 Before submitting a bill of costs, the attorney should also check the local rules, which often contain provisions relating to taxation of costs.
fees of the clerk (28 U.S.C. § 1920(1)): The United States as plaintiff may seek as a cost an amount equal to the clerk's filing fee (even though the United States is not required to pay the fee).19
fees for services of marshal (28 U.S.C. § 1920(1)): The fees of the United States Marshal for service of summonses and subpoenas, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1921, are taxable. There is conflicting authority whether the fees of private process servers are taxable.20
fees of court reporters (28 U.S.C. § 1920(2)): This includes fees for deposition transcripts and for court transcripts, including any pretrial or post-trial hearings, "necessarily obtained for use in the case," which includes depositions that are introduced into evidence (at trial or in support of a motion for summary judgment), as well as transcripts that may be included in an appellate record, and which may include the cost of the copy as well as the cost of the original transcript.21 Where the "necessarily obtained for use in the case" standard is met, the prevailing party can also recover costs of depositions used solely for discovery.22
fees for witnesses (28 U.S.C. § 1920(3)): Fees for witnesses include all fees payable under 28 U.S.C. § 1821, which include the daily attendance fee (§ 1821(b)), travel expenses (§ 1821(c)), and a subsistence allowance (§ 1821(d)).23 Fees for expert witnesses above the statutory cap are not allowable.24
fees for exemplification and copies "necessarily obtained for use in the case" (28 U.S.C. § 1920(4)): Courts generally allow photocopying expenses for documents served on or produced to the opposing party (including discovery documents) or documents filed with the court, but not for photocopies for the party's own use.25 "Exemplification" may also include the costs of photographs and other similar evidence, as well as a computerized multimedia presentation.26
docket fees under 28 U.S.C. § 1923 (28 U.S.C. § 1920(5)): These fees are generally de minimis, and include $20 on trial or final hearing; $5 on discontinuance of a civil action; $5 on motion for judgment; and $2.50 for each deposition admitted into evidence.27
Costs that are not taxable include travel costs for attorneys, computerized litigation expenses such as computer disks and condensed transcripts, computer research, postage, and courier service.28
To recover costs, the trial attorney must ensure that all copies of court reporters' bills for transcripts and all witness expense forms are saved.
Because taxable costs become part of the judgment, the trial attorney can use the discovery procedures listed in Rule 69 as well as the judgment collection remedies contained in 28 U.S.C. to assist in collecting them. Where the trial attorney obtains a largely uncollectible judgment, it is unlikely that the Government's costs will be collected. In most full-payment refund cases (and many other cases), however, the costs are likely to be collectible from the losing party.
If fees and costs are awarded to the Government under Rules 11, 16, 26, or 37 during the course of the litigation and have not already been collected, the trial attorney should be sure to include language to that effect in the final judgment for the underlying tax, so that it is clear that the total judgment includes these sanctions.
As an alternative to the Tax Division collecting costs pursuant to judgment collection procedures, the IRS can–pursuant to I.R.C. § 6673(b)–assess and collect (in the same manner as a tax) sanctions, attorneys' fees, and court costs awarded to the Government in tax cases. To accomplish this, the trial attorney should send the IRS the appropriate form and a certified copy of the judgment. See Exhibit 6 for a copy of the form to be used for this purpose.
D. Ten-Percent Surcharge for Costs of Collection
Section 3011 of the FDCPA authorizes the United States to recover a surcharge of "10 percent of the amount of the debt" in order "to cover the cost of processing and handling the litigation and enforcement under this chapter of the claim for such debt." The § 3011 surcharge is recoverable in any affirmative collection suit brought by the United States, including all tax collection suits, counterclaims, erroneous refund suits, failure-to-honor-levy suits, and I.R.C. § 3505 suits that result in a money judgment. The surcharge is applicable whenever the Government has availed itself of one of the pre- or postjudgment collection tools provided under subchapters B or C of the FDCPA (28 U.S.C. §§ 3101-3206).29 The mere filing of an abstract of judgment under 28 U.S.C. § 3201, however, is not an "action or proceeding" within the meaning of the § 3011 surcharge provision, and thus, does not entitle the Government to the surcharge. The surcharge is not recoverable if the United States recovers an attorney's fee in connection with enforcement of its claim or if the law governing the claim provides for the recovery of similar costs. 28 U.S.C. § 3011(b).
The surcharge should be mentioned in any presuit letter in a collection case; and in complaints and counterclaims seeking money judgments, the trial attorney should consider pleading that the United States seeks the § 3011 surcharge if required to use any of the remedies in subchapter B or C of the Federal Debt Collection Procedures Act (28 U.S.C. § 3101-3206). See §§ II.C., II.D., supra (discussing surcharge in presuit letters and complaints/counterclaims).
Because the surcharge is a statutory addition to the underlying liability, the final judgment should not be amended in order to specify that the debtor is liable for it. If an FDCPA collection tool has been used, however, no satisfaction of judgment should be issued unless and until the surcharge has been fully paid or otherwise compromised.
In computing the surcharge, the trial attorney should use 10 percent of the amount of the largest total unpaid judgment liability, including interest and other statutory additions, at any time during the life of the debt after the judgment was entered. The extra ten percent, to the extent it is collected after the full amount of the underlying judgment (including all accrued interest and penalties) has first been collected, should not be paid to the IRS and applied to the delinquent taxpayer's account. Rather, amounts collected for application to the ten-percent surcharge should be paid to the Department of Justice in the same manner as is done with attorneys' fees, sanctions, and other similar amounts collected by the Department.
E. Stays of Collection
1. Automatic Stay of Collection of a Judgment
Fed. R. Civ. P. 62(a) provides, in pertinent part, that "no execution shall issue upon a judgment nor shall proceedings be taken for its enforcement until the expiration of 10 days after its entry."30 Thus, no action may be taken to enforce a money judgment by execution or other proceedings for a period of ten days, commencing on the day judgment is entered as provided in Rule 58.
2. Motions to Stay Collection of a Judgment
Fed. R. Civ. P. 62(b) provides that if a timely motion is filed under the provisions of Rules 50, 52(b), 59 or 60, the court, in its discretion, may also stay execution of–or any proceeding to enforce–a judgment pending the disposition of the motion.31
If no stay has been granted by the district court, action to collect the judgment can be taken when the ten-day automatic stay expires, irrespective of the filing of an appeal. If the judgment is satisfied by execution or other post-judgment creditor remedies, the appeal by the judgment debtor is not rendered moot.32 On the other hand, voluntary satisfaction of a judgment, by either a debtor or a co-debtor, will render an appeal moot.33
3. Posting a Bond as a Condition of a Stay
When the ten-day automatic stay expires, Rule 62(d) allows a party appealing a money judgment to prevent enforcement of the judgment by furnishing an appropriate supersedeas bond or other security.34 The purpose of the supersedeas bond is to preserve the status quo of the parties during appeal, thereby avoiding the risk of restitution if the appeal is successful while, at the same time, protecting the rights of the judgment creditor against any loss resulting from the failure to enforce the judgment during the pendency of an unsuccessful appeal.35 Although approval of a supersedeas bond precludes further proceedings to enforce the judgment, the other legal consequences of the entry of judgment are not suspended. The bond may be given at or after the time of filing the notice of appeal, and the stay is effective upon court approval of the supersedeas bond.36 Any application for approval of a supersedeas bond must ordinarily be addressed first to the district court, under 62(d), and, if unsuccessful, then to the appellate court.37
As the terms and conditions of the bond will determine the extent of the surety's liability, the bond should clearly provide for payment of the full amount of the judgment, together with estimated costs on appeal and interest in the event the judgment is affirmed, in whole or in part, or if the appeal is dismissed.38
F. Judgment Lien
1. United States District Courts
A judgment lien against a judgment debtor's real property comes into existence only when a certified copy of the abstract of judgment is properly filed.39 FDCPA Section 3201(a) requires the filing to be made in the same manner as a notice of tax lien is filed under I.R.C. § 6323(f)(1) and (2). Thus, a certified copy of the abstract of judgment should be filed in the appropriate location(s) where real property of the judgment debtor is located. See § IV.D.1, infra, for discussion of the proper place to file a notice of federal tax lien pursuant to I.R.C. § 6323(f)(1) and (2). An abstract of judgment form, cover letter to the United States Attorney, and instructions are attached as Exhibit 7. (In those districts where the United States Attorney's Office is unwilling to assist us, the Tax Division should handle filing the abstract.)
Because a judgment lien, unlike a tax lien, attaches only to real property of the judgment debtor, a judgment lien can be obtained against personal property only by seizing the property under the judgment enforcement procedures. See 28 U.S.C. § 3203.
Creation of a judgment lien is especially important in those cases in which the underlying liability of the judgment debtor is not secured by a federal tax lien, for example, liability under I.R.C. §§ 3505 and 6332(c) and liability for erroneous refunds. A judgment lien is effective for 20 years and, with court approval, may be renewed once for an additional 20 years.40 28 U.S.C. § 3201(c).
2. The Court of Federal Claims
Section 2508, 28 U.S.C., provides specifically for the entry of judgments rendered by the Court of Federal Claims in favor of the United States and provides that such judgments shall be enforceable in the same manner as judgments entered by a district court.
3. United States Bankruptcy Courts
In most of the Tax Division's litigation in the bankruptcy courts, we do not obtain a money judgment of the sort that can be collected using the judgment collection procedures contained in the Judicial Code (28 U.S.C.). Most bankruptcy litigation handled by the Tax Division involves disputes as to the amount, relative priority, or dischargeability of the IRS claim. Once these disputes are resolved by a court order or settlement we can generally close our file, since responsibility for monitoring collection of any amounts owed by the bankruptcy debtor (and assessing them if they have not yet been assessed) rests with the IRS.
On occasion, however, we may obtain a money judgment in a bankruptcy court. A money judgment entered by a bankruptcy court is a judgment within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 3002(8), since the 28 U.S.C. § 3002(2) definition of a "court" includes a bankruptcy court. Accordingly, the collection tools of the FDCPA (see § IV.E.3, infra) are available to collect such a judgment. These collection remedies cannot be used, however, if the Bankruptcy Code § 362 automatic stay is still in effect, unless the bankruptcy court lifts the stay at our request pursuant to § 362(d).
13. Otis v. City of Chicago, 29 F.3d 1159, 1163 (7th Cir. 1994).
14. Sometimes courts mistakenly enter judgment incorporating the interest rate for non-tax judgments in favor of the United States that is set forth at 28 U.S.C. § 1961(a). These mistakes should be corrected immediately, either by calling the judge's scheduling clerk and asking for change, or, if necessary, filing a formal motion.
15. Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d) provides that "costs shall be allowed as of course to the prevailing party unless the court otherwise directs."
16. This form is available on Informs Filler.
17. Any party objecting to the clerk's taxation of costs must object within five days of the clerk's action. Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(1).
18.Crawford Fitting Co. v. J.T. Gibbons, Inc., 482 U.S. 437 (1987). In addition to the categories discussed above, § 1920(6) also allows taxation for the compensation of court-appointed experts and interpreters. This category will generally be inapplicable to Tax Division cases, however.
19. See 28 U.S.C. § 2412(a)(2).
20. See 10 James W. Moore, Moore's Federal Practice § 54.103[3][a] (Matthew Bender 3d ed.), § 54.103[3][b] nn. 17, 18 (citing cases).
21. Id., § 54.103[3][c][i] nn. 29, 30 (depositions introduced into evidence) (citing cases); Id., § 54-103[3][e] (transcripts included in appellate record); see also Alflex Corp. v. Underwriters Labs., Inc., 914 F.2d 175 (9th Cir. 1990) (per curiam) (original plus copy of deposition taxable).
22. See10 Moore, supra, § 54.103[3]]c][i] & n. 32 (citing cases).
23. See 10 Moore, supra, § 54.103[3][c][ii] - [iv] (citing cases).
24. Crawford Fitting Co. v. J.T. Gibbons, Inc., 482 U.S. 437 (1987).
25. E.g., Haagen-Dazs Co. v. Double Rainbow Gourmet Ice Creams, Inc., 920 F.2d 587 (9th Cir. 1990) (taxing photocopying expenses for discovery documents not offered into evidence); see also McMillan v. United States, 891 F. Supp. 408, 415 (W.D. Mich. 1995) (citing cases);10 Moore, supra, § 54.103[3][d] & n.70 (citing cases). In Northbrook Excess & Surplus Ins. Co. v. Proctor & Gamble Co., 924 F.2d 633, 643 (7th Cir. 1991), the court concluded that a description of photocopying costs was not required to be "so detailed as to make it impossible economically to recover photocopying costs." Some courts also set maximum per-page photocopying charges. See, e.g., Yasui v. Maui Elec. Co., 78 F. Supp. 2d 1124, 1129 (D. Haw. 1999) (maximum charge of $.10 per page).
26. Maxwell v. Hapag-Lloyd Aktiengesellschaft, 862 F.2d 767, 770 (9th Cir. 1988) (photographs); AM Props. v. Town of Chapel Hill, 202 F. Supp. 2d 451, 454-55 (M.D. N.C. 2002) (same); see also10 Moore, supra, § 54.103[3][d] & nn. 71-77 (citing cases).
27. See also 10 Moore, supra, § 54.103[3][f] (citing cases).
28. See, e.g., AM Properties v. Town of Chapel Hill, 202 F. Supp. 2d 451, 455 (M.D.N.C. 2002) (travel expenses of counsel); Northbrook Excess & Surplus Ins. Co. v. Proctor & Gamble Co., 924 F.2d 633 643 (7th Cir. 1991) (computerized litigation costs); Yasui v. Maui Elec. Co., 78 F. Supp. 2d 1124, 1129 (D. Haw. 1999) (citing Embotelladora Agral Regiomontana v. Sharp Capital, Inc., 952 F. Supp. 415 (N.D. Tex. 1997) (computer research, postage, courier costs) See also 10 Moore, supra, § 54.103[3][c][i] & nn.41.1 & 41.2 (citing cases).
29. See, e.g., U.S. v. Sackett, 114 F.3d 1050 (10th Cir. 1997); Rendleman v. Shalala, 864 F. Supp. 1007, 1012-13 (D. Ore. 1994); United States v. Smith, 862 F. Supp. 257, 263-64 (D. Hawaii 1994); United States v. Maldonado, 867 F. Supp. 1184, 1199 (S.D.N.Y. 1994); United States v. Mauldin, 805 F. Supp. 35 (N.D. Ala. 1992).
30. See generally 12 Moore's Federal Practice, Ch. 62 (Matthew Bender ed.), (stay pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 62); 20 Moore's, Ch. 308 (stay pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 8(a)); 11 Charles A. Wright, Arthur R. Miller, & Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure Civil 2d, § 2901 et seq. (1995).
31. Fed. R. Civ. P. 62(b)
32. See Cahill v. New York, N.H. & H.R.R., 351 U.S. 183 (1956) (per curiam); In re Latham, 823 F.2d 108 (5th Cir. 1987).
33. E.g., Out of Line Sports, Inc. v. Rollerblade, Inc., 213 F.3d 500, 502 (10th Cir. 2000) (voluntary payment by debtor); Schiller v. Penn Central Trans. Co., 509 F.2d 263, 266 (6th Cir. 1975) (voluntary payment by codebtor). See also 13A Charles A. Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice & Procedure, § 3533.2, at 246 & n.36 (2d ed. 1984).
34. Numerous courts have held that a district court maintains discretion to authorize security other than a supersedeas bond. See, e.g., Olympia Equipment Leasing Co. v. Western Union Tel. Co., 786 F.2d 794, 796 (7th Cir. 1986) (supersedeas bond requirement is inappropriate where it would put judgment debtor's other creditors in "undue jeopardy"); Federal Prescr. Serv., Inc. v. American Pharm. Ass'n, 636 F.2d 755, 757-58, 760-61 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (district court has "sound discretion" to authorize "partially secured or unsecured stays" in "appropriate cases" where judgment creditor's interest is "not unduly endanger[ed]"). Staying execution of a judgment without requiring any security may constitute an abuse of discretion, however. See, e.g., Geddes v. United Fin. Group, 559 F.2d 557 (9th Cir. 1977) (district court erred in staying execution for one year based on judgment debtors' inability to pay judgment).
35. Poplar Grove Planting and Ref. Co. v. Bache Halsey Stuart, Inc., 600 F.2d 1189 (5th Cir. 1979).
36. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 62(d).
37. See Fed. R. App. P. 8(a).
38. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 65.1 for the procedure to enforce the surety's liability should such action be required.
39. 28 U.S.C. § 3201. Before enactment of § 3201, in order to obtain a judgment lien it was necessary to register or record the judgment in accordance with state law applicable to state judgments, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1962, which prior to amendment in 1990 (by Section 3627 of the FDCPA) applied to all judgments obtained in federal district court, including judgments obtained by the United States.
40. Contrast the judgment lien with I.R.C. § 6322, which provides that a federal tax lien is not merged in a judgment and continues until satisfied or rendered unenforceable by reason of lapse of time. See United States v. Bank of Celina, 823 F.2d 911 (6th Cir. 1986); United States v. Overman, 424 F.2d 1142 (9th Cir. 1970); United States v. Hodes, 355 F.2d 746, 749 (2d Cir. 1966), cert. dismissed, 386 U.S. 901 (1967).
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Home/newzealand/AP FACT CHECK: Trump distorts immigration
AP FACT CHECK: Trump distorts immigration
newzealand November 3, 2018 newzealand
By Calvin Woodward and Hope Yen AP
November 3 at 9:29
WASHINGTON – President Donald Trump overwhelmed the theory and false number of immigration while trying to raise voters' concerns about immigration in Mexico, and used the final days of the campaign to seek economic benefits for minorities that they have not yet achieved.
Look at the 11th rhetoric before the election on Tuesday and on reality:
MEDIUM INCOME
TRUMP is attracting non-democratic votes: "We have the best unemployment figure, the best median income for all these groups. We have the best number we've ever had … African Americans have to worry because they will lose them. "- Fox interview on Monday.
FACTS: Did not get the best median revenue figures for all non-white groups. Both African Americans and Asian Americans received higher income before the Trump administration.
The average income of the black household last year was $ 40,258, according to the Census Bureau. This is below $ 42,348 in 2000 and is not statistically better than in 2016, during the term of office of President Barack Obama.
According to many economists, since mid-2009, economic growth has continued in Obama's first period as the primary explanation of recent rental and earnings. More importantly, there are many indications that the racial property gap is deteriorating even after the unemployment rate has declined.
As far as Asian Americans are concerned, average household income averaged $ 81,331 last year. In 2016 it was $ 83,182.
TRUMP, to accommodate migrants who are illegally migrating by immigrants to immigrants who are waiting for immigration hearings: "We are not making any freedoms, what happened in the past years, they came in, released them and they will never appear in their trial. there are millions of people in this country that happened in many years, "says reporters on Wednesday.
The facts: Not nearly 25 million to 30 million, the number has not increased in recent years.
The non-party Pew Research Center estimates that in 2016 illegally there were 11.3 million immigrants in the United States, the most recent data. This figure has basically not changed since 2009. Representative groups on both sides of the immigration question have similar estimates.
The number of such immigrants reached 12.2 million in 2007, accounting for about 4% of the US population before falling back partly to the weakening US economy.
TRUMP, a tweeting of a video film democratizing a man entering the United States who killed two policemen: "All I'm saying is that I'm right." – reports reporters on Friday.
THE FACTS: The video that is about to speak does not tell the truth. He says the Democrats leave Luis Bracamontes in the country and "leave it there".
Bracamontes entered the United States illegally in 1996, in the Democratic Administration of Bill Clinton, but deported this government the following year after receiving crack cocaine and punishing him. She has returned several times. When they were sentenced to death in police custody in California in 2014, they were deported four times, according to Sheriff Scott Jones, Sacramento County.
In the episode, Democrats did not allow their leniency. The Democratic and the Republican administration deported hundreds of thousands of people each year, and with the involvement of a single public body, Trump, everyone illegally tried to enter.
TRUMP about what US troops must do if they meet migrants who want to reach the Mexican border: "I did not say shoot, I did not shoot," says reporters on Friday.
THE FACTS: One day before, he told the immigrants: "They want to throw snake on our soldiers, returning our fighting soldiers, and tell them they are considered a rifle.
The parade is mostly peaceful. One of the caravan immigrants faced mexican policemen at the border of Mexico-Guatemala with stones.
TRUMP: "President Obama has separated the children from the parents and no one complained. When we went to the same law, the country was crazy" – immigrant speech on Thursday.
The Facts: Actually, Obama did not do the same thing as politics.
Although the underlying laws were the same, the Trump administration mandated that anyone who illegally crossed the border would have been punished by a crime. This policy meant that adults were brought to justice in criminal proceedings and separated their children and sent to the health and humanitarian service, which is responsible for caring for unaccompanied immigrant children. Trump's zero tolerance policy remains in force, but on June 20 he signed an executive order that interrupted unbundling.
Jeh Johnson, Homeland Security Secretary of Obama, recently told the NPR that they were unusual or caused emergencies when the children were taken by the parents, but there was no such policy.
TRUMP: "At this moment, large, well-organized migratory caravans are moving towards the southern border, some call it an invasion … These are often difficult people, many young men, strong men and many people we might not want in our country … This not an innocent group of people, many people are hard, they are injured and attacked. "- immigration speech.
The Facts: There is no evidence that caravans are roughly dangerous, hardened criminals – after acknowledging that there is no such evidence.
Migrants living in caravans are largely from Honduras, where they started, as well as in El Salvador and Guatemala. All in all, they are bad, they wear clothes that fit into a backpack and escape the gang's violence or poverty.
It is true that there are some criminals who are mixed with the masses because the number of migrants is mere. Trump does not back up the claim that MS-13 band members are particularly involved. The Ministry of Defense issued a paper that "along the caravan route, more than 270 people have criminal history, including known gang members." But he did not make it clear that this number arrived.
Some immigrants in a caravan packed with Mexican police at the border of Mexico-Guatemala, robbed stones and other objects when they tried to cross the international bridge. A migrant died; it is unclear how it happened. The caravan leaders said that many troublemakers were expelled from the parade, and some self-proclaimed. Finally, most of the Guatemala – and later Mexico – came through the illegal circumvention of immigration checkpoints.
The caravan, however, was largely peaceful, applauded and handed food to residents of the city. The Mexican police did not try to stop them again.
WRITTEN ECONOMY
TRUMP: "They always told me that they needed to make a constitutional amendment … to find out … No … Well, definitely you can have a congress, but now they say that I can only do one executing order" – interview with Axios on Tuesday HBO ".
THE FACTS: Scientists think broadly about the idea that Trump can unilaterally change the rule of being a citizen. It is very questionable whether a congressional act can do it, although it may be that lawmakers may change rules on children born in the United States for illegally staying parents.
Peter Schuck is perhaps the most important supporter of the idea that his / her birth citizenship is not transmitted by the Constitution to the children of illegally-living parents in the United States. He even says that "Trump can not manifestly behave" with his executing order.
"I'm sure a lawyer would not advise him otherwise," he said Tuesday. "It's just a pre-elected policy and a misinterpretation, so it's strongly criticized."
Since the mid-1980s, Schuck, Yale and the University of Pennsylvania, Rogers Smith, have argued that the Congress may determine the rules for ensuring the American citizenship of illegally arriving parents.
But most left and right scholars share the view that a constitutional amendment is needed to refuse the automatic nationality of children born in the United States for illegally staying parents.
James Ho, a federal court appellate court judge in Trump, wrote in 2006 in the Green Flag's legal journal that early birth citizenship is "unprotected to children of uncharted persons as descendants of Mayflower passengers".
Stephen Yale-Loehr, Cornell University's Immigration Specialist, said Trump's jurisdiction is "not open and closed, but it is better to see a constitutional amendment."
The civil clause of the Constitution was part of the post-Civil War amendments that have affirmed the rights of African Americans. The nationality clause was particularly aimed at overthrowing the Supreme Declaration of 1857 by Dred Scott, according to which the African Americans were not citizens.
The Supreme Court has never ruled on the application of the clause on the children of immigrants illegally resident in the United States. Trump made no distinction between legal and illegal status in his observations. A Supreme Court ruling of 1898 found that the American-born son of lawful Chinese immigrants was a 14th citizen; a footnote to the 1982 decision suggests that no distinction should be made between children of foreign-born parents, whether or not the United States is legally or illegally resident.
TRUMP: "We are the only country in the world where a person comes in, he has an infant and the baby is essentially 85 years of US citizen with all these benefits." Laughter: "It's ridiculous, and it must end." – HBO ".
THE FACTS: That's bad.
The United States is found in about 30 countries where citizenship of birth – the jus soli principle or the "right of the soil" is used, according to the world's Atlas and other sources. Most are on the American continent. Canada and Mexico. Most other countries have at least one parent – a citizen of jus sanguinis or "bloody law", or a citizen who has a modified right of birth that may limit the legality of nationality to parents' children.
In a broader sense, Trump's view that children of foreigners from the United States live for a lifetime, taking into account "all these benefits", ignores the taxes they pay, their work and other social contributions.
2016 PROCEDURE
SARAH HUCKABEE SANDERS, the White House press secretary: Trump was elected to the overwhelming majority of 63 million Americans who came out and supported and wanted to see his policy. "- a press conference on Monday.
The facts: Trump did not win most of the votes in the 2016 election. He won the Electoral College, allowing him to capture the presidency.
Trump has nearly 63 million votes, as opposed to more than 65 million to Democrats from Hillary Clinton who, according to election data compiled by The Associated Press, have had great success in large states such as New York and California. He lost the president through the winner margin of Trump at the College of Election, which came after narrowly winning the less populous Midwestern states, including Michigan and Wisconsin.
FLORIDA GOVERNMENT COMPETITION
TRUMP, Democratic governor Andrew Gillumra: "The city of Tallahassee is recognized in the most corrupt Florida and one of the most corrupt countries." – Fox interview on Monday.
THE FACTS: Trump makes an unfounded claim. Republicans, including Gillum's opponent, Ron DeSantis, have been committing a crime and corruption at the Governor's race to knock the political impulse of the mayor of Tallahassee, saying it is a criminal city. But Tallahassee is not even in top 25 when the crime rate per capita in Florida. Florida law enforcement agencies reported that Tallahassee in 20166 targeted 10,000 people with 5,765 crimes. By comparison, the highest proportion of Medley, the Florida city, has 10000 people with 28,004 criminal offenses.
Trump, who emphasized the principle of innocence when he was guilty of allegations supporting the Brett Kavanaug of the Supreme Court, also pointed to the ongoing review by the State Ethics Committee of whether Gillum accepted the gifts of lobbyists after a Tallahassee businessman and Gillum's constant critic is a complaint. In that case, Gillum has denied any breach of the law, or that it is targeting a separate ongoing FBI investigation on the city government.
Associated Press writers Colleen Long and Mark Sherman in Washington and Elliot Spagat in San Diego have contributed to this report.
You can find factual reviews of AP at http://apne.ws/2kbx8bd
Follow @ APFactCheck on Twitter: https://twitter.com/APFactCheck
EDITOR'S COMMENT – The truthfulness of the claims of political actors is being investigated
Andrew Thorn, head of Safety Warehouse, denies the bogus money claims as opposition grows
Former WAG cricket driver Kyly Clarke and James Courtney, V8 supercar driver, reportedly split up
Google faces fire of 1,400 employees for firing a black researcher; Internet users are appalled
Lawmakers ask what's next for post-federal funding – KHON2 News
A rescue helicopter lands in Wellington Park after a mechanical failure
Kensington Palace workers hated working with Meghan Markle on royal exits

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Amazon's acquisition of Roomba will make it possible to get detailed layout plans and power ALL smart devices
Aug 9, 2022 acquisition, amazon's, detailed, devices,, layout, plans, possible, power, roomba, smart
Amazon will soon be able to map their users' entire homes as it works to create a fully functional smart home.
As part of the tech giant's acquisition of iRobot, maker of Roomba vacuum cleaners, worth $1.7 billion, Amazon will gain control of its new Robot operating system, giving the company access to detailed maps of the homes. of people, which can be used to collect even more data. about each user.
The operating system already works in tandem with a front-facing camera on Roomba j7 vacuums to map out the layout of a home and avoid over 80 everyday items such as shoes, socks, cords, headphones, clothing, and even pet scraps.
As a result of this card technology, CEO Colin Angle explained in May, it can understand detailed commands such as "clean for the counter" or "clean around the coffee table."
And by installing this operating system on other Amazon smart home products such as Ring or the Eero router, Amazon can achieve its goals of creating a fully functional smart home while limiting which products from companies can connect to the home. .
This means the company has access to this data about people's homes — and anyone who uses one of iRobot's devices will provide that information to Amazon.
Amazon will now control iRobot's new Robot OS operating system under the company's $1.7 billion acquisition
The acquisition gives the tech giant access to detailed maps of a person's homes, which can be used to collect even more data about each user. Pictured, an example of a clean map report
Speak with The edge in May, Angle said the AI-powered operating system Roombas and other devices would provide a "cloud-based home concept."
He explained that under the system, an air purifier from Aeris — a company that iRobot bought last year — would recognize people in the kitchen and then turn on in the living room, where the noise wouldn't disturb anyone.
"The idea is an operating system that is not just about activating the robot's functions, but doing it in harmony with what's happening in the house," Angle said at the time.
In May, iRobot CEO Colin Angle announced that the company was rolling out a new operating system that would allow the vacuum cleaners to communicate with other smart devices.
He noted that iRobot's vacuum cleaners already respond to 600 Alexa, Google Assistant and Siri voice commands and can understand voice commands to clean specific rooms.
But with the new AI-powered operating system, he said, "We can know where things are, so that if you screw in a light bulb, you turn on an air purifier, you plug in a toaster, install a speaker, the location of those devices can be immediately understood."
"The scope of what we're doing with iRobot OS is at this higher level of understanding," Angle continued, explaining: "The barrier to the next level of AI in robotics isn't better AI, it's context.
"We've been able to understand the phrase 'Go to the kitchen and get me a beer' for ten years," he said. "But if I don't know where the kitchen is, and I don't know what a beer looks like, it doesn't really matter if I understand your words.
'Only through understanding can the core promise of robotics – reaching out and performing physical tasks in the home – actually become manifest.'
The technology could be a boom for Amazon, which has managed to lead the smart home industry in recent years by simply connecting products with Amazon Alexa.
And the operating system could allow the company's planned Astro roaming home security robot to interact with other devices as it moves around the house.
Angle is expected to stay with the company while Amazon takes over.
Amazon executives announced the acquisition last week, the fourth-largest to date
Announcing the deal, Dave Limp, senior vice president of Amazon Devices, said, "I'm excited to be working with the iRobot team to create ways that make customers' lives easier and more enjoyable."
Dave Limp, senior vice president of Amazon Devices, announced the acquisition last week: "Over many years, the iRobot team has proven its ability to reinvent how people clean with products that are incredibly practical and inventive – from cleaning where and when customers while avoiding common obstacles in the house, to automatic emptying of the bin.
"Customers love iRobot products — and I'm excited to work with the iRobot team to find ways to make customers' lives easier and more enjoyable."
iRobot was founded in 1990 and the company is best known for its automated cleaning device, Roomba. Last year it made $1.56 billion in revenue.
This is Amazon's fourth largest deal to date, with its 2017 acquisition of Whole Foods Market still at the top after costing $13.7 billion.
Behind this was Amazon's purchase of movie studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for $8.45 billion and healthcare provider One Medical for $3.9 billion.
Amazon's four acquisitions this year are Strio.AI, GlowRoad, primary health clinics One Medical, and iRobot.
In 2021, the company acquired five others – Umbra 3D, TV and film company Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Art19, Wickr and Veeqo.
Shares of the tech giant fell more than 1 percent on Tuesday and are now 17.7 percent lower than in the past year
But news of Amazon's acquisition of iRobot came just a week after the company announced a huge loss for the second straight quarter.
Revenue at the company was $121 billion in the quarter, but it posted a $2 billion loss as it continued to work to contain costs.
Many of those losses were related to expansion during the sales bonanza it experienced at the start of COVID. However, the loss was less than in the first quarter of this year, when the company announced a loss of $3.8 billion. That loss was the first since 2015, and was also impacted by a large write-off on their electric vehicle company, Rivian.
Shares of Amazon were still up 12 percent in after-hours trading, but fell again more than 1 percent on Tuesday and is now 17.7 percent lower than last year.
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Two people arrested after woman allegedly kidnapped, body of man found
Here's What the Science Actually Says About Utah's New Ban on Gender-Affirming Care


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Метальні ножі африканців - це вид метальної зброї, яка використовувалася у традиційних народів Африки для ураження противника на відстані. Представляли собою різні форми багатолезових ножів або клинків.

Історія
Метальні ножі логічне продовження метальної палиці (бумерангу), яка була на попередньому технологічному рівні. Але інколи бумеранги використовували одночасно з метанням ножів, наприклад на території сучасного східного кордону Судану на Блакитному Нілі. Місце походження метальних ножів визначити складно, питання спірне. Деякі теорії називають районом походження південні райони озера Чад в регіоні Шарі-Багірмі; інші ж теорії припускають, що розвиток метальних ножів почався з простих ножів на Півночі і далі з поширенням вглиб Африки ускладнювався.

Металургією в Африці почали займатися понад 2 000 років тому: можливо, що вже в той час почали використовувати метальні ножі. Це припущення ускладнює факт, що археологами ще не було знайденого жодного зразку цього виду зброї, бо ґрунти Центральної Африки погано зберігають залізо. Найдавніші збережені екземпляри датуються кінцем XVIII століття. Американський історик Христофор Ерерт припускає, що перші метальні ножі в цьому регіоні були виготовлені в другій половині першого тисячоліття нашої ери, а поширилися в першій половині другого тисячоліття.

У ході європейської колонізації Африки африканські метальні ножі були вдосконалені через потребу захищатися від європейців. Але після Першої світової війни цей процес остаточно був зупинений, оскільки територія була повністю захоплена колонізаторами. Деякі європейці були поціновувачами африканського мистецтва метальних ножів, тому деякі зразки були бажаними елементами в колекціях або музейних експонатах, особливо приваблювали для дослідження нестандартні, химерні об`єкти. І вже з початком ХХ століття почали використовувати цю зброю з комерційною метою: замовляли у африканських майстрів традиційні ножі й потім перепродавали їх у Європі. Після Першої світової матеріал з якого виготовляли цю зброю змінився: почали виготовляти з імпортованого європейського готового заліза (де треба було лише вирізати за розміром), замінивши собою традиційну виплавку заліза. Останні традиційно виготовлені метальні ножі датуються серединою ХХ століття . В останні десятиліття свого існуванні перестали відігравати роль зброї, а більше були символом статусу та влади.

Найперші писемні джерела, що повідомляють про існування метальних ножів в цьому регіоні, є записи дослідника Африки валійця Джона Петеріка (1861), французького антрополога Поль Беллоні Дю Шайю (1861) та італійця ботаніка Карла Піаджа (1865 р.). Перші екземпляри потрапили до Європи в останній чверті ХІХ століття. У 1889 році Генріх Шурц написав перше велике наукове дослідження метальних ножів африканських народів, де автора особливо цікавило етапи розвитку метальної зброї, починаючи від метальних палиць аж до багатолезових ножів. У 1925 році Ернест Сеймур Томас створив розширену класифікацію різних форм метальної зброї. Пітер Вестердайк також досліджував цю тему: спираючись на матеріали свого батька, він продовжив роботу і написав дисертацію в 1988 році.

Особливістю метальних ножів є те, що вони активно розвивались саме на Африканському континенті, а в Європі навпаки не набрали поширення, бо там застосовувались захисні сталеві обладунки. Тому використання метальних ножів та клинків в Європі не було виправданим. Там з метальної зброї використовувалися лише списи, рідше метальні сокири. В той час, як в Африці удосконалювалися метальні ножі (XVII-XIX століття), в Європі уже перейшли на інший технологічний рівень - вогнепальну зброю, що і стало причиною панування європейців в той період на інших континентах.

Різновиди
Завдяки сучасним науковим дослідженням метальники за формою можна віднести до приблизної області на карті. Точне віднесення до племені встановити складно, бо між племенами, які близько розсташовувалися, різниця в озброєнні була не значною, а переходи стилів були плавними. Відповідно різниця була більше в географічному поширенні і назві, чим в технічних змінах.

Трумбаш
Докладніше: Трумбаш

Трумбаш - метальні залізні снаряддя подібні до ножів з багатьма гострими відростками, які направлені в різні боки. Це небезпечна зброя для незахищеного тіла людини. Традиційна зброя для племен між Ефіопією та Конго.

Мамбеле

Докладніше Мамбеле

Мамбеле  - це форма гібриду ножа та сокири в Центральній та Південній Африці, що походить від вигнутого метального кинджалу. Використовувався народами мангбету, які проживали трохи північніше провінції Верхнє Уеле в Демократичній Республіці Конго. Зазвичай мамбеле складався з чотирьох лез: трьох зверху та одного знизу, щоб максимізувати пошкодження ворога. Це один з небагатьох видів ножів Африки до західної колонізації. Багато з них були виготовлені з рідкісних матеріалів, тому їх важче було підробити, і вони були символом статусу для своїх власників.

Онзил
Докладніше Онзил

Онзил (анг. Onzil) - метальний ніж етнічних груп Східного Габону (Кота, Фанґ, Мбете). Онзил схожий на сокиру, має лезо у формі дзьобу птаха-носорога.Виготовлявся зі слонової кістки. Служив зброєю жертвоприношень або знаряддям для війни .

Сенгезе
Докладніше Сенгезе

Сенгезе - метальний ніж народу Матакам Північно-Східної Нігерії та Північного Камеруну. Має звивисту форму, а його ручка часто обтягується шкірою, а зброя оснащена фіксуючими вушками, які використовуються для кріплення ланцюга або мотузки; інколи слугував розмінною монетою. Загальна форма цього виду відрізняється від інших метальних ножів цього регіону: зроблена у формі букви "З", хоча найпоширеніший у районі у формі букви "F".

Література

 Christopher Spring: African Arms and Armour, 1993, ISBN 1560983175
 Marc Leopold Felix: Kipinga. Throwing-Blades of Central Africa. Wurfklingen aus Zentralafrika. Galerie Fred Jahn, München 1991
 (FR) Elsen J, De fer et de fierté. Armes blanches d'Afrique noire du Musée Barbier-Mueller, Milano, Edizioni 5 Continenti, 2003, ISBN 88-7439-085-8.
 Ehret, Christopher (2002). The civilizations of Africa: a history to 1800. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 338–341. ISBN 9780486409610.

Посилання

Метальна зброя

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Aug 22nd: A Woman & Pluto & Pop Up Comets
2021-08-22 | Travelers in the Night | 0 comments
Podcaster: Dr. Al Grauer
Title: Travelers in the Night Eps. 583 & 584: A Woman & Pluto & Pop Up Comets
Organization: Travelers in The Night
Link : Travelers in the Night ; @Nmcanopus
Description: Today's 2 topics:
Elizabeth Williams graduated from MIT in 1903, and used the motions of Uranus and Neptune to predict the location of Pluto.
David Rankin was asteroid hunting in the constellation of Virgo when he spotted C/2020 B3 Rankin.
Bio: Dr. Al Grauer is currently an observing member of the Catalina Sky Survey Team at the University of Arizona. This group has discovered nearly half of the Earth approaching objects known to exist. He received a PhD in Physics in 1971 and has been an observational Astronomer for 43 years. He retired as a University Professor after 39 years of interacting with students. He has conducted research projects using telescopes in Arizona, Chile, Australia, Hawaii, Louisiana, and Georgia with funding from NSF and NASA.
He is noted as Co-discoverer of comet P/2010 TO20 Linear-Grauer, Discoverer of comet C/2009 U5 Grauer and has asteroid 18871 Grauer named for him.
Today's sponsor: Big thanks to our Patreon supporters this month: Rob Leeson, David Bowes, Brett Duane, Benett Bolek, Mary Ann, Frank Frankovic, Michael Freedman, Kim Hay, Steven Emert, Frank Tippin, Rani Bush, Jako Danar, Joseph J. Biernat, Nik Whitehead, Michael W, Cherry Wood, Steve Nerlich, Steven Kluth, James K Wood, Katrina Ince, Phyllis Foster, Don Swartwout, Barbara Geier, Steven Jansen
Or please visit our Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy
583: A Woman & Pluto
In 1781, while looking through a telescope he made himself, William Hershel discovered the planet Uranus. Using Uranus' motion relative to the distant stars, French astronomer Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verier predicted the existence of the planet Neptune solely using calculations based on Kepler's laws of planetary motion and Newton's law of gravity. In a triumph of reality based science, when astronomers pointed their telescopes to the position Le Verier had calculated there indeed was the planet Neptune.
In the early 1900's Astronomer Percival Lowell theorized the unusual motions of Neptune indicated a 9th planet at the outer reaches of our solar system. Lowell's search for the mysterious Planet X was continued by Clyde Tombaugh who in 1930 discovered Pluto. Behind the scenes, Lowell and Tombaugh observations were guided by calculations made by a mathematician named Elizabeth Williams. William's graduated from MIT in 1903 as one of the top students in physics and mathematics. In addition to being able to perform complex mathematical calculations by hand Williams wrote in cursive with her right hand and printed with her left.
As the head "human computer" at Lowell Observatory Elizabeth Williams used the motions of Uranus and Neptune to predict the location of Planet X. Elizabeth Williams died penniless at the age of 102 years. In 2020 a graduate student at Lowell Observatory, Catherine A. Clark, is finally giving Elizabeth Williams some of the recognition she deserves.
584: Pop Up Comets
My Catalina Sky Survey teammate David Rankin was asteroid hunting in the constellation of Virgo when he spotted a fuzzy ball with a tail moving through the night sky. For 10 days, after David posted his observations on the Minor Planet Center's Near Object Confirmation Page this new comet was tracked by observers at a dozen observatories around the world and was given the name C/2020 B3 Rankin. Since human observations only cover a tiny fraction of Comet Rankin's trajectory, we can only estimate that on its current path this frozen stranger travels from somewhere between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter out to more than 30 times the distance of Pluto from the Sun and back again once every 50,000 years or so. When Comet Rankin last visited our neighborhood Neanderthals and our other ancestors were living in the stone age. When Comet Rankin returns 50,000 years from now it is hard to predict if our race will have survived climate change, virus pandemics, and other events hard to imagine.
Astronomers have come to realize, that although Comet Rankin is unlikely to become a bright comet, that there are likely to be a many such frozen objects with nuclei larger than 1 Km in diameter that can come closer than the planet Mars. The small possibility that such frozen gas ball could come near Earth at a speed of more than 30 miles per second producing a bright naked eye comet gives us a sense of wonder as to what else could literally pop up out of nowhere .
For Travelers in the Night this is Dr. Al Grauer.
After 10 years, the 365 Days of Astronomy podcast is entering its second decade of sharing important milestone in space exploration and astronomy discoveries. Join us and share your story. Until tomorrow! Goodbye!


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'Roger Federer's life hasn't changed much', says top coach
Among the highlights of 2022, it is impossible not to mention Roger Federer's retirement, which brought real heartbreak to all tennis fans. The former world number 1 played his last official match at the Laver Cup, the exhibition he founded in 2017. The King joined forces with arch-rival Rafael Nadal to take on Americans Frances Tiafoe and Jack Sock at London's O2 Arena, before receiving a lavish tribute that moved everyone to tears. The Swiss had tried a timid comeback in 2021, playing only 13 official matches and stopping again after Wimbledon. The state of his right knee prevented him from continuing to compete at the highest level and his age did the rest. Once his knee is better, the 20-time slam champion plans to put on several exhibitions. In an exclusive interview with Sportskeeda, Sumit Nagal recalled his first and only match against Federer staged at the 2019 US Open. "Roger Federer was a tennis wizard. You never knew what to expect from a player like him," Nagal recounted. "The unpredictability was without a doubt the most annoying part of his game. You constantly wondered if he would go down to the net after he served, if he would use the short backhand to force you forward and the like. He had an unlimited arsenal of shots. You were aware of it, but then you had to see what you could and couldn't do," added Sumit. In a long interview with "Eurosport Germany", Tommy Haas paid tribute to Federer. "Roger Federer is an incredible man both on and off the court. You always have fun with him," Tommy Haas began. "He has a wonderful outlook on life and it's great to spend time with people like him. It's crazy what he has achieved. He has combined efficiency and consistency in the best possible way. Between 2004 and 2006, he played heavenly tennis. He was from another planet", commented the German.
Ljubicic reflects on King Roger
While speaking to Marion Bartoli on her podcast, Ivan Ljubicic mentioned that Roger Federer has continued to train and would like to have fun on the court as feels his best there. "He still practices when he can, he is still staying active, and he feels good. His life hasn't changed much. I know he would like to have fun on the tennis courts, that's the place where he feels the best," said the Croat. Federer enjoys time with his family and travels the world to share with his loved ones and meet different sporting and commercial events.
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British World Championships Qualification Times Are Faster Than National Records


In today's world, it's a pretty well-accepted concept that we're all naturally attracted to different people. These people may vary in looks, personality, ethnicity, cultural background, and dozens of other areas, but simple common sense truly dictates it best: We're all unique individuals, so of course we're going to be unpredictably attracted to different, unique others.
More importantly, whatever types of people we are attracted to is absolutely acceptable and such relationships are obtainable. In fact, with the best interracial online dating, it's not only easy to discover others who you're naturally attracted to, it's actually becomes rather effortless to meet and form bonds those types who are single and on the dating hunt for unique others such as yourself.
You may ask yourself, "Why even bother with a niche interracial dating site, when I can already use Match, and other mainstream service to find singles of other races?" There's no harm in going about it that way, but it's important to consider what exactly you're paying for and what quality of results you are really getting.
With mainstream online dating sites, you're paying for the whole dating experience, along with the filters to shape your online dating experience to your liking. These sites routinely provide the best results for singles who are open to different experiences, a variety of people, and those who don't exactly have just one 'type' per say. Accordingly, users on mainstream and hookup dating site are paying for the generic online dating experience because that's what they want. Such sites assume you don't know exactly what you want and purposely fill your inboxes, search results, recommended user list, and more with those who are outside of your specific type.
Rather than providing an ordinary dating experience, the best interracial dating sites provide a dating experience already customized to your needs. Beyond finding a refined pool of individuals that are 'type' you'll also discover more advanced filtering and features that help you narrow down the site community based on more specific aspects and trails of the type people you're already into. Essentially, you get the experience of taking everyone of your 'type' from the mainstream dating site, putting them in one place, and allowing you to perform more finite filtering capabilities, that mainstream sites lack. An entire online dating site and community dedicated to more precisely helping you meet your dating needs - That's what you're paying for on interracial dating sites.
It all comes down to one simple question: Do you know what you want? If so, and if what you want is an interracial relationship, skip over mainstream sites that will have you paying to see people and use features that aren't relevant to you, and transition over to these best interracial dating sites that are dedicated to meeting your unique dating needs.


text:
Home Books Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2021
15-31: Intestinal Tuberculosis
Kenneth R. McQuaid
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McQuaid KR. McQuaid K.R. McQuaid, Kenneth R.Intestinal Tuberculosis. In: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW. Papadakis M.A., & McPhee S.J., & Rabow M.W.(Eds.),Eds. Maxine A. Papadakis, et al.eds. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2021. McGraw Hill; 2021. Accessed January 31, 2023. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2957&sectionid=249368398
McQuaid KR. McQuaid K.R. McQuaid, Kenneth R. (2021). Intestinal tuberculosis. Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW. Papadakis M.A., & McPhee S.J., & Rabow M.W.(Eds.),Eds. Maxine A. Papadakis, et al. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2021. McGraw Hill. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2957&sectionid=249368398
McQuaid KR. McQuaid K.R. McQuaid, Kenneth R. "Intestinal Tuberculosis." Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2021 Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW. Papadakis M.A., & McPhee S.J., & Rabow M.W.(Eds.),Eds. Maxine A. Papadakis, et al. McGraw Hill, 2021, https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2957&sectionid=249368398.
Download Section PDF
Intestinal tuberculosis is common in underdeveloped countries but rare in the United States except in immigrant groups or in patients with untreated AIDS. It is caused by both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M bovis. Active pulmonary disease is present in less than 50% of patients. The most frequent site of involvement is the ileocecal region; however, any region of the gastrointestinal tract may be involved. Intestinal tuberculosis may cause mucosal ulcerations or scarring and fibrosis with narrowing of the lumen. Patients may be without symptoms or complain of chronic abdominal pain, obstructive symptoms, weight loss, and diarrhea. An abdominal mass may be palpable. Complications include intestinal obstruction, hemorrhage, and fistula formation. The purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test may be negative, especially in patients with weight loss or AIDS. Abdominal CT may show thickening of the cecum and ileocecal valve and massive lymphadenopathy. Colonoscopy may demonstrate an ulcerated mass, multiple ulcers with steep edges and adjacent small sessile polyps, small ulcers or erosions, or small diverticula, most commonly in the ileocecal region. The differential diagnosis includes Crohn disease, carcinoma, lymphoma, and intestinal amebiasis. The diagnosis is established by either endoscopic or surgical biopsy revealing acid-fast bacilli, caseating granuloma, or positive cultures from the organism. Detection of tubercle bacilli in biopsy specimens by PCR is now the most sensitive means of diagnosis.
Treatment with standard antituberculous regimens (Tables 9–14 and 9–15) is effective.
Gan H et al. An analysis of the clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic features of intestinal tuberculosis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2016 Jul;50(6):470–5.
[PubMed: 26974755]
Kentley J et al. Intestinal tuberculosis: a diagnostic challenge. Trop Med Int Health. 2017 Aug;22(8):994–9.
Limsrivilai J et al. Meta-analytic Bayesian model for differentiating intestinal tuberculosis from Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Mar;112(3):415–27.


text:
Powerade drops controversial ingredient
Brominated vegetable oil said linked to flame retardant
Updated: 5:51 PM EDT May 4, 2014
Coca-Cola is dropping a controversial ingredient from its Powerade sports drink, after a similar move by PepsiCo's Gatorade last year.The ingredient, brominated vegetable oil, had been the target of a petition by a Mississippi teenager, who questioned why it was being used in a drink marketed toward health-conscious athletes. The petition on Change.org noted that the ingredient is linked to a flame retardant and is not approved for use in Japan or the European Union.View: 15 gross things in your foodIn response to customer feedback, PepsiCo said last year it would drop the ingredient from Gatorade. At the time, Coca-Cola declined to say whether it would remove the ingredient from the two flavors of Powerade that contain it as well.But this week, bottles of Powerade in fruit punch and strawberry lemonade flavors being sold in the Detroit, Michigan; Omaha, Nebraska, New York and Washington, D.C. areas no longer list the ingredient. Some bottles still list it, however, suggesting Coca-Cola Co. may have started phasing it out recently.A representative for the Atlanta-based company confirmed Sunday that its Powerade brands are "BVO-free." But no details were immediately available on when the change would be complete or how the drinks were reformulated.Powerade's website still lists brominated vegetable oil as an ingredient for its fruit punch and strawberry lemonade flavors.The Food and Drug Administration says brominated vegetable oil is used as a stabilizer for flavoring oils in fruit-flavored drinks. Coca-Cola has said in the past that it uses it to "improve stability and prevent certain ingredients from separating."The decision by Coca-Cola to remove brominated vegetable oil from Powerade is just the latest evidence that food makers are coming under pressure for the ingredients they use. While companies stand by the safety of their products, some are making changes in response to the movement toward foods that people believe are natural.Earlier this year, for instance, Subway said it would remove an ingredient dubbed the "yoga mat chemical" from its breads. The ingredient, azodicarbonamide, is approved for use by the FDA and can be found in a wide variety of breads. The petitioner, Vani Hari of FoodBabe.com, said she targeted Subway because of its image for serving healthy food.Likewise, brominated vegetable oil can also be found in several other drinks.But the Mississippi teenager, Sarah Kavanagh, said she targeted Gatorade and Powerade in petitions because they're designed for athletes, who are likely more concerned about what they're putting into their bodies. Her Powerade petition had more than 59,000 online supporters while the Gatorade one had more than 200,000."Consumers are coming together quickly and efficiently to influence the world's biggest beverage companies in an unprecedented manner," said Pulin Modi, senior campaign manager for Change.org.As Americans cut back on soda, sports drinks have become more important for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo Inc., which is based in Purchase, New York.Although Coca-Cola has long dominated rival PepsiCo on the soda front, it lags the company in the growing sports drink category. According to the industry tracker Beverage Digest, Gatorade has 64 percent of the sports drink market.
Coca-Cola is dropping a controversial ingredient from its Powerade sports drink, after a similar move by PepsiCo's Gatorade last year.
The ingredient, brominated vegetable oil, had been the target of a petition by a Mississippi teenager, who questioned why it was being used in a drink marketed toward health-conscious athletes. The petition on Change.org noted that the ingredient is linked to a flame retardant and is not approved for use in Japan or the European Union.
View: 15 gross things in your food
In response to customer feedback, PepsiCo said last year it would drop the ingredient from Gatorade. At the time, Coca-Cola declined to say whether it would remove the ingredient from the two flavors of Powerade that contain it as well.
But this week, bottles of Powerade in fruit punch and strawberry lemonade flavors being sold in the Detroit, Michigan; Omaha, Nebraska, New York and Washington, D.C. areas no longer list the ingredient. Some bottles still list it, however, suggesting Coca-Cola Co. may have started phasing it out recently.
A representative for the Atlanta-based company confirmed Sunday that its Powerade brands are "BVO-free." But no details were immediately available on when the change would be complete or how the drinks were reformulated.
Powerade's website still lists brominated vegetable oil as an ingredient for its fruit punch and strawberry lemonade flavors.
The Food and Drug Administration says brominated vegetable oil is used as a stabilizer for flavoring oils in fruit-flavored drinks. Coca-Cola has said in the past that it uses it to "improve stability and prevent certain ingredients from separating."
The decision by Coca-Cola to remove brominated vegetable oil from Powerade is just the latest evidence that food makers are coming under pressure for the ingredients they use. While companies stand by the safety of their products, some are making changes in response to the movement toward foods that people believe are natural.
Earlier this year, for instance, Subway said it would remove an ingredient dubbed the "yoga mat chemical" from its breads. The ingredient, azodicarbonamide, is approved for use by the FDA and can be found in a wide variety of breads. The petitioner, Vani Hari of FoodBabe.com, said she targeted Subway because of its image for serving healthy food.
Likewise, brominated vegetable oil can also be found in several other drinks.
But the Mississippi teenager, Sarah Kavanagh, said she targeted Gatorade and Powerade in petitions because they're designed for athletes, who are likely more concerned about what they're putting into their bodies. Her Powerade petition had more than 59,000 online supporters while the Gatorade one had more than 200,000.
"Consumers are coming together quickly and efficiently to influence the world's biggest beverage companies in an unprecedented manner," said Pulin Modi, senior campaign manager for Change.org.
As Americans cut back on soda, sports drinks have become more important for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo Inc., which is based in Purchase, New York.
Although Coca-Cola has long dominated rival PepsiCo on the soda front, it lags the company in the growing sports drink category. According to the industry tracker Beverage Digest, Gatorade has 64 percent of the sports drink market.


text:
namespace GE5
{

class IParser
{
public:
  enum Result
  {
    Accept,
    LexicalError,
    SyntaxError,
    InternalError
  };

  virtual ~IParser() {}

  virtual Result parse() = 0;

};

} //namespace GE5

#endif //GE5_IPARSER_HPP

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
About varocarbas.com
Visit customsolvers.com, my main website
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© 2015-2019 Alvaro Carballo Garcia
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Common basic knowledge for artificial intelligence algorithms
Completed on 05-Jul-2015 (19 days)
Project 6 in full-screenProject 6 in PDF
Basic ideas >
The proposed system is basically a big layered classification of AI (training) data, whose definition was started in the previous section by explaining the main category (i.e., Layers, associated with individual elements, as opposed to concepts). In the current section, I will be completing this definition with a detailed description of the main constituent elements of the system.
All the information accounted by this system is expected to be defined on account of the following basic elements:
. Bit of information (e.g., a word) suitable to be taken as a reference while comparing some other elements. Examples:
(and associated adjectives like
) and so on.
Properties are ranked (Ranking P) and can be defined individually (what, by bearing in mind their essence, is the most likely scenario) or on account of other elements. When being added to the system, each Property is ranked either manually (i.e., when being self-defined) or automatically (i.e., by bringing into account the rankings of its defining elements).
. Complementary element required by the Properties to perform a given comparison. Examples:
, etc.
Connectors are always self-defined and unranked.
. It is the minimum unit of information accounted by this system which is externally relevant. It might also be understood as an individual object (e.g.,
) as opposed to a concept (e.g.,
"this car is fast"
Entities are automatically ranked (Ranking E) on account of their defining elements. The definition of each Entity is always defined on account of one or more Layers (e.g., the definition of
being based upon the Layers
Staticity (L100)
Machines (L101)
); additionally, it might be defined on account of one or more Properties (e.g.,
also defined on account of its
danger to people (P0)
speed (P1)
. It matches the most commonly accepted definition of concept, by bearing in mind that it will always be formed by the aforementioned elements (or/and by other Concepts).
Equivalently to what happens with Entities, Concepts are automatically ranked on account of their defining elements. Nevertheless, this ranking has to be redefined for each single Entity, because the importance of certain concept might vary depending upon the given context. For example: the Concept
"money is very important"
would have a higher ranking than
"helping others is very important"
when analysing the Entity
, but not the Entity
. Thus, Ranking C actually refers to a group of as many different rankings as suitable Entities (i.e., the ones having at least two associated Concepts).
A Concept may be created from just two Entities, one Property and one Connector; but might also be built on as many Entities (+ Properties & Connectors) or other Concepts (+ Properties & Connectors) as required.
By putting together all the ideas explained in this section and in the previous one, the (ranked) layered categorisation which underlies the proposed system is formed by the following parts:
Two groups of elements which are ordered according to two different rankings and are externally relevant: Entities (Ranking E) & Concepts (Ranking C, which is redefined as many times as Entities with associated Concepts).
Two additional groups of elements which are accessorily used by the two ones in the previous point: Properties (Ranking P) & Connectors (unranked).
On top of all these rankings, there is another one (Ranking L) formed by enum-like elements called Layers, which defines the two aforementioned externally-relevant elements/rankings: Entities & Ranking E in a direct way; and Concepts & Ranking C indirectly (on account of the fact that Concepts are always built on Entities).
Note that the words used to define a Layer or its (enum-)elements may also be treated as Entities or Properties. In fact, Layers are not elements of this system in a strict sense (i.e., at the same level than all the ones defined in this section); they are just a way to facilitate the understanding and usage of the proposed Data format.


text:
As Escadas das Verdades são um arruamento na freguesia da Sé da cidade do Porto, em Portugal.

Ligações externas

Logradouros do Grande Porto
Sé (Porto)
Verdades


A third of UK businesses fail to report information security crimes and breaches, according to a new survey.
The poll of 285 firms, which was followed up by in depth interviews with 20 Chief Security Officers (CSOs) of large enterprises, revealed that IT managers are faced with a dilemma about whether or not to report crime. Businesses are subject to hacking attacks almost daily, ranging from simple port scans and Trojan attacks to more serious assaults.
Managers need to weigh the balance between an organisation's responsibility to report crime in order to prevent and predict incidents and the possible effects on their reputation from becoming known as a target of hacker attacks.
Protecting a firm's reputation is often the primary concern. "From my experience as a media lawyer, reporting crime to the police is a double edged sword as invariably the press have found out about the incident within 24 hours of reporting it to the police, creating a real PR risk." Says media lawyer Jonathan Coad from Swan Turton.
Phillip Virgo, Secretary General of think tank Eurim, said that firms need a clearer idea of where to turn to for assistance. "The time has come to respond to the needs of the customer for security tools they can understand, realistic advice, guidance and support on how to use them and for reporting systems that will route their enquiry to some-one who will respond - be it law enforcement or technical support," he said.
The survey was carried out by the organisers of the Infosecurity Europe 2007 conference, which takes places in London's Olympia between 24 and 26 April. Cyber-crime will be the topic of several keynotes and seminars at the show including the keynote on, Should You Always Report Crime?.
The conference session will be chaired by Geoff Smith, head of information security policy at the DTI. Representatives from law enforcement and industry will also debate e-crime reporting structures and related matters during a panel discussion that forms parts of the keynote, due to take place at 1500 on Wednesday, 25 April.


text:
Some Various Notes on the Process of Initiation
by One who is called Ben
"Initiation, the raising of a person's awareness to a higher level, is not accomplished by putting ideas into a person's mind. Rather, it is accomplished by changing the foundational structure of the mind in such a way that it becomes capable of sensing events on additional levels or with greater scope, capable of organizing those sensations and experiences in new ways, and of re-organizing their past experience and thought-patterns to conform to the expanded view. This is done by introducing new energies from higher levels into the matrix of the person's being, those energies forcing a re-structuring so that they can be contained. It is only after such a change has been brought about that new ideas from the beings can have any significance, as seeds for the process of organizing and re-organizing the content of the mind."
On the Nature of "Channeling"
I knew "trance psychic" Paul Solomon, whose -- I'm not sure what to call them, "cooperative spirits"? -- claimed that they were the same ones that had spoken through Cayce. I had a co-op job in college transcribing the tapes of his trance sessions.
Paul's spirits showed the same mix of right-on information and apparent fantasy that Cayce's did. In some instances they were able to provide information that led to the diagnosis or cure of serious illnesses -- sometimes by means that made no sense at all, but which performed exactly as predicted when they were tried. And they had an uncanny ability to get into the heads of querents and speak to their real questions instead their spoken questions. But they also spouted the same Atlantean and "End Times" stuff that Cayce did.
I had a "reading" by Paul as part of my pay, and a couple of things these spirits mentioned to me (unasked, and deliberately without emphasis) seem to bear directly on the question of why a being with such access to information should also spout garbage.
The first thing they said was that they were forbidden from interfering in any way with an individual's "karma" or "life tasks", the things the person was supposed to accomplish during a particular life. If the person were supposed to work out a particular problem on his own, they could not provide any information that would influence the decisions he would make with respect to that problem. Nor could they provide him with "advance notice" of any problem he was supposed to encounter without preparation. So much of the garbage that comes out of such readings might be a slick way of distracting the person's attention from things they couldn't say.
The second thing they said was that they could only speak to a person within the limits of his current world-view; if the person was convinced that something was true, they would generally not attempt to contradict it, but instead would play along with it. So if someone believed in Atlantis or in a coming Armageddon, and asked questions based on that belief, they would couch their answer in terms that fit with that belief.
For example, at the time (early 1970's) there was a vogue for talking about forthcoming "earth changes" presaging the apocalypse. He was frequently asked about the nature of these changes, and (in one instance I recall) predicted that there would be massive flooding in the midwest for three years in the mid-1990's, and alternating flooding and destructive fires in the American southwest during the same period. The information seems accurate in retrospect, but since the person believed these events were indications of the End of the World, they went along with that belief in the way they phrased their answers. In another case where the person didn't believe in the apocalypse, they gave essentially the same information, but without the biblical overlay.
Interestingly, the advice they gave in such instances was usually pretty good, if you made the assumption that the events in question would come to pass and that the querent would be directly affected by them. E.g., someone came to Paul convinced that there were going to be famines in a few years, and asking what they should do to prepare. Their advice: he should learn to grow his own food and build a secure storage place for it. They never said he needed to do this, just that he could prepare for such an eventuality.
On the Nature of Initiation
As a person whose magickal training has come entirely from "non-incarnate" beings of one sort or another, I've had substantially more interaction with them than most people, even within the magickal community. One thing that has become glaringly obvious to me is that the verbal content of our contacts, the intellectually-apprehensible ideas and words, has in many cases been entirely unimportant to the beings with whom I was working. That content was intended to hold my attention on maintaining the contact, and at the same time, to distract my attention from the levels where they were doing the actual training work.
As human beings-in-the-world, we tend to focus on verbalizations, "facts", and meanings, regarding these as the most important parts of any communication. This is natural enough, since it is how we have to deal with each other and with the manifest world. But to a being observing us from a higher level, those things aren't real. Or, if not exactly unreal, are no more than transitory events of no lasting import, occurring within the structures with which they are concerned.
What these beings are concerned with are those structures which are the basis for our ability to have experiences. That is to say, where our attention is focused on the content of the mind, their purpose has to do with the underlying functionality that allows that content to exist, and determines the forms it can take. Communication, from their point of view, consists primarily in an exchange of energies between themselves and those root structures of our being; the verbal side is secondary.
Initiation, the raising of a person's awareness to a higher level, is not accomplished by putting ideas into a person's mind. Rather, it is accomplished by changing the foundational structure of the mind in such a way that it becomes capable of sensing events on additional levels or with greater scope, capable of organizing those sensations and experiences in new ways, and of re-organizing their past experience and thought-patterns to conform to the expanded view. This is done by introducing new energies from higher levels into the matrix of the person's being, those energies forcing a re-structuring so that they can be contained. It is only after such a change has been brought about that new ideas from the beings can have any significance, as seeds for the process of organizing and re-organizing the content of the mind.
In order to accomplish this goal, it isn't necessary for a magickal being to give someone verbalizations that have any relation to the "real" world. They need only to motivate the person to keep maintaining the "connection" between them, and to open himself to them in such a way that they can perform the manipulations needed to induce the change.
The verbal content of the communication would be focused towards these ends. It would need to be:
sufficiently interesting to keep the person coming back.
sufficiently complex or full of possibilities to keep his consciousness distracted from the activity being performed by the spirits, which would come into the person's awareness in the form of minor distortions of perception and odd swings of mood and affect.
sufficiently "inspiring" to keep the person desirous of contact with higher levels of being. It doesn't matter if the image of the divine that is presented has any relation to the world as the beings perceive it, so long as that image can serve as a channel between the subject and the higher levels.
This last point is particularly important. Those magickal "helpers" I have dealt with (who say they are not unusual as such beings go) are restricted by certain ethical considerations. They cannot work to initiate a person unless that person demonstrates a desire for it, at whatever level he is capable of understanding the process. It is not unethical to offer him a vision of the divine that attracts him, and so gain his acquiescence. Along with the vision, they also give the person a bit of divine energy, a taste of what he can gain; and this energy is given to the person freely and unconditionally. They "pay" the person in advance for the opportunity to help him.
In this view, complaints about the absurd nature of most "channeling" and visions [or the bizarre and foolish delinquency of so-called "space aliens" ramming probes up people's behinds, all the while excusing such ludicrous behavior by lecturing them on the importance of "living green." -B:.B:.] take on the aspect of somebody complaining about being given a bit of ambrosia, just because it came wrapped in a cheesy package.
Once a person becomes fully and formally dedicated to the path of initiation, things become a bit easier. The magickal beings don't have to dangle a carrot in front of his eyes at every moment. His "oath of the Path" establishes a permanent thread of contact between the person and the divine, and also serves as a blanket permission for the magickal beings in his "inner Lodge" to do whatever is necessary to increase that contact. (However, they still are restrained by the rule of non-interference with the person's "true will".) So the bullshit factor can drop significantly, and they can spend the time gained on other beneficial activities.
So from all this you can see that grandiose stories, tall tales, and other nonsense from magickal sources aren't necessarily evidence of malevolent intent. It is simply that what the author thinks is important about such contacts is largely irrelevant to what is actually going on.
And not to blow my own horn, but simply as fact: I am evidence that sometimes those "grandiose" promises are fulfilled. I was promised at the beginning of my work that I would become a Magister Templi within 30 years; it only took 22 years. I was taken from being a wretched and ignorant fool to being (while still a bit of a fool) someone for whom transcendental awareness is a continual, joyous, and undeniable reality. And every prediction or prophecy that my magickal partners made (save one) has been fulfilled ten times over, usually in ways that were inconceivable to me at the time the predictions were made. Absolutely everything I ever wanted from them I have received, and more.
Aside from this, and speaking as a magician in the Western traditions, I'd have to say that if anyone's "shamanic" approach is only putting him into contact with beings who feed on his energy, then he'd better consider finding a new way of working. Or at least start looking for a different sort of magickal being to deal with. Every magickal ceremony (or every series of such to a particular purpose) ought to end up with the magician receiving as much or more back from his work as he put into it in the first place. And the beings worth knowing always end up giving more than they take.
On the Nature of Memetic Reprogramming
Let's start with an extremely simplified example to illustrate this. Say you've got a little computer that does certain things when it gets a signal. Whoever programmed this computer put in instructions for what to do when it gets the signals "01", "10", and "11". It is capable of also receiving the signal "00", but has no programmed instructions for that case. So what happens when it receives a "00" signal? It either ignores it, or treats it as one of the signals for which it does have instructions. As far as its internal activity goes, the signal "00" simply doesn't exist.
On a vastly larger scale, this is what the Ruach is doing. It only processes information for which it has a hard-wired program, or for which it can create new programs by adapting and combining older programs. Any information for which it can't make an interpreting algorithm simply doesn't exist, as far as it is concerned.
Most of the Ruach's processing programs are software, and some of them are capable of modification in such a way as to handle the usually-excluded data that makes up the transcendental experience. The problem is that nearly all its programming derives (sometimes through many levels) from adaptations of the basic "hard-wired" instructions for processing and responding to raw data from the physical senses. That's why the sephira Yesod, where this processing takes place, is called "The Foundation" of the Tree of Life.
So the entire structure of our minds, from our basic emotions up to the most inclusive "intuitive" level, has a built-in bias towards seeing and processing data in sensory-like ways, and an equally complete inability to see or process information that can't be fit into that schema or its more abstract analogues.
Now as I said in another message, nearly all of the path of initiation is a process of expanding the number of levels at which we can perceive consciously and integrating each new level into what came before. When this process is done for a given level, its functioning becomes relatively automatic, and falls below the threshold of awareness. Throughout most of the process the expansion and integration are fairly well-balanced, so that new levels open up at about the same speed with which we integrate the old ones. The progress is incremental, allowing gradual adaptation of old programs to new uses.
(from Noton's Imperium Website)
[Note: any apparent bumpiness in the flow of this missive is the fault not of the author but of ourselves alone. In our feeble attempt to present a robust enough sampling of the absolutely marvelous buffet of ontological perspectives offered freely by our dear Brother Benjamin -- who clearly resideth beyond the word and the fool -- we fear we may've done little more than muddy the waters with our somewhat stuttery and inept presentation. Alas, we meant well. -B:.B:.]
Go Back to Book Eight or Go Back to Rowe