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Project acronym AlgoFinance
Project Algorithmic Finance: Inquiring into the Reshaping of Financial Markets
Researcher (PI) Christian BORCH
Host Institution (HI) COPENHAGEN BUSINESS SCHOOL
Summary Present-day financial markets are turning algorithmic, as market orders are increasingly being executed by fully automated computer algorithms, without any direct human intervention. Although algorithmic finance seems to fundamentally reshape the central dynamics in financial markets, and even though it prompts core sociological questions, it has not yet received any systematic attention. In a pioneering contribution to economic sociology and social studies of finance, ALGOFINANCE aims to understand how and with what consequences the turn to algorithms is changing financial markets. The overall concept and central contributions of ALGOFINANCE are the following: (1) on an intra-firm level, the project examines how the shift to algorithmic finance reshapes the ways in which trading firms operate, and does so by systematically and empirically investigating the reconfiguration of organizational structures and employee subjectivity; (2) on an inter-algorithmic level, it offers a ground-breaking methodology (agent-based modelling informed by qualitative data) to grasp how trading algorithms interact with one another in a fully digital space; and (3) on the level of market sociality, it proposes a novel theorization of how intra-firm and inter-algorithmic dynamics can be conceived of as introducing a particular form of sociality that is characteristic to algorithmic finance: a form of sociality-as-association heuristically analyzed as imitation. None of these three levels have received systematic attention in the state-of-the-art literature. Addressing them will significantly advance the understanding of present-day algorithmic finance in economic sociology. By contributing novel empirical, methodological, and theoretical understandings of the functioning and consequences of algorithms, ALGOFINANCE will pave the way for other research into digital sociology and the broader algorithmization of society.
Present-day financial markets are turning algorithmic, as market orders are increasingly being executed by fully automated computer algorithms, without any direct human intervention. Although algorithmic finance seems to fundamentally reshape the central dynamics in financial markets, and even though it prompts core sociological questions, it has not yet received any systematic attention. In a pioneering contribution to economic sociology and social studies of finance, ALGOFINANCE aims to understand how and with what consequences the turn to algorithms is changing financial markets. The overall concept and central contributions of ALGOFINANCE are the following: (1) on an intra-firm level, the project examines how the shift to algorithmic finance reshapes the ways in which trading firms operate, and does so by systematically and empirically investigating the reconfiguration of organizational structures and employee subjectivity; (2) on an inter-algorithmic level, it offers a ground-breaking methodology (agent-based modelling informed by qualitative data) to grasp how trading algorithms interact with one another in a fully digital space; and (3) on the level of market sociality, it proposes a novel theorization of how intra-firm and inter-algorithmic dynamics can be conceived of as introducing a particular form of sociality that is characteristic to algorithmic finance: a form of sociality-as-association heuristically analyzed as imitation. None of these three levels have received systematic attention in the state-of-the-art literature. Addressing them will significantly advance the understanding of present-day algorithmic finance in economic sociology. By contributing novel empirical, methodological, and theoretical understandings of the functioning and consequences of algorithms, ALGOFINANCE will pave the way for other research into digital sociology and the broader algorithmization of society.
Project acronym ArtHep
Project Hepatocytes-Like Microreactors for Liver Tissue Engineering
Researcher (PI) Brigitte STADLER
Host Institution (HI) AARHUS UNIVERSITET
Summary The global epidemics of obesity and diabetes type 2 lead to higher abundancy of medical conditions like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease causing an increase in liver failure and demand for liver transplants. The shortage of donor organs and the insufficient success in tissue engineering to ex vivo grow complex organs like the liver is a global medical challenge. ArtHep targets the assembly of hepatic-like tissue, consisting of biological and synthetic entities, mimicking the core structure elements and key functions of the liver. ArtHep comprises an entirely new concept in liver regeneration with multi-angled core impact: i) cell mimics are expected to reduce the pressure to obtain donor cells, ii) the integrated biocatalytic subunits are destined to take over tasks of the damaged liver slowing down the progress of liver damage, and iii) the matching micro-environment in the bioprinted tissue is anticipated to facilitate the connection between the transplant and the liver. Success criteria of ArtHep include engineering enzyme-mimics, which can perform core biocatalytic conversions similar to the liver, the assembly of biocatalytic active subunits and their encapsulation in cell-like carriers (microreactors), which have mechanical properties that match the liver tissue and that have a camouflaging coating to mimic the surface cues of liver tissue-relevant cells. Finally, matured bioprinted liver-lobules consisting of microreactors and live cells need to connect to liver tissue when transplanted into rats. I am convinced that the ground-breaking research in ArtHep will contribute to the excellence of science in Europe while providing the game-changing foundation to counteract the ever increasing donor liver shortage. Further, consolidating my scientific efforts and moving them forward into unexplored dimensions in biomimicry for medical purposes, is a unique opportunity to advance my career.
The global epidemics of obesity and diabetes type 2 lead to higher abundancy of medical conditions like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease causing an increase in liver failure and demand for liver transplants. The shortage of donor organs and the insufficient success in tissue engineering to ex vivo grow complex organs like the liver is a global medical challenge. ArtHep targets the assembly of hepatic-like tissue, consisting of biological and synthetic entities, mimicking the core structure elements and key functions of the liver. ArtHep comprises an entirely new concept in liver regeneration with multi-angled core impact: i) cell mimics are expected to reduce the pressure to obtain donor cells, ii) the integrated biocatalytic subunits are destined to take over tasks of the damaged liver slowing down the progress of liver damage, and iii) the matching micro-environment in the bioprinted tissue is anticipated to facilitate the connection between the transplant and the liver. Success criteria of ArtHep include engineering enzyme-mimics, which can perform core biocatalytic conversions similar to the liver, the assembly of biocatalytic active subunits and their encapsulation in cell-like carriers (microreactors), which have mechanical properties that match the liver tissue and that have a camouflaging coating to mimic the surface cues of liver tissue-relevant cells. Finally, matured bioprinted liver-lobules consisting of microreactors and live cells need to connect to liver tissue when transplanted into rats. I am convinced that the ground-breaking research in ArtHep will contribute to the excellence of science in Europe while providing the game-changing foundation to counteract the ever increasing donor liver shortage. Further, consolidating my scientific efforts and moving them forward into unexplored dimensions in biomimicry for medical purposes, is a unique opportunity to advance my career.
Project acronym ASTROFLOW
Project The influence of stellar outflows on exoplanetary mass loss
Researcher (PI) Aline VIDOTTO
Host Institution (HI) THE PROVOST, FELLOWS, FOUNDATION SCHOLARS & THE OTHER MEMBERS OF BOARD OF THE COLLEGE OF THE HOLY & UNDIVIDED TRINITY OF QUEEN ELIZABETH NEAR DUBLIN
Summary ASTROFLOW aims to make ground-breaking progress in our physical understanding of exoplanetary mass loss, by quantifying the influence of stellar outflows on atmospheric escape of close-in exoplanets. Escape plays a key role in planetary evolution, population, and potential to develop life. Stellar irradiation and outflows affect planetary mass loss: irradiation heats planetary atmospheres, which inflate and more likely escape; outflows cause pressure confinement around otherwise freely escaping atmospheres. This external pressure can increase, reduce or even suppress escape rates; its effects on exoplanetary mass loss remain largely unexplored due to the complexity of such interactions. I will fill this knowledge gap by developing a novel modelling framework of atmospheric escape that will, for the first time, consider the effects of realistic stellar outflows on exoplanetary mass loss. My expertise in stellar wind theory and 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations is crucial for producing the next-generation models of planetary escape. My framework will consist of state-of-the-art, time-dependent, 3D simulations of stellar outflows (Method 1), which will be coupled to novel 3D simulations of atmospheric escape (Method 2). My models will account for the major underlying physical processes of mass loss. With this, I will determine the response of planetary mass loss to realistic stellar particle, magnetic and radiation environments and will characterise the physical conditions of the escaping material. I will compute how its extinction varies during transit and compare synthetic line profiles to atmospheric escape observations from, eg, Hubble and our NASA cubesat CUTE. Strong synergy with upcoming observations (JWST, TESS, SPIRou, CARMENES) also exists. Determining the lifetime of planetary atmospheres is essential to understanding populations of exoplanets. ASTROFLOW's work will be the foundation for future research of how exoplanets evolve under mass-loss processes.
ASTROFLOW aims to make ground-breaking progress in our physical understanding of exoplanetary mass loss, by quantifying the influence of stellar outflows on atmospheric escape of close-in exoplanets. Escape plays a key role in planetary evolution, population, and potential to develop life. Stellar irradiation and outflows affect planetary mass loss: irradiation heats planetary atmospheres, which inflate and more likely escape; outflows cause pressure confinement around otherwise freely escaping atmospheres. This external pressure can increase, reduce or even suppress escape rates; its effects on exoplanetary mass loss remain largely unexplored due to the complexity of such interactions. I will fill this knowledge gap by developing a novel modelling framework of atmospheric escape that will, for the first time, consider the effects of realistic stellar outflows on exoplanetary mass loss. My expertise in stellar wind theory and 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations is crucial for producing the next-generation models of planetary escape. My framework will consist of state-of-the-art, time-dependent, 3D simulations of stellar outflows (Method 1), which will be coupled to novel 3D simulations of atmospheric escape (Method 2). My models will account for the major underlying physical processes of mass loss. With this, I will determine the response of planetary mass loss to realistic stellar particle, magnetic and radiation environments and will characterise the physical conditions of the escaping material. I will compute how its extinction varies during transit and compare synthetic line profiles to atmospheric escape observations from, eg, Hubble and our NASA cubesat CUTE. Strong synergy with upcoming observations (JWST, TESS, SPIRou, CARMENES) also exists. Determining the lifetime of planetary atmospheres is essential to understanding populations of exoplanets. ASTROFLOW's work will be the foundation for future research of how exoplanets evolve under mass-loss processes.
Project acronym BeyondOpposition
Project Opposing Sexual and Gender Rights and Equalities: Transforming Everyday Spaces
Researcher (PI) Katherine Browne
Host Institution (HI) NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH
Summary OPPSEXRIGHTS will be the first large-scale, transnational study to consider the effects of recent Sexual and Gender Rights and Equalities (SGRE) on those who oppose them, by exploring opponents' experiences of the transformation of everyday spaces. It will work beyond contemporary polarisations, creating new possibilities for social transformation. This cutting-edge research engages with the dramatically altered social and political landscapes in the late 20th and early 21st Century created through the development of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans, and women's rights. Recent reactionary politics highlight the pressing need to understand the position of those who experience these new social orders as a loss. The backlash to SGRE has coalesced into various resistances that are tangibly different to the classic vilification of homosexuality, or those that are anti-woman. Some who oppose SGRE have found themselves the subject of public critique; in the workplace, their jobs threatened, while at home, engagements with schools can cause family conflicts. This is particularly visible in the case studies of Ireland, UK and Canada because of SGRE. A largescale transnational systematic database will be created using low risk (media and organisational discourses; participant observation at oppositional events) and higher risk (online data collection and interviews) methods. Experimenting with social transformation, OPPSEXRIGHTS will work to build bridges between 'enemies', including families and communities, through innovative discussion and arts-based workshops. This ambitious project has the potential to create tangible solutions that tackle contemporary societal issues, which are founded in polarisations that are seemingly insurmountable.
OPPSEXRIGHTS will be the first large-scale, transnational study to consider the effects of recent Sexual and Gender Rights and Equalities (SGRE) on those who oppose them, by exploring opponents' experiences of the transformation of everyday spaces. It will work beyond contemporary polarisations, creating new possibilities for social transformation. This cutting-edge research engages with the dramatically altered social and political landscapes in the late 20th and early 21st Century created through the development of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans, and women's rights. Recent reactionary politics highlight the pressing need to understand the position of those who experience these new social orders as a loss. The backlash to SGRE has coalesced into various resistances that are tangibly different to the classic vilification of homosexuality, or those that are anti-woman. Some who oppose SGRE have found themselves the subject of public critique; in the workplace, their jobs threatened, while at home, engagements with schools can cause family conflicts. This is particularly visible in the case studies of Ireland, UK and Canada because of SGRE. A largescale transnational systematic database will be created using low risk (media and organisational discourses; participant observation at oppositional events) and higher risk (online data collection and interviews) methods. Experimenting with social transformation, OPPSEXRIGHTS will work to build bridges between 'enemies', including families and communities, through innovative discussion and arts-based workshops. This ambitious project has the potential to create tangible solutions that tackle contemporary societal issues, which are founded in polarisations that are seemingly insurmountable.
Project acronym CLIC
Project Classical Influences and Irish Culture
Researcher (PI) Isabelle Torrance
Summary The hypothesis of this project is that Ireland has a unique and hitherto underexplored history of cultural engagement with models from ancient Greece and Rome. Unlike Britain and mainland Europe, Ireland was never part of the Roman Empire. Yet the island has an extraordinarily vibrant tradition of classical learning that dates back to its earliest recorded literature, and is unparalleled in other northern European countries. Research for this project will address why this is the case, by examining sources through nine significant diachronic themes identified by the PI: language; land; travel and exile; Troy; satire; Neoplatonism; female voices; material culture; and global influence. This multi-thematic approach will enable analysis of what is remarkable about classical reception in Ireland. It will also provide a heuristic framework that generates dialogue between normally disparate fields, such as classical reception studies, Irish and British history, English-language literature, Irish-language literature, medieval studies, postcolonial studies, philosophy, material culture, women's studies, and global studies. The project will engage with contemporary preoccupations surrounding the politics and history of the divided island of Ireland, such as the current decade of centenary commemorations for the foundation of an independent Irish state (1912-1922, 2012-2022), and the on-going violence and political divisions in Northern Ireland. These issues will serve as a springboard for opening new avenues of investigation that look far beyond the past 100 years, but are linked to them. The project will thus shed new light on the role of classical culture in shaping literary, social, and political discourse across the island of Ireland, and throughout its history.
The hypothesis of this project is that Ireland has a unique and hitherto underexplored history of cultural engagement with models from ancient Greece and Rome. Unlike Britain and mainland Europe, Ireland was never part of the Roman Empire. Yet the island has an extraordinarily vibrant tradition of classical learning that dates back to its earliest recorded literature, and is unparalleled in other northern European countries. Research for this project will address why this is the case, by examining sources through nine significant diachronic themes identified by the PI: language; land; travel and exile; Troy; satire; Neoplatonism; female voices; material culture; and global influence. This multi-thematic approach will enable analysis of what is remarkable about classical reception in Ireland. It will also provide a heuristic framework that generates dialogue between normally disparate fields, such as classical reception studies, Irish and British history, English-language literature, Irish-language literature, medieval studies, postcolonial studies, philosophy, material culture, women's studies, and global studies. The project will engage with contemporary preoccupations surrounding the politics and history of the divided island of Ireland, such as the current decade of centenary commemorations for the foundation of an independent Irish state (1912-1922, 2012-2022), and the on-going violence and political divisions in Northern Ireland. These issues will serve as a springboard for opening new avenues of investigation that look far beyond the past 100 years, but are linked to them. The project will thus shed new light on the role of classical culture in shaping literary, social, and political discourse across the island of Ireland, and throughout its history.
Project acronym CLIOARCH
Project Cliodynamic archaeology: Computational approaches to Final Palaeolithic/earliest Mesolithic archaeology and climate change
Researcher (PI) Felix RIEDE
Summary Late Pleistocene/early Holocene Europe is said to be the ideal laboratory for the investigation of human responses to rapidly changing climates and environments, migration and adaptation. Yet, pinpointing precisely how and why contemporaneous Final Palaeolithic/earliest Mesolithic (15,000-11,000 years BP) foragers migrated, and which environmental or other factors they adapted to – or failed to – has remained remarkably elusive. At the core of ClioArch is the radical but, in light of research-historical insights, necessary hypothesis that the current archaeological cultural taxonomy for this iconic period of European prehistory is epistemologically flawed and that operationalisations and interpretations based on this traditional taxonomy – especially those that seek to relate observed changes in material culture and land-use to contemporaneous climatic and environmental changes – are therefore problematic. Hence, novel approaches to crafting the taxonomic building blocks are required, as are novel analyses of human|environment relations in this period. ClioArch's premier ambition is to provide operational cultural taxonomies for the Final Palaeolithic/earliest Mesolithic of Europe and to couple these with interdisciplinary cultural evolutionary, quantitative ecological methods and field archaeological investigations beyond the state-of-the-art, so as to better capture such adaptations – almost certainly with major implications for the standard culture-historical narrative relating to this period. In so doing, the project will pioneer a fully transparent and replicable – and eminently transferable – methodology for the study of the impacts of climate change and extreme environmental events in deep history. In turn, such a quantitative understanding of past adaptive dynamics will position archaeology more centrally in contemporary debates about climate change, environmental catastrophe and their cultural dimensions.
Late Pleistocene/early Holocene Europe is said to be the ideal laboratory for the investigation of human responses to rapidly changing climates and environments, migration and adaptation. Yet, pinpointing precisely how and why contemporaneous Final Palaeolithic/earliest Mesolithic (15,000-11,000 years BP) foragers migrated, and which environmental or other factors they adapted to – or failed to – has remained remarkably elusive. At the core of ClioArch is the radical but, in light of research-historical insights, necessary hypothesis that the current archaeological cultural taxonomy for this iconic period of European prehistory is epistemologically flawed and that operationalisations and interpretations based on this traditional taxonomy – especially those that seek to relate observed changes in material culture and land-use to contemporaneous climatic and environmental changes – are therefore problematic. Hence, novel approaches to crafting the taxonomic building blocks are required, as are novel analyses of human|environment relations in this period. ClioArch's premier ambition is to provide operational cultural taxonomies for the Final Palaeolithic/earliest Mesolithic of Europe and to couple these with interdisciplinary cultural evolutionary, quantitative ecological methods and field archaeological investigations beyond the state-of-the-art, so as to better capture such adaptations – almost certainly with major implications for the standard culture-historical narrative relating to this period. In so doing, the project will pioneer a fully transparent and replicable – and eminently transferable – methodology for the study of the impacts of climate change and extreme environmental events in deep history. In turn, such a quantitative understanding of past adaptive dynamics will position archaeology more centrally in contemporary debates about climate change, environmental catastrophe and their cultural dimensions.
Project acronym COGTOM
Project Cognitive tomography of mental representations
Researcher (PI) Máté Miklós LENGYEL
Host Institution (HI) KOZEP-EUROPAI EGYETEM
Summary Internal models are fundamental to our understanding of how the mind constructs percepts, makes decisions, controls movements, and interacts with others. Yet, we lack principled quantitative methods to systematically estimate internal models from observable behaviour, and current approaches for discovering their mental representations remain heuristic and piecemeal. I propose to develop a set of novel 'doubly Bayesian' data analytical methods, using state-of-the-art Bayesian statistical and machine learning techniques to infer humans' internal models formalised as prior distributions in Bayesian models of cognition. This approach, cognitive tomography, takes a series of behavioural observations, each of which in itself may have very limited information content, and accumulates a detailed reconstruction of the internal model based on these observations. I also propose a set of stringent, quantifiable criteria which will be systematically applied at each step of the proposed work to rigorously assess the success of our approach. These methodological advances will allow us to track how the structured, task-general internal models that are so fundamental to humans' superior cognitive abilities, change over time as a result of decay, interference, and learning. We will apply cognitive tomography to a variety of experimental data sets, collected by our collaborators, in paradigms ranging from perceptual learning, through visual and motor structure learning, to social and concept learning. These analyses will allow us to conclusively and quantitatively test our central hypothesis that, rather than simply changing along a single 'memory strength' dimension, internal models typically change via complex and consistent patterns of transformations along multiple dimensions simultaneously. To facilitate the widespread use of our methods, we will release and support off-the-shelf usable implementations of our algorithms together with synthetic and real test data sets.
Internal models are fundamental to our understanding of how the mind constructs percepts, makes decisions, controls movements, and interacts with others. Yet, we lack principled quantitative methods to systematically estimate internal models from observable behaviour, and current approaches for discovering their mental representations remain heuristic and piecemeal. I propose to develop a set of novel 'doubly Bayesian' data analytical methods, using state-of-the-art Bayesian statistical and machine learning techniques to infer humans' internal models formalised as prior distributions in Bayesian models of cognition. This approach, cognitive tomography, takes a series of behavioural observations, each of which in itself may have very limited information content, and accumulates a detailed reconstruction of the internal model based on these observations. I also propose a set of stringent, quantifiable criteria which will be systematically applied at each step of the proposed work to rigorously assess the success of our approach. These methodological advances will allow us to track how the structured, task-general internal models that are so fundamental to humans' superior cognitive abilities, change over time as a result of decay, interference, and learning. We will apply cognitive tomography to a variety of experimental data sets, collected by our collaborators, in paradigms ranging from perceptual learning, through visual and motor structure learning, to social and concept learning. These analyses will allow us to conclusively and quantitatively test our central hypothesis that, rather than simply changing along a single 'memory strength' dimension, internal models typically change via complex and consistent patterns of transformations along multiple dimensions simultaneously. To facilitate the widespread use of our methods, we will release and support off-the-shelf usable implementations of our algorithms together with synthetic and real test data sets.
Project acronym CRIMTANG
Project Criminal Entanglements.A new ethnographic approach to transnational organised crime.
Researcher (PI) Henrik VIGH
Host Institution (HI) KOBENHAVNS UNIVERSITET
Summary Linked to terrorism, moral breakdown, and societal decay, Transnational Organised Crime (TOC) has come to embody current global anxieties as a figure of fear and cause of disquiet. Yet despite its central position on the social and political radar, our knowledge of it remains limited and fragmentary. Quantitative analyses may have identified the scale of the problem, but its underlying socio-cultural logic and practices remain under-researched and largely obscure. TOC is on the rise, and we need better insights into how it develops and expands, who engages in it and why, and how it is linked to and embedded in social networks that straddle countries and contexts. CRIMTANG proposes a unique approach to the study of the social infrastructure of contemporary TOC. It develops a research strategy that is ethnographic and transnational in design and so attuned to the human flows and formations of TOC. The project comprises a trans-disciplinary research team of anthropologists, criminologists and political scientists, and builds on their prior experience of the people, regions and languages under study. It explores the illegal and overlapping flows of migrants and drugs from North-West Africa into Europe, following a key trafficking trajectory stretching from Tangiers to Barcelona, Paris and beyond. In so doing, CRIMTANG sheds new light on the actual empirical processes in operation at different points along this trafficking route, whilst simultaneously developing new theoretical and methodological apparatuses for apprehending TOC that can be exported and applied in other regions and contexts. It reimagines the idea of social entanglement and proposes new transnational and collective fieldwork strategies. Finally, it will advance and consolidate the European research environment on TOC by creating a research hub for transnational ethnographic criminology at the University of Copenhagen.
Linked to terrorism, moral breakdown, and societal decay, Transnational Organised Crime (TOC) has come to embody current global anxieties as a figure of fear and cause of disquiet. Yet despite its central position on the social and political radar, our knowledge of it remains limited and fragmentary. Quantitative analyses may have identified the scale of the problem, but its underlying socio-cultural logic and practices remain under-researched and largely obscure. TOC is on the rise, and we need better insights into how it develops and expands, who engages in it and why, and how it is linked to and embedded in social networks that straddle countries and contexts. CRIMTANG proposes a unique approach to the study of the social infrastructure of contemporary TOC. It develops a research strategy that is ethnographic and transnational in design and so attuned to the human flows and formations of TOC. The project comprises a trans-disciplinary research team of anthropologists, criminologists and political scientists, and builds on their prior experience of the people, regions and languages under study. It explores the illegal and overlapping flows of migrants and drugs from North-West Africa into Europe, following a key trafficking trajectory stretching from Tangiers to Barcelona, Paris and beyond. In so doing, CRIMTANG sheds new light on the actual empirical processes in operation at different points along this trafficking route, whilst simultaneously developing new theoretical and methodological apparatuses for apprehending TOC that can be exported and applied in other regions and contexts. It reimagines the idea of social entanglement and proposes new transnational and collective fieldwork strategies. Finally, it will advance and consolidate the European research environment on TOC by creating a research hub for transnational ethnographic criminology at the University of Copenhagen.
Project acronym CULTIVATE MSS
Project Cultural Values and the International Trade in Medieval European Manuscripts, c. 1900-1945
Researcher (PI) Laura Janet CLEAVER
Summary CULTIVATE MSS aims to assess the significance of the trade in medieval manuscripts for the development of ideas about the nature and value of European culture in the early 20th century, a crucial period for the development of modern European nation states. Although recent technological developments have facilitated quantitative analyses of provenance data, charting in increasing detail the early-20th-century movement of manuscripts, including an exodus of works to America, qualitative analyses have failed to keep pace, leaving questions of how and why particular books were valued underexplored. The PI's role in the development of the Schoenberg Database of Manuscripts, which has begun to make available historic data about books, has revealed the need for a reassessment of the relationship between collecting and scholarship, and the potential for existing data about the manuscript trade to be used, with unpublished archival sources, to identify and compare the economic and philosophical values projected onto books. Thus the project uses the PI's expertise to develop a multi-disciplinary approach to assess the roles of collectors, scholars and dealers in the formation of collections of medieval manuscripts, and the impact of this on scholarship, comparing the English-speaking world, France and Germany. It will analyse published and unpublished accounts of manuscripts, together with price data, to reconstruct values projected onto books. It will seek to contextualise these values within the history of the early 20th century, assessing the impact of two world wars and other political and economic shifts on the trade in books and attitudes to manuscripts as objects of national significance. The Middle Ages are often identified with the emergence of European cultural identities, thus a reappraisal of the historiography of the study of medieval manuscripts has the potential to impact research about attitudes to European culture and identity in a wide range of disciplines.
CULTIVATE MSS aims to assess the significance of the trade in medieval manuscripts for the development of ideas about the nature and value of European culture in the early 20th century, a crucial period for the development of modern European nation states. Although recent technological developments have facilitated quantitative analyses of provenance data, charting in increasing detail the early-20th-century movement of manuscripts, including an exodus of works to America, qualitative analyses have failed to keep pace, leaving questions of how and why particular books were valued underexplored. The PI's role in the development of the Schoenberg Database of Manuscripts, which has begun to make available historic data about books, has revealed the need for a reassessment of the relationship between collecting and scholarship, and the potential for existing data about the manuscript trade to be used, with unpublished archival sources, to identify and compare the economic and philosophical values projected onto books. Thus the project uses the PI's expertise to develop a multi-disciplinary approach to assess the roles of collectors, scholars and dealers in the formation of collections of medieval manuscripts, and the impact of this on scholarship, comparing the English-speaking world, France and Germany. It will analyse published and unpublished accounts of manuscripts, together with price data, to reconstruct values projected onto books. It will seek to contextualise these values within the history of the early 20th century, assessing the impact of two world wars and other political and economic shifts on the trade in books and attitudes to manuscripts as objects of national significance. The Middle Ages are often identified with the emergence of European cultural identities, thus a reappraisal of the historiography of the study of medieval manuscripts has the potential to impact research about attitudes to European culture and identity in a wide range of disciplines.
Project acronym DEVOMIND
Project How do infants mentalize? Bringing a neuroimaging approach to the puzzle of early mindreading.
Researcher (PI) Victoria SOUTHGATE
Summary Human social interaction and learning depends on making the right inferences about other people's thoughts, a process commonly called mentalizing, or Theory of Mind, a cognitive achievement which several decades of research concluded was reached at around age 4. The last 10 years has radically changed this view, and innovative new paradigms suggest that even preverbal infants can think about others' minds. This new developmental data has created arguably one of the biggest puzzles in the history of developmental science: How can infants be mentalizing when years of research have shown that a) pre-schoolers fail at mentalizing tasks and b) mentalizing depends on the development of cognitive control, language, and brain maturation? The key issue is whether behaviour that looks like infant mentalizing really is mentalizing, or might infants' success belie alternative processes? The most powerful strategy for resolving this puzzle is to look to brain activity. By applying the same methods and paradigms across infancy and early childhood, DEVOMIND will investigate whether infants' success on mentalizing tasks recruits the same network of brain regions, and neural processes, that we know are involved in success in older children and adults. In the second half of the project, we will use our neural indicators of mentalizing to test a completely novel hypothesis in which infants' success is possible because they have a limited ability to distinguish self from other. Although novel, this hypothesis deserves to be tested because it has the potential to explain both infants' success and preschoolers' failures under a single, unified theory. By bringing a neuroimaging approach to the puzzle of early mentalizing, DEVOMIND will allow us to move beyond the current impasse, and to generate a new theory of Theory of Mind.
Human social interaction and learning depends on making the right inferences about other people's thoughts, a process commonly called mentalizing, or Theory of Mind, a cognitive achievement which several decades of research concluded was reached at around age 4. The last 10 years has radically changed this view, and innovative new paradigms suggest that even preverbal infants can think about others' minds. This new developmental data has created arguably one of the biggest puzzles in the history of developmental science: How can infants be mentalizing when years of research have shown that a) pre-schoolers fail at mentalizing tasks and b) mentalizing depends on the development of cognitive control, language, and brain maturation? The key issue is whether behaviour that looks like infant mentalizing really is mentalizing, or might infants' success belie alternative processes? The most powerful strategy for resolving this puzzle is to look to brain activity. By applying the same methods and paradigms across infancy and early childhood, DEVOMIND will investigate whether infants' success on mentalizing tasks recruits the same network of brain regions, and neural processes, that we know are involved in success in older children and adults. In the second half of the project, we will use our neural indicators of mentalizing to test a completely novel hypothesis in which infants' success is possible because they have a limited ability to distinguish self from other. Although novel, this hypothesis deserves to be tested because it has the potential to explain both infants' success and preschoolers' failures under a single, unified theory. By bringing a neuroimaging approach to the puzzle of early mentalizing, DEVOMIND will allow us to move beyond the current impasse, and to generate a new theory of Theory of Mind.


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Fergusson addresses fractured relationships in address to business association
Newly-elected White City mayor Brian Fergusson began his Dec. 9 virtual address to the White City-Emerald Park Business Association bearing an olive branch of reconciliation.
By the question-and-answer portion of the meeting, the good vibes had wilted as attendees took issue with the town's continued pursuit of annexation within the RM of Edenwold.
Fergusson sensed the looming tension, noting in his presentation the "elephant in the room" was the deteriorated state of the White City's relationship with its neighbouring municipalities.
"It hasn't been a secret that the communication and relationships we have with all of our neighbouring communities, perhaps, could stand some improvement," Fergusson said. "It's top of mind, not just with myself and some other councillors but also administration. It's going to be a focus for us to do a reset on that so we can renew those relationships."
Some of those tensions became evident during an question-and-answer exchange between Fergusson and Emerald Park business owner Matt Kuzmicz. Kuzmicz lives in White City and questioned the town's approach to its annexation proposal, which includes Emerald Park and numerous adjacent lands.
"In the business district, I'm happy with the governance and it sure seems to me that you want to annex, or take over, the business district to pay for (the future development) you want to do," Kuzmicz said.
Fergusson replied he would agree to disagree, and added he believes support within White City itself to be strongly in favour of annexation.
"I think it's important to note there were three mayoral candidates in the last election and Bruce (Evans) and I garnered 93 percent of the vote and both of us are supportive of annexation," Fergusson said. "That's pretty indicative."
"What percentage of eligible voters voted?" Kuzmicz asked.
"Quite frankly it's moot," Fergusson said, though later added voter turnout was 23 per cent. "Throughout this process, the RM has had the opportunity to put this question to its own ratepayers and has failed to do so."
TO FRONT LOAD OR NOT TO FRONT LOAD?
Fergusson and town manager Ken Kolb, along with planner Mauricio Jimenez, were present for the virtual event to update the business leaders on Town of White City priorities in upcoming months. Among those is the development of a Town Centre along with adjacent Betteridge Road. Fergusson said the town is working with White City Investments and Caverhill Developments. Two subdivisions are pending approval, with an overall plan for 200 lots with either residential or commercial zoning.
"It's more than a business district," Fergusson said. "There's a lot more to that."
As part of the opening stages, Fergusson said Betteridge Road improvements will include the town building water and sewer lines in advance, a move Kolb has termed front-ending in support of future development.
When asked about recent reports of White City's borrowing capacity having been exceeded, Kolb said most of the debt incurred was for infrastructure construction that will be supported through the development of property.
"It will be supported through growth either through development levies or utility rates," Kolb said. "Typically, communities are going to incur significant debt to expand. A lot of that is supported through growth. Very little of this will be supported through taxes. Certainly, other municipalities across Saskatchewan have borrowed significant amount of money to grow and the (Saskatchewan Municipal Board) looks at the business case on how you are going to pay that money back in terms of the burden on taxpayers."
Fergusson added his support for the need to incur debt to support that growth.
"It's only through the submission of appropriate plans that the SMB will approve those debt limits, but that's been our past practice and is expected to be the future practice as well," he said.
That drew questions from Ben Kuzmicz, a long-time local developer with land north of Betteridge Road, who queried why the town is taking on a financial risk that he said is normally the responsibility of a land developer. He also asked if the town is providing land for the development of a school, as opposed to the land developer.
"This would be setting a new precedent buying land (for a school) that is normally supplied by the developer," Ben Kuzmicz said.
Fergusson said there would be a cost regardless of who provides the land for a school "that is ultimately borne by the taxpayer" and that the town "wanted to make sure that land was set aside as a location" in the event a new school comes in the area comes to pass.
Kolb added that a high school and third elementary school are "top priorities" for the Prairie Valley School Division.
"Certainly, being able to develop a joint-use facility with the high school raises us on that priority list," Kolb said.
Ben Kuzmicz objected to the front-loaded construction of infrastructure when it puts others at a disadvantage, and that it wasn't appropriate for existing taxpayers to be funding any of the new development costs.
"I feel I'm at a disadvantage because I've now learned you have funded new infrastructure from money (lot buyers) have paid through off-site charges," Ben Kuzmicz said. "When they come and buy a lot, their dreams and aspirations are not having their lot price going to pay someone else's development. New development should be funded through the developer.
"Speaking as a White City resident, I really don't like you taking my tax dollars to fund someone else's risk. Let the developer take the risk. They can put up the costs for infrastructure."
Fergusson replied those infrastructure costs are covered under the Town Centre development plans, and that the infrastructure costs are borne by the developers of those lands.
"But you haven't received the funds," Ben Kuzmicz said. "You are front-loading it. That's the whole issue."
Ben Kuzmicz and Kolb disagreed on whether the town has regularly front-loaded infrastructure development in the past.
"We've up-fronted everything," Ben Kuzmicz, a land developer in the area, said. "We paid you sewer and water and put in the rest through a servicing agreement."
Kolb said in the past, those development fees were collected on a lot by lot basis, where this time, most of the costs are collected up front.
"Growth pays for growth," Kolb said. "That's always been the principle and with this new development levy model, it gives us a chance to manage that development levy and construction costs so that the developer is paying for those off-site services."
Fergusson said the installation of this infrastructure was to plan for future recreational uses such as a water park in those areas.
PARTNERSHIPS 'CRITICAL' FOR FUTURE GROWTH
Economic development was also a focus in Fergusson's presentation. He noted town representatives have met with the business community to learn about its overall strengths and challenges.
"Economic development efforts will require focus and efforts, particularly to work with the limitation and challenges we have," Fergusson said. "It's better we focus on actions driven by our three strategic priorities where we grow from our existing base, maintain our overall competitive overall business and tax rates. We are going to assist with business expansion projects and small business where we improve signage and business engagement."
The mayor added that attracting more economic investment is also a priority, with targeted incentives designed to bring businesses to the Town Centre development.
"(We are going to) be a leader in marketing for White City and the region, provide leadership on web marketing and e-presence, and partner where partnerships with local and regional partners are critical," Fergusson said.
The town is planning to continue its work with consultants to develop the incentives needed to bring business to the region.
As one example, part of the rationale for the proposed multi-use recreational facility (referred to as MURF) is to bolster White City's case to get a high school built in the community close to this facility.
"It's been said in the past that a facility will be a factor considered by the Ministry of Education in building a high school," Fergusson said, adding the construction of a third elementary school in the area will also help.
Fergusson also addressed water and sewer costs in the community as it is "top-of-mind" for residents. He noted after a study that water and sewer rates had to increase, in order to ensure inflation had a lesser impact on future rates.
"Certainly, the growth of the community will help that on an ongoing basis," Fergusson said. "It's a good quality of water and Sask. Water meets the specs it needs to provide good, safe water. But like most communities, we face a water hardness issue."
Fergusson added water treatment capacity challenges impact ability to grow overall, and that the RM of Edenwold and White City are working on their joint facility to resolve these issues.
Keith Borkowsky, Local Journalism Initiative Reporter, The Quad Town Forum

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


One night, when sleeping, a man heard sounds on his roof. There were loud footsteps and he wondered what could be happening. He shouted out the window, Who is it? Is there a genie on my roof? An extraordinary, mysterious man looked into the window from above and said, We are going around by night, searching.
What are you searching for? the man asked.
You must be joking! he exclaimed. Youre looking for camels on my roof?!
Thats right, camels. Just as you seek God on His throne. Is this so very different?
It was this and no more.
No one saw the man on the roof again.
He vanished like a genie in flight.
Who seeks God on the throne of delight?
While words flow through the river.
The ocean waits for you, do not wait for the river.
appointed to tend the sheep. Today you may observe one man proud from prosperity, another with a heart sore from adversity; have patience for a few days 'till the dust of the grave can consume the brain of that vain and foolish head. When the record of destiny comes into effect, the distinction of liege and subject disappears. Were a person to turn up the dust of the deceased, he could not distinguish that of the rich man from the poor."
These words made a strong impression upon the king; he said, "Ask me for something." The wise man replied, "What I desire is that you will not trouble me again!" The king said, "Favor me with a piece of advice." He answered, "Now that the good things in life are in your hands, attend to them; wealth and dominion are passing from one hand into another."
A story is told of a profiteer who bought firewood from the poor at a low price, and sold it to the rich at a profit. A good and holy man went up to him and said, "You are a snake, which bites everybody it sees, or an owl, which digs up and fouls the place where it nests. Although your injustice may pass unpunished among us, it cannot escape God, the knower of secrets. Be not unjust with the people of this earth, so that their complaints may not rise up to heaven." They say the unjust man was offended at these words, turned his face away from the holy man, and showed him no civility. But then, as it is expressed in the Qur'an: He, the glorified God, overtook him amidst his sins. One night, a spark from his kitchen fire flew onto a stack of wood, and caused a fire that burnt up all his belongings, laying him up in bed, tormenting him with the ashes of Hell. The good and holy man happened to be passing and saw that the profiteer was remarking to his friends, "I do not understand how this fire fell upon my dwelling." The good man said, "It was from the smoke of the hearts of the poor! Guard against the smoke of the sore-afflicted heart, for a sore hidden away will at last gather to a head. Give no heart pain so long as you can avoid it, for one sigh may set the whole world into flames."
It is said that the following inscription was engraved upon Kai-Khosraus* crown: "For how many years, and for what a continuance of ages, shall mankind walk over my head on this earth? As the kingdom came to me, from hand to hand, so it shall pass into the hands of others."
* Kai Khosrau was one of the Seljuk Sultans of Anatolia, 1192-1196.


text:
Android Apps Utilizing 'metaps' App Monetization Platform Surpass 10 Million Downloads in One Year
Metaps | August 29, 2012
TOKYO--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Metaps Inc. (hereafter "Metaps"), developer of 'metaps' - a monetization platform for Android announces that participating Android apps have achieved over 10 million downloads in one year. An increasing number of apps using metaps, particularly by global game developers, has fuelled the rapid expansion of downloads.
Metaps provides Android developers with the ability to attract customers through low-risk reward-based ads, generate revenue from free users through advertisements, increase user activity rates and maximize lifetime user value.
Monetization of smartphone apps is a problem for developers worldwide, and a particularly challenging in the Android world.
Since last year, Metaps has been providing developers with the tools to create revenue, with a focus on the difficult to monetize Android apps. Recently, there has been a sharp increase in partners who are successfully monetizing their free apps. Some developers have successfully monetized monthly sales of over 1 million USD in just half a year. We will continue to add new features to monetize Android apps in order to maximize profit for developers.
At Metaps, our goal is to create an environment in which app developers can continue to generate revenue in the global market. We are accelerating business development, with a focus on Asia, North America, and Europe.
Homepage: http://www.metaps.com/
twitter: http://twitter.com/metaps_info
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/metaps
Metaps Inc. (Tokyo)
Company name: Metaps Inc.
President: CEO and Representative Director, Katsuaki Sato
Address: FORECAST SHINJUKU AVENUE 5F, 2-5-12, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo
Metaps Pte. Ltd. (Singapore subsidiary)
Company name: Metaps Pte. Ltd.
Manager: Wai-Cheong Choy
Address: 100 Cecil Street, The Globe # 05-01, Singapore 069532
Metaps International
Manager: Tomi Brooks
Address: 10 South 3rd Street, Suite 209, San Jose, CA, USA 95113
Metaps Hong Kong
Manager: Sam Tam
Address: Suite 1008 Prosperity Millennia Plaza, 663 King's Road, Quarry
Bay, Hong Kong
Metaps Inc.
Tomoko Shimauchi / Josh Gitter, +81-3-5366-3790
FAX: +81-3-5366-3791
About Us Contact Us Press Releases News
© Metaps Inc.


Are you looking for an international challenge? Do you want to have impact and work towards positive change? Do you have a passion for agrifood business and an open mind? Then sign up for this inspiring 4th year specialization Future Food Systems.
The English-taught specialization is open to Dutch and foreign exchange students currently on a study programme related to Agriculture, Agribusiness, Food production or Environmental studies.
This 4th year specialization is offered by the programme International Food & Agribusiness and runs during term 1 and 2, from September till February.
The current status of the agriculture sector is not so much the result of misguided intention, but more of system failure. Our supply chains are long and not always transparent. In Future Food Systems you will investigate production chains and come up with scenarios for transition; scenarios that enhance both sustainability and business.
The course focuses on 'Value Based Transition Management'; how to improve the world into a better place, starting with your own inner values leading to a value based change of the agrifood system.
What does Future Food Systems have to offer?
First of all a great international setting, in which you will work together with other passionate students, lecturers and professionals on positive change in our food system.
Transition in the agrifood system, on sector and country level, and innovation towards a more sustainable future.


text:
L, Eswari, Department of Dermatology, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India (India)
Laar, Alexander Suuk, C/o PATH-Ghana, PMB CT 307, Cantonments, No.74 Osu Badu Street, Airport West, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
Lahane, Chandrakant G., Department of Medicine, GMCH, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
Lahane, Chandrakant Gunaji, Department of Medicine, Govt. Medical College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra (India)
Lall, Shweta, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Dental College and Medical Sciences, Patna, India (India)
Lamb, Avinash R.
Lamoria, Ravindra, Department of orthopaedics, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Lamsal, Madhab, Department of Biochemistry, BP Koirala Institute of Health sciences, Dharan, Lalitpur (Nepal)
Latif, Zahid, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences & Engineering, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
Latif, Zahid, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad (Pakistan)
Lavankar, Vasant, Department of General Surgery, Dr. Panjabrao Alias Bhausaheb Deshmukh Memorial Medical College, Amravati, Maharashtra (India)
Lawrence, Nseera, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda (Uganda)
López, Marco
Lehl, S. S., Department of Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India (India)
Lehl, S. S., Department of General Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh
Lhaden, Tenzin, Department of Pediatric, Jigme Dorji Wangchuk National Referral Hospital, Bhutan (Bhutan)
Li, Yun-Zhang, College of Applied Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
Limaye, Dnyanesh, Faculty III, Hochschule Hannover, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hannover, Germany; Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany (Germany)
Limaye, Vaidehi, Faculty III, Hochschule Hannover, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hannover, Germany (Germany)
LJ, Samuel, Department of Pharmacology, Goa Medical College, Bambolim-403202, Goa, India
Loganathan, Eswari, Department of Dermatology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India (India)
lswalhia, Magdi Mohamad A, Department of Prosthodontics, Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi University, Gharyan, Libya (Libya)
LV, Bandodkar, Department of Pharmacology, Goa Medical College, Bambolim-403202, Goa, India


text:
Comedian Rick Reynolds Discovers that "Only the Truth is Funny"
After nine years of stand-up comedy, Reynolds wrote a one-man show based on his life, called "Only the Truth is Funny." After ten months of sold-out shows, he was discovered by the agents to Woody Allen and David Letterman. He then moved his show to New York City. His new book is based on his solo show.
Rick Reynolds
Other segments from the episode on October 1, 1992
Fresh Air with Terry Gross, October 1, 1992: Interview with Terry Tempest Williams; Interview with Rick Reynolds; Review of the film "Hero."
Terry Tempest Williams on Surviving Nuclear Testing and Breast Cancer
Williams is a a writer and naturalist-in-residence at the Utah Museum of Natural History. Born a Utah Mormon, Williams has written several books about the environment and the West, such as "Coyote's Canyon" and "Earthly Messengers." Her most recent book, "Refuge: An Unnatural History of Family and Place," concerns her mother's unsuccessful battle with cancer and the flooding of the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge by the rising Great Salt Lake waters.
Despite Its Superb Cast and Director, "Hero" Could Be More Outrageous
Stephen Schiff reviews "Hero," directed by Stephen Frears and starring Dustin Hoffman, Joan Cusack, Geena Davis, and Andy Garcia. It's got a twisting plot reminiscent of films from the 1930s and '40s.
Stephen Schiff
Transcript currently not available.
Transcripts are created on a rush deadline, and accuracy and availability may vary. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Please be aware that the authoritative record of Fresh Air interviews and reviews are the audio recordings of each segment.
Sarah Silverman is perfectly fine cringing at her former self. It means she's growing
Sarah Silverman is known for breaking taboos in her comedy. Her new off-Broadway musical The Bedwetter, adapted from her 2010 memoir of the same name, centers on the most humiliating part of her childhood: wetting the bed every night until she was about 16.
Comic Jerrod Carmichael bares his secrets in 'Rothaniel'
The comic, actor and writer opens up about his name, his family tree and his sexual orientation in a new HBO special. "The more honest I am, the freer I am," Carmichael says.
Remembering comic Gilbert Gottfried
Gottfried was known for his unusual voice and cranky stage persona — which made him a perfect fit to play the evil parrot Iago in Disney's Aladdin. He spoke with Fresh Air in 1992.
Gilbert Gottfried
Recently on Fresh Air Available to Play on NPR
'American Caliph' revisits one of the most dramatic hostage crises in U.S. history
In 1977, gunmen led by a charismatic Muslim leader stormed three locations in Washington, D.C., taking more than 100 people hostage. Journalist Shahan Mufti examines the incident in a new book.
Related segments from the Fresh Air Archive:
Ling Sisters Recount Laura's Capture In North Korea
A Reporter's Tale Of Ambush And Captivity
He's edited Caro, le Carré and 'Catch-22,' but doesn't mind if you don't know his name
At 91, Robert Gottlieb is perhaps the most acclaimed book editor of his time. He started out in 1955 and has been working in publishing ever since. The list of authors he's edited include Robert Caro, Joseph Heller, Toni Morrison, John le Carré, Katharine Graham, Bill Clinton, Nora Ephron and Michael Crichton. His daughter Lizzie Gottlieb's new film, Turn Every Page, centers on her father's decades-long editing relationship with Pulitzer Prize-winning author Robert Caro.
"Reading Lyrics" with Robert Gottlieb and Robert Kimball.
The Letters of Jack Kerouac Are the Best of His Writing
Sleekly sentimental, 'Living' plays like an 'Afterschool Special' for grownups
Living, is a sleekly sentimental new British drama adapted by Kazuo Ishiguro from Akira Kurosawa's classic 1952 film Ikiru, which means "to live" in Japanese. Starring the great Bill Nighy, it tells the story of a bottled-up bureaucrat in 1950s London who's led to examine the way he's spent the last 30 years of his life.
For Oscar Isaac, life — and acting — is all about impermanence
'Ms. Marvel' head writer says the show is a deeply personal superhero story
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