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Madonna, AC/DC and Ariana Grande are among the first performers announced to take the stage at the Grammy Awards next month.
Grande, who is nominated for two awards, will make her Grammy debut. Church is nominated for four honors, while Sheeran has three, including album of the year for "x."


Proper inventory controls are critically important to virtually any business, but especially so to ventures that invest substantially in tangible merchandise. Inventory management software has eliminated many of the errors that were historically associated with inventory management activities. However, weak links remain in the chain, and the weakest of all is the human element.
First off, taking inventory is oftentimes loathed by the individuals this responsibility is forced upon. Many enterprises don't establish routine cycle counts but rather adhere to a longer-period count cycle. Inventory management employees don't necessarily think of counts as part of their core responsibilities. We've all witnessed it at some point, someone half asleep fumbling through their duty with a clip board and needing a coffee refill. Lackadaisically counting while mentally off in another world.
A few small miscalculations, a little underestimating, a few skipped recounts, and the numbers end up terminally skewed. Inventory counts are only as strong and accurate as the individuals performing the counts. And unfortunately for businesses, sometimes the links only get weaker the closer they get to upper management.
Many of the costliest mistakes made in inventory control can come from human errors made at the managerial level. Failure to appropriately identify and react to cycle count variances is simply inexcusable. All discrepancies should be analyzed upon detection and proper follow-throughs should be taken. Beyond management overseeing (or rather failing to appropriately oversee) physical inventory counts, mistakes often involve misanalysed captured data.
Captured data is used to determine restocking levels and to identify stagnant inventory. Stagnant inventory will eventually turn into what accountants refer to as spoilage and will result in lots of red ink. Furthermore a shortage of restocking leaves store shelves barren of products and results in clients fleeing to competitors. "Line managers" either need to appropriately analyze the inventory management system information or companies need to purchase technological systems capable of alerting them of such situations.
This is where senior management comes into play; it is often their passive role in inventory control that causes so many problems to begin with. Lack of a formal training regiment, failure to invest in new technologies, inability to react to information that suggests the systems or processes are failing can all be traced to upper management.
A proactive senior leader involved in the inventory control process on the other hand will identify problems and initiate a root cause analysis. They will take steps to proactively execute a training program, to replace under-performing personnel or to adjust the automated system inputs to correct for false assumptions (such as poor lead time estimates). Executive leaders should ensure that all automated systems are implemented appropriately and that personnel are adequately trained and monitored to ensure the system is being operated as intended.
The best systems of course are the ones that limit or completely eliminate the human element from the inventory equation. Radio frequency methods of inventory control (RFID) can be broken down into two categories which are described as active and passive systems.
The passive method requires the use of hand held devices that have limited range and involve the human element. This method is still more accurate than many others but the best radio frequency systems are the active systems. With active systems anytime an item is moved its radio frequency is picked up automatically and its information is recorded in a monitored database. As long as an item was originally fixed with a radio frequency tag the system will know where everything is and how long it's been there.
This is essential for eliminating obsolete inventory and spoilage as well as streamlining an automated restocking system. Albeit, RFID systems are relatively expensive compared to barcode or other more manually based systems Companies must perform robust cost benefit analyses to determine whether these systems would generate a return on investment. Unfortunately, even these highly automated systems are prone to human error if the operators misanalyse results or workers incorrectly tag items.
Barcode systems are currently the most popular system used for inventory control. Barcode systems are cheap in comparison to radio frequency systems but involve more human engagement. Human error is much more prevalent with this type of system. Improperly managed inventory control using the barcode method can drown profit margins in the long run (as of course will a system that just involves nothing more than a clip board and a number two pencil).
Regardless of the system employed, the weakest link in inventory control needs to be monitored, maintained, and trained to maximize effectiveness and minimize loss.
This article was written by Phillip Reeves for RedBeam, Inc. a leading provider of complete barcode-based software solutions. Their inventory control software is intuitive, affordable and provides a complete solution for your inventory management needs.


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El Blauet nan africà o blauet pigmeu africà (Ispidina picta) és una espècie d'ocell de la família dels alcedínids (Alcedinidae) que habita sabanes i boscos de la major part de l'Àfrica Subsahariana, mancant del sud-oest i la banya d'Àfrica.

Referències

Alcedinins

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


France vs Croatia Live FIFA World Cup 2018. Final Live Streaming, France vs Croatia Live Score Streaming: In the FIFA World Cup 2018 Final game on July 15 at 08:30 PM IST, France is playing against Croatia. Like the rest of the World Cup, this match will also be available for live streaming in India via mobile apps like Sony Liv, JioTV, Airtel TV and the Tata Sky app.
Those interested in watching FIFA World Cup 2018, France vs Croatia live stream, can watch a livestream of channels like Sony Ten 3 and Sony Ten 2 on their mobile phones. Here is our quick reminder of the top live streaming options to consider for FIFA World Cup 2018 final between Croatia and France tomorrow in India. The match will be available on some international channels too.
A month on and 63 games later, the 2018 World Cup reaches its climax tomorrow as a young France side spearheaded by Kylian Mbappe and Antoine Griezmann look to win the trophy for the second time when they take on Croatia in Moscow. A gifted French side with the second-youngest squad at the tournament, embodied by the lightning-quick Mbappe, who face a Croatian team inspired by Luka Modric, arguably the finest midfielder in the world at the moment.
It is just the second time that none of Brazil, Germany, Italy or Argentina have made it to the final, after Spain's win over the Netherlands in 2010. A tournament that will be remembered for the colourful presence of hordes of Latin American supporters has a final between two European sides after the continent exerted its power in the latter stages.
But this is still the World Cup final, and for France there is the possibility to join Argentina and Uruguay in winning the trophy for the second time, after 1998.
The FIFA world cup final 2018 match between France and Croatia is going to take place on July 15, 2018. it will be played at Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow at 8.30 PM IST.
Watch the FIFA world cup final live telecast on these channels.
Sony Ten 1, Sony Ten 3 and Sony ESPN.
FIFA World Cup 2018 Live streaming online on these apps.
JioTV, SonyLiv and Airtel TV app.
France (4-3-3): Lloris, Pavard, Varane, Umtiti, Hernandez, Pogba, Kante, Mbappe, Griezmann, Matuidi and Giroud.
Croatia (4-3-3): Subasic, Vrsajlko, Lovren, Vida, Strinic, Modric, Brozovic, Rakitic, Perisic, Mandzukic and Rebic.


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Tri HC | Strict proof required to prove plea of alibi; law regarding burden of proof explained
Published on May 8, 2019 May 8, 2019 By Bhumika Indulia
Tripura High Court: A Bench of S. Talapatra and Arindam Lodh, JJ. allowed an appeal filed against the Judgment of the trial court whereby the appellant was convicted for an offence of murder punishable under Section 302 IPC.
The appellant was alleged to have committed the murder of his wife. The trial court had observed that the appellant was found on the previous day of the incident as well as on a fateful evening in his rented house by the witnesses, and he alone committed his wife's murder and none else. The plea of alibi taken as defence by the appellant was not accepted.
Explaining the law regarding the plea of alibi and burden of proof thereof, the High Court stated:
"Latin word 'alibi' means 'elsewhere' and that word is used for convenience when an accused takes recourse to a defence line that when the occurrence took place he was so far away from the place of occurrence that it is extremely improbable that he would have participated in the crime. It is basic law that in a criminal case, in which the accused is alleged to have inflicted physical injury to another person, the burden is on the prosecution to prove that the accused was present at the scene and has participated in the crime. The burden would not be lessened by the mere fact that the accused has adopted the defence of alibi. The plea of the accused in such cases need be considered only when the burden has been discharged by the prosecution satisfactorily."
Explaining further:
"When the presence of the accused at the scene of occurrence is established satisfactorily by the prosecution through reliable evidence, normally the court would be slow to believe any counter-narrative to the effect that he was elsewhere when the occurrence happened. But if the evidence adduced by the accused is of such a quality and of such a standard that the court may entertain some reasonable doubt regarding his presence at the scene when the occurrence took place, the accused would, no doubt, be entitled to the benefit of reasonable doubt. For that purpose, it would be a sound proposition that in such circumstances, the burden on the accused is rather heavy. It follows, therefore, that strict proof is required for establishing the plea of alibi."
In the present case, the prosecution had failed to prove appellant's presence at the scene of the crime. Thus, there was no occasion to consider whether his plea of alibi could be considered or not. Accordingly, the impugned order was set aside and the appellant was set at liberty on the benefit of doubt. [Suman Nama v. State of Tripura, Crl. A. (J) No. 33 of 2015, decided on 03-05-2019]
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Petitioner allowed to participate in recruitment process to fulfill mandate of free basic education
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Circa 1900. Fresh from a fine Brooklyn Heights home we have just purchased this extremely fine cut antique crystal decanter. Very likely by the very well known Bohemian glass maker Moser. This excellent example of top quality glass making is fashioned from heavy, finely cut crystal, decorated with graceful gold filigree and blue and white enameled flowers. All the decoration is applied and three dimensional. All original and in very fine condition, with no losses to the decoration and only some expected chips to the bottom of the ground glass stopper that do not show. 10 1/2" tall x 4" diameter. Price $295.


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Q: Regexp for firstname and lastname I would like to find a regular expresson for validating user input for FirstName and LastName. Is there som kind of standard for this? I would like to avoid strange signs, yet allow international signs like åäö, etc.
I am using .NET
Any recommendations?

A: It seems that there is no single simple aswers. Closing this topic.

A: This is not so easy to do.
One way to do it is like this:
[a-zA-Zåäö] etc.

Just add all the special characters needed to the list of allowed characters, but it's not how you should do it.
Instead, check this question on why this is a really difficult problem to solve:
What are all of the allowable characters for people's names?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This parameter specifies the DHCP lease time used by CDRouter's DHCP server on the WAN side. This is the duration of the DHCP lease provided to the DUT's DHCP client and will determine how long certain test cases run. The DHCP lease time should be at least twice the retransmission time of the DHCP client. Otherwise, the lease may timeout during DHCP retransmission tests. The lease should also be long enough to allow the DHCP client to deal with timeouts when it is trying to renew or rebind.
Setting this field to the keyword infinite will cause CDRouter's DHCP server to return an infinite DHCP lease to the DUT. If the lease is infinite, tests that require the WAN client to renew will be automatically skipped by CDRouter.


Federal prosecutors in the Operation Safe Road investigation have subpoenaed a state agency where former Gov. George Ryan's son-in-law is a director and the agency has promised not to destroy any records, a spokesman said Tuesday.
The Illinois Department of Professional Regulation, which oversees a wide range of professions such as doctors and security guards, received the subpoena in the probe of the secretary of state's office in January, said Tony Sanders, a spokesman for the agency.
Ryan's son-in-law, John Coghlan, is the director of statewide enforcement. Ryan's daughter, Nancy, also worked at the agency, but has been on an unpaid leave since 1999, Sanders said.


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Sterling silver lock necklace is made from solid sterling silver and can be engraved with up to 10 characters. It has been designed to perfectly suite initials or names or a single symbol and can be personalised by engraving both sides.
The mini padlock is 10mm wide by 18mm high and looks stunning sitting just below the collar bone. The sterling silver cable chain is variable length at 42, 40 or 38 cm.
Rose gold lock necklace is made from sterling silver plated with rose gold.
The mini padlock is 10mm wide x 18m high and has been designed to fit initials, name or symbol perfectly and can be engraved on both sides.
The cable chain is 42cm and can be shortened to 40 and 38 cm and is designed to sit just below the collar bone.
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Gorgeous rose gold heart necklace personalised by The Silver Store.
Engrave your choice of name, initials, message or symbol.
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Click "START DESIGN" button to add what you would like engraved on your necklace.
This classic heart tag necklace can be personalised with text or symbols.
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Both pendant & chain are sterling silver plated in rose gold.
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This cut out heart necklace is beautiful on its own or can be engraved on boths sides with any text, names, dates or symbols.
Made from sterling silver the heart pendant is 21mm wide and comes with a 50cm rolo chain that can be adjusted between 50 – 46 cm in length.
Engravable sterling silver circular disc necklace. Personalize with your choice of text or symbol by using our engraving design tool. Can't find the symbol you love? Send us a picture or design idea by uploading your engraving design here.
Silver disc is 15 mm diameter. Necklace length is 42cm but can also be worn at 40 and 38cm.


one of my favorite lipstick, Revlon.
and ohhhh.. it's moist, moist, moist. best part?? AFFORDABLE!
Inspired by Bourjois eyeshadow palette, a combination with white and green.
to obtain sleek and plain china doll look.
used some Korea, Indonesia & USA make up.
on her crease to create a depth. done this make up around 15minutes.


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Prime Meridians – Is This Discovery A Revolution In Copper Exploration?
admin | February 12, 2016 | Copper, Energy, Metals | No Comments
This week in Pierce Points:
China's LNG use fell for the first time ever. 2015 shipments were down 1.1% — the first drop since imports started in 2006.
Mining private equity deals jumped 238%. Big investors especially like gold, but deals are becoming more complex.
The world's #1 copper miner was downgraded. Chile's Codelco is no longer high grade; but it's better off than some other firms.
Nigeria warned lazy explorationists. The country wants to take back inactive licenses to jumpstart the mining sector.
Middle East E&Ps went on a buying spree. Qatar Petroleum and Oman's Petrogas are using soft markets to buy offshore assets.
Is This Discovery A Revolution In Copper Exploration?
A lot of press this week about new research published recently on copper geology. Which several reporters breathlessly held up as a game-changer in exploration for some of the biggest deposits on the planet.
The work came from staff at the Camborne School of Mines, Exeter University in Cornwall, U.K. And was published in the journal Nature Geoscience — which is pretty much the holy grail for geological researchers globally. (Personally, I find the regional journals like Journal Of Asian Earth Sciences more useful for exploration — but I digress.)
Popular articles on the paper were quick to point out the scale of this discovery. But were short on details about what researchers actually found — and how it could be used to locate big deposits.
So let's take a look.
One good thing about Nature is that its articles are short. With the Camborne paper running just four pages (as opposed to more specialist journals like Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, where dispatches can be 20 pages or more).
In fact, the discovery here can be summed up in one chart:
The guts of a research discovery, showing that "fertile" porphyries (associated with big copper deposits) have different chemistry than barren ones (source: Nature Geoscience)
Here's what the researchers did. Looking around the world, they selected porphyry samples from areas that contain big copper deposits, such as Chile. And also picked out porphyries that don't come with associated mineralization — the "barren" group.
The workers then analyzed certain minerals — plagioclase feldspars — from all of these samples. To determine if there are any chemical differences between the mineralized and unmineralized groups.
And indeed, there are. As the chart above shows, plagioclase from well-mineralized porphyries shows notably higher amounts of aluminum (Al — which is compared here to the amount of calcium, sodium and potassium, on the vertical axis).
The data set is indeed convincing. Something is certainly happening with regards to aluminum in places where we find big copper deposits.
But does that mean we've found a silver bullet when it comes to exploring for massive copper ores?
No. Like all geochemical tools, this one has potential uses in exploration — but it has to be applied in association with the basic observation and analysis that is always key to finding big deposits.
Here's the main challenge with these findings: they apply to rocks that usually aren't found at surface.
Just look at the diagram below from the research paper. Where the area containing the plagioclase mineral of interest (shown in yellow) is located a few kilometers below the nearer-surface mineralization that it gives rise to.
High-aluminum plagioclase could be a sign of big copper deposits. The problem is, plagioclase occurs well below surface.
Of course, this could be useful in a place where drill core can be obtained, revealing the chemistry at depth (in fact, some of the data from the research paper comes from such subsurface samples). But if we're already drilling, the observation of high or low aluminum is coming somewhat after the fact.
Can the observation about aluminum in plagioclase help us during the more basic stages of fieldwork? Yes. But it takes some careful thought and observation. We're simply not going to walk onto a hilltop, find aluminum, and drill a discovery hole.
In many districts, deeper levels in the magmatic system are exposed at surface — through deep erosion. But the challenge is, such outcrops of lower-down rocks can occur kilometers away from the higher-up mineralized zone. Evens tens of kilometers in some cases.
We thus need to be careful in applying regional mapping and sampling, to create a comprehensive geologic framework for an area. Which could show the presence of high-aluminum plagioclase in one area — indicating an increased likelihood of mineralization somewhere in the district.
As with all exploration, we then need to apply two basic principals. 1) Walk around, and 2) Look at the rocks.
There is one other part of this research that's worth noting for field hands. The relationship of aluminum to other elements like calcium, sodium and potassium.
The researchers surmise that aluminum increases near big copper deposits because these systems have a lot of water fluxing through. Which increases the absorption of aluminum inside crystals of plagioclase.
But as more aluminum is taken up into plagioclase, there's less room for other components. Meaning that calcium, sodium and potassium seem to be swept away — into fluids, that then can circulate higher, perhaps toward surface.
It's thus possible that if we see surface signs of enrichment in calcium (calcite), sodium (salt or albite feldspar), and/or potassium (potassic feldspar or potash) it could mean high-aluminum plagioclase is lurking at depth. Perhaps signalling that copper is nearby.
Interestingly, that suite of minerals is common as alteration halos in sedimentary copper districts like the African Copperbelt. With albite alteration and evaporites often lying near major deposits here.
Bottom line, this is great work from a very thoughtful team of researchers — and applied with a solid regional understanding created by rigorous fieldwork, could give us one more powerful indicator in deciding to pursue or reject a prospect.
Here's to reading the tea leaves,
Prime Meridians – The Global Gold Hunt Takes An Unexpected Turn
Is This "Lost World" Finally Opening For Exploration?
Iron Ore Output is Kind Of Restarting Here
Here's A New $1 Billion Funding Source For Mining Projects


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Which Online Strategy Title is Best?
December 8, 2020December 8, 2020| AdminAdmin| 0 Comment
No matter what your skill level is, you can find the best online game to play on Kongregate. Whether you want to play casual games or improve your gaming skills, this site has a variety of options available. Many people enjoy playing these games because they offer an easy way to compete with friends. If you are looking for a new way to have fun, you should definitely take a look at this site. Click here for more information about agen sbobet
Kongregate has several top online games to choose from in its category of games to play. Definitely, Kongregate hosting some of the best free PC online games to play. Play against other people in the chat room or even compete with others in the "vs." category for awards and rewards. Competition is tough with so many multiplayer games available in your hands. You can even play against opponents who own the same game you are trying to defeat.
You can start by choosing from the best online games available to play, such as the popular Age of Empires, Command and Conquer, or Titanfall. Each category features different games from each year, and a handful of them have special "retro" versions that allow you to play in a completely different interface. For example, you can play classic games in thecape series or get into the Tower Defense game-style. These are examples of how you can broaden your choices on Kongregate.
If you prefer to play older, classic PC games, you should take a look at the list of available Reign of Kings and Fall of Rome. Both of these titles have been emulated faithfully for those who enjoy playing them and they have both received high ratings from critics. If you enjoy classic PC strategy titles, you will love playing these. Likewise, if you prefer online strategy titles with realistic settings, you can choose titles like Fall of Rome, which also happens to be one of the most popular Paradox titles at this point.
One of the most interesting Paradox titles is Dungeon Fighter Online. If you like classic, old-school style video games, then you definitely will enjoy playing this one! It gives you the chance to hone your skills by unleashing classic fighting styles from classic arcade games. Some of the other features include player versus player matchmaking and guilds. Players can purchase upgrades for their characters and can even go up the ladder by earning higher ranking titles. There are also several free add-ons you can use, like music and special items for the combat, which are also available on many of the major online websites that offer classic video games.
As you can see, there are a lot of options when it comes to Paradox titles. They have everything from turn-based tactical games, to PvP multiplayer titles, to classic RPGs. No matter what you're looking for, you should definitely take a look at these games and find the ones that suit your preferences. If you want to learn more about Paradox titles, then you may want to read our Best Online Strategy Games list. We've also featured some of our favorite multiplayer games available without registration.
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Went to the nearby regional hospital to take a sample of spinal fluid to investigate for signs of MS. During the procedure I almost faint (I think). I have never ever fainted so Im not sure what happened. All I could say was "something is happening". Shortly after the MS diagnosis is confirmed (an increased count of white blood cells in the spinal fluid, indication of immune system activity in the spinal cord).
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DETROIT — Chrysler is recalling 895,000 SUVs for fire risk. The problem: The lights in the vanity mirrors.
The company said that the recalled vehicles had previously had their vanity mirrors repaired, but that the wiring may not have been correctly reassembled by the dealer, posing a fire risk.
Chrysler said there were three injuries tied to the problem, all in vehicles which had been serviced.
The vehicles involved are the 2011-2014 Jeep Grand Cherokee and Dodge Durangos. Only vehicles that were previously serviced are included in the recall.
Some of these vehicles were included in a previous recall of 870,000 Grand Cherokees and Durangos to fix a brake problem.
The industry has recalled a record number of vehicles this year. General Motors alone has recalled nearly 30 million vehicles and has faced harsh criticism after admitting that it had failed to recall millions of vehicles with faulty ignition switches tied to at least 13 deaths, even though its knew of the problem a decade earlier.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration announced last month that it is investigating several Chrysler Group vehicles for an ignition problem very similar to the one at the center of the GM recall crisis.


When second grade students shared their enthusiasm about controlling waste, town officials paid attention.
The Charlotte Central School students, with leadership by teacher Kris Gerson and volunteer Abby Foulk, presented their story to the Charlotte Selectboard this spring.
The children showed slides illustrating "Our Journey to Reduced Waste," taken from a video prepared in the classroom by Gerson and Foulk. Instead of simply showing the video, the students spoke to the board about their path to sustainability. Foulk outlined possible changes for the town and asked the board to consider a grant application for compost bins.
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Garden Partners. Somerset County's Marion Sarah Peyton Adult & Alternative Learning Center focused on food as a school-wide project during 2017-18 academic year, and the University of Maryland Eastern Shore played a supporting role.
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Home Reproductive Health Review of the 37th Annual Meeting of the European Society of Human…
Review of the 37th Annual Meeting of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE)
ESHRE 2021
26.06.21–01.07.21
EMJ Repro Health . 2021;7[1]:11-22. Congress Review.
VIRTUAL has become the main approach for communicating worldwide and we have all had to flexibly adjust due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This was the second year that the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE)Congress was held as an online meeting instead of the usual face-to-face. Cristina Magli, who has been serving as the ESHRE Chair for 2 years, opened the ceremony by welcoming all the participants to the annual virtual meeting. However, she stated that this will be her last year serving in this position and her successor for the following years will be Carlos Calhaz-Jorge, Human Reproduction Unit, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, who has also been an active member within the society for several years.
One of the highlights of the opening ceremony was the special appearance of Massimo Polidoro, a famous psychologist who was invited to discuss the ongoing 'fake news' and conspiracy theories associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. According to Magli, during the COVID-19 pandemic a group of individuals hesitant to receiving the COVID-19 vaccine had started a rumour about the vaccine causing infertility in females, which she confirmed was entirely fabricated. The ESHRE society have an active COVID-19 working group that was established on 25th March 2019 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This group has published nine statements on COVID-19 and vaccination and effects on assisted reproductive technology and pregnancy.
Polidoro started his session by explaining how we live in a polarised world populated with different perceptions, beliefs, and most certainly conspiracy theories. He continued by stating how fake news and conspiracy theories during the COVID-19 pandemic have been particularly dangerous this the past year. Ridiculous claims such as that eating garlic and injecting disinfectant into the blood stream could cure the virus have been particularly harmful. "A common trait of these such ideas is the denial of reality," said Polidoro. The rejection of facts and suggestions of alternative views show that, unfortunately, certain individuals may have trouble accepting the complexities of the present times. The boundaries between the reality and fantasy are often blurred and it is therefore sometimes difficult to dissociate. According to Polidoro, fake news can be spread more rapidly due to the internet. The psychologist stated that our perceptions and reasoning can easily be misled due to the constant battle between our rationalised fear and that based off our instincts. Generally, when the brain processes information opinions are formed quickly and more instinctively; however, an in-depth assessment of this information in the brain takes longer and requires more energy. As humans, we tend to seek confirmation for our beliefs even though they may be wrong; this is referred to by psychologists as cognitive dissonance. Polidoro suggested that we should all think like scientists when information is provided to us especially via the web: cultivate scepticism, finding the source of information and identifying any conflicts of interest and credibility, verifying information before sharing it, and recognising our limitations by being aware of our cognitive biases. Finally, Polidoro stated that correlation is not similar to causation, and further explained that the fact that two phenomena occur simultaneously does not mean that one is the cause of the other. He concluded the session by stating, "always keep an open mind when faced with new discoveries or information."
The ESHRE 2021 meeting was, for the first time, extended from 4 to 6 days. The first 2 days covered several insightful pre-congress courses and the remaining 4 days were solely dedicated to a scientific programme featuring plenary, keynote, and industry-sponsored sessions.
There was an all-time record membership of 10,731, which was an increase of 13% compared to the previous year. There were 774 ePosters and 1,312 abstracts. Awards in this year's ESHRE congress covered five presentations, selected and rewarded with a prize of 2,000 EUR. Cheow Yuen Tan, Robinson Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Adelaide, Australia, was awarded the best oral presentation on a basic science topic. Maria Schubert, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology (CeRA), Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, University Münster, Germany, was awarded the best oral presentation on a clinical science topic. Chang Liu, Reproductive Medicine Center, Nanjing University Medical School, China was awarded the prize for best poster presentation on a basic science topic. Marine Grellet-Grün, Department of Reproductive Biology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, France was awarded best poster presentation on a clinical science topic. Bieke Bekaert, Department of Human structure and Repair, Ghent University, Belgium was selected for an exchange educational travel grant award, to present the data of an oral presentation from the annual meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia (FSA). Paulien Pijpops, Department for Development and Regeneration, Leuven University, Belgium, was awarded the nurse award for best oral presentation.
The ESHRE Chair concluded the meeting by thanking all the participants and presenters. She stated that ESHRE's 2022 annual meeting will take place in Milan and will be the Society's first hybrid event.
Increased Perinatal Health Risks with Use of Non-Prescription Painkillers
MONUMENTAL evidence has been collated from a study spanning 30 years, suggesting women who use over-the-counter painkillers during pregnancy are 1.5-times more likely to have a baby with health issues. Study of this relationship included focus on preterm delivery, stillbirth or neonatal death, physical defects, and a host of other outcomes, all of which were less frequent in mothers not taking the aforementioned drugs. The emerging evidence, from the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, has impact upon the healthcare guidance for pregnant women; Aikaterini Zafeiri, the lead investigator in the current study, who shared the findings at ESHRE 2021, suggested this information "should be reassessed" in line with their findings.
Utilising data between 1985 and 2015 from the Aberdeen Maternity and Neonatal Databank, the medical notes for a total of 151,141 singleton pregnancies were analysed for the consumption of five painkillers: paracetamol, aspirin, diclofenac, naproxen, and ibuprofen. Results demonstrated 3 out of 10 (29%) women took unprescribed analgesics during pregnancy, a figure which increased dramatically to reach 60% in the last 7 years of the study period. These results imply that use is growing at an alarming rate, especially when it is observed that 84% of women reported use during the first 12 weeks after conception. Adjusted odds ratios for the health risks of use of at least one of the five drugs were neural tube defects: 1.64%; admitted to a neonatal unit: 1.57%; neonatal death: 1.56%; premature delivery (before 37 weeks): 1.5%; baby's condition at birth scoring <7 at 5 mins (on appearance, pulse, grimace, activity and respiration; APGAR scale): 1.48%; stillbirth: 1.33%; birth weight <2.5 kg: 1.28%; hypospadias: 1.27%; APGAR score <7 at 1 min: 1.18%; and birth weight >4 kg: 1.09%. Paracetamol use alone was not significantly associated with high birth weight, neural tube defects, or hypospadias; meanwhile, diclofenac consumption was associated with significantly decreased odds of stillbirth, potentially explained by its anti-inflammatory profile.
This large longitudinal study raises great clinical awareness when it is considered that 30–80% of women use painkillers globally to alleviate pain and other unfavourable symptoms during pregnancy. Undoubtedly, the findings will improve and clarify the dissemination of information about the safe use of drugs during gestation, which at the moment varies widely, with some considered safe and others not. Zafeiri highlighted these safety concerns, stating that the ease of access to painkillers is exaggerated by incorrect information found on the internet: "This is especially when misinformed or partially-informed self-medication decisions are taken during pregnancy".
Embryo Freezing in IVF Increases Blood Pressure Risk in Pregnancy
SUCCESSFUL embryo freezing started in the 1980s, and patients can now choose to freeze their healthy embryos to have children later in life. In the past, embryo freezing has not revealed any worrying side effects. However, a recent study, shared at ESHRE 2021, found a potential link between embryo freezing for in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and blood pressure problems in pregnancy when the uterus is ready for hormone replacement therapy.
A 2013–2018 study in France involving a large cohort of 70,000 pregnancies from an IVF database, delivered after 22 weeks gestation, analysed the effects of embryo freezing in pregnancy. The patients were divided into three groups: n=10,373 pregnancies from frozen embryo transfer with hormone replacement therapy, n=9,500 pregnancies from frozen embryo transfer in a natural ovulatory cycle, and finally n=48,152 conventional fresh transfers.
The results revealed that there was a significantly higher risk of high blood pressure and hypertension in pregnancies with frozen embryo transfer with hormone replacement therapy (5.3%) compared to frozen embryo transfer in a natural ovulatory cycle (2.3%) and fresh embryo transfers (2.4%). Slyvie Epelboin, from the Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France, presented these results at the congress and explained that the data indicated two vital considerations in IVF. Firstly, the possibility of high blood pressure and hypertension in frozen embryo transfer in hormone replacement therapy and secondly, that the corpus luteum may have a protective effect. Epelboin infers that hormone replacement therapy affects the formation of the corpus luteum and therefore no longer protects individuals from vascular pathologies.
Furthermore, it is important to consider whether the benefits of embryo freezing with IVF outweigh the risks; results show that currently, it does. Embryo freezing with IVF has a lower chance of hyperstimulation, indicating that this method has its safety benefits. Scientists concluded that there is a higher risk of vascular pathologies in pregnancies with frozen embryo transfer and hormone replacement therapies in comparison to preserved ovulation and using fresh embryos. The study summary for ESHRE 2021 added that preserving the ovulatory cycle in frozen embryo transfers could be a viable approach in the future.
Double Stimulation Approach to Improve IVF Response
IN 1978 the world's first baby was born by in vitro fertilisation (IVF). This treatment dates to over half a century ago. Since then, IVF has undergone further development, and new technology has helped improve responses. The traditional approach of IVF treatment involves a single dose in a single cycle; if this approach fails, then the patient may be offered to have another round of IVF treatment. Clinical guidelines suggest that increasing the drug dose has little benefit in improving response. Poor responses in particular patient groups remain a key challenge.
Irrespective of the clinical guidelines, a randomised trial, shared in a press release at ESHRE 2021, evaluated the efficacy of two cycles of ovarian stimulation and two collections of eggs. This double stimulation approach was coined as 'DuoStim'. Researchers recruited 80 patients, aged >38 years, undergoing IVF treatment. Patients who took part in the trial had had a low response to IVF in the past; this was confirmed by ovarian reserve tests and reproductive history.
To compare the efficacy of a double stimulation approach with the conventional single cycle, patients were randomised to receive either DuoStim or two separate cycles of stimulation. Interestingly, results showed that DuoStim was just as effective as the two separate cycles, with the added benefit that DuoStim is faster. The results also showed a significant difference in the time it took to develop a normal embryo for transfer. In the DuoStim group, this occurred on average 23 days after stimulation, whereas in the other group it took 21 days longer.
Another added benefit of DuoStim is that fewer patients dropped out of this treatment due to the shorter time required. Maria Cerrillo Martinez explained how this new approach might be beneficial to patients with limited time available, including patients with cancer and older patients.
Cerillo concluded: "It may be a good alternative in poor responders, in fertility preservation patients with time constraints, or even in egg donors, whose aim is to maximise the number of eggs retrieved in a single treatment."
IVF Success Rates Is Due to Late-stage Embryo Transfer and Embryo Freezing
SUCCESSFUL in vitro fertilisation (IVF) rates could be due to the implementation of two widely used techniques, late-stage embryo transfer and embryo freezing, following the results for a large cohort observation study carried out in from the national IVF registry of Sweden. The study involved approximately 125,000 treatments that took place between 2007 and 2017, and was presented on 30th June 2021 at ESHRE 2021 by Zoha Saket, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
According to the national data analysed, the accumulation of live birth rates increased from 27% in 2007 to 36% in 2017 following each egg retrieval cycle. Previous studies showed that the transfer of blastocysts was linked with higher birth rates compared to cleavage-stage embryos. Additionally, the rise in the overall live birth rate was found to be independent of age, the number of eggs collected, and the number of preceding IVF live births, which suggested that the treatment methodology was the main cause of the IVF live birth success rates.
Saket stated that the blastocyst transfer in IVF, whereby embryos were cultured for 5–6 days and then transferred after freezing, was noted to be an important contributor to the improved birth rates over time. Currently, the majority of IVF registries state that approximately 75% of all embryo transfers happen during the blastocyst stage. This transfer is similar to physiological processes of natural pregnancy as the embryo is implanted in the uterus at the same blastocyte stage. A revolutionary rapid-freezing technology called vitrification is used to turn the retrieved cells into a glass-like state within seconds. This technique ensures that ice crystals do not form and therefore the frozen cells are not damaged during the thawing process.
"We have seen a substantial increase in cumulative live birth rate taking place over time," said Saket, "and this has happened in parallel with an increase in blastocyst transfer, particularly when used with frozen treatments.
Does Previous COVID-19 Infection Affect Success in IVF?
COVID-19 has caused concern in multiple therapeutic areas and bodily systems, including the reproductive system. Scientists aimed to explore how a previous infection with COVID-19 could potentially affect the chance of success in pregnancies occurring via in vitro fertilisation (IVF), and shared the findings in a press release for ESHRE 2021.
Scientists have discovered that receptors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, namely the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, are widely expressed in the ovaries. For this reason, there is anxiety in patients as to whether there is any link between previous COVID-19 infection and fertility treatment.
A recent study aimed to evaluate whether previous COVID-19 infection affected the chance of success in IVF. The study took place in a fertility clinic in Spain and included 46 patients. Patients awaiting IVF treatment had baseline hormones measured such as the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). AMH is an indicator of ovarian reserve; in recent times, AMH is measured in many clinics as a predictor of patient response to ovarian stimulation in IVF.
The results showed that there were no changes in AMH levels before and after the COVID-19 infections. From this, the researchers could infer that a previous infection of COVID-19 did not affect the chance of success in patients having IVF treatment. Although there was a small decrease in AMH in patients who were predicted to have a normal response to IVF, this was not enough to suggest that COVID-19 was behind this decline or that COVID-19 affected the chance of success.
Finally, the study concluded that COVID-19 does not impact fertility; this result is reassuring for patients who are worried about previous COVID-19 infections affecting the outcome of their IVF treatment. Despite these favourable results, it is important to consider the small sample size and question the robustness of the data. Nonetheless, other studies conducted so far in a similar field have supported the results in this study and, overall, the results are promising.
UK Study Presents Over-Retrieval of Oocytes in IVF
SURFACING information from a retrospective observational study in the UK has suggested that IVF clinics are retrieving too many oocytes, that a large number of these are not used, and have been discarded as a result. Findings focused on the number of eggs retrieved and IVF cycles; >1.625 million eggs in the UK were retrieved from 147,274 women between 2015–2018. Gulam Bahadur, North Middlesex University Hospital, London, UK, presented the research findings at ESHRE 2021, suggesting that the eye-opening discovery about UK clinics is likely reflected in other global practices.
Reasoning for the high egg retrieval lies in part with implementation of egg freezing, frozen embryo replacement cycles, and aggressive stimulation regimes, aimed to boost success rates in older women and those poor responders who produce fewer eggs. Researchers describe the unknown impacts of overstimulation practices on the health of patients, as well as upon their emotional health and financial wellbeing.
The report is extrapolated from study in all UK IVF clinics, relating to the non-donor fertility treatment carried out using 172,341 fresh oocyte retrieval cycles. An average of 11 eggs were collected per patient, 16% of cycles were associated with 16–49 oocytes retrieved per cycle, and 58 women had >50 eggs collected in a single egg retrieval procedure. Notably, the study discovered a large proportion (n=10,148) of cycles did not yield any oocytes. Of all IVF cycles, 53% were in the desired egg yield range of 6–15, one-quarter of all cycles resulted in 1–5 eggs, 14% produced 16–25 eggs, and only 2% yielded 26–49 oocytes. From all the eggs retrieved, a total of 931,265 embryos resulted to create a fertilisation rate of 57%; 22% of these were transferred into the uterus, and 24% were frozen. The remaining 43% unfertilised oocytes were likely to have been discarded in line with normal practice. The authors made a point to mention that of the 54% of embryos not transferred, a large majority will be discarded, after patients have paid for several years to maintain them in storage.
This study stimulates rethinking of current egg collection practices, highlighting the importance of recognising the ethical concerns at play, as well as procedural impracticalities, both of which should be carried forward by future study. This is summarised by Bahadur's statement: "Our observation suggests that the high oocyte number per retrieval procedure needs re-evaluation," including focus on "procedure-related complications, and on the fate of unused frozen oocytes and the costs associated with freezing them." Future practice is encouraged by this work to consider "financial and emotional cost," and to provide patients with "more information about the implications of freezing eggs and embryos."
Artificial Intelligence Advancement Limits Need for Cell Biopsy in Embryo Testing
ARTIFICIAL intelligence (AI) and computer vision could be taking over in vitro fertilisation laboratory processes, especially in embryo testing for chromosomal content. Euploids are embryos with a normal complement of chromosomes, which have a better chance of implanting in the uterus leading to pregnancy, whilst aneuploid, abnormal embryos have barely any chance of implantation. A routine test in many fertility clinics is to test for aneuploidy, also known as PGT-A*, which requires samples of single or multiple cells acquired from the embryo via biopsy. As this method is invasive, a need for non-invasive methods has arisen.
A new study presented by Lorena Bori, IVIRMA, Valencia, Spain, at ESHRE 2021 on 28th June 2021, suggested that AI methodology using time-lapse imaging to observe cell activity could visually distinguish euploid embryos from aneuploid embryos, with no need for cell biopsy. Time-lapse technology over the past decade has revolutionised the visualisation of embryo growth by providing images throughout embryo development. Prior to this study, the time-lapse imaging technique has not been able to provide precise evaluation of an embryo's chromosomal content status. However, this study showed that a combination of computer vision with AI could provide an impartial and reliable prediction of embryo status before implantation.
The baseline of the study was that euploid embryos start their development to blastocysts slightly earlier than aneuploid embryos, and this could be identified via computer vision by the use of microscopic measurements of the cell's edges. This is an accurate method of calculating the number of cells and observing the blastomere cell cycle. The study, using computer vision-based measurements of cell edges and AI time-lapse videos, retrospectively compared 111 euploid and 120 aneuploid embryos. The results showed that despite the aneuploid embryos beginning their development to blastocysts slightly later than euploid embryos, their higher level of cell activity meant that aneuploid embryos achieve their growth to the blastocyst stage faster than the euploid embryos.
"Our results show for the first time," said the authors of the study, "that an AI-based system can precisely measure microscopic cell edges in the dividing embryo, which allowed us to distinguish between euploid and aneuploid embryos."
Patients Paying for IVF Add-On Treatments with Limited Evidence
ACCORDING to research findings presented by Sarah Lensen, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Australia, at ESHRE 2021, the majority of women undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF) are opting to pay for add-on therapies despite limited evidence supporting their effectiveness.
Data were collected through an online survey, which was advertised on Facebook, distributed to women undergoing IVF, and completed between June and July 2020. Gestational surrogates, patients who used a surrogate, and individuals who donated eggs or underwent elective egg freezing were excluded from the analysis. Participants were asked about their IVF and medical history, add-on use over the past 3.5 years, and what importance they placed on evidence concerning effectiveness and safety.
This retrospective study focused on a cohort of 1,590 Australian women. Overall, >72% had incurred additional costs from these unproven or experimental treatments. The most commonly used of these optional extras were acupuncture (45%), pre-implantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (28%), and Chinese herbal medicine (26%).
Only 18% of women reported having raised the issue of add-on options first. Over half (54%) of respondents stated that they had initially heard about them from their fertility specialist.
Additionally, 30% of women experienced moderate-to-severe regret about using add-ons compared with 34% who had no regret at all. The level of misgivings were higher among women who had failed to conceive or achieve a live birth.
Many women placed significant importance on scientific evidence corroborating the use of add-ons, in terms of either improving live birth rates (55%) or safety (73%). In reality, these adjunct treatments are generally not supported by evidence that they increase live birth rates. Indeed, some (e.g., immune therapies) are associated with low birth weight and other complications.
In summary, Lensen stated that the use of some adjunct therapies is likely to be "associated with a significant financial burden" and may "potentially pose risk to patient." For this reason, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HEFA), which oversees the use of embryos and gametes in fertility treatment and research in the UK, has introduced a traffic light system to rate add-ons; to date, none have been awarded a green signal. Going forward, there is a need for such impartial evidence-based information in other countries.
No Increased Risk of Cancer Development in ART Children
RECENT evidence has emerged suggesting that children and young adults conceived through assisted reproductive technology (ART) show no increased risk of cancer development. These findings follow growing developments suggesting that ART procedures affect the normal genetic modifications that occur in the embryo before implantation. Results of this 18-year median follow-up study were presented at ESHRE 2021 on 28th June 2021 by Mandy Spaan, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC) and Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands. With dramatic increases in the number of children born through ART procedures in the last decade, studies such as this hold great importance for public health.
It was previously speculated that many aspects of the ART process, including the use of fertility drugs and embryo freezing and thawing, could have a potentially harmful impact on the functioning of embryos through epigenetic changes. The median follow-up study carried out included 89,249 children born by subfertile women between 1980 and 2012, 51,417 of which were conceived through different means of ART. Analysis demonstrated that over the 18-year study, 358 cancers were diagnosed in children: 157 in the ART group and 201 in the non-ART group. This evidence reveals that there was no increased risk of malignant cancer development in ART-conceived children compared to those conceived naturally.
When delving deeper into the various types of ART, however, it was observed that children conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) had a higher risk of developing cancer. Authors have revealed that this may have been down to chance and was likely driven by an increased risk of melanoma development, as seen in four cases. There was also no increased risk of cancer development in those conceived through frozen embryo transfer (FET) compared to fresh embryo transfer. Spaan described these results as "an important contribution to current knowledge about health risks in ART offspring," which will provide both parents and clinicians with evidence regarding potential cancer risks in ART-conceived offspring.
Accurately Predicting Ovarian Failure in Girls with Cancer
CANCER treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, can damage the ovaries, causing primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). Although ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) can be offered to safeguard future fertility, it is invasive, has risks, and evidence suggests that most girls do not develop POI (the prevalence after childhood cancer is estimated at 10%). Consequently, a selection tool has been developed to accurately predict ovarian damage in girls under 18 years of age. Ruth Howie, University of Edinburgh and NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK, presented the research findings at the 37th ESHRE virtual Annual Meeting 2021.
Results were obtained from a long-term follow-up study of 423 girls and young women. Nearly 25% (n=9) of the 37 individuals classified as high-risk by the Edinburgh selection criteria were diagnosed with POI. Conversely, only 3% of the 386 patients categorised as low-risk developed premature ovarian failure. The Edinburgh selection criteria for OTC, based on knowledge of relevant scientific literature and clinician experience of POI, were developed by a multidisciplinary group of experts and have been in use since 1996.
Data were based on all females (<18 years) diagnosed with cancer in Southeast Scotland between 1st January 1996 and 30th April 2020. Reproductive function was assessed by evidence of puberty, hormonal measurements, the presence of menstruation, pregnancy, or POI diagnosis at most recent follow-up to October 2020. In the present study, the average time for developing POI was 5.8 years.
Of the 639 individuals diagnosed, approximately 34% (n=216) were excluded from the analysis, including those on hormonal contraception, girls aged under 12 years, and individuals who died before the age of 12 years. Of the 423 remaining patients, more than a third (n=143) had unknown reproductive outcomes.
Therefore, a subgroup analysis of 280 patients was performed in addition to the primary analysis. Twenty-nine of the 280 individuals were identified as high-risk of POI and offered OTC, with 31% (n=9) subsequently developing the condition. In contrast, only 4% (n=11) of the 251 low-risk patients developed the condition.
To summarise, Howie highlighted that the Edinburgh criteria "are a robust tool for selecting those at high risk at the time of diagnosis who should be offered OTC." Even so, it is important to continuously review the criteria via long-term follow-up of the reproductive outcomes of those assessed.
Patient as Part of the Decision Process Symposium at 18th World Congress on Menopause
Aetiology and Outcomes of Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study in a University Hospital, India
Umbilical Cord Haematoma and Uterine Torsion: Rare Pregnancy Complications at Tu Du Hospital in Vietnam and a Review of Literature
A Comparative Study of Local Dietary Intake Among Subjects with Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Attending Antenatal Care
EMJ Reproductive Health 8.1 2022


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text:
The Gentleman's Journal
The Gentleman's Journal, an illustrated Magazine of Literature, Information and Amusement. Frank Jay in Peeps into the Past has a brief entry on Gentleman's Journal >
"This was first published on November 1, 1869 but although splendid coloured plates, most interesting supplements, and other generous gifts were given away with it, the periodical ran to only 150 numbers, the last number being dated the latter end of September, 1872, when it was submerged with the number 436, Vol. 9, of "The Young Ladies' Journal."
Both periodicals were published by E. Harrison and Edward Viles (author of "Black Bess, or The Knight of the Road"), at Merton House, Salisbury Square, E. C."
Very few serials identify the authors, Watts Phillips, Charles Stevens, 'Ernest Brent' (Harry Emmett), and 'Charlton' (Henry Charlton Emmett), both brothers of William Laurence Emmett and George Emmett contributed. Watts Phillips was a writer for the London Journal, where, under the names Fairfax Balfour, he wrote "Ida Lee; or, The Child of the Wreck." Illustrations were by A. W. Thompson and Frederick Gilbert.
Jay again:
It was too "high-toned" to compete with Brett's and Emmett's journals, and although it was most profuse with its gifts of coloured plates, etc., it failed to hold its own with the other journals. A big feature was made in the addition of monthly recreation supplements, which by themselves form a good-sized volume containing some exceedingly clever articles on music, electricity, angling, gymnastics, sports of all kinds, draughts, clever problems of chess, poultry, rabbits, and other pets: in fact, everything that a youth could wish for, and yet it failed to obtain sufficient support, and so came to an end.
Some first-rate serials ran in its pages. In Vol. 1 -- "The Raven and what became of it," "The Sea Kings," "Saxilby Manor," "Facing the World," by Watts Phillips (whose name is associated with the old LONDON JOURNAL), "Gold; or, The Treasures of Ishultan," "Mark Single," "The Brothers' Plot," "The Three Volunteers." Vol. 2, No. 36, July 1, 1870, "Townsend the Runner; or, The King's Favourite," "Behind a Mask; or, A Gipsy's Hate," "One of the Seven," "Dick of the Diamond; or, Out on the World," "The Tempter," "The Life of a Soldier," "True Blue," by Charles Stevens, "Roland Strathorn." Vol. 3, No. 65, no current date, only 1871 on title, "Zasco, the Corsair; or, The Lord of the Golden Island," by Charles Stevens, "Roused at Last: or, The Slave's Revenge," "King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table," by Chares Stevens, very finely illustrated, artist not given, and in the announcement of its commencement Charles Stevens is mentioned as the author of "Zasco, the Corsair," and "Top Gallant Tom," "Luke's Luck," by the author of "Dick and Dick's Brother" (Ernest Brent.) (This tale had previously appeared in No. 1 of "The Young Briton.") "Gipsy Monte; or, The Mystery of Oak Nook," "Gold Mountain; or, The African Talisman," and "Little Jim and Jack Diggory." Vol. 4, No. 92 (no date), "The King's Service," by Charlton (Harry Emmett), "Paul Adair," by Charles Stevens, "The White Indian," "Heir to Half a Million," "Tom Brady," "Congo the Conjurer," "The Secret of Hollow Oak Farm." Vol. 5, Nos. 117 to 144, "Cosmo the Pirate," "Dick Dareall; or, The Plague of the School," "The Hunter's Vision; or, The Search for the Cave of Gold," "Mid of the Flora Dell," by Harry Emmett. Vol. 6, 145 to 150, "Ned Hawley," and all the other serials finished with the last number, with which was presented gratis a copy of No. 436, "The Young Ladies' Journal," in which periodical "The Gentleman's Journal" became incorporated, and so ended one of the most ambitious journals for boys ever published.
Labels: Edward Harrison, Edward Viles, Gentleman's Journal
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