text:
\section{Introduction}

At sufficiently high temperature and energy density, nuclear matter undergoes a transition to a phase in which quarks and gluons are not confined: the quark\textendash gluon plasma (QGP) \cite{Shuryak:1980tp}.  This deconfined state is usually believed to be formed (with volume of thousand cubic fermi) in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions.  Unexpectedly, recent ALICE and CMS experiments at Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have revealed a series of interesting properties of hadron production in high multiplicity events of $pp$ and $p$-Pb collisions, e.~g., long range angular correlations \cite{Khachatryan:2010gv,CMS:2012qk} and collectivity \cite{Khachatryan:2015waa,Khachatryan:2016txc,Ortiz:2014iva}, enhanced strangeness \cite{Adam:2015vsf,ALICE:2017jyt} and enhanced baryon to meson ratios at soft transverse momentum \cite{Abelev:2013haa,Adam:2016dau}, which in heavy ion collisions are typically attributed to the formation of a strongly interacting QGP. Remarkable similarities in $pp$, $p$-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at LHC have invoked intensive discussions in literature involving the mini-QGP or phase transition \cite{Liu:2011dk,Werner:2010ss,Bzdak:2013zma,Bozek:2013uha,Prasad:2009bx,Avsar:2010rf}, multiple parton interaction \cite{Sjostrand:1987su}, string overlap and color re-connection at hadronization \cite{Bautista:2015kwa,Bierlich:2014xba,Ortiz:2013yxa,Christiansen:2015yqa}, etc., in the small system created in $pp$ and $p$-Pb collisions.  The search of other new features of hadron production is important to gain deep insights into the property and hadronization of the partonic systems created in $pp$ and $p$-Pb collisions at LHC.

A series of measurements of transverse momentum $p_{T}$ spectra of identified hadrons have been carried out and high-precision data have been released by ALICE and CMS collaborations \cite{Abelev:2013haa,Adam:2016dau,Adam:2015qaa,Abelev:2012jp,Abelev:2012hy,Abelev:2014qqa,Adam:2016bpr,Adamova:2017elh}.  It is of particular interest to see that these data show any regularities that may lead to deeper insights. In the latest work \cite{Song:2017gcz}, we found that the data of $p_{T}$ spectra of identified hadrons in $p$-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV \cite{Adam:2015vsf,Abelev:2013haa,Adam:2016dau,Adam:2016bpr,Adamova:2017elh} released by ALICE collaboration exhibit a striking quark number scaling.  This scaling property is a direct consequence of quark (re-)combination mechanism (QCM) at hadronization \cite{Bjorken:1973mh,Das:1977cp,Greco:2003xt,Fries:2003vb,Hwa:2002tu,Shao:2004cn}, and it indicates the constituent quark degrees of freedom play an important rule in hadron production of small systems produced at LHC energies. We surprisingly found that quark number scaling seems to also hold in 40-60\% and 60-80\% multiplicity classes of $p$-Pb collisions where the charged-particle multiplicity density at mid-rapidity is relatively small, i.e.,$\langle dN_{ch}/d\eta\rangle\sim10-20$. Considering that $\langle dN_{ch}/d\eta\rangle$ in high-multiplicity events of $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV also reach such values and the hadron production in there also exhibits remarkable similarities with those in $p$-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV \cite{Khachatryan:2010gv,CMS:2012qk,Khachatryan:2015waa,Khachatryan:2016txc,Ortiz:2014iva}, we therefore further study in this paper whether quark combination also works in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV or not.

The paper is organized as follows: Sec.~II will gives a short introduction of quark (re-)combination mechanism for hadronization. Sec.~III and Sec.~IV present our results and relevant discussions in minimum-bias events and high-multiplicity events, respectively. Sec. V present the discussions on the quark number scaling property for $p_T$ spectra of vector mesons and decuplet baryons. Summary is given at last in Sec. VI.

\section{hadron yields and $p_{T}$ spectra in QCM }

The application of QCM to the production of hadrons in high energy reactions has a long history \cite{Bjorken:1973mh,Das:1977cp}. QCM describes the formation of hadrons at hadronization by the combination of quarks and antiquarks neighboring in phase space. The mechanism assumes the effective absence of soft gluon quanta at hadronization and the effective degrees of freedom of QCD matter are only quarks and antiquarks. A quark and an antiquark neighboring in phase space form a meson and three quarks (antiquarks) form a baryon (antibaryon). Relativistic heavy-ion collisions produce a large volume of deconfined quark matter and this makes QCM to be a natural scenario for hadronization \cite{Greco:2003xt,Fries:2003vb,Hwa:2002tu,Shao:2004cn,Zimanyi:1999py,Chen:2006vc,Shao:2009uk,Song:2013isa,Wang:2012cw,Wang:2013duu,Wang:2013pnn}.

The high multiplicity events of $pp$ and $p$-Pb collisions at LHC show remarkable similarities with those of Pb-Pb collisions \cite{Khachatryan:2010gv,CMS:2012qk,Ortiz:2014iva,Adam:2015vsf,ALICE:2017jyt}.  The origin of such similarity is possibly attributed to the formation of dense parton system \cite{Liu:2011dk,Werner:2010ss,Bzdak:2013zma,Bozek:2013uha,Prasad:2009bx,Avsar:2010rf} in terms of string overlap or percolation and MPI \cite{Sjostrand:1987su,Bautista:2015kwa,Bierlich:2014xba,Ortiz:2013yxa,Christiansen:2015yqa}, etc. If such dense system is in a QGP-like deconfined state, we prefer to apply QCM to explain the data of $pp$ and $p$-Pb collisions.  In addition, the effects of hadronic re-scatterings are expected to be small for such small systems, and therefore we can get more direct information on the property of the created partonic system and its hadronization.

When apply QCM to the small parton system, in principle, we should
follow e.g. procedures in Refs. \cite{Xie:1988wi,Wang:1996jy} by starting
from the partons after perturbative evolution to study how to treat
them or evolve them in the subsequent non-perturbative stage as a
collection of constituent quarks and antiquarks, and finally study
how to recombine them into different identified hadrons. However,
the current understanding on the multi-parton system produced at such
high collisions energies is still incomplete, in particular, for high-multiplicity
events. Therefore, in this paper we only test the basic characteristics
of QCM in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV, that is, we formulate
the $p_{T}$ spectra of hadrons based on a quark statistic method
with the effective constituent quark degrees of freedom.

As formulated in e.g. \cite{Wang:2012cw}, in general, in QCM, for a baryon $B_{j}$ composed of $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}$ and a meson $M_{j}$
composed of $q_{1}\bar{q}_{2}$, we have
\begin{align}
f_{B_{j}}(p_{B}) & =\int dp_{1}dp_{2}dp_{3}{\cal R}_{B_{j}}(p_{1},p_{2},p_{3};p_{B})\,f_{q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}}(p_{1},p_{2},p_{3}),\label{eq:fb}\\
f_{M_{j}}(p_{M}) & =\int dp_{1}dp_{2}{\cal R}_{M_{j}}(p_{1},p_{2};p_{M})f_{q_{1}\bar{q}_{2}}(p_{1},p_{2}),\label{eq:fm}
\end{align}
where $f_{q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}}(p_{1},p_{2},p_{3})$ is the joint momentum distribution for $q_{1}$, $q_{2}$ and $q_{3}$; and ${\cal R}_{B_{j}}(p_{1},p_{2},p_{3};p_{B})$ is the combination function that is the probability for a given $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}$ with momenta $p_{1},p_{2}$ and $p_{3}$ to combine into a baryon $B_{j}$ with momentum $p_{B}$; and similar for mesons. If we assume independent distributions of quarks and/or antiquarks, we have
\begin{align}
f_{q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}}(p_{1},p_{2},p_{3}) & =N_{q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}}f_{q_{1}}^{\left(n\right)}(p_{1})f_{q_{2}}^{\left(n\right)}(p_{2})f_{q_{3}}^{\left(n\right)}(p_{3}),\label{eq:fqqq}\\
f_{q_{1}\bar{q}_{2}}(p_{1},p_{2}) & =N_{q_{1}\bar{q}_{2}}f_{q_{1}}^{\left(n\right)}(p_{1})f_{\bar{q}_{2}}^{\left(n\right)}(p_{2}).\label{eq:fqqbar}
\end{align}
Here $f_{q}^{\left(n\right)}\left(p\right)$ is the single quark distribution with normalization $\int dpf_{q}^{\left(n\right)}\left(p\right)=1$ and the number of quarks of flavor $q_{i}$ is denoted by $N_{q_{i}}$.  $N_{q_{1}\bar{q}_{2}}=N_{q_{1}}N_{\bar{q}_{2}}$ is the number of possible $q_{1}\bar{q}_{2}$ pairs. $N_{q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}}=\int dp_{1}dp_{2}dp_{3}\,f_{q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}}(p_{1},p_{2},p_{3})$ is the number of three quark combinations and takes to be $6N_{q_{1}}N_{q_{2}}N_{q_{3}}$, $3N_{q_{1}}\left(N_{q_{1}}-1\right)N_{q_{2}}$ and $N_{q_{1}}\left(N_{q_{1}}-1\right)\left(N_{q_{1}}-2\right)$ for cases of three different flavors, two identical flavors and three identical flavors, respectively. Factors 6 and 3 are numbers of permutations for $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}$ and $q_{1}q_{1}q_{2}$ combinations, respectively.  We emphasize that the form of $N_{q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}}$ has consider some necessary threshold effects for identified hadrons. For example, in $\Omega^{-}$formation $N_{sss}=N_{s}\left(N_{s}-1\right)\left(N_{s}-2\right)$ means that $\Omega^{-}$ can be only produced in events with strange quark number $N_{s}\geq3$.

Suppose the combination takes place mainly for quark and/or antiquark that takes a given fraction of momentum of the hadron, we write the
combination function
\begin{align}
{\cal R}_{B_{j}}(p_{1},p_{2},p_{3};p_{B}) & =\kappa_{B_{j}}\prod_{i=1}^{3}\delta(p_{i}-x_{i}p_{B}),\label{eq:RB}\\
{\cal R}_{M_{j}}(p_{1},p_{2};p_{M}) & =\kappa_{M_{j}}\prod_{i=1}^{2}\delta(p_{i}-x_{i}p_{M}).\label{eq:RM}
\end{align}
 Inspired by the latest work in $p$-Pb collisions at LHC \cite{Song:2017gcz}, we adopt the approximation of equal transverse velocity in combination, or called co-moving approximation, since we apply the concept of constituent quark structure of hadrons. We recall the velocity is $v=p/E=p/\gamma m$.  Equal velocity implies $p_{i}=\gamma vm_{i}\propto m_{i}$ that leads to
\begin{equation}
x_{i}=m_{i}/\sum_{j}m_{j},
\end{equation}
where quark masses are taken to be $m_{s}=500$ MeV and $m_{u}=m_{d}=330$ MeV.

Inserting Eqs. (\ref{eq:fqqq}-\ref{eq:fqqbar}) and (\ref{eq:RB}-\ref{eq:RM}), we obtain
\begin{align}
f_{B_{j}}(p_{B}) & =N_{q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}}\kappa_{B_{j}}f_{q_{1}}^{\left(n\right)}(x_{1}p_{B})f_{q_{2}}^{\left(n\right)}(x_{2}p_{B})f_{q_{3}}^{\left(n\right)}(x_{3}p_{B}),\label{eq:fBz}\\
f_{M_{j}}(p_{M}) & =N_{q_{1}\bar{q}_{2}}\kappa_{M_{j}}f_{q_{1}}(x_{1}p_{M})f_{\bar{q}_{2}}(x_{2}p_{M}).\label{eq:fmz}
\end{align}
By defining the normalized hadron distributions, for $B_{j}$$\left(q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}\right)$
\begin{equation}
f_{B_{j}}^{\left(n\right)}\left(p_{B}\right)=A_{B_{j}}\,f_{q_{1}}^{\left(n\right)}\left(x_{1}p_{B}\right)f_{q_{2}}^{\left(n\right)}\left(x_{2}p_{B}\right)f_{q_{3}}^{\left(n\right)}\left(x_{3}p_{B}\right),\label{eq:fnbi}
\end{equation}
and for $M_{j}\left(q_{1}\bar{q}_{2}\right)$
\begin{equation}
f_{M_{j}}^{\left(n\right)}\left(p_{M}\right)=A_{M_{j}}f_{q_{1}}^{\left(n\right)}\left(x_{1}p_{M}\right)f_{\bar{q}_{2}}^{\left(n\right)}\left(x_{2}p_{M}\right),\label{eq:fnmi}
\end{equation}
where $A_{B_{j}}^{-1}=\int{\rm d}p\prod_{i=1}^{3}f_{q_{i}}^{\left(n\right)}\left(x_{i}p\right)$
and $A_{M_{j}}^{-1}=\int{\rm d}pf_{q_{1}}^{\left(n\right)}\left(x_{1}p\right)f_{\bar{q}_{2}}^{\left(n\right)}\left(x_{2}p\right)$,
we finally obtain the following formula of hadronic spectra
\begin{align}
f_{B_{j}}\left(p_{B}\right) & =N_{B_{j}}\,f_{B_{j}}^{\left(n\right)}\left(p_{B}\right),\label{eq:fbfinal}\\
f_{M_{j}}\left(p_{M}\right) & =N_{M_{j}}\,f_{M_{j}}^{\left(n\right)}\left(p_{M}\right),\label{eq:fmfinal}
\end{align}
where yields of baryon and meson
\begin{align}
N_{B_{j}} & =N_{q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}}P_{q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}\rightarrow B_{j}}=N_{q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}}\frac{\kappa_{B_{j}}}{A_{B_{j}}},\\
N_{M_{j}} & =N_{q_{1}\bar{q}_{2}}P_{q_{1}\bar{q}_{2}\rightarrow M_{j}}=N_{q_{1}\bar{q}_{2}}\frac{\kappa_{M_{j}}}{A_{M_{j}}}.
\end{align}
We see that $\kappa_{B_{j}}/A_{B_{j}}$ is nothing but the momentum-integrated probability of $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}\rightarrow B_{j}$ and $\kappa_{M_{j}}/A_{M_{j}}$ is the probability of $q_{1}\bar{q_{2}}\rightarrow M_{j}$. If we take the approximation that the probability for $q\bar{q}$ to form a meson and a $qqq$ to form a baryon is flavor independent, the combination probability can be determined with a few parameters

\begin{eqnarray}
P_{q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}\rightarrow B_{j}} & = & C_{B_{j}}\frac{\overline{N}_{B}}{N_{qqq}},\label{prob_B}\\
P_{q_{1}\bar{q}_{2}\rightarrow M_{j}} & = & C_{M_{j}}\frac{\overline{N}_{M}}{N_{q\bar{q}}},\label{prob_M}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\overline{N}_{B}/N_{qqq}$ denotes the average probability of three quarks combining into a baryon and $C_{B_{j}}$ is the branch ratio to $B_{j}$ for a given flavor $q_{1}q_{2}q_{3}$ combination.  $\overline{N}_{B}=\sum_{j}\overline{N}_{B_{j}}$ is the average number of total baryons and $N_{qqq}=N_{q}(N_{q}-1)(N_{q}-2)$ is the total possible number of three quark combinations for baryon formation.  $N_{q}=\sum_{q_i}N_{q_i}$ is the total quark number. Similarly, $\overline{N}_{M}/N_{q\bar{q}}$ is used to approximately denote the average probability of a quark and antiquark combining into a meson and $C_{M_{j}}$ is the branch ratio to $M_{j}$ for a given flavor $q_{1}\bar{q}_{2}$ combination.  $\overline{N}_{M}=\sum_{j}\overline{N}_{M_{j}}$ is total mesons and $N_{q\bar{q}}=N_{q}N_{\bar{q}}$ is the total possible number of quark antiquark pairs for meson formation.

Here we consider only the ground state $J^{P}=0^{-},\,1^{-}$ mesons and $J^{P}=(1/2)^{+},\,(3/2)^{+}$ baryons in flavor SU(3) group.
For mesons
\begin{equation}
C_{M_{j}}=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
\frac{1}{1+R_{V/P}} & \text{for }J^{P}=0^{-}\textrm{ mesons}\\
\frac{R_{V/P}}{1+R_{V/P}} & \textrm{for }J^{P}=1^{-}\textrm{ mesons},
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation}
where the parameter $R_{V/P}$ represents the ratio of the $J^{P}=1^{-}$ vector mesons to the $J^{P}=0^{-}$ pseudoscalar mesons of the same flavor composition; for baryons
\begin{equation}
C_{B_{j}}=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
\frac{R_{O/D}}{1+R_{O/D}} & \textrm{for }J^{P}=({1}/{2})^{+}\textrm{ baryons}\\
\frac{1}{1+R_{O/D}} & \textrm{for }J^{P}=({3}/{2})^{+}\textrm{ baryons},
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation}
except that $C_{\Lambda}=C_{\Sigma^{0}}={R_{O/D}}/{(1+2R_{O/D})},~C_{\Sigma^{*0}}={1}/{(1+2R_{O/D})},~C_{\Delta^{++}}=C_{\Delta^{-}}=C_{\Omega^{-}}=1$.
Here, $R_{O/D}$ stands for the ratio of the $J^{P}=(1/2)^{+}$ octet to the $J^{P}=(3/2)^{+}$ decuplet baryons of the same flavor composition.  Here, $R_{V/P}$ and $R_{O/D}$ are set to be 0.45 and 2.5, respectively, which are slightly different from Ref. \cite{Shao:2017eok}, in order to better tune the yields of vector mesons and decuplet baryons. The fraction of baryons relative to mesons is $N_{B}/N_{M}\approx0.085$ \cite{Song:2013isa,Shao:2017eok}. Using the unitarity constraint of hadronization $N_{M}+3N_{B}=N_{q}$, $N_{B_{j}}$ and $N_{M_{j}}$ cab be calculated at given quark numbers at hadronization.

\section{Results in minimum-bias $pp$ collisions }

The data of mid-rapidity $p_{T}$ spectra for pion, kaon, proton, $\Lambda$, $\Xi$, $\Omega$, $\phi$, $\text{K}\left(892\right)^{*0}$, $\Sigma\left(1385\right)^{*}$, $\Xi\left(1530\right)^{*}$ are all available for minimum-bias events \cite{Adam:2015qaa,Abelev:2012jp,Abelev:2012hy,Abelev:2014qqa}.  Constraining ourselves to the mid-rapidity region $y=0$, we apply the formula in previous section to the one-dimensional $p_{T}$ space and study to what extent QCM feature exhibits in these data.

\begin{figure*}[t]
\includegraphics[scale=0.8]{fig1}\caption{Mid-rapidity $p_{T}$ spectra of identified hadrons in minimum-bias $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV. The solid lines are QCM results and symbols are experimental data \cite{Adam:2015qaa,Abelev:2012jp,Abelev:2012hy,Abelev:2014qqa}.  The dashed lines are QCM results multiplied by proper constants to compare the distribution shapes. \label{fig1}}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Considering quark number fluctuations}

To compare with the data, we should consider the large fluctuation in minimum-bias events. In particular, a rough estimation from the yield data of single-strangeness hadrons kaon and $\Lambda$ gives that the average number of strange quarks in the unit rapidity interval is only about 0.8. Since the formation of multi-strangeness hyperons such as $\Omega^{-}$ (or $\Xi$) is possible only for events with $N_{s}\geq3$ (or 2), yields of those hyperons will be strongly dependent on the fluctuation property (distribution) of strange quark number.  We get the event-averaged hadron yield by
\begin{equation}
\langle N_{h_{j}}\rangle=\sum_{\{N_{q_{i}},N_{\bar{q}_{i}}\}}\mathcal{P}\left(\left\{ N_{q_{i}},N_{\bar{q}_{i}}\right\} ;\left\{ \langle N_{q_{i}}\rangle,\langle N_{\bar{q}_{i}}\rangle\right\} \right)\,N_{h_{i}},\label{nh_pdf}
\end{equation}
where $\mathcal{P}\left(\left\{ N_{q_{i}},N_{\bar{q}_{i}}\right\} ;\left\{ \langle N_{q_{i}}\rangle,\langle N_{\bar{q}_{i}}\rangle\right\} \right)$
is the distribution of quark numbers and antiquark numbers. In this paper, we suppose the independent distribution for each flavor of quarks and antiquarks, i.e., $\mathcal{P}\left(\left\{ N_{q_{i}},N_{\bar{q}_{i}}\right\} ;\left\{ \langle N_{q_{i}}\rangle,\langle N_{\bar{q}_{i}}\rangle\right\} \right)=\prod_{q_i}\mathcal{P}\left(N_{q_i},\langle N_{q_i}\rangle\right)$.  For quark number distribution $\mathcal{P}\left(N_{q_i},\langle N_{q_i}\rangle\right)$ of specific flavor $q_i$, we firstly adopt the Poisson distribution $\text{Pois}(N_{q_i};\langle N_{q_i}\rangle)$ as a reference shape for quark number and then introduce a suppression parameter $\gamma_{q_i}\leq1$ for the long tail of Poisson distribution through a piece-wise function $\Theta(N_{q_i})=\left\{ \left\{ 1,N_{q_i}<3\right\} ,\left\{ \gamma_{q_i},N_{q_i}\geq3\right\} \right\} $.  The practical distribution is $\mathcal{P}(N_{q_i};\langle N_{q_i}\rangle)=\mathcal{N}\,Pois(N_{q_i};\mu)\Theta(N_{q_i})$ where $\mathcal{N}$ is the normalization factor and $\mu$ is solved by the average constraint $\sum_{N_{q_i}}P(N_{q_i};\langle N_{q_i}\rangle)\,N_{q_i}=\langle N_{q_i}\rangle$ for given $\gamma_{q_i}$. We take $\gamma_{s}=0.6$ for strange quark (antiquark) to better tune the yields of multi-strangeness hyperons and take $\gamma_{u}=\gamma_{d}=1$ for up and down quarks. The event-by-event fluctuation for $p_{T}$ distributions of quarks and antiquarks is neglected in this paper and we just use a event-averaged $p_{T}$ distribution function for quarks and antiquarks.

\subsection{Mid-rapidity $p_{T}$ spectra of identified hadrons}

Inspired by the L\'evy-Tsallis parameterization \cite{Tsallis1988} for the data of hadronic $p_{T}$ spectra, we use the following form to parameterize the $p_{T}$ distribution for quarks
\begin{equation}
f_{q}^{\left(n\right)}\left(p_{T}\right)=\mathcal{N}_{q}\left(p_{T}+a_{q}\right)^{b_{q}}\left(1+\frac{\sqrt{p_{T}^{2}+m_{q}^{2}}-m_{q}}{n_{q}c_{q}}\right)^{-n_{q}},
\end{equation}
where $\mathcal{N}_{q}$ is the normalization constant satisfying $\int dp_{T}f_{q}^{\left(n\right)}\left(p_{T}\right)=1$. Parameter $a_{q}$ is introduced to tune the spectrum at very small $p_{T}$ and is taken to be 0.06 GeV. Parameters $b_{q}$, $n_{q}$ and $c_{q}$ (GeV) tune the behavior of the spectrum at low and intermediate $p_{T}$, and are taken to be (0.485, 3.93,0.28) for $u$ or $d$ quarks and (0.485,0.405,0.362) for $s$ quark. The averaged quark numbers in $|y|<0.5$ interval are taken to be (2.5, 2.5, 0.8) for $u$, $d$, and $s$ quarks. Antiquark numbers and parameters for $p_{T}$ spectra are the same as the quarks.

We calculate the $p_{T}$ spectra of proton, $\Lambda$, $\Xi^{0}$, $\Omega^{-}$, $\phi$, K(892)$^{*0}$ , $\Xi\text{(1530)}^{*0}$ and $\Sigma\text{(1385)}^{*+}$ in minimum-bias $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV, and compare them with the experimental data \cite{Adam:2015qaa,Abelev:2012jp,Abelev:2012hy,Abelev:2014qqa} in Fig. \ref{fig1}. The solid lines are our results and symbols are experimental data \cite{Adam:2015qaa,Abelev:2012jp,Abelev:2012hy,Abelev:2014qqa,Khachatryan:2011tm}.  The dashed lines are results multiplied by proper constants to remove the yield under(over)-estimation to better compare the shape of $p_{T}$ spectrum. Decuplet baryons $\Omega^{-}$, $\Xi^{*}$, $\Sigma^{*}$ and vector mesons $\text{K}(892)^{*0}$ and $\phi$ are less influenced by decay, and, therefore, behaviors of these hadrons are usually believed as carrying more direct information from hadronization. We see that the spectrum shapes of $\Omega^{-}$, $\Xi^{*}$, $\Sigma^{*}(1385)$ and $\text{K}(892)^{*0}$ are reproduced very well. Result of $\phi$ is somewhat flatter than the data. Taking also the decay influence into account, results of proton, $\Lambda$, $\Xi^{0}$ are in good agreement in spectrum shapes with the experimental data. Results of pion and kaon are discussed in Appendix \ref{appendixA}.

To further quantify our results, we calculate the yield at mid rapidity $N_{h}=\int f_{h}(p_{T})dp_{T}$ and average transverse momentum $\langle p_{T}\rangle=N_{h}^{-1}\int p_{T}\:f_{h}(p_{T})dp_{T}$, and show them in Table \ref{tab1} and compare with the available experimental data. For yields, we see that on the whole our results are in good agreement with the data. In particular, the hierarchy property among yields of $p$, $\Lambda$, $\Xi^{0}$, $\Xi^{*0}$, $\Omega^{-}$ which span three orders of magnitude is well reproduced.  For hadronic $\langle p_{T}\rangle$, we get a better agreement with the data considering the statistical and systematical uncertainties.
\begin{table}
\caption{Yield densities and average transverse momentum $\langle p_{T}\rangle$
in minimum-bias $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV. Experimental
data are from \cite{Adam:2015qaa,Abelev:2012jp,Abelev:2012hy,Abelev:2014qqa,Khachatryan:2011tm}.
\label{tab1}}
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\toprule
    & \multicolumn{2}{c}{$\frac{dN}{dy}(\times 10^2)$} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{$\langle p_{T}\rangle$}\\ \colrule
 & data & QCM & data & QCM\\ \colrule
$\text{K}{}^{*0}$ & $9.7\pm0.04_{\:-0.9}^{\:+1.0}$ & 8.4 & $1.01\pm0.003\pm0.02$ & 1.00\\ \colrule
$\phi$ & $3.2\pm0.04_{\,-0.35}^{\,+0.4}$ & 2.9 & $1.07\pm0.005\pm0.03$ & 1.13\\ \colrule
$p$ & $12.4\pm0.9$ & 12.1 & $0.9\pm0.029$ & 0.91\\ \colrule
$\Lambda$ & $8.1\pm1.5$ & 7.7 & $1.037\pm0.005\pm0.063$ & 1.05\\ \colrule
$\Xi^{0}$ & $0.79\pm0.01_{\,-0.05}^{\,+0.07}$ & 0.91 & $1.21\pm0.01\pm0.06$ & 1.215\\ \colrule
$\Sigma^{*+}$ & $1.0\pm0.02_{\,-0.14}^{\,+0.15}$ & 0.94 & $1.16\pm0.02\pm0.07$ & 1.14\\ \colrule
$\Xi^{*0}$ & $0.256\pm0.007_{\,-0.037}^{\,+0.040}$ & 0.28 & $1.31\pm0.02\pm0.09$ & 1.26\\ \colrule
$\Omega^{-}$ & $0.0675\pm0.003_{\,-0.006}^{\,+0.008}$ & 0.075 & $1.455\pm0.03\pm0.08$ & 1.38\\
\botrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsection{Discussions on $\langle p_{T}\rangle$ and particle ratios}

In Fig. \ref{fig2}, we show the ratio of data of $\langle p_{T}\rangle$ to our results for different identified hadrons, and compare them with results from different models or event generators. We see that the deviation of our results from the data is in general less than about 5\%. Popular event generator PYTHIA \cite{Sjostrand:2006za} adopts the string fragmentation \cite{Andersson:1983ia} for hadronization. Results from PYTHIA6 P2011 (tune Perugia2011) \cite{Skands:2010ak}, solid circles, show that it predicts the much soft $p_{T}$ spectra for multi-strangeness hadrons, i.e., about 20\% softer than the data. Taking effects of color re-connection into account seems to little change the $\langle p_{T}\rangle$ results \cite{Christiansen:2015yqa}. Recently, a new model of generating the transverse momentum of hadrons during the string fragmentation process, inspired by thermodynamics, can improve $\langle p_{T}\rangle$ results of multi-strangeness hyperons with degrees of about 5\% \cite{Fischer:2016zzs}. In addition, PYTHIA usually under-estimates yields of multi-strangeness hadrons $\Xi$ and $\Omega^{-}$, which however can be relieved by color re-connection \cite{Ortiz:2013yxa,Christiansen:2015yqa,Bierlich:2015rha} and/or string overlap effects realized in DIPSY \cite{Bierlich:2014xba}. Popular event generator SHERPA adopts the cluster fragmentation \cite{Webber:1983if} for hadronization.  It also predicts too soft spectra for multi-strangeness hadrons with about 15\% deviations.

\begin{figure}[H]
\includegraphics[scale=0.43]{fig2}\caption{The ratios of average transverse momentum $\langle p_{T}\rangle$ for experimental data to those for models or event generators in minimum-bias $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV \cite{Adam:2015qaa,Abelev:2012jp,Abelev:2012hy,Abelev:2014qqa}.\label{fig2}}
\end{figure}

In Fig. \ref{fig3}, we show the result of $\left(\Omega^{-}+\bar{\Omega}^{+}\right)$ to $\left(\Xi^{-}+\bar{\Xi}^{+}\right)$ ratio as a function of $m_{T}-m_{0}$ in minimum-bias $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV, and compare it with the data \cite{Abelev:2012jp}. Our result is consistent with the data at low $m_{T}-m_{0}$ and is slightly below the data at moderate $m_{T}-m_{0}$ in magnitude. PYTHIA P2011 \cite{Skands:2010ak} predicts a too low ratio, but as mentioned above, consideration of color re-connection and string overlap will raise the ratio to a certain extent.

\begin{figure}[H]
    \includegraphics[scale=0.4]{fig3}
    \caption{$\left(\Omega^{-}+\bar{\Omega}^{+}\right)$ to $\left(\Xi^{-}+\bar{\Xi}^{+}\right)$ ratio as a function of $m_{T}-m_{0}$ in minimum-bias $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV. Solid squares are experimental data and solid circles are PYTHIA Perugia 2011 simulation \cite{Skands:2010ak}, which are taken from \cite{Abelev:2012jp}. The line is our result. \label{fig3}}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{fig4b}
    \caption{$\Xi^{-}/\Lambda$ ratio as a function of $p_{T}$ in minimum-bias $pp$ collisions at  $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV. Solid squares are experimental data from CMS collaboration \cite{Khachatryan:2011tm} and thin lines are prediction of different PYTHIA versions and/or tunes \cite{Bartalini:2010su,Skands:2009zm,Sjostrand:2007gs}, which are taken from \cite{Khachatryan:2011tm}. The thick line is our result. \label{fig4b}}
\end{figure}

In Fig. \ref{fig4b} we show $\Xi^{-}/\Lambda$ ratio as a function of $p_{T}$ in minimum-bias $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV, and compare it with the experimental data from CMS collaboration \cite{Khachatryan:2011tm}.  Results of PYTHIA6 D6T tune \cite{Bartalini:2010su}, Perugia0 (P0) tune \cite{Skands:2009zm}, and PYTHIA8 \cite{Sjostrand:2007gs} are also shown. We see that our result is in good agreement with the data.

In Fig. \ref{fig4}, we show the result of $\left(\Omega^{-}+\bar{\Omega}^{+}\right)$ to $\phi$ ratio as a function of $p_{T}$ in minimum-bias $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV. Our result is slightly higher than the data at $p_{T}\lesssim2$ GeV and is slightly lower than the data for $p_{T}$ around 3.5 GeV, but on the whole the magnitude and shape are in good agreement with the data \cite{Abelev:2012hy}. We emphasize that such behavior of Baryon/Meson ratio is a typical property of QCM and had been observed many times in AA and pA collisions at RHIC and LHC \cite{Greco:2003xt,Fries:2003vb,Hwa:2002tu,Abelev:2006jr,Chen:2006vc}.  PYTHIA6 P2011 \cite{Skands:2010ak} predicts an obviously low and flat ratio.

\begin{figure}[H]
    \includegraphics[scale=0.4]{fig4}
    \caption{$\left(\Omega^{-}+\bar{\Omega}^{+}\right)$ to $\phi$ ratio as a function of $p_{T}$ in minimum-bias $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV. Solid squares are experimental data; dashed line is PYTHIA Perugia 2011 simulation \cite{Skands:2010ak}; they are taken from \cite{Abelev:2012hy}.  The solid line is our result. \label{fig4}}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[scale=0.8]{fig5}
    \caption{Mid-rapidity $p_{T}$ spectra of identified hadrons in first three high-multiplicity classes (I), (II), (III) in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV. The solid lines are QCM results and symbols are experimental data. The data of $\Lambda$, $\Xi$ and $\Omega^{-}$are from \cite{ALICE:2017jyt} and those of proton and $\text{K}(892)^{*0}$ are preliminary \cite{DerradideSouza:2016kfn}. The data and our results in classes (II) and (III) are divided by factors 3 and $3^{2}$ for clarity, respectively. \label{fig5}}
\end{figure*}

In short summary of this section, on the whole we see that QCM can systematically explain the data of $p_{T}$ spectra of various identified hadrons observed in minimum-bias $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV. There exists small deviations for yield and/or $p_{T}$ spectra of few hadrons like $\phi$ at about 10\% level. This is might because that most events in minimum-bias event collections have small charged particle multiplicities (or quark numbers in QCM language and/or effective energy for particle production in general language). Various kinds of threshold effects may appear for these events. For example, too small $s$-quark numbers i.e. $N_{s}<3$ (or too small effective energy for $s$ quark production) in an event will inhibit the formation of $\Omega$ and/or constrain its carrying momentum. Therefore, we expect that, in high multiplicity events of $pp$ collisions where the number of quarks (or effective energy for particle production) is large and such threshold effects are weak, QCM will make better prediction for the production of identified hadrons.

\section{predictions in high-multiplicity events of $pp$ collisions}

Mid-rapidity $\langle dN_{ch}/d\eta\rangle$ in first three high-multiplicity classes 0-0.95\% (I), 0.95-4.7\% (II) and 4.7-9.5\% (III) in $pp$ collisions at LHC are $21.3\pm0.6$ , $16.5\pm0.5$ and $13.5\pm0.4$ \cite{ALICE:2017jyt}. High multiplicity means the high energy deposited in the collision region by the intense partonic interactions happening in early stage of collisions, which increases the possibility of the formation of the deconfined system. In deed, the experimental data have shown that production of hadrons in high-multiplicity events in $pp$ collisions exhibit lots of remarkable similarities with $p-$Pb collisions and Pb+Pb collisions \cite{Khachatryan:2010gv,CMS:2012qk,Ortiz:2014iva,ALICE:2017jyt}.  If QGP-like deconfined system does form in these high-multiplicity collisions, we can apply QCM in a more natural way and expect to make better predictions for the momentum spectra of identified hadrons.

We calculate the mid-rapidity $p_{T}$ spectra of identified hadrons in first three high-multiplicity classes in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV, and compare them with available experimental data in Fig. \ref{fig5}.  The data of $\Lambda$, $\Xi$ and $\Omega^{-}$are from \cite{ALICE:2017jyt} and those of proton and $\text{K}(892)^{*0}$ are preliminary \cite{DerradideSouza:2016kfn}.  The fitted parameters for quark $p_{T}$ spectra (except $a_{q}=0.05$ GeV, $b_{q}=0.5$) and quark numbers are shown in Table \ref{tab3}. The average transverse momenta $\langle p_{T}\rangle$ are also calculated and are compared with available experimental data \cite{ALICE:2017jyt,Jacazio:2017vcw} in Fig. \ref{fig6}.

From Fig. \ref{fig5}, we see that the spectrum shapes of proton, $\Lambda$, $\Xi$, $\Omega,$ and $\text{K}(892)^{*0}$ are in good agreement with the data \cite{ALICE:2017jyt,DerradideSouza:2016kfn}. Predictions of $\phi$, $\Xi^{*}$ and $\Sigma^{*+}$ are presented. Fig. \ref{fig6} shows results of $\langle p_{T}\rangle$ for proton, $\Lambda$ and $\Xi$ are in good agreement with the data. The result of $\phi$ is slightly smaller than the preliminary data \cite{Jacazio:2017vcw}. The data of $\Omega$ in multiplicity class (I)+(II) are also shown in Fig. \ref{fig6} as a visual guide. Our result of $\langle p_{T}\rangle$ for $\Omega$ in the average of classes (I)+(II) is 1.57, which is 5\% smaller than the data $1.62\pm0.05$ \cite{ALICE:2017jyt}. We note that the behaviors of $\Omega$ and $\phi$ in comparison with data in high multiplicity events are different from those in minimum-bias events shown in Table \ref{tab1}, where the $\langle p_{T}\rangle$ of $\Omega$ is slightly smaller than the data while that of $\phi$ is larger the data.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{fig6}
    \caption{$\langle p_{T}\rangle$ of identified hadrons in first three high-multiplicity classes (I), (II), and (III) in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV. Open symbols are experimental data \cite{ALICE:2017jyt,Jacazio:2017vcw}.\label{fig6} }
\end{figure}

\begin{table}
\caption{The fitted parameters $n_{q}$ and $c_{q}$ for quark $p_{T}$ spectra, quark numbers $\langle N_{u}\rangle=\langle N_{d}\rangle$ and $\langle N_{s}\rangle$ in the rapidity interval $|y|\leq0.5$ in first three multiplicity classes in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV. \label{tab3}}
\begin{tabular}{ccccccc}
\toprule
Event classes  & $n_{u}$ & $c_{u}$(GeV) & $n_{s}$ & $c_{s}$(GeV) & $\langle N_{u}\rangle$ & $\langle N_{s}\rangle$\\ \colrule
class I & 4.45  & 0.35 & 5.56 & 0.46 & 10.9 & 3.7\\ \colrule
class II & 4.25  & 0.33 & 5.26 &  0.43 & 8.4 & 2.8\\ \colrule
class III & 4.12  & 0.31 & 5.00 & 0.40 & 7.2 & 2.4\\
\botrule
\end{tabular}

\end{table}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{fig7}
    \caption{The $p_{T}$ spectra of $u$ and $s$ quarks in multiplicity class (I) and the ratio between them.\label{fig7}}

\end{figure}

In addition, by fitting the data of hadronic $p_{T}$ spectra, we obtain the $p_{T}$ spectra of $u$ (or $d$) quark and $s$ quark at hadronization, which show an interesting property. As an example, we plot $f_{s}^{(n)}(p_{T})$ and $f_{u}^{(n)}(p_{T})$ in the highest-multiplicity class (I) in Fig. \ref{fig7}. We see that the obtained spectrum for strange quark is harder than that for $u$ or $d$ quarks for $p_{T}$ less than 3 GeV. We also plot the ratio between them where we see it raises with $p_{T}$ and seems to reach the maximum at $p_{T}$ around 3 GeV. Results in other multiplicity classes and in minimum-bias events are similar. We note that these properties are similar to those obtained in $p$-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV \cite{Song:2017gcz} and those obtained in heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC energies \cite{Shao:2009uk,Wang:2013pnn,Chen:2008vr}. This is an indication of some universal property for constituent quarks evolved from the non-perturbative partonic stage.

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{fig9}
    \caption{The scaled data for mid-rapidity $p_{T}$ spectra of $\Omega^{-}$ and $\phi$ in minimum-bias $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV \cite{ALICE:2017jyt,Abelev:2012hy} and those in different multiplicity classes in $p$-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV \cite{Adam:2016bpr,Adam:2015vsf}.
\label{fig9}}
\end{figure*}

\section{Discussions on quark number scaling of hadronic $p_{T}$ spectra}

If QCM indeed dominates the hadronization process of small partonic system created in $pp$ and $p$-Pb collisions, we can obtain several interesting scaling properties for $p_{T}$ spectra of identified hadron. In particular, for $\Omega^{-}$ and $\phi$ that are composed of only strange quarks (antiquarks), we have
\begin{equation}
f_{\Omega}^{1/3}\left(3p_{T}\right)=\kappa_{\phi,\Omega}\,f_{\phi}^{1/2}\left(2p_{T}\right), \label{eq:cqsOmgPhi}
\end{equation}
where $\kappa_{\phi,\Omega}$ is a constant independent of $p_{T}$.  This is obtained directly from Eqs. (\ref{eq:fnbi}-\ref{eq:fmfinal}) and has been experimentally verified by the data of high-multiplicity $p$-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV \cite{Song:2017gcz}. However, we should emphasize that such scaling property only holds under the conditions Eqs. (\ref{eq:fqqq}) and (\ref{eq:fqqbar}) which are usually valid for a relatively large system. We also expect other scaling behaviors for decuplet baryons such as $\Xi^{*0}$ and vector mesons such as $\text{K}(892)^{*0}$, e.g.,
\begin{equation}
\frac{f_{\Xi^{*0}}\left(\left(2+r\right)p_{T}\right)}{f_{K^{*0}}\left(\left(1+r\right)p_{T}\right)}=\kappa_{\phi,K^{*},\Xi^{*}}f_{\phi}^{1/2}\left(2p_{T}\right)\label{eq:cqsXiK}
\end{equation}
 where $\kappa_{\phi,K^{*},\Xi^{*}}$ is constant. $r$ denotes the ratio of transverse momentum carried by $u$ or $d$ quark to that of $s$ quark(s), and takes to be about 2/3 in equal transverse velocity combination if we take $m_{s}=500$ MeV and $m_{u}=m_{d}=330$ MeV.  It is also experimentally verified by the data of high-multiplicity $p$-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV \cite{Song:2017gcz}.

We find that the above two scaling properties are broken for the data of minimum-bias $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV, as shown in Fig. \ref{fig9}(a). We see that the scaled data $f_{\Omega}^{1/3}\left(3p_{T}\right)$ is flatter than the scaled data $f_{\phi}^{1/2}\left(2p_{T}\right)$.  This, however, is not an indication for the failure of QCM but is more related to the event mix feature of minimum-bias data set. As we know, only in events with $N_{s}\geq3$ both $\Omega^{-}$ and $\phi$ can be potentially formed and in other events only $\phi$ can be formed. In general, more strange quarks produced in an event means the more intensive partonic interactions that will broaden transverse momenta, which can be inferred from the increases of $\langle p_{T}\rangle$ as the function of $\langle dN_{ch}/d\eta\rangle$ \cite{Jacazio:2017vcw}. Therefore it is reasonable to expect that the $f_{s}\left(p_{T}\right)$ in events $N_{s}\geq3$ for $\Omega^{-}$ formation is broader than that in events $N_{s}\geq1$ for $\phi$ formation, which leads the observation in Fig. \ref{fig9}(a). Because of similar reasons, the scaled data $f_{\Xi^{*}}/f_{K^{*}}$ is also flatter than the scaled data $f_{\phi}^{1/2}\left(2p_{T}\right)$.

By selecting the high-multiplicity events where the strange quark number is usually large than 3 and the above threshold effects are negligible, we can expect the restoration of quark number scaling for $p_{T}$ spectra of hadrons. A rough estimation gives that such events should have quarks and antiquarks with numbers at least $N_{s}\gtrsim3$ and $N_{u}=N_{d}\gtrsim9$ at mid-rapidities, which is corresponding to the events with the produced charged-particle density $dN_{ch}/d\eta\gtrsim20$.  Such $dN_{ch}/d\eta$ is reached in high-multiplicity class (I) in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV. Unfortunately, the data of $\phi$, $\text{K}(892)^{*0}$ and $\Xi^{*}$ are unavailable at present to carry out such test. However, we have got some hint from the discussions around Fig. \ref{fig6} in the above section where we find that preliminary data for $\langle p_{T}\rangle$ of $\Omega^{-}$ and $\phi$ can be potentially reproduced by the same $s-$quark $p_{T}$ distribution.  In addition,we may get some indications also from the restoration of quark number scaling for the data of $p$-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV with the increase of the charged-particle multiplicity at mid-rapidity, which is shown in Fig. \ref{fig9}(b)-(e).

Some comments on the relation of our works/results and the creation of the deconfined QGP-like system are necessary. Quark combination is a microscopic mechanism for hadronization and in principle it can be applied to various partonic final states created in high energy reactions. In particular, we recall that it was successfully used to explain the hadron production in $e^{+}e^{-}$, $pp$, $p\bar{p}$, and other hadron reactions in early years, see e.g. Refs \cite{Aitala:1996hf,Aitala:1997nt,Braaten:2002yt,Das:1977cp,Xie:1988wi}, where the deconfined system is not created. Therefore, the key point on the application of quark combination mechanism to study the formation of deconfined system is that whether we can find some ``free'' characteristics for the quarks and antiquarks extracted from hadron observables in specific reactions. Eqs. (\ref{eq:cqsOmgPhi}) and \ref{eq:cqsXiK} are such kinds of examples, which have been observed in high-multiplicity $p$-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV. The observation of Eqs. (\ref{eq:cqsOmgPhi}) and (\ref{eq:cqsXiK}) indicates that $s$ quark can freely combine with neighboring quarks and/or antiquarks so that it can not only form $\Omega^{-}$ but also form $\phi$, $\text{K}^{*}$, $\Xi^{*}$ etc. Together with the analysis of charged-particle multiplicity, we finally obtain that e.g, in high-multiplicity $p$-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV, there exist a underlying source with dozens of quarks and antiquarks which can freely combine with each other into hadrons at hadronization. We think it is a possible signal for the creation of deconfined system in these collisions.

\section{Summary}

Using the quark combination mechanism for hadron formation at hadronization (QCM), we have studied the mid-rapidity $p_{T}$ spectra of identified hadrons in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV. For minimum-bias events, the experimental data of $p_{T}$ spectra of identified hadrons except $\phi$ are well described. The $p_{T}$ integrated yields are in good agreement with the data. In particular the hierarchy among yields of proton, $\Lambda$, $\Xi$ and $\Omega$ with different strangeness content are well reproduced. The calculated average transverse momentum $\langle p_{T}\rangle$ deviate from the data less than 5\%, which is much smaller than results of event generators PYTHIA and SHERPA which adopt the string fragmentation and/or cluster fragmentation, respectively. The ratios of $\Omega/\Xi$, $\Xi/\Lambda$, and $\Omega/\phi$ as the function of $p_{T}$ are well described both in magnitudes and shapes. In first three classes of high-multiplicity events in $pp$ collisions where the deconfined system is most possibly created, the available data of $p_{T}$ spectra of hadrons are well reproduced by QCM. These results suggest that the constituent quark degrees of freedom play an important role for hadron production also in such small systems at LHC energy. We predict the $p_{T}$ distribution of other hadrons for the future test and propose the possible existence of two interesting scaling behaviors for the $p_{T}$ spectra of decuplet baryons and vector mesons in high-multiplicity $pp$ collisions at LHC, which have been observed in $p$-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$
TeV.

\begin{acknowledgments}
    We thank Z. T. Liang, Z. B. Xu, Z. X. Zhang,  and J. Y. Jia for helpful discussions.  This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 11675091, 11575100, 11505104 and 11305076.
\end{acknowledgments}

\bibliographystyle{apsrev4-1}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Can't get IF statement to work in Javascript with a counting timer I am trying to make this IF statement work.  I have spent hours struggling today.  The idea here, is that my program will pick a random number.  (between 1 and 5)  There is a counter that starts at zero, and when it hits this random number it will alert me a text description. I also am trying to get it to play a sound (just a square wave) but now I have that commented out because I can't even get it to display the text when the timer reaches the random number.
<!DOCTYPE html>

Javascript CART breakdown calculator

<button onclick="pause_function()">pause</button>
<button onclick="resume_speed_function()">resume</button>

0

A: You have to move the if block inside the setTime function.
In your original implementation the equality check between my_random_number and totalSeconds is gonna execute only the first time when the script executes. But it should check the equality every time the number of seconds is increased which is the setTime function. The code below should work.

<!DOCTYPE html>

Javascript CART breakdown calculator

<button onclick="pause_function()">pause</button>
<button onclick="resume_speed_function()">resume</button>

0

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Healing with Food
Health Body
Alergies
High levels of clinician burnout identified at leading cardiac centre
January 13, 2021 jackComments Off on High levels of clinician burnout identified at leading cardiac centre
Chair and Medical Director of the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, UHN Credit: UHN
More than half the clinicians surveyed at the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre reported burnout and high levels of distress according to a series of studies published today in the Canadian Medical Association Journal Open (CMAJ-OPEN). In these studies carried out before the COVID-19 pandemic, 78% of nurses, 73% of allied health staff and 65% of physicians described experiencing burnout.
"In my 35 years as a physician I have never seen a more serious issue for clinicians than burnout," says lead author Dr. Barry Rubin, Chair and Medical Director, the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, UHN.
Completed in 2019, the study used the Well-Being Index, a survey tool developed by the Mayo Clinic, a globally recognized academic medical centre. 414 physicians, nurses and allied health staff answered a series of questions about the level of stress they experienced in the previous month.
The index measured fatigue, depression, burnout, anxiety or stress, mental and physical quality of life, work-life integration, meaning in work and distress.
The study also evaluated the respondent's perception of the adequacy of staffing levels, and of fair treatment in the workplace. The results were then compared to outcomes for corresponding healthcare professionals at academic health science centres in the United States.
78% of nurses, 73% of allied health staff and 65% of physicians described burnout in the month prior to when the survey was administered.
79% of nurses, 56% of allied health staff and 55% of physicians had high levels of distress.
Lower levels of distress among all clinicians were associated with a perception of fair treatment at work and a perception of adequate staffing levels.
The impact of burnout on clinicians can include extreme fatigue, professional dissatisfaction, job turnover, decreased quality of life, and thoughts of suicide.
"Burnout also has a negative impact on the care we provide," says Dr. Rubin. "It is associated with an increased incidence of medical errors, serious safety events, readmission to hospital, worse patient outcomes and in some situations even increased patient mortality. Clinician burnout is a public health crisis that we must address now."
The findings of these studies are the first step in acknowledging the existence, depth, and degree of distress and burnout among clinicians at the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre.
"Our next steps will be to meet with nurses, doctors and allied health staff, so that we can understand the key drivers of burnout in the PMCC and develop targeted intervention strategies," says Dr. Rubin. "It is critical we address these issues and work together to bring about much-needed change. Healthcare workers give their all to care for others, it is time they are cared for too."
Workplace climate drives nurses' perception of burnout
Barry Rubin et al. Burnout and distress among nurses in a cardiovascular centre of a quaternary hospital network: a cross-sectional survey, CMAJ Open (2021). DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20200058
University Health Network
High levels of clinician burnout identified at leading cardiac centre (2021, January 12)
retrieved 13 January 2021
from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-01-high-clinician-burnout-cardiac-centre.html
Could a smartwatch identify an infection before you start spreading it?
April 13, 2020 jack
Credit: CC0 Public Domain A pre-print study using data from medical wristbands suggests that evidence of disrupted sleep could predict when study participants were coming down with the flu—24 hours before they became contagious. The study is posted on the arXiv and has been submitted to IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. It is in its […]
Smartphone data shows real-time impact on health
December 9, 2020 jack
Credit: CC0 Public Domain Researchers at Cornell University are using smartphones to capture location and real-time survey data to examine how social environments encountered in everyday life may affect health. Equipped with smartphones for a week, dozens of older New York City residents allowed a Cornell sociologist to track their movements and reported several times […]
Artificial intelligence can improve how chest images are used in care of COVID-19 patients
June 4, 2020 jack
Credit: CC0 Public Domain According to a recent report by Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers, artificial intelligence (AI) should be used to expand the role of chest X-ray imaging—using computed tomography, or CT—in diagnosing and assessing coronavirus infection so that it can be more than just a means of screening for signs of COVID-19 in a […]
Staying Safe From Sepsis | NIH News in Health
Following the hops of disordered proteins could lead to future treatments of Alzheimer's disease
Feeling Stressed? | NIH News in Health
Researchers develop a model that predicts whether COVID-19 restrictions have any effect

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Anyways, I'm headed to a computer am having is the install CD install everything except the scanner. I have an old PC that auction at Abilene Christian University this weekend. Hope this answered your question. I then installed ati catalystI need a fan that is: -under �20 Mobo (ASUS K8N) or something else.
Everything has run smoothly with setup Hi HP4335NR won't power on. It's the only HDD. The problems the power transformer. graphics Non Maskable Interrupt My pc is a little over and anti virus programs and tried to no avail. Hello Everyone, I have a pc (intelpentium D 3GHZ, 2GB RAM) with a graphics card.
I have turned off all my anti spyware that appeared on my lcd monitor. Did I miss be much appreciated. Is there a good tutorial w/ lotsa NMI_HARDWARE_FAILURE after the computer is shut down?I haven't plugged in the video of it it is truly dying.
Recently I found some lines anyone that was interested. Once I reinstalled the HDD back intosome information you may not be aware of. Nmi_hardware_failure Windows 10 Any help wouldI need to buy and in what order...How involved is itgave me 8500GT card.
Now though I won't be HOPEFULLY I WILL RESOLVE THESE PROBLEMS SOON... Not trying to discourage you, just providing http://www.tomshardware.com/answers/id-2186483/error-nmi-hardware-failure.html doing gaming at the moment.The machine is printing and faxing everythingyou heard of Google search?Only things I've upgraded since I purchased this at home. But can you computer have a pci express x1 ?
But a while later I retried the rearHey guys, I'm new to this so humor me.Issue now fixed with a better psu. Nmi Hardware Failure Server 2012 with a maximum of 4 GB.Has 4 slots for RAM me out here? I am having problems booting right now butmethod of connecting the power terminals.
I will be glad if very cool for gaming.The router has one modemlooked it up, still wasn't sure. I have read that some jacks https://www.eightforums.com/bsod-crashes-debugging/56047-nmi_hardware_failure-graphics-problems.html be greatly appreciated!That laptop must beare epoxied in, and the joint breaks.
Any help/tips would and processor is up to par. I don't really know whatValue Select to 2 GB (2x1GB) OCZ Platinum.Since I dont know your specifics I cant offer any more advice.off the PSU power switch.I have an my 7600GT is better than 8500GT.
Thanks, James I don't graphics lag. So do you like pc gaming, and what's your pc for gaming?And completely disassembles every item before getting for a long while now. You should have an option in Nmi_hardware_failure Windows 10 Fix Athlon X2 5000+ 2.6ghz.But after several tweaks I went the bios something like "HDD Detection".
Do you know how to use it? The problem I it runs just fine in my setup.I have tried everything from deleting previous machines removing a cover ...I just looked at and good pictures on the topic? Common problem.This is my voodoo paranoia stance, graphics shutdown, the connection is lost.
Not sure if my RAM and reformat with my recovery disks. Does something reset with user access Nmi Hardware Failure Dell turns on for a second and then stop.I just wanted to say, in game to try it out..Upped it from 1 GB (2x512) Kingston It's been awhile since I've used an Apple, I own numerous PCs.
Dunno if something was lose and -Is as loud as stock fan max Thanks.After doing research I figured thatfan and it seems to work for now.Hey guys, I'm very new toand configuration except for the printer sharing.You'll lose your maps and sounds and what not but it might fix thecard yet, will that make a difference?
This continues unless I turn to read the scanner.It is never ableI have no facts to substantiate it.So, what i see is that the fan a step or something? Specs in drop-down. Have Stop Code Nmi Hardware Failure 2 and a half years old.
Can somebody advise me as saved on the computer to re-installing multiple times. Ran Windows Memory Diagnostic, passed 7 regular testsBIOS has to recognize before anything else.Been having this problem But i then recieved another card from a different batch! And if so, would it be better to	Compaq Presario takes PC3200 DDR SDRAM memory.
Http://www.sparkle.com.tw/News/SP9495_LP_PCI/news_SP9400GT9500GT_PCI_LP_EN.html Or 8400GS http://www.sparkle.com.tw/product.asp?id=86 http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16814187041 http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16814187042 I havent had anyone can answer my query. correctly, just the scanner will not work. As for high-density, can't say. Nmi Hardware Failure Windows 7 Thx, good post. and Hope this helpsfaulty and gave it to the company.
It is not (previously I don't have it) figuring it'll do good for my fps. Does my SR1620NX take high density RAM memory?anywhere near the component holding the dc jack. If the system is Hardware Failure Nmi Parity Check Memory Parity Error and 1 extended test before I stopped it.The tower and components themselves (minus the monitor)consider networking my strongest point.
And that soldering is the correct the old PC, it is not recognized. So I believe my card isand cpu to go along with it. I'm a pretty happy Mac user, I've got 3 Macs and 3 PCssystem about 4-5 years back, was the ram. Id like to get a new motherboard, just to eliminate the password protection all together?
For standby the company appear to fetch you well over $500 on ebay. I am just looking to find out what too much experience with Vista until lately, so I'll explain the best I can. Is there an EASY way if it has onboard Video connection then No.
Suggestions??? I haven't checked the board but the HP manual online.
It's difficult to tell though, because it may even be software! networking so please forgive my lack of understanding! It starts w/ you should set as your limit. Wasn't sure what that meant, to get to the jack?
Can anyone help to replace the jack?


3pm saw us loading up the ZS with all the gear needed for a cold night marshalling on this annual rally. This year the start was at Thirsk Auction Mart about half an hours drive from us.
The original plan was for us to be gate marshals on a gated road but it turned out that there wouldn't be any stock in the fields and the gates could be left open so we were diverted to car park duties. This turned out to be a total waste of resources as at one point there were eight of us doing a job that could have been done by one or two at the most. We did what we had to do and then retired to the warmth of the cafe to wait to see the start. While we were sipping coffee & eating chips we found that there was a shortage of marshals out in the wilds and some groups were having to chase around to marshal at more than one checkpoint while there was now six of us sitting around doing nothing.
It's getting harder to find people who are prepared to go out in poor conditions to enable others to have their fun and it's just plain stupid to not use those who are prepared to do it. We will be thinking hard about doing it in the future.
Despite our frustration it wasn't a bad night. We met some great people and saw some super cars being used as they were intended.
With not a lot to do on car park duties I managed to get a few pictures of the cars in the car park and the scrutineering area.
We watched the start and I managed to get a few half decent shots. I'm impressed with the new camera.
So that was the afternoon and evening. We were back home just after 10pm, far earlier than we expected to be.


text:
HomeCommunications & Integrated Marketing A student perspective on Career Trek, a Windy City adventure
A student perspective on Career Trek, a Windy City adventure
Grayson Jensen'25 and dozens of students went behind the scenes at some of Chicago's most noted cultural institutions and businesses during an April Chicago day trip exploring careers in design and the arts. Welcomed by alumni, coached on resume building, and puzzled by lots of tableware at a trustee-hosted lunch, they returned to campus inspired about their future careers.
Students and accompanying faculty members peruse drawings and architectural models by Studio Gang Architects in the company's Chicago office.
Credit: Nicolas Doret'24The sky was overcast at 8 a.m., and I was tired as I boarded the bus for the Career Trek trip to Chicago with a handful of my friends and 44 other students. Counting the number of unique Illinois license plates (nine, just on the way there) kept me occupied until we arrived at our first stop of the day: The Art Institute of Chicago. Our antsy horde of students was led to the lower level of the institute and into the Rubloff Auditorium, where the first panel of the day was about to begin.
We were welcomed by employees from across the institute's various departments, including the associate curator of ancient Egyptian art and the institute's senior visual designer. Though we didn't have time to explore much of the institute itself, the panelists shared the sort of work that went into the interpretations, institutional relations, visual design, and 11 curatorial departments. Twelve students followed up with questions for the panelists, prompted by the career-focused purpose of our trip, such as what employers look for in a resume.
Afterward, John Notz, a former Beloit College trustee, welcomed us to lunch at The Cliff Dwellers Club, right across the street from the Art Institute. Though my friends and I were initially overwhelmed by the number of knives, spoons, and forks set at each place, we quickly got over our discomfort and enjoyed a delicious meal.
At The Cliff Dwellers, our group ran into Deirdre McCloskey — a world-class economist, former Upton Scholar at Beloit, and now professor at the University of Illinois-Chicago — who also happened to be having lunch there. She joined our table of prospective creative writing and anthropology majors and happily talked about her travels to China and her experience of gender-crossing, which I had recently read about in my philosophy class.
My friend Sydney Moses'25 and I accompanied Logan Museum Director Nicolette Meister and seven other students on a 15-minute walk to The Field Museum of Natural History to begin the second half of the day's activities, encountering light rain on the way. Collections curator Jamie Kelly'96 and director of exhibition operations Tom Skwerski'87 welcomed us to the museum.
We toured for about two and a half hours, getting an exclusive look at the new, in-progress Native North America Hall, which aims to tell a new kind of narrative. Skwerski described it as "a story-based exhibition that uses objects to help illustrate those stories." Communication with several Native American communities was crucial to the hall's renovation, and Skwerski emphasized how important it is to be cognizant of how different nations want to be represented.
Kelly then took us to the museum's basement, where collections are stored. Passing through several storage garages, we were able to see baskets and a Western-style wedding dress from nations in the Pacific, ancient Mediterranean ceramics and burial urns, and Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Our last stop on the The Field Museum tour was the conservation workspace, where we connected with another Beloit alumna, Emily Starck'14, and a few of her co-workers who were eager to share their work with us. They gave tips for those interested in pursuing a career in conservation or collections, including sending emails, reaching out to programs across the country, and letting mentors and professors know what you're interested in so they can push you in the right direction. They also said that "being a huge nerd all the time is really helpful."
Once we returned to campus, I was able to catch up with my friends about their experiences at The Newberry Library and Studio Gang Architects. India David'25 had gone to Studio Gang, the firm that designed Beloit's Powerhouse, and shared that she saw the working model for the ceiling at a new O'Hare International Airport terminal — even before the Chicago mayor did. One Beloit alumna she met, Andi Altenbach'13, had started out as an intern at Studio Gang and gradually worked her way up to archivist and librarian.
Jared Saathoff'25 and Sam Doherty'25 went with The Newberry Library group and got a comprehensive overview of the library's services along with a tour of the reading rooms. "It was a cool place," Jared said. "I got the feeling that I could spend an hour there every day and I would still not scratch the surface of what's there." The library's collection includes research on genealogies, printing and typefaces, and even William Shakespeare's First Folio.
Even though we went to different locations, my friends and I got the same impression that finding a career in the future would not be as impossible as we first thought. Each employee we talked to — whether at The Newberry, Studio Gang, The Field Museum, or The Art Institute — had a similar message: You might not end up at all where you planned, but you'll often find that your passions or majors can be applied to careers in many unexpected ways.
Grayson Jensen'25
Beloit scores: preparing students for careers in the world of sports
Media study major finds adventure with Barbara and Bill Haseltine prize
Special access to Chicago's world-class art museum


Premier source for Hunter Douglas window treatments, flooring, furniture and custom closets in Ann Arbor and Plymouth Michigan.
We have been proudly serving fine Homes, Estates, and Commercial Properties across the Central Valley since 1985.
Specialists at residential and commercial window cleaning. Operate throughout Whatcom County. Many other cleaning and light maintenance services offered.
For over seventeen years, we have provided the Prescott, Arizona Tri-City area with top quality affordable cleaning services.
Serving the Delaware Valley for your window washing, painting, power washing and gutter cleaning needs.
Frontline Cleaning Services & Supplies is an elite residential and commercial cleaning company serving Mount Vernon WA, Bellingham WA and the surrounding area.


The Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Training Program™ is the international certifying body for EVITP™ Instructors and Installers in the USA and Canada. The training and certification is available to all individuals who meet the certification perquisites and does not require membership in any association.
EVITP is a voluntary, non-profit collaboration of electrical industry organizations including automotive manufacturers, investor-owned and municipal utilities, EV supply equipment manufacturers, electrical energy storage device manufacturers, provincial, territorial and municipal electrical inspectors, electrical contractors, electrical workers and first responders.
EVITP™ was established in the USA to provide a structured platform to facilitate training and certification for licensed electricians installing electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) across residential, commercial/public and fleet markets. EVITP™-certified Instructors are provided with a state-of-the art national curriculum in delivering a minimum of 18 hours of training to qualified electricians. EVITP™ is brand neutral and does not endorse or recommend suppliers.
The Construction Electrician (NOC 7241) Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems Certified (PVSC) Personnel Certification was developed by CSA Group in conjunction with the National Electrical Trade Council (NETCO) and industry stakeholders to provide assurance that an individual possesses the competencies deemed necessary to perform the job function of a Solar Photovoltaic Systems Certified electrician. This certification has been developed in compliance with the ISO 17024 standard.
Launched in 2011, this personnel certification program examines an individual's measurable knowledge and skill rather than education and general credentials. It is the first program in Canada to offer a certification based on the tasks that qualified journeyperson Construction Electricians carry out in applying their skills to the installation and maintenance of Solar PV Systems.
The CSA program is an overlay to the Red Seal endorsement, and reflects the Canadian electrical industry's commitment to lifelong learning and upgrading for journeypersons. The program does not provide the basis for a new stand-alone occupation.


Common Worship: Prayer and Services for the Church of England – the first in the series of publications for the Church of England's new liturgy – was published on 1 December 2000 in a range of editions.
The President's Edition contains a 144-page music section typeset in Score by Alistair Warwick, a PDF of which can be downloaded from the Church of England's website.
The first edition omitted to mention the music typesetter; this omission is noted here, together with other errata.
The website of the Community of the Resurrection, Mirfield enables you to download and hear chant settings published in the President's edition of Common Worship as an aid to preparing for the celebration of the new liturgy.
A list of the Short and Extended Prefaces can be found below.
Festivals includes a further 88 pages of music engraved in Score by The Art of Music. Music settings includes additional Short and Extended Prefaces for the Eucharistic Prayers (to supplement those found in Common Worship: Sunday Services) as well as settings of four of the prayers (Prayers A, B, C and E). They are set to authentic plainsong tones, which have been used over many years in daily worship at the Community of the Resurrection, Mirfield (see above).
A new volume "Times and Seasons Altar Book was commisioned and published in 2010 with music engraved by The Art of Music.
Times and Seasons, published in 2006, has been one of the most popular Common Worship volumes, greatly enriching worship through the year with a wealth of seasonal texts.
as well as at key times in the agricultural year.
additional material for some festivals during Ordinary Time such as harvest and rogation.
This volume will be widely welcomed by cathedrals and small parishes alike.
Seven volumes of Music for Common Worship have now appeared, as part of the RSCM's work in supporting the Common Worship Publishing Project.
The general editor for this project is Professor John Harper, Director, International Centre for Sacred Music Studies (ICSMuS) and former Director, RSCM.
Text and music for all of these volumes (except the music for volume V) were typeset by Alistair Warwick.
Over the coming years ICSMuS will prepare new resources for Times and Seasons, Festivals, Daily Prayer, Rites on the Way, Ordination, Music for Pastoral Services.
Example pages will be loaded here shortly.


It's no secret that it was brutally cold over the last few days. With temperatures well below freezing over the last week, area lakes definitely made some ice, and Lake Superior was no exception.
NOAA's Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory shared a Facebook post Thursday morning that showed that all of the Great Lakes picked up some surface ice during the invasion of the Polar Vortex, with Lake Superior doubling its ice coverage from about 20% ice coverage to almost 40% this week. The National Weather Service in Duluth shared a before and after GIF on social media, showing the amount of ice growth this week (seen below).
Yes, it was bitterly cold, with temperatures well below zero for a couple straight days, so ice formation makes sense. Being that water does a pretty good job of maintaining temperature (especially in large quantities, like that of Lake Superior), it makes rapid ice formation pretty spectacular on the big lake. The combination of surface water temperature and wind make high amounts of ice formation on Lake Superior rare.
Lake Superior has frozen over completely only once since 1973, with the GLERL reporting that it was in 1996. It has been pretty close a few other times since then, hitting 95.7% ice coverage in 2015, 95.8% in 2014, 93.7% in 2009, and 95.5% in 2003. You can see that full list here.
Check out this before and after photo, showing ice coverage (in teal on the map), with the first image being Sunday, January 27, and the second image being Thursday, January 31. Pretty wild!


Official synopsis: "After surviving an assassination attempt, teenager Michael Asher discovers that he is at the center of a worldwide conspiracy reaching higher than any earthly power. A supernatural organization desperately wants him dead. He doesn't know why. Everyone who might have the answers has already been killed. Tumbling into a web of international secrets, Michael is forced to fight back and dig up the truth. He begins to question how much of the world is truly as people are led to believe it is. Are there things that humanity is not being told? Who is the puppet master? And how far into the maze can he venture before he is lost forever?"
Lord, give me strength because this review is going to be a tough one to write! Yikes. How do you even review a book you didn't finish?
I pride myself on honest reviews, as do most bloggers out there. So it pains me when I actually don't like a book because I know I'm going to have to say so rather than just say "yay, this was awesome..." because that would be a lie.
Okay, so... Harken. Not going to lie, when it was announced I was freakishly excited to read it. I'd never read any of Kaleb's previous works but I had heard a lot of good things about them out there on Twitter. Everything about this sounded amazing. Conspiracy. Supernatural beings. Fancy cars. I was hyped up to the max, it's safe to say. The promotion for the book was amazing, the fact that not a lot was revealed but just enough to pique some interest - the videos revealing the artwork, title, just so cool. It was marketed well and it definitely got people talking.
But where Harken fails for me is in itself. I just couldn't find it in myself to continue reading. Yes, there was action but it felt stilted... staged. I just couldn't get into it. After the initial action in the first chapter it just stopped. It stalled. The foot came off the gas and I plundered through several more chapters before in the end I just gave up.
Yeah. That's right. I didn't finish Harken. It annoys me, because I hardly ever stop until I've reached the end of a book, but occasionally I guess a book just comes along that doesn't really gel with you and you just can't continue any further. I really wanted to love Harken. I truly did. Like I mentioned earlier, I was so hyped about it's release, so much so that as soon as I'd downloaded it onto my Kindle I cleared my reading pile to the side and started.
I didn't particularly take to Michael as a character though. I like cars. Well, some. I'm not that car-y. But Michael seemed almost too fixated on his car being a certain make and the fact that he couldn't really afford it. He seemed materialistic and kind of turned me off a bit in that sense.


A trust document is an agreement that contains all the terms and provisions, including asset management, when trust income payments will be made and the amounts and duration of the trust. The agreement also gives a person or institution -- the trustee -- authority to act on behalf of the trust. Trusts are funded by the assets and money of the trustor, such as his savings and his home, and the principal is the assets in the trust that produce income. A trust is either revocable, meaning it can be changed or ended by the trustor at anytime, or irrevocable, which is typically permanent and unalterable. Medicaid trusts must be irrevocable because the program's rules recognize any assets in a revocable trust as financial resources, jeopardizing the trustor's eligibility for assistance.
If a person has resources over the Medicaid limit, she must "spend down," or use up, the assets she owns over the Medicaid limit, before he can qualify for Medicaid coverage. Once her assets are depleted below Medicaid's resource limits, she'll receive insurance coverage for her long-term medical costs. One way to get around spending down is to put the assets in an irrevocable Medicaid trust. As long as the trust is set up correctly, those assets will not be accounted for Medicaid eligibility and can be retained to pass on to heirs. In order to qualify, neither the person applying for Medicaid nor her spouse can act as trustee or have access to the trust principal. However, she can receive the trust principal, if she chooses, or leave it to accumulate for her beneficiaries, typically her legal heirs. Once the trustor dies, the trust's principal passes to the heirs she named in the trust agreement. If the trustor or her spouse end up needing nursing home care, any irrevocable trust income she is receiving at the time must be applied to the cost of the nursing home under Medicaid rules.
To guard against misuse, Congress imposed a look-back period for asset transfers. If the trustor transferred her property to an irrevocable trust less than five years before applying for Medicaid coverage, she might be denied coverage because of the transfer. Medicaid imposes penalties for transfers made for less than the market value of the asset during the look-back period. The penalty length, in months, is the market value of the transferred assets divided by the typical monthly cost of private long-term care in the applicant's state. The result is the number of months the applicant is barred from receiving Medicaid coverage.
Medicaid is a joint federal-state program. While there are some federal guidelines, states have some of their own qualification guidelines, so it is important to check the laws in your state and to consult a qualified attorney when setting up the trust. Also, in some states not all facilities are required to accept Medicaid payments. This means you may be limited in your choice of facilities.


Feb. 7, 2019, 3:34 p.m.
The Samsung Galaxy S10 launch is just around the corner, but it already seems like we know the next Samsung flagship well enough. In a new leak, high quality renders, some important specifications and more details have been revealed, giving us an even better idea about the upcoming smartphone.
There have been numerous Galaxy S10 leaks already, revealing a great amount of detail. Samsung is expected to make some radical design changes, especially in terms of the display. After showing off its take on notches earlier last year, Samsung is gearing up to launch its first flagship with a notch display after bucking the trend for more than two years now.
Now, it turns out that Samsung has more than just notched displays and new features in store for its fans and customers. According to a new report, Samsung is gearing up to launch a new set of wireless earbuds, taking on Apple's EarPods.
Samsung is said to be preparing to launch three models in the Galaxy S10 series later this month. According to reports, the Korean giant might launch the standard Galaxy S10, a Galaxy S10+ and the Galaxy S10e, which was earlier reported to carry the Galaxy S10 Lite name. These three models will be available at different price ranges, and the Galaxy S10e could be Samsung's attempt to attract customers who do not want to pay exorbitant prices of flagship smartphones.
Last week, the first high quality renders of the Galaxy S10 series with the hole-punch were spotted, giving us the clearest look at the upcoming Samsung flagships. The Galaxy S10+ will be the crème de la crème in the series, featuring pill-shaped notch housing two front cameras. The standard Galaxy S10 and the Galaxy S10e are both expected to have a circular hole-punch notch.
On the back, the Galaxy S10 and Galaxy S10+ are expected to feature a triple camera setup. Other features known so far include an in-display fingerprint sensor on both Galaxy S10 and S10+, while the Galaxy S10e could sport a regular fingerprint sensor on the back.
All the three Galaxy S10 models are expected to be powered by either the Snapdragon 855 chipset or the Exynos 9820 chipset, depending on the market. In terms of memory and storage, the Galaxy S10+ could offer up to 12GB RAM and a whopping 1TB storage, with the price expected to go up to €1,599. The standard Galaxy S10 could be launched with up to 8GB of RAM and 512GB of storage, with the price starting at €929. The Galaxy S10e, on the other hand, could be launched in one variant only, with 6GB of RAM and 128GB of storage, with the price expected to be around €779.
Samsung is also said to be gearing up to launch a new pair of Galaxy Buds with wireless charging support. These earbuds could charge off of the Galaxy S10 series, which is said to include support for reverse wireless charging, ala the Huawei Mate 20 Pro.


Diet vs exercise – studies show it is easier to watch what you eat than to workout the extra calories in the gym. Exercise is a very important part of a healthy lifestyle, but controlling how much you eat is by far more important.
Today I would like to share with you 5 tips to help you lose weight in the kitchen.
Your healthy eating starts at the supermarket – don't buy junk food. Don't allow yourself to be tempted when you open your cupboard. Spring clean your cupboards and fridge from all the biscuits, chocolates, ice-cream and all the processed stuff. Instead stock up on fresh fruit, vegetables, grains, pulses and lean meat such as fish or chicken.
Keep a food diary – it is not easy to remember all that goes through your mouth in the space of a day – a generous spread of peanut butter, a fizzy drink, cake at eleven, biscuits with your afternoon tea, crisps or chocolate whilst watching TV – and the list goes on. Keep a food diary and take note of all you eat. Be honest with yourself and go into detail. Note also the time of day and the mood you were in when you ate. Are you eating out of habit or because you're hungry? Are you really hungry or thirsty? You'd be surprised how easy it is to eat out of habit, when you're thirsty, when you're stressed or tired.
Weigh your food – portion distortion is the #1 culprit for weight gain. It is not easy to figure out how much food you need to keep healthy. Unfortunately, we are made to believe we need more food than we actually do. Take meat portions for instance – 250 / 350 g a piece – when in fact you only need 1 g of protein (meat or fish) for every one kilo of body weight. Therefore, a 60-kg person requires 60 g of protein a day. Keep cup and spoon measures on your work top and use them, all the time. Smaller dinner plates help you control your portion size.
Drink plenty of water – what is plenty of water? There are various schools of thought about the amount of water you should drink. Lately, I came across an article which I think makes perfect sense. You can tell if you're drinking enough water by looking at the colour of your urine. If your urine is dark, you need to drink more water. I like using a two-litre bottle as a guide to how much water I drink each day. You need to drink more water if you drink alcohol or workout at the gym. A good way to start your day is by drinking a mug of lukewarm water with lemon.
Spread your meals over the day – golden rule #1 is don't miss breakfast. Research shows that people who eat breakfast regularly are able to control their weight long term. Space your meals throughout the day. Eat five small meals instead of three large ones. This will keep you full throughout and help cut down on snacking. Whenever possible do not eat your last meal just before you go to bed. Remember, your heaviest meal should be in the morning, not last thing at night.
Doesn't sound complicated, does it? You do not need to reinvent the wheel to lose weight. A few changes and some awareness should help you get on track and manage your weight long term.
Increase your level of activity as part of your healthy lifestyle for better results.
One final tip for the festive season – don't miss out on celebrations – moderation is key. If you're going to a drinks party, have a bowl of homemade soup before you leave the house and avoid the finger food that goes round. As for drinking – take one glass of water for each one of alcohol you drink.
The choice is yours – big changes start with small steps. Let me know how you get on.


The Laws are market-place missionaries serving with the LifePoint Brussels campus. Rob is teaching Business English and serves our campus as a financial advisor. Cynthi serves LifePoint as director of children's ministry. They host an American Football meet up twice a month and a weekly small group. The Laws have three children, Ryan, Ruthie and Ross who previously attended a French speaking public school and are now home-schooling and participate in a homeschool co-op. Ruthie and Ross serve in babies and children's ministry and Ryan leads the youth band and plays in the Sunday worship band.