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text:
Q: Zend Framework + An API for my application How would I create an API for my web application? I am looking into Zend_Rest but I cannot grasp the idea behind it.
Basically, I would want something like this example:
$technorati = new Zend_Rest_Client('http://api.technorati.com/bloginfo');
$technorati->key($key);
$technorati->url('http://pixelated-dreams.com');
$result = $technorati->get();
echo $result->firstname() .' '. $result->lastname();

But I am totally lost on how to implement it using Zend Framework. Would I need to use Zend_Rest_Server? Any form of guidance on how to do this would be greatly appreciated...

A: What's the problem with the Zend Framework documentation on Zend_Rest_Server? There is an absolutely minimalistic example on how to use Zend_Rest_Server:
/**
 * Say Hello
 *
 * @param string $who
 * @param string $when
 * @return string
 */
function sayHello($who, $when)
{
    return "Hello $who, Good $when";
}

$server = new Zend_Rest_Server();
$server->addFunction('sayHello');
$server->handle();

Or do you have any specific problem?
EDIT:
Regarding your question about the MVC integration I think, that this would introduce an extrem overhead together with a lot of functionality you don't need for webservices. Nevertheless I should be possible to integrate the service in to the MVC without any major problems (barring the overhead).
class Hello
{
    /**
     * Say Hello
     *
     * @param string $who
     * @param string $when
     * @return string
     */
    function sayHello($who, $when)
    {
        return "Hello $who, Good $when";
    }
}

class ApiController extends Zend_Controller_Action
{
    /**
     * @var Zend_Rest_Server
     */
    protected $_server;

    public function init()
    {
        // disable view rendering
        $this->_helper->viewRenderer->setNeverRender(true);
        // disable layout (if you use layouts)
        $this->_helper->layout->disableLayout();

        $this->_server = new Zend_Rest_Server();
        $this->_server->setClass('Hello');
    }

    public function __call($method, $args)
    {
        $params = $this->_getAllParams();
        $params['method'] = $method;
        $this->_server->handle($params);
    }
}

/*
 * This should allow you to call http://www.example.com/api/sayHello/who/MyName/when/morning
 * By defining custom routes you're able to control the urls.
 */

Please be aware that the code is untested and surely needs some tweaking especially regarding the error handling but it can serve as a simple MVC service example.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Recent papers
ACP Letters
Regular articles
Measurement reports
SI overview articles
Guidelines for editors
Many thanks to Cristina Facchini and Rolf Sander and welcome to Barbara Ervens as executive editor of ACP
First ACP Letter: The value of remote marine aerosol measurements for constraining radiative forcing uncertainty
Atmospheric evolution of emissions from a boreal forest fire: the formation of highly functionalized oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing organic compounds
Observing the timescales of aerosol–cloud interactions in snapshot satellite images
New ACP Letter: How alkaline compounds control atmospheric aerosol particle acidity
Changes in biomass burning, wetland extent, or agriculture drive atmospheric NH3 trends in select African regions
Two of ACP's founding executive editors step down
ACP, 10, 11535–11543, 2010
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11535–11543, 2010
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11535-2010
Research article 06 Dec 2010
Research article | 06 Dec 2010
Characterization of high-resolution aerosol mass spectra of primary organic aerosol emissions from Chinese cooking and biomass burning
L.-Y. He et al.
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Laboratory Studies | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Effects of liquid–liquid phase separation and relative humidity on the heterogeneous OH oxidation of inorganic–organic aerosols: insights from methylglutaric acid and ammonium sulfate particles
Hoi Ki Lam, Rongshuang Xu, Jack Choczynski, James F. Davies, Dongwan Ham, Mijung Song, Andreas Zuend, Wentao Li, Ying-Lung Steve Tse, and Man Nin Chan
This work demonstrates that organic compounds present at or near the surface of aerosols can be subjected to oxidation initiated by gas-phase oxidants, such as hydroxyl radicals (OH). The heterogeneous reactivity is sensitive to their surface concentrations, which are determined by the phase separation behavior. This results of this work emphasize the effects of phase separation and potentially distinct aerosol morphologies on the chemical transformation of atmospheric aerosols.
Measurement report: Sulfuric acid nucleation and experimental conditions in a photolytic flow reactor
David R. Hanson, Seakh Menheer, Michael Wentzel, and Joan Kunz
We report experimental measurements of particle formation in a flow reactor that extend the results from this experiment to a total of more than 270 runs over a time period of ~3 years. This has allowed us to detect a general increase in the cleanliness of the system and improve our knowledge of its chemistry. In-house simulations allowed us to construct phenomenological free energies of molecular clusters of sulfuric acid and ammonia that are appropriate for application to the atmosphere.
Ozonolysis of fatty acid monolayers at the air–water interface: organic films may persist at the surface of atmospheric aerosols
Benjamin Woden, Maximilian W. A. Skoda, Adam Milsom, Curtis Gubb, Armando Maestro, James Tellam, and Christian Pfrang
Atmospheric aerosols contain a large amount of organic compounds, whose oxidation affects their physical properties through a process known as ageing. We have simulated atmospheric ageing experimentally to elucidate the nature and behaviour of residual surface films. Our results show an increasing amount of residue at near-zero temperatures, demonstrating that an inert product film may build up during droplet ageing, even if only ordinarily short-lived reactive species are initially emitted.
Quantification of the role of stabilized Criegee intermediates in the formation of aerosols in limonene ozonolysis
Yiwei Gong and Zhongming Chen
Stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCIs) are important factors in estimating aerosol formation in the atmosphere. Here the results show that SCIs account for more than 60 % of aerosol formation in limonene ozonolysis and water is an uncertainty in SCI performances. The aerosol formation potential of SCIs under high-humidity conditions is double that under dry and low-humidity conditions, suggesting SCI reactions are still important in contributing to aerosols at high relative humidity.
Photochemical degradation of iron(III) citrate/citric acid aerosol quantified with the combination of three complementary experimental techniques and a kinetic process model
Jing Dou, Peter A. Alpert, Pablo Corral Arroyo, Beiping Luo, Frederic Schneider, Jacinta Xto, Thomas Huthwelker, Camelia N. Borca, Katja D. Henzler, Jörg Raabe, Benjamin Watts, Hartmut Herrmann, Thomas Peter, Markus Ammann, and Ulrich K. Krieger
Photochemistry of iron(III) complexes plays an important role in aerosol aging, especially in the lower troposphere. Ensuing radical chemistry leads to decarboxylation, and the production of peroxides, and oxygenated volatile compounds, resulting in particle mass loss due to release of the volatile products to the gas phase. We investigated kinetic transport limitations due to high particle viscosity under low relative humidity conditions. For quantification a numerical model was developed.
The production and hydrolysis of organic nitrates from OH radical oxidation of β-ocimene
Ana C. Morales, Thilina Jayarathne, Jonathan H. Slade, Alexander Laskin, and Paul B. Shepson
Organic nitrates formed from the oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds impact both ozone and particulate matter as they remove nitrogen oxides, but they represent important aerosol precursors. We conducted a series of reaction chamber experiments that quantified the total organic nitrate and secondary organic aerosol yield from the OH-radical-initiated oxidation of ocimene, and also measured their hydrolysis lifetimes in the aqueous phase, as a function of pH.
Emission factors for PM10 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from illegal burning of different types of municipal waste in households
András Hoffer, Beatrix Jancsek-Turóczi, Ádám Tóth, Gyula Kiss, Anca Naghiu, Erika Andrea Levei, Luminita Marmureanu, Attila Machon, and András Gelencsér
Emission factors for PM10 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are reported for the first time ever for the indoor combustion of 12 common types of municipal solid waste that are frequently burned in households worldwide. We have found that waste burning emits up to 40 times more PM10 and 800 times more PAHs than the combustion of dry firewood. Our finding highlights the need for coordinated actions against illegal waste combustion and the extreme health hazard associated with it.
Kinetic modeling of formation and evaporation of secondary organic aerosol from NO3 oxidation of pure and mixed monoterpenes
Thomas Berkemeier, Masayuki Takeuchi, Gamze Eris, and Nga L. Ng
This paper presents how environmental chamber data of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation can be interpreted using kinetic modeling techniques. Utilizing pure and mixed precursor experiments, we show that SOA formation and evaporation can be understood by explicitly treating gas-phase chemistry, gas–particle partitioning, and, notably, particle-phase oligomerization, but some of the non-linear, non-equilibrium effects must be accredited to diffusion limitations in the particle phase.
Direct contribution of ammonia to α-pinene secondary organic aerosol formation
Liqing Hao, Eetu Kari, Ari Leskinen, Douglas R. Worsnop, and Annele Virtanen
Our work presents the observational results of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the presence of ammonia. The particle-phase ammonium was continuously produced even after SOA formation had ceased. The gas-phase organic acids were observed to contribute to the formed particle-phase ammonium salts. This study suggests that the presence of ammonia may change the mass and chemical composition of large-size SOA particles and can potentially alter the aerosol impact on climate change.
Hygroscopic behavior of aerosols generated from solutions of 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid, its sodium salts, and its mixtures with NaCl
Li Wu, Clara Becote, Sophie Sobanska, Pierre-Marie Flaud, Emilie Perraudin, Eric Villenave, Young-Chul Song, and Chul-Un Ro
MBTCA (3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid), a second-generation product of monoterpenes, is one of the most relevant tracer compounds for biogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Laboratory-generated, micrometer-sized, pure-MBTCA, mono-/di-/trisodium MBTCA salts and MBTCA–NaCl mixture aerosol particles were examined systematically to observe their hygroscopic behavior, and it was also observed that the monosodium MBTCA salt aerosols were formed through a reaction between MBTCA and NaCl.
Chemical composition, structures, and light absorption of N-containing aromatic compounds emitted from burning wood and charcoal in household cookstoves
Mingjie Xie, Zhenzhen Zhao, Amara L. Holder, Michael D. Hays, Xi Chen, Guofeng Shen, James J. Jetter, Wyatt M. Champion, and Qin'geng Wang
This study investigated the composition, structures, and light absorption of N-containing aromatic compounds (NACs) in PM2.5 emitted from burning red oak and charcoal in a variety of cookstoves. The results suggest that the identified NACs might have substantial fractions remaining in the gas phase. In comparison to other sources, cookstove emissions from red oak or charcoal fuels did not exhibit unique NAC structural features but had distinct NAC composition.
Chemical composition and light absorption of carbonaceous aerosols emitted from crop residue burning: influence of combustion efficiency
Yujue Wang, Min Hu, Nan Xu, Yanhong Qin, Zhijun Wu, Liwu Zeng, Xiaofeng Huang, and Lingyan He
Field straw residue burning is a widespread type of biomass burning in Asia, while its emissions are poorly understood. In this study, we designed lab-controlled experiments to comprehensively investigate the emission factors, chemical compositions and light absorption properties of both water-soluble and water-insoluble carbonaceous aerosols emitted from straw burning. The results clearly highlight the significant influences of burning conditions and combustion efficiency on the emissions.
On mineral dust aerosol hygroscopicity
Lanxiadi Chen, Chao Peng, Wenjun Gu, Hanjing Fu, Xing Jian, Huanhuan Zhang, Guohua Zhang, Jianxi Zhu, Xinming Wang, and Mingjin Tang
We investigated hygroscopic properties of a number of mineral dust particles in a quantitative manner, via measuring the sample mass at different relative humidities. The robust and comprehensive data obtained would significantly improve our knowledge of hygroscopicity of mineral dust and its impacts on atmospheric chemistry and climate.
Measurement report: Distinct Emissions and Volatility Distribution of Intermediate Volatility Organic Compounds from on-road Chinese Gasoline Vehicle: Implication of High Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Potential
Rongzhi Tang, Quanyang Lu, Song Guo, Hui Wang, Kai Song, Ying Yu, Rui Tan, Kefan Liu, Ruizhe Shen, Shiyi Chen, Limin Zeng, Spiro D. Jorga, Zhou Zhang, Wenbin Zhang, Shijin Shuai, and Allen L. Robinson
We performed chassis dynamometer experiments to investigate the emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential of intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) from an on-road Chinese gasoline vehicle. High IVOCs emission factors (EFs) and distinct volatility distribution were recognized.Our results indicate that vehicular IVOCs contribute significantly to SOA, implying the importance of reducing IVOCs when making air pollution controlling policies in urban area of China.
Distinct chemical and mineralogical composition of Icelandic dust compared to northern African and Asian dust
Clarissa Baldo, Paola Formenti, Sophie Nowak, Servanne Chevaillier, Mathieu Cazaunau, Edouard Pangui, Claudia Di Biagio, Jean-Francois Doussin, Konstantin Ignatyev, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Olafur Arnalds, A. Robert MacKenzie, and Zongbo Shi
We showed that Icelandic dust has a fundamentally different chemical and mineralogical composition from low-latitude dust. In particular, magnetite is as high as 1 %–2 % of the total dust mass. Our results suggest that Icelandic dust may have an important impact on the radiation balance in the subpolar and polar regions.
Secondary organic aerosol yields from the oxidation of benzyl alcohol
Sophia M. Charan, Reina S. Buenconsejo, and John H. Seinfeld
In urban areas, the emissions from volatile chemical products may be responsible for the formation of as much particulate matter as motor vehicles. Since exposure to particulate matter is a public health crisis, understanding its formation is critical. In this work, we investigate the secondary organic aerosol formation potential of benzyl alcohol, an important compound that is representative of some of these new emission sources, and find that more particulate matter forms than is expected.
The Aarhus Chamber Campaign on Highly Oxygenated Organic Molecules and Aerosols (ACCHA): particle formation, organic acids, and dimer esters from α-pinene ozonolysis at different temperatures
Kasper Kristensen, Louise N. Jensen, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Sigurd Christiansen, Bernadette Rosati, Jonas Elm, Ricky Teiwes, Henrik B. Pedersen, Marianne Glasius, Mikael Ehn, and Merete Bilde
Atmospheric particles are important in relation to human health and the global climate. As the global temperature changes, so may the atmospheric chemistry controlling the formation of particles from reactions of naturally emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the current work, we show how temperatures influence the formation and chemical composition of atmospheric particles from α-pinene: a biogenic VOC largely emitted in high-latitude environments such as the boreal forests.
Molecular understanding of the suppression of new-particle formation by isoprene
Martin Heinritzi, Lubna Dada, Mario Simon, Dominik Stolzenburg, Andrea C. Wagner, Lukas Fischer, Lauri R. Ahonen, Stavros Amanatidis, Rima Baalbaki, Andrea Baccarini, Paulus S. Bauer, Bernhard Baumgartner, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Dexian Chen, Randall Chiu, Antonio Dias, Josef Dommen, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Carla Frege, Claudia Fuchs, Olga Garmash, Hamish Gordon, Manuel Granzin, Imad El Haddad, Xucheng He, Johanna Helm, Victoria Hofbauer, Christopher R. Hoyle, Juha Kangasluoma, Timo Keber, Changhyuk Kim, Andreas Kürten, Houssni Lamkaddam, Tiia M. Laurila, Janne Lampilahti, Chuan Ping Lee, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Markus Leiminger, Huajun Mai, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna Elina Manninen, Ruby Marten, Serge Mathot, Roy Lee Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Tatjana Müller, Wei Nie, Tuomo Nieminen, Antti Onnela, Eva Partoll, Monica Passananti, Tuukka Petäjä, Joschka Pfeifer, Veronika Pospisilova, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Matti P. Rissanen, Clémence Rose, Siegfried Schobesberger, Wiebke Scholz, Kay Scholze, Mikko Sipilä, Gerhard Steiner, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Annele Virtanen, Alexander L. Vogel, Rainer Volkamer, Robert Wagner, Mingyi Wang, Lena Weitz, Daniela Wimmer, Mao Xiao, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Qiaozhi Zha, Xueqin Zhou, Antonio Amorim, Urs Baltensperger, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, António Tomé, Paul M. Winkler, Douglas R. Worsnop, Neil M. Donahue, Jasper Kirkby, and Joachim Curtius
With experiments performed at CLOUD, we show how isoprene interferes in monoterpene oxidation via RO2 termination at atmospherically relevant concentrations. This interference shifts the distribution of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) away from C20 class dimers towards C15 class dimers, which subsequently reduces both biogenic nucleation and early growth rates. Our results may help to understand the absence of new-particle formation in isoprene-rich environments.
Characterization of secondary organic aerosol from heated cooking oil emissions: evolution in composition and volatility
Manpreet Takhar, Yunchun Li, and Arthur W. H. Chan
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1043,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1043, 2020
Our study highlights the importance of molecular composition in constraining the chemical properties of cooking SOA, as well as understanding the contribution of aldehydes in formation of SOA from cooking emissions. We show that fragmentation reactions are key in atmospheric processing of cooking SOA, and aldehydes emitted from cooking emissions contribute substantially to SOA formation. Our study provides a framework to better predict SOA formation in and downwind of urban atmospheres.
Complex plant-derived organic aerosol as ice-nucleating particles – more than the sums of their parts?
Isabelle Steinke, Naruki Hiranuma, Roger Funk, Kristina Höhler, Nadine Tüllmann, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Peter G. Weidler, Ottmar Möhler, and Thomas Leisner
In this study, we highlight the potential impact of particles from certain terrestrial sources on the formation of ice crystals in clouds. In particular, we focus on biogenic particles consisting of various organic compounds, which makes it very difficult to predict the ice nucleation properties of complex ambient particles. We find that these ambient particles are often more ice active than individual components.
Liquid–liquid phase separation and morphologies in organic particles consisting of α-pinene and β-caryophyllene ozonolysis products and mixtures with commercially available organic compounds
Young-Chul Song, Ariana G. Bé, Scot T. Martin, Franz M. Geiger, Allan K. Bertram, Regan J. Thomson, and Mijung Song
We report the liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) of organic aerosol consisting of α-pinene- and β-caryophyllene-derived ozonolysis products and commercial organic compounds. As compositional complexity increased from one to two organic species, LLPS occurred over a wider range of average O : C values (increasing from 0.44 to 0.67). These results provide further evidence that LLPS is likely frequent in organic aerosol particles in the troposphere, even in the absence of inorganic salt.
Characterization of primary and aged wood burning and coal combustion organic aerosols in environmental chamber and its implications for atmospheric aerosols
Amir Yazdani, Nikunj Dudani, Satoshi Takahama, Amelie Bertrand, André S. H. Prévôt, Imad El Haddad, and Ann M. Dillner
Functional group composition of primary and aged aerosols from wood burning and coal combustion sources from chamber experiments are interpreted through compounds present in the fuels and known gas-phase oxidation products. Infrared spectra of aged wood burning in the chamber and ambient biomass burning samples reveal striking similarities, and a new method for identifying burning-impacted samples in monitoring network measurements is presented.
Oligomer and highly oxygenated organic molecule formation from oxidation of oxygenated monoterpenes emitted by California sage plants
Archit Mehra, Jordan E. Krechmer, Andrew Lambe, Chinmoy Sarkar, Leah Williams, Farzaneh Khalaj, Alex Guenther, John Jayne, Hugh Coe, Douglas Worsnop, Celia Faiola, and Manjula Canagaratna
Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from plants are important for tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Real plant emissions are much more diverse than the few proxies widely used for studies of plant SOA. Here we present the first study of SOA from Californian sage plants and the oxygenated monoterpenes representing their major emissions. We identify SOA products and show the importance of the formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules and oligomers.
Technical note: Emission factors, chemical composition and morphology of particles emitted from Euro 5 diesel and gasoline light duty vehicles during transient cycles
Evangelia Kostenidou, Alvaro Martinez-Valiente, Badr R'Mili, Baptiste Marques, Brice Temime-Roussel, Michel André, Yao Liu, Cédric Louis, Boris Vansevenant, Daniel Ferry, Carine Laffon, Philippe Parent, and Barbara D'Anna
Passenger vehicles' emissions can be a significant source of particulate matter in urban areas. In this study the particle phase emissions of seven Euro 5 passenger cars were characterized. Changes in engine technologies and after-treatment devices can alter the chemical composition and the size of the emitted particulate matter. The condition of the Diesel Particle Filter (DPF) plays an important role on the emitted pollutants.
Laboratory studies of fresh and aged biomass burning aerosol emitted from east African biomass fuels – Part 2: Chemical properties and characterization
Damon M. Smith, Tianqu Cui, Marc N. Fiddler, Rudra P. Pokhrel, Jason D. Surratt, and Solomon Bililign
Biomass fuels used for domestic purposes in east Africa produce a significant atmospheric burden of aerosols and volatile organic compounds. The chemical properties and composition of these aerosols have not been investigated in the laboratory. In this work methanol extracts from filter samples of aerosol collected from an indoor smog chamber were analyzed to determine the chemical composition and identify the light absorption properties of organic aerosol constituents.
Impact of NOx on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from α-pinene and β-pinene photooxidation: the role of highly oxygenated organic nitrates
Iida Pullinen, Sebastian Schmitt, Sungah Kang, Mehrnaz Sarrafzadeh, Patrick Schlag, Stefanie Andres, Einhard Kleist, Thomas F. Mentel, Franz Rohrer, Monika Springer, Ralf Tillmann, Jürgen Wildt, Cheng Wu, Defeng Zhao, Andreas Wahner, and Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
Biogenic and anthropogenic air masses mix in the atmosphere, bringing plant-emitted monoterpenes and traffic-related nitrogen oxides together. There is debate whether the presence of nitrogen oxides reduces or increases secondary aerosol formation. This is important as secondary aerosols have cooling effects in the climate system but also constitute a health risk in populated areas. We show that the presence of NOx alone should not much affect the mass yields of secondary organic aerosols.
Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India
Gareth J. Stewart, Beth S. Nelson, W. Joe F. Acton, Adam R. Vaughan, Naomi J. Farren, James R. Hopkins, Martyn W. Ward, Stefan J. Swift, Rahul Arya, Arnab Mondal, Ritu Jangirh, Sakshi Ahlawat, Lokesh Yadav, Sudhir K. Sharma, Siti S. M. Yunus, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Eiko Nemitz, Neil Mullinger, Ranu Gadi, Lokesh K. Sahu, Nidhi Tripathi, Andrew R. Rickard, James D. Lee, Tuhin K. Mandal, and Jacqueline F. Hamilton
Biomass burning releases many lower molecular weight organic species which are difficult to analyse, but important to the formation of organic aerosol. This study examined a new high-resolution technique to a better characterise these difficult to analyse organic components. Some burning sources analysed in this study, such as cow dung cake and municipal solid waste, released extremely complex mixtures containing many thousands of different lower-volatility organic compounds.
Evaluation of the chemical composition of gas- and particle-phase products of aromatic oxidation
Archit Mehra, Yuwei Wang, Jordan E. Krechmer, Andrew Lambe, Francesca Majluf, Melissa A. Morris, Michael Priestley, Thomas J. Bannan, Daniel J. Bryant, Kelly L. Pereira, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Andrew R. Rickard, Mike J. Newland, Harald Stark, Philip Croteau, John T. Jayne, Douglas R. Worsnop, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Lin Wang, and Hugh Coe
Aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from anthropogenic activity are important for tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Here we present a detailed chemical characterisation of SOA from four C9-aromatic isomers and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). We identify and compare their oxidation products in the gas and particle phases, showing the different relative importance of oxidation pathways and proportions of highly oxygenated organic molecules.
Glyoxal's impact on dry ammonium salts: fast and reversible surface aerosol browning
David O. De Haan, Lelia N. Hawkins, Kevin Jansen, Hannah G. Welsh, Raunak Pednekar, Alexia de Loera, Natalie G. Jimenez, Margaret A. Tolbert, Mathieu Cazaunau, Aline Gratien, Antonin Bergé, Edouard Pangui, Paola Formenti, and Jean-François Doussin
When exposed to glyoxal in chamber experiments, dry ammonium or methylammonium sulfate particles turn brown immediately and reversibly without increasing in size. Much less browning was observed on wet aerosol particles, and no browning was observed with sodium sulfate aerosol. While estimated dry aerosol light absorption caused by background glyoxal (70 ppt) is insignificant compared to that of secondary brown carbon overall, in polluted regions this process could be a source of brown carbon.
Oxygenated products formed from OH-initiated reactions of trimethylbenzene: autoxidation and accretion
Yuwei Wang, Archit Mehra, Jordan E. Krechmer, Gan Yang, Xiaoyu Hu, Yiqun Lu, Andrew Lambe, Manjula Canagaratna, Jianmin Chen, Douglas Worsnop, Hugh Coe, and Lin Wang
A series of OH-initiated oxidation experiments of trimethylbenzene were investigated in the absence and presence of NOx. Many C9 products with 1–11 oxygen atoms and C18 products presumably formed from dimerization of C9 peroxy radicals were observed, hinting at the extensive existence of autoxidation and accretion reaction pathways. The presence of NOx would suppress the formation of highly oxygenated C18 molecules and enhance the formation of organonitrates and even dinitrate compounds.
Biomass-burning-derived particles from a wide variety of fuels – Part 2: Effects of photochemical aging on particle optical and chemical properties
Christopher D. Cappa, Christopher Y. Lim, David H. Hagan, Matthew Coggon, Abigail Koss, Kanako Sekimoto, Joost de Gouw, Timothy B. Onasch, Carsten Warneke, and Jesse H. Kroll
Smoke from combustion of a wide range of biomass fuels (e.g., leaves, twigs, logs, peat, and dung) was photochemically aged in a small chamber for up to 8 d of equivalent atmospheric aging. Upon aging, the particle chemical composition and ability to absorb sunlight changed owing to reactions in both the gas and particulate phases. We developed a model to explain the observations and used this to derive insights into the aging of smoke in the atmosphere.
Measured solid state and subcooled liquid vapour pressures of nitroaromatics using Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry
Petroc D. Shelley, Thomas J. Bannan, Stephen D. Worrall, M. Rami Alfarra, Ulrich K. Krieger, Carl J. Percival, Arthur Garforth, and David Topping
The methods used to estimate the vapour pressures of compounds in the atmosphere typically perform poorly when applied to organic compounds found in the atmosphere. New measurements have been made and compared to previous experimental data and estimated values so that the limitations within the estimation methods can be identified and in the future be rectified.
Polar semivolatile organic compounds in biomass-burning emissions and their chemical transformations during aging in an oxidation flow reactor
Deep Sengupta, Vera Samburova, Chiranjivi Bhattarai, Adam C. Watts, Hans Moosmüller, and Andrey Y. Khlystov
This paper presents important results on the atmospheric chemistry of combustion emissions. Organic compounds from these emissions can contribute significantly to chemical and physical properties of atmospheric aerosols. In this paper, a detailed chemical analysis of gas- and particle-phase polar organic compounds from the laboratory combustion of globally important fuels is presented. The aging experiments were performed to understand the fate of biomass-burning organics in the atmosphere.
Temperature effects on optical properties and chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol derived from n-dodecane
Junling Li, Weigang Wang, Kun Li, Wenyu Zhang, Chao Peng, Li Zhou, Bo Shi, Yan Chen, Mingyuan Liu, Hong Li, and Maofa Ge
Long-chain alkanes (a large fraction of diesel fuel and its exhaust) are important potential contributors of SOA. Through the analysis of the components of formed SOA, we found that low-temperature conditions promote the oligomerization of n-dodecane, and the degree of oligomerization can reach tetramerization. The presence of the oligomers enhances the light extinction of the particles. UV-scattering particles in the boundary layer can accelerate photochemical reactions and haze production.
An investigation on hygroscopic properties of 15 black carbon (BC)-containing particles from different carbon sources: roles of organic and inorganic components
Minli Wang, Yiqun Chen, Heyun Fu, Xiaolei Qu, Bengang Li, Shu Tao, and Dongqiang Zhu
The mechanism and factors controlling the hygroscopicity of black-carbon-containing particles (BCPs) from different carbon sources are not well understood. We thoroughly characterized the chemical and compositional properties of 15 samples of BCPs from different sources (wood, herb, and soot) and further investigated their hygroscopicity. Depending on the carbon source, organic carbon and dissolved mineral contents were key determinants of the equilibrium and kinetics of water uptake by BCPs.
Deconvolution of FIGAERO–CIMS thermal desorption profiles using positive matrix factorisation to identify chemical and physical processes during particle evaporation
Angela Buchholz, Arttu Ylisirniö, Wei Huang, Claudia Mohr, Manjula Canagaratna, Douglas R. Worsnop, Siegfried Schobesberger, and Annele Virtanen
To understand the role of aerosol particles in the atmosphere, it is necessary to know their detailed chemical composition and physical properties, especially volatility. The thermal desorption data from FIGAERO–CIMS provides both but are difficult to analyse. With positive matrix factorisation, we can separate instrument background from the real signal. Compounds can be classified by their apparent volatility, and the contribution of thermal decomposition in the instrument can be identified.
Mineralogy and geochemistry of Asian dust: dependence on migration path, fractionation, and reactions with polluted air
Gi Young Jeong
During long-range transport, mineral dust interacts with the atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, and pedosphere, influencing ecosystems, the atmospheric energy balance, and air quality. This study analyzed the mineral and chemical compositions of Asian dust samples collected during 14 years in Korea. The result showed mineralogical and geochemical variation depending on the dust migration path, fractionation, and atmospheric reactions as well as average properties.
Photochemical transformation of residential wood combustion emissions: dependence of organic aerosol composition on OH exposure
Anni Hartikainen, Petri Tiitta, Mika Ihalainen, Pasi Yli-Pirilä, Jürgen Orasche, Hendryk Czech, Miika Kortelainen, Heikki Lamberg, Heikki Suhonen, Hanna Koponen, Liqing Hao, Ralf Zimmermann, Jorma Jokiniemi, Jarkko Tissari, and Olli Sippula
Residential wood combustion emits large amounts of organic compounds, which are transformed in the atmosphere via photochemical ageing reactions. We assessed this organic emission at various stages of exposure with an oxidation flow reactor. Ageing led to major changes in both gaseous and particulate phases including increased acidic compounds and transformation of the polycyclic aromatic compounds. Such changes have serious implications for the health- and climate-related effects of combustion.
Seawater analysis by ambient mass-spectrometry-based seaomics
Nicolás Zabalegui, Malena Manzi, Antoine Depoorter, Nathalie Hayeck, Marie Roveretto, Chunlin Li, Manuela van Pinxteren, Hartmut Herrmann, Christian George, and María Eugenia Monge
A new approach to bridging different fields of science by studying the air–sea interface is described. An untargeted ambient mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics method enables the study of enriched organic compounds found on the sea surface for air–water transfer processes. Results from the metabolomics experiments and a lab-to-field approach provide new opportunities for characterizing the seawater organic-matter content and discovering compounds involved in aerosol-formation processes.
Molecular composition and photochemical evolution of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) extracted from field biomass burning aerosols using high-resolution mass spectrometry
Jing Cai, Xiangying Zeng, Guorui Zhi, Sasho Gligorovski, Guoying Sheng, Zhiqiang Yu, Xinming Wang, and Ping'an Peng
The composition and light-induced evolution of a water-soluble organic carbon mixture from fresh biomass burning aerosols was investigated with direct infusion electrospray ionisation high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with HRMS. Our findings indicate that the water-soluble organic fraction of combustion-derived aerosols has the potential to form more oxidised organic matter, contributing to the highly oxygenated nature of atmospheric organic aerosols.
Heterogeneous oxidation of amorphous organic aerosol surrogates by O3, NO3, and OH at typical tropospheric temperatures
Jienan Li, Seanna M. Forrester, and Daniel A. Knopf
Organic aerosol is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and can change its phase state from liquid to solid in response to temperature. Our laboratory measurements demonstrate that the chemical reactivity of typical organic aerosol species with atmospheric oxidants is modulated by the species' phase state. We find that under temperatures typical of the middle and upper troposphere the chemical lifetime of organic aerosol can be significantly extended due to the reduced reactive uptake of gas oxidants.
High levels of primary biogenic organic aerosols are driven by only a few plant-associated microbial taxa
Abdoulaye Samaké, Aurélie Bonin, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Pierre Taberlet, Samuël Weber, Gaëlle Uzu, Véronique Jacob, Sébastien Conil, and Jean M. F. Martins
Despite being a major source of coarse organic matter, primary biogenic organic aerosols (PBOAs) remain poorly implemented in source-resolved chemical transport models. This study, based on an intensive field sampling of aerosols, combined physicochemical characterizations of PM10 with DNA high-throughput sequencing to provide a comprehensive understanding of the microbial fingerprints associated with primary sugar compounds (tracers of PBOAs) and their main surrounding environmental sources.
Formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules from chlorine-atom-initiated oxidation of alpha-pinene
Yonghong Wang, Matthieu Riva, Hongbin Xie, Liine Heikkinen, Simon Schallhart, Qiaozhi Zha, Chao Yan, Xu-Cheng He, Otso Peräkylä, and Mikael Ehn
Chamber experiments were conducted with alpha-pinene and chlorine under low- and high-nitrogen-oxide (NOX) conditions. We estimated the HOM yields from chlorine-initiated oxidation of alpha-pinene under low-NOX conditions to be around 1.8 %, though with a uncertainty range (0.8 %–4 %) due to lack of suitable calibration methods. Our study clearly demonstrates that the chlorine-atom-initiated oxidation of alpha-pinene can produce low-volatility organic compounds.
Pre-deliquescent water uptake in deposited nanoparticles observed with in situ ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Jack J. Lin, Kamal Raj R, Stella Wang, Esko Kokkonen, Mikko-Heikki Mikkelä, Samuli Urpelainen, and Nønne L. Prisle
The evolutionary behavior of chromophoric brown carbon during ozone aging of fine particles from biomass burning
Xingjun Fan, Tao Cao, Xufang Yu, Yan Wang, Xin Xiao, Feiyue Li, Yue Xie, Wenchao Ji, Jianzhong Song, and Ping'an Peng
A particle-phase O3 oxidation of biomass burning (BB) smoke particles was conducted to investigate the evolution of brown carbon (BrC) therein. The O3 aging induced the decomposition of chromophores and fluorophores. EEM–PARAFAC showed a predominant decomposition of protein-like substances and a gradual increase proportion of humic-like substances for BB BrC during O3 aging. The dynamic spectral behavior of chromophores and functional groups within BrC was further explored by 2D-COS.
Technical note: Preparation and purification of atmospherically relevant α-hydroxynitrate esters of monoterpenes
Elena Ali McKnight, Nicole P. Kretekos, Demi Owusu, and Rebecca Lyn LaLonde
This report describes a simple, safe and effective method to prepare nitrate esters of terpenes (carene, limonene, perillic alcohol, beta-pinene and alpha-pinene) which are key oxidation products in the atmosphere. These compounds are implicated in the formation of secondary organic aerosols. A compilation of the relevant spectroscopic data has been presented. The availability of these compounds and their characterization data will enable further study of the structure–reactivity relationships.
Effect of inorganic-to-organic mass ratio on the heterogeneous OH reaction rates of erythritol: implications for atmospheric chemical stability of 2-methyltetrols
Rongshuang Xu, Hoi Ki Lam, Kevin R. Wilson, James F. Davies, Mijung Song, Wentao Li, Ying-Lung Steve Tse, and Man Nin Chan
Atmospheric particles, a complex mixture of inorganic salts, organic compounds and water, can continually undergo heterogeneous oxidation initiated by gas-phase oxidants at the particle surface. We found that ammonium sulfate can decelerate the rate of heterogeneous OH reaction with 2-methyltetrols when the inorganic-to-organic mass ratio increases. These results would suggest 2-methyltetrols are likely chemically stable against heterogeneous OH oxidation in the atmosphere.
Ambient air quality in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, during the pre-monsoon: concentrations and sources of particulate matter and trace gases
Md. Robiul Islam, Thilina Jayarathne, Isobel J. Simpson, Benjamin Werden, John Maben, Ashley Gilbert, Puppala S. Praveen, Sagar Adhikari, Arnico K. Panday, Maheswar Rupakheti, Donald R. Blake, Robert J. Yokelson, Peter F. DeCarlo, William C. Keene, and Elizabeth A. Stone
The Kathmandu Valley experiences high levels of air pollution. In this study, atmospheric gases and particulate matter were characterized by online and off-line measurements, with an emphasis on understanding their sources. The major sources of particulate matter and trace gases were identified as garbage burning, biomass burning, and vehicles. The majority of secondary organic aerosol was attributed to anthropogenic precursors, while a minority was attributed to biogenic gases.
Morphology and size of the particles emitted from a gasoline-direct-injection-engine vehicle and their ageing in an environmental chamber
Jiaoping Xing, Longyi Shao, Wenbin Zhang, Jianfei Peng, Wenhua Wang, Shijin Shuai, Min Hu, and Daizhou Zhang
Our results highlight the contribution of gasoline-direct-injection (GDI) vehicles to aerosols, both primary and secondary. The major particles from GDI vehicles are organic and soot particles; they actively participate in chemical conversions in the atmosphere, leading to morphology and composition changes in hours. Rapid ageing could be attributable to the acid-catalysed mechanism and high concentrations of gaseous pollutants. These results would be beneficial for control of PM2.5 pollution.
A robust clustering algorithm for analysis of composition-dependent organic aerosol thermal desorption measurements
Ziyue Li, Emma L. D'Ambro, Siegfried Schobesberger, Cassandra J. Gaston, Felipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker, Jiumeng Liu, John E. Shilling, Joel A. Thornton, and Christopher D. Cappa
We discuss the development and application of a robust clustering method for the interpretation of compound-specific organic aerosol thermal desorption profiles. We demonstrate the utility of clustering for analysis and interpretation of the composition and volatility of secondary organic aerosol. We show that the thermal desorption profiles are represented by only 9–13 distinct clusters, with the number of clusters obtained dependent on the precursor and formation conditions.
Aiken, A. C., DeCarlo, P. F., and Jimenez, J. L.: Elemental analysis of organic species with electron ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 79, 8350–8358, 2007.
Aiken, A. C., Decarlo, P. F., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Mohr, C., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Ziemann, P. J., Canagaratna, M. R., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Prevot, A. S., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Metzger, A., Baltensperger, U., and Jimenez, J. L.: O/C and OM/OC ratios of primary, secondary, and ambient organic aerosols with high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4478–4485, 2008.
Aiken, A. C., Salcedo, D., Cubison, M. J., Huffman, J. A., DeCarlo, P. F., Ulbrich, I. M., Docherty, K. S., Sueper, D., Kimmel, J. R., Worsnop, D. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Stone, E. A., Schauer, J. J., Volkamer, R. M., Fortner, E., de Foy, B., Wang, J., Laskin, A., Shutthanandan, V., Zheng, J., Zhang, R., Gaffney, J., Marley, N. A., Paredes-Miranda, G., Arnott, W. P., Molina, L. T., Sosa, G., and Jimenez, J. L.: Mexico City aerosol analysis during MILAGRO using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry at the urban supersite (T0) – Part 1: Fine particle composition and organic source apportionment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6633–6653, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6633-2009, 2009.
Alfarra, M. R., Prevot, A. S. H., Szidat, S., Sandradewi, J., Weimer, S., Lanz, V. A., Schreiber, D., Mohr, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Identification of the mass spectral signature of organic aerosols from wood burning emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 5770–5777, 2007.
Allan, J. D., Williams, P. I., Morgan, W. T., Martin, C. L., Flynn, M. J., Lee, J., Nemitz, E., Phillips, G. J., Gallagher, M. W., and Coe, H.: Contributions from transport, solid fuel burning and cooking to primary organic aerosols in two UK cities, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 647–668, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-647-2010, 2010.
Chirico, R., DeCarlo, P. F., Heringa, M. F., Tritscher, T., Richter, R., Prevot, A. S. H., Dommen, J., Weingartner, E., Wehrle, G., Gysel, M., Laborde, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Impact of aftertreatment devices on primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation potential from in-use diesel vehicles: results from smog chamber experiments, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 16055–16109, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-16055-2010, 2010.
DeCarlo, P. F., Kimmel, J. R., Trimborn, A., Northway M. J., Jayne, J. T., Aiken, A. C., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Horvath, T., Docherty, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Field-Deployable, High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 8281–8289, 2006.
Docherty, K. S., Stone, E. A., Ulbrich, I. M., DeCarlo, P. F., Snyder, D. C., Schauer, J. J., Peltier, R. E., Weber, R. J., Murphy, S. M., Seinfeld, J. H., Grover, B. D., Eatough, D. J., and Jimenez, J. L.: Apportionment of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosols in Southern California during the 2005 Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside (SOAR-1), Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7655–7662, 2008.
Drewnick, F., Hings, S. S., DeCarlo, P., Jayne, J. T., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Weimer, S., Jimenez, J. L., Demerjian, K. L., Borrmann, S., and Worsnop, D. R.: A new time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (TOF-AMS) – Instrument description and first field deployment, Aerosol. Sci. Tech., 39, 637–658, 2005.
Gelencsér, A., Hoffer, A., Krivàcsy, Z., Kiss, G., Molnár, A., and Mészáros, E.: On the possible origin of humic matter in fine continental aerosol, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4137, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001299, 2000.
He, L.-Y., Hu, M., Huang, X.-F., Yu, B.-D., Zhang, H.-Y., and Liu, D.-Q.: Measurement of emissions of fine particulate organic matter from Chinese cooking, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6557–6564, 2004.
He, L.-Y., Xue, L., Huang, X.-F., Hu, M., Lin, Y., Liu, R.-L., Zheng, J., Zhang, R., and Zhang, Y.-H.: Submicron aerosol analysis and organic source apportionment in a coastal urban atmosphere in South China using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., under review, 2010.
Huang, X.-F., He, L.-Y., Hu, M., Canagaratna, M. R., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhu, T., Xue, L., Zeng, L.-W., Liu, X.-G., Zhang, Y.-H., Jayne, J. T., Ng, N. L., and Worsnop, D. R.: Highly time-resolved chemical characterization of atmospheric submicron particles during 2008 Beijing Olympic Games using an Aerodyne High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8933–8945, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8933-2010, 2010.
Jayne, J. T., Leard, D. C., Zhang, X. F., Davidovits, P., Smith, K. A., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and composition analysis of submicron particles, Aerosol. Sci. Tech., 33, 49–70, 2000.
Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prevot, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D. , Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J., Dunlea, E. J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A. M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525–1529, 2009.
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Supplement (54 KB)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
We took the train from Union Station in Washington, D.C., crossing Philadelphia and finally reaching our next destination; the Big Apple. We had amazing weather at D.C. but the climate during our New York visit took an extremely cold turn. The train journey was around 3 hours long and it was a ride in constant waterworks. To make matters worse, as soon as we stepped out of Pennsylvania Station, we felt a gush of wind pushing us; luggage and all. The weather was to be extremely windy with rainy intervals throughout our stay here. Nonetheless, we were in one of the most talked about cities in the world so we double-coated ourselves and headed out to explore this concrete jungle where dreams are made of!
Our first reaction was, "My God, the buildings are tall!" Almost unnecessarily tall! But then again, that's the whole appeal of the place, it really is like no other. Our first stop was Times Square which felt like a much bigger version of Leicester Square. Enormous digital screens and billboards were advertising and sharing almost everything, including a birthday message for a Korean pop artist. The classic yellow cabs ran busy through every street and steam rose from underneath the pavements, just like how they're portrayed in American movies. I looked up into this and it turns out that New York has a steam heating system which carries station-generated steam under Manhattan's streets to heat buildings. And Joey from the famous sitcom, Friends, was right. GAP really is in every corner!
Our hotel was in Hell's Kitchen near Central Park but the weather was so cold and windy that we were actually advised to avoid the park grounds. So, taking shelter from building to building, we lunged our way to Lower Manhattan followed by the World Trade Center. The 9/11 Memorial site touches you quite deeply and reflects a message of unity. However, personally, I did find it a bit awkward to see an enormous shopping mall right next door.
We took a lot of videos around Rockefeller Center which have been posted in our Instagram account. Do check them out if you would like to follow up on where we've been.
We then headed towards Brooklyn, a place where although we didn't spend much time in, I ended up falling in love with.
The bridge is iconic and very impressive in every possible way. My view may be biased as I had never crossed a bridge this huge on foot before. Once you reach mid-way, you can see Manhattan on one side and Brooklyn on the other. Landscape wise, there is clearly a structural division between the two places. However, a stroll down Brooklyn and you will notice less differences, definitely in terms of prices, which we were told was a result of gentrification. Overall, our trip to NYC was great despite the weather. We enjoyed a lot of good food which are featured in our Insta. Prices in New York are very similar to that in London. Food may initially appear cheaper but it's the tipping that'll equate it to London dining. I will now be passing the typing baton over to Damber who will cover our trip in the West Coast; California and Nevada!
Man in Manhattan; Damber poses in front of Brooklyn Bridge
A picture e-book by 2 amateur photographers...
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We took the train from Union Station in Washingto...
The first thing you think about when someone ment...
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Barcelona Heatwave
The Streets of Venice
A year later: Kathmandu
Camden food market
The Long Awaited Road Trip | Episode 3 (France, Spain, Switzerland and Germany)
The Long Awaited Road Trip | Episode 1
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I recently purchased your theme and I've had a go at using the Rev Slider, following the tutorial as provided by the creators of the slider. It installed fine but when I go to create a new slide the layout is completely different from everyone else I have seen, the <create slider> button doesn't work and none of the menus move/expand.
I'm using Chrome with a Wordpress site. I have tried in Safari with the same result.
Screenshots are attached so you can see what I have.


The kidneys are vital for life with their complex network of blood vessels and intricate network of tubes and tubules that filter waste products and excess water from the blood.
The kidneys help to regulate fluid, electrolyte, and acid levels in the body; levels that can be altered by disease, drugs and toxins.
If you are thinking of going overseas for treatment for a Nephrology condition, IMT can help.
We can link you with our affiliated hospitals and clinics in Dubai, Thailand and India for cost-effective, high quality treatments for the kidneys. All our affiliated hospitals and clinics are internationally accredited and have state-of-the-art operating theaters and equipment.
Please click on the type of kidney condition from the list below to see the common treatment options. Please note that if the kidney treatment is not listed below, please contact us and we will find out if the treatment is available at one of our partner hospitals.
Surgery: This is done to remove the part of the kidney or all of the kidney that has the cancer cells present and is often followed by other treatment options.
Chemotherapy: This treatment uses anti- cancer drugs to kill the cancer cells in the body. These drugs can be taken orally or injected into the body.
Radiotherapy: This involves using high- energy beams to kill cancer cells and may be external (using x- rays) or internal by using radioactive pellets.
Targeted Therapy: It is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to target specific cancer cells without causing damage to normal cells.
Immunotherapy: This cancer treatment option is meant to boost the immune system of the body and make it aware of the presence of cancer in the body thereby being able to fight the cancer cells.
Transplant: If both kidneys need to be removed, a transfer of a health kidney from a donor could be done. The blood type of both the donor and recipient must be compatible.
Transplant: This involves transferring a healthy kidney from a donor to a recipient. The blood type of both the donor and recipient must be compatible.
Haemodialysis: In this type of dialysis, hemodialyzer is used to remove waste and extra chemicals and fluid from the blood.
Peritoneal Dialysis: The blood is cleaned inside the body by placing a plastic tube (catheter) into the abdomen through which excess toxins are removed from the blood.
Hormone Replacement Therapy: This is used to rectify the steroid hormones in the body. Can be done using Oral Corticosteroids like cortisone acetate which is used to replace cortisol hormones.
Corticosteroids Injection: This is used for people who vomit and are unable to retain the oral medications.
Maybe you don't have access to a hospital or clinic that can give you the treatment that you need. IMT can help you access cost-effective, high quality kidney treatments at our affiliated hospitals in Dubai, Thailand and India. We can link you with the right hospital and arrange your travel.
To learn more on overseas kidney treatments available at our partner hospitals please click the button below..
A number of our partner hospitals have well equipped, state-of-the-art, dedicated Nephrology departments.
If you would like to find out more about Kidney related disease and its different types, we have put together a few high quality links that could be useful.
This site provides a good overview of Nephrology conditions and treatments.
Both site provides a good overview of kidney disease prevention.
If you would like to find out more about kidney treatments at top hospitals in India, Dubai and Thailand, please contact us today.


text:
BEM, originally known as Bemusing Magazine, was a British fanzine focused on comic books which was published roughly five times a year from 1973 to 1982. The brainchild of Martin Lock, BEM featured American and British comics industry news and gossip, interviews, comic reviews, essays, columns, and comic strips. Billed as "The Comics News Fanzine," BEM eventually transitioned into a professionally produced comics magazine. As time went on, the fanzine also became more of a "strip-zine," with original comics content — some of it written by Lock — increasing year by year. Notable artistic contributors to BEM over the years included Brian Bolland, Dave Gibbons, Mike McMahon, Bryan Talbot, Chris Ash, and Dave Harwood.

Publication history
Lock launched Bemusing Magazine on November 17, 1973, and he sold early issues to customers waiting outside the frequent comic marts held in London, as well as the annual edition of the British Comic Art Convention ("Comicon"). After producing the first three issues of Bemusing by himself, Lock began accepting contributions from others with issue #4 (Feb. 1975). Nige Edwards became Bemusing's assistant editor with issue #4, staying on until mid-1977.

One of Bemusing Magazine's key features was its publication of U.S.-based comics industry news that Lock acquired from the long-running American fanzine The Comic Reader (TCR). BEM was generally published on alternate months of Richard Burton's UK fanzine Comic Media News, which also used TCR news, thus providing a dose of monthly comic industry news for readers of both publications.

Bemusing #8 (Jan. 1976) was a combined issue with issue #4 of Rob Barrow's Comic Fandom Bulletin. Bemusing #9 (May 1976) was a double-issue, as it also contained the fanzine-within-a-fanzine The U.K. Heroine Addict, an attempt by Lock to increase British membership in the U.S.-based Comics Heroines Fan Club.

The title of the publication officially changed from Bemusing Magazine to BEM with issue #15 (Sept. 1977).

BEM was a supporter of the Eagle Awards, which were introduced in 1977. BEM published nominating ballots in the lead-up to voting, and always posted a list of each year's Eagle Award winners. In later years, Lock polled his own readers with the "BEM Ballot."

With issue #16 (Dec. 1977), BEM began incorporating Mike Cruden's adzine Fantasy Trader into its pages. Cruden at that point became the fanzine's "consulting editor," staying in that role until 1980. One of Cruden's main duties was coordinating Reaction, the lengthy and spirited letters page, of BEM. (The British Amateur Press Association was formed in 1977 in part due to a letter published in Reaction.)

The covers of most early issues featured a selection of miniaturized reproductions of the comics being written about inside the issue. With issue #21 (Nov. 1978), BEM began featuring original covers, with art by the likes of Mike Higgs, Nick Neocleous, Chris Ash, Russ Nicholson, Hunt Emerson, Brian Bolland, Bryan Talbot, Dave Gibbons, Mike McMahon, Joe Staton, Colin Wilson, Dave Harwood, and Kevin O'Neill. Notable interior illustrators for BEM included Ash, Mercy Van Vlack, and Kev F. Sutherland.

BEM #31 (Dec. 1980) was a combined issue with another fanzine, Mike Taylor's Masters of Infinity #6. (Taylor became BEM's assistant editor at that time.)

By the late 1970s BEM had become the UK's leading comics zine, winning the Eagle Award for Favourite Fan Publication in both 1980 and 1981.

BEM was acquired by the U.S.-based publisher New Media Publishing (NMP) in 1981, ostensibly to distribute BEM in the U.S. and widen its readership. The changeover, however, led to production delays: issue #34 was published in July 1981 and issue #35 (NMP's first issue) didn't arrive until spring 1982. In addition, BEM's continued focus on the British comics scene led to low sales. The end came shortly when New Media Publishing went out of business in 1982. In the end, BEM published 36 issues from November 1973 to 1982.

In 1981, as BEM wound down, Lock revived Fantasy Advertiser, a popular British fanzine dating back to 1965 which had been dormant for years. Lock incorporated the "BEM News Service" comic industry news feature into Fantasy Advertiser, which he edited until 1985, putting out 20 issues. Meanwhile, in 1984, Lock started his own comics publisher, Harrier Comics, which operated until 1989.

Features and columns
BEM featured a number of recurring columns by a regular stable of contributors, including Lock himself (News at BEM, Emlock Tale-Enders, and Worlds of Emlock), Ed Sallis (Fan Things), K. Williams (Sigh), Kathleen Glancy (Katholocity), Ruan Lanihorne (Made in Britain/Unamerican Activities), Rich Morrisey (Rich Morrisey's America), and Howard P. Siegel (Made in America).

 Bemusings/News at BEM — Lock's introduction to each issue
 Comics News — U.S. and British industry news, usually compiled by Lock
 Reg Uspatoff by "Reg Uspatoff" ("R.U.") — the title being a play on "U.S. Registered Patent Office"
 Rich Morrisey's America written by the publisher of the U.S. fanzine Batmania (issues #8–17)
 Made in Americaby Howard P. Siegel — U.S. comics history
 Made in Britain by Ruan Lanihorne; later became known as Unamerican Activities
 Mal Burns' Unamerican Activities
 Katholocity by Kathleen Glancy
 Sigh by K. Williams
 Fan-Things by Ed Sallis — "a column of fan news and fanzine reviews"
 Review Section (later known as Bemuscene) — with contributions from various reviewers
 Reaction — lengthy letters pages
 Emlock Tale-Enders by Martin Lock ("M. Lock") — usually at the back of the magazine
 Worlds of Emlock by Martin Lock

Comic strips
Bemusing began publishing original comic strips early on, starting with Lock's own strip Captain Nuts (produced under his alias, "Superswipe"). Issue #8 saw the introduction of a dedicated comics page, "Page Four Funnies," which lasted until issue #12, when the strips began to be distributed throughout the fanzine. Cartoonist Chris Ash was a long-time contributor to BEM in the period 1976 to 1978, with his most regular strips being Captain Frog and The Adventures of Stangroom the Woodpecker (possibly a reference to fellow fanzine artist Howard Stangroom). Issue #20 of BEM (Aug. 1978) featured a 16-page Captain Frog story by Ash that took up a large portion of the issue.

Terry Moore's Thundermole was a regular feature in BEM from issue #13 (May 1977) until issue #34 (July 1981).

Starting with issue #25 (Sept. 1979) and running through the final issue was the ongoing science-fiction strip H.M.S. Conqueror, written by Lock and illustrated by Dave Harwood, with each strip often running 4-5 pages per issue. Stephen Baskerville was a guest artist on H.M.S. Conqueror with issue #30. A bonus episode of H.M.S. Conqueror, written and drawn by Paul Alexander, appeared in BEM's final issue, #36. (The stories published in BEM later made their way into the first few issues of Conqueror, the first title published by Lock when he founded Harrier Comics in 1984.)

BEM issue #25 also featured a seven-page comics story by Eddie Campbell, which was illustrated by Harwood. Other cartoonists with strips published in BEM over the years included Leslie Stannage, Philip Morton (Gleitzman), Martin Dutton, Martin Longley, Mark Casto, and J. H. Szostek. Other one-off strips were produced by the likes of Rex Dixon and Rob Davis (issues #23 & 24), Marc Baines (#14), and Dave Byrom (#14).

Regular strips in BEM over the years included:
 Captain Nuts by "Superswipe," "Schwipe" or "B. L. Schwipe" (some episodes written by Mark Bryant, penciled by Malcolm Lomax, and inked by Superswipe)  (issues #6–12) — a spoof of Peanuts
 Mighty Man by Leslie Stannage (issues #9–12)
 Captain Frog by Chris Ash (issues #13–19)
 The Adventures of Stangroom the Woodpecker by Chris Ash (issues #13-16)
 Thundermole by Terry Moore (most issues #13–34)
 Blue Lamp by Terry Moore (issues #21, 28)
 Nasty Comix by Mark Casto (issues #23–28, 36) — underground comix-type strip
 H.M.S. Conqueror by Lockwood and Dave Harwood (issues #25–36)
 The Imago by B. J. Martin and Nick Martin (issues #28, 31–34) — a strip which moved over from the defunct fanzine Graffik Sense

Interview subjects
BEM began publishing interviews with comics industry figures beginning in earnest with Dez Skinn in issue #27, March 1980.

 Rob Barrow (#9, May 1976)
 Pat Boyette (#36, 1982)
 Steve Gerber (#18, Apr. 1978)
 Dave Gibbons (#33, Apr. 1981)
 Alan Grant (#29, Aug. 1980)
 Fred Himes (#36, 1982)
 "Howard the Duck" (#12, Feb. 1977)
 Paul Levitz (#30, Nov. 1980)
 Lee Marrs (#32, Feb. 1981)
 Steve MacManus (#29, Aug. 1980)
 Bill Mantlo (#24, July 1979)
 Pat Mills (#35, Spring 1982)
 Arthur Ranson (#36, 1982)
 "Red Sonja" (#19, June 1978)
 P. Craig Russell (#33, Apr. 1981)
 Kurt Schaffenberger (#34, July 1981)
 Dez Skinn (#27, Mar. 1980)
 John Wagner (#29, Aug. 1980)

Awards
BEM was nominated for the Eagle Award for Favourite Fan Publication three times, winning the award in 1980 and 1981. The fanzine had earlier led to publisher Lock winning two Eagle Awards — the 1977 Eagle for Favourite British Fan Personality and the 1978 Eagle for Favourite British Writer. (Lock was also nominated for the 1977 Eagle for Favourite British Comics Writer.)

See also
 Fantasy Advertiser
 Speakeasy

References

Notes

Sources

External links
 BEM at CLASSIC UK COMICS ZINES

British comics zines
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
English-language magazines
Magazines about comics
Magazines established in 1973
Magazines disestablished in 1982
Magazines published in London
Visual arts magazines published in the United Kingdom

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Police arrested 80 people at the US Congress, as demonstrators voiced opposition to US lawmakers' latest efforts to make progress on a stalled healthcare bill.
Fresh clashes erupted early on Sunday in the streets of Hamburg following the end of the G20 summit, with protesters setting fire to a number of vehicles.
The unrest in Darjeeling took a deadly turn on Monday when protesters set ablaze an entire truck along with its driver.
Protesters on Monday blocked the national highway 31A at some places in Darjeeling district to protest the death of three GJM activists on Saturday.
The Jammu and Kashmir assembly failed to pass the GST bill as opposition MLAs accused the government of "blinding boys and girls by using pellet guns".
The Kashmir Valley saw violence as 14 people were killed in three separate incidents. The deceased include militants, civilians, policemen and a soldier.
President Nicolas Maduro's plan to rewrite the constitution is opposed by 85 percent of Venezuelans, according to a survey by polling company Datanalisis carried out as protests calling for presidential elections intensified.
Bharat Bhushan Vyas, an IAS officer of the 1986 batch, was on Friday appointed the new Chief Secretary of Jammu and Kashmir.


text:
Montana Fights For Medical Cannabis
Colombian President Supports Legalizing Medical Marijuana
Cannabis & Depression: Studies Suggest Marijuana Can Help
Veterans Speak Out for State Medical Marijuana Programs
By Charles S. Johnson
Montana medical marijuana advocates push final bill aimed at 2011 law.
Sen. Dave Wanzenried, D-Missoula, recently introduced Senate Bill 377 for a group called Montana Association for Rights.
No hearing date has been set yet. The bill has been assigned to the Senate Business and Labor Committee, but he hopes to get it moved to the Judiciary Committee.
SB377 may face long odds for passage because it expands the 2011 medical marijuana law in some ways.
In addition, the 2013 Legislature so far has opposed changing the current law, killing all six other bills that sought to amend it.
The 2011 law was intended to make it harder for people to get medical marijuana cards and squeeze the profits out of the industry.
In June 2011, there were 30,000 medical marijuana carders in Montana and about 4,400 providers registered with the state to supply pot to cardholders. As of last month, the numbers had plummeted to about 7,500 cardholders and 300 providers.
"To me, what the bill comes down to is two things," Wanzenried said Friday. "It provides a seed-to-sale tracking system to track all products, and it provides a remedy for many of these lawsuits."
He said the law hasn't proved workable.
"This is an issue that doesn't go away," Wanzenried said. "The litigation is costing taxpayers."
In contrast, he said, SB377 "creates a regulatory framework that's reasonable and workable."
Wanzenried said he picked up the bill draft from Rep. Pat Noonan, D-Ramsay.
"I told him and the group working on it if they came up with a bill they were satisfied with, I'd put it in," he said.
Nathan Pierce of Billings, executive director of the Montana Coalition for Rights, said the bill he helped work on would put into place the regulatory structure that voters have sought, while raising "much-needed" revenues for certain needs.
"Both of Montana's major political parties campaigned on a promise to not only support medical marijuana, but to find a workable and realistic regulatory structure," Pierce said.
Shortly after passage of the 2011 law, the Montana Cannabis Industry Association and others challenged it in court.
On the day before most of the law was to take effect in mid-2011, District Judge James Reynolds of Helena preliminarily blocked some provisions from being enforced.
These included the law's restriction on a provider furnishing medical pot to more than three cardholders and its ban preventing providers from being paid. Another section blocked would have required the Board of Medical Examiners to automatically investigate any physician who recommended medical marijuana to more 25 or more patients in any 12-month period at the doctor's expense. Another section would have authorized inspections of any provider's records.
Last fall, the Montana Supreme Court overturned Reynolds' decision and ordered him to evaluate the law under a stricter legal standard. In January, Reynolds did so under the stricter standards and issued a new order temporarily blocking the same provisions.
The bill addresses Reynolds' legal concerns.
It also changes the name of marijuana to cannabis, the name preferred by those in the business.
Under the bill, physician assistants could recommend medical marijuana for patients. Now only physicians are authorized.
It would add post-traumatic stress disorder as a condition for which someone could obtain a health care provider's recommendation to get a medical marijuana card.
The bill would create the position of "cannabis exchange broker" to describe someone registered to arrange for and carry out the transfer of marijuana and marijuana plants. Another new position would be the "courier" who is registered to transport or deliver the product.
The bill would eliminate the current requirement for those seeking to be providers to furnish their fingerprints to facilitate background checks by the state and federal agencies.
It also would strike the current law preventing the state from registering a provider who has felony conviction or conviction of a drug offense, or someone who owes taxes or penalties to a government agency, is in default on a student loan or owes child support.
The bill would allow medical marijuana cardholder to possess more pot than current law. A cardholder could have up to 2.5 ounces of usable marijuana, up from the current 1 ounce, and six mature plants, up from the current four. The number of seedlings a cardholder could have would remain at 12.
In addition, SB377 would loosen the current ban on smoking medical pot in public places.
It would create these minimum quarterly registration fees: $1,500 for a marijuana exchange broker, $1,000 for each location run by a marijuana infused-products provider, $1,000 for each location used to test marijuana and $100 for each person registered as a courier. Each provider would pay a minimal quarterly fee of $15 for each cardholder, plus $1 a quarter for each marijuana plant.
This revenue would be divvied up four ways. One-fourth would go to local governments for public works projects; one-fourth for the home- and community-based Medicaid waiver services; one-fourth to the public schools' facility and technology account; and one-fourth to improve state parks and recreation areas.
It also would create a medical cannabis advisory council.
Missoulian State Bureau reporter Charles S. Johnson can be reached at (406) 447-4066 or by email at [email protected].
Related Topics:Cannabis, medical marijuana, Montana, Montana Cannabis Industry Association
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January 4, 2018 - Alkemie - Gotham Early Music Scene, Inc.
This program takes its inspiration from the celebrations of Twelfth Night and Epiphany, celebrations that have officially marked the end of the Christmas season since the sixth-century Council of Tours. In many Christian traditions, these days observe the culmination of the journey of the three wise men or magi, august personages who traveled to bring gifts to the newborn baby Jesus. This event is customarily celebrated with liturgical services, as well as with the consumption of special foods, beverages, and general merriment, including dances, plays, and music. Our program presents festive and contemplative medieval repertoire from across the Western Christian world that tells the story of the conception, birth, veneration, and celebration of Christ.
Founded by five friends with a zeal for medieval music, Alkemie exists to share the life-affirming and alternative perspectives to be experienced in the sounds of centuries past, especially as they resonate with and challenge our modern-day perceptions. We specialize in medieval music for voices and instruments, with a particular interest in the porous boundaries of this period – traversed repeatedly from clerics penning bawdy Latin poems in manuscript margins to courtly lovers evoking the mystical sublime. www.alkemie.org.


text:
Infant Recall
By Jocelyn SelimAugust 1, 2002 5:00 AM
Even though few of us remember anything from before the age of 3, those memories may still be there. We just lack the necessary words to get at them, say developmental psychologists Harlene Hayne and Gabrielle Simcock of New Zealand's University of Otago. To explore how young children form memories, the researchers let a group of toddlers play with a custom-built toy equipped with levers, flashing lights, and sounds. When questioned about the toy a year later, the subjects reverted to an earlier style of language. "Every child had a much larger vocabulary, but not a single one used a word he or she hadn't known when the toy was originally encountered," says Hayne. When shown photographs of the toy, however, the kids could accurately re-enact how they had played with it. Apparently their ability to remember exceeded their ability to talk about it. Hayne believes that language functions like a card-catalog system for memory. Experiences that occur before we have language seem to vanish because they get no index, she says: "The books are lost on the shelves. Whether you find one is hit or miss."
HealthWorried About Swearing Too Much? Science Says You Shouldn't Be
HealthWhy Some People Love the Smell of Gasoline
MindI Tried to Find What Truth and Beauty Looked Like in My Brain
MindWhy Babies Are So Cute — And Why We React the Way We Do
MindYour Bad Day Is Probably Stressing Out Your Pup, Too
Health'Broken Heart Syndrome' Actually Begins In Our Brains


REGISTRATION FOR THE 2019 ERS IS CURRENTLY OPEN FOR ALL MEMBERS.
1. The Eastern Regional Symposium (ERS) is a MEMBERS ONLY event.
2. At this time registration is currently open to End User Members and Sponsors. All members within the seven participating ERS Chapter are welcome to register.
3. You MUST be logged into CoreNet Global to get the correct pricing. Contact Erin Halten for login information.
4. End User Dinner registration is by invitation only and is limited to registered End Users and Sponsoring Service Provider designated individuals.
5. Total ERS registration is limited to 400 attendees.The Eastern Regional Symposium is a members-only event and is brought to you by the following CoreNet Global Chapters: New England, Connecticut/Westchester, Mid-Atlantic, New Jersey, New York City and Greater Philadelphia. Registration is limited to 400.


text:
Will San Diego State Go Undefeated? — College Football Week 7 Preview
Joe Student
Joe Student Published: October 11, 2017
Undefeated teams try to keep rolling, while one-loss schools try to stay in conference-title hunts. Here's a preview of the most interesting college football games of Week 7:
Can Texas Tech Keep Rolling?
Texas Tech v Kansas
(24) Texas Tech at West Virginia | Milan Puskar Stadium, Morgantown, W.V.; 12 p.m. (ET) on ESPNU
Texas Tech (4–1, 1–1 Big 12) is ranked for the first time since late 2013. The Red Raiders have used a more balanced offense this season, often running the ball as effectively as passing it. Head coach Kliff Kingsbury needs that to continue on Saturday against Big 12 foe West Virginia (3–2, 1–1), a team whose two losses were to high-ranked teams Virginia Tech and TCU -- by identical 31–24 scores.
The Texas Tech defense must contain Mountaineers quarterback Will Grier. He and WVU receiver David Sills V are easily the best talent the Red Raiders have faced this season. If Kingsbury & Co. can win this game, they'll deserve a boost in the rankings.
Will Miami or Georgia Tech Win a Key ACC Battle?
Miami v Florida State
Georgia Tech at (11) Miami | Hard Rock Stadium, Miami; 3:30 p.m. (ET) on ABC
It still seems early for a game to have conference title implications, but Georgia Tech (3–1, 2–0 ACC) and Miami (4–0, 2–0) are tied atop the Atlantic Coast Conference Coastal Division standings. The winner of this Saturday's game has a direct path to the conference title game and, perhaps, a date with Clemson. One of these teams will take a big step forward on Saturday; the other will backslide.
The Hurricanes will need to win without star running back Mark Walton, who is out for the season after suffering an ankle injury in last week's win over Florida State. Travis Homer will replace Walton and hope to gash the Yellow Jackets defense. Tech has only one loss, a heartbreaking 42–41 double-overtime defeat to Tennessee. Expect quarterback TaQuon Marshall to lead the charge on Saturday. Miami head coach Mark Richt is 14–2 against the Yellow Jackets in his career.
Oklahoma Needs to Win the Red River Showdown
Iowa State v Oklahoma
(12) Oklahoma at Texas | Cotton Bowl, Dallas; 3:30 p.m. (ET) on ESPN
Longtime rivals Texas (3–2, 2–0 Big 12) and No. 12 Oklahoma (4–1, 1–1) hold their annual meeting at the Cotton Bowl this Saturday. The wacky new fried food available at the nearby Texas State Fair isn't the only thing new to this rivalry: both head coaches -- Lincoln Riley of the Sooners and Tom Herman of the Longhorns -- will be coaching in the game for the first time. That hasn't happened since 1947 (Texas' Blair Cherry and Oklahoma's Bud Wilkinson).
While both teams want to win, the Sooners and Baker Mayfield need to show that their upset loss to Iowa State last week was a hiccup in a great season. They'll have to beat the Longhorns, who have played very well since a season-opening loss to Maryland and an overtime loss to USC. If Oklahoma can't contain Texas quarterbacks Shane Buechele and Sam Ehlinger, the Sooners will be in danger of falling out of the AP rankings.
USC & Utah Try to Take Away Each Other's Pac-12 Title Hopes
Texas v USC
Utah at (13) USC | Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles; 8 p.m. (ET) at ABC
Both No. 13 USC (5–1, 3–1 Pac 12) and unranked Utah (4–1, 1–1) can put up points; they average 35.5 and 32 points per game, respectively. However, it's their ball-hawking defenses that make both of these teams such a tough opponent. The Trojans have 15 turnovers, while the Utes have 14.
USC quarterback Sam Darnold has thrown nine interceptions already this season. If that total increases, the Trojans might be in trouble. Conversely, whether it's Troy Williams, who quarterbacked Utah in last week's loss to Stanford, or Tyler Huntley, who was injured at Arizona a few weeks ago, the Utes need to take care of the football to win.
Will San Diego State Go Undefeated?
San Diego State v UNLV
Boise State at (19) San Diego State | SDCCU Stadium, San Diego; 10:30 p.m. (ET) on
Led by the NCAA's second-leading rusher, Rashaad Penny, No. 19 San Diego State (6–0, 2–0 Mountain West) has become a dark-horse contender in the college football playoff chase. Boise State (3–2, 1–0), which forced eighth-ranked Washington State to triple-overtime before losing, is the last good team standing between the Aztecs and a potentially undefeated regular season.
Over the past 15 years, the Broncos have become the team that Power 5 conferences want to avoid. Boise State needs the quarterback duo of Brett Rypien and Montell Cozart to create pressure on the San Diego State defense -- and make the Aztecs offense try to keep up without Penny and the ground game. If the Broncos can't control tempo, SDSU should march on to perfection, creating a tough choice for pollsters in December.
College Football Rankings
College Football Standings
College Football Stats
READ OUR WEEK 6 RECAP
Source: Will San Diego State Go Undefeated? — College Football Week 7 Preview
Categories: News, Sports
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1 MRO = 0.01 ILS at the rate on 2019-04-19 .
The page provides data about today's value of one ouguiya in Israeli Shekels. The interactive form of the currency calculator ensures navigation in the actual quotations of world currencies according to "Open Exchange Rates" and displays the information in a graph.
The online converter will clarify the ratio between different currencies. For example, you can instantly convert 1 MRO to ILS based on the rate offered by "Open Exchange Rates" to decide whether you better proceed to exchange or postpone currency conversion until better times.
The value of 1 MRO in Israeli Shekels for the week (7 days) increased by: +0.000084 ILS (zero shekel zero agora).
The value of 1 MRO in Israeli Shekels for the month (30 days) decreased by: -0.000046 ILS (zero shekel zero agora).
The value of 1 MRO in Israeli Shekels for the year (365 days) increased by: +0.000158 ILS (zero shekel zero agora).


Let's put an end to the grey days and make this Berlin's biggest glow-in-the-dark Yoga boogie! Join us for a funky yoga session in the dark. Berlin Yoga Conference and Yoga on the move are joining their forces to create a magical yoga experience for you!
Everybody will shine bright and glow in all colors of the rainbow. Wear neon. Wear white. We paint each other with colours and flow to some delicious beats from a live DJ.
AlesjArt will support us with their magic hands to create some real art works on our skin. On top of this, we will have some treats for you to sweeten this experience.


Introducing a new look to the flagship model of the Swift Optical education line. The Swift M3600 Series continues the Swift tradition for innovation, quality and student-proof features, and updates our well-known M3500 classic model series with a brand new look and design. Built-in handle, variable LED illumination and lead-free objectives are just some of the state-of-the-art features that makes this series in a class of its own. Ideal for high school students and advanced grade levels.
Three-hole nose piece is ball-bearing mounted for smooth, precise positioning of objectives. Mounted in reverse position to facilitate ease in changing slides.
Large 5-3/4 in. x 4-3/4 in. (143mm x 120mm) built-in, low profile stage.
Built-in 0.65 N.A. condenser has iris diaphragm (sealed).
One-touch stage clips for easy transition of slides.


Well I took my new to me, 8' out a couple days ago. If I had a hand gernade on me, I wouldn't be making this thread. I have to get a rudder for the rear. I had no control over the boat and the slightest breeze just sent me on a never ending tail spin.
Does anyone sell one completed or have the plans to build one?
I found a minn kota mounting bracket on E-bay - just do a search for it - then I had a buddy cut me a piece of a road sign he had - I then screwed it to a steel pipe - a old trolling motor pipe would probably be lighter - i do think I have to cut it down in size somewhat - but it works great so I'm just leaving it alone for now.
I did a similar thing as these guys and used a trolling motor bracket and a piece of 3/4 conduit and a chunk of 1/4 Plexiglas.I drilled some holes in the Plexiglas and used some 3/4 conduit hangers to attach the Plexiglas to the piece of conduit.A rudder makes a huge difference.
Thanks for the info guys. I have some good idears now.