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Bogdanov v. People
941 P.2d 247 (1997)
Branko BOGDANOV, Petitioner, v. The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Respondent.
No. 96SC34.
Supreme Court of Colorado, En Banc.
Rehearing Denied July 28, 1997.
*248 David F. Vela, Colorado State Public Defender, Elizabeth Griffin, Deputy State Public Defender, Denver, for Petitioner.
*249 Gale A. Norton, Attorney General, Martha Phillips Allbright, Chief Deputy Attorney General, Richard A. Westfall, Solicitor General, John Daniel Dailey, Deputy Attorney General, Robert Mark Russel, First Assistant Attorney General, Laurie A. Booras, Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Enforcement Section, for Respondent.
Justice KOURLIS delivered the Opinion of the Court.
The defendant, Branko Bogdanov (Bogdanov), was convicted under a complicity theory of second degree burglary of a warehouse[1] and theft;[2] and of criminal conspiracy to commit theft.[3] On appeal, Bogdanov argued, among other things, that the standard jury instruction on complicity violated his right to due process of law. The court of appeals disagreed, relying on People v. Close, 867 P.2d 82 (Colo.App.1993). See People v. Bogdanov, No. 92CA1623, slip op. at 6-8 (Colo. App. Dec. 14, 1995) (not selected for official publication). We granted certiorari to determine whether the pattern complicity instruction violates due process. We conclude that it does not, and affirm the court of appeals in upholding Bogdanov's convictions of theft and burglary under a complicity theory.
The prosecution presented the following evidence at trial. On April 22, 1990, Bogdanov along with three women entered a warehouse clothing store in Fort Collins, Colorado. Two of the women distracted the sales clerks at one end of the store by asking several questions about the merchandise. Bogdanov and the third woman were at the other end of the store near the office door. While Bogdanov held up a large pair of pants, the third woman slipped behind him and entered the store office. The woman emerged from the office about 30 seconds later, after which Bogdanov and the three women exited the store together.
A fourteen-year-old who witnessed the activities of Bogdanov and the third woman immediately reported to a store employee that the woman had been in the office. The employee rushed outside and yelled "excuse me" to the four customers, but the group ran to their car and sped away. The employee obtained a license plate number from the departing car driven by Bogdanov, returned to the office, and called the police. He then checked the office safe, and discovered that five bank bags containing deposits were missing. The store manager later testified that she had entered the safe fifteen minutes prior to the incident for change, and that the bank bags with the deposits were in the safe at that time. The bank bags had contained approximately $2200 in cash, $1100 in checks, and some loose change.
The Fort Collins Police Department issued a dispatch regarding the suspected theft, including a description of Bogdanov's car, a description of the four occupants,[4] and the license plate number. Later that same day, Dan Dyer, a Wyoming Highway Patrol officer, spotted Bogdanov's vehicle. He stopped the car and, after confirming with the Fort Collins Police that the four persons in the car fit the description of those wanted for theft, arrested Bogdanov and the three female passengers. Dyer found about $1000 in cash on Bogdanov's person, and approximately $400 was later found on the persons of the three females. In addition, Pete Baker, an investigator with the Fort Collins Police Department, testified that when he searched the car, he found about $10 to $15 worth of change scattered about the car. No checks were found.
Pursuant to the investigation, Detective Michael West of the Fort Collins Police Department prepared two photo lineups, one of six females, and the other of six males. The fourteen-year-old witness identified Bogdanov as the male he had seen in the store. He also identified two of the females who were with Bogdanov at the warehouse. The manager *250 of the clothing store identified the third female from the photo lineup. Another store employee chose a male from the lineup who was not Bogdanov, but identified one of the three women who was with Bogdanov at the store.
In December 1991, the case proceeded to trial. The trial judge provided the jury with several instructions, including one on complicity. The jury found Bogdanov guilty of second degree burglary, theft, and criminal conspiracy to commit theft. Bogdanov was ultimately sentenced to five years incarceration for burglary, five years for theft, and four years for conspiracy, to run concurrently.[5]
Upon appeal, Bogdanov asserted a number of errors, including error in the complicity instruction. The court of appeals, relying on People v. Close, 867 P.2d 82 (Colo.App.1993), held that the complicity instruction did not amount to plain error, and sustained the judgment of conviction. See People v. Bogdanov, No. 92CA1623, slip op. at 7-8 (Colo. App. Dec. 14, 1995) (not selected for official publication). We hold that a portion of the language in the instruction was in error in this case, but such error did not constitute a denial of due process to Bogdanov. We therefore affirm the court of appeals.
The questions raised by this case require us to review and clarify the state of mind required of an accomplice. Complicity is a theory of law by which an accomplice may be held criminally liable for a crime committed by another person if the accomplice aids, abets, or advises the principal, intending thereby to facilitate the commission of the crime. See § 18-1-603, 8B C.R.S. (1986); People v. Wheeler, 772 P.2d 101, 103 (Colo.1989); see generally 2 Wayne R. La-Fave & Austin W. Scott, Jr., Substantive Criminal Law § 6.7, at 136 (1986). Because the General Assembly has broad authority to define the conduct and culpable mental state for which someone may be held criminally liable, see People v. Hill, 934 P.2d 821, 829 (Colo.1997); People v. Zinn, 843 P.2d 1351, 1354 (Colo.1993), we begin our analysis with the Colorado complicity statute, which states:
Complicity. A person is legally accountable as principal for the behavior of another constituting a criminal offense if, with the intent to promote or facilitate the commission of the offense, he aids, abets, or advises the other person in planning or committing the offense.
§ 18-1-603, 8B C.R.S. (1986) (emphasis added).
While "intent" is used in the Colorado complicity statute,[6] complicity itself does not thereby become a specific intent crime. Because complicity is not a substantive offense, see Wheeler, 772 P.2d at 103, the statutory definitions of mens rea contained in section 18-1-501(5), 8B C.R.S. (1986),[7] do not apply. See People v. R.V., 635 P.2d 892, 894 (Colo. 1981). Rather, the term "intent" retains its common meaning. See People v. Rodriguez, 914 P.2d 230, 276 (Colo.1996); Wheeler, 772 P.2d at 103; R.V., 635 P.2d at 894.
Although the statutory definition of intent under section 18-1-501 does not apply, there is nevertheless a dual mental state requirement of the complicitor that must be proven before he or she can be legally accountable for the offense of another. Complicity liability exists when (1) the complicitor has the culpable mental state required for the underlying crime committed by the principal; and (2) the complicitor assists or encourages the commission of the crime committed *251 by the principal "with the intent to promote or facilitate," § 18-1-603, such commission.[8]See generally, 2 Wayne R. LaFave & Austin W. Scott, Jr., Substantive Criminal Law § 6.7 (1986).
Complicity is not a theory of strict liability. It is not sufficient that the defendant intentionally engaged in acts which ultimately assisted or encouraged the principal. Rather, the complicitor must intend that his conduct have the effect of assisting or encouraging the principal in committing or planning the crime committed by the principal. See generally, id. As Learned Hand stated in United States v. Peoni, 100 F.2d 401 (2d Cir. 1938), the traditional definitions of accomplice liability
have nothing whatever to do with the probability that the forbidden result would follow upon the accessory's conduct; ... [the definitions] demand that [the complicitor] in some sort associate himself with the venture, that he participate in it as something that he wishes to bring about, that he seek by his action to make it succeed.
Id. at 402.
Our holding in People v. Wheeler, 772 P.2d 101 (Colo.1989), which involved the crime of criminally negligent homicide, is not to the contrary. In Wheeler, we initially stated that the language from the complicity statute, "intent to promote or facilitate the commission of the offense," means the intent to promote or facilitate the act or conduct of the principal. See id. at 103-04. We continued by explaining that the "intent" language from the statute does not require that the complicitor intend for the principal to cause death; rather, it "only requires knowledge by the complicitor that the principal is engaging in, or about to engage in, criminal conduct." Id. (emphasis added).
The issue in Wheeler concerned reconciling the requirement that the complicitor "inten[d] to promote or facilitate the commission of the offense" with the definition of negligent homicide. See id. at 103. The principle we enunciated in Wheeler is that when a complicitor intentionally assists or encourages another whom the complicitor knows will thereby engage in conduct that grossly deviates from the standard of reasonable care and poses a substantial and unjustifiable risk of death to another, such a mental state should suffice for complicity liability for an underlying crime defined by the culpable mental states of recklessness or negligence. See id. at 105. Thus, the rule of Wheeler should only be applied to crimes defined in terms of recklessness or negligence, and should not be applied to dispense with the requirement that the complicitor have the requisite culpable mental state of the underlying crime with which he is charged.[9]
*252 We conclude that the language of the Colorado complicity statute sets forth a dual mental state requirement for the complicitor. First, the complicitor must have the culpable mental state required for the underlying crime committed by the principal. Second, the complicitor must intend that his own conduct promote or facilitate the commission of the crime committed by the principal.
In this case, the trial court gave the jury the pattern complicity instruction, which states:
A person is guilty of an offense committed by another person if he is a complicitor. To be guilty as a complicitor, the following must be established beyond a reasonable doubt: 1. A crime must have been committed.
2. Another person must have committed all or part of the crime.
3. The defendant must have had knowledge that the other person intended to commit (all or part of) the crime.
4. The defendant did intentionally aid, abet, advise, or encourage the other person in the commission or planning of the crime.
CJI-Crim. 6:04 (1983) (emphasis added).
Bogdanov argues that the pattern jury instruction on complicity violated his right to due process of law. Under both the United States and Colorado Constitutions, the due process clauses require that in order to convict a defendant, the prosecution must prove every fact necessary to constitute the charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See U.S. Const. amend XIV; Colo. Const. art. II, § 25; In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 1072-73, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1970); People v. R.V., 635 P.2d 892, 893 (Colo.1981). Therefore, the trial court must properly instruct the jury on every element of the substantive offense with which the defendant is charged so the jury may determine whether all the elements have been established beyond a reasonable doubt. See R.V., 635 P.2d at 894.
Bogdanov's argument is twofold. First, he maintains that the instruction fails to properly instruct the jury on the statutory element of "intent to promote or facilitate the commission of the offense...." § 18-1-603, 8B C.R.S. (1986). Second, he contends that the language in the third paragraph of the instruction, "[t]he defendant must have had knowledge that the other person intended to commit (all or part of) the crime," allows the jury to convict even if the defendant did not know the other person or persons intended to commit the crime, but rather only knew the other person or persons intended to commit part of the crime. Both of Bogdanov's asserted instructional deficiencies concern the complicitor's dual mental state requirements.
Bogdanov contends that the asserted errors were structural. Therefore, our inquiry begins with an objective determination of whether Bogdanov's alleged errors in the complicity instruction amount to structural defects. Such analysis in this case is confined to whether the jury instructions, when read in their entirety and considered as a whole, properly instructed the jury on all essential elements necessary to reach its verdict. We conclude that the asserted deficiencies in the pattern complicity instruction are not structural.
There are two categories of constitutional violations that may occur during the course of a criminal proceeding: "trial errors" and "structural errors." See Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275, 281, 113 S. Ct. 2078, 2082-83, 124 L. Ed. 2d 182 (1993); see also 508 U.S. at 282, 113 S. Ct. at 2083 (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring); Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 307-09, 111 S. Ct. 1246, 1263-65, 113 L. Ed. 2d 302 (1991). Trial errors occur "during the presentation of the case to the jury, and ... may therefore be quantitatively assessed in the context of other evidence presented...." Fulminante, 499 U.S. at 307-08, 111 S. Ct. at 1263-64. Trial errors are compatible with both harmless error, see id., and plain error analyses.
Structural errors are not amenable to either a harmless or a plain error analysis because such errors affect "the framework *253 within which the trial proceeds," and are not errors in the trial process itself. Id. at 310, 111 S. Ct. at 1265; Sullivan, 508 U.S. at 281-82, 113 S. Ct. at 2082-83. A structural error may not be assessed in the context of the evidence presented. Rather, the consequences of a structural defect are necessarily unquantifiable and indeterminate, thus rendering the entire trial fundamentally unfair and warranting automatic reversal. See Sullivan, 508 U.S. at 281-82, 113 S. Ct. at 2082-83.
The United States Supreme Court provided as examples of structural defects cases involving a total deprivation of the right to counsel at trial, see Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 83 S. Ct. 792, 9 L. Ed. 2d 799 (1963), or the presence on the bench of a judge who is not impartial, see Tumey v. Ohio, 273 U.S. 510, 47 S. Ct. 437, 71 L. Ed. 749 (1927). See Fulminante, 499 U.S. at 309-10, 111 S. Ct. at 1264-65. Such errors affect the entire conduct of the trial from beginning to end, see Fulminante, 499 U.S. at 309-10, 111 S. Ct. at 1264-65, or deny the defendant a basic protection, the precise effects of which are immeasurable, see Sullivan, 508 U.S. at 281, 113 S. Ct. at 2082-83.
A criminal defendant has the right to a jury verdict beyond a reasonable doubt. See U.S. Const. amends. V, VI; Sullivan, 508 U.S. at 278, 113 S.Ct. at 2080-81; People v. Hill, 934 P.2d 821, 827 (Colo.1997). Therefore, jury instructions that do not apprise the jury of all essential elements of the crimes of which the defendant was convicted, and that would permit the jury to arrive at a guilty verdict without determining each essential element beyond a reasonable doubt, create a structural defect affecting the framework within which the trial proceeds. See Sullivan, 508 U.S. at 279-82, 113 S.Ct. at 2081-83; People v. Vance, 933 P.2d 576, 580 (Colo.1997).
In Sullivan, the Court concluded that a constitutionally deficient burden of proof instruction necessarily vitiated all the jury's findings and was a structural error because it forced the reviewing court to engage in speculation about what a reasonable jury would have done. Sullivan, 508 U.S. at 281, 113 S. Ct. at 2082-83. Such an error in essence violated the defendant's right to a jury verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, the consequences of which were necessarily unquantifiable and indeterminate, thus rendering the trial fundamentally unfair. See id. at 281-82, 113 S. Ct. at 2082-83.
We recently applied the structural error analysis in People v. Vance, 933 P.2d 576 (Colo.1997). In Vance, we held that the trial court's failure to submit materiality as an element of perjury to the jury for determination was a structural error. When the jury is misinstructed on an essential element of the crime, so as to completely undermine the jury's verdict, the error necessarily gives rise to a structural defect in the trial requiring reversal. See id. at 580-81. Thus, the question in a structural defect analysis is "not whether guilt may be spelt out of a record, but whether guilt has been found by a jury according to the procedure and standards appropriate for criminal trials." Carella v. California, 491 U.S. 263, 269, 109 S. Ct. 2419, 2422, 105 L. Ed. 2d 218 (1989) (Scalia, J., concurring).
The Supreme Court has clarified that not all errors in jury instructions rise to the level of structural error that would automatically require a reversal. Cf. Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. 570, 106 S. Ct. 3101, 92 L. Ed. 2d 460 (1986) (error in instruction which impermissibly shifted burden of proof on malice was not "so basic to a fair trial" that such error could never be harmless; since jury was instructed to presume malice from predicate facts, jury necessarily had to find existence of those facts beyond a reasonable doubt). There is a strong presumption that any errors that may have occurred are not structural, but rather are subject to a harmless or plain error analysis under which errors may be resolved in light of the entire record. See id. at 578-79, 106 S. Ct. at 3106-07.
We hold that Bogdanov's asserted errors are not structural because the plain language of the pattern complicity instruction sufficiently reflects the complicitor's two mental state requirements under the complicity statute: (1) the defendant had the requisite mens rea for the underlying crime *254 committed by the principal; and (2) the defendant intended that his own conduct would promote or facilitate the commission of the crime committed by the principal. Therefore, the jury necessarily made a determination as to Bogdanov's mental state, and no structural error occurred.
Specifically, the first paragraph of the instruction initially directs the jury to find that "a crime" must have been committed, thus instructing that all elements of that crime with which the defendant is charged must be established beyond a reasonable doubt. Thereafter, "the crime" as used throughout the remaining paragraphs of the instruction refers back to the crime that was referenced in the first paragraph. See Close, 867 P.2d at 89. The third paragraph then instructs that the defendant "must have had knowledge that the other person intended to commit (all or part of) the crime." This paragraph instructs the jury that the complicitor must have known that the principal intended to commit "the crime" referenced in the first paragraph.
The fourth paragraph then instructs the jury on the complicitor's requisite mental state. That paragraph directs that to be convicted as a complicitor, the defendant must intentionally aid, abet, advise, or encourage the principal in the commission or planning of the crime as defined in the first paragraph. We conclude that the language adequately directs the jury to determine whether the defendant had the requisite mens rea of the crime, because the defendant could not have intended his participation to further the crime unless he also intended the crime to occur. For him to intend that the crime occur, he would necessarily share the principal's mental state. If the defendant did not intend that his actions would assist or encourage the other principal(s) in the commission or planning of the underlying crime, the defendant cannot be criminally liable for the commission of that crime. See People v. Rodriguez, 914 P.2d 230, 276 (Colo.1996) (pattern complicity instruction adequately advised the jury of the requisite mens rea ); see also Close, 867 P.2d at 89.
Hence, the instruction satisfies both aspects of the test: (1) the defendant had formed the mens rea requisite to the underlying crime; and (2) he committed an act intending thereby to further the crime. Criminal responsibility is a complex concept, to which whole books and years of course work are devoted. In the end, the question is whether the jury receives adequate instruction on the elements of any particular crime. As to the complicity instruction, we here determine that the elements necessary to establish complicity liability are set out in terms that direct the jury to the appropriate and necessary inquiries. Thus, despite the omission of the statutory language "with the intent to promote or facilitate the commission of the offense" from section 18-1-603, the complicity instruction does not create a structural defect.[10]
We find that the plain language of the entire instruction does not allow the defendant to be convicted of a crime under a complicity theory for which he did not have the requisite mental state. We therefore *255 hold that the standard complicity instruction does not create a structural defect.
While we find that the complicity instruction, when considered in its entirety, does not create a structural defect, we nonetheless find that the "all or part of" language was superfluous in this case and therefore in error. In People v. Rodriguez, 914 P.2d 230 (Colo.1996), we stated that the "all or part of" language was "erroneous." 914 P.2d at 276. However, we ultimately held in Rodriguez that the error in that case was harmless. See id. Similarly, we now conclude that the inclusion of such language in this case was error, but did not amount to plain error.
Here, Bogdanov did not object to the pattern instruction on complicity either during the trial or in his motion for a new trial, other than objecting to the word "abet," which is not at issue here. Therefore, we must consider the validity of the instructions under a plain error analysis. See Crim. P. 52(b) (permitting review of plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights not brought to the attention of the court); Wilson v. People, 743 P.2d 415, 419 (Colo.1987).
Each case involving a plain error analysis must be resolved in light of its particular facts and the law that applies to those facts. See Ramirez v. People, 682 P.2d 1181, 1183 (Colo.1984). Plain error occurs when, after a review of the entire record, the appellate court can say with fair assurance that the error so undermined the fundamental fairness of the trial as to cast serious doubt on the reliability of the judgment of conviction. See Wilson, 743 P.2d at 420; see also Walker v. People, 932 P.2d 303, 311 (Colo. 1997); People v. Kruse, 839 P.2d 1, 3 (Colo. 1992); People v. Larson, 782 P.2d 840, 843 (Colo.App.1989) (applying plain error analysis in context of instructional error). Such inquiry necessarily requires a careful subjective review of the evidence presented to the jury. See People v. Rubanowitz, 688 P.2d 231, 240 (Colo.1984).
We have previously found that jury instructions that do not undermine the fundamental fairness of the trial so as to cast serious doubt on the reliability of the judgment of conviction withstand scrutiny. See, e.g., id. at 239-40 (failure to define "may" as used in child abuse statute not plain error in light of overwhelming evidence of defendant's guilt; error could not be said to have reasonably contributed to defendant's conviction); People v. Mattas, 645 P.2d 254 (Colo. 1982) (failure to include mental state in elemental instruction was not fatally defective error because instructions, when read and considered as a whole, instructed jury on required mens rea element); People v. Eades, 187 Colo. 74, 77, 528 P.2d 382, 384 (1974) (failure to instruct jury on circumstantial evidence not plain error because defendant's substantial rights were not affected); People v. Major, 179 Colo. 204, 206, 499 P.2d 1200, 1201 (1972) (failure to instruct jury as to definition of theft not plain error where jury was instructed that defendant was charged with unlawfully and feloniously breaking and entering a motor vehicle "with intent then and there to commit the crime of theft therein" because defect did not affect defendant's substantial rights).
Failure to instruct the jury properly does not constitute plain error where the subject of the error in the instruction is not contested at trial, or where evidence of the defendant's guilt is overwhelming. See People v. Fichtner, 869 P.2d 539, 543-45 (Colo. 1994) (failure to instruct jury on definition of "serious bodily injury" not plain error because issue of degree of bodily injury that victim feared from defendant not contested at trial and because evidence of defendant's guilt was overwhelming); People v. Cowden, 735 P.2d 199, 202 (Colo.1987) (erroneous omission of element of value of stolen property in jury instructions not plain error where evidence presented concerning value was not contested); see also People v. Quintana, 701 P.2d 1264, 1266 (Colo.App.1985) (improper instructions on culpable mental states of "knowingly" and "intentionally" not plain error where defendant's mental state was not an issue at trial).
Thus, under a plain error analysis, unlike a structural error analysis, the defendant must demonstrate not only that the *256 instruction affected a substantial right, but also that the record reveals a reasonable possibility that the error contributed to the defendant's conviction. See Rubanowitz, 688 P.2d at 239.
Bogdanov was convicted as an accomplice, and the third woman alone actually committed the essential elements of the underlying crimes of burglary and theft. The evidence established that no other persons entered the office or stole the money and checks. We distinguish the fact pattern of this case where the accomplice is not charged with committing any act essential to the elements of the underlying crime, from the fact pattern wherein the principal and at least one other person, possibly the defendant, together commit the essential elements of the crime. It is this latter situation to which the "all or part of" language applies.
Reed v. People, 171 Colo. 421, 467 P.2d 809 (1970), presents an example of a situation where two or more persons together committed the underlying crime. In Reed, the defendant and one other person together robbed the victim. Each principal committed one element of the crime of robbery: the defendant assaulted the victim with a knife while the other person took the money. Thus, neither person committed the entire crime of robbery, the elements of which at the time of Reed were (1) the taking of money, goods, or other valuable thing from the person of another (2) by the use of violence. See 1963 C.R.S. § 40-5-1. The defendant committed the second element, and the other person committed the first. Their actions together constituted the crime of robbery. Therefore, the "all or part of" language in the standard complicity instruction would apply to that situation. See Reed, 171 Colo. at 428, 467 P.2d at 812 ("Where two or more are involved in the commission of a criminal offense and one helps the other, though not actually performing all the acts necessary to the commission of the offense, all are, nevertheless, principal offenders and are punishable as though all have committed the necessary acts."); People v. Fisher, 904 P.2d 1326, 1331 (Colo.App.1994) ("Under a complicity theory, although all of the elements of a crime must have been committed, it is not necessary that any single person have done so. It is only necessary that the acts of the complicitor and the other actor or actors, together, constitute all acts necessary to complete the offense."); People v. Close, 867 P.2d 82, 89 (Colo.App.1993) (same).
However, in instances such as the present case, where the defendant being charged with the underlying crime under a complicity theory did not actually commit any of the essential elements of that crime and where one principal alone committed all elements of the crime, we see no need for the jury instruction on complicity to contain the "all or part of" language. Here, the prosecution charged that one person alone committed all essential elements of both the crimes of burglary and theft. We therefore conclude that it was error to include the "all or part of" language in the pattern complicity instruction.
While the inclusion of such language was error, we conclude that such language was merely superfluous in this case, and therefore not plain error. The jury here necessarily found, first, that Bogdanov knew the third woman intended to enter the store office and commit burglary and theft therein, as the third paragraph of the instruction required such a finding before the jury could reach a guilty verdict. Moreover, according to the fourth paragraph, the jury also found that Bogdanov had the requisite mental states for the underlying crimes of which he was convicted in order to have found him guilty under a complicity theory. The act of holding up a pair of pants without the mental state to aid in the commission of theft and burglary is certainly not criminal in nature. Rather, the instruction required the jury to conclude that Bogdanov knew the third woman intended to enter the store office and commit burglary and theft, and that Bogdanov intended his actions to aid and encourage her in the commission of those crimes in order to convict him of burglary and theft under a complicity theory. Had the jury not found that Bogdanov had the requisite mental state, it would have found Bogdanov innocent of the charges against him.
We therefore hold that the "all or part of" language in the standard complicity instruction *257 was error in this particular case, but that no plain error occurred, and Bogdanov's right to due process was not violated.
We conclude that the pattern complicity instruction, CJI-Crim. 6:04 (1983), did not violate Bogdanov's right to due process, and therefore affirm the court of appeals in sustaining Bogdanov's judgment of conviction.
[1] § 18-4-203, 8B C.R.S. (1986).
[2] § 18-4-401, 8B C.R.S. (1986 & 1996 Supp.).
[3] §§ 18-2-201, -4-401, 8B C.R.S. (1986 & 1996 Supp.).
[4] The dispatch mistakenly described the occupants as three males rather than one male and three females.
[5] The sentence had originally been for seven years for burglary, seven years for theft, and four years for conspiracy, but was later reduced following a Crim. P. 35(b) hearing.
[6] Other state statutes use different language that specifies a lesser culpable mental state requirement, such as "acting with knowledge that another person is committing or intends to commit an offense, the person knowingly provides the other person with means or opportunity for the commission of the offense." 1997 Ariz. Legis. Serv. Ch. 136, § 6 (amending Ariz.Rev.Stat. § 13-1004 (1989)) (emphasis added).
[7] Section 18-1-501(5) defines "intentionally" and "with intent" as those terms are used in the "offenses" set forth in the Colorado Criminal Code, §§ 18-1-101 to -22-103, 8B C.R.S. (1986 & 1996 Supp.). See § 18-1-501(5); see also Wheeler, 772 P.2d at 103.
[8] We note that some jurisdictions have complicity statutes that would hold an accomplice liable for any crimes that are a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the crime which the accomplice intended to aid or encourage. See, e.g., Me.Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 17-A, § 57 (West 1983). The Colorado General Assembly chose not to extend accomplice liability to reasonably foreseeable crimes, but rather limited such liability to those particular crimes which the accomplice intended to promote or facilitate. See § 18-1-603, 8B C.R.S. (1986).
[9] We disapprove of that portion of People v. Close, 867 P.2d 82, 88-89 (Colo.App.1993), in which the court of appeals extended Wheeler to cases involving crimes with a culpable mental state of intentionally, with intent, knowingly, or willfully. In Close, the court of appeals interpreted Wheeler to mean that the statutory language "intent to promote or facilitate the commission of the offense," § 18-1-603, 8B C.R.S. (1986), "`only requires knowledge by the complicitor that the principal is engaging in, or about to engage in, criminal conduct' and requires `the intent [of the complicitor] to aid the principal in the criminal act or conduct.'" Id. at 88-89 (quoting Wheeler, 772 P.2d at 103-04). The requisite mens rea of aggravated robbery is "knowingly." See § 18-4-302(1)(b), 8B C.R.S. (1986); People v. Aragon, 653 P.2d 715, 720 (Colo.1982). Thus, the rule of Wheeler does not apply when aggravated robbery is the underlying crime because it is not a crime of recklessness or negligence. We note that the court of appeals in Close did not rely on its interpretation of Wheeler; rather, the court continued by stating that the defendant must have "intended to aid, abet, advise, or encourage the other person in the commission or planning of the aggravated robbery." Close, 867 P.2d at 89. Thus, we disapprove only of the language in Close that extends Wheeler beyond cases involving crimes of negligence or recklessness.
For the same reasons, we also object to reliance on that portion of Close in the following two court of appeals decisions: People v. Fisher, 904 P.2d 1326, 1331 (Colo.App.1994); People v. Green, 884 P.2d 339, 344 (Colo.App.1994).
[10] While we have concluded that the standard complicity instruction does not amount to structural error that would affect the entire trial from beginning to end or that would deny the defendant a basic protection, we nevertheless acknowledge that the pattern instruction should more properly mirror the applicable statutory language as follows (changes are highlighted):
A person is guilty of an offense committed by another person if he is a complicitor. To be guilty as a complicitor, the following must be established beyond a reasonable doubt:
1. A crime must have been committed.
2. Another person must have committed [ all or part of] the crime.
3. The defendant must have had knowledge that the other person intended to commit [ all or part of] the crime.
4. The defendant must have had the intent to promote or facilitate the commission of the crime.
5. The defendant must have aided, abetted, advised, or encouraged the other person in the commission or planning of the crime.
The language contained in brackets should be included in the complicity jury instruction only in those cases where one or more persons, possibly including the defendant, together committed the essential elements of the underlying crime. See discussion infra Part III.B. If only one person alone committed all essential elements of the crime with which the defendant is charged under a complicity theory, the language in brackets should be omitted from the jury instruction as given.
of Colorado Supreme Court opinions.


Germany is the largest economy in Europe, an important agricultural player and an essential market for Solidaridad to engage with. To work towards fulfilling our European ambitions, Solidaridad has created the foundation for a new entity in Germany.
In the course of 2017, our colleagues worked to establish Solidaridad's organizational presence in Germany. The main goal is to connect our global Solidaridad network to various German stakeholders. To help fulfil this ambition, Solidaridad hired three German colleagues as our country representatives: Moriz Vohrer, Markus Bier and Johannes Manthey.
Germany's goal of further transforming its own, as well as the global economy, towards more sustainable practices, is aligned with the vision and mission of Solidaridad. Many companies in Germany are connected with businesses in countries where Solidaridad is already active. This presents good opportunities for further exploration.
The ambition of our German colleagues is to help connect the dots by advising German companies on how to improve their sustainability practices throughout the supply chain. In addition, to become an implementing partner for various projects and activities. The on-site expertise of Solidaridad Network and the support of the German government are significant for making this possible.
In the long run, the goal goes beyond connecting the global Solidaridad network to German stakeholders: it is increasing consumer consciousness among the German public about sustainability and what is behind our food and clothes. Moriz and Markus are confident that in the long term, consumer consciousness will be the main pillar to shift the economy towards more sustainability. In the end, every policy maker, donor or company employee is also a consumer, affected personally by the call for more sustainable practices.
There are, of course, also challenges that come with establishing a new organizational entity. A lot of work at this stage involves making introductions and building trust. Differences in culture and political environment are also influential factors. Moriz is very positive and looks forward to the challenge. There is a German expression which illustrates this well, he thinks: Steter tropfen höhlt den Stein. 'Drop by drop, the stone will wear away'.
In other words, small steps - big leaps. He has great appreciation for the passion for sustainability we share at Solidaridad, combined with our hands-on, pragmatic approach. This is a good attitude to take on this new challenge. At Solidaridad, we are certainly looking forward to the developments.
At Solidaridad in Europe, we strive to work towards our goals for sustainable economic development on the wider European level. In the increasingly globalizing economy, our activities in fundraising, policy influencing and public-private partnerships benefit greatly from our international character and network reach.
Establishing our presence in Germany is an important step towards further fulfilling our European ambitions.
Want to know more about our work around the world? Sign up for the Solidaridad newsletter today to receive monthly updates.


Geometry in Outer Space or Heaven, 2015.
Geometry in Outer Space or Heaven #3, 2014, Collaged paper, fabric, gold leaf, 23 5/16 x 27 7/8 inches.
Geometry in Outer Space or Heaven #9, 2014, Collaged paper, fabric, gold leaf, 23 5/16 x 27 7/8 inches.
Geometry in Outer Space or Heaven #10, 2014, Collaged paper, fabric, gold leaf, 23 5/16 x 27 7/8 inches.
Geometry in Outer Space or Heaven #18, 2015, Collaged paper, graphite, fabric, gold leaf, 30 3/8 x 41 7/8 inches.
Geometry in Outer Space or Heaven #22, 2015, Collaged paper, graphite, fabric, gold leaf, 40 x 26 1/8 inches.
Geometry in Outer Space or Heaven #23, 2015, Collaged paper, graphte, fabric, gold leaf, 41 7/8 x 37 3/4 inches.
Monique Meloche Gallery is pleased to announce Karen Reimer's third solo exhibition with the gallery — Geometry in Outer Space or Heaven. For this exhibition, Reimer will debut a new series of collaged drawings and sculpture that on the surface seem to diverge from her familiar sewn textile work yet reveal a close continuation of her rigorous conceptual practice.
As with all her work, Reimer begins with a strict set of rules. Here she pairs swatches of fabric with drawings of three-dimensional geometric solids. Shapes and patterns in the fabric dictate where it meets the geometric form. The excess fabric left floating outside the lines is covered in gold leaf. This "golden repair" is a reference to the Japanese tradition of Kintsukuroi: a tradition of repairing ceramics with a compound made from lacquer dusted with powdered gold, in order to highlight the damage rather than obscure it. This gesture harkens back to Reimer's coveted Contingent Solutions series (1996-1999) of broken and mended dishware.
The overall effect of Reimer's conceptual technique creates an optical dissonance, where our mind oscillates between the fullness of the object and the flatness of the fabric. Ultimately, her work inhabits the gap between experience and representation, the slippage between the knowledge we gain through our bodies and codification of this knowledge in our languages of visual representation.
Copies of Endless, which is Reimer's first monograph, are available for purchase at the gallery. They are also available at Gallery 400 and the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts.
Karen Reimer (American, b. 1958 Kansas, lives Chicago) reconsiders modernist ideals and minimalist embodiment through the quirks and heterogeneity of the handmade and every day. Endless, the first major publication on Reimer's pioneer craft aesthetic, was published by Gallery 400 and WhiteWalls in 2015. Her prime number embroidered series, Endless Set (2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31), was recently acquired by the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago. She is a recipient of the Artadia Individual Artist Grant, the Richard A. Driehaus Individual Artist Award, and the Women's Caucus for the Arts President's Award. A major exhibition of Reimer's work will open in May of 2016 at the Hyde Park Art Center. Recent solo and group exhibitions include Material Gestures: Cut, Weave, Sew, Knot, Rhona Hoffman Gallery (2014); A Study in Midwest Appropriation, curated by Michelle Grabner, Hyde Park Art Center (2013); Wall Text, curated by Zachary Cahill, Logan Center Exhibitions, University of Chicago (2012); Endless Set, Gallery 400 (2012). Additionally, her work has been included in group shows at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; Contemporary Craft Museum, Portland, Oregon; and Wallspace Gallery, New York, among others. Reimer's works have been featured in the edited volumes Contemporary Textiles: The Fabric of Fine Art (Black Dog Publishing, 2008); The Object of Labor: Art, Cloth, and Cultural Production (SAIC Press and MIT Press, 2007); By Hand: The Use of Craft in Contemporary Art (Princeton Architectural Press, 2010); and Limited Language-Rewriting Design: Responding to a Feedback Culture (Birkhauser Architecture, 2009). She is an adjunct instructor at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.
Download PDF of Karen Reimer 'Geometry in Outer Space or Heaven' publication here.


text:
Edition 51. 5th September 2010
●The Centrality of the Cross
●News on the peace talks.
●New videos under video tab
●The earthquake that has just hit Christchurch New Zealand was a big one. No deaths but half the city wrecked. Could this be a sign that the Christ's church is about to be hit with a spiritual earthquake? Maybe!
●The peace-talks that have just kicked off in Washington are worth keeping an eye on. It all sounds good, noble and right.
Netanyahu has just returned from Washington and in a briefing told his cabinet that he felt the Arabs had turned the corner and were ready for peace. He said that he is now working out a new deal. He told them has was now ready to "divide Jerusalem and surrender Judea and Samaria."
This peace effort is a dangerous work. They are going to get a lot of resistance from Hamas and other sources, but they will also get a huge following. This peace effort will raise the barrier between those who love the ways of God and those who love the ways of the world.
This peace effort ushers in a time to fear. "When they say peace and safety, sudden destruction comes"
● Palestinian leader Abbas speaking to Palestinians says that he will not make one concession or compromise in the peace negotiations.
● The Palestinian Authority said on Sunday (in Arabic) that their goal is to take the whole of Jerusalem. The international press have ignored these two comments completely.
I have been part of the media all my adult life. If you want to see what I think of it please read edition 23.
The Centrality of the Cross:
This just may be the most important message you have ever been presented with! It could have real eternal implications for you, or it could cause you to reject it all, again with eternal implications.
The cross is an ugly instrument of torture, suffering and death. For our Lord it was the way to the crown of glory. For us it's just the same!! Revelation 19:11 pictures our Lord on a white horse riding triumphantly wearing "many crowns." He had to go thought Calvary first. Revelation 3:11 speaking of believers says "Beware that no one takes your crown." The only way anyone could do this is by robbing us of our own cross which we need to bear daily!
Many believers are warned in the Bible that they are enemies of the cross of Christ. They're not enemies of Christ, but enemies of the cross and its workings in our lives.
I'm not talking primarily about the cross of Christ as a once-off work, as part of our spirit-salvation. I'm talking about the daily application of the cross as part of the ongoing salvation of our soul. Both applications are necessary.
We can't add to the finished complete work of the cross of Christ. It completely saves and sets us apart into His kingdom, but there is another work of the cross, greatly neglected today, which we need to apply.
It's only as you embrace the cross of Christ that you can see your own desperate state and need for the transfer of His glorious life as you embrace and take up your own cross.
What the cross is not:
The cross is not some item you wear around your neck. It is no good luck charm. It is not something that Ratzinger carries with a forever-dying Jesus still hanging there. (No I won't call him pope, which means father. He is not my father!!) It's not something held in the hands of a concrete statue or a carving on a tombstone.
The cross of Christ is not something you believe in as a once off work and then never need again. It was a complete act, but there a cross for all of us to bear on a daily basis as well.
What the cross is:
Obviously the work of the cross of Christ is the only way to salvation and new birth. We are told in Revelation 1:5 that we are washed in the blood of the Lamb. This ongoing application of the cross has got nothing to do with spirit salvation, but it has plenty to do with the salvation of the soul.
Many say that they love God. They might be right, but the god that they love is a god of their own creation and imagination. The one and only true God says, if you love Me, "take up your cross daily", "die daily" and follow Me. You can't follow our Lord without taking up your own cross.
The cross that we need to bear comes in many forms. As we seek God's will for our lives, He reveals to us what is a cross to take up and bear.
The cross that we are to take up is simply denial of self, yielding to God, surrender to Him, brokenness in relation to the self life, humility before our Lord. It involves much suffering as our very identity changes. The cross that we need to take up is always something that hurts our pride. When my own self-life is offended and rises up, a cross is right there in the midst of that situation, which I can reject or take up by humbling myself and denying self it's expression.
The resurrection power of the cross of Christ is the actual power that gives us strength. We need to pray and ask for this great transforming power. It's only this resurrection power that gives us the strength to die daily and take up our own cross.
John 15:5 "Without Me you can do nothing" Obviously this doesn't mean you can do nothing. It means that without the risen Messiah at work in your life, all that you do will amount to nothing...a wasted life. Everything done in the power and energy of the un-crucified flesh has no eternal value and is essentially worthless.
Regular fasting is an act of cross-bearing. It's a denial of self and has powerful positive implications.
Back in 1980 I was part of a group of seven brothers / friends who decided to follow the Lord no matter what. We came together regularly on an exciting road of discovery as we fasted and prayed together. This started a life of regular fasting. During our times of fasting our Lord revealed to each of us individually a cross to bear. Here is my cross list from back then: To remain single. Never to go to a movie again. Never to go on a holiday (work trips exempted) Forsake the entertainment world. Never to vote again. Avoid all traditions of man. Forsake luxury and the desire for it. Make time for regular diligent Bible study.(This included resigning from a successful job)
Things didn't happen overnight. This was for me an exciting vision and goal. Over a short time these things were worked into my life and are now part of my being. What started as a cross is now a welcome friend. I don't say this in any way to boast but to share as testimony, and yes I've still got a way to go. It's all My Lord's doing.
As you embrace the cross the things of the world and it's ways grow strangely dim! That's not just a line in a song...it is very true, and wonderfully so. The way of the cross is the way of transformation and of real peace. It's actually very exciting being on the right road with our glorious Messiah leading the way.
The entire application of the the cross and brokenness flies in the face of modern psychology. It's the exact opposite. Modern psychology and counselling says give expression to self, to ego, to pride. It says; let it all out and get rid of obstacles to self expression. This is allowing the sin-nature to thrive. The work of the cross is the opposite.
God's way is to liquidate the sinner and then raise him up in newness of life.
John 3:30 "He must increase, but I must decrease." This is the glorious transfer. This is the way the cross works in us.
The work and application of the cross works life-changing wonders deep into our very being and character with eternal reward.
The failure of cross-less Christianity:
The image above is a sad tragic truth. It's the exact opposite of this verse: 1Corinthians 1:10 "Now I plead with you brethren, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that you all speak the same thing and that there be no divisions among you" Cross-less Christianity is the way of good ideas and the best that humanism can do. It's the way of self-will. It's the way of division and not unity. Cross-less Christianity is in unity with the world and its traditions and ways.
The Bible says to take up your own cross daily. Have a guess what this means? Shall I tell you? It means take up your cross daily! Let me ask you this: If we are to do this daily, on an ongoing basis, why then does most of the modern church never ever teach on it? This is one big reason why the modern church is such a tragic mess.
Is Christ divided against Himself? Is He a polygamist? Then why is the church so divided? It's because it has forsaken the cross and therefore has to trust in its own power and strength.
A church divided has no power. It can imitate and think it has power, but it's only power is from the energy of the flesh rather than the Spirit. Division is related to pride and pride goes before a fall. A church divided against itself will never be able to stand securely in the coming satanic onslaught.
The Messianic believers have a much better grasp of truth than most of the church. The Messianic believers adhere to the Abrahamic expression of truth, which is to the Jew and the Gentile. (See edition 47)
The Work of the cross:
The work of the cross is the great divider. It separates, identifies and creates a gulf between us and the world, the flesh-nature and the demonic. No application of the cross and you can't even see what the world is never mind get victory over its influences. No application of the cross and you will never even see the sin nature operating in the flesh or see the demonic at work in your own life.
In all of us human beings there are some things we are born with that we need to get rid of. Pride of race, face, place and grace are things that creep up on us as we grow up. Pride of race is simply pride of our race above others. Pride of face relates to our appearance, dress and the like, while pride of place relates to our possessions or standing in community or business etc. Pride of grace is very dangerous and relates to self sufficiency in our religion. The application of the cross, puts all pride to death. The Bible declares that we are to humble ourselves. It says that God gives grace to the humble and resists the proud.
The cross kills. But then as with our Lord it leads to resurrection. It's interesting that after the resurrection our Lord only appeared to His own. The type in this is that once the cross has done its deadly work in us, we are separated in a way. We have a much cleared view of the Kingdom of God which is separate from the kingdom of the world and its god Satan.
1Corinthians 2:14 "The natural man (un-crucified) does not receive the things of the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him." The person dying daily and taking up his cross is essentially being led and enlightened by the Spirit of God. No cross-bearing no revelation knowledge or deep insight. This is exactly why many people just can't see it!
The one who is truly after God's heart will be after His ways. To really know God and His will, one has to be delivered from brain power, human reasoning and cleverness. This all needs to be broken by the power of the cross. Self confidence in our own ability and wisdom causes us to be self sufficient and self centred. It must all die.
Self- will and sin go hand in hand and whatever is done in and out of the un-crucified self-life will be burned up as useless works.
It was on the cross that our Lord became a curse for us. He took the curse and paid for our sin. The cross at work in our lives also has a powerful way of sanctifying us and bringing holiness into our lives.
Matthew 10: 38-39 "He who does not take up his cross and follow after Me is not worthy of Me, He who finds his life will lose it and he who loses his life for My sake will find it."
Galatians 2:20 "I have been crucified with Christ; it is no longer I that live but Christ lives in me."
1Corinthians 2:2 "I determined to know nothing but Christ and Him crucified."
Cross-less Christianity waters down truth:
With the cross obscured or left lying on the sidewalk, your truth will not be truth. It will mixed and watered down with all sorts of worldly occult and satanic garbage and the opinions of man.
Let me ask you this: You say you love our Lord, then don't you want to know and walk in His truth and ways? I know I do. There should be something right in our hearts that desires to know and follow the One we say we love. If you say you love our Lord and still blindly obey and follow the occult traditions of the church, there is something wrong there. Our Great King and Lord says "If you love Me, you will obey what I command." (John14:15) Obviously this doesn't mean that it all happens overnight, but it most certainly does means that you want to obey and that you're on that road.
Many preach the right words but with no power. In fact some are really anointed with the power of the flesh, because the centrality of the cross is missing. Failure of the people to receive the life of God is failure of the preachers. How can you give or transmit what you don't have? The messenger of the cross must be a crucified person taking up his own cross daily. People who are not experiencing the work of the cross in their lives are not qualified. What many preachers are delivering is clever thoughts and concepts mixed with Bible verses, but with no real enduring Spirit- life or transforming power.
They are preaching and teaching 'nice' sermons to motivate and inspire the self-life.
With the cross absent in the church it is left with doomed psychology and human thought. The one who is not taking up his cross and preaching in its power is a fake. We must bear the cross we preach. The problem is that many in this day don't bear it or preach it.
With the cross obscured or absent that church will not even be able to see or identify the Jezebel spirit working in its midst. This is one of the biggest problems in the western church today. Not only will these ones not be able to see it they will ill-equipped to deal with it. The tragedy of the day is that many don't even know what it is and its right in their midst.
With the cross obscured or absent there will no real power in and behind the so-called supernatural gifts of the spirit. What they have is lies and presumption at work. Only the application of the cross produces the transfer of the real power of God. The Bible talks about many "lying signs and wonders" in the last days.
The cross and the world:
Galatians 6:14 "I will glory in nothing but the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom the world has been crucified to me and I to the world." This incredibly powerful verse of scripture reveals how the work of the cross sets us free and apart from the world system and its ways. It is the power of the cross, that when applied, kills worldliness in me. But more than that it causes the world to think of us..."We have no use for this dead man" It works both ways.
1John 5:4 "He who is born of God overcomes the world." We can only do this with power coming from the applied cross.
1John 5:19 "We are of God and know that the whole world lies under the power of the evil one." Without the active work of the cross, we will not even see this!
Can you see why cross-less Christianity is so dangerous. It is one with the world! The world motivated by it's god Satan, can and will use these Christians. There is no separation.
A good way to know if the cross is working in your life is simply to sit back and examine yourself in relation to the attractions of the world. Do you still love its ways, it's entertainment, it's demon possessed celebrities? Do you have a drive to keep up with the Joneses of the world?
If the cross is working in your life you will become more and more uncomfortable with the world. You will not be able to fit in anymore. It will be lifeless and dead to you. Only when you see this can you be effective in rescuing people out of the kingdom of the world. Salvation isn't getting people saved and leaving them to go with the flow of the world. It's getting people saved and leading them out of the world.
Of course we are still "in the world" and need to be the best at what God has called us to be, but we are essentially not "of it" anymore. We are Christ's ambassadors here on earth, but we are from another place entirely.
The application of the cross has a deadly effect on the world's power in our lives. When we forsake the cross the world will quickly manifest in our lives. The cross keeps the world at bay. Released from the influence of the cross anything or anyone will quickly manifest the power of the world behind it.
With the cross at work in your life you will be able to say with the Psalmist "Indignation and horror has taken hold of me because of the wicked who forsake Your law." (Ps119:53)
Are you horrified at the world and its ways, or tolerant and part of it all?
Cross-less Christianity can mix with all religions:
Cross-less Christianity is dangerous. When you get saved, you enter a spiritual environment and climate and there's a battle on the go in this dimension. The battle is everywhere and you need eyes of discernment to see it and see the evil one trying to bring you down. Only our risen Messiah can see all things. When we are dying to self, dying daily and decreasing, it is He that is increasing in us. He has eyes to see and will reveal to us the hidden dangers and deceptions out there.
The word Babylon means 'confusion' or to 'mix together'.
Only the work of the cross can put a barrier between truth and error and separate between these forces. The early church was powerful, full of light and in unity with a pure doctrine. The church plunged into the dark ages when the Catholics mixed occult practises into it. Mixture of truth and error spells defeat.
Cross-less Christianity can, will and is dancing with the devil in the dark. It can coexist happily with error and the occult. It is forming alliances doomed to hell and all in the name of love and tolerance.
Hell awaits the tolerant. Now please don't take what to say out of context. Of course there are many times where tolerance is needed and when yielding produces results. But there are many things where yielding and tolerance will sweep you off your feet into a Christ-less eternity. Our Lord will give those that are humble before Him eyes to see all these things.
Cross-less Christianity will become part of the great end-time servant of Satan called the false prophet. This will be a massive one-world religious organisation...a counterfeit religion. In fact it is already in formation stage.
Cross-less Christianity leads to hell:
Cross-less Christianity leads to a Christ-less eternity. With the cross obscured or absent, your life is a dance of eternal death! With the cross obscured you will not see the Lord's coming and you will be unconcerned. You will be blind to the coming Kingdom and it will be irrelevant. A cross-less church won't preach or teach on eschatology. Cross-less Christianity is a clever deception. It's dressed in all the right garb but is dead right in the heart. It is the counterfeit church.
The cross is the way to the crown and genuine peace:
No cross, no crown. The real true seal of the believer is the ongoing work of the cross in their lives.
With the cross at work, you will be invincible. This is simply because Christ is invincible and if it's "not I, but Christ that's alive"...I'm invincible.
That which is done in our lives, emanating from the power of the cross, has more value than we can imagine, and it's value is eternal. This is the way to deep peace.
Some people might say the cross is a crutch. They are right. The cross IS the ultimate crutch, but as you lean on it, it kills, then delivers you to the most glorious life of victory imaginable.
With the cross working in your life you will see hell and heaven. You will see kingdoms in conflict and you'll be set free into real deep, clam peace, joy and satisfaction. Genuine Christ-powered love will make you effective in reaching the lost.
The most powerful prayer anyone can pray would go something like this: "Lord lead me to know You more deeply and intimately, so that my love for you may increase and be genuine. Show me how to apply the cross to every area of my life. Show me what is a cross to take up and what is not. Give me your resurrection power that I may die to self, the world and the demonic. Lord. take me forever forward with you."
On a character level, the work of the cross will transform you into a person full of the fruits of the Spirit of God. "The axe is laid at the root of the tree" says the Bible. So as the work of the cross strikes deeply into your life and kills the very root of all that's not right, a new tree full of eternal fruit arises. This isn't 'manufactured or superficial fruit, it's "fruit that remains".
Today there is immense pressure to conform to the world and its ways. This kingdom of darkness is presented as an attractive desire. Today there is enormous pressure to be self sufficient and to allow the flesh unhindered expression. Cross-less Christianity blinds you to all of this and sets you up as one of the masses on a hell-bound journey.
There are so few who teach and preach the message of the cross today it's frightening. We are moving fast into ever increasing perilous times because of all the self-love out there.
But there are many who hunger and thirst for the truth and the right way. They want to be right with God. They are prepared to pay the price.
Our Lord never sinned, but he fell many times under the weight of His cross on the way to be slaughtered. When you fall, taking up your cross...same thing. Get up and go again. Don't take the easy way out by leaving the cross aside. If our Messiah did that, we would not be saved. We must suffer under the weight of our own cross whatever that may be, until it's deadly work is done. Then comes true victory. If you are taking up your cross, one day you will wake up in the morning and just know that you are free indeed!
Philippians 3:7-14 "What things were gain to me, these I have counted as loss for Christ, I also count all things loss for the excellence of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord, for whom I have suffered the loss of all things and count them as dung, that I might gain Christ."
Heaven or hell:
Bridgette Bardot you have not aged well. You were an animal rights activist and an activist for homosexual rights. You were known as a beauty and also an intellectual. You were a strong liberal with no religious convictions. You were idolised by John Lennon and many other celebrities. You made a few suicide attempts, but Brigitte you have neglected our Lord and saviour the one who has the keys into one of two eternal destinations. You have been worshipped by many, but you you have not worshipped the one true God. You are in danger.
Pablo Picasso, as a Catholic did you put your trust and faith in our Lord before you died or did you depart from this earth believing that as a church member you would be okay? You were a brilliant artist and had a fine mind, but that won't save you. Celebrity of whatever sort is meaningless to God. Where are you now Pablo? are you in hell or heaven?
Here is a painting done in 1916 by Trento Longaretti depicting the crucifixion.
Kind regards and many blessings...Shalom and grow in grace!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Greg Gore is Vice President of Praxis International, Inc.
Technical Training, Consulting, and Publishing since 1988
www.praxisontheweb.com
10 Power Tips for Searching the Internet
Greg Gore
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By all accounts, searching for information is the number one Internet application. As a professional who is paid to search the Internet, Leszek Chudzinski, reference/business librarian at Chester County Library, has developed some valuable power tips for searching the Internet:
1. Identify the information you are seeking. Be as specific as possible. For example, types of searches can be classified into categories such as statistics, almanac-type information, primary sources, perspectives, hot topics, images and sounds, quotations, advice, biographical information, late-breaking news and many others. These categories can then be sub-divided. For instance, are you looking for business statistics, government statistics, or medical statistics?
2. If you know of specific sites that may have the information you want, start with those sites rather than with a general search engine. For example, Business.com, a new site, is a good place to begin searching for all kinds of business statistical data. Today, almost every site has its own search window, making it very easy to search for information within a site.
3. For foreign information, go to foreign sites. Usually, foreign sites have an English language option.
4. If you don't know where to begin, go to the Chester County Library Homepage (http://www.ccls.org). The library homepage provides quick access to numerous search engines, including Google, Alta Vista, Yahoo, Excite, Highway 61, Looksmart, Lycos and others.
5. Use the Chester County Library site for help in selecting a search engine. Each of the general search engines has strengths and drawbacks. Google offers good hits fast, Alta Vista and Lycos are good starting points if you have a specific keyword, and Yahoo is recommended if you have a broad subject search and need to narrow your focus. The library site features annotated information on additional search engines.
6. Search for information about Chester County and the Delaware Valley by using the links the library homepage provides to local sites including Chester County Connect, Meta Chester County, Yahoo Chester County, Libertynet and Yahoo Philadelphia.
7. Access the Pennsylvania Online World of Electronic Resources (POWER) from home by using a valid Chester County Library card. By entering your library barcode number, you can have access to full-text databases of periodicals and reference resources. One of these resources, EBSCOHost, provides indexing and full-text access to over 3,000 periodicals.
8. Search using specialized databases. Some search resources are restricted to in-library use only. One of these resources, Dun's Million Dollar Directory, provides information on businesses with twenty or more employees and annual sales of at least one million dollars. Another resource, Reference USA, gives information on businesses of every size. A search of Chester County businesses produced 2,677 records on Dun's Million Dollar Directory and over 17,500 records on Reference USA.
9. If you want to search and don't have home access to the Internet, you can go to the public library and access the Internet for free. The library also has information about how to get on the Chester County Interlink (CCIL).
10. For still more help in searching the Internet, call the library reference department at 610-280-2620/21 or e-mail the department at ref@ccls.org.
There are some misconceptions about the Internet that Leszek feels are important to know. The first misconception is that the Internet has everything. The second misconception is that everything is free on the Internet. The truth is that some sites provide information to "hook" you. Then, if you want more information, you have to pay for it.
No single search engine covers more than forty percent of the Internet. Most search engines probably fall into the fifteen to twenty percent coverage range.
In conclusion, Leszek says that searching the Internet is a skill that, just as any other skill, must be developed. The more you practice searching, the more systematic, intuitive and effective your searches will become.
The Greg Gore Web Site on Computers and the Internet (www.GregGore.com)
This column was published in the Daily Local News, West Chester, PA on September 13, 2000. Greg Gore can be reached at gg@GregGore.com.
© 2009 by Greg Gore. All rights reserved.


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Virtual Console Wrap-Up for December 28th, 2009
Christopher Bowen | December 29, 2009 | Archive, Columns, Top Story | No Comments
Downloadable services are almost like children. They start out awkward and wobbly, eventually grow a bit, and make people cry as they reach full maturation and show their full potential. Lately, we've seen Nintendo's downloadable services take their SATs and apply for colleges with some solid weeks, including the expansion into arcade titles and some very good WiiWare titles. In all, Nintendo is hosting over five-hundred games for download, and like most of the past few weeks, this week carries a few notable titles.
Let's start with an original Super Nintendo launch title on the VC:
Pilotwings
Developer: Nintendo
Original System: Super Nintendo Entertainment System
Original Release Date: 8/13/1991
Price: 800 Wii Points/$8
Mohamed Al-Saadoon: I remember Pilotwings was one of the the first titles my rich cousins (the ones that always get the shiniest new consoles first) got for their SNES and when I saw it for the first time (it was the first sky diving mission I recall) it blew my freaking mind. Mode 7 may be a byword for primitive and nostalgic today but at the time it was like the time you first laid eyes on Crysis, a metaphorical leap in graphics compared to the 8 bit NES.
Even when I got my own SNES I could never track down a copy of the game so I resorted to playing the game whenever I visited my cousins and thoroughly enjoyed getting all the licenses and surprising my trainers with perfect scores. The final missions on the "Expert" mode were very difficult and I never got to finish the game thanks to the damn hang gliding missions (Which were also the worst missions in the sequel) but the Desert Strike-esque helicopter missions more than made up for it (even though they made no sense within the context of the game).
I can point to Pilotwings and it's sequel Pilotwings 64 as the single most influential things that got me interested in aviation. It's because of them I'm a fan of Ace Combat, IL-2 Strumovik and the Strike series of games (Desert Strike, Nuclear Strike,…etc).
This is a definite must buy for me until Pilotwings 64 comes out on Virtual Console.
Christopher Bowen: Pilotwings blew my mind when I was a kid; it doesn't seem like a lot now, but Mode 7 was amazing when I was eleven, especially after playing the NES for so many years. It was one step closer to getting arcade perfection at home, as some arcade games were using similar technology by this point. Furthermore, the controls were very nice, and the game had a good progression system, combining graphics, gameplay and a good difficulty curve.
In 2009, I can see Pilotwings more for what it was: a tech demo that tried some new things, knowing that there wasn't much competition on a new system. In short, it's a strategy Rockstar tried years later with Table Tennis on the 360. Still, that doesn't change the fact that this was a great game for it's time, and is worth $8.
Pilotwings might be the only game on the VC, but Nintendo's other downloadable services are loaded for bear with quality titles. To start with, the big release on the WiiWare service is Castlevania: The Adventure Rebirth, a $10 remake of The Castlevania Adventure, the ancient Game Boy title. While the original game wasn't very good, Rebirth promises to clean up a lot of the issues that a twenty year old, grayscale Game Boy game had. Our own Alex Lucard has already beaten the game, and states that it's not bad for $10; however, he was able to beat it in two hours, so if you need your games to be long affairs, beware of that.
Also on the service is Rabbids Lab, a $5 game from Ubisoft that features the Rabbids that started in Rayman. Unlike most of those other games, this seems to be nothing more than a way to interact with the little critters, such as dressing them up, putting clothes on them or just shaking them around. This doesn't seem to me like a good choice for money, but Lucard is the authority on these guys. Eat! Eat! Fight! is also out, via Tecmo. For $10, it seems to be a combination of a button mashing fighter and a puzzle game, and while it doesn't look well balanced, it does seem to be a lot of fun at the very least. Finally, we have The Magic Obelisk, an action adventure game for $5, which is most notable because it's developed by Game Arts, of Lunar, Grandia, Thexder, Slipheed and Super Smash Bros. Brawl fame. Just being a Game Arts game, to me, makes this a worthy $5 purchase, not to mention the fact that from what I've seen, it looks outstanding.
The DSi service has no fewer than five new titles, including another huge name: The Oregon Trail. I don't have a DSi, but I can talk definitively about this game seeing as it's the same game that I've had for my iPhone for almost a year. It's the same gameplay we grew up with on old Tandy computers, but it's been simplified a bit; on the one hand, the interface isn't as punishing as those old floppy disc games were, and there are a lot more minigames to keep people invested in the game. On the other hand, it's much easier unless it's jacked to the hardest difficulty level, and the new additions – basically, using the DSi camera in-game – seem to be needless. Furthermore, the $8 price tag is $2 more than the iPhone's price, which might have gone down since I originally bought it (postscript: after spanking iTunes for misbehaving, I checked; it's down to $5). Anyone who really liked the old game should consider this, but if you have both an iPhone and a DSi, get the iPhone version instead.
Along with The Oregon Trail is Sudoku Sensei, a $5 game of Sudoku for anyone who hasn't played enough Sudoku by now. This game sells itself on being extra hard for Sudoku veterans, so if you need super-hard Sudoku, this might be worth your money. There is also Master of Illusion Express: Psychic Camera for $2, an app that lets you use your DS to do cheap parlour tricks; it's only $2, and at first glance, that seems to be $3 too many. Glow Artisan is a puzzle game that advertises 100 levels in it; for $5, puzzle fans might be intrigued, though I think that's a bit much for a game like this in a crowded market. Finally, there's Arcade Hoops Basketball, a $2 game that tries to replace the ball shooting games one would see in an arcade or a bar. Whether this game also has the tiny rims that are virtually impossible to put anything into remains to be seen.
Finally, we have a programming note for our regular readers. Starting next week, we're going to be expanding our downloadable title articles into three parts:
Tuesdays: Nintendo Download Wrap-Up
Thursdays: Microsoft Download Wrap-Up
Fridays: Sony Download Wrap-Up
The Nintendo piece will be structurally no different than past editions; we will still give our thoughts on the Virtual Console games (since we can speak definitively about them) and will strive to get you as much information as we can about the other services and their games, so that we can help you make the most informed purchasing decisions possible. We look forward to bringing this to you in 2010, and expanding our coverage for our readers.
Until then, this is Christopher Bowen, who is treating himself for dysentery.
Tags: Virtual Console
Screens: Monster Hunter 3 (TRI-) (Nintendo Wii)
Review: Wallace and Gromit Episode One: Fright of the Bumblebees (PC)
E3 2013 Impressions: The Guided Fate Paradox (Sony PlayStation 3)
Review: Mystery Trackers: Silent Hollow Collector's Edition (PC)
1 Comment | Jul 26, 2013
Superbus
Christopher Bowen is the News Editor at Diehard GameFAN. He has also written for Talking About Games, Daily Games News and Not A True Ending in his six years of working as a journalist in the industry, and is a frequent guest on the Post Game Report podcast. He specializes in issues relating to industry business, politics and law. Prior to joining the games industry, Christopher worked in IT as a Network Security Engineer and spent four years in the United States Navy, fighting in Operation Iraqi Freedom before separating in 2004. He is engaged to Associate Editor Aileen Coe.


text:
if [ ! -d "./lib/jerakia" ]; then
  echo "FAILED: You don't appear to be in the Jerakia root directory!"

else
  export RUBYLIB=${PWD}/lib
  export JERAKIA_CONFIG=./test/fixtures/etc/jerakia/jerakia.yaml
  export PATH=${PATH}:${PWD}/bin
fi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


How do I make a reservation with Frenzy Tours?
Why is there a supplement on packages that include a holiday?
Do I need to obtain a travel insurance?
What is the purpose of the registration form?
How much time before departure must I present myself at the bus pick-up location?
What happens if I arrive late at the bus pick-up location?
Is there parking available at the bus pick-up location?
How are the seats assigned on the bus?
Is there always a stop at the Duty-Free shop?
For Canadian citizens, what are the required documents to enter the United States?
For non-Canadian citizens, what are the required documents to enter the United States?
What do I need to know for any passenger that is under 18 years old?
What is the required age to take part on a Frenzy Tours trip?
What are the requirements to benefit from a price reduction on a package?
Can the planned itinerary change without prior notice?
Once arrived at destination, am I obliged to follow the group?
What is the New York with 'Free Time' option?
How do I go about seeing a Broadway show?
If the hotel is not located in Manhattan, is it possible to stay in the city later than the rest of the group?
What is my spending limit in the United States?
What is your reimbursement policy in case of cancellations?
1. How do I make a reservation with Frenzy Tours?
After having chosen your destination and your date of departure, you can make a reservation directly online through our website, by telephone (at 514.285.2777 or at 1.866.394.8465) or by visiting our office. During the week previous to your departure, you will receive a phone call from Frenzy Tours to confirm your departure from Laval or Montreal and your bus number.
2. What methods of payment are accepted?
3. Why is there a supplement on packages that include a holiday?
During holiday weekends (Easter, Victoria Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and New Year's Day), demand is high therefore the hotels and bus companies charge higher rates, which in turn obliges us to increase our rates.
4. Do I need to obtain a travel insurance?
Since the Quebec health insurance plan does not fully cover the medical expenses outside of Quebec, Frenzy Tours strongly recommends to all its customers to purchase, at the very least, medical travel insurance. We offer a medical travel insurance and/or cancellation with Blue Cross. You can purchase it at the office, by telephone or click on Blue Cross insurance.
5. What is the purpose of the registration form?
The registration form explains the terms and conditions of the trip and may be used by the accompanying guide in case of an emergency. The registration form must be fully filled out and signed by each and every person, and handed to the accompanying guide upon boarding the bus.
6. How much time before departure must I present myself at the bus pick-up location?
Always present yourself at least 15 minutes before your departure. To know the exact address of the pick-up location please consult the 'contact us' page on our website.
7. What happens if I arrive late at the bus pick-up location?
You will have to join the group by your own means and at your own expense.
8. Is there parking available at the bus pick-up location?
For passengers departing from Montreal, indoor parking is available at Place Alexis Nihon, situated directly across the bus pick-up location. The cost of the parking is 7.00$ per day on weekends and 17.50$ per day on weekdays. For more information on the indoor parking lot, please visit Plaza Alexis Nihon or contact us.
For passengers departing from Laval, outdoor parking is available at Carrefour 440 at no additional cost. Please note that you are parking at your own risk and Frenzy Tours and Carrefour 440 are not responsible for any loss, damage or incidental costs that may occur while your car is parked for the duration of the tour.
9. How are the seats assigned on the bus?
You may choose any seat you wish at the time of boarding the bus and will have to keep it throughout the remainder of the trip. Since the bus departs from Laval first, the passengers embarking at this location will have priority when selecting the seats in the bus.
10. Is there always a stop at the Duty-Free shop?
There will be a stop at the Duty Free Shop on all trips that consist of 3 days or more (with exception of packages that include a holiday weekend). The stop is scheduled only when crossing the border in to the United States, not on our return back to Canada.
11. For Canadian citizens, what are the required documents to enter the United States?
For Canadian citizens 15 years and under, proof of Canadian citizenship, such as the original or a photocopy of a birth certificate, or the original of a citizenship card will suffice. You may also refer to the Canadian Border Services Agency website for more information.
12. For non-Canadian citizens, what are the required documents to enter the United States?
The United States does not have the same entry requirements for every country of provenance, therefore it is recommended to contact the United States Customs and Border Protection by telephone (703.526.4200 or 1.877.227.5511) or on line at https://www.cbp.gov/travel/international-visitors/frequently-asked-questions-about-visa-waiver-program-vwp-and-electronic-system-travel for more information.
13. What do I need to know for any passenger that is under 18 years old?
14. What is the required age to take part on a Frenzy Tours trip?
15. What are the requirements to benefit from a price reduction on a package?
It is necessary to be between 5 and 16 years old. There is only one reduction of this type for a passenger between 5 and 16 years accompanied by one adult.
16. Can the planned itinerary change without prior notice?
Since the packages are prepared months in advance, Frenzy Tours reserves the right to make changes to the itinerary, the hotel or the prices without prior notice. The order of the visits and activities may also change during the tour, however the basic program will be respected. As well, the weather, road conditions or border crossings may influence the course of the trip.
17. Once arrived at destination, am I obliged to follow the group?
You are never obliged to follow the group, however if you wish to leave the group please inform the accompanying guide of your intentions. We also ask that everyone return to the hotel with the group the first night in order to check-in and place your luggage in your respective rooms.
18. What is the New York with 'Free Time' option?
* This option is not available with the New York 'Shopping' package.
19. How do I go about seeing a Broadway show?
• Present yourself in person at the TKTS booth in Times Square starting at 3 pm to purchase tickets to a show at a reduced price (please note that the wait can be long during weekends).
20. If the hotel is not located in Manhattan, is it possible to stay in the city later than the rest of the group?
Yes you can (absolutely), however you will have to return to the hotel by your own means and at your own expense. If your hotel is located in one of New York's boroughs (districts), you may get to the hotel by subway or take a taxi. If your hotel is located in New Jersey, you may return by taxi or take the city bus from Port Authority Bus Terminal near Times Square. Commute times range anywhere from 15 to 30 minutes and the cost is $2.00 to $3.00 US. Your accompanying guide will distribute a schedule for public transportation.
21. What is my spending limit in the United States?
After an absence of 48 hours or more from Canada: The personal exemption is 800$ CAN per person (including certain tobacco products and alcoholic beverages). The purchased goods must be in your possession on the time of arrival in Canada. Depending on the minimum age established by the province or the territory you are entering in Canada, you should include the following limited quantities of alcoholic beverages and tobacco products in your personal exemption: 1.5 liter (53 imperial ounces) of wine OR 1.14 liter (40 ounces) of spirits OR a total of 1.14 liter (40 ounces) of wine and spirits OR 24 bottles or cans of 355 ml. (12 ounces) of beer or ale (maximum of 8.5 liters) as well as 200 cigarettes OR 50 cigars or cigarillos OR 200 grams (7 ounces) of manufactured tobacco OR 200 sticks of tobacco.
22. What is your reimbursement policy in case of cancellations?
• 45 days prior to departure: We will reimburse your trip in full.
• Between 44 and 21 days prior to departure: A fee of $100 per person will be charged.
• Less than 20 days prior to departure: You will not be entitled to any reimbursement except from travel insurance if it was purchased. However, you may replace any person on the reservation by advising Frenzy Tours at least 48 hours before departure with the name and birth date of the new passenger.


Smith Safety & Supply sells industrial safety products and personal protective equipment for the workplace. Protocol Three assists Smith Safety & Supply with Bigcommerce custom design solutions to make the cart do things it can't and providing SEO marketing services, consultation, and knowledge to poise this ambitious newcomer to find success online within the workplace safety industry.
I have been working with Adam from Protocol Three for a while now and I must say that we are, as a website and a company, far beyond where we started. Business can be complicated at times, especially SEO and Website Customization. Adam has simplified this process and helped us implement a lot of things that have made out lives a lot easier while driving traffic to our business.
I could talk about a lot of different projects he has been invaluable on but simply he does one thing very well that we also have as a pillar of success in our business.
Simply.. they does what they say they are going to do and if they cannot (which is rare), I know immediately. That is unfortunately pretty rare in business but HUGE. I have worked with a lot of other companies that do not hold up to what they say or are full of excuses.
SmithSafetySupply.com provides affordable solutions for workplace safety gear with high-end customer service and a shopping experience that provides ease and convenience for those working hard in potentially hazardous environments.
Providing everything from hearing and eye protection, tagout/lockout supplies, to safety apparel such as welder's gloves and fire-resistant (FR) clothing, companies rely on Smith Safety & Supply to provide them with the best top brands and competitive pricing for the safety supplies they need to return home safe every day.
As a relative newcomer, Smith Safety & Supply came to Protocol Three initially for consultation and custom coding solution, but furthered their involvement by allowing us the privilege of providing for their SEO and marketing needs, as well as provide assistance to build a marketing blueprint to grow.


A novel membrane-electrode-assembly (MEA) structure for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) has been developed. The MEA is based on an unique self assembly of charged Pt nanopartilces onto the sulfonic acid function group, SO3-, at the Nafion membrane surface. The self assembly technology has specific advantages over the other more conventional deposition techniques such as electrodeposition and sputtering deposition as the self-assembly structure could be accurately controlled by the size of the Pt nanoparticles through the molecular weight of the ionic polymer stabilizer. Also, the self assembly techniques based on charged Pt nanoparticles does not need expensive equipment due to the chemical nature of the method. The self assembled MEA showed unique structure of monolayered Pt nanoparticles and such self assembled MEA showed potential to develop PEFC with reduced Pt loading and also has great potential in the fundamental study of the complex issues in PEFC without the complication associated with the gas diffusion and proton transportation in the multiple catalyst layer, gas diffusion layer and backing layer in conventional PEFC.


Chope helps diners make instant reservations at over 3,000 restaurants in Hong Kong, Singapore, Jakarta, Bali, Shanghai, Bangkok, and Phuket! You can explore a variety of eateries and restaurants and filter according to your needs to find that perfect dining spot via www.chope.co or the Chope app.
Chope-Dollars are awarded to diners for reserving with Chope. Keep making reservations to move up tiers and earn more Chope-Dollars. Accumulate Chope-Dollars faster to redeem for Asia Miles, dining vouchers and more.
How you earn Convert your Chope-Dollars into Asia Miles via Chope App.
*Remark: Simply reserve and receive at least 100 Chope-Dollars for every completed booking via Chope.
1. Diners must be a member of Chope and Asia Miles before they can convert Chope-Dollars into Asia Miles.
2. Diners are required to provide their family name, given name and Asia Miles Membership No. as per their Asia Miles account.
3. Asia Miles will be credited to the diner's Asia Miles account within 6-8 weeks after conversion has completed.
4. Asia Miles cannot be transferred, sold or bartered.
5. Successful conversion of Chope-Dollars to Asia Miles by diners is non-refundable and non-reversible by Chope.
6. Chope reserves the right to change the Terms & Conditions at any time without prior notice.
7. For any enquiries, please contact support.hk@chope.co.


SATURDAY, February 23, 2019- Register here!
Join us at Lincoln Park Zoo for a day of fun and learning. Light breakfast, lunch and parking passes will be provided to those who pre-register. Continuing Professional Development Units will also be provided.
Celebrate International Polar Bear Day (February 27) by learning how climate change impacts their populations!
We are excited to offer an Educator Workshop to help you use the zoo as a resource when teaching about the complex topic. All lessons and materials are aligned with Next Generation Science Standards and highlight Science and Engineering Practices and inquiry skills. Get classroom resources and lessons, and learn how Lincoln Park Zoo can be a valuable field trip destination for your science classroom!
Registration is required by Friday, Febrary 15 for Climate Change and Human Impacts.
Questions? Email us at learning@lpzoo.org for more information.


text:
Adult Books:
In the Path of an Avalanche
Educational /
Instructional Writing
School / Library Visits,
Bio, Awards,
Email Vivien Bowers
Sample Writing
That's Very Canadian!
An Exceptionally Interesting Report
About All Things Canadian, by Rachel.
Maple Tree Press, 2004
I've been learning all about Canadian symbols and other things that are especially Canadian. I'm now a wiz, symbolically speaking. Watch out--you're about to find out all about these symbols, too. I'll show you all kinds of things I've found that are "Canadian," from maple leaves to words like "toque." I've also put in the things that people think are Canadian, even if they aren't, like that all Canadians live in igloos. As if!
Ladies and gentlement, boys and girls, moose, geese, and beavers, turn the page to enter a country where hockey-playing beavers and maple-syrup-slurping moose live in igloos and paddle birch bark canoes in both official languages...voici le Canada!
A Buck-Toothed Beaver Becomes a National Icon
What's short and squat, has a flat tail, buck teeth, and a big rump? Our national symbol, that's what. Okay, maybe a beaver is not as noble as the lion, Britain's symbol. Or as dignified as the United States's bald eagle. But Canada's beaver is, um … cute! And busy. Yes, beavers are very hard-working, chopping down trees to build lodges and dams.
Why Beavers?
How did beavers become a symbol of Canada? Back in the late 1600s, European gentlemen wore fancy beaver-skin hats. These hats were so popular in Europe that suppliers needed new sources of beaver. And guess what—across the ocean in Canada, there lived about six million busy beavers. To catch them, the fur traders needed help from the locals, the aboriginal people. So French and English traders arrived with trading goods such as blankets, guns and copper pots. They traded these goods with the First Nations people for canoe-loads of beaver skins.
The Fur Trade took off! Fur traders made lots of money, and beavers became the symbol of Canada's importance to the world. What's more, while they were looking for furs, Europeans explored this vast and unknown land. Settlers arrived to start a new life here. The aboriginal people were outnumbered by the newcomers, and their way of life was changed forever. Over time, a railway was built from sea to sea. A new country, "Canada," was born. But it started with those beaver hats.
Branding Canada: Episode 1
[a brainstorming session with Moose and Goose]
Here's our task, Goose: we're going to brand Canada.
Brand Canada?
That's what they call it in the marketing biz. Branding Canada means coming up with a nifty little phrase or logo that we can use to advertise who we are. .
So we need to sum up what Canada is all about in just a few words, Moose?
Right. We need a catchy slogan.
Okay, here's one: "Land of Honking Great Geese!"
Well, certainly wildlife is part of the Canadian appeal. I'll write it down. What about something with beavers—Canada's national symbol?
How about: "A Tail-Thwapping Destination!" Or "A Country You Can Really Chew On!"
On second thought, maybe not beavers. What other animal is associated with Canada?
I know, "Canada: A Million Mosquitoes Greet You!"
That's welcoming, but it might make people itchy. Let's switch gears. Maybe something about Canada's natural wonders. Like, "Discover Our True Nature."
Say, that's good, Moose!
But I didn't make it up. It's used by Canada's tourist industry. We need to come up with something else that captures the idea of our vast wilderness and wide-open spaces.
I've got it: "Canada: We've Got Lots of It!"
Catchy. But what is the "it" that we have lots of?
Bog. We have a lot of bog in Canada. Marsh and muskeg.
I can't see bog being a selling point for most people.
Then how about this: "Canada – Not All Bog!"
Hmmmm. Let's take a break and come back to this. It might take us a few sessions to come up with the perfect Canada brand.
Back to writing samples


I have a MySQL database and I need to be able to back it up and restore it and would like to do this using Cron jobs.
I plan to manually enter the filename should I have to restore and run it as a cron job.
I'm assuming I would have to stop to DB first before a restore. - haven't reached this stage yet as the backup keeps failing.
Leave the spaces out of the flags for -h -u -p. And I believe that --opt is on by default, so there's no need to include it.
By the way, what happens if you run the command manually?