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La literatura croata és la literatura feta en croat a Croàcia i Bòsnia i Hercegovina, encara que alguns autors escriguin a la Unió Europea, Canadà o als EUA. Tot i que tradicionalment s'ha considerat el croat com una versió del serbocroat escrit en alfabet llatí, des de la independència de Croàcia el 1991 es va estenent la idea que el croat és una llengua independent.

Els orígens
La cultura medieval croata era trilingüe: en croat, llatí i eslavó antic. Els primers texts n'eren del , traduccions de l'eslavó antic escrits en alfabet glagolític (escrits litúrgics, hagiografies i apòcrifs), inspirats en la literatura medieval eslava i bizantina, com el Missal de Kiev (s. XI), documents com la pedra Baška (1100) i la Llei Vinodol (1288). Cap al 1300 va aparèixer la primera mostra de literatura pròpiament croata, el Rumanac Trojski ('Roman de Troie'). Des del , però, els texts seran més originals: prosa didàctica i històrica, d'influència italiana, com les Cròniques de Dukljanin, però també oral. La primera literatura en čakavski donà com a mostres el Missal del príncep Novak (1368), el Missal de Hrvoje Vukčič Hrvatinič (s. XV), l'Evangeli de Reims i les Visio Tundali.

Literatura dalmatoragusea
La literatura dalmatoragusea, d'origen romà i feta en čakavià, es va desenvolupar a les viles del litoral, eslavitzades, però de cultura italiana. Els llatinistes croats del Renaixement s'interessaren per la cultura del seu país i exaltaren sovint el seu sentiment d'origen eslau, com van fer Djordje Sišgorič de Sibenic (Georgius Sisgoreus, 1440-1509) i Priboevius de Hvar, l'historiador en llatí Hvarien-Hanibal Lučič (Annibale Lucio de Hvar, 1485-1553) autor del drama poètic Robinja ('Esclava'), o en italià, com Mauro Orbini (m. 1614) amb Storia dei popoli slavi.

Per fer de contrapès entre el sentiment eslau amb l'atracció cultural italiana, els autors es basaren en la tradició medieval autòctona, influïda per Petrarca, amb centres a Zadar, Hvar i Dubrovnik. Els principals autors dubrovčan del període foren Vladislav Sisko Menčetič (1457-1527) i Džore Držič (Giorgio Darsa, 1461-1501), poetes trobadorescs de tradició amorosa; l'humanista Ludvik Crijevič (Luigi Cerva, 1460-1520); i el gran poeta Marin Držič (Marí Darsa, 1508-1567) de Ragusa, autor de comèdies de carnaval com Dundo Maroje ('Oncle Maroje', 1550), Skup ('L'avar', 1553), i Venera i Adon ('Venus i Adonis'). Altres aurtors menors foren Mikša Pelegrinovič (1500-1562) de Hvar amb el poema de carnaval Jejupka ('L'egípcia'); Brne Kernatutič (1520-1572) de Zadar, amb Vazegte Sigeta grada ('La presa de Siget', 1584) en honor del ban croat Zrinski; Juraj Barakovič (1548-1628) amb Vila Slovinka ('Fe eslava'); Andrej Čubranovič (1480-1530), Stjepo Gučetič, Niccolo Vetranič-Caučič, Petar Hektorevič de Hvar (Pietro Ettoreo, 1487-1572) amb Ribanje (1565) i Ribarsko Prigovaranje ('El pecat i el propòsit dels pecadors'); Marko Marulič de Split (1450-1524), amb la poesia patriòtica antiturca Judita (1501); Petar Zoranič (1508-1569) de Zadar, amb l'idil·li pastoral Planine ('Muntanyes'); Nikola Naljeskovič (mort el 1587) amb teatre carnavalesc; B. Cassio (1575-1650) i Mavro Vetranovič (1482-1576) de Ragusa, amb Remita ('Ermità') i Piligrin ('Pelegrí').

En altre temàtiques també destacarien Medo Pučič (1521-1582), el poeta amorós Dominko Zlatarič (1555-1609), el matemàtic Rudiger Bosgovič (1711-1787) i l'historiador Anselmo Banduri (1670-1743), autor del tractat Imperium orientali sive angiquitatis constantinopolitanae (1712).

Durant el  l'austeritat de la Contrareforma es va imposar al lirisme amorós. Tot i així aparegué la gran figura del moment, Dživo Gundulič (Giovanni Gondola, 1589-1638) amb els poemes Suze sina razmetnoga ("Llàgrimes del fill perdut"), Dubravka (1628), considerada com l'himne nacional de la República de Ragusa, Osman (1626) i Cleòpatra (1627). També foren importants els petrarquistes Dinko Ranjina (1536-1607) de Ragusa, i Dinko Zlatarič (1558-1609) traductor de l'Electra i Aminta de Sòfocles; Junije Palmotič (1606-1657) de Ragusa, amb drames històrics en poesia com Pavlimir, Atlanta, Captislava, Bisernica, Kristijade o Gomnaide; Dživo Bunič-Vucičevič (1592-1658), amb els idil·lis pastorals amb influència del marinisme italià: Plandovanja ('Plaers') i Mandaljena pokornica ('Magdalena penedida'); i el ban croat Petar Zrinski (1620-1671) amb Adrianskoja mora sirena ('La sirena de l'Adriàtica').

Els autors de la Contrareforma es formaren en els Col·legis Il·lírics de Bolonya, Loreto i Roma, gent com Pietro Canavelli (1637-1719), Girolamo Cavagnini (1640-1714) i Antun Kanižlić (1699-1777) d'Eslavònia. Allí es compongueren les gramàtiques Institutiones linguae illyricae (1654) a Roma i Thesaurus linguae illyricae (1654) a Loreto, així com un Dizionario italiano-latino-illirico (1728), compost a Venècia per Ardelio Dellabella.

El  va continuar el desenvolupament de la comèdia carnavalesca, tot i que sense autors de gran importància, ja que les acadèmies fundades a Ragusa, Zadar i Split decaigueren; encara sobrevisqueren alguns autors com el franciscà Andrija Kačič-Miosič (1704-1760) amb la crònica rimada Razgovor ugodni naroda slovinskoga ('Clamorós discurs sobre el poble eslau'); Anton Gledjevič (1659-1738) amb els poemes Danina, Olimpia i Hermione; Ignač Gjorgjič (1676-1737), autor d'Uzdasi mandaljenje pokornise ('Sospirs de Magdalena penedida', 1728), Salter slovinsti ('Psalteri eslau', 1729) i Marunko i Pavica (1730); el jesuïta Juraj Ferič (1739-1820) i el francès fill del cònsol gal a Ragusa, Bruère Desrivaux/Marko Bruerovič (1774-1823), autor de poemes i comèdies líriques. I pel que fa als cants èpics, cal destacar l'obra del franciscà Filip Grabovac (mort el 1749), que exalta el patriotisme.

Literatura de la Croàcia continental (s. XV-XVII)
El país havia estat devastat pels turcs, i els primers autors importants en foren els protestants Stjepan Konzul (mort el 1587) i Antun Dalmatin (mort el 1579) d'Ístria, traductors del Nou Testament al croat. Foren imitats pels catòlics de Zagreb, com el p. Antun Vramec (mort el 1587), autor d'una crònica en kajkavià. Durant el  els nobles, amenaçats pel centralisme austríac, experimentaren el particularisme en adoptar la llengua popular. Així, Petar Zrinski (1621-1671) va adaptar al croat els poemes en hongarès del seu germà Nikola, i Fran Krsto Frankopan (1643-1671) va fer peces líriques d'influència italiana. També en destacaren el bosnià M. Divković (1563-1631) i el continental J. Habdelić (1609-1678).

Més tard, Juraj Križanić (1618-1683), missioner de la Contrareforma i entusiasta de la idea de la unitat i independència dels eslaus del sud, va compondre una Gramatično iskazanje ob ruskom jeziku, i marxà a Rússia per tal de convèncer el tsar de les seves idees, però aquest el va deportar a Sibèria, on va compondre el tractat de caràcter paneslavista Politicka. En una línia similar, Pavao Ritter-Vitezović (1652-1713), autor en llatí i en croat, va defensar els drets històrics del poble croat, i estén el sentiment nacional a tots els pobles il·lírics, que era com anomenava els eslaus del sud, i pretén unificar tots els dialectes en una llengua comuna.

Pel que fa al  a Zagreb, destacaria la didàctica en kajkavià mercè a les comèdies de Tito Brezovič (1757-1804) com Diogenes, ili sluga dven zgoblenech bratov (1804), mentre que a Eslavònia destaca la figura de Matija Antun Relkovič (1732-1798), autor en kajkavià de Satir ili divi csuvik (1762). Altres autors foren Antun Kanižlič (1700-1777), el sacerdot i folklorista Toma Miklovšič (1767-1833), Antun Mihanovič (1796-1862), que proposà substituir el llatí pel croat, i Jakov Lovrenčič (1787-1842), autor del drama Petrica Kerempuh.

El
A començaments del  els croats no eren pas una unitat política (ja que eren dividits entre austríacs, hongaresos i turcs), ni lingüística (ja que empraven tres dialectes, čakavià, štokavià i kajkavià). Aleshores, el filòleg croat Ljudevit Gaj, influït pels filòlegs paneslavistes txecs, per tal de conjugar l'amenaça nacionalista hongaresa, va fundar les revistes Danica i Novine Hrvatske, des d'on proposa l'ús d'una llengua única, el štokavià, no sols per als croats sinó també per a tots els eslaus del sud, com ja havia fet a Sèrbia el filòleg Vuk Karadžić, però amb alfabet ciríl·lic, mentre que els croats empraran l'alfabet llatí. Amb aquesta finalitat també fundarà l'editorial Matica Ilirska. Janko Draskovič fundà d'un cercle literari a Zagreb i fou exiliat a París

D'aquesta manera apareixerà la primera generació d'autors literaris croats en štokavià, que també va captar l'eslovè Stanko Vraz (1810-1850), però que no va tenir prou deixebles a Eslovènia. Entre els principals exponents en tenim Ljudevit Gaj (1809-1872), que sentaria les bases de la unificació lingüística serbocroata amb Kratka osnorva hrvatsko-slavenskoga pravopisanja ('Epistolami d'escriptura legal croatoeslovena', 1830), el poeta i polític Ivan Mažuranič (1814-1890), autor de Smrt Smail-aga Cengijaca ('La mort d'Ismail Aga Cengic', 1846) i Petar Preradović (1818-1872). Aquesta tendència fou continuada pels nous autors, com Luka Botić (1830-1863), Gija Martič (1822-1905) i Mirko Bogovič (1816-1893), editor de la revista Neven ('Meravella'), primer autor croat empresonat per la seva activitat literària, i autor del poema Matija Gubeč, Kralj seljački ('Matija Gubec, rei dels pagesos', 1859).

La nova constitució del 1860 permetrà la literatura croata en unes condicions més favorables. El pare Josip Juraj Strossmajer i l'escriptor August Šenoa (1838-1881) fundaran la revista Vijenac, de caràcter literari, que el 1871 publicarà la primera novel·la croata Zlaterovo zlato ('L'or de l'orfebre') d'A. Šenoa, literatura de propaganda nacional, sentimental i romàntica.

Fou en aquells anys quan es va produir una reacció nacionalista croata fonamentada en els drets històrics del regne croat. L'ideòleg en fou Ante Starčevič, que publicaria treballs científics en una llengua diferent a la dels serbis. Amb ell sorgiria un grup d'autors realistes i naturalistes, com Evgen Kumičič (1850-1904), autor de Kneza Lepa ('La reina Lepa', 1902) i Urota Zrinjsko Frankopanska ('La conspiració de Zrinski i Frankopan'); Ksaver Sandor Gjalski (1854-1935) amb Janko Borislavić (1887), considerat el Faust croat; Vjenceslav Novak (1859-1905), influït per Zola i creador de la novel·la social croata, amb Pod Nehajem ('Sota el Nahaj', 1892), Posljednji stipančiči ('Els darrers stipancici', 1899) i Tito Dorčič (1905); Franjo Markovič (1845-1914), autor del poema èpic Kohan i Vlasta (1868); Ante Kovačič (1854-1889) amb U registraturi ('L'arxiver', 1888); Josip Kozarac (1858-1906), iniciador de la novel·la psicològica, amb Megju svijetlom i tminom ('Entre llums i tenebres', 1900) i Mrtui kapitali ('Capitals mortes', 1889); el novel·lista Janko Leskovar (1861-1949), l'eslavó August Harambašič (1861-1911) i el gran poeta Silvije Strahimir Kranjčevič (1865-1908) creador de la revista Nada ('Esperança') i autor de Trzaji ('Sobresalts', 1902).	Alguns autors menys coneguts foren el comediant Josip Evgen Tomič (1843-1906), amb Bosanski Zmag ('Drac de Bòsnia', 1879), el frare de Ragusa Matija Ban (1818-1903), el dàlmata de Split Luka Botič (1830-1863) i el narrador i poeta Milan Marjanovič (1879-1955).

Modernisme croat

Entre finals del  i començaments del XX (1895-1918) és conegut com a període modernista, un nou corrent de reacció per l'absència d'interès pels problemes estètics (l'art per l'art), que serà impulsat pels crítics M. Dežman, Milutin Cihlar Nehajev (1880-1931) i Milan Marjanovič (1879-1955). Dominat per la figura d'Antun Gustav Matoš (1873-1914), desertor de l'exèrcit austrohongarès i exiliat a Belgrad i París, amb les narracions Naši ljudi i krajevi ('La nostra gent i la nostra terra', 1910) i Umorneprice ('Contes estancats', 1909); i amb altres intimistes com Vladimir Vicrič (1875-1909) de Ragusa, Dinko Simunovič (1873-1933); Janko Polič-Kamov (1886-1910); Ivo Vovjnovič (1857-1929) amb la Dubrovacka trilogija ('Trilogia de Dubrovnik', 1900), que aplega les narracions Lazarevo Vaskresenje ('La resurrecció de Llàtzer'), Stari Grijesi ('Els vells pecats') i Gospoda za suneskretom ('La senyora del gira-sol'); i Vladimir Nazor (1876-1949) amb els poemes Slavenske legende ('Llegendes eslaves', 1900), Hrvatski kraljevi ('Reis croats', 1904) i Partizanke ('Cants partisans', 1944); Dragutin Domjanič (1875-1933) amb poemes en kajkavià en què descriu la misèria dels pagesos; Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić (1874-1938), autora de contes per a nens, i considerada com l'Andersen croata; Fran Galovič (1887-1914); Milan Oogrizovič (1877-1923); Fran Mazuranič (1859-1928); els istrians Rikard Katalinič-Jeretov (1861-1934) i Viktor Car Emin; Ante Trešič-Pavičič (1867-1949), traductor de Giacomo Leopardi i Branko Vodnik (1879-1926), Ivan Kozarac (1885-1910), el catòlic Marin Sabič (1860-1922), Srdan Tučič, i Fran Hrčič, molt influït per Fiódor Dostoievski.

El modernisme va dominar la vida literària croata fins a començaments dels anys trenta. Tot i així, el 1917 es formà el grup de poetes nacionalistes Grič (nom del barri antic de Zagreb), amb el deixeble de Matoš, Ljubo Wiesner (1885-1951), i els seus companys Zvonko Milkovič, Vilko Gabarič (1889-1915), mort al front, Nikola Polič, Vladimir Cerina, Božo Lovrić, Tomislav Prpič, Gustav Krklec, el filòleg Julije Benešić, Branko Stanojevič (1900-1921) i Danko Andelinovič.

Període d'entreguerres 1920-1940
Durant els anys 20 es desenvoluparen els corrents avantguardistes, principalment expressionistes, que trencaren amb la tradició anterior, entre els quals hi havia Antun-Branko Simič (1898-1925), amb els poemes socials Prcobraženja ('Transfiguracions', 1920), Djuro Sudeta (1903-1927), Nikola Šop (1904), Ulderiko Donadini (1894-1923), el crític Antun Barac (1894-1955), Augustin Ujevič (1891-1955), molt nacionalista, amb Lelek sebra ('El plany de l'eslau', 1920) i Ojadjeno zveno ('La campana adolorida', 1933); i Mihovil Kombol (1883-1955), traductor de Dant al croat. També destacà el poeta Ante Cetineo (1898) amb Za suncem ('Ànsia de sol', 1932), Zlatni ključ ('Clau d'or', 1933), Laste nad uvalom ('Orenetes sobre la vall', 1935) i les novel·les Grebeni se rone ('Les esculleres es trenquen', 1925) i Mestar Ivan (1933).

El període d'entreguerres fou força productiu, i es publicaren nombroses revistes literàries; entre les cristianes i dretanes les més importants eren Savremenik (Revista Contemporània), Hrvatska Prosvjeta (Tradició croata) i Hrvatska Revija, amb influència literària germànica i italiana; entre els esquerrans, destacaren les revistes Danas (Avui), Pečat (el Segell) i Zastita Civjeka, i entre els autors més destacats podem trobar el novel·lista Miroslav Krleza (1893-1981) amb la trilogia Glembajevi ('La família Glembaj', 1932), Povratak Filipa Latinovica ('El retorn de Felip Latinovic', 1960), Hrvatski bog Mars ('El croat déu Mart', 1922), Djetinjstvo u Agramu ('Infantesa a Zagreb', 1952) i Davni dani ('Dies de fa molt de temps', 1956); Agust Cesarec (1893-1941) afusellat pels ustaixa, amb la novel·la Slatan mladic ('El jove i l'or', 1928); Milan Begovič (1876-1948), influït per Henrik Ibsen, Luigi Pirandello i Maurice Maeterlinck, amb Knjiga Boccadoro ('El llibre Boccadoro', 1900); i el poeta Ivan-Goran Kovačič (1913-1943) amb el poema Jama ('Fossa comuna', 1943). Altres autors importants del període foren Mile Budak (1889-1945), ministre d'Educació de l'Estat Independent Croat, autor de Pod gorom ('Sota la muntanya', 1937), Direktor Križanič (1938) i Ognjiste ('La llar', 1938); Gustav Krlec (1899-1977) amb els poemes Ljubav ptica ('Amor dels ocells', 1926), Zubar zivota ('El murmuri de la vida', 1955), i Ernikos ('Merla', 1974); el dramaturg Josip Kosor (1879-1961) amb Optužba ('Acusació', 1905), Razsap ('Destrucció', 1906) i Bijeli plaminovi ('Flames blanques', 1920); Dobriša Cesarić (1902-1980), Dragutin Tadijanović (1905-2007) amb els poemes Sunce nad oranicima ('El sol sobre els camps', 1933) i Dani djetinjstva ('Dies d'infantesa', 1937); el bosnià Ilija Nanetak (1906), Djuro Vvikovič (1889-1958); Š. Košutič (1902), amb la novel·la Snašijo njiva ('Del nostre passat', 1935-1940), i Slavko Kolar (1891-1963), el millor humorista croat, amb Narodje streljiv ('El poble és pacient', 1947) i Svoga tela gospodar ('Amo del propi cos', 1957). De menor importància podem destacar Ante Bonifačič (1901), el poeta social Vjekoslav Majer (1900), amb la novel·la Osamljeni čovek u Tingletanglu ('Un home solitari al cabaret', 1965), Vlado Vlaisavljevič, Frano Alfirevič (1903), Ivo Kozarčanin (1911-1941), Suda Kosutič (1902), Dora Pfonova (1897), Antun Nizeteo (1913), Olinko Delorko (1910), Drago Ivanisevič (1909) i Vladko Batusič (1902). En dialecte čakavià van destacar autors com Mate Balota (1898-1963), Drago Gervais (1904-1957) i el poeta eslavó Grigor Vitez (1911-1966).

Després del 1945

Després de la guerra es va imposar la literatura social i el realisme socialista, en què destacaren, endemés d'alguns dels autors ja esmenats, d'altres de nous com Petar Šegedin (1909) amb les novel·les Djeca Božja ('Nens de déu', 1946), Osalmjenici ('Gent solitària', 1947), Na istom putu ('Pel mateix camí', 1963) i Orfej u maloj bašti ('Orfeu en un jardí petit', 1964); Vjekoslav Kaleb (1905) amb Na kamenju ('Sobre la pedra', 1940), Smrtni zvuci ('Sons mortals', 1957) i Divota prašine ('Miracle de pols', 1956); Ranko Marinkovič (1913), autor satíric i dramàtic amb Ruke ('Mans', 1953), Poničenje Sokrata ('Humiliació de Sòcrates', 1959) i Oko božje ('L'ull de déu', 1960); Novak Simič (1906) de Bòsnia, amb la novel·la Brača i kumiri ('Germans i ídols', 1955); Ivan Dončevič (1909) amb les novel·les Bezimeni ('Anònims', 1945) i Mirotvotci ('Pacifistes', 1956); així com els poetes Marin Franičevič, Sime Vicetič (1909) amb els poemes Ljubav i čovjek ('L'amor i l'home', 1955); Vesna Parun (1922), amb els poemes Zore i vihori ('Alba i vents', 1947), Crna maslina ('Olivera negra', 1955), Koralj vracen moru ('Corall retornat del mar', 1959), i Bila sam dječak ('Jo era un noi', 1963); i el poeta Jure Kaštelan (1919) amb Pijetao na krovu ('Un gall al terrat', 1950), i Malo kamena i puno snova ('Poques pedres i molts somnis', 1957).

Altres també de destacats foren Drago Ivanisevič (1907) amb els poemes Zelmja pod nogama ('La terra sota el peu', 1940) i Košarica stihova ('Un cistell de versos', 1951); Slavko Batušič (1902) amb el drama Komorni trio ('Trio de cambra', 1938) i les narracions Kroz zapodni zemlje i gradove ('Travessant les terres i ciutats occidentals', 1932), Od Kandije do Hammerfesta ('De Candia a Hammerfest', 1937), i Pejzazi i vedute ('Vistes i paisatges', 1959), i Vladan Desnica (1905-1967) amb Zimsko ljetovanje ('El llogaret d'hivern', 1950) i Fratarsa zelenom bradom ('El frare amb barba vermella', 1959).

Durant els anys 50 es va notar més l'entrada de la influència literària occidental (sobretot García Lorca i T. S. Elliot), mercè a les revistes KRUGOVI (Cercles, 1952-1958) i KNJIŽEVNIK (El llibreter, 1959-1961). En la primera publicaren Ivan Slamnig (1930), Ivan Kušan (1933), Antun Šoljan (1932), Slobodan Novak (1924) amb els poemes Glasnice u oluji ('Missatges en la tempesta', 1950), les narracions Mirisi, zlato i tamjan ('Perfum, or i encens', 1968) i Turdigrad ('Ciutat dura', 1961) i el teatre Trofej ('Trofeu', 1960) i Strašno je znati ('És terrible saber', 1962), i Ivan Raos (1921), i facilitaren el camí a poetes com el romàntic Slavko Mihalič (1928), autor de Ljubav za stvarnu zemlju ('Amor a la veritable terra', 1964) i Prognana balada ('Balada proscrita', 1965), l'existencialista Milivoj Šlavicek (1929) i Vlado Gotovac (1930) i Tono Marčevič (1941) autor de la traducció Bikova koza (La pell de brau) d'Espriu el 1987, així com Nikola Miličevič (1922), de to pessimista i apolític, Vladko Pavlette (1930), Stanislav Simič (1904-1960), Miroslav Šicel (1926) i Branimir Donat (1934).

En la dècada dels seixanta, amb institucions més descentralitzades, aparegueren noves revistes com Forum (1962), Kolo (1963-1971), Kritika (1968-1971) i Umjetnost riječi (L'art del Món, des del 1957). Apareixerien autors com Zvonimir Majdak, Alojz Majetić i Branislav Glumac. Però la publicació més destacada fou Razlog (Raó) amb un lirisme metafòric dels autors Danijel Dragojevič, Dubravko Horvatič, Luka Paljetak i Vesna Krmpotič (1932) amb els poemes Pisejak koje govori ('Sorra que parla', 1958), Jama bica ('Terreny d'essència', 1965) i Krasna nesuglasja ('Boniques desharmonies', 1970). Pel que fa als dramaturgs, el més destacat fou Mirko Bozič (1919), amb Most ('El pont', 1947), Devet gomolja ('Nou patates', 1948), Skretnica ('Punt de tornada', 1951) i Ljuljačka v tužnoj vrbi ('Voleia el colom', 1957). També apareixeria a Zagreb el 1964 la revista Praxis, de caràcter humanista i antiestalinista i que donà nom a un grup d'escriptors joves com V. Vranički, R. Supek, M. Kangrga, Gajo Petrovič (1927) i V. Korak, amb la intenció d'agrupar els dissidents que no volien destruir el sistema.

A partir dels anys setanta destacaren altres autors com Drago Kekanovič, Pero Budak (1919), Ivan Aralica (1930), Marijan Matjovič (1915-1985), en estil realista socialista amb Slučaj maturanta Wagnera ('El cas del graduat Wagner', 1953), Igra oko smrti ('Ball al voltant de la mort', 1955), Vašar snova ('Mercat dels somnis', 1959) i I bogovi pate ('Els déus també pateixen', 1965), i els borgesians Goran Babič, Pavao Pavličić (1946), Stjepan Cuič (1945), Goran Tribuson (1948), Vlatko Pavletić (1930), Ivo Frangeš (1920) i Zvonimir Majdak (1938).

Pel que fa als autors exiliats, el 1951 amb capital ustaixa es va fundar a Buenos Aires la Hrvatsk Revija, per tal d'agrupar els autors de la diàspora, com Vinko Nikolič (1912), Boris Maduna (1940), Lucijan Kordič (1914), Srečko Karaman (1904-1964), Ante Nizeteo (1913), Mirko Vidovič (1940) i Viktor Vida, que se suïcidà, i Vinko Grubisič (1948). Des del 1968 establiran la seva seu editorial a Barcelona.

Vegeu també
 Alida Bremer.

Enllaços externs

 Željka Lovrenčić, Breve historia de la literatura croata moderna y contemporánea.
 Studia Croatica, revista de literatura croata.
 Lengua y literatura croata en culturacroata.com.ar.

Croata, Literatura
Cultura de Croàcia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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    var BORDER_WIDTH = 1;
    var CalloutContent = (function (_super) {
        __extends(CalloutContent, _super);
        function CalloutContent(props) {
            var _this = _super.call(this, props) || this;
            _this._warnDeprecations({ 'beakStyle': 'beakWidth' });
            _this._didSetInitialFocus = false;
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                slideDirectionalClassName: null,
                calloutElementRect: null
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            _this._positionAttempts = 0;
            return _this;
        }
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            this._setInitialFocus();
            this._updatePosition();
        };
        CalloutContent.prototype.componentWillMount = function () {
            var target = this.props.targetElement ? this.props.targetElement : this.props.target;
            this._setTargetWindowAndElement(target);
        };
        CalloutContent.prototype.componentWillUpdate = function (newProps) {
            if (newProps.targetElement !== this.props.targetElement || newProps.target !== this.props.target) {
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            if (newProps.gapSpace !== this.props.gapSpace || this.props.beakWidth !== newProps.beakWidth) {
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                return null;
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                beakStyleWidth = 16;
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                top: positions && positions.beakPosition ? positions.beakPosition.top : BEAK_ORIGIN_POSITION.top,
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                height: beakStyleWidth,
                width: beakStyleWidth,
                backgroundColor: backgroundColor,
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        };
        CalloutContent.prototype.dismiss = function (ev) {
            var onDismiss = this.props.onDismiss;
            if (onDismiss) {
                onDismiss(ev);
            }
        };
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            if (this.state.positions && !preventDismissOnScroll) {
                this._dismissOnLostFocus(ev);
            }
        };
        CalloutContent.prototype._dismissOnLostFocus = function (ev) {
            var target = ev.target;
            var clickedOutsideCallout = this._hostElement && !Utilities_1.elementContains(this._hostElement, target);
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                    (this._target.stopPropagation ||
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        };
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                var currentProps = void 0;
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                }
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                        left: 0 + this.props.minPagePadding,
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                        bottom: this._targetWindow.innerHeight - this.props.minPagePadding,
                        width: this._targetWindow.innerWidth - this.props.minPagePadding * 2,
                        height: this._targetWindow.innerHeight - this.props.minPagePadding * 2
                    };
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                this._bounds = currentBounds;
            }
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                    var gapSpace = this.props.gapSpace ? this.props.gapSpace : 0;
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                return false;
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        };
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                    this._target = currentDoc ? currentDoc.querySelector(target) : null;
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                }
                else if (target.stopPropagation) {
                    this._target = target;
                    this._targetWindow = Utilities_1.getWindow(target.toElement);
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            }
        };
        return CalloutContent;
    }(Utilities_1.BaseComponent));
    CalloutContent.defaultProps = {
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        isBeakVisible: true,
        beakWidth: 16,
        gapSpace: 0,
        minPagePadding: 8,
        directionalHint: DirectionalHint_1.DirectionalHint.bottomAutoEdge
    };
    __decorate([
        Utilities_1.autobind
    ], CalloutContent.prototype, "dismiss", null);
    __decorate([
        Utilities_1.autobind
    ], CalloutContent.prototype, "_setInitialFocus", null);
    __decorate([
        Utilities_1.autobind
    ], CalloutContent.prototype, "_onComponentDidMount", null);
    exports.CalloutContent = CalloutContent;
});

//# sourceMappingURL=CalloutContent.js.map

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
What is the Future of SEO 2023? Expert Predictions For Tomorrow
It is always a matter of debate whether SEO is there to stay or not. Search Engine Optimization tactics have so far been the reason why certain websites rank well while others don't. It's a question that's immensely important for people who plan to have a career in SEO. To put it in a straightforward manner- SEO is here to stay.
However, what's continuously changing is what kind of SEO tactics work for people at a certain point in time. SEO has been dynamic ever since its inception.
The reason we are here talking about the future of SEO is that there are many factors, including technology, algorithms, and many more that influence how SEO works. To make more sense out of it, let's see how SEO has changed over the past few years, and then let's move on to the future of SEO.
The Future of SEO in 2023: How SEO Has Changed Over Time?
How SEO Will Change In 2023? : Expert Predictions For Tomorrow
As already discussed, there are some significant ways in which the way SEO applies to rank pages has changed over the last decade. Here are some of the changes we've witnessed:
KEYWORD STUFFING HAS DIED
Initially, as people figured out keywords help in ranking the content, the practice of keyword stuffing became a popular way of ranking the content.
However, the two major Google algorithm updates by Google- Panda and Penguin- focused on this practice and penalized all the websites engaging in keyword stuffing. Thus, keyword stuffing is no longer a way through which you can make your content rank better.
Image Credits: Quicksprout
The way keywords work to help the content rank better changed even more after the Hummingbird update. Semantic search has been introduced, and user intent is of great importance. The meaning of the keyword is the primary focus rather than using a matching keyword.
[Updated] LSI Keywords Guide For Bloggers & Marketers in SEO 2023
MOBILES HAVE COME INTO THE PICTURE
Two decades ago, we could've never imagined how mobile phones or any device other than the desktop would be useful in doing searches on Google or any search engine. But here we are, holding phones in our hands to conduct most of the searches that we make on the internet.
Since a majority of people look up information using their mobile devices, Google has also started ranking websites better when they are optimized for mobile phones. This is in a constant effort to make the task of searching and accessing information easier for the users.
LOCAL SEARCHES HAVE BECOME DOMINANT
The Pigeon update made local searches enter the picture, and soon, local SEO experts realized how optimizing a website for local searches can work as a Holy Grail. This was when people started listing their website on online directories. Ever since this update was made, Google ranks directory websites with high authority.
If you optimize your website for local keywords and focus on Google My Business, you know your website would do a lot better. Thanks to the changes that happened over time.
11 SEO Experts Roundup: Secrets For Growing Local Businesses in 2023
CONTENT HAS BECOME MORE IMPORTANT
Back in the days when people were figuring out how to rank their site, spammy content and keyword stuffing were in trend. The Google Panda update not only put an end to keyword stuffing but also sent clear signals that spammy content was no longer welcome. Furthermore, these days, the content has to be unique for it to rank well. You have to offer something better than what your competitor has to offer.
In the initial days, when certain SEO practices were lauded, nobody would have imagined content marketing would be a thing.
Today, for people to call an SEO strategy 'well-designed and planned,' it is important to involve content marketing. There's no doubt about the fact that content is king and content marketing is the queen of SEO.
Content Marketing In 2023| Why Just Publishing Your Post Is NOT Enough?
3 Content Marketing Tips to Put Your Blogging Business into Overdrive
VIDEOS HAVE BECOME INTEGRAL
A few years back, content and images were largely where most of the focus went in for providing information to the user. However, noticing a trend as to how videos are more preferred and how users access YouTube for info, video marketing has also become an integral part of SEO strategy.
Increasing Your Sales, Conversions & Profitability With Video Marketing
Most of the SEO experts believe that the coming years are bright for SEO. While SEO being dead is out of the question, a lot might change based on other technological changes. The reason why there's so much change happening is due to the fact that SEO has become quite complicated over time.
Google started with a couple of ranking factors, and today, we have two categories of those factors (on-page, off-page) and so many subcategories.
It also makes sense since every other business out there wants to be on Google, as a result of which there's a lot of crowding. To rank websites with all fairness, the evolution of the SEO factors with passing time is essential.
UX MIGHT PLAY A BIGGER ROLE
Most people would say that SEO is technically oriented, and there's only a limited space for creativity and innovation. However, the way SEO has evolved over the years is proof of how SEO efforts have much to do with creativity. While there's no denying technical stuff is a major part of SEO strategies, a search engine optimization is equally a form of art of knowing the search engine, knowing the audience, and striking a balance.
Image Source: Pixabay
UX or user experience identifies aspects and works on them to provide users with the best experience. Today, Google prioritizes its audience, and constantly updates its algorithms to rank the best pages on the first page of the search results.
UX resonates with Google in this, and we are already seeing a change as to how UX has become a part of SEO.
In the future, as search engines and search results align themselves more with the user experience, we might witness UX become a compelling factor to do better SEO and rank better.
While your content and marketing can be impeccable, if you're unable to engage users despite that, you won't be able to progress. You can focus better on UX by using Google analytics.
AI MIGHT HELP RUN SEARCHES
AI has become a part of our everyday lives. Whether Alexa or Siri, artificial intelligence has made things easier for us. AI is already being used to provide users with better search results.
It considers the location, frequently visited websites, search history, and search pattern to get you the results. Since AI is involved in how we search and what the search results are displayed, they are sure to affect the ranking of websites.
RankBrain of Google came into existence in 2015. RankBrain was introduced in an effort to promote results based on search intent. Feeding data from various sources helps RankBrain in providing useful search results.
Therefore, the density of keywords used would be of lesser significance in the future. Instead, conducting proper keyword research, using a variety of keywords, and writing relevant content matters much more so that RankBrain analyzes the content better and ranks it accordingly.
This is why SEO will have to take AI into account to make pages rank better. To begin with, images and videos will have a huge impact on your rankings because AI makes it easy for search engines to understand what visual content is about. Visual content that is of contextual importance to the user's search query will rank better. Therefore, when you create visual content, you have to be wise in using keywords, description, and tags.
11 Best Tips to Improve SEO Rankings Of Your Website In 2023
INFLUENCERS WILL PLAY A HUGE ROLE
One of the biggest challenges of implementing any set of SEO strategies is that they don't pay off immediately. You have to be very patient and wait for a few months to see if your SEO strategy becomes fruitful. There are too many websites, and out of hundreds of them, there are only about 10 websites on the first page. Imagine starting from scratch and having to outdo so many websites; it doesn't happen that easily.
While your website would hardly be visible to people, having someone famous promote your site will at least draw people's attention to it.
This is why the role of influencers in promoting websites has been trending currently. It's safe to say that influencer marketing might take up an important place in SEO and digital marketing in the future.
When you establish a relationship with an influencer, it becomes easier to target a large number of people. Influencers are capable of helping you have more people to your website by creating a positive impression through a seemingly neutral review. It works even better if the influencer is from your niche and is a highly influential personality.
Influencer Marketing ROI: What Makes Up a Successful Campaign?
Jeff Bullas Interview: How He Became Top Social Media Influencer
GOOD CONTENT WILL ALWAYS BE CRUCIAL
Over the years, various Google algorithm updates have focused on raising the benchmark for the quality of content on websites to rank. Today, you have to craft unique content that is relevant to what people are looking for. However, what's in store for the future concerning content?
Good quality content will always be required. Videos and images are increasing in popularity among users. However, written content builds brand trust.
In the future, you might need to focus a lot more on the quality of content to ensure what you write builds trust and retains clients.
While content is here to stay, what may change is the way the keywords will be used in the content to make it rank. Various features that we have been talking about, like artificial intelligence and so much more, will impact the kind of content that will be preferred. One such example is voice search.
Since so many people are more likely to do voice search in the future, it's important to write in a format that is voice search-friendly, for instance, headings being in question format.
9 Untapped Content Marketing Practices For Lead Generation 2023
COMBINATION OF FORMS OF CONTENT WILL BE THE HOLY GRAIL
Voice search is gradually becoming a more preferred way of running a search. With Alexa, Siri, and Cortana, it has become more than convenient to speak to your phone and ask it to provide you with results. Moreover, voice searches are the fastest way of making a query.
However, the fastest way of consuming information is through scanning written content. With that said, you know you can't fire all your content writers in the future by saying you don't need written content. However, it's not going to be just about written content. In the coming times, you have to add a combination of content to your website to thrive.
If you're adding video, podcasts, and written content to your website, people who prefer different forms of content would be attracted to your page. Thus, you're targeting a vast number of people without disappointing people who prefer a particular format.
7 Types of Internet Marketing Strategies That Actually Works 2023
The 5 Key Elements of Compelling Blog Content That Generates Links
For people who have been wondering if SEO will even be alive after a few years, this major discussion about SEO makes it clear that it's here to stay for a very long time in the future. While SEO is more clearly defined today, it's most likely to become a combination of so many things in the coming times. However, adapting won't be difficult because that is what SEO experts are great at. We have seen a significant change in how SEO works, and SEO experts have been doing great so far.
While we have talked about the various ways in which the future of SEO might change or progress, it's not possible to make accurate conclusions. This is because we are in a time where every other day, we see something new happening.
Whether it's a new Google algorithm update or new features and technology being rolled out, there is so much that SEO depends on. We can only make estimates as to where this road may go.
What's important for online businesses is to realize that real efforts will always count, no matter how Local SEO and digital marketing changes in the coming years. If you're adopting the best practices of the time, you won't find it difficult to keep up with the changes or compete with other business owners on the internet.
Author Name: Shreya
Shreya is an ardent content writer and has been a part of the digital marketing industry for 2 years. Each day, as she learns new things about the digital marketing landscape, she puts her knowledge and experience to words to come up with helpful blogs.
2 thoughts on "What is the Future of SEO 2023? Expert Predictions For Tomorrow"
IP Media
October 11, 2019 | Reply
SEO is not that complicated but the fact is SEO is not that easy. People forget to consider all the factors of SEO. You have shared a good list and all the factors are explained in a great manner. Keep Sharing.
Jeangam Kahmei
September 13, 2019 | Reply
Hi Jitendra,
Yes, It is right that SEO will stay for a very long period. There's nothing to be worried about. Aim should be giving best experience to our blog readers through our contents.
SEO is not that complicated if we stay updated with day-to-day changes made by Google algorithms.
Even though Some updates that Google has made earlier came like an illusion. So, It is highly significant to optimize our sites according to the latest updates Google algorithm.
Videos and voice searches are rising greatly.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
A Rise Taeyang dél-koreai énekes második szólóalbuma, melyet 2014. június 10.-én jelentetett meg a YG Entertainment. A lemez a 112. helyen indított a Billboard 200 listán az Egyesült Államokban, amivel a harmadik legsikeresebb K-pop-album és a legsikeresebb K-pop-szólólemez lett Amerikában 3000 eladott példánnyal. Az album vezette a Billboard World Albums, K-pop Hot 100 és Heatseakers Albums listáit. A lemez Eyes, Nose, Lips című dalából számtalan feldolgozás született.

Számlista

Toplisták

Források

2014 nagylemezei
R&B-albumok
K-pop-albumok
YG Entertainment-albumok


Dr. Charles "Chuck" Nelson is one of the best known (and judging from the way he was introduced and addressed at this colloquium, he's also one of the best-liked and most-respected) researchers in the field of neurological development. Before coming to Boston Children's Hospital, he made a name for himself by working on face recognition in infants.
He stopped by the MIT Simons Center for the Social Brain colloquium to tell other researchers about his team's latest findings in neurological development in autistic infants (and their siblings).
He prefaced his talk by saying that he was really torn about whether this talk should focus on the more mechanistic aspects of his work ("Which neurons are firing?" & "What neurotransmitters are making them do that?" type questions) or the more descriptive aspects (questions about overall statistical trends in "at-risk" populations) of his work.
Dr. Nelson carefully pointed out out that autism (as defined by the DSM) is a set of behaviors; it's very possible that there are several different physical causes for autistic behavior. For instance, many people with genetic disorders like Fragile X Syndrome, Down Syndrome, 16-P, and Duchenne's muscular dystrophy are also diagnosed with autism, but it's possible that different disorders are causing the same behaviors via different routes through the brain.
Dr. Nelson heads up a large multi-institutional study (with 18+ sites including Boston Children's and BU) that tracks the neurological development of younger siblings of autistic children. Infants who have at least one older sibling with autism are considered to be a "high risk" group for autism, because they're statistically more likely to develop autism than infants in the general population.
Even though we tend to spend a lot of time talking about the differences between autistic and "normal" children, we don't have very good definitions of what makes these children different at a neurological level.
Another problem with our current understanding of autism is that we can't diagnose it until the children are old enough to exhibit severe social impairments (usually 2 years old at the earliest), and by that point, many aspects of the child's neurological wiring are pretty fixed.
The goal of Dr. Nelson's study was to track infants' neurological wiring through the first three years of life and see if there were any neurological variations that distinguished the children who develop autism from those who don't.
His teams performed brain scans on the same set of infants at intervals of three months through the first year of life (3, 6, 9, and 12 months old) and at 18, 24, 36 months old. At the end of the study, children were given an official diagnosis of autistic or not autistic. Then Nelson and his colleagues ran stats comparing three different populations: the "low risk" kids (the control group of children whose older siblings were allistic or not autistic), the "high risk" kids who developed autism, and the "high risk" kids who didn't develop autism.
And some of his results were pretty mind-boggling.
Nelson's teams used EEG to measure repetitive patterns in the babies' electrical synapses. These patterns are called neural oscillations (or "brain waves"), and by analyzing them, scientists can figure out which groups of neurons are firing together. And then by looking at which groups of neurons fire when the babies look at specific stimuli scientists can figure out which parts of the brain are in charge of which tasks.
For example, Dr. Nelson and his colleagues showed the babies pictures of both family members' and strangers' faces so that they could see whether the neurons responsible for facial recognition are in the same place in autistic and non-autistic brains.
The clusters of neurons that recognize faces are distributed across several different regions the brain, but in most people, the face-recognizing neurons tend to live on the right side of the brain. (To be clear: everyone has some face-recognizing neurons that live in the left hemisphere, but if you're not autistic, it's pretty safe bet that you have more face-recognizing neurons in the right half of your brain than the left.) Dr. Nelson found that autistic brains skewed the other way; they had more face-recognizing neurons in the left half of their brains.
But here's the part that really blew my mind: The kids with autistic siblings also tended to keep their face-recognizing neurons on the left side of their brain, even if they didn't develop autism. In the "high-risk" kids who didn't develop autism, the leftward skew was milder (more like a 50-50 distribution), but it was still there. And you could very easily see that there were three different wiring patterns in play in the graphs Dr. Nelson showed.
This pattern held true for Dr. Nelson's analyses of brain waves as well.
Broadly speaking, brain waves are divided into different types based on how often they repeat (measured by the EEG in hertz), and they tend to regulate different aspects of neural function. In this presentation, Dr. Nelson focused on gamma waves, which are known to be down-regulated in autistic brains and mu waves, which are suppressed in mirror neurons (the neurons that allow you to observe another person's body language; many people believe that autistic brains have some kind of problem in the mirror neurons).
All of the "high risk" kids (both the ones that went on to develop ASD and the ones that didn't) showed low levels of gamma in their brain scans at 3 and 6 months old. The levels of "gamma" for the "high risk" kids rose steadily until 9 months when they caught up with the "low risk" kids (who didn't have autistic siblings). In contrast, the "low risk" kids' gamma levels started high and slowly fell until the 9-month-old mark.
Dr. Nelson didn't separate the autistic and the allistic members of the "high risk" group in this slide (even though he did mention that there was a slight difference between the two outcome groups). I'm guessing that either the difference in gamma between the autistic "HR" kids and the allistic "HR" kids wasn't significant or that Dr. Nelson was trying to emphasize the point that even the allistic "HR" kids weren't exhibiting completely normal brain patterns.
In his graph for the mu waves, Dr. Nelson separated the kids into their three groups. Both the "HR-ASD" kids and the allistic "HR" kids showed higher levels of mu than the "LR" kids, which may suggest that they have trouble suppressing mu in their mirror neurons (leading to dyfunctional mirroring). The "HR-ASD" kids also exhibited a very distinctive spike around 7-12 hz. No one really understands what this blip means in terms of practical brain function yet, but several studies have seen the same blip, so it may be one of the first reliable physical markers of autism spectrum disorders in the brain.
But once again, the allistic "HR" kids exhibited a milder version of the same atypical brain wave pattern. It was less extreme than the atypicalities observed in the "HR-ASD" group, but it was still clearly not "normal".
And yet, when it came time to do the official behavioral diagnosis, these atypical "high-risk" kids were not considered autism spectrum at all. Dr. Nelson was careful to point out that some of these kids showed other neuroatypicalities (He didn't specify, but it's probably safe to assume that ADHD and dyslexia were among "the other things that they get"). But they didn't have Asperger's or any other form of "mild autism".
These results suggest that even though these children have a very similar phenotype to their autistic siblings, they exhibit a different behavioral pattern or endophenotype. Which kind of throws a wrench in the arguments of people who talk about autism like it's mainly a genetic disorder.
This was a tough one for me. Partly because my academic background is in general biology and I'm not used to have to keep track of electrical AND chemical synapses as they move through three dimensional spaces (A lot of times, when you're looking at cells in a petri dish, they're more or less in a two-dimensional plane. Human brains are not like that).
And partly because talking about autism hits me literally hits me where I live.
I have a neurodevelopmental disorder (ADHD), and I have an autistic brother. We both have had our fair share of problems as a result of our disorders, but I can't imagine who either of us would be if our brains were wired "normally".
I never really know what's going in my brother's head (and he has a really hard time telling us what's going on), but a lot of times I feel like my weird brain "gets" him better than most other people do.
My mild social-development delay sucked when I was a kid/teenager, but it made me a lot more empathetic to my brother who has more severe trouble with social stuff.
When Dr. Nelson started talking about how the allistic siblings of autistic children also exhibited a milder version of the same leftward skew in their facial recognition neurons, my heart stopped. All I could think was, I could very easily be one of those kids.
I know I shouldn't jump to conclusions or try to diagnose myself, but it's hard to shake a thought like that.
When he was talking about interventions, Dr. Nelson said that most of the interventions that will help autistic people probably won't hurt allistic people. I can buy that logic when we're talking about behavioral strategies like getting the infants to spend more time around people and more time looking at faces. But what about further down the road when we're looking at drugs that will counteract the "connectopathy" and get the autistic brain to wire itself more normally?
If the kids who think and act like me aren't distinguishable from our autistic siblings at the genetic level, a lot of those early interventions for autism aren't just going to rewire autistic brains; they're going to rewire a lot of other peoples' brains, too.
What if forcing the brain to wire itself for social interaction damages other processing areas? What if some of these drugs "over-correct" the autistic "miswiring" and we end up with people whose brains are extremely well-suited to social interaction but are impaired when it comes to noticing non-human things in their environment? How can we be comfortable with allowing parents to decide what sorts of things their children's brains should be wired to pay attention to?
It's easy to say that non-verbal autism is a detriment, but once you start to talk about correcting neural wiring, it's hard to know where lawyers and parents would draw the line between pathology and personality. What if we apply the anti-autism drug to a kid who would have turned out to be hyperlexic and in doing so, rob them of a talent for writing in iambic pentameter? What if an extroverted parent wanted to rewire their children's brains so that their children would also be extroverted and therefore more compatible with the existing family structure?
I want neuroscientists to find out more about neurological wiring, but I also think that as a society, we need to have a serious, all-inclusive conversation about the way we treat people with neurological disorders and what types of interventions we're willing to legalize.
It's going to be a hard conversation. It's going to be stressful and heart-wrenching, and we're probably not going to find a policy that will satisfy everybody. But we still need to have that conversation, preferably sooner rather than later.
I don't know whether my facial recognition neurons are sitting in the left half or the right half of my brain, and I don't know whether I share the same gene variants that predisposed my brother to autism. But if there's a subset of the non-autistic population that is genetically indistinguishable from their autistic siblings, that fact needs to be common knowledge well before anyone tries to push a prenatal autism screening test onto the market.
As a member of the scientific community, I think that the work Dr. Nelson presented was rigorous, logical, and excellent in terms of adherence to scientific method. It could also lead to the identification of biologically-grounded markers for early stage autistic development.
But I visibly cringed when he said that his work was funded by Autism Speaks, as if that association were a source of pride. (Many people in the autistic community protest that autistic people can speak for themselves and that as an organization, Autism Speaks is more concerned with making life easier for parents than actually helping its autistic constituents. Virtually everyone agrees that it is a politically biased group.) No scientist who truly hopes to make the lives of autistic people better should be proud to be associated with an organization that marginalizes the voices of people with autism.
I would like to see researchers in Dr. Nelson's discipline continue investigating the way our brains are put together, but I would also like to see them back off a little bit when it comes to using terms that equate autism with being a disease or a danger that we should fear.
I'm scared of what might happen if people who don't see the potential of the autistic brain take control of the research and try to "cure" or "prevent" autism rather than learning how to help autistic people learn how to communicate and how to make the most out of their off-kilter brains without succumbing to the stress of being "too different". That fear is always with me. I feel it every single time I hear the word "autism".
Dr. Nelson seems very sincere, and his particular genre of neuroscience research is going to be very important in shaping mental health policy in the next couple of decades. I learned a lot from his talk, and I want to learn more.
I hope that other people will try to learn more about autism too before demanding that neuroscientists come up with "cures" or asking for a prenatal screening.
The goal of Dr. Nelson's research is to figure out what is physically going on in autistic brains.
Without that knowledge, psychiatrists are kind of stuck with throwing random drugs at the symptoms, and parents & educators are stuck with trying to eliminate disruptive behavior. Understanding the differences in neurological wiring that underly autistic brains will help us understand why autistic people percieve/react to the world the way they do.
Neuroscientists like Dr. Nelson tend to focus on infants, because when you're trying to understand a long term developmental problem, it makes sense to start at the beginning. That way they can see when and where the autistic wiring starts to differ from neurotypical wiring. Investigators who are looking at older autistic children and adults have a much more difficult job, because they're basically starting their research stories in media res with no data from the past to explain how these ASD brains are set up the way they are.
But there's no way to generate that kind of specific knowledge about neural wiring without finding possible "cure" targets as a by-product of this type of research.
Audience member: Thank you for this talk. I think your work is absolutely brilliant. I've been doing research on 5-8-year-olds on the autism spectrum, and we're seeing the same blip in Mu at 7-12 hz. Does that blip/spike suggest that something more complex is going on than a simple failure to suppress Mu?
You see lots of anecdotal stories where a researcher or a parent says, "I'm really worried about this kid. It looks like they're really disengaged." But then some of those kids improve and never develop autism.
To really know what's going on there, you would have to look at individual development trajectories rather than statistical averages for a sample group (which is what we did in our study), and there isn't a good way to do that type of analysis yet. It's also possible that since all of the kids in our study have older siblings (and in the high-risk group, all of them have an older sibling with autism), the parents are interacting with the second child differently. So that could have an effect.
It's also important to remember that autistic kids do recognize faces as being family or being strangers. We have to be careful about looking at the EEG and saying "They don't know who their own mothers are." They recognize their mother; they're just using a different set of structures to do that recognition.
Just because they're processing that information in the other hemisphere doesn't mean that it's an impairment. There's a subset of left-handed people who are left-dominant for language processing but they don't have a language problem. And there are people who are left-dominant for facial recognition who don't exhibit the impairments associated with autism.
Audience member: Is the atypical lateralization the result of hyperactivation in the non-dominant hemisphere or of hypoactivation in the dominant hemisphere?
Dr. Nelson: …(decides to tell a joke) See, this is why I don't like coming to MIT; you always get these really hard questions. (But seriously-) I don't know. That's a really good question.
Phenotype = The expression of an organism's genes as influenced by the environment. Two organisms with identical genes can exhibit different phenotypes if they're exposed to different environmental factors.
Allistic = Not autistic. Includes both neurotypicals and people with other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Endophenotype = A term used by epidemiologists who work on genetic disorders. They use it to differentiate between stable phenotypes, where the connection between genes & gene expression is well-understood and situations where the relationship appears to be more complicated. Dr. Nelson seemed to think we need to think about endophenotypes with regard to autism more.
Neural oscillations (or "brain waves") = Electrical impulses that occur between neurons and recur at predictable intervals.
Neuronal lateralization = brains tend to delegate tasks unequally between brain hemispheres. Some tasks tend to be carried out by neurons in the right half; and some tend to be carried out by neurons in the left half. Dr. Nelson's research suggests that autistic brains delegate tasks differently than non-autistic brains along the left-right axis.
tl;dr: A really smart neuroscientist compared babies with autistic older siblings to babies whose older siblings weren't autistic. Some of the kids with older autistic siblings developed ASD; some didn't. But the non-autistic siblings of autistic kids had different brain wiring patterns than the kids without any history of autism in the family. This suggests that you can express the genes that predispose your siblings to autism without necessarily being autistic yourself…which is kind of crazy to think about.


Long Shot is sure to be a big hit over the holiday period, featuring likable leads in Charlize Theron and Seth Rogen, and packed with the much-needed laughs. However, the Jonathon Levine-directed flick (he who brought us brilliant series Schitts' Creek) sees too many cringe-worthy 'Did they just go there?' moments seeping into the cracks. These, racked up against some of the laugh-out-loud scenes, leave the viewer with a certain sense of dissonance and discomfort.
'Long Shot' is the type of flick that should help you switch off from reality for a bit. Instead it evolves into a meaningless romp, often too filthy for its own good.
Seth Rogen plays Fred Flarsky, an intelligent free-spirited journalist with a penchant for trouble, who is enlisted by the Secretary of State, (glamorous Charlize Theron) to be her speech writer in support of her pre-election race for Presidential candidacy. The story gives ground to an unlikely pairing of Fluster who is a daggy, loud-mouthed, walking invalid, easily embarrassing the Secretary of State who is a class act, impeccably presented, intelligent and motivated to achieve social justice.
Onscreen, the pair have enormous chemistry which makes the romance palpable, and the ridiculous atrocities of Flarsky's personal mishaps contrasted to Charlotte's powerhouse idealism is almost forgivable. But not quite. The film has enough laughs and there are plenty, but it is a pity these cross over to corny lines and unwanted clichés, the worst sin being that of a disgraceful act by Flarsky. Put it this way; it only just worked in the film Something About Mary; here it just does not.
Profanity, too, while it has its place, is ill-fitting in the main setting of this film. We are constantly questioning why did they have to say that and why did they have to do that? And don't get us wrong, we're not prudes; just avert to unnecessary crudeness and unwanted toilet humour.
Laughs aplenty, yes. Likeable performances, yes. Light entertainment, sometimes. But a class act this film definitely is not. Long Shot is the type of flick that should help you switch off from reality for a bit. Instead it evolves into a meaningless romp.
'Long Shot' is in cinemas May 2nd.


Following a barrage of serious allegations regarding a corporate culture that engendered sexual harassment, and discrimination, Uber lost a number of senior executives including its CEO. The phenomenon begs the question as to how much the scandals have affected the popular brand. The purpose of this study is to investigate consumer attitudes towards sexual harassment at Uber and the effects of anger about the scandal on Uber's brand popularity. Investigating such issues at a high profile service based organization highlights the nuances of employee and consumer attitudes and behaviors in the new technology-driven sharing economy. Participants (n = 201) were recruited through an online survey platform. Regarding factors affecting Uber's brand popularity, the findings of this study reveal that inequitable treatment by Uber negatively affects brand popularity, while consumer attachment to Uber positively affects Uber's brand popularity. Regarding the mediating effect of 'Acceptance of Sexual Harassment at Uber' on brand popularity, the results show that acceptance of sexual harassment only mediates the relationship between consumers' attachment toward Uber and its brand popularity. Analysis further revealed that the sexual harassment case will not be as damaging as many people initially predicted. This study will assist managers who work in various sharing economy industries and those with devout followers, such as Uber and AirBnB, on how to recover from a scandal.
Barasch, A.; Levine, E.E.; Berman, J.; Small, D.
Bardhi, F.; Eckhardt, G.M.; Arnould, E.J.
Barling, J.; Rogers, A.G.; Kelloway, E.K.
Baumann, C.; Burton, S.; Elliott, G.; Kehr, H.M.
Baumann, C.; Hamin, H.; Chong, A.
Belén del Río, A.; Vazquez, R.; Iglesias, V.
Bennett, J.; Gouws, A.; Kritzinger, A.; Hames, M.; Tidimane, C.
Bennis, W.; Goleman, D.; O'Toole, J.
Brakus, J.J.; Schmitt, B.H.; Zarantonello, L.
Butori, R.; De Bruyn, A.
Capella, M.L.; Hill, R.P.; Rapp, J.M.; Kees, J.
Chan, S.F.; Barnes, B.R.; Fukukawa, K.
Cobb-Walgren, C.J.; Ruble, C.A.; Donthu, N.
De Vries, L.; Gensler, S.; Leeflang, P.S.
Fisk, R.; Grove, S.; Harris, L.C.; Keeffe, D.A.; Daunt, K.L.; Russell-Bennett, R.; Wirtz, J.
Grégoire, Y.; Laufer, D.; Tripp, T.M.
Hamari, J.; Sjöklint, M.; Ukkonen, A.
Homburg, C.; Vollmayr, J.; Hahn, A.
Inzlicht, M.; Aronson, J.; Good, C.; McKay, L.
Jansen, B.J.; Zhang, M.; Sobel, K.; Chowdury, A.
Koch, S.C.; Konigorski, S.; Sieverding, M.
Lassar, W.; Mittal, B.; Sharma, A.
Lee, J.; Park, D.H.; Han, I.
Long, C.S.; Lingyun, Z.; Kowang, T.O.; Fei, G.C.; Ismail, W.K.W.
Ludwig, N.L.; Barnes, D.C.; Gouthier, M.
McLaughlin, H.; Uggen, C.; Blackstone, A.
Mende, M.; Bolton, R.N.; Bitner, M.J.
The experience of sexual harassment among grade-school students: early socialization of female subordination?
Pappas, M.A.; Papagerasimou, Y.; Drigas, A.; Raftopoulos, D.; Nikolaidis, P.
Pfeffer, J.; Zorbach, T.; Carley, K.M.
Rogan, F.; Piacentini, M.; Szmigin, I.
Shocker, A.D.; Srivastava, R.K.; Ruekert, R.W.
Smith, S.M.; Roster, C.A.; Golden, L.L.; Albaum, G.S.
Söderlund, M.; Liljander, V.; Gummerus, J.; Hellman, P.; Lipkin, M.; Oikarinen, E.L.; T. Liljedal, K.
Vaish, A.; Grossmann, T.; Woodward, A.
Van Esch, P.; Northey, G.; Duffy, S.; Heller, J.; Striluk, M.
Does customer demotion jeopardize loyalty?
Wagner, T.; Hennig-Thurau, T.; Rudolph, T.
Warlop, L.; Ratneshwar, S.; Van Osselaer, S.M.
Willness, C.R.; Steel, P.; Lee, K.
Wyllie, J.; Carlson, J.; Rosenberger, P.J.
Yoo, B.; Donthu, N.; Lee, S.
Zeithaml, V.A.; Berry, L.L.; Parasuraman, A.
Zervas, G.; Proserpio, D.; Byers, J.W.
Zhou, L.; Yang, Z.; Hui, M.K.
Zitek, E.M.; Jordan, A.H.; Monin, B.; Leach, F.R.
Griffith, D., van Esch, P., & Trittenbach, M. (2018). Investigating the mediating effect of Uber's sexual harassment case on its brand: Does it matter?. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 43, 111-118.
Griffith, Denni Arli, Patrick van Esch, and Makayla Trittenbach. "Investigating the mediating effect of Uber's sexual harassment case on its brand: Does it matter?." Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 43 (2018): 111-118.


29 XE "Lichty, Daniel J."
bur. on the original Lichty homestead.
291 XE "Lichty, George Cobaugh"
Republican and served as County Auditor (during the Civil War) and Jury Commissioner.
2911 XE "Lichty, Mary Ellen"
railroad that went by her parentsÕ farm. Her parents did not approve of the marriage.
29111 XE "Silva, Charles Romeo"
Stella SHULTZ XE "Shultz, Stella"
29112 XE "Silva, George Lichty"
Helen ZERFOSS XE "Zerfoss, Helen"
Harry S. VOUGHT, Jr. XE "Vought, Harry S."
29113 XE "Silva, Harry Francisco"
He lived with Mary EllenÕs brother Daniel in Waterloo, Iowa.
29114 XE "Silva, Minnie Mae"
29115 XE "Silva, Guy Julius"
29116 XE "Silva, Ernest Homer"
Lived in Waterloo, Iowa, then moved to Montana.
Dwane SILVA s/o Ernest Homer Silva and ?
female SILVA d/o Ernest Homer Silva and ?
James WHALEN XE "Whalen, James"
29117 XE "Silva, Anna Viola"
placed in a hospital for the mentally ill in Independence, Iowa.
2912 XE "Lichty, Ross William"
2913 XE "Lichty, Jacob Casebeer"
Annie KLINE XE "Kline, Annie"
Jake taught in several schools in the Somerset, PA, area. Annie was a wonderful cook.
AnnieÕs death until a fire destroyed the house.
29131 XE "Lichty, Norman Guy"
29132 XE "Lichty, Marion Estella"
Lloyd MILLER XE "Miller, Lloyd"
291321 XE "Stahl, Melvin Guy"
(Grace) Elizabeth JENNINGS XE "Jennings, Grace Elizabeth"
2913211 XE "Stahl, John Melvin"
Mary Frances DYER XE "Dyer, Mary Frances"
29132111 XE "Stahl, John Andrew"
2913212 XE "Stahl, Martha Jennings"
29132121 XE "Lock, Vanessa Jennings"
Vanessa Jennings LOCK d/o Gregory James and Martha Jennings (Stahl) Lock, Jr.
291331 XE "Lichty, Betty Mae"
291332 XE "Lichty, Letty Gene"
She is an optical worker.
2913321 XE "Berkenbaugh, Michael DeSales"
2913322 XE "Berkenbaugh, Ann Renee"
2913323 XE "Berkenbaugh, Steven Patrick"
2913324 XE "Berkenbaugh, Patrick Joseph"
291333 XE "Lichty, Bruce Edgar"
res: 1124 E. Main St., Berlin, PA Bruce was a driller.
2913331 XE "Lichty, Keith Edward"
Cathy HITTIE XE "Hittie, Cathy"
29133311 XE "Lichty, Heather Danielle"
29133312 XE "Lichty, Dustin Andrew"
2913332 XE "Lichty, Dean Alan"
Julie McKENZIE XE "McKenzie, Julie"
29133321 XE "Lichty, Rebecca Jane"
2913333 XE "Lichty, Tricia Ann"
Jeffrey PAUL XE "Paul, Jeffrey"
2913334 XE "Lichty, Christine Ann"
29134 XE "Lichty, Harvey Meyers"
the second story windows, suffering injuries in doing so. HarveyÕs father died in the fire.
291341 XE "Lichty, Pauline Elizabeth"
Dalton Guy SHAULIS XE "Shaulis, Dalton Guy"
2913411 XE "Shaulis, Cheryl Raye"
Craig METZGAR XE "Metzgar, Craig"
29134111 XE "Metzgar, Colleen Raye"
29134112 XE "Metzgar, Christine Roberta"
29134113 XE "Metzgar, Cynthia Renee"
2913412 XE "Shaulis, Susan Gail"
David Richard HAY XE "Hay, David Richard"
29134121 XE "Hay, Matthew David"
29134122 XE "Hay, Jonathan David"
291342 XE "Lichty, Lois Winifred"
ÒBillÓ William Francis McCLEMENS XE "McClemens, William Francis"
2913421 XE "McClemens, Terri Ann"
29134211 XE "Snyder, Robert William"
29134212 XE "Snyder, William Jay, Jr."
29134213 XE "Snyder, Julie Ann"
2913422 XE "McClemens, James William"
29134221 XE "McClemens, Christopher James"
29134222 XE "McClemens, Amy Elizabeth"
29134223 XE "McClemens, Michael James"
291343 XE "Lichty, George C."
Donna Jean BOYER XE "Boyer, Donna Jean"
2913431 XE "Lichty, Georgia Ann"
29134311 XE "Cascio, Elizabeth Ulrich"
2913432 XE "Lichty, Denise Adele"
29134321 XE "Troll, Ryan Benjamin"
29134322 XE "Troll, Bronwyn Regan"
29134323 XE "Troll, Isaac George"
291344 XE "Lichty, Shirley Ann"
David M. SIMPSON XE "Simpson, David M."
2913441 XE "Simpson, Sharon Ellen"
29134411 XE "Roebuck, Elsa Lee"
29134412 XE "Roebuck, Paul David"
29134413 XE "Roebuck, Chandler Arthur"
29134414 XE "Roebuck, Lynn Elizabeth"
2913442 XE "Simpson, Joni Lee"
Michael E. HAMON XE "Hamon, Michael E."
29134421 XE "Hamon, Michael J."
2913443 XE "Simpson, David Michael"
29134431 XE "Simpson, Matthew David"
291345 XE "Lichty, Robert William"
Florabelle WALKER XE "Walker, Florabelle"
2913451 XE "Lichty, Lizabeth Jane"
29134511 XE "Cruz, Allye Marie"
29134512 XE "Cruz, Brandon Daniel"
2913452 XE "Lichty, Joy Lynn"
2913453 XE "Lichty, Robert Allan"
2914 XE "Lichty, Daniel Gary"
returning to Black Hawk County.
good sense of humor and even nature.
29141 XE "Lichty, Olin James"
Olin was a car salesman and later employed at the Waterloo Industries.
Helen worked in the Home Bakery her parents owned.
291411 XE "Lichty, Olin James Jr."
Michigan to get his discharge at the end of WWII.
Worked at John Deere in Waterloo, IA.
2914111 XE "Lichty, James Daniel"
29141111 XE "Lichty, James Vincent"
29141112 XE "Lichty, Jessica Piggot"
291412 XE "Lichty, Richard Leland"
Richard was raised by his mother; he worked at John Deere in Waterloo, IA.
2914121 XE "Lichty, Richard Leland Jr."
291413 XE "Lichty, Allen James"
29142 XE "Lichty, Ethel Sarah"
29143 XE "Lichty, George Calvin"
George worked for the Missouri Highway Dept.
291431 XE "Lichty, David Thompson"
2914311 XE "Lichty, Kelly Lynn"
29143111 XE "Bennett, Zachary Cole"
2915 XE "Lichty, Harry Wilson"
2916 XE "Lichty, Allen George"
Gates Street, San Souci, an island on the Cedar River in Waterloo.
29161 XE "Lichty, Parker George"
to Riverside, but returned to pomona to live with BettyÕs mother during the Depression.
291611 XE "Lichty, Margaret Josephine"
years. They have traveled extensively. Paul enjoys fishing.
2916111 XE "Fosnot, Paula Ann"
29161111 XE "Anderson, Kevin Edward"
Kevin works for an in attorney in Torrance, CA.
29161112 XE "Anderson, Kerry Denise"
Kerry works as a manicurist.
291611121 XE "Miskofski, Justin Michael"
29161113 XE "Hollins, Bryan Paul"
2916112 XE "Fosnot, Robert Earl"
291612 XE "Lichty, Betty Louise"
plant and for Lockheed Aircraft Corporation during WWII.
2916121 XE "Chamberlain, James Allen"
Church where Jim serves as alderman. Jim has also been a Boy Scout leader.
29161211 XE "Chamberlain, Jamie Ann"
Jamie graduated from the University of San Diego.
291612111 XE "Hollman, Amanda Ranae"
291612112 XE "Hollman, Alexia Elizabaeth"
29161212 XE "Chamberlain, Shelly Lynn"
Shelly graduated from Brigham Young University.
29161213 XE "Chamberlain, Matthew Louis"
Matthew earned his eagle Scout Award.
291613 XE "Lichty, Georgia Allene"
resource teacher, trained student teachers, and also taught first, second and third grade.
29162 XE "Lichty, Florence Rhea"
garden and gave lectures to Republican political groups.
291621 XE "Risser, John Joseph"
four years before moving to Altadena.
2916211 XE "Risser, David Randall Montague"
Masters of Public Health in in epidemiology from the University of washington, Seattle.
and has been employed by general consulting engineering firms.
29162111 XE "Risser, Darwin Jay"
2916212 XE "Risser, Robin Suzanne"
2916213 XE "Risser, Roland Jonathon"
time and spend more time with Natalie. She has also become interested in genealogy.
29162131 XE "Risser, Natalie Anne"
Natalie is interested in music, animals, and sports.
2916214 XE "Risser, Rebecca Joan"
jobs, including for Federal Express where she met her husband.
29162141 XE "Smith, Travis Lee"
29162142 XE "Smith, Trista Leilani"
29162143 XE "Smith, Tara Lea"
2916215 XE "Risser, Rosalind Jane"
291622 XE "Risser, Ruth Amelia"
retired from teaching in 1988 but serves as a consultant to the teen-mother program.
She is a member of Kiwaniannes.
2916221 XE "Turner, John MacDonald"
organization for ChildrenÕs Hospital, Long Beach.
John has a commission in the Merchant Marines as ShipÕs Surgeon and has served on the s.
Beach, California, where they work together.
29162211 XE "Turner, Kevin Neil"
for music and has sung in the Presbyterian church choir and won awards for piano.
29162212 XE "Turner, Taryn MacCathern"
athlete; her favorite sports are soccer and ice skating, not to mention Dodger baseball.
2916222 XE "Turner, Robert Donald, III"
2916223 XE "Turner, Thomas Kevin"
Italian specialties and enjoys art and craft projects.
29162231 XE "Turner, Troy Kyle"
29162232 XE "Turner, Trevor Ray"
291623 XE "Risser, Janet Rhea"
many youth activites. Now she has taken over the bookkeeping at the family business.
2916231 XE "Anderson, Karin Rhea"
and settled in Brea, California, where he is regional manager with the company.
29162311 XE "Clark, Casey Christine"
29162312 XE "Clark, Andrew James"
2916232 XE "Anderson, David Donald"
partnership at Anderson Typewriter Company.
2916233 XE "Anderson, Elin Kay"
business in outside sales and handles the companyÕs advertising.
They live in the foothills of Altadena in a house built in 1885 that they are renovating.
29163 XE "Lichty, Gabriel Bickley"
b. 2 Jun 1908 S.D.
they were illegal in Iowa.
29164 XE "Lichty, Eliza Jane"
2917 XE "Lichty, Emma Clara"
2918 XE "Lichty, Guy Oscar"
2919 XE "Lichty, Lillian May"
29191 XE "Shaulis, Richard L."
29192 XE "Shaulis, Marian Elizabeth"
Orville S. KREGER XE "Kreger, Orville S."
School teacher at the United Methodist Church, Rockwood, PA.
29193 XE "Shaulis, Mark L."
Marjorie Marcella JONES XE "Jones, Marjorie Marcella"
Ora N. KRENTZ XE "Krentz, Ora N."
291931 XE "Shaulis, Sydney Drusanne"
291932 XE "Shaulis, Marjorie Kay"
Kenneth Michael SPEARS XE "Spears, Kenneth Michael"
2919321 XE "Spears, Marcella Kay"
2919322 XE "Spears, Kendra Michelle"
2919323 XE "Spears, Mark Robert Lewis"
29194 XE "Shaulis, Leona Mae"
John Henry WRIGHT XE "Wright, John Henry"
Evelyn SOWERS XE "Sowers, Evelyn"
ch: Laura E., Debra L., John William, Jennifer R.
2919411 XE "Wright, Laura E."
2919412 XE "Wright, Debra L."
Shaun AKIN XE "Akin, Shaun"
29194121 XE "Akin, Heather L."
29194122 XE "Akin, Laura Grace"
2919413 XE "Wright, John William"
2919414 XE "Wright, Jennifer R."
291942 XE "Wright, Richard Roy"
291943 XE "Wright, Frank Leroy"
291944 XE "Wright, Donald Lee"
ch: Douglas A., Victor A., Karla A.
2919441 XE "Wright, Douglas A."
Maria SIVITS XE "Sivits, Maria"
2919442 XE "Wright, Victor A."
2919443 XE "Wright, Karla A."
291945 XE "Wright, Earl Henry"
Gloria HILLEGASS XE "Hillegass, Gloria"
2919451 XE "Wright, Melanie E."
2919452 XE "Wright, Wesley Allen"
291946 XE "Wright, Norene Kay"
2919461 XE "Suchocki, Christopher J."
2919462 XE "Suchocki, Tammy L."
2919463 XE "Suchocki, Linda Marie"
29195 XE "Shaulis, Ruth Lurene"
ÒTomÓ Glenn Herbert BEECH XE "Beech, Glenn Herbert"
291951 XE "Beech, Mark Eugene"
Loretta RECKNER XE "Reckner, Loretta"
2919511 XE "Beech, Lori Ann"
Robert DUNMEYER XE "Dunmeyer, Robert"
29195111 XE "Dunmeyer, Joshua Alan"
2919512 XE "Beech, Melissa Elaine"
2919513 XE "Beech, Michele Luraine"
291514 XE "Beech, Michael Alan"
291524 XE "Conley, Erin Alane"
291525 XE "Conley, Kerry OÕBrian"
29153 XE "Beech, Alan Glenn"
291531 XE "Lang, Suzanne Elizabeth Beech"
292 XE "Lichty, Rebecca Cobaugh"
Hon. Emanuel J. MEYERS XE "Meyers, Emanuel J."
293 XE "Lichty, Mary Cobaugh"


Let's go for a little walk … starting by the gasworks wall. A fragment of it remaining, on the snicket between Heworth Green and Layerthorpe, next to a building site.
There's a hotel being built here. At the end of the snicket, turning right towards town, we meet the junction at the end of Hallfield Road. Looking back to where another section of gasworks wall used to be until quite recently, where a new road is coming through. The new hotel is on the left of this photo.
More on that story later perhaps.
Continuing on towards the city centre, in a straight line up Layerthorpe and then onto Peasholme Green, we arrive at the Black Swan, a well-known historic pub. Here it is pictured in May 2014.
Since the photo above was taken the Black Swan has had the Hiscox building overshadow it on the right, but the curved glass of that building reflects it, in what is generally seen as an impressive addition to the cityscape.
York Civic Trust have objected, referring to the planned hotel as 'uninspiring in design and consequently detrimental to both adjacent properties of historic and aesthetic merit'. Historic England state that 'we are somewhat disappointed with the architectural massing and appearance of the scheme'. Many individuals have also objected.
Nevertheless the report prepared for the meeting (on this link, PDF) recommends approval, as these reports so often do.
Developers often have to make some kind of contribution to the local townscape/community, in the form of a section 106, as is the case here. The report suggests that the developer could contribute £18,000 to street improvement works on the opposite side of the road. Seems a very small contribution from such a large profit-making development?
Apparently it would be a 'Moxy' hotel. I've struggled with this brand name ever since first reading it. I can only think of the word 'poxy', and the 'm' makes me think of words like maudlin and morose. Maybe that's just me. But anyway, I've just been reading about these 'Moxy' hotels. Apparently, according to the official info, a Moxy hotel 'comes at a cost to build that is very easy to digest'. The link also leads to a PDF referring to 'a robust demand generation engine that drives top-line revenue while maximizing bottom-line savings'.
So if they're not too expensive to build and the staff aren't going to get paid a lot perhaps a bit more could be reinvested in the streetscape then, so we can admire the paving rather than having to look at the hotel? Or perhaps elected officials could refuse to grant permission and wait for something that doesn't just feel like yet another investment opportunity being plonked into our streets.
It's important to note that York is a hotel 'hotspot', placed second in this year's UK Hotels Market Index. We're almost top of the league when it comes to being a desirable location for investors to acquire an existing hotel or develop a new one.
Doesn't fill me with joy, I have to say. Does it you?
As usual the meeting to discuss this and other applications will be webcast live and also available to view later too if you miss it. The agenda for the meeting and further info is on this link.
We continue on from Peasholme Green, along Stonebow and Pavement, turning left into Piccadilly. We were here a couple of weeks back, and we're back again as it's all happening on Piccadilly. The plans for 46-50 Piccadilly — next to Ryedale House — are now online and open for viewing and comment.
The Press reported recently that Northminster, who own the site, might withdraw their plans because of the Spark:York planning application for the site over the road.
Interesting on so many levels. The comments under the Press article cover many of the thoughts many of us may be having about the various perspectives on and interpretations of this situation, so I don't think I need to go into them here.
The main thing, perhaps, is the bridge access the Northminster plans offer. The hotel plan includes space on one side for access to a pedestrian bridge across the Foss, or as the Design and Access statement puts it: 'Boundary treatment is pulled inboard of the site boundary on the south-east edge of the site to facilitate access to any potential pedestrian bridge planned as part of the Castle Gateway proposals by CYC.' The bridge has been part of the wider plans for the area for many years. It's included in the council's Castle Gateway plans I wrote about earlier.
The Castle Gateway plans depend on various parties working together. Not looking that good so far is it, with Northminster already wanting to control what happens on other sites nearby that they don't own.
More on this story later perhaps, when we know a date for the Spark:York application going to the planning committee for consideration.
Heron Foods used to occupy a retail unit in the centre of town, on Stonebow, but it had to close for the gentrification of Stonebow House. At least one person missed it enough to write a letter to the Press.
Guess where it's relocated to? To my patch, the Clifton area. To that building I wrote about a few times: the former Corner House pub.
The shop opened this week, on 20 March. The signage is a bit garish, but at least this reuses a building rather than flattening it, which is what should always happen, wherever possible, (and should be possible with that other building I wrote about recently). We can still see that it was built as a pub, even if it isn't one anymore, and it links us back to the history of this residential area.
On Saturday a line of coaches full of York City supporters set off from the Bootham Crescent ground. Many of us who didn't travel to Lincoln listened attentively to the game on all the various devices the 21st century offers us. Some of us managed to listen to it on an old AM/FM radio out in the garden by wrapping an piece of wire we found in the shed round the stump of a snapped-off aerial, to get the FM frequency. Or maybe that was just me.
It's the other half of a pair of programmes that had managed to survive intact in a cardboard box under a leaky roof. It belonged to George, who is on the right of the photo of the 'Gasworks Gang', on this page from some years back. This 'souvenir pictorial record and story', as the cover puts it, seems to have been produced for that game they were going to on 26 March 1955. Note the illustrations of birds dressed as footballers/supporters on the front cover. They're robins, for reasons explained here.
And the Happy Wanderers thing? I wondered too. It's from a song, popular at that time. I think this might be the one.
I found a couple of other songs coming to mind as I started this page, which I thought I'd share in case anyone's feeling a bit jaded and in need of relaxation or jolliness after all that reading. That fragment of gasworks wall where we started always brings to mind the first line of this rather poignant tune, and the page started with the first line of this 1970s delight. Watch Showaddywaddy in the 70s and try to forget about how much of York is being bought up and overdeveloped to service the requirements of outside investors?
Well, it looks like that to me. Quite happy to be wrong.
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Tra lah Deeee,Trah la la la la lah,Fab article,with great links to fascinating places,Thank you again Lisa.