For Pete's sake, how many times will European media shoot themselves in the foot before they learn? The latest story is how Spanish publishers have successfully lobbied their Government to create a new copyright law that forces Google to pay a license fee when they link to them. To which Google responded by saying, "F*** you too, we are out of here!".
Yep, European publishers want people to pay for linking.
Now... I could continue this as the most epic rant ever. But while that surely would be entertaining, I'm not sure that it would be helpful. Instead, I will just walk over to this corner of my office and stare at the wallpaper for an hour or so. At least the wallpaper makes more sense.
I will also say this, as an analyst desperately trying to prevent European news publishers from shooting themselves in the foot. Take a day out of your busy schedule lobbying European politicians and just visit a brand. Ask them, how are you convincing more people to buy your products, connect with your brands, and generally just love everything you do?
A: Lobbying the government in order to prevent Google and others from linking to you?
B: Paying PR and ad agencies to build SEO, enhance social media, and actively trying to get as many people to link as much as possible, in as many ways as possible?
A: Trying to protect their homepage traffic by limiting the way people can link?
B: Saying "Forget the homepage, the future growth is coming from sharing?"
Okay, granted, a few of these cases were justified (in the cases where they weren't linking but taking the full articles and republishing them). But the end result is the same. The EU media startup scene is in a terrible state.
Actually, there is a very simple way to illustrate this. The old European media companies are behaving exactly like the Black Knight in Monty Python ...and the rest of us is Arthur, King of the Internet.
"None shall pass!" ...not even if it means losing an arm or a leg to protect their past role of being the gatekeeper.
Update: That didn't take long. The Association of Spanish Newspaper Publishers is now trying to get EU involved, and thus force Google to keep Google News alive, arguing that Google controls almost all the searched in Spain.
In other words, they are saying that Google must link to them, and pay for those links. In other words, this is 100% a Google tax dreamed up by the Spanish newspapers.


What is NADP,NADPH,ATP,ADP and what has it to do with photosyntesis?
NADP - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
NADPH - The reduced form of NADP.
In the Light Dependent Processes i.e Light Reactions, the light strikes chlorophyll a in such a way as to excite electrons to a higher energy state. In a series of reactions the energy is converted, along an electron transport process into ATP and NADPH. Water is split in the process, releasing oxygen as a by-product of the reaction. The ATP and NADPH are used to make C-C bonds in the Light Independent Process (Dark Reactions).
Thus in photosynthesis, these 4 molecules are needed to carry out the various energy conversions.


text:
Lars Schandorff (ur. 20 kwietnia 1965 w Kopenhadze) – duński szachista, arcymistrz od roku 1996 roku.

Kariera szachowa
W 1982 r. podzielił VII miejsce na mistrzostwach świata juniorów do lat 20 w Kopenhadze. W 1988 r. zdobył jedyny, jak do tej pory, złoty medal w indywidualnych mistrzostwach Danii. W tym samym roku zadebiutował w narodowej drużynie na szachowej olimpiadzie w Salonikach. Do 2008 r. w olimpijskich turniejach wziął udział jeszcze siedmiokrotnie. Poza tym, w latach 2005–2009 trzykrotnie reprezentował Danię na drużynowych mistrzostwach Europy w Göteborgu.

W 1989 r. zwyciężył (wspólnie z Aleksandrem Koczijewem w Tallinnie (turniej B). W 2002 r. podzielił III miejsce w kołowym turnieju w Kopenhadze. Zanotował również udany występ w tradycyjnym otwartym turnieju Politiken Cup (również w Kopenhadze), dzieląc w bardzo silnej stawce zawodników IV miejsce. W 2004 r. podzielił II miejsce w kolejnym turnieju open w Esbjergu. W 2005 r. uzyskał kolejny dobry rezultat w Politiken Cup, dzieląc II miejsce, za Konstantinem Sakajewem. W 2008 r. zdobył w Silkeborgu srebrny medal indywidualnych mistrzostw Danii oraz podzielił I m. w Kopenhadze (wspólnie z Henrikiem Danielsenem, Stellanem Brynellem i Nikolajem Mikkelsenem), natomiast w 2009 r. w tym samym mieście zdobył brązowy medal mistrzostw kraju. W 2012 r. po raz kolejny stanął na podium mistrzostw Danii, zajmując w rozegranym w Helsingørze finale 2. miejsce.

Najwyższy ranking w dotychczasowej karierze osiągnął 1 stycznia 2003 r., z wynikiem 2563 punktów zajmował wówczas 4. miejsce wśród duńskich szachistów.

Wybrane publikacje
 Playing the Queen's Gambit − A Grandmaster Guide, Quality Chess Europe, Glasgow 2009,

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 ChessBase Megabase 2008

Linki zewnętrzne

Arcymistrzowie szachowi
Duńscy szachiści
Urodzeni w 1965
Ludzie urodzeni w Kopenhadze
Szachiści Werderu Brema

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Event club for adventure sports and social group in Japan. Organizes outdoor, sports, leisure, recreation activities and parties. Located at 409 Mita Fuyou Heights,4-3-2 Shiba, Minato-ku.
Fun paintball and survival games are available just outside Tokyo in nearby Chiba prefecture. We have everything you need for an enjoyable day out including an awesome course for maximum fun! Everyone is welcome.
During summer months, the club organizes weekend events that include rafting, camping, island hopping, scuba, winery tours, hiking, climbing, canyoning and parties.
Japanese hot air balloon club. The flight area every weekend is Watarase, 60km from Tokyo.


In a bid to endear himself to Nigerians ahead of the elections in 2019, the motivational speaker, released some of his achievements.
According to him, Nigeria has all the resources it needs to be a desirable place for anyone to inhabit, provided it gets the right leadership.
Durotoye also revealed that he will be joining a political party - Alliance for a New Nigeria (ANN) to enable him achieve his ambition.
1. Fela Durotoye is a NATION BUILDER & the Chief Executive Officer of the GEMSTONE GROUP, a Leadership Development Institution aimed at raising leaders of excellence and exemplary values who would be committed to building Nigeria into a most desirable nation to live in by Wednesday the 31st of December 2025.
2. Fela currently mentors over 15,000 leaders in business, enterprise, education, religion and the professional services sectors on the platform of The Fela Durotoye Leadership Network.
3. Fela holds a Bachelors degree (B.Sc.) in Computer Science & Economics along with a Masters degree in Business Administration (MBA) from the prestigious Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife where he wrote his MBA thesis on The Management of Change in Complex Organisations.
4. He is also an Alumnus of Kennedy School of Government Executive Education program of the prestigious Harvard University, Boston (Massachusetts).
5. Over the past decade, he has built a track record of National Transformation projects, many of which are so bold and audacious; near impossible tasks. Notable among the too many to mention transformation projects which Fela has championed is the largest urban renewal project in Nigeria's history known as MUSHIN MAKEOVER where Fela mobilized over 2,000 volunteers to paint 296 houses across 7 streets of the Mushin suburb of Lagos, AT NO CHARGE to the owners and resident of the buildings.
In the course of the Mushin Makeover project, over 100 unemployed youths were trained by Berger Paints PLC in 'The Art & Technique of Painting'.
Their reasons being that 2019 is too soon, and he needs to build support among the grassroot.
Other Nigerians reportedly interested in taking Buhari's job are Donald Duke,Governor Ayo Fayose, Ex-Vice President Atiku Abubakar and Pastor Tunde Bakare.


However, as sovereign nation, the country is failing dismally to capitalise on a long-term economic development opportunity to be a totally independent energy generating and exporting nation.
This national economic development leadership failure to be an independent energy generation and export nation unfortunately covers all the other natural resource endowment potentials which if the country was serious to be an industrialised nation, could have led it to have significantly more ownership, control and management of its natural resource.
With such a regrettable negative leadership approach, the country will never ever be able to truly dictate its economic development agenda since it prefers to instead significantly outsource its natural resources to the highest bidder, with the lame comfort to just receive loyalties and taxes.
This posture in my opinion strongly betrays and defeats the true aims and objective of the nation's liberation struggle and should be rectified with the utmost urgency it deserves.
The Kudu gas field, with an estimated lifespan of more than 25 years, was officially discovered in 1974 about 170 km off the coast of Oranjemund with an initial estimate of about 1.3 trillion cubic feet of proven natural gas reserves and with available exploratory data the field contains approximately 3 trillion cubic feet with the potential to reach 9 trillion cubic feet.
These are astronomical figures which, if handled patriotically, can in addition to the nation's other natural resource blessings, significantly alleviate the country's diverse socio-economic problems and further propel it to be a truly industrialised nation, amongst others.
The Kudu Gas to Power project was going to cost approximately N$16 billion dollars to completely bring it to life and to thereafter produce an estimated 850 megawatt of electricity which will certainly meet our domestic energy requirements of 520 megawatt with the surplus to be exported.
The initial development process would have involved Namcor and its technical partners to drill the natural gas upstream, transport it via a 170 km pipeline or in specialised built vessels to an on shore-built gas to power station 25 km near Oranjemund, which would be managed by Nampower through an established special purpose company to connect it to the nation's national grid.
This very simple, feasible and affordable process is what would have transpired to successfully make Namibia an independent energy generating and exporting nation, but for what it's worth, those in power to make this a reality have instead chosen to maintain the status quo which in my honest view is very retrogressive to say the least.
Nampower, the nation's national utility company, has since the dawn of independence spent more than N$70 billion dollars (N$2.6 billion dollars per year for 28 years) on the import of electricity from South Africa, a situation which if compared to the required N$16 billion to build the Kudu gas to power generation station clearly demonstrates that Namibia certainly does have the necessary funds to be an independent energy generating nation.
This sad situation to import power from South Africa is set to go on to the year 2025 and beyond. In addition to the above and to further demonstrate the nation's ability to fund the establishment of the Kudu gas to power project, GIPF, the nation's biggest pension fund administrator sits on more than N$106 billion cash resource which for what it's worth will rather invest more than N$2 billion in the Bank Windhoek financial group which is already a financially stable institution.
A much closer look at GIFP and the manner in which it invests these public pension funds to questionable private projects will clearly expose the reality that it does certainly have the mandate, capability and potential to invest in viable long term national socio-economic development projects which in my honest and humble opinion the Kudu gas to power project could be one of those special projects.
With that said, a mixed capital financing model involving perhaps the African Development Bank, Namcor, Nampower, GIPF and/or the general public could have been achieved to bring the Kudu Gas to power project to reality built on the political and economic will to realize this noble goal.
Going forward, the lame argument that the Kudu Gas to Power project is not viable and will make the cost of electricity higher if brought downstream to Namibians holds no scientific water at all, especially if one looks at the fact that Nampower has already spent more than N$75 billion dollars over a duration period of 28 years to import power from South Africa compared to a once-off investment of N$16 billion to set up the Kudu gas to power station makes no economic sense.
Namibia should rather pursue to be an energy independent generation and export nation.
The current cost of bulk electricity at N$1.69 per kilo-watt hour is artificially too high for Namibia and is further not economically sustainable for the long-term economic development goals of the nation especially in an environment where we have options to rather utilize our own energy supply sources. The realization of the Kudu Gas to power project will in my opinion lead to a more competitive lower energy costs per kilo-wat hour in the medium to long term benefit of the domestic market and for our neighboring countries as the financing model to predominately use local funds to develop this energy generation project will make it more competitive as it could be traded in the Rand currency.
However, to truly see and appreciate these potential long term economic national benefits to the country relative to the devastating social challenges facing the nation will require going forward bold, visionary leadership and a united people which at the moment is not in place hence the political running around looking for billions at generational costs for alternative unproductive investments whilst the nations sits on a pile of tradeable global commodities which it sadly owns but no significant control over.
* Pendapala Hangala is a Namibian Socio-Economist who strongly believes in the nation's Vision 2030 development agenda.
Hey Penda, What a nonsense ! Ask your father for the real figures of Kudu and revise your article ! the only thing we could have done with that gas is to take it out, clean it, cool it down and then load it on ships to sell it on the international markets. With the money we should have financed the energy transition towards RE + storage => export of kWh. De-centralised generation makes sense, not only because we have high cost and up to 15% loss in our grid, but even more importantly because we can channel more money into the pockets of the general population by enhancing net-metering and raise equity for local 5 MW power plants in the areas and region where they are being built. Then learn smart-grid management and become productive based on a long-term stabile price for power. Yours H.


text:
Q: Quick Action and flow to create a record in Lightning I am trying to create a quick Action that calls the flow and lightning component to create a record as suggested in the blog here. I need to create a record of custom object from Opportunity record , using the Quick action as suggested in the blog. I created a  flow like below with the Action which calls the lightning component createAXProjectRecords

And the Lightning component is like
createAXProjectRecords.cmp
<aura:component implements="lightning:availableForFlowActions">
  <aura:attribute name="InputContactID" type="String" />
  <aura:attribute name="InputAccountID" type="String" />
</aura:component>

createAXProjectRecords.design
<design:component>
  <design:attribute name="InputContactID" />
  <design:attribute name="InputAccountID" />
</design:component>

createAXProjectRecordsController.js
({
 invoke : function(component, event, helper){
   var ContactID = component.get("v.InputContactID");
   var AccountID = component.get("v.InputAccountID");

   var createRecordEvent = $A.get("e.force:createRecord");

   createRecordEvent.setParams({
     "entityApiName": "AX_Project__c",
     "defaultFieldValues": {
      'Contact__c' : ContactID,
       'Account__c': AccountID

    }
  });
  createRecordEvent.fire();
 }
})

When I try to click on the Quick Action on the Opportunity record I get

I tried running the flow to debug but it is also throwing Unhandled fault exception. Can anyone suggest me what I am missing here.
Error in the flow

A: You might want to change the line where you are entering into createRecordEvent.setParam as follows. While you are at it also make sure that the Account__c and Contact__c (which I hope are look-ups in your case have appropriate FLS settings as well and the name, case is right. That should do the trick.
if(AccountID !="" && AccountID !=null && AccountID != undefined) // Check for ContactID also I am skipping it :-)
{
  createRecordEvent.setParams({
 "entityApiName": "AX_Project__c",
 "defaultFieldValues":
   {
   'Account__c': AccountID
   }
  });
}
else
{
  createRecordEvent.setParams({
 "entityApiName": "AX_Project__c"
 });
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Dolby bringing Atmos to homes… are small post houses next?
Last month Dolby announced that its groundbreaking Atmos surround sound format will soon be available outside of commercial cinemas. By sometime early next year consumer's will be able to buy special Atmos-enabled A/V receivers and speakers for their home theater systems.
I recently had the chance to demo a prototype of an Atmos home system at an event hosted at Dolby's New York offices.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Atmos for the home, audio post production, Dolby Atmos, Robin Shore, Silver Sound Studio, Sound Engineer, surround sound on August 25, 2014 by Randi Altman.


Surrounded by legends, tradition and volcanoes grows what today has become one of the world's most recognized coffees. Born in Antigua, Guatemala, Santa Clara Coffee Farm is a treasure located on the southern slopes of the Antigua Valley where coffee is grown at altitudes between 5,100 and 6,200 feet above sea level. The region is privileged to have some of the finest volcanic soils available for the cultivation of specialty coffee, it is because of this, that the preservation of its natural condition is a priority. The plantations are under very strict agricultural controls in order to ensure this coffee is exquisite and aromatic.
Four generations of the Zelaya family have written the story of the Santa Clara Coffee Farm, and after more than 85 years of exporting green coffee, the Zelaya family has decided it was time for Guatemalans to taste what their country has been offering to the world for decades. For the first time, Ricardo Zelaya Coffee is introducing Santa Clara Genuino Antigua Coffee in its own country.
Experience a blend of our finest roasted coffees, including our famous "Special Pickings" and Cup of Excellence competing lots.


Samba Kids Tees are Here!
Samba Colorado Kids Tees are coming! We are pre-ordering now. Available are XS-XL in youth sizes. $12 per shirt or 2 for $20! You can pay by check or send $13 or $22 (for 2) via paypal to sambacoloradodance@gmail.com (including web tax). Let's continue to share Samba Love throughout Colorado!


How many times have you lost important information? Maybe a virus, maybe a mistaken move, maybe a hardware failure or whatever reason, and we could keep on going mentioning a lot of reasons why you could lose important information. There's a solution well known for everybody: create backup of the information. But, why is that almost nobody bothers?! I mean, we are talking about important information. Nobody wants to lose it and yet nobody creates backup copies. The answer is simple: creating systematic backup copies is time consuming, boring and it takes that you remember it. Well, PC Backup gives solutions to those problems. Let's know about this tool.
• Comprehensive system backup and disaster recovery software, so if something happen you can always go back to the previous good status.
• Backup to any kind of media (including Hard Drive, CD, DVD, USB, and more). It's a good idea to create copies on external drives to prevent the lost of information in case of robbery of PC or hardware failure.
• Built in scheduler makes setting up automatic backups quick and easy, so you don't have to remember to create backups, on of the most important things.
• Wizards provide simple instructions to backup an entire system or just a few files. These wizards make everything easier, a good reason to get backup copies done.
• Backup whatever you want: entire system, selected files or folders, or just "new and changed" files, so you can get smaller copy files.
• Spans backups across multiple pieces of media and use compression to consume less backup media. Pretty important feature since nowadays information is stored in massive quantities.
• Powerful Disaster Recovery enables the recovery of applications and operating system in the event of hard drive failure.
At last but no least, you may be wondering how much does it cost? This amazing and very complete tool cost only 60 dollars. No that much if you thing how much cost you to lose important information.


text:
Lough Ree RNLI rescue 13 people on stranded boats on the Longford Lake shore
Lifeboats News Release
Lough Ree RNLI's volunteer lifeboat crew went to the aid of 13 people as it responded to three separate call outs on the northern waters of the lake over the past weekend.
RNLI/Tom McGuire
Lough Ree RNLI with cruiser under tow
The most significant event was on Saturday (12 June) when at 7.20pm the charity's volunteer crew launched the lifeboat under helm Emmet Devereaux to go to the aid of a speed boat with nine people on board which was drifting in Bantry Bay. On reaching the scene it was found that the boat had run aground and damaged a propeller. The craft with nine people on board was taken under tow to a safe berth at Ballyleague.
Late on Friday evening, the Lough Ree RNLI lifeboat volunteer crew went to the assistance of a 23ft steel cruiser with two people on board which had run aground in Barley Harbour. The cruiser was towed off the rocks and following inspection towed to Barley Harbour. The RNLI volunteer lifeboat the 'Tara Scougall' returned to its base just before midnight.
This morning (Sunday 13 June) the Lough Ree RNLI volunteer lifeboat crew returned to Bantry Bay on the Longford lake shore where a 37ft cruiser with two people onboard had run aground an was listing. Following inspection the boat was taken under tow to a safe berth in Lanesboro.
Reflecting on a busy weekend for the charity, Lough Ree RNLI Lifeboat Operations Manager Jude Kilmartin said: 'This is the start of the busy season on the lake when all users of the waterway should in time of need make the emergency call to 999 or 112 at the earliest opportunity. It is a tribute to our volunteer crews that responses this weekend were successful and timely.'
Key facts about the RNLI
The RNLI charity saves lives at sea. Its volunteers provide a 24-hour search and rescue service around the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland coasts. The RNLI operates 238 lifeboat stations in the UK and Ireland and more than 240 lifeguard units on beaches around the UK and Channel Islands. The RNLI is independent of Coastguard and government and depends on voluntary donations and legacies to maintain its rescue service. Since the RNLI was founded in 1824, its lifeboat crews and lifeguards have saved over 142,700 lives.
Learn more about the RNLI
For more information please visit the RNLI website or Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. News releases, videos and photos are available on the News Centre.
Contacting the RNLI - public enquiries
Members of the public may contact the RNLI on 0300 300 9990 (UK) or 1800 991802 (Ireland) or by email.
Lifeboat Press Officer, Lough Ree Lifeboat Station
Lough Ree Lifeboat Station Lough Ree Lifeboat Station

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Editorial 020 8295 8304 | Sales 020 8295 8307
— Main Menu —Home News Opinion Features Editor's View Vertical Sectors Case Studies Technology Cyber Training and Careers How To… White Papers Industry Associations Guarding Meet The Security Company eNews Magazines Online Issues Events Showcase Video
Editor's View
Vertical Sectors
Training and Careers
Meet The Security Company
SIA and HMRC join forces to crack down on exploitation of security workers
Two-thirds of UK companies admit to never testing physical security measures
Three individuals acquitted as Serious Fraud Office confirms DPA with Sarclad Ltd
Prestigious FSA Fire and Security Industry Awards now open for 2019 nominations
£10 million investment underpins new Modern Slavery Policy and Evidence Centre
Criminals to face fresh crackdown in Government's fight against dirty money
Information Commissioner points towards "unprecedented year" for ICO in 2018-2019 Annual Report
Government prioritises well-being and mental health of police officers and staff in new support package
Crowe report highlights staggering £130 billion annual cost of fraud in UK plc
Human Rights groups seek to build on historic surveillance judgement in fresh Grand Chamber appeal
NHS WannaCry attack findings "demonstrate improving awareness" of costs of IT downtime
By : Brian Sims
Tag: Business Continuity, Cyber Attack, Databarracks, Department of Health and Social Care, Disaster Recovery, IT, NHS, Pro-Activ Publications, Reputational Damage, Risk Xtra, TheSecurityLion, WannaCry
The decision by the Department of Health and Social Care to assign real values to the 'lost outputs' experienced by the NHS during the 2017 WannaCry cyber attack is indicative of how organisations are taking a much more holistic view of the financial impact of IT downtime. This is according to a detailed response from business continuity and disaster recovery firm Databarracks.
Recently, the Department of Health and Social Care revealed that the WannaCry attack which hit the NHS last year cost the health service £92 million. It estimates that around £19 million was lost in terms of patient care output, based on the findings that 1% of NHS services were disrupted across a one-week period.
In addition to the lost services, it's believed a further £500,000 was spent on dealing with the immediate effects of the IT failure, including the hiring of additional consultants.
The biggest costs came in the June to July period immediately following the WannaCry episode, which is estimated to have cost a further £72 million as the NHS worked to restore its services to full operation and recover its data.
Increasingly, organisations are improving their understanding of the costs of IT downtime. Databarracks' 2017 Data Health Check survey revealed that 35% of participants did not know what downtime would cost their business. In 2018, that figure has dropped to only 22%.
Positive action taken
Peter Groucutt, managing director of Databarracks, believes that contextualising lost outputs as a cost is a positive action from the Department of Health and Social Care. "IT downtime, whether it be from a data breach or the result of an IT outage, impacts an organisation in several ways, but will always carry a cost. Calculating that cost is never easy, but it's essential in order to understand the full impact to the organisation and to help decide what improvements must be made."
Groucutt continued: "There are several types of costs that need to be considered when estimating the financial impact of downtime on an organisation. The first are immediate tangible costs, such as lost revenue and the direct costs to fix the issue. In the NHS' case it didn't 'lose revenue', so instead it quantified the impact through lost outputs, including cancelled appointments and operations. Assigning a value to those appointments allowed the NHS to easily clarify the financial impact of cancelling 19,000 appointments during the attack. Additionally, it was also welcoming to see the NHS recognise not just the IT costs experienced within the immediate attack, but also later costs which included £72 million spent on IT support in the months that followed."
Strengthening IT resilience
Groucutt believes that the Department of Health and Social Care assigning real values to these lost outputs could prove critical in securing the necessary budgets needed to strengthen IT resilience across the NHS.
"In the wake of the NHS WannaCry attack, NHS England's chief information officer Will Smart outlined 22 recommendations for local NHS organisations to adopt in order to improve resilience. This included ensuring contracts with IT suppliers "factor in and budget for" keeping software up-to-date, including security patches. While this should be fundamental to any good security practices, assigning real monetary values to these specific areas could prove to be the tipping point in helping the NHS to secure the funds needed to strengthen resilience."
Groucutt went on to state: "In addition to tangible costs, there are often 'hidden' costs associated with IT downtime. For most organisations, these hidden costs might materialise through damage to reputation. A publicly-listed company will immediately see the impact of reputational damage in a drop in its share price. Private companies can calculate the impact of reputational damage by estimating the value of customers deferring to competitors. For the NHS, as a public service, this is much more difficult for the Department of Health and Social Care to determine. Although these hidden costs can be difficult to calculate, it's important to at least include an estimate. With the NHS, it could have published the costs involved as £73 million plus 'other costs relating to lost output'. By also making sensible estimates for other costs, and including the additional £19 million, this offers a much more complete picture of the attack's impact."
*For more information from the Data Health Check 2018 access http://info.databarracks.com/DataHealthCheck2018.html
Brian Sims BA (Hons) Hon FSyI, Editor, Risk UK (Pro-Activ Publications) Beginning his career in professional journalism at The Builder Group in March 1992, Brian was appointed Editor of Security Management Today in November 2000 having spent eight years in engineering journalism across two titles: Building Services Journal and Light & Lighting. In 2005, Brian received the BSIA Chairman's Award for Promoting The Security Industry and, a year later, the Skills for Security Special Award for an Outstanding Contribution to the Security Business Sector. In 2008, Brian was The Security Institute's nomination for the Association of Security Consultants' highly prestigious Imbert Prize and, in 2013, was a nominated finalist for the Institute's George van Schalkwyk Award. An Honorary Fellow of The Security Institute, Brian serves as a Judge for the BSIA's Security Personnel of the Year Awards and the Securitas Good Customer Award. Between 2008 and 2014, Brian pioneered the use of digital media across the security sector, including webinars and Audio Shows. Brian's actively involved in 50-plus security groups on LinkedIn and hosts the popular Risk UK Twitter site. Brian is a frequent speaker on the conference circuit. He has organised and chaired conference programmes for both IFSEC International and ASIS International and has been published in the national media. Brian was appointed Editor of Risk UK at Pro-Activ Publications in July 2014 and as Editor of The Paper (Pro-Activ Publications' dedicated business newspaper for security professionals) in September 2015. Brian was appointed Editor of Risk Xtra at Pro-Activ Publications in May 2018.
Paysafe Report: "Security ranks as Number One eCommerce priority for SMBs"
Nuvias Group outlines Top Ten Cyber Security Predictions for 2019
, By Brian Sims
IDIS DC-C4212RX micro dome camera "ideal" for high-end security projects
Risk Xtra featured
@riskxtra
@riskxtraFollow
BrianSimsRiskXtra@RiskXtra·
Kentec helps to keep Brenntag UK & Ireland's Sunderland facility safe with Taktis installation https://t.co/ots27MmuUW
SIA and HMRC join forces in bid to crack down on exploitation of security workers https://t.co/KDm4st2SuF
Two-thirds of UK companies admit to never testing physical security measures https://t.co/w9HOCYZo4r
Three individuals acquitted as Serious Fraud Office confirms DPA with Sarclad Ltd https://t.co/MePbzw5DK8
IDIS DC-C4212RX micro dome camera "ideal" for high-end security projects https://t.co/BxDHrVBfli
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Played a total of 653 times by 150 registered members. Finished by 146 users who rated the difficulty as easy.
I am really rusty...it's been a long time! Miss Lanny couldn't even find misslanny.
I knew it was too good to be true! I'm using The latest Safari on my laptop, but it doesn't seem to help. Oh well.
Using Safari browser substantially lowers move count.
Hi Everyone -- I finished this 1 with 100 moves.
Thank you Donna and Layla for the clues.
Don't think I've ever seen 75 moves! Wow Layla. I was just happy seeing Miss Lanny on my first try.
Good morning, Donna. If you use Safari browser on IBM/Microsoft system, your counting steps will be down quite a lot. Don't feel bad. I used to be on your boat, and knew the feeling. Today's game is a no flipper game. I pulled 7 down for 6 in order to move the K .
, I really am bad at this !My lord Layla has 75.
Hi everyone! Are we getting good at this, or is this game really easy?


Weird: Are turtles the logical step beyond basic dog training?
Horrific: This one's from a dieting book for teenage girls. The chapter that accompanies this image is titled "50 Ways To Lose Your Blubber." Good lord, please take it away!
Outdated: I'd like to see a kid check out this book on how to make your own animated movies. "Mom, I need a film splicer!"


text:
What is bone tissue engineering used for?
What biomaterials are used for bone replacement?
Is bone graft tissue engineering?
What components would you use to engineer replacement skin and bone?
What is biomaterial engineering?
What are the 3 material classes for biomaterials?
Bone tissue engineering is concerned with creating implantable bone substitutes for critical skeletal defects that cannot heal on their own. These defects are common clinical scenarios in orthopedics and craniofacial surgery, for the treatment of bone loss due to trauma, infection, and tumor resection.
Bioceramics. Bioceramics are a kind of inorganic non-metallic materials. Because the main components of bone tissue are hydroxyapatite (HAp), the typical biomaterials of calcium phosphate ceramic (CaP) and bioactive glasses (BG) are widely used as bone substitutes for many years.
Is tissue engineering a biomaterial?
Two major fields are biomaterials and tissue engineering (TE). In brief, biomaterials are man-made materials developed for, and used in, products intended for medical treatments. Tissue engineering, on the other hand, is a set of methods to produce living functional tissue from cell cultures or tissue seeds.
What are the different types of biomaterials?
Biomaterials are generally grouped into three classes: metals, ceramics, and polymers.
Bone Tissue Engineering These systems facilitate the homogenous tissue growth by improving nutrient transport (in the absence of a vascular network) and mechanical stimulation (shear-stress arising from the flow of culture medium).
Protein components of the ECM, such as collagen, fibrin, laminin or elastin as well as mixtures of these components in Matrigel (Raeber et al. 2005), are widely used as cell-culture substrates due to their inherent resemblance to the natural ECM and complex signalling capabilities.
What materials is used in bone?
Bone by weight contains about 30% matrix, 60% mineral and 10% water [2]. The bone matrix is primarily collagen which responsible for the tensile strength. The mineral component of bone is calcium phosphate, which imparts compressive strength to the bone tissue [3].
Is bone a biomaterial?
HA is the main mineral of natural bone and thus has been extensively studied as a bone biomaterial. It has a theoretical density of 3.16 g·cm−3 and a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.67.
Biomaterials Engineers apply their knowledge of engineering and biology to design, develop and test health systems and products. Implantable devices like pacemakers, defibrillators, and artificial joints must be biocompatible while carrying out complex chemical, mechanical, and electrical functions.
By aubrey March 5, 2021
What has motivated you to achieve a doctoral degree?
What does holistic score mean?


Some Product work for a local caterer, I have to admit, I ate a few of the coffee beans.
The Admissions Department at Georgetown Law School was hosting an Admitted Students discussion panel.
I almost didn't bring a camera today as I thought it would be sufficiently documented, but I luckily brought it could and capture some of the smaller moments surrounding Debbie and Me on the way to and at the Washington Monument.
I really thought these two images captured some of the moments from the day.
Spent a night in the frigid cold waiting for buses to travel in front of the a few good spots by the capitol and the Supreme Court. That and getting approached by cops to tell me I can't have a tri-pod.
It seems as though every photographer in DC has to have some sort of metro station shot, so here it goes. Once I get my wide angle lens I may revisit this.


Several Jewish students were seriously injured.
gregation Shaarei Shomayim, 89 Riv.
The central committee of the Ilussian Ila Chalutz has applied to the land, in Germany and in Ilungary.
Jews on the Land. No reply was received by the Ila Chalutz.
The editor of the Nasz Przeglod was sentenced to one month's imprison. bility for these manifestations."
fishing industry in the country.
tural commissariat of the Ukraine.
construction of the synagogue began as far back as 1805.
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Sir Herbert Raphael, well-known Jewish millionaire and banker, for try which you love,"
means should not conic to Athens, because the krhillah of that c it y is not dent, and Abraham Schor, cantor.
in a position to extend any hospitality.
Don't Wait Till You Get a Court Notice.
Offices 1603 Ftrst Nat'l Bank Bldg.
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empire has solved its internal affairs.
The establishment of a Ilietadruth Hatiodini of Jewish Orthodox workers, as a cure.
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stone of the home for aged women was laid on the same day. The new . thenvhat other may have health.
home will accommodate 80 inmates and will cost approximately $80,000.
hank irreproachable and the government asked him to remain in office. Ile, nuriously dowered."
attempted to remove important state documents from the bank.
persons. in addition to a large number of "unattached" chalutzim. Sixteen benediction.
Itossia has arrived in Palestine since December, 1919.
Palestine if proper facilities will be granted and technical obstacles removed.
Palestine includes Chassidic rabbis and their followers. A group of 1710 previous campaigns have generated.
exhausted, being unable t" stay in Cuba ar to proceed to the United States.
and the $25 to $1110 class by 500.
Jewish immigrants may displace some of the German workers.
The publication of a series of official records of ritual murders cont.
in the Neue Zeitung, the daily newspaper published by Deputy Richard with the sources of Jewish culture.
KUnze, the anti-Semitic agitator, known popularly as "Knuepfel" Kunze.
is a graduate of the College of the City of New York. He was at oae time t nima."
was built out of state funds is a fortress and is therefore state property.
Professor Balaban to trace the documents.
and never intended to own a closed car.
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At the close of business, October 8, 1924.
Acceptances, Letters of credit and Travelers Checks.
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RODERICK P. ERASCR, Mgr. Foreign Dept.


that requires a walk-about-town in order to do his business.
and everyone (mostly me) gets lots of fresh air and exercise.
it actually is quite pleasant...once you are in it.
with the sunny days stretching well past nine p.m.
and something i really look forward to.
we've been visiting many of the beautiful walking destinations of victoria.
an artistic interpretation of the history of the esquimalt and songhees nations.
and a happy dog with his waggly tail!!!
Harlow is a pretty lucky dog :) Looks like a beautiful night for a walk.


These oars are made from beautifully finished, finest quality Tasman fir, finely sanded and grain sealed before varnishing. They are strong, robust and durable, yet lightweight and easy to handle.
Beautifully finished Tasman fir oars supplied in pairs with rubber oar stops with lugs. Available in sizes from 1.5 metres (5Ft) to 2.55 metres (8 1/2Ft).
Scull oars, with silver anodised aluminum tubing with soft-grip handle. Heavy black polypropylene scull blade and rubber oar stops with lugs. Easy to use and low maintenance. Available in 5 lengths, sold per PAIR.
Standard type ring rowlocks with a hot dipped galvanised finish. Sold in pairs with two sizes to choose from.
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Rowlock Insert Side Mount Socket made from non-corrosive, black UV resistant nylon. Sold in pairs.
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Ivory coloured thru-mount rowlocks plates made from rigid non-corrosive, UV resistant nylon. Sold in pairs.
Ivory coloured rowlocks made from rigid non-corrosive, UV resistant nylon. Sold in pairs.
Solid rubber oar stops with lugs. 3 inside diameter sizes. Sold in pairs.


The active involvement of patients in decision-making and the focus on patient expertise in managing chronic illness constitutes a priority in many healthcare systems including the NHS in the UK. With easier access to health information, patients are almost expected to be (or present self) as an 'expert patient' (Ziebland 2004). This paper draws on the meta-analysis of interview data collected for identifying treatment outcomes important to patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Taking a discourse approach to identity, the discussion focuses on the resources used in the negotiation and coconstruction of expert identities, including domain-specific knowledge, access to institutional resources, and ability to self-manage. The analysis shows that expertise is both projected (institutionally sanctioned) and claimed by the patient (self-defined). We close the paper by highlighting the limitations of our pilot study and suggest avenues for further research.


text:
Unlike Trump, At least Obama Was Presidential
Say what you will about Obama, but at least he was presidential. Love him or hate him, at least he never bragged about grabbing women by the genitalia, degraded minorities, or lambasted long time allies within hours of sustaining a terrorist attack. No, President Obama would have offered words of hope and encouragement. He would have conducted himself with the kind of dignity the presidency deserves and, now lacks.
Of course, never in my wildest dreams did I think I would one day be defending Obama. I criticized him relentlessly while he was president. However, merely six months into Trump's disastrous, scandal-ridden presidency, I routinely find myself in a state of disbelief and self-loathing, wishing someone, anyone was in office other than Trump.
Sure, Obama was professorial and long winded. That's to be expected from a law school graduate. But while Obama was far from perfect or conventional, he was at least insightful and deliberative. At least he recognized the seriousness of the position he held. At least he never felt the insecure need to embellish or describe his accomplishments with an endless supply of superlatives, adjectives and untruths.
Trump's erratic behavior, on the other hand, has resembled an unscripted MTV reality show more than a serious U.S. presidency. In fact, his message has been so contradictory and jumbled at times that some of America's most prominent institutions have been forced to publicly distance themselves from the White House in an unprecedented display of unified dissent.
In 2017 alone, the Joint Chiefs of Staff had to distance themselves from Trump's impromptu transgender ban. The FDA had to order its employees to disregard Trump's directive to "rough" up arrestees. And the Boy Scouts, who Trump claimed had called him to lavish praise, had to clarify no such phone call ever happened.
To be fair, political exaggerations are nothing new. However, even in the cutthroat world of politics, there are conventional norms and elements of truth to most exaggerations. In the imaginary world of Trump, however, there seems to be no such line or limit to what Trump will say in order to advance an agenda or change the narrative. Worse, Trump doesn't merely exaggerate, he tells outright lies.
Trump's lies have been so fantastical and commonplace that even long time foreign allies have found themselves scratching their heads, further adding to global unrest. This isn't the "element of surprise" as Trump phrases it. Nor is this the element of "keeping people on their toes." This is inexperience and immaturity.
Race relations have never been worse, as we witnessed in Charlottesville. During his tenure, Trump has not only relied on racist and nativist dog whistles to rally his base, but downplayed the seriousness of police related shootings and rise of hate crimes. Obama, on the other hand, empathized with such victims, even invoking his own personal experiences, often to the ridicule of conservative media outlets.
All too often, Trump's behavior is chalked up to be mere inexperience or political incorrectness. But there's a distinct difference between being overly politically correct and just downright crass, disrespectful and dishonest. Moreover, merely six months into Trump's roller coaster presidency, the U.S. feels more out-of-tune and divided than ever.
If Trump truly cared about the country in the long term, he'd put aside his pride and perhaps take a few pointers from his predecessor on presidential conduct and diplomacy (yes, the same predecessor he once accused of not being a citizen). After all, Trump has nobody to blame but himself for the disastrous start to his presidency. As short lived communications director Anthony Scaramucci once put it, the "fish stinks from the head down."
Brandon Loran Maxwell
Brandon Loran Maxwell is a Mexican American writer, speaker and essayist. His writings have appeared at The Hill, Salon, Townhall, The Washington Examiner, The Oregonian, and The Foundation For Economic Education, among others. He often writes about prison reform, immigration reform, pop culture, music, and Chicano culture. He resides on the West Coast.
Notmypresident
Immigrants Help The Economy & Decrease Crime
Trump's Dangerous Big Government Conservatism


The following game started just now at 8:00pm(JST). The given time per player is 30 minutes and after that each will have to make a move less than 30 seconds per move. So I think it will end about one hour and a half from the start time.


text:
Q: ¿Evitar relacionar a la misma persona con el mismo grupo mas de una vez usando ManyToManyField? Dado el siguiente codigo:
class Base(models.Model):
    id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
    create_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    modified_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
    active = models.BooleanField(default=True, verbose_name="Activo")

    class Meta:
        abstract = True

class Person(Base):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=128)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Group(Base):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
    members = models.ManyToManyField(Person, through='Membership')

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Membership(Base):
    person = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    group = models.ForeignKey(Group, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

¿Cómo puedo restringir que el modelo permita registrar mas de una vez la misma persona en el mismo grupo?
Por ejemplo en el administrador de Django registro dos instancias de Person: AAA y BBB; y dos instancias de Gruop: XXX y YYY y me permite registrar dos instancias con valores iguales iguales de Membership, es decir, la combinación (AAA, XXX) dos veces.
NOTA: La clase Base se utiliza en otros modelos, por lo que si la solución implica modificar esa clase, afectaría a los demás.

A: La solución a esto está muy bien documentada en la sección de Constraints de Django, específicamente en el apartado de UniqueConstraint.
Anteriormente, se hubiese hecho uso de la opción unique_together de la clase Meta, pero como bien indica la documentación, esta es una manera que pronto se considerará obsoleta.
Por lo tanto, lo que tienes que hacer es algo parecido a lo siguiente:
class Membership(Base):
    person = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    group = models.ForeignKey(Group, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    class Meta:
        constraints = [
            models.UniqueConstraint(
                fields=['person', 'group'],
                name='unique_person_per_group'
            )
        ]

Si intentas ahora guardar un par repetido de person-group, se lavantará una excepción de tipo IntegrityError (la cual puedes importar de django.db.utils). Por lo tanto, ten en cuenta manejarla apropiadamente en tu código.


Nice interior designs furnishings, accessories, felt items such as Kyrgyz felt cushions. Warm up yourself in our pakistani shawls, patoo from Swat valley! See our embroidered cushion covers, and enjoy our rugs directly from Afghanistan.


text:
Więcki ist ein polnischer Ortsname:
 Więcki (Budry), Dorf im Powiat Węgorzewski, Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren, bis 1945: Wenzken, Kreis Angerburg, Ostpreußen
 Więcki (Popów), Dorf im Powiat Kłobucki, Woiwodschaft Schlesien


text:
Omaha South High School Alumni Association
Reunions >
TOOTER
Departed Packers
AlumNotes >
Submit AlumNote
Omaha Gives
Packers 500 Club
Annual Lottery
Packer Sports Greats
Back to 'D' Award Winners
John DeGeorge
Class of 1961 - Inducted in 2005
John was inducted into the SHSAA Packer Sports Greats in 2005.
John DeGeorge participated in football, wrestling and baseball while at SHS. His outstanding wrestling career garnered such honors as 133 lb. SHS Invitational, North High Invitational, City/Metro, District and State Championships, and Nebraska/Iowa High School All-American honors. At UNO he placed fourth in the National Wrestling Meet his Freshman year, and narrowly lost to a National Champion his Sophomore year. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in education with emphasis in K-12 Physical Education from UNO, followed by his Masters' Degree in Administration with emphasis in Secondary Administration.
His teaching and wrestling coaching career began at Millard Public School where his teams had 17 individual state champions and an 85-33 record. In his next four years at Creighton Prep, they had 5 individual state champions and a 28-8 record. During his year at Cathedral High School, they had one individual state champion with a 1-8 record. He spent the last six years of his career at Omaha Gross and had 11 individual state champions and a 47-2 record.
5082 S. 107th St., Omaha, NE 68127


Crafted in the most carefully selected and sustainable pine, the Julian Bowen Kendal bedroom furniture collection is a true classic. Based on the traditional Shaker style of furniture Kendal sits beautifully in a variey of surroundings and is a perfect partner to the Julian Bowen Barcelona pine bed.
The Julian Bowen Kendal bedroom furniture range consists of a dressing table stool, 3 drawer bedside, 3+2 drawer chest, 7 drawer narrow chest, 4+2 drawer chest, 2 door wardrobe, combination wardrobe and triple wardrobe.


text:
Kinetic and Mechanism Studies Using Shrinking Core Model for Copper Leaching from Chalcopyrite in Methanesulfonic Acid with Hydrogen Peroxide
Jiajia Wu, Junmo Ahn, Jaeheon Lee
Mining and Geological Engineering
An investigation on copper leaching from a chalcopyrite concentrate in methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and hydrogen peroxide at 75°C was carried out. Periodic additions of H2O2 were applied to enhance chalcopyrite dissolution and the reaction mechanism was analyzed using a shrinking core model. The results revealed that compared with the addition of H2O2 at the very beginning, periodic additions of H2O2 enhanced copper extraction and leaching kinetics, and the rate-determining step shifted from the diffusion of oxidant to the surface chemical reaction. The reaction orders with respect to MSA and H2O2 were found to be 0.19 and 1.26, respectively, suggesting the leaching process was highly dependent on H2O2 concentration. Calculated activation energy between the temperature range of 25–75°C was 79.8 kJ/mol. Detailed study also indicated the reaction mechanism is diffusion-controlled through a protective sulfur layer at lower temperature and surface chemical reaction-controlled at temperatures higher than 55°C. Overall, the MSA–H2O2 leaching system is a green method for chalcopyrite leaching and a possible flowsheet in the industrial application with the periodic additions of H2O2.
Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review
methanesulfonic acid
reaction mechanism
shrinking core model
Dive into the research topics of 'Kinetic and Mechanism Studies Using Shrinking Core Model for Copper Leaching from Chalcopyrite in Methanesulfonic Acid with Hydrogen Peroxide'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Methanesulfonic Acid Chemical Compounds 100%
Hydrogen peroxide Engineering & Materials Science 99%
Chalcopyrite Chemical Compounds 96%
Leaching Engineering & Materials Science 93%
chalcopyrite Earth & Environmental Sciences 81%
hydrogen peroxide Earth & Environmental Sciences 80%
Acids Engineering & Materials Science 70%
Copper Engineering & Materials Science 62%
Wu, J., Ahn, J., & Lee, J. (2021). Kinetic and Mechanism Studies Using Shrinking Core Model for Copper Leaching from Chalcopyrite in Methanesulfonic Acid with Hydrogen Peroxide. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 42(1), 38-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2020.1795850
Kinetic and Mechanism Studies Using Shrinking Core Model for Copper Leaching from Chalcopyrite in Methanesulfonic Acid with Hydrogen Peroxide. / Wu, Jiajia; Ahn, Junmo; Lee, Jaeheon.
In: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2021, p. 38-45.
Wu, J, Ahn, J & Lee, J 2021, 'Kinetic and Mechanism Studies Using Shrinking Core Model for Copper Leaching from Chalcopyrite in Methanesulfonic Acid with Hydrogen Peroxide', Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 38-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2020.1795850
Wu J, Ahn J, Lee J. Kinetic and Mechanism Studies Using Shrinking Core Model for Copper Leaching from Chalcopyrite in Methanesulfonic Acid with Hydrogen Peroxide. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 2021;42(1):38-45. doi: 10.1080/08827508.2020.1795850
Wu, Jiajia ; Ahn, Junmo ; Lee, Jaeheon. / Kinetic and Mechanism Studies Using Shrinking Core Model for Copper Leaching from Chalcopyrite in Methanesulfonic Acid with Hydrogen Peroxide. In: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 2021 ; Vol. 42, No. 1. pp. 38-45.
@article{45575191a3874bbb97fb3a3ce97201ce,
title = "Kinetic and Mechanism Studies Using Shrinking Core Model for Copper Leaching from Chalcopyrite in Methanesulfonic Acid with Hydrogen Peroxide",
abstract = "An investigation on copper leaching from a chalcopyrite concentrate in methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and hydrogen peroxide at 75°C was carried out. Periodic additions of H2O2 were applied to enhance chalcopyrite dissolution and the reaction mechanism was analyzed using a shrinking core model. The results revealed that compared with the addition of H2O2 at the very beginning, periodic additions of H2O2 enhanced copper extraction and leaching kinetics, and the rate-determining step shifted from the diffusion of oxidant to the surface chemical reaction. The reaction orders with respect to MSA and H2O2 were found to be 0.19 and 1.26, respectively, suggesting the leaching process was highly dependent on H2O2 concentration. Calculated activation energy between the temperature range of 25–75°C was 79.8 kJ/mol. Detailed study also indicated the reaction mechanism is diffusion-controlled through a protective sulfur layer at lower temperature and surface chemical reaction-controlled at temperatures higher than 55°C. Overall, the MSA–H2O2 leaching system is a green method for chalcopyrite leaching and a possible flowsheet in the industrial application with the periodic additions of H2O2.",
keywords = "Chalcopyrite, hydrogen peroxide, methanesulfonic acid, reaction mechanism, shrinking core model",
author = "Jiajia Wu and Junmo Ahn and Jaeheon Lee",
note = "Funding Information: Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold{\textquoteright}s support to the Department of Mining and Geological Engineering at the University of Arizona is greatly appreciated. A part of Jiajia Wu and Junmo Ahn{\textquoteright}s graduate assistantship was provided by Freeport McMoRan Foundation through the Sustaining 21st Century Mining Education in Arizona program. The corresponding author, Jaeheon Lee, also would like to express his appreciation to Freeport McMoRan and SME foundation for their support to SME Career Development Grant as a recipient of the program. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",
journal = "Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review",
T1 - Kinetic and Mechanism Studies Using Shrinking Core Model for Copper Leaching from Chalcopyrite in Methanesulfonic Acid with Hydrogen Peroxide
AU - Wu, Jiajia
AU - Ahn, Junmo
AU - Lee, Jaeheon
N1 - Funding Information: Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold's support to the Department of Mining and Geological Engineering at the University of Arizona is greatly appreciated. A part of Jiajia Wu and Junmo Ahn's graduate assistantship was provided by Freeport McMoRan Foundation through the Sustaining 21st Century Mining Education in Arizona program. The corresponding author, Jaeheon Lee, also would like to express his appreciation to Freeport McMoRan and SME foundation for their support to SME Career Development Grant as a recipient of the program. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
N2 - An investigation on copper leaching from a chalcopyrite concentrate in methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and hydrogen peroxide at 75°C was carried out. Periodic additions of H2O2 were applied to enhance chalcopyrite dissolution and the reaction mechanism was analyzed using a shrinking core model. The results revealed that compared with the addition of H2O2 at the very beginning, periodic additions of H2O2 enhanced copper extraction and leaching kinetics, and the rate-determining step shifted from the diffusion of oxidant to the surface chemical reaction. The reaction orders with respect to MSA and H2O2 were found to be 0.19 and 1.26, respectively, suggesting the leaching process was highly dependent on H2O2 concentration. Calculated activation energy between the temperature range of 25–75°C was 79.8 kJ/mol. Detailed study also indicated the reaction mechanism is diffusion-controlled through a protective sulfur layer at lower temperature and surface chemical reaction-controlled at temperatures higher than 55°C. Overall, the MSA–H2O2 leaching system is a green method for chalcopyrite leaching and a possible flowsheet in the industrial application with the periodic additions of H2O2.
AB - An investigation on copper leaching from a chalcopyrite concentrate in methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and hydrogen peroxide at 75°C was carried out. Periodic additions of H2O2 were applied to enhance chalcopyrite dissolution and the reaction mechanism was analyzed using a shrinking core model. The results revealed that compared with the addition of H2O2 at the very beginning, periodic additions of H2O2 enhanced copper extraction and leaching kinetics, and the rate-determining step shifted from the diffusion of oxidant to the surface chemical reaction. The reaction orders with respect to MSA and H2O2 were found to be 0.19 and 1.26, respectively, suggesting the leaching process was highly dependent on H2O2 concentration. Calculated activation energy between the temperature range of 25–75°C was 79.8 kJ/mol. Detailed study also indicated the reaction mechanism is diffusion-controlled through a protective sulfur layer at lower temperature and surface chemical reaction-controlled at temperatures higher than 55°C. Overall, the MSA–H2O2 leaching system is a green method for chalcopyrite leaching and a possible flowsheet in the industrial application with the periodic additions of H2O2.
KW - Chalcopyrite
KW - hydrogen peroxide
KW - methanesulfonic acid
KW - reaction mechanism
KW - shrinking core model
JO - Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review
JF - Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review


We all know that dad enjoys a really good feast with all the trimmings so why not treat him to an unforgettable one this Father's Day?
The Glass House at Eastin Grand Hotel Sathorn Bangkok has pulled out all the stops and will be dishing up an exciting array of delectable dishes with a lunch buffet that includes a seafood selection with rock lobster, king prawns, green mussels, salmon and fresh dim sum plus many crispy Thai salads, piping hot international dishes, authentic sushi & sashimi, homemade desserts, Thai herbal drinks, coffee and tea. For dinner we've added some tempting extras such as exotic foie gras, fresh oysters and succulent roast beef so dad certainly won't go home hungry!
But of course Father's Day wouldn't be complete without a little gift from us so for every 3 paying adults dad dines for free!
Plus as a small token from The Glass House we will be presenting a beautiful complimentary hand garland to every family.
Lunch buffet is served from 12.00 – 14.30 hrs. priced at THB 699++ per person.
Dinner buffet is served from 18.00 – 22.00 hrs. priced at THB 1,199++ per person.
50% discount for children under the age of 16.
*** Special – "Early Bird" families who book before 30th November 2012 will receive a 15% discount.
e-mail to gh@eastingrandsathorn.com or visit our website www.eastingrandsathorn.com.
Crab-ulous Dinner Buffet Is Back!


Eric O'Neill is currently a practicing attorney in Maryland and the District of Columbia. He specializes in counterintelligence and counterterrorism operations, investigations into economic espionage, internal investigations and security risk assessment consulting. Eric's broad legal experience in homeland security, border protection, risk and liability mitigation for anti-terrorism technologies, national security & federal investigations of United States citizens & of foreign nationals, includes due diligence for mergers & acquisitions, procurement fraud, internal investigations of companies & employee corruption cases. Eric is an accomplished public speaker who lectures about security issues internationally. Eric graduated from Auburn University with honors and majored in political science and psychology. He received his law degree from The George Washington University Law School. Eric's involvement in gathering information on Robert Phillip Hanssen provided a compelling story. Eric subsequently consulted on a movie detailing the case entitled, "Breach" available on DVD.


I have varied interests, both inside the field of business and outside.
Within, I find myself interested in my major (HRM), Real Estate and how to be a real estate agent specifically, and Business Law. I cannot see myself becoming an agent or a lawyer, but they are two fields that give me enjoyment to review in my downtime.
Outside of business, I am interested in figure skating, art, music, and writing. For most of my life I have played an instrument and went to a specialty high school to study music. I have drawn for as long as I can remember, so art is very important to me. I write to feel relaxed, as it takes my mind off other things and helps me think. I am very interested in figure skating, and have been for years. I am currently studying to become a figure skating test judge for the 2019-2020 season.
Hi, I see your taking Legal studies of Business. It is amazing how different laws are placed to protract Business. Business Law is very interesting; unfortunately, I do not see myself studying law or becoming a lawyer.


Dear Parents, We made it to Spring Break! We hope you have a relaxing and enjoyable vacation!
The Admission Office and the individual school offices are making plans and gathering re-enrollment data for next school year, SY 2011-2012. Middle and High School students must indicate re-enrollment intentions through their Course Selection form (which is done done on-line). If you have any questions about this, please contact the individual school offices. URGENT: If you know that your child(ren) will not be returning to ISM for the 2011-12 school year, please inform the Admission Office as soon as possible if you have not already done so. We currently have very few families indicating that they will not be returning and consequently there are an ever growing number of applicants applicants in a WAITPOOL for possible openings. This is causing great distress and anxiety in those families that are waiting to hear if their children will be accepted into ISM. If you are sure that your child will be leaving ISM, please please submit a Withdrawal Notification Form. Form. The Withdrawal Notification Form can be obtained from the Admission Office or from the ISM website: Admission tab and then click on Re-Enrollment & Withdrawal. This will be a great help for our our planning and to the many families waiting to be admitted. Thank you.
Mon, Wed and Fridays from 11:30 am – 1:00pm and 2:30pm – 4:00pm. Tues and Thurs afternoons from 2:30-4pm. Thanks to all our great volunteers. If you are interested in joining our group of volunteers in the Bearcat Den please contact our BCD volunteers coordination Chantel ([email protected] [email protected])) or pop in to the Den near the HS Cafeteria and talk with one of our volunteers they will be very happy to make you welcome.


It was a memorable evening for all those who gathered at the Hazza Bin Zayed Stadium to watch the semi-final between UAE's Al Ain and Argentina's River Plate. What made the game so enthralling were the four goals the teams shared between them in regulation time. The subsequent penalties only added to the evening's drama, which culminated in Al Ain becoming the first UAE club to grace the final of this global tournament.
Almost everyone expected the Copa Libertadores holders and representatives of South America to prevail, but Zoran Mamic's side were able to make up for any differences in individual skill with a wonderful team spirit, particularly in defence. In that regard, Ismail Ahmed, the towering defender who stood resolute in the face of every onslaught, deserves special praise.
Having defeated the champions of Oceania, Africa and South America, Al Ain no longer fear anyone. "Regardless of whether we play Real Madrid or Kashima in the final, it'll be 11 versus 11," he insisted.


One of my favorite trends for fall right now is colorful moto jackets. Having a classic motorcycle jacket is a hands down closet staple that everyone should own, but I love that in the past couple of seasons we've seen colorful biker jackets start to become a trend. I love the idea of adding a bold pop of color through a classic piece in order to give a traditional look a more whimsical style.
Check out some of my favorite colorful moto jackets!
I personally own a Burgundy moto jacket and a blush pink moto jacket that I purchased last season right when this trend started to look like it might be something. Now I am dying to get my hands one some of the bolder colors like yellow or green. The best part of this trend is that I don't feel like they would need explaining when it comes to the question "what do I wear with this?" because the answer is pretty straight forward.... what you'd normally wear with a motorcycle jacket!
Moto jackets and biker jackets have been such staple pieces in the world of fashion for so long that most people know how to rock them. The difference is that while most classic black moto jackets can make you look edgy, chic, and a little more rock-n-roll...a colorful moto jacket can make a look feel playful and whimsical while still wearing a chic piece. Don't worry, you can still look rocker in a colorful jacket, too. That's often how I rock my burgundy one.
If you're nervous I'd recommend starting with a jacket that is still colorful, but closer to neutral. For example, burgundy, blush, or even a light tan could be the way to go before trying out a bolder color like pink or baby blue. Personally, I'm ready to get my hands on every colorful moto jacket I can find, mainly because I feel like the outfit combinations are endless! Even though they are colorful, I think a bright biker jacket could be a closet staple as long as it fits well and is well made. For me, that's the key to a classic moto jacket, fit and feel, rather than the classic black color.
So have I convinced you?? Are you going to be trying out the colorful moto jacket trend anytime soon?


The 162nd Mission Support Group in Tucson, Arizona provides outstanding primary support functions for the largest full-time force in the Air National Guard. Encompassing a diversity of functions, the mission support group includes the civil engineers and fire department, communications, contracting, logistics readiness, military and civilian personnel, security forces, and base services. The dedicated men and women of this group provide mission essential support to the world class F-16 flying training mission and for the deployment of unit members in support of the Aerospace Expeditionary Forces in the Global War on Terror.
The civil engineer squadron is responsible for the construction, maintenance and repair of 41 buildings and infrastructure on Tucson International Airport valued at $277 million, five buildings at Snowbird Operations located at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base valued at $6 million, and three buildings at Fort Huachuca valued at $4 million. Civil engineering responsibilities include the planning and training of personnel in emergency management and disaster response functions and fire prevention, protection and aircraft crash and rescue. The base fire department responds to military and civilian aircraft emergency situations and responds to medical emergencies on Tucson International Airport.
Working hard to keep the base connected to mission essential systems, the communications flight provides network and maintenance service for over 1,000 work space computers and related systems on base. This is the largest computer account in the entire Air National Guard and the communications troops remain on the leading edge of technology while providing quality customer service.
The contracting office function is to deliver on a timely basis the best value product or service to the customer, while maintaining the public's trust and fulfilling public policy objectives. The role of each acquisition member is to exercise personal initiative and sound business judgment in providing the best value product or service to meet the customer's needs.
Diverse in function, the logistics readiness squadron provides for the receipt and delivery of high-quality jet fuel for more than 70 F-16s, manages the movement of millions of dollars in supplies and spare parts for maintaining the aircraft, provides for shipping of thousands of assets on and off base, maintain dozens of vehicles on the base, and coordinates the deployment of hundreds of troops per year.
The mission support flight provides overall management of personnel processes for the entire base to include promotions, awards, deployments, education, accessions, retirements, ID cards and other personnel processes. They also assist and guide military and civilian unit members through human resource processes managed individually on Web-based systems.
The mission of the security forces squadron is to provide security for protection-level resources and personnel assigned to the Wing. The dedicated force of security professionals also has a mobility commitment which deploys members to temporary duty locations throughout the world. Unit personnel have proudly served in operations such as Desert Storm, Southern Watch, Iraqi Freedom, Enduring Freedom and Noble Eagle.
Providing award winning meal service, the base services flight prepares approximately 900 meals every Unit Training Assembly weekend. They also facilitate lodging arrangements for unit members who travel from out of town. Should the need arise, this dedicated team also organizes dignified mortuary services in conjunction with the personnel casualty team.


"My lifestyle has actually improved while still investing in my retirement plans, investment accounts and taking vacations; I will still be paying off my mortgage in less than half the time. I urge everyone to take full advantage of the program and start a new pledge of Financial Freedom. I trust, believe and encourage investing in yourself; everyone deserves all the value the program offers." Jude B.
"We appreciate the opportunity to re-coach with Andrew this evening. We are anxious to learn and feel a willingness to help us out. Thank you again." Keith & Beverly R.
"Your agent, Sandra S. was very pleasant, patient, and helpful in explaining the process. She was encouraging and she said we could call her with any questions." Richard & Ruth P.
"I see this program as a way to insure my ability to retire in the time frame that we have planned. Having no debt in 5.7 years is beyond anything I expected. Freeing $1800 per month at retirement is '""priceless"".'" John & Lynda S.
"Mike B. has helped me for the past two times and was very informative and increased my confidence in the program. I was a little apprehensive because my balance on the HELOC was so high, but he reassured me that it was okay. Apparently I'm on the right track. I will continue to call whenever I have a problem and know Mike will be there to assist me." Edwina W.
"I have had this site for two years now and was pretty satisfied, but now with the upgrade ... OMG, I can really itemize all my accounts and keep track of all incoming/outgoing money at a glance! My '""coach""' is great. Lots of patience with all my questions and I love the fact that I can e-mail him with any and all question in the meantime. LOTS OF KUDOS to you and your wonderful staff. I have been bragging to all that would listen. Keep up the good work." Tracy G.
"My experience with Sam was very positive and he asked me questions pertaining to my current status on the program and was very helpful, I appreciate his expertise and knowledge and will call him again, thanks." Jeff W.
"I am so looking forward to using my program." Quila R.
"I really think this program will be a really big help to me with managing my finances and getting my house paid off in a short period of time. You are very detailed in explaining everything to us about the program." Tommy & Stacy B.
"This is great, I'm looking forward to becoming mortgage free with the program." Dwayne & Patricia B.
"I look forward to understanding more the long-term savings of this program. Thank you for all your help." Max & Carleena S.
"Once again I would like to thank you for the opportunity to be able to pay off a 28-year mortgage in period of 5 years. This will be a great help in preparation for great retirement." Todd B.
"The Product is superb! The program is easy to use and the support staff is professional & helpful." Ayla W.
"I now understand more as I use it more and more." Blaine & Pam G.
"What an awesome concept. Something I want to share with everyone with a mortgage. I only wish this program was available 20 years ago." Kathy & George G.
"This is outstanding! Thank you for this awesome opportunity!" Barry D.
"Rachel S. was great. Please tell her we said thank you." Thomas R.
"Mike B. did a great job showing us how to manipulate our own account and explained the why and how thoroughly." Erik & Shaina Y.
"Marie T. is absolutely lovely. She has wonderful product knowledge, patience and is extremely professional. I appreciate being able to follow up with her at a later date via email." Jennifer M.
"Internet training is always difficult for me, but the trainer was very nice and knowledgeable. I will need assistance along the way, which is nice because he made himself very available to me." Megan F. & John A.
"Jose handled my questions and concerns in a very professionally manner. He listened and provided answers in a clear way that I could understand. He is knowledgeable and has outstanding phone manners. Most places I call cannot provide customer service at the level provided by Jose. He is an asset to you organization." Bill H.
"The agent that introduced this program to me was great. She was so excited for us. She really knew what she was talking about and helped me through every step of the process. She was great at follow up and knew how to answer every question I had. I love the fact that you can plan for future expenses or goals. I wanted to pay off my auto loan in April. I just added it to my action plan and it adjusted everything up to date, so I can pay off in April and free up over $200 in discretionary income. This has become a game for me, almost an obsession. I want to see where I can lower my monthly living expenses and cut back energy costs. I am sure this 'game' will catch on fast and banking institutions will see more of this program. My loan officer had a hard time 'thinking outside the box' to help me. I had to explain the program to her so she could better understand my exact needs. It was kind of frustrating at first but I told her that on my behalf, she would be seeing more and more of the same exact requests. I now feel confident that because I was the 'guinea pig' and very particular with her, she'll be able to execute this same loan program with anyone I refer to her. Thanks, for the opportunity to live the American Dream the way it was intended to be." Jamie R.
"For over 40 years my wife and I have maintained two separate checking accounts, and in essence she had her bills and I had mine. We shared some of the large bills such as our home mortgage. When we had been on the software for a few months, we realized that we no longer had his and her bills and obligations. We stopped at a service station to gas up the car. When I got back inside the car, she said, 'I""sn't it great we no longer have to asked whose time is it to gas up the car"?' It doesn't matter whose time to pay. We are working to pay off our home mortgage in about 4.5 years. Then we will have more money to spend on our 4 grandkids. take more vacations, etc., support more missionaries from the church." AJ & Martha W.
"The training session went well. There are a lot of things to think about, so I'm ready to start." Richard & Patricia P.
"Danny P. was efficient: his thoughts were well organized and he was considerate: 1) he made sure several times to have me take my time, 2) he was thorough --- he made sure that all steps in training were reviewed that were not reviewed in prior training, 3) he made sure that he was pronouncing my name correctly which shows a respect of persons. I consider Danny P. to be an expert in his knowledge & the wonderful way he takes care of your clients." Jill R.
"Program is easy to use and effective. Thanks." Matthew M.
"My coach, Mike T., was very helpful and offered continued support for when additional questions arise or to augment this training. I am looking forward to using the product and becoming debt free." Judith M.
"I believe that the program is changing our families' lives so much so that I am on a personal mission to tell everyone that I know about how AWESOME this product is. There is Nothing like it anywhere! We started at 11.1 years to pay off our home and in less than 8 months we were down to 8.75! That is a blow away! Thank you so much, for helping us to see clearly into our future. Way to go!" Casey & Jacqueline P.
"My overall comment is that my Coach Michael was superb. He took me by the hand and the tour was very pleasant. An added plus: Michael was able to chat in French with me. I wish every customer could find someone as nice as my coach. Now, I can make plans to pay off my mortgage even sooner than anticipated." Joseph B.
"Excellent program for paying off your house early." Stewart H.
"My experience so far was good." Joseph & Belinda M.
"EXCELLENT and very easy to understand. I feel so safe doing this. The instructor was easy to work with and answered all my questions." Wesley & Kelly M.
"I know for a fact we have gotten even better since I activated my personal software. The Power Point slides showing how to use the LOC along with a personal checking account, as well as a credit card if applicable, really is a good tool. I think it is critical that customers get their hands on the software quickly, and learn how to navigate through their numbers and particular situation so they do not get discouraged and set it aside. We just have to keep remembering that it is a little intimidating to a new customer even though we have all been through different scenarios many times. The home office seems to be run at a high level of concern for the customer, so thank you!" Jeffrey D.


Whenever I hear "March comes in like a lion and goes out like a lamb,"?it reminds me of a "Saturday Night?Live" sketch from long ago. During a Weekend Update in the late '70s, John Belushi presented a guest commentary to discuss "in like a lion, out like a lamb."?He claimed the saying was specific to the United States, and that the phrase was somewhat different in other countries.
Whenever I hear "March comes in like a lion and goes out like a lamb,"?it reminds me of a "Saturday Night?Live" sketch from long ago.
During a Weekend Update in the late '70s, John Belushi presented a guest commentary to discuss "in like a lion, out like a lamb."?He claimed the saying was specific to the United States, and that the phrase was somewhat different in other countries.
I considered customizing Belushi's in-like-a-lion bit for this week's column. I figured most people would not remember that sketch, since I don't think it appeared on SNL?reruns that aired on?Comedy Central, and wasn't tied to Belushi's most endearing/enduring characters.
But I didn't. If you're going to borrow something, you should either improve upon it, or try not to un-improve upon it.
I thought mine was funnier.
I'm not saying Letterman's writers stole my joke. If they did, I'm flattered. If they didn't, well, I can smugly declare that I thought mine was funnier.
Is it possible someone stole my material??You never know. Maybe somebody read the column online, passed it along to another somebody, and it eventually ended up as part of a top 10 list.
Anything's possible. People once thought the world was flat or that New Coke was deliberate reverse-psychology marketing. Some of them were even the same people.
You never know. I got an e-mail a few days ago about last week's column. It linked me to a website promoting a new documentary about Alan Turing.
No way I could have anticipated that. That's so unlikely, even a thinking machine couldn't do it.
We do know this. March is almost here. In like Belushi, out like Letterman.


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text:
import { shallow } from 'enzyme';
import * as React from 'react';
import {GasLimitField} from './GasLimitField';
import {Wei} from '@emeraldpay/bigamount-crypto';

const reduceClasses = (prev: any, curr: any) => ({ ...prev,  [curr]: curr });
const classes = Object.keys({ container: {} }).reduce(reduceClasses, {});

describe('GasLimitField', () => {
  it('it renders without crash', () => {
    const fee = new Wei(0.002, "ETHER");
    const wrapper = shallow(
      <GasLimitField
        gasLimit='2100'
        txFeeFiat=''
        txFee={fee}
        txFeeToken='ETC'
        fiatCurrency='USD'
        classes={classes}
      />);
    expect(wrapper).toBeDefined();
  });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
When nomadic invaders stormed the Zhou capital in 771 b.c., the power of the kings came to an end. Although the Zhou kings moved the capital eastward to Luoyang,[73] real power passed into the hands of mighty feudal lords. For the next five hundred years, China entered a period of great turbulence, as hundreds of warlords fought each other for territorial control. During this time of turmoil, major political and social ideas developed that would serve as a firm foundation for future Chinese civilization.
The Classical Age
As the power of the Zhou rulers steadily declined, feudal lords who had once been loyal to the kings began building their own power in the walled cities of their estates. The kings became little more than figureheads with religious functions, but no political or military power.
The Spring and Autumn period. After the fall of the Western Zhou dynasty China entered what became known as the Spring and Autumn period, named after official state records of the same name. At the beginning of this period, around 722 B.C., about 200 independent states competed against each other for territory. As the intensity of warfare gradually increased, some states sought diplomatic solutions to their conflicts. They held frequent negotiations and conferences, signed treaties, and formed alliances. Some states arranged marriages between their royal families to strengthen their bonds, while others chose to hold hostages to ensure a stable political situation.
Gradually, however, the fighting became more ruthless and diplomacy failed, as feuding states expanded and came into closer contact with each other. Strong lords subdued weaker ones, thereby growing ever more powerful. As chariot warfare died out, new, deadlier techniques of warfare were developed. Armies swelled with large numbers of peasant soldiers armed with iron weapons. Eventually cavalry and mounted archers were introduced, adding to the destructiveness of war.
The Era of Warring States. In 403 B.C., as Chinese leaders abandoned diplomacy and turned to brute conquest, the so-called Era of the Warring States began. Over the next several hundred years, powerful states destroyed or absorbed weaker ones and the number of states in China declined sharply. At the beginning of the 400s B.C., seven major states—among them Qin, Chu, Han, Wei, and Zhao—had emerged as the leading powers in China, battling each other for dominance. By the end of this period, the state of Qin emerged victorious over the others.
As the Chinese states grew stronger, they also became more centralized—largely to support bigger, more powerful armies. Bureaucracies staffed by appointed officials replaced the old system of government by hereditary nobles. The need to support larger, centralized states also brought economic changes. New crops, tools, and irrigation techniques helped expand agricultural production. Trade increased, and cities grew larger and more prosperous.
The Era of a Hundred Schools. The Classical Age was the most creative period for Chinese philosophy. In response to the insecurity and near-constant warfare, Chinese thinkers looked for ways to restore harmony in society. This period of philosophical development is also known as the Era of a Hundred Schools, because so many divergent approaches to philosophy emerged.
At the root of these philosophies was an ancient Chinese idea that everything in the world results from a balancing of complementary forces, called yin and yang. Yin was associated with darkness, weakness, and passivity, while yang is characterized by brightness, strength, and activity.[84] Many people believed that when yin and yang were in balance, peace and prosperity would reign. For example, when opposing forces in nature, such as rain and drought, are in balance, the people prosper; when they are out of balance floods or drought cause people to suffer.
The most influential philosopher in Chinese history, and the one who best embodied the search for balance and harmony in Chinese life, was Kongzi, or Confucius. Living from 551 b.c. to 479 b.c.,[85] Confucius advocated a code of conduct that he believed would promote order in a turbulent Chinese society.
[BIO]Born to an aristocratic family that had fallen on hard times, Confucius was raised in humble circumstances. He aspired to political office, and as a young man he wandered from state to state in search of an official post.[86] Failing to find work as a politician, Confucius became a teacher. He soon gained many followers among the sons of families hoping to get jobs in the growing bureaucracies of the Chinese kingdoms.
In his teachings, Confucius emphasized the need for a system of ethics and values that would restore social harmony and political stability in China. Confucius believed that in an earlier age, all people knew their proper places in society and fulfilled their duties accordingly. He believed that the best way to solve China's current problems was to return to that imagined golden age. He advocated respect for traditional culture and strong adherence to the principal of order.[87]
In time, Confucius's teachings were written down in The Analects,[88] a work that formed the basis for Confucianism, a philosophy that continues to influence Chinese thought today. Generally conservative, Confucianism stressed the importance of the family, of respect for one's elders, and of reverence for the past.
Confucius believed that if his ideas were applied to politics, order would return to China. In his view, this could be accomplished in two ways. First, people should accept and carry out their given roles. "Let the ruler rule as he should and the minister be a minister as he should," he stated. "Let the father act as a father should and the son act as a son should."[89] In this way, Confucius claimed, society and government would function smoothly. His second point was that people, particularly rulers, should act virtuously. As he put it,
"When a prince's personal conduct is correct, his government is effective without the issuing of orders. If his personal conduct is not correct, he may issue orders but they will not be followed."[90]
Confucius hoped to put his ideas into practice by becoming a top adviser to a ruler. His emphasis on ethics in government, however, did not appeal to most Chinese rulers, who were mainly interested in gaining and holding on to power. As a result, Confucius never received the official support he desired. During his lifetime, his efforts to influence the functioning of government had little impact.
After Confucius's death, however, others carried on his teachings, and his reputation grew. Eventually his ideas would have great impact on Chinese life. He was even raised to the status of a god by some followers. Confucius was not a religious teacher, however, and Confucianism remained more of a practical philosophy than a religion.
Next to Confucianism, the most important Chinese philosophy during this period was Daoism (dow-izm). In part, Daoism was a reaction against the social and moral conformity of Confucianism and against the power struggles of the Era of Warring States. Daoists emphasized the independence of each individual, whose sole task and importance was to fit into the great pattern of nature. The road, or the way, to fit into nature was the Dao.
Daoists could not concretely define their beliefs, but only experience them: "The one who knows does not speak, and the one who speaks does not know."[91] Laozi, the founder of Daoism, is thought to have lived sometime around the 400s b.c. and is credited with writing the principal Daoist work, the Dao De Ching.
Contradiction or paradox is characteristic of Daoism. The principle of wuwei (woo-way) or non-action, is central to Daoist thought:
"Do by not doing, act by non-action, taste the taste-less, regard small as great, much as little. . .
The hardest things in the world begin with what is easy; the greatest things in the world begin with what is minute.
Therefore the Saint never does anything great and so is able to achieve the great."[92]
By non-action, Daoists did not mean complete inaction, but doing what comes naturally. Daoists believed that if left to itself, the universe proceeded along its own harmonious course.
The Daoists believed that the desire for power or material wealth clouded people's minds to truth. Real knowledge and contentment, they said, came from self-contemplation:
"To understand others is to be wise,
But to understand one's self is to be illumined.
One who overcomes others is strong,
But he who overcomes himself is mighty."[93]
Eventually Daoism was turned into a religion, with its own temples and rituals, and became quite popular. But even as a philosophy it appealed to many Chinese. Artists in particular found inspiration in its emphasis on the contemplation of nature. Even many Confucians found Daoism appealing as a kind of release from the restrictiveness of Confucian moral codes. In that sense, Daoism and Confucianism complemented each other, much like yin and yang.
The third major philosophical school to emerge during the Classical Age was Legalism. Unlike the Confucians or Daoists, the Legalists did not favor a balanced approach to human conduct. Instead, they believed that strictly enforced laws, not ritual observances, would resolve the problems of political disunity and insecurity.[94]
Legalists believed that the state would be best served by putting the king's interests first. Kings should vigorously enforce laws to preserve order in society, they believed. In their view, people were by nature selfish and untrustworthy and could only be controlled through clearly defined rewards and punishments.[95] "The empire can be ruled only by utilizing human nature," noted one Legalist philosopher:
"Men have likes and dislikes; thus they can be controlled by means of rewards and punishments. . . . The ruler need only hold these handles [rewards and punishments] firmly, in order to maintain his supremacy. . . . These handles are the power of life and death. Force is the stuff that keeps the masses in subjection."[96]
Legalism, with its principle of rule by force, would become the official philosophy during the next Chinese dynasty, the Qin. Under this dynasty, China would be controlled by its first truly centralized, imperial state.