text:
Das Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik (MPI-INF) ist ein Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; es hat seinen Sitz auf dem Campus der Universität des Saarlandes in Saarbrücken und wurde 1988 gegründet.

Das Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik richtet seine wissenschaftliche Forschung besonders auf Algorithmen und deren Anwendungen im weitesten Sinn. Das Interesse reicht von der Grundlagenforschung (Algorithmen und Komplexität, Logik der Programmierung) bis zu einer Reihe von Anwendungsbereichen (Computergrafik, Geometric Computation, Constraint Solving, Programmverifikation, Datenbanken und Informationssysteme, Bioinformatik).
Ziel des Instituts ist es, gleichermaßen durch wissenschaftliche Publikationen, Softwaresysteme und Ausbildung des akademischen Nachwuchses Wirkung zu erzielen.

Indikatoren für den Erfolg sind zahlreiche Auszeichnungen seit Bestehen des Instituts: unter anderem wurde Hans-Peter Seidel 2003 als Leibniz-Preisträger und Thomas Lengauer 2003 als Träger der Konrad-Zuse-Medaille ausgezeichnet. Friedrich Eisenbrand erhielt 2004 den Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Preis der DFG.

Arbeitsgruppen
Das MPII gliedert sich in fünf Abteilungen und eine Forschungsgruppe:

 Die AG1 "Algorithmen und Komplexität" wurde 1988 unter der Leitung von Kurt Mehlhorn gegründet und beschäftigt sich mit der Komplexität von Algorithmen, dem Finden von Heuristiken für NP-vollständige Probleme und mit geometrischen Algorithmen. Von dieser Arbeitsgruppe wurden unter anderem die Softwarebibliotheken LEDA (Library of Efficient Data types and Algorithms), CGAL (Computational Geometry Algorithms Library) und SILVIA (Simulation Library for Virtual Reality and Interactive Applications) entwickelt.

 Die ehemalige AG2 "Logik der Programmierung" wurde 1991 unter Leitung von Harald Ganzinger gegründet und beschäftigte sich mit automatischen Theorembeweisen und deduktiven Methoden der Programmanalyse. Sie war beteiligt an den Projekten Verisoft zur Verifikation von sicherheitsrelevanter Software und AVACS zur ganzheitlichen Strategien der Softwareverifikation. Nach dem Tod Ganzingers am 3. Juni 2004 übernahm Thomas Lengauer die kommissarische Leitung.

 Die AG3 "Bioinformatik und Angewandte Algorithmik" wurde 2001 unter Leitung von Thomas Lengauer gegründet und beschäftigt sich mit den Anwendungen der Informatik in der Biologie.

 Die AG4 "Computergrafik" wurde 1998 unter Leitung von Hans-Peter Seidel gegründet und beschäftigt sich mit Analyse und Synthese von dreidimensionalen Bildern, sowie der Entwicklung von Modellen und Tools, die das große Datenaufkommen bei der Erfassung und Verarbeitung von Bilddaten handhaben können. Außerdem werden Algorithmen für die Bildverarbeitung entwickelt und in der Praxis erprobt.

 Im Oktober 2003 wurde die AG5 "Datenbanken und Informationssysteme" unter Leitung von Gerhard Weikum gegründet. Sie beschäftigt sich mit Qualität von Internet-basierten Informationssystemen, wobei die Korrektheit bewiesen und Antwortzeiten garantiert werden sollen. Außerdem sollen die Systeme hoch verfügbar sein und befriedigende Ergebnisse liefern. Die Arbeitsgruppe nimmt teil an den EU Projekten DELIS (Dynamically Evolving Large-Scale Information Systems) und DELOS, sowie den deutschen Forschungsprojekten P2E2 zur Erforschung von Netzwerken zwischen Industriefirmen und CLASSIX zur Beschaffung von Informationen aus XML-basierten Daten.

 Seit September 2005 gibt es die Forschungsgruppe RG1 "Automation der Logik", die sich mit dem automatischen Rechnen in Prädikatenlogik beschäftigt. Die Forschungsgruppe wird von Christoph Weidenbach geleitet.
 Die AG2 wurde im Jahr 2010 neu gegründet, Leiter ist Bernt Schiele. Die Arbeitsgebiete der Gruppe sind Computervision mit den Schwerpunkten Objekterkennung und 3D-Szenenbeschreibung sowie multisensorbasierte Kontexterkennung im Bereich Ubiquituous und Wearable Computing.

Zudem gab es in der Zeit des Bestehens des Instituts bisher drei unabhängige Nachwuchsgruppen:
 Statische Analyse von Programmen (nach dem Ausscheiden Bruno Blanchets im Jahr 2004 ausgelaufen)
 Diskrete Optimierung (unter der Leitung von Friedrich Eisenbrand)
 Grafik – Optik – Vision (unter der Leitung von Marcus A. Magnor), seit Anfang 2006 als "Institut für Computergrafik" an der Technischen Universität Braunschweig weitergeführt

Die Forschungsgruppe "Maschinelles Lernen" wurde im Januar 2007 am MPII gegründet und wird seit 2008 an der Universität Potsdam fortgeführt. Ihr Leiter ist Tobias Scheffer.

International Max Planck Research School for Computer Science
In Kooperation mit der Universität des Saarlandes wurde im Jahr 2000 die International Max Planck Research School for Computer Science (IMPRS-CS) gegründet. Sie ist die englischsprachige Graduiertenschule des MPI für Informatik und des MPI für Softwaresysteme. In einem internationalen Forschungsumfeld werden Nachwuchswissenschaftler gefördert und zur Promotion geführt. Dekan ist Gerhard Weikum.

Max Planck Center for Visual Computing and Communication
Mit dem Max Planck Center for visual computing and communication (MPC-VCC) wurde im Oktober 2003 eine Kooperation der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft und der Stanford University eingerichtet. Sie soll auf dem Forschungsgebiet der Informationstechnologie, dem "Visual Computing and Communication" (Visuelles Rechnen und Kommunizieren) gemeinsame Forschungsprojekte ermöglichen. Ein weiteres Ziel der Kooperation ist es, einen internationalen Austausch von Wissenschaftlern zu schaffen. Die Leitung des MPC-VCC auf deutscher Seite übernimmt Hans-Peter Seidel, in Stanford sind  Bernd Girod und Leonidas J. Guibas die Leiter.

Forschungsumfeld
In der deutschen Spitzenforschung ist das Institut neben dem Max-Planck-Institut für Softwaresysteme, dem Deutschen Forschungszentrum für künstliche Intelligenz (DFKI), der gesamten Fachrichtung Informatik der Universität des Saarlandes, sowie dem Internationalen Begegnungs- und Forschungszentrum für Informatik, Schloss Dagstuhl, in den Kaiserslautern-Saarbrücken Computer Science Cluster eingebunden. Dadurch bieten sich auch vielfältige Möglichkeiten der wissenschaftlichen Weiterqualifizierung.

Siehe auch
 Max-Planck-Institut für Softwaresysteme
 Kaiserslautern-Saarbrücken Computer Science Cluster

Weblinks
 Homepage des MPII
 IMPRS for Computer Science
 Max Planck Center for visual computing and communication
 Publikationen des MPI im eDoc-Server der MPG
 Literatur über das Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik in der Saarländischen Bibliographie

Einzelnachweise

Informatik
Forschungseinrichtung (Informatik)
Bildung und Forschung in Saarbrücken
Gegründet 1988
Organisation (Saarbrücken)
Deutsche Organisation (Informatik)


text:
PROPYLENE GLYCOL ETHYL ETHER
Molecular Formula: C5H12O2
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether / Ethoxy Propanol (PE) is a colorless liquid with a slight ethereal odor that can be used as a solvent for alkyd resins, acrylic resins and polyester paint.
What is Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether?
PGEE is glycol ether based on Propylene oxide and ethanol.
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is a solvent having a bi-functional nature (ether-alcohol and the respective acetate).
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is a clear liquid with a sweetish odour.
How is Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether Used?
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is used as an intermediate and in formulations in industrial, professional or consumer applications.
Mainly in surface coatings and printing inks and paints, cleaners, agrochemical or de-icing/antiicing formulations.
Health, Safety and Environmental Considerations:
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is a flammable liquid with flashpoint is 1040 F/400C.
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is an isomer mix, of which the main component is 1-Ethoxypropanol-2 (typically 98% or more) and its acetate.
If large quantities are ingested or high vapour concentrations inhaled, PGEE may cause central nervous system depression including headaches, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, and coma.
To a certain extent, Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether can cause slight irritation of the skin and respiratory tract, but these effects do not trigger classification according to GHS criteria.
However, Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether has been shown to cause serious eye irritation.
Some countries have determined an occupational exposure limit for Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether and these can be found in the Safety Datasheet for that county.
The derived no effect levels for acute inhalation exposure are 211 mg/m³ for workers who are expected to be protected by adequate personal protection equipment and 300 mg/m³ for consumers.
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether show low toxicity towards aquatic organisms.
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is completely miscible with water, biodegradable and not expected to bio-accumulate.
Storing and Transporting Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether:
Due to Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ethers flammability, they are classified as hazardous for transport under transport regulations.
Glycol ethers should be stored at ambient temperatures away from sources of ignition and substances with oxidising or corrosive properties.
Glycol ethers are a group of solvents based on alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol commonly used in paints and cleaners.
These solvents typically have a higher boiling point, together with the favorable solvent properties of lower-molecular weight ethers and alcohols.
The first one was ethyl cellosolve (ethylene glycol monoethyl ether), with the name now generic for glycol ethers.
Glycol ethers are either "e-series" or "p-series" glycol ethers, depending on whether they are made from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, respectively.
Typically, e-series glycol ethers are found in pharmaceuticals, sunscreens, cosmetics, inks, dyes and water-based paints, while p-series glycol ethers are used in degreasers, cleaners, aerosol paints and adhesives.
Both E-series glycol ethers and P-series glycol ethers can be used as intermediates that undergo further chemical reactions, producing glycol diethers and glycol ether acetates.
P-series glycol ethers are marketed as having lower toxicity than the E-series.
Most glycol ethers are water-soluble, biodegradable and only a few are considered toxic.
One study suggests that occupational exposure to glycol ethers is related to low motile sperm count, a finding disputed by the chemical industry.
XLogP3-AA: 0.2
Exact Mass: 104.083729621
Monoisotopic Mass: 104.083729621
Topological Polar Surface Area: 29.5 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
About Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether Helpful information:
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Consumer Uses of Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether:
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is used in the following products: coating products, inks and toners, polymers and finger paints.
Other release to the environment of Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Article service life of Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether:
Other release to the environment of Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles.
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether can be found in products with material based on: wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys), metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery), paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper) and plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones).
Widespread uses of Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether by professional workers:
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is used in the following products: coating products and non-metal-surface treatment products.
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction and building & construction work.
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles.
Formulation or re-packing of Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether:
Release to the environment of Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Uses of Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether at industrial sites:
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is used in the following products: semiconductors.
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and printing and recorded media reproduction.
Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, electrical, electronic and optical equipment and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and in the production of articles.
Manufacture of Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether:
Release to the environment of Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Formula: C5H12O2 / CH3CH2OCH2CHOHCH3
Boiling point: 133°C
Melting point: -100°C
Relative density (water = 1): 0.896
Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25°C: 36.6
Vapour pressure, kPa at 25°C: 1
Relative vapour density (air = 1): 3.6
Flash point: 40°C c.c.
Auto-ignition temperature: 255°C
Explosive limits, vol% in air: 1.3-12
Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: 0.3
Evaporation rate (n-butyl acetate = 1): 0.54
Viscosity: 2.32 mm²/s at 20°C
A series of acetate ionic liquids were synthesized using a typical two-step method.
The ionic liquids were used as environmentally benign catalysts in the production of propylene glycol ethers from propylene oxide and alcohols under mild conditions.
The basic strengths of the ionic liquids were evaluated by determination of their Hammett functions, obtained using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and the relationship between their catalytic activities and basicities was established.
The catalytic efficiencies of the ionic liquids were higher than that of the traditional basic catalyst NaOH.
This can be attributed to the involvement of a novel reaction mechanism when these ionic liquids are used.
A possible electrophilic-nucleophilic dual activation mechanism was proposed and confirmed using electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
In addition, the effects of significant reaction parameters such as concentration of catalyst, molar ratio of alcohol to propylene oxide, reaction temperature, and steric hindrance of the alcohol were investigated in detail.
Glycol ether solvents:
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-methoxyethanol, CH3OCH2CH2OH)
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (2-ethoxyethanol, CH3CH2OCH2CH2OH)
Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether (2-propoxyethanol, CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2OH)
Ethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether (2-isopropoxyethanol, (CH3)2CHOCH2CH2OH)
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (2-butoxyethanol, CH3CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2OH), a widely used solvent in paintings and surface coatings, cleaning products and inks
Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether (2-phenoxyethanol, C6H5OCH2CH2OH)
Ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether (2-benzyloxyethanol, C6H5CH2OCH2CH2OH)
Propylene glycol methyl ether, (1-methoxy-2-propanol, CH3OCH2CH(OH)CH3)
Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol, methyl carbitol, CH3OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH)
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol, carbitol cellosolve, CH3CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH)
Diethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether (2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol, butyl carbitol, CH3CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH)
Dipropyleneglycol methyl ether
C12-15 pareth-12 a polyethylene glycol ether used as an emulsifier in cosmetics
Dialkyl ethers
Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (dimethoxyethane, CH3OCH2CH2OCH3), a higher boiling alternative to diethyl ether and THF, also used as a solvent for polysaccharides, a reagent in organometallic chemistry and in some electrolytes of lithium batteries
Ethylene glycol diethyl ether (diethoxyethane, CH3CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH3)
Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether (dibutoxyethane, CH3CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH3)
Ethylene glycol methyl ether acetate (2-methoxyethyl acetate, CH3OCH2CH2OCOCH3)
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate (2-ethoxyethyl acetate, CH3CH2OCH2CH2OCOCH3)
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (2-butoxyethyl acetate, CH3CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCOCH3)
Propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (1-methoxy-2-propanol acetate)
How to Use Propylene Glycol?
Propylene glycol is an organic compound with many industrial uses.
Propylene Glycol is a viscous liquid that is sweet, faint and transparent.
The FDA (along with other international standards institutions) considers it to be generally safe to handle and to ingest and has certified the safety of using propylene glycol in medications, food flavors and for industrial purposes.
However, although experts believe this liquid to be safe, there are those who may be allergic to it.
Propylene Glycol is therefore important to test for allergies before using substances that contain propylene glycol.
Use propylene glycol as a solvent.
Propylene glycol is an ideal solvent to mix chemicals while developing photographic films.
Propylene glycol can also be used as a solvent in the manufacture of oral, topical applications and injections for the pharmaceutical industry, because it is insoluble in water.
Propylene Glycol is added to food colorings and flavorings because of its sweet flavor combined with its solvent properties.
Propylene glycol is also used as a solvent to make paint, cleansers, inks, fingernail polish and removers and household cleaning agents.
The semiconductor industry makes use of solvents called Cellosolves that contain propylene glycol.
Utilize propylene glycol for its moisturizing properties.
Adding propylene glycol to cosmetics and medicines will help them retain their moisture content.
Food additives, toothpastes, mouthwashes, tobacco, lotions, hand sanitizers and saline lotions use propylene alcohol to retain moisture.
Propylene Glycol is used to regulate humidity in pipes and cigars to prevent dehydration.
The moisturizing effect in deodorant sticks is achieved by adding propylene glycol.
Propylene Glycol is also a well-known humectant or moisturizer used as an additive to food for preservation.
Use propylene glycol as a cooling compound.
Propylene Glycol is considered one of the best anti-freeze compounds for industrial use.
Propylene Glycol is added to automobile cooling systems to prevent radiator damage.
A propylene glycol coating is used in fermenting tanks in the wine and beer industry.
Propylene Glycol is also used in cryonics to preserve living human bodies in hospitals.
Add propylene glycol to food additives and liqueurs to give them a creamy texture.
Using propylene glycol in additives like angostura and orange bitters will extend the taste and give more volume to the liquid.
Add propylene glycol to fragrant oils.
Propylene glycol is the most popular transdermal carrier in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry.
Transdermal carriers transport oils through the pores of the skin.
With the addition of transdermal carriers such as propylene glycol, topical applications like lotions and massage oils are transported through the skin to lubricate and rejuvenate skin cells.
The category contains four structurally related propylene glycol ethers:
-Propylene Glycol n-Butyl Ether (PnB, 5131-66-8, major ("alpha") isomer, 29387-86-8 isomeric mixture)
-Dipropylene Glycol n-Butyl Ether (DPnB, 29911-28-2 major isomer or 35884-42-5 isomeric mixture))
-Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate (DPMA, 88917-22-0 isomeric mixture)
-Tripropylene Glycol Methyl Ether (TPM, 20324-33-8 one of the isomers and 25498-49-1 isomeric mixture)
The alpha (secondary alcohol) form is kinetically favored during synthesis.
In the case of TPM, the commercially produced product may contain up to 8 such isomers.
Data for these propylene glycol ethers are supplemented with data from three propylene glycol ethers that are closely related to the category members in molecular structure, physicochemical properties and toxicity and thus extend the category.
These compounds are:
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether (PM; CAS No. 107-98-2)
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate (PMA; CAS No. 108-65-6)
Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether (DPM; CAS No. 34590-94-8 isomeric mixture and 20324-32-7 major isomer)
UNII-724V58309X
724V58309X
S-1-ethoxy-2-propanol
2-Propanol, 1-ethoxy-, (2S)-
Propylene glycol ethyl ether, (S)-
(S)-1-Ethoxypropan-2-ol
SCHEMBL9636848
(S)-propylene glycol ethyl ether
UNII-ROT9EQO32E component JOLQKTGDSGKSKJ-YFKPBYRVSA-N
1-Ethoxy-2-propanol
1-ethoxypropan-2-ol
1-ethoxypropan-2-ol; 2PG1EE; 1-ethoxy-2-propanol; propylene glycol monoethyl ether
2-Propanol, 1-ethoxy-
2PG1EE
propylene glycol monoethyl ether
1-Ethoxy-2-propanol (de)
1-ethoxy-2-propanol (nl)
1-ethoxypropaan-2-ol (nl)
1-ethoxypropan-2-ol (cs)
1-ethoxypropan-2-ol (da)
1-Ethoxypropan-2-ol (de)
1-etoksi-2-propanol (hr)
1-etoksi-2-propanol (sl)
1-Etoksi-2-propanoli (fi)
1-etoksi-2-propanolis (lt)
1-etoksi-2-propanols (lv)
1-etoksipropan-2-ol (hr)
1-etoksipropan-2-ol (sl)
1-Etoksipropan-2-oli (fi)
1-etoksipropan-2-olis (lt)
1-etoksipropān-2-ols (lv)
1-etoksy-2-propanol (no)
1-etoksy-2-propanol (pl)
1-etoksypropan-2-ol (no)
1-etoksypropan-2-ol (pl)
1-etoksü-2-propanool (et)
1-etoksüpropaan-2-ool (et)
1-etossi-2-propanolo (it)
1-etossipropan-2-olo (it)
1-etoxi-2-propanol (es)
1-etoxi-2-propanol (hu)
1-etoxi-2-propanol (pt)
1-etoxi-2-propanol (ro)
1-etoxi-2-propanol (sv)
1-etoxipronan-2-ol (es)
1-etoxipropan-2-ol (pt)
1-etoxipropan-2-ol (ro)
1-etoxipropán-2-ol (hu)
1-etoxy-2-propanol (sk)
1-etoxypropán-2-ol (sk)
1-éthoxy-2-propanol (fr)
1-éthoxypropan-2-ol; 2PG1EE; 1-éthoxy-2-propanol; éther monoéthylique de propylène glycol; (fr)
1-αιθοξυ-2-προπανόλη (el)
1-αιθοξυπροπαν-2-όλη (el)
1-етокси-2-пропанол (bg)
1-етоксипропан-2-ол (bg)
2PG1EE (bg)
2PG1EE (da)
2PG1EE (de)
2PG1EE (el)
2PG1EE (es)
2PG1EE (et)
2PG1EE (fi)
2PG1EE (fr)
2PG1EE (hr)
2PG1EE (hu)
2PG1EE (it)
2PG1EE (lt)
2PG1EE (lv)
2PG1EE (nl)
2PG1EE (no)
2PG1EE (pl)
2PG1EE (pt)
2PG1EE (ro)
2PG1EE (sk)
2PG1EE (sl)
2PG1EEA (cs)
eter monoetylowy glikolu propylenowego (pl)
propilen glicol monoetil eter (ro)
propilen glikol monoetil eter (sl)
propilen-glikol monoetil-eter (hr)
propilene glicol monoetiletere (it)
propilenglicol monoetil eter (es)
propilenglikolio monoetileteris (lt)
propilenoglico etil éter (pt)
propilén-glikol-monoetil-éter (hu)
propilēnglikola monoetilēteris (lv)
propyleenglycolethylether (nl)
propyleenglycolmonoether (nl)
Propyleeniglykolin monoetyylieetteri (fi)
Propylenglycol-Ethylether (de)
Propylenglycol-Monoether (de)
propylenglycolmonoethylether (da)
propylenglykolmonoethylether (cs)
propylenglykolmonoetyleter (no)
propylénglykol-monoetyléter (sk)
propüleenglükoolmonoetüüleeter (et)
éter etílico do propilenoglicol (pt)
éther monoéthylique du propylène glycol (fr)
éther éthylique du propylène glycol (fr)
αιθυλαιθέρας της προπυλενογλυκόληςμονοαιθέρας της προπυλενογλυκόλης (el)
пропилeнгликол моноетилов етер (bg)
1-ethoxy-2-propanol; propylene glycol monoethyl ether
1-ethoxypropam-2-ol
1-ethoxypropan-2-ol; 2PG1EE; 1-ethoxy-2-propanol; propylene glycol monoethyl ether;
1-etossipropan-2-olo
ethoxy propanol
Ethoxypropanol
Propyleneglycol ethyl ether
ETHYLPROXITOL
PGEE

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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ITHACA, N.Y. — Nate Shinagawa, the Democratic candidate in New York's 23rd Congressional District last November, has announced that he will not run again in 2014.
Shinagawa, 29, lost by 48 percent to 52 percent to the Republican incumbent, Tom Reed. Local and national Democratic leaders have been urging him to run in the next election.
"This is one of the hardest decisions I've ever made in my life," Shinagawa said on his Facebook page Tuesday.
A member of the Tompkins County Legislature and an administrator at Robert Packer Hospital in Sayre, Pa., Shinagawa explained, "There's a lot of work to do with healthcare reform, and my hospital and community need me on the ground to make sure these reforms best serve the people of the district. I've also become the caretaker of my youngest brother, and I need to focus on giving him the best opportunities possible before he graduates from high school.
A native of Berkeley, Shinagawa moved to upstate New York to attend Cornell University and now lives in Ithaca.


text:
Вакуленчук:

 Вакуленчук, Григорий Никитич (1877—1905) — участник революционного движения на Черноморском флоте, один из организаторов «Севастопольской матросской централки».
 Вакуленчук — посёлок городского типа в Чудновском районе Житомирской области Украины.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


11165.5. As used in this article, the term "abuse or neglect in out-of-home care" includes physical injury or death inflicted upon a child by another person by other than accidental means, sexual abuse as defined in Section 11165.1, neglect as defined in Section 11165.2, unlawful corporal punishment or injury as defined in Section 11165.4, or the willful harming or injuring of a child or the endangering of the person or health of a child, as defined in Section 11165.3, where the person responsible for the child's welfare is a licensee, administrator, or employee of any facility licensed to care for children, or an administrator or employee of a public or private school or other institution or agency. "Abuse or neglect in out-of-home care" does not include an injury caused by reasonable and necessary force used by a peace officer acting within the course and scope of his or her employment as a peace officer.
In response to the school shootings at Santee High School, the Grossmont Union High School District (GUHSD) developed an emergency response CD for use by school officials, law enforcement, and other emergency services, essentially, putting all of the site safety information on a CD. Modeling after the efforts of GUHSD, Capistrano Unified School District developed a similar program for all of the schools within CUSD.
Law Enforcement and/or Firefighters responding to a school site emergency. Aerial pictures and floor plans of each school are loaded on all of the Sheriff's South County patrol vehicles.
Capistrano Unified School District (CUSD) has an EOC that complies with the Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS), and mobile EOC outfitted with all the equipment, communications, and resources of its primary EOC, sufficient to support emergency functions should any incident occur. CUSD has an extensive data base, virtual mapping and photographs of each school in the district, and has individual job descriptions for each position.
California has tried to raise public awareness of earthquake dangers by holding an annual drill called the Great California Shake Out (first conducted in 2008). But emergency services officials say they are worried that residents have lost the sense of urgency, particularly as people change residences, forget to refresh supplies and assume local, state and federal government agencies will provide for them.
All Orange County residents should take an active role to protect each other, families and friends in the event of an emergency (www.readyoc.org). Think of the national emergency management system as a pyramid with householders forming the base of the structure. The local community, state and the federal government also are part of the pyramid.
Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) is composed of neighbors working as volunteers trained to assist during emergencies. After certification, members attend monthly meetings and are involved in training exercises. Local agencies have training schedule information.
After a disaster, residents will need to provide their own food, water and other supplies for at least three days. Local officials and relief workers on the scene after a disaster cannot reach everyone immediately. Help may take hours or days to arrive. Basic services such as electricity, gas, water, sewage treatment, and telephones may be cut off for days, a week or longer. Also, residents may have to evacuate at a moment's notice, taking essential belongings.
The Orange County Red Cross recommends every home should plan how to deal with all kinds of disasters. Part of a disaster plan is to have two emergency kits: one for the home and one for the car. The home kit should be stored in an easily accessible location and placed into a mobile, watertight container such as a wheeled trash barrel. The car kit should be in an easily carried pack, such as a backpack, and each kit should have an identification tag for each person.
Written instructions for how to turn off gas, electricity, and water if necessary.
Keep essentials, such as a flashlight and sturdy shoes, by your bedside.
To view the complete list and to learn more about how to prepare for any potential disaster, visit the Red Cross website at www.oc-redcross.org.
Other disaster planning tips include registering for Alert OC, the mass notification system designed to keep Orange County residents and businesses informed of emergencies. Also, information about the Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program can be obtained at each city hall.
The safety and well-being of our students and staff are a top priority. We want to make sure they are as comfortable as possible so that learning can continue. As a result, our schools have a number of guidelines in place for instructional planning during hot weather.
We believe the best place for our students, even in hot weather, is in the classroom where they are learning, supervised and being a part of school activities. Modifications to our instructional plan are made to take advantage of cooler spots on schools and to minimize discomfort as much as possible. Schools know to reduce PE activities such as running, jumping, and prolonged exposure to the sun. Activities are adjusted to reduce strenuous exercises. Parents who believe their child's health may be compromised by excessive heat have the option of keeping students home or picking them up early.
The Orange County Department of Education in collaboration with the Orange County Health Care Agency created the following guidelines for schools to increase student safety during periods of hot weather.
By clicking the "view full map" under Current Air Quality, you will see the outline for Orange County, as well as other areas. This tool can assist in planning outdoor activities for students.
Please remind staff to exercise good judgment in monitoring their environment and determining the amount of physical activity that they will expect from their students.
The mobile command unit is a resource for school sites. It is not meant to replace supplies that should be housed at the site. The team member(s) deployed with the mobile command are experts in safety/NIMS. This team does not take over command from the principal, but supports the principal by guiding them through the crisis and working as a liaison with law enforcement/fire.
California Department of Education's Safe Schools Planning Web page, which includes annual update requirements, School Safety Plan Self-Monitoring Tool, and school safety issues and resources.
New School Year Emergency Management Planning-The Role of School Districts.
stopbullying.gov: An Overview of School Districts' Federal Obligation Against Harassment video.
The School Mobile Assessment and Resource Team (S.M.A.R.T.), a detail operated and supervised through the Orange County Sheriff Department, can be utilized in situations and incidents at schools related to violence, threats, possession and/or use of weapons, bizarre and unstable behaviors, and suicidal statements or tendencies. The S.M.A.R.T. unit works in conjunction with school officials, the probation department, the district attorney's office, and mental health agencies to help resolve safety issues and concerns involving all persons associated to schools within the jurisdiction of the Orange County Sheriff Department.
The unit provides services and resources, including threat assessments, criminal investigation, referrals for counseling, and case management where deemed appropriate. The goal of S.M.A.R.T. is to evaluate and assess each incident individually, effectively resolve the matter through the least intrusive means available (while still maintaining safety and security to the school), and ultimately return the staff and students to their daily routine. Contact with S.M.A.R.T. can be made at anytime.


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Considering Appendix N
Occasionally people discuss the merits and importance of the Dungeon Masters Guide's infamous "Appendix N" and its corollary in the Moldvay edition of Basic Dungeons & Dragons, the "Inspirational Source Material" list (henceforth referred to as the "ISM"). Are they "required reading" for Dungeons & Dragons? Do some titles and authors deserve to be on the list? People's taste in fiction varies widely, even within a specific genre; not everyone enjoys the literary aspects that inspired roleplaying games. Like many elements of D&D and the Old School Renaissance (along with adventure gaming and other geeky pursuits in general) it generates a good number of heated arguments fueled by strong feelings and the usual irrational contrariness that seems to typify most online debates and, disturbingly, more real-world discussions. Various people online have attempted and encouraged others to read every book listed in these resources; occasional debates flog their relevance and the merits of individual titles and authors. I find the occasional focus on these resources surprising given the size of both Appendix N and the ISM relative to their sourcebooks: one of the many appendices in the Dungeon Masters Guide, Appendix N takes up about a quarter of a page (still not even half a page if you include Gygax's comments on works that inspired D&D) in a 240-page rulebook; the ISM offers a somewhat more substantial list that covers an entire page in the Basic D&D rulebook, just one out of 64 pages...a somewhat more significant contribution than Appendix N, but still relatively small. I find both resources more useful as inspiration than instruction, a suggested reading list for those who also dabble in fantasy literature who might appreciate these titles both for ideas to integrate into a fantasy roleplaying game and the pure literary enjoyment they provide.
At its most basic level, Appendix N offers gamers some insight into the literary works that inspired the original creators of D&D. This remains relevant even more than 40 years after the advent of the first roleplaying game as the past informs the present and the future A few of these resources demonstrate an affect on game systems (Vance's influence on how magic works in D&D is quite clear); however, most provide insight not into the origins of armor class, hit points, and treasure tables, but into the themes and elements that contributed to the medieval fantasy game world itself. While none of these books provides an exact road map on how to run D&D the "right way," they offer some idea on the kinds of scenarios one might undertake, elements to integrate into campaigns, and a sense of the spirit of adventure D&D seeks to evoke.
I've enjoyed examining the materials that inspired D&D's original designers. While Appendix N and Moldvay's ISM offer some literary inspiration, more recent sources like Jon Peterson's Playing at the World provide analysis about exactly how some of these literary works influenced game concepts, particularly the "visitation theme" – a person from contemporary times transported to a fantasy realm, like The Wizard of Oz, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, John Carter of Mars, and certainly the seminal Three Hears and Three Lions – mirroring the gamer's temporary "visit" to a fantasy world within the game (with the last title, of course, also contributing the vivid version of the regenerating D&D troll). Peterson's book also examines other influences on D&D's creators, particularly numerous wargame elements that evolved into game system components.
I did much of my reading of fantasy and science fiction in my high school years after I'd immersed myself in D&D and other roleplaying games; I've continued exploring genre literature on my own with guidance from various sources. I remember reading both Appendix N and Moldvay's ISM when I first got those rulebooks, but I didn't really pay much attention to them. My exploration of fantasy literature was informed more by my browsing the well-stocked shelves at my local independent bookstore, taking recommendations from Dragon Magazine's book reviews, and following my own esoteric interests. I'd expect my own reading list and those from Appendix N and the ISM to overlap in places; I see that as a fortuitous coincidence rather than any evidence I've been playing D&D the "right" or "wrong" way.
Looking down the Appendix N and ISM lists I spot a number of works I've read, some in my distant past, before discovering D&D, and others I've read more recently in my efforts to expand my knowledge, particularly about the core works that inspired D&D's creators. Here are some of the titles I found:
Burroughs, Edgar Rice – A Princess of Mars, At the Earths' Core, et al: I got a used copy of Savage Pellucidar from a neighborhood tag sale as a kid and absolutely loved it. It might be the first genre novel I read, and it certainly drew me into its amazing fictional world. I've returned to Pellucidar and explored John Carter's Mars over the years.
Le Guin, Ursala K. – A Wizard of Earthsea: I don't recall exactly when I read this, but it was sometime during my later years of high school (and quite possibly inspired by the English teacher who offered the Science Fiction/Fantasy Literature course I enjoyed my senior year). It didn't resonate with me as it did with some folks, but I hold it as an example that readers should try new authors and genres (much as we encourage kids to try new foods because "you might like it").
Anderson, Poul – Three Hearts and Three Lions: I only recently read this, less inspired by any recommended reading list recommendation than its role in Playing at the World, where it serves as a good example of the "visitation theme" and other story elements that made its way into D&D (particularly the troll, but also a basic alignment system and what some might consider the paladin class).
Asprin, Robert Lynn – Another Fine Myth, et al.: Although I read and thoroughly enjoyed the Myth Adventures series during my high school years, mostly for its humorous approach to fantasy literature, I found more game inspiration from the Thieves' World shared-world anthologies Aprrin edited (particularly the first two volumes). Oddly enough I bought Chaosium's Thieves' World boxed set first, then dove into its literary origins, both to fuel my interest in running city-based D&D games.
Brackett, Leigh – The Ginger Star, et al.: Brackett was always at the back of my mind, but her involvement in the Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back screenplay (writing a script whose surviving elements remain shrouded in mystery) recently inspired me to hunt down some of her novels at the regional used book store. While most of what I read were various science fiction pieces, I tracked down her three Skaith novels (The Ginger Star, The Hounds of Skaith, The Reavers of Skaith), which paint a vivid picture of a once high-tech world fallen into medieval squalor amid drastic climate change. Both Appendix N and Moldvay's ISM mention Bracket as inspiration; reading her Skaith novels broadened my view of science-fiction influenced medieval fantasy and proved satisfying reads.
Howard, Robert E. – Red Nails, People of the Black Circle, Hour of the Dragon, et al.: Like much of my interest in fantasy literature, my curiosity about Howard's Conan writings came initially from the 1982 John Milius Conan the Barbarian and later Marvel's comic book series, both of which I discovered in my later college years. I read the stories much later in life; they offer many ideas to integrate into game campaigns in addition to sheer sword-and-sorcery entertainment.
Lovecraft, H.P. – At the Mountains of Madness, et al.: Once again my interest in a fantasy author evolved from a different source first. After playing Chaosium's Call of Cthulhu game with the knowledge that it was only a horror roleplaying game, I quickly immersed myself in the genre literature. I was helped at that time (my high school days) by a Del Rey collection of Lovecrafts "best" tales, which satisfied my curiosity and exposed me to a full range of Lovecraftian madness. I still integrate Mythos elements in my game-writing today to evoke a creepy and disturbing atmosphere.
Moorcock, Michael – Elric of Melnibone, et al.: I discovered Moorcock's Elric books and others featuring the Eternal Champion at the local book store that nurtured my interest in fantasy and science fiction literature throughout high school. While the setting seemed grounded in medieval culture, I was fascinated with the astounding elements he integrated into the stories (some of which I might consider of the "gonzo" genre of OSR play today) and some of the serious themes his characters must confront.
Pratt, Fletcher – The Well of the Unicorn: I'm actually reading this right now. Like Three Hearts and Three Lions I picked this one up after reading Playing at the World, less for anything connected with roleplaying games and more to do with Pratt's involvement with Fletcher Pratt's Naval Wargame and its influence on D&D's evolution (armor class, hit points).
Tolkien, J.R.R. – The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, The Silmarillion, et al.: The Hobbit remains one of my all-time favorite books, having read it as a kid and having read it aloud numerous times at bedtime to my own son. Unlike Tolkien's heavier works, The Hobbit possesses a fairytale quality, far more accessible language, and many tropes that resonate both in legends and the D&D setting.
I prefer Moldvay's ISM over Appendix N because it's far more comprehensive, recommending authors and titles, and because it includes non-fiction reference material. Two of his suggestions influenced me early on:
Macauley, David – Castles, Cathedrals: I received paperback versions of these as a gift from my distant German cousins on a visit in the early 1980s. They were in German, but I knew enough back then to read most of them...but what really inspired me were the wonderful illustrations. They helped me visualize practical people and architecture from medieval times to transpose into my fantasy roleplaying endeavors.
Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend: My parents kept a shelf of reference books accessible in the living room bookshelf (includinga three-volume dictionary and both geographic and biographic dictionaries). Next to these sat the two-volume set of Funk and Wagnalls. Before I discovered D&D I nurtured my imagination browsing and cross-referencing entries that interested me, first about Greek myths, then about Nordic and Germanic legends, digesting all the other tidbits I found in between. It's proven an invaluable reference and occasional inspiration.
Gygax and Moldvay were quite clear as to their intentions listing titles and authors that inspired them. "Sometimes a little research is useful to improve a dungeon, flesh out a scenario, and provide inspiration for a campaign," Moldvay wrote in the Basic Dungeons & Dragons rulebook's "Inspirational Source Material" section (page B62). Gygax mentions some nurturing elements that go beyond a mere reading list: his father's made-up tales told to young Gary; comic books; fantasy and science fiction films (including the wonderful stop-motion works by Ray Harryhausen); and cultivating a lifelong habit of avid reading. "From such sources, as well as just about any other imaginative writing or screenplay you will be able to pluck kernels from which grow the fruits of exciting campaigns. Good reading!" Gygax concluded Appendix N with this note: "All the above authors, as well as many not listed, certainly helped to shape the form of the game. For this reason, and for the hours of reading enjoyment, I heartily recommend the works of these fine authors to you."
I'd encourage D&D or OSR gamers of the more literary persuasion to use these lists as a starting point, but would emphasize them to explore fantasy literature on their own – particularly material published since the early 1980s when these lists were published – to find those "many not listed" titles that best appeal to their sense of fantastic wonder that fuels their roleplaying game experiences.
Want to share your opinion? Start a civilized discussion? Share a link to this blog entry on Google+ and tag me (+Peter Schweighofer) to comment.
Labels: d&d, Gaming Culture, OSR inspiration, Roleplaying Games
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Love relationship through sports in the Netherlands 2016, by presence
Published by Statista Research Department, Mar 4, 2020
The statistic illustrates the share of respondents who found their relationship through sports in the Netherlands in 2016, by presence at sports club. Approximately 15 percent of the respondents who were less than twice a week at the sports club, said they found their current relationship through sports.
Share of respondents who found their relationship through sports in the Netherlands in 2016, by presence at sports club
Less than twice a week
Twice a week or more
both paper and online questionnaires; the survey was held among members of sports clubs
The source does not provide the original wording of the question posed during the survey. The wording of the question chosen for this statistic may therefore differ slightly from the original.
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Distribution of people sending Valentine's Day cards the Netherlands 2020, by gender
Distribution of people sending Valentine's Day cards in the Netherlands 2020, by age
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Share of people celebrating Valentine's Day in the Netherlands 2018, by province
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Average Valentine's Day expenditure in the Netherlands 2020, by category
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Average Valentine's Day expenditure in the Netherlands 2018, by gender
Expenditure on Valentine's Day presents among youth in the Netherlands 2019
Valentine's Day presents gifted in the Netherlands 2020
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Attitudes toward seeking a relationship in the U.S. in 2012
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Licenses issued by French multisport federations 2017, by gender
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Brazil: companies in the arts, culture, sports & recreation sector 2010-2018
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Knowledge Centre for Sport Netherlands. (February 14, 2017). Share of respondents who found their relationship through sports in the Netherlands in 2016, by presence at sports club [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved January 21, 2021, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/673182/love-relationship-through-sports-in-the-netherlands-by-presence/
Knowledge Centre for Sport Netherlands. "Share of respondents who found their relationship through sports in the Netherlands in 2016, by presence at sports club." Chart. February 14, 2017. Statista. Accessed January 21, 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/673182/love-relationship-through-sports-in-the-netherlands-by-presence/
Knowledge Centre for Sport Netherlands. (2017). Share of respondents who found their relationship through sports in the Netherlands in 2016, by presence at sports club. Statista. Statista Inc.. Accessed: January 21, 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/673182/love-relationship-through-sports-in-the-netherlands-by-presence/
Knowledge Centre for Sport Netherlands. "Share of Respondents Who Found Their Relationship through Sports in The Netherlands in 2016, by Presence at Sports Club." Statista, Statista Inc., 14 Feb 2017, https://www.statista.com/statistics/673182/love-relationship-through-sports-in-the-netherlands-by-presence/
Knowledge Centre for Sport Netherlands, Share of respondents who found their relationship through sports in the Netherlands in 2016, by presence at sports club Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/673182/love-relationship-through-sports-in-the-netherlands-by-presence/ (last visited January 21, 2021)


The Mt. Lebanon Commissioners and School Board determine the annual millage rate at the time that each of their budgets are adopted. The Allegheny County Board of Assessors determines the assessment of each property. The municipal or school district tax is calculated by multiplying the appropriate millage by the full market value as determined by the Allegheny County Office of Property Assessment.
On June 1 of each year, the Mt. Lebanon Treasurer mails the municipal and school district real estate tax bills. These bills are mailed either to the property owner, mortgage company, or designated agent. Every property owner whose real estate taxes are paid by July 31 receives a two percent (2%) discount. The face tax is due no later than September 30, and a ten percent (10%) penalty is added to any unpaid tax on October 1.
Mt. Lebanon School District also offers an installment program as an alternative to paying the tax in one payment. In order to pay the school tax on installments, the property owner must pay one half (1/2) of the face amount by September 30, one quarter (1/4) of the face amount by December 31 and the final quarter (1/4) by February 28 of the following year.
The Tax Office regularly updates the real estate tax records using deed transfers and information supplied by property owners or their agents. Allegheny County provides change orders used to update a property's assessment.
For general information on Mt. Lebanon property assessments, please click here.
For detailed property assessment information, please visit Allegheny County's website.
Please call (412) 343-3405 for questions regarding the Municipal or School District Real Estate Taxes.


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There is possibly no creature that elicits such a primal reaction of fear than the lowly spider. There's something about those protruding fangs, those eight gangly legs, those bazillion staring eyes… From the red-backed black widow to the gigantic tarantula, spiders are the stuff of nightmares.
There are a lot of myths about spiders, like that one rumor that you eat so many spiders every night when they crawl into your mouth. That's not true, but it is true that some species of spiders create communal webs that can house up to 50,000 individual arachnids. Imagine walking into that by accident! And it's also true that some spiders, like the Goliath Bird-Eating Tarantula, can grow up to one foot in body length and sport fangs one inch long. And did we mention that there are 45,700 species of spider in the world?
Now that we've thoroughly creeped you out, let us help you creep your friends out with this 22-inch Medium Furry Spider accessory. The black spider prop is covered in feathers and comes with an attached string for hanging, so you can hide this little guy pretty much anywhere! His legs are also super pose-able for extra character. Whether you want him lurking over your roommate's laptop or hiding in your mom's fridge, he'll definitely cause some scares when he's discovered!