If you search your ancestors in Racalmuto, Sicilia, info about your Italian family are stored in the City Office archives or at the parishes.
In towns and villages of Sicilia and in Agrigento province registry offices were established around 1820: it means that you could find information in Racalmuto registrar as of that date.
So, if your ancestors were in Racalmuto in the nineteenth or twentieth century, then you could try to contact the City Office of Racalmuto to know more.
Before to start your genealogy research in Racalmuto, we suggest you to read our tips for your search . They are useful to search in sicilia and in Racalmuto too.
Next picture shows the demographic trends in Racalmuto from the Italian Unification (1861) an important info to understand how many people lived there in the past.
It could be important to know if the last name you are investigating is a frequent surname in Racalmuto. As more your surname is common in Racalmuto, as more it could be difficult to find the right info about your ancestors in Racalmuto archives if you have not exact dates.
Alaimo, Amato, Argento, Arnone, Bellavia, Bono, Burgio, Butera, Cacciatore, Carlino, Castronovo, Ciaccio, Cipolla, Colletti, Costanza, Cuffaro, Cusumano, Di Caro, Ferraro, Gallo, Gambino, Giardina, Greco, Iacono, Indelicato, La Porta, La Rocca, Lauricella, Licata, Lombardo, Mangione, Maniscalco, Marino, Messina, Miceli, Montalbano, Morreale, Mule', Palumbo, Patti, Piazza, Rizzo, Russo, Sanfilippo, Tuttolomondo, Vaccaro, Vella, Volpe.
Church archives in Agrigento province may instead contain even older information, but they are far less accessible from abroad (and almost impossible by email).
Then,parishes send information not easily.
If you have the opportunity to visit Racalmuto and Agrigento province, you could plan to investigate churches' archives by yourself (or with us!), but from abroad is very difficult to obtain any result unless you find a reliable local help.
If you have the opportunity to visit Racalmuto and Agrigento province, you could plan to investigate churches' archives by yourself, but from abroad is very difficult to obtain any result unless you find a reliable local help.
For our experience is better to start to search months before your arrival: in this way you will avoid to waste time in the offices and with italian bureaucracy and you will have more free time to visit the town and surroundings on your ancestors footsteps.
Another important source of information is the "Archivio di Stato" (National archive) in Palermo.
In any case, never give up! Probably the distance from your country and Italy, some difficulties in understanding and in translation, could complicate your search but this should not discourage you.
If your research is in a dead end and you need professional help from our local Italian genealogists write to racalmuto@italianside.com our expert in Racalmuto area will study your request and will reply to you with a research plan and a quote.
I am Diana Partito my great grandfather on my fathers side was from Racalmuto. They came over from Palermo with their children but when the children were grown some returned to Racalmuto. I can't find any Partito's in that area. I'd love to know some history. I do know we are related to Russo and Embro. Thank you.
I recently stopped off Racalmuto with my husband while on vacation in Sicily on the off chance of locating some family of my father-in-law, Thomas DeRosa, who is from there but was last there as a teenager. Unfortunately it was a holiday and the archives were closed. If anyone knows of any descendants Thomas' father Gaetano De Rosa (spelling of De Rosa may be different) please let me know.
My grandfather was Diego Morreale born 1886. His father was Salvatore Morreale (born ~ 1849)who married Vita Maria DiRosa in Racalmuto in 1883. Vita's father was Diego DiRosa born ~ 1820 in Racalmuto. Diego was married to Palma Di Caro in 1861. Diego and Palma had at least 3 children: Vita Maria, Calogero (Charlie), and Giuseppe.
My mother knew a Gaetano DiRosa. I hope this helps you Sandra. We may be cousins.
I am looking for infomation about my relatives from Racalmuto. My grandfather's name was Calugulo [sp?] Alfano and my grandmother's name was Maria Giglia.They came to United States in the 19 teen's and settled in Buffalo New York, where they got married.
Hi I'm looking to connect with any relatives living in Sicily specifcally Racalmuto. My grandma's name was Maria Licata Cino. She did move to Brooklyn ny but she passed when I was a baby in about 1956. I have been to Italy many times but have not been able to find relations living there.Thanks!
Mary Ann, there are very many Cino's living in Hamilton, migrated from Racalmuto. Many of these families are not related to one another.
My great grand father s name was Antonio micale. He was married to Vincenzo Alfano. They had four children and all came from racalmuto.
Could you help me to find information about us? I know they lived around 1900 there.
I know they moved after the big earthquake in messine. Before you should have in your register maybe the date of marriage or the birth of their children.
Hello, My Father came to USA as a child from Racalmuto with his parents and siblings.
In Racalmuto our last name was Farrauto , but that got mistakenly changed to Farranto in Ellis Island. My dad was born in 1909 and they came to USA a few years later. My Fathers first name was Carmelo and I know that his mothers name (my Grandmother) was Philipina or something like that.
That's about what I know, Carmelo Farrauto, born in 1909, his Patron Saint was Madonna del Monte.
Trace my ancestors. I appreciate all information.
Your grandfather may be my grandfather's brother & if so we have a wedding photo. My grandfather's name was Leonardo Falco-Abramo.
Trying to confirm that my paternal great-grandparents, Onofrio Giovanni Majorana and Catherina Caffarella (who settled in London, Ontario, where my grandmother, Laura Maiorana, was born according to Canadian census records), were originally from Racalmuto. Laura married Charles Rosart and they lived in Hamilton, Ontario, which seems to have been the destination of many families from Racalmuto. Would love to be able to trace the family back to its Italian origins for a possible "heritage trip" with my children. Any information appreciated. Thanks so much.
Have you found out that your great grandfather Onofrio Maiorana was from the island of Lipari, off of Sicily? He is the brother of my great grandfather Bartolomeo Maiorana. I would be happy to share what information I have with you. I believe that your mother Laura passed away in 1999. When did your father Charles pass away? I do not have that info in my tree. I hope to hear from you. Thank you for your response.
My family was Mattina and also Guarino .
I heard they were from Racalmuto or something like that.
My Grandmother Jeanette Guarino , louise and Isabelle (sisters) orphans for a while.
My Grandfather was Joesph James Mattina.
Hello! I am trying to locate my father's relatives in Sicily.
My grandfather, Antonio Sanfilippo, was born in 1890 or 1891 in Porticello, Palermo, Sicily. His parents were Nicola Sanfilippo and Eva Scardinia.
My great grandfather, Nicola Sanfilippo, was born February 25, 1860 in Racalmuto, Agrigento, Sicily. His parents were Giacomo Sanfilippo and Maddalena Criscimanno of Racalmuto, Agrigento.
I am searching for any information on my grandmother, great grandparents and other family located in Racalmuto.
My grandmother, Angela Macaluso, was 4 when she traveled to New York with her mother Assunta Fuca Macaluso in September 1925. My great grandfather Calogero Macaluso was already in New York, about 2-3 years before.
If anyone has any information on them or other Macaluso's and Fuca please do share!
My name is Giovanni ruggieri i am looking for my great great uncle carmelo ruggieri who immigrated to America, Ellis island from Sicily Racalmuto, Agrigento he was born on the 7.10.1876 he had several brother's in sicily but he is the only one who went to America by boat. I have found a bit of information when he went to new york to ellis Island but i have come stuck since then if you or anybody out there know any information please contact me i would appreciate it very much indeed.
My maiden name is Cino… My grandfather was Alfonso Cino, he married my grandmother who was a Campanella. They lived in NY before going to FL where she still resides.
I believe we are second cousins. I am the grandson of Nick Cino who was the brother of your grandfather. Ran across your post just browsing through trying to do some research on the family.
Cologero Marchese, father Giovanni and mother Rosalie (née Bartalotta) from Raculmuto….came to Buffalo, NY late 1800's early 1900's. Traveling there next September.,,any information is appreciated! Giovanni's brother maybe Vincenzo who initially went to Hamilton Canada…want to know what ware they lived so I can visit.
My family has never known much about my fathers side of the family. We have just discovered that my grandfather Edward Leone was born in Racalmuto on November 15, 1875. He was married to Phillipa DeVito and immmigrated to the US in 1906 from Palermo. We believe that they had 3 children born there and the whole family came to the US where they had 3 more children before Phillipa passed away in 1914. I would love to find out if I have any relatives there. My grandfather was a barber his whole life. Please contact me with any information. Their 3 children were named James, Angelina and Frances.
My wife's ancestors were from Racalmuto. Paternal grandparents Giuseppe Romano (b. about 1874) and Carmela Sardo (b. about 1885) Romano. I have seen their wedding certificate but couldn't read it as it was in Italian. Maternal grandparents of my wife were Santo Lombardo (b. 1890) and Antoinetta Amoroso (b. 1900). Antoinetta's mother's name was Gaetana Imboli. Any further help you could provide would be very welcome.
Ciao! My relatives were Angelo Scime (1868-1922) and Concetta Falletta-Caravasso (1883-1976). They were born in Racalmuto, and emmigrated to Buffalo New York in 1906. Their were descended from Ignazio and Addolorata Di Raimondo, Pasquale Scime and Nicoletta Sicurella. Other family names are Guagliano, Cino and Oliva. I would love any additional information if anyone has it.
Hi, my surname is Cavaleri and I believe my father, Giuseppe and his brothers Angelo and Calogero migrated to Lancashire many decades ago. I am not in touch with them. All I know is I had a grandmother named Rosalia Anna who is buried there in Racalmuto. I was named after her. Are there still members of the Cavaleri family in that area?
I am Kayleigh, granddaughter of Carmelo Cavaleri, Angelo and Your father Giuseppes brothers.
I have been to visit Angelo this evening who showed me this as his friend had printed it out, however he does not own a computer and doesn't understand how to respond himself.
He remembers you as a baby.
We all still live in Lancashire, around the Accrington and Darwen area, apart from my grandad Carmelo who lives in Canada and Maria their sister who lives in London.
It would be great to hear from you and then I can pass your details on too.
I am Kayleigh, granddaughter of Carmelo Cavaleri, Angelo and Your father Giuseppe's brothers.
It would be great to hear from you and then I can pass your details on.
What a small world i know all the cavaleri family apart from maria Angelo sister who lives in London, my father carmelo ruggieri is angelo best friend who grew up together in sicily and eventually he came to england with my mum as we were my family born in england in blackburn apart from my younger brother who was born in naple's which is were my mother is from.
I remember your father many years ago. Didn't realise he had another daughter, heard he had a son and is/was married to a lady called Dorothy who may be your mother. He had another daughter but not sure who she is. Such a lot of time has passed so may be wrong.
Alfonso Pagliarello Puma (1926-2008) was a parish priest in Racalmuto, Sicily for 50 years. His brother was Salvatore Puma (1920-2007), an opera tenor who sang internationally. I would like to see either birth/death or obituaries listing the priest's parents. I know that Salvatore's parents were Calogero Puma and Maria Carmela Palermo because I have the birth record and passport. A Giglia person who met the priest said that the priest's mother was a Morreale which contradicts my information. I would like to verify the true parents of the priest.
It would be helpful to add the names of your husband's parents and grandparents as far back as he knows them. That would yield a much better chance of finding relatives.
I have traced my Puma ancestors down to a June 27, 1717 church marriage record for Giovanni Puma and Rosa Longo. Giovanni Puma's parents on that record are Francesco Puma and Giovanna Pagliarello. For the women, the church records seem to include both the maiden and married names. I would like to obtain the church records for the marriage of Franceso Puma and Giovanna Pagliarello, which should yield their parents. In like manner, I would like to track down as many Puma parents and grandparents as exist. Less importantly, I see the combined Pagliarello Puma name often for individuals, though both are legitimate surnames of their own. I am curious as to how that started.
Looking for info on Alphonso Giglia. Born in Racalmuto.
I think you mean AlFonso Giglia. Where are you from? Do you have anymore information on this Alfonso Giglia. Date of Birth, siblings, etc. etc. I know an Alfonso Giglia that was born in Racalmuto.
I am searching for my Racalmuto roots and family. My mother Santina Cino was born in New York in 1910 to immigrants from Racalmuto, Vincenzo Cino and Giovanna Alaimo. In Italy, they had sons Alphonse and Calogero.
My father Calogero Curto was born in Racalmuto in 1905 to Vincenzo Curto and his wife whose name I think was Vincenza. They also had sons Gaetano, Salvatore, and daughter Maria.
My father Calogero Curto left Racalmuto in 1922 and returned to visit in 1974. Most of Maria's children and some of Gaetano's children were still living there near Via Romolo. I don't have any contact information for them.
I would like to start my geneology search for my Cino and Curto family. Any help would be appreciated.
Josephine, My great grandmother was your father's sister. Vincenzo's wife was Giuseppa.
Also Victoria, when my daughter & father went to Racalmuto in 1974, his sister Maria had just passed away. They stayed with Maria's son & his family and spent time with Maria's daughters Vincenza and Maria Concetta every day. Was your great grandmother his sister Rose or Maria? And which of my cousins is your grandparent? So glad to hear from you. Thank you.
Please remember that our local experts can t read all the messages posted on the website so they will not reply to these comments.
If you would like to start a research in Racalmuto please send your request to racalmuto@italianside.com.


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Hand of Fate Review (PC)
Alex Langley
Defiant Development
"Be careful, as each choice has lasting consequences; throw a pebble in the pond, and its ripples will spread throughout the rest of the water." The dealer speaks with weighted words— you feel as though you should be careful, but since you've stomped every challenge so far, and wield armaments which would give the gods pause, you find yourself unafraid in the face of potential peril. You flip the next card— it's a bandit ambush!
Those bandits never stood a chance.
Now you, too, can see how good your chances are with Hand of Fate, the ambitious deck-building, action-rpg hybrid.
As Hand of Fate's unnamed protagonist, you're pitted against the enigmatic Dealer in a game of chance and skill, with the stakes being your life and freedom. Each level consists of several pathways made up of cards; with each move you'll encounter whatever lies on the other side of the card, be it a battle, a story choice, or a deadly game of chance, and then move on in the hopes of finding the exit, and ultimately the level-ending boss. One card may have you deciding whether or not to take a fallen hero at his word, another forces you to traverse a deadly maze of traps, and still another has you trying to assuage a starving, angry mob.
These encounters are all pretty interesting, and while you'll eventually start running into the same ones a bit too often, they can play out differently even when you make the same decisions thanks to the "find the queen"-style mini-game which occurs after most choices, upping the replay value considerably. Between levels you can manipulate your deck to change out potential treasure and encounters after you've learned which cards do what, stacking the odds in your favor before each game begins. The card game aspect of Hand of Fate is fairly enjoyable, and definitely easy to get into, but lacks the sort of nuance found in most similar titles, and feels a bit stagnant after a while.
While most cards have you dodging hazards, nabbing treasure, or buying equipment, you'll also frequently end up pitted in real-time combat against skeletons, lizardmen, and other such vagabonds. These sections are simple and clean; you have some abilities like counters and the occasional special attack, but most of the time you'll be using your basic attacks to bash everything to death. Combat flows well enough, yet even after a few new mechanics and enemy types are introduced, it still lacks enough depth to really sink your teeth into. Plus, the battles are generally so easy, you'll wonder why you even have to bother getting your axe out. Taking down crowds of ratmen is fun for a while, and it breaks up the pace of the card game, but ultimately you'll probably grow a bit bored.
It's tough to care much about what happens to Hand of Fate's protagonist, as he's a mute, uncustomizable blank canvas. Giving players a customizable avatar would have gone a long way towards being more inclusive to a wider variety of gamers, while simultaneously making us care more about what actually happens to the player character. On the other hand, Hand of Fate's narrator/reluctant antagonist, The Dealer, is one cool cat. He's well-written, well-acted, and keeps things feeling epic and lively even when you're just moving a little golden token from one card to another.
Like the combat, however, the Dealer gets repetitive after extended play. He generally has lengthy thoughts on the various cards and decisions at play, and while they're insightful, they also repeat sometimes, and given their length it feels all the more silly. Plus, his voice clips, and the rest of Hand of Fate's audio, are prone to the occasional bug. Sometimes he'll immediately repeat what he just said, other times his voice and the music/sound effects will drop out entirely for an encounter or two, leaving only spooky ambience. We also encountered the occasional glitched card which would begin as one encounter, like having you decide whether or not to fight a drunkard in the tavern, only to bug out and switch to another, like encountering a friendly ghost. None of these bugs were game-breaking, but they'll pull you out of the game and damage the experience.
In addition to the main story mode, which unlocks new cards as you play, there's also an endless mode for those obsessed with climbing to the top of the leader boards. Both modes are mechanically the same, with the only difference being endless mode's endlessness.
Hand of Fate mixes deck-building with hack 'n slash dungeon crawling in a way that's fluid enough for casual fans to enjoy, but lacks the complexity for veterans of either genre to really sink their teeth into. This Kickstarter-funded hybrid is an interesting experiment in genre-blending, one that plays it a bit too safe at times and ends up being merely fine instead of spectacular. Hopefully the development team at Defiant can take what was learned from this solid victory and continue crafting Hand of Fate into something truly amazing.
This review was based on a digital copy of Hand of Fate provided by the publisher for PC.
Filed Under: 7.0 out of 10 Review, Defiant Development, Hand of Fate, PC, PC Game Reviews
Categories: Card Games, Dungeon Crawler Games, Reviews

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Carol M. Morrissey was a Legislative Specialist in Washington D.C. from 1986-2006.
CongressLine – The 1996 WIPO Geneva Conference: Friend or Foe
By Carol M. Morrissey, 07 Feb 2006
CongressLine The 1996 WIPO Geneva Conference: Friend or Foe
by Carol M. Morrissey
Carol M. Morrissey has been the Legislative Specialist for the Washington, D. C. office of Chicago's Sidley & Austin for 11 years. She is a lawyer and legislative expert who has also authored a Congressional update column for the last 4 years.
(Posted January 1, 1997; Archived January 27, 1997)
Subjects: CongressLine, Intellectual Property
CongressLine – What's in a Name? The Domain Name Imbroglio
Carol M. Morrissey has been a Legislative Specialist in Washington, D. C. office for 13 years. She is a lawyer and
Subjects: Cyberlaw Legislation, Domain Names
CongressLine – Congress Struggles with Cybersmut
CongressLine Congress Struggles with Cybersmut
(Posted December 5, 1996; Archived January 1, 1997)
Subjects: CongressLine, Pornography
CongressLine – Mr. Speaker
CongressLine Mr. Speaker by Carol M. Morrissey
Subjects: Congress, CongressLine
CongressLine – The Congressional Electronic Coming of Age
CongressLine The Congressional Electronic Coming of Age by Carol M. Morrissey
(Posted November 18, 1996; Archived December 5, 1996)
Subjects: Congress
CongressLine – Anti-Spam Legislation Hits Its Stride
By Carol M. Morrissey, 01 Jun 2001
Carol M. Morrissey has been a Legislative Specialist in Washington, D.C. for 15 years. She is a lawyer and legislative expert, and has authored a Congressional update column for LLRX.com since 1996.
Subjects: CongressLine, Cyberlaw Legislation
CongressLine – The Taxation Game
By Carol M. Morrissey, 02 Apr 2001
Subjects: CongressLine, Tax
CongressLine – Online Privacy Legislation
By Carol M. Morrissey, 01 Mar 2001
Subjects: CongressLine, Cyberlaw Legislation, Privacy
CongressLine – Issues in the Spotlight – Internet Filtering and Internet Gambling
CongressLine – Cybersquatting – The Ins and Outs of Domain Dispute Resolution
By Carol M. Morrissey, 02 Oct 2000
Subjects: CongressLine, Cyberlaw Legislation, Domain Names


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What does spc stand for in the military
How much does a SPC make in the army?
Starting pay for a Specialist is $2,262.60 per month, with raises for experience resulting in a maximum base pay of $2,746.50 per month. You can use the simple calculator below to see basic and drill pay for a Specialist, or visit our Army pay calculator for a more detailed salary estimate.
What rank is Spc in army?
How long can you be a SPC in the Army?
The RCP for corporals and specialists will go from 10 years to eight years of service. Promotable Soldiers in the grade of E-4 will be allowed to stay up to 12 years . For the past three years , they have been allowed up to 15 years of service.
What is the difference between a corporal and a specialist?
A corporal is considered a noncommissioned officer (NCO), which means he has some supervisory responsibilities. A specialist is not an NCO but a skilled and experienced worker in his MOS. Going from specialist to corporal is considered a lateral appointment, not a promotion, since both are the same pay grade.
Can a girlfriend live on army base?
To begin with, an unmarried couple cannot live on base outside of certain extenuating circumstances that would have the non-service member defined as a caregiver for the service member's children. As a result, unmarried military couples typically live off- base .
What's the most dangerous job in the Army?
The 10 Most Dangerous Jobs in the U.S. Military Explosive ordnance disposal. Infantry. Cavalry. Photo: US Army Sgt. Artillery. Photo: US Army . Medical Photo: US Army Sgt. Michael J. Vehicle transportation. Photo: US Army . Aviation. Photo: US Army Chief Warrant Officer 4 Daniel McClinton. Artillery observers.
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What is the lowest rank in the army?
What rank is a major in the Army?
In the United States Army, Marine Corps , and Air Force, major is a field grade military officer rank above the rank of captain and below the rank of lieutenant colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of lieutenant commander in the other uniformed services.
What is e4 pay in the army?
<2 Years Experience
Private (E2) $22,608.00 $22,608.00
Private First Class(E3) $23,774.40 $26,802.00
Specialist or Corporal (E4) $26,334.00 $31,968.00
Sergeant (E5) $28,720.80 $36,018.00
Can you be a millionaire in the military?
Using just part of your military paycheck, you can retire as a military millionaire . It's true. Becoming a military millionaire is about making your money work for you while you 're enlisted in the military , and it isn't as complicated as it sounds.
Do soldiers pay taxes?
Base pay is taxable unless you are actively serving in a designated tax -free combat zone. You'll pay federal income tax , Social Security, Medicare, and state taxes on your base pay . Some states do not tax military pay , while a few others won't tax it unless you are stationed within the state.
What is the longest you can stay in the Army?
55 years to 62 years
Is corporal a good rank?
A corporal is expected to fill a leadership role and has a higher rank than a specialist, even though both receive E-4 pay. In the Marine Corps, a master gunnery sergeant and a sergeant major are both E-9s, but the sergeant major has the higher rank .
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What are the army ranks in order?
CHIEF WARRANT OFFICER 5 (CW5) SECOND LIEUTENANT (2LT) Most officers. FIRST LIEUTENANT (1LT) Officers. CAPTAIN (CPT) The captain commands and controls company-sized units (62 to 190 Soldiers). MAJOR (MAJ) LIEUTENANT COLONEL (LTC) COLONEL (COL) BRIGADIER GENERAL (BG) MAJOR GENERAL (MG)
What is a specialist 5 in the Army?
Typically, newly recruited officer candidates hold the rank of specialist when enlisted and during BCT (basic combat training) prior to their official enrollment into OCS (Officer Candidate School) where they will be administratively promoted to the pay grade of E- 5 but are referred to as "officer candidate" (OC) as
What do i need to join the military
How tall do you have to be to join the military


New signing Kirk Broadfoot plans to call on his experience to help Rotherham United perform in the Championship next season after agreeing to join on a free transfer yesterday.
Broadfoot, spent the early part of his career at full-back, but more recently operated into the centre, where he claims to be more comfortable. The 29 year-old, who has three league titles amongst his winners medals has spent two years in the second tier playing for Blackpool, and believes that knowledge of the level can be passed on to his new teammates.
"I prefer to play centre-half but I can play at full-back if the Manager needs it but my aim is just to play as many games as possible and give a few of the lads around me some of experience of the Championship to help us up the league.
Broadfoot was the fourth signing of the summer, and joins a familiar face in former Tangerines loanee Matt Derbyshire.
Despite his Championship experience, the big defender is best known for his time north of the border where he featured in Rangers' UEFA Cup Final defeat to Zenit St. Petersburg and whilst it may have led to some fond memories there could be an Old Firm rivalry in the camp.
"I had some great memories at Rangers, and being a Rangers fan myself made it special so no doubt I'll have a bit of banter with the Manager!


This 30 minute online vet nurse CPD describes ticks found on cats and dogs in the UK. The focus is on Ixodes ticks and Lyme disease and aims to help nurses give advice to clients with confidence on the treatment and control of ticks as well as their removal from pets. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases of Companion Animals.


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Nicole Coutrelis
Nicole Coutrelis specialises in European Union law, mainly practicing food law, competition law and European law on the free movement of goods.
E: wal.fwd@silertuoc.n
Nicole is a lawyer at the Paris Bar since 1985.
Before starting her private practice, she was at the French "Office National Interprofessionnel des Céréales" (Cereals Authority) where she was in charge of the European Affairs (1972-1978). She was then nominated at the French Permanent Representation to the EC in Brussels, ("Attaché Agricole" from 1978 to 1982) and joined afterwards the Legal Service of the European Commission where she was in charge of Competition Law cases and Sate Aid cases related to France and to competition applied to Agriculture (1982-1985).
Nicole Coutrelis has then been a partner of Coutrelis & Associés, a French Law Firm with Offices in Paris and in Brussels, specializing in EU Law, mainly in Antitrust, Agriculture, Food and Drug regulations, Alcoholic Beverages, Free Movement of Goods and all matters related to the Single European Market.
She specialises in UE Law and, more particularly, Food Law helping clients place products on the EU market, as well as defending them in inspections and, when needed, litigating, in France and before the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg.
She has also a strong practice in Competition Law and in EU State Aid law.
Former President and now Vice-President of the European Food Law Association, she is a Member of the Institute of Food technologists and correspondent for France to the European Food and Feed Law Review (EFFL). She is the author of many articles and Conferences related to European Law, particularly in Food Law, as well as to EU procedures.


Carrying around and extra 20 or 50 plus pounds that you'd like to say goodbye to? Want to look and feel healthier, raise your self-confidence and help eliminate other health symptoms in the meantime? In this presentation, you will learn what HCG is, how specifically how the diet works, various prescription options and how it can help expedite weight and fat loss to get you looking and feeling so much better about yourself!
Appetizers, beverages and wine will be available to attendees.
Dr. Kristi Tompkins is a licensed Naturopathic Doctor practicing in El Dorado Hills. She specializes in hormone balancing and support for women and men, thyroid disorders, adrenal stress, therapeutic nutrition, weight loss and so much more. For more information, please visit her website at www.doctorkristi.com.


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Either we're about to pull out, or else there's an election coming
6 March, 2010 / David Davis	/ 5 Comments
So, Gordon Brown has just popped in for a brew with the lads, over on the front, eh? Bet they're pleased.
The effing bastard will either win the election, or there'll be a hung-one. You just watch. He's a wicked socialist scumbag schemer and shyster and snake-oil-salesman, just like his mate Stalin, and you see if I'm right or not. If he gets in again, you just see if he doesn't end up having people murdered in dank cellars, in the "Ministry" of something or other. Read my friend Richard Blake's novel "The Terror of Constantinople", which is prophetic.
Bet each reader of this 1p that Gordon wins, and that the election will have been rigged. You can pay the Libertarian Alliance by paypal when you lose.
Why the Tories WILL lose the next election
8 February, 2010 / David Davis	/ 2 Comments
Janet Daley on political conviction and liberalism. We libertarians will sadly be proved right that the Tories, if they were to win which is looking increasingly improbable, will come in for mega-scumbaggings from us all.
Perhaps it will be better for Gordon Brown to win. The Chindo-Australian bankers WILL foreclose on the UK, there WILL be a meltdown within a year, and a resolution will be sought. The tragedy is that the wrong things will be "cut" – such as 100% of defence, and also too much money will be left with the Police, of which we will be promised "more of" on the "beat".
How many Vietnams do the Enemy Class want to inflict?
30 November, 2009 / David Davis	/ 1 Comment
On us, the West?
I was always afraid this was going to happen, and now it has. We ultimately lost in Vietnam because our morale was sapped by the fathers and mothers of today's Enemy Class at home. Even in short preventive cauterisations and dictatorectomies, such as Gulf-I and Gulf-II ought to have been, the well-orchestrated and articulate chorus of negativity, based as it was and is on our supposed non-socialist failings as a society rather than on how much better we are than our enemies, took centre-stage.
Today, we don't even have for this the excuse of Enemy Foreign Powers paying people in our midst to say these things. Organisations like the Grauniad and the BBC would willingly badmouth Western Civilisation for nothing. Sometimes I despair.
As a libertarian, I'm not supposed to be in favour of wars, I suppose. I'm not, but in the end, if enemies of liberty ask for war, we ought to give it to them.
LabourNazis "knew Chinooks must not be ordered for delivery now"…
17 November, 2009 / David Davis	/ 2 Comments
…but "only for 2017"….otherwise we might win (and that would never do.) They could also delay the body-armour, for just long enough to demoralise the Army fully.
(2017? Good, no earlier please, and as a bonus, after pulling out we can cancel the order! The benefits of this strategy are endless!)
Can't we even rent some? If all that's missing is helicopters, then Gordon should just print some money…
My quote of the day: from Charles Moore in the DT, on Afghanistan
6 November, 2009 / David Davis	/ 4 Comments
I have called this one _MY_ quote, because I know that a majority of libertarians, especially in Britain, think we ought not to be militarily involved in Afghanistan – or anywhere else for that matter. Therefore I will not annoy and insult these people by calling it the "Libertarian Alliance Quote of the Day" (although it ought to be.) I take responsibility for it instead of the august think-tank for which I have the privilege to be allowed to blog.
These libertarians, and others, know that I have never failed to support war in Iraq, or Afghanistan, and that I say [regularly] that the West _must_ take war, if need be everywhere that is required, to all those who cheerfully, frankly and materially oppose individual liberty anywhere. The people the West is trying to resist are not "insurgents". They are not even "terrorists", which is why the notion of "The War On Terror" is so glib, shallow and meaningless – these people are willing soldiers for a cause, they really believe what they are saying and they mean to destroy us: they are the willing agents of purposeful and committed deconstructors of everything they think we stand for and love.
Here's Charles Moore:-
If we truly want to win the war in Afghanistan, we need to challenge its opponents much more fiercely. Politicians such as Nick Clegg, who congratulate themselves on asking the necessary, awkward questions, need to be interrogated about what they actually want. Do they want the first defeat of the most powerful military alliance in history at the hands of a small band of fanatics armed with little more than rifles and IEDs?
Do they have any conception of what such a defeat would mean for the world order, for the stability of countries in the region, or for civil peace in every European city? Do they not understand that this fight will be seen all over the world not as a battle for control of some jagged mountains, but between values, and that, if our values do not win, they will lose?
Please read old Charlie Moore on the whole thing: he puts some sharp perspectives on war, its roles – good or bad they may be – in intercivilisational conflict, and where we ought to go from here. I already said a couple of days ago that the alternatives are only (and ever) victory or defeat, and what it will mean. He's probably read Sir John Keegan. I doubt most of our present politicians have even heard of the bugger.
Taliban "claim responsibility"…now we know [that they know] that they are winning.
Libertarians don't do wars. Not really. We all go about in a sort of drug-like RothbardoHayekian Haze, claiming never to want to initiate force or fraud, because of course that's what States do, right? Of course they do, and of course it's why we're broadly all more or less in favour of small, controllable-by-Law, states, (some of us are in favour of no states at all, but not me, I have decided) which only do things like basic law-and-order, courts that anyone can apply to, impartial judges, possibly a small, efficient and uncorruptible Police Force of authorised civilians, and the like. And of course no ID cards or "passports" or any crap of that sort.
We also as a group are broadly against Britain's involvement in places like Iraq and Afghanistan, since it can be argued that Britain has "no vital foreign policy interest" in what may or may not go on in those places. As I have never tired of repeating, I do not agree, and never have done, that Britain has no business being there as an armed force. I am a Jihadist turned upside down: I take the view that it is the Jihad obligation, the absolute foreign-policy-duty no less, of liberal Classical States to actively destroy un-liberal scumbags, wherever they may be, if the nominal "State" on whose writ they scamper is unable so to do. If this was done, socialism, and also pre-capitalist death-cults which periodically use sex anda sort of yearning neo-pastoralism to infect rational civilisations, would simply melt away and disappear. But that's the subject of another debate. What I mean to briefly dissect today is a change in the type of signals the "Taliban", whatever that says it might be, is sending. The exceptional glaring tautology in what I have just said, namely the presence of British soldiers doing what I have described, at the bidding of a scumbag GramscoFabiaNazi administration at home here, is a result of the British State going GFN, and not a refutation of my premise.
In my long experience, terrorists, and other warlike agents of counter-revolution and people's progress, tend to "claim responsibility" for dastardly deeds when they are ready to start dictating terms to what they see as the losing side. It's a case of "we did this and we can do it some more: do you want that, and ultimate defeat, or shall we talk?" In the inverted scenario, such as, say, the Dambusters Raid, the Allies claimed responsibility globally from the rooftops, which wasn't mechanically necessary I admit since there were crashed Lancasters scattered from Holland to the Ruhr, but it was a moral point being made, in front of an audience of spectators, just like what this Taliban-man has just done.
The problem of wars is that there are only two ways out: victory or defeat. No "third way", sorry Tony-B. If either Britain, or "The West" or indeed any individual ally involved in Afghanistan (Spain! Take Note, although you left earlier when some buggers who you tried later to say were Basques blew up all your trains) leaves before the Fat Lady Sings, it will be counted as a defeat, with all the malign foreign policy and (at home) inter-racial, and inter-precapitalist-barbarian-survival-guidetype issues that will flow from that.
Our own government today is the main difficulty, for this Taliban fellow knows it is on his side in the end, and wants him to win for Gramscian reasons. They've done a deal. "I'm Gordon…I'll tell you what – I want to deconstruct and demoralise my Queen's Armed Forces, so I can re-staff them with the right sort of Officers and persons so that I can then dissolve the People and elect another in their place. This is because these forces are currently mostly viscerally opposed to me and my "getting on with my job", and may refuse to "regulate" their own people back home here later. So I'll send you periodic batches of good ones, which you can then kill a lot of, because I'll deliberately make sure that you can, by only allowing them really really crap gear. When you think you've killed enough, and when enough of the present officers and squaddies have resigned in disgust, we'll talk about me bowing to public opinion and "bringing the boys home", and also about you getting hold of Afghanistan, and any industrial cities in the UK that you want your religious and legal writ to run in. And the monetary contribution you could reasonably make, to The Political Arm Of The British People, will be £…………………"
Talk about the German Army in 1918 being "stabbed in the back"!
Time I said something about Afghanistan.
16 October, 2009 / David Davis	/ 1 Comment
Hitherto, as you all know, I have never failed to disagree with libertarians such as Sean Gabb, in regard to British Foreign Policy. In particular this refers to our prosecution of wars in iraq, Aghanistan, and elsewhere, since the arrival of the national-socialist-imperialist Government of New Labour.
Watching the Fall of the Twin Towers, nearly nine years ago now, I was convinced that it was right of Blair, be he even a GramscoFabianof the First Order, to immediately stand at the side of the, indeed _our_ First Child, the USA. Whatever "evidence" of WMDs or mobil ice-cream-van-launchers, or weaponised dustbins ready to receive non-recyclable-waste in under 45 minutes or whatever, he was right to support the removal and encompassed subsequent death of the wicked muderer Saddam Hussein. If Blair had said "Britain must go into Iraq purely to kill Saddam Hussein – a horrible Untermensch which killed its first human victim on purpose with a provided gun while being aged eleven – and then we shall either go home or stay to kill more of his willing supporters and relations who have profited by him", I would have supported that, and indeed it was one of the few right and good decisions Blair took in his life.
He did not need to lie about WMDs to convince me of a good and right mission for the Forces of an upright and moral nation. He should have trusted the People, and simply listened. In those days we would have supported him. I did anyway, even though he was – and is – a scumbag socialist. Go back to the headlines of 2002 and 2003 and 2004 even, and just read them.
But he did the unthinkable. On being found to have lied, he therefore shot us in the foot in full view of our enemies by going ahead on what most people decided were false-pretences. Without doing the obviously needed thing, and changing to what the real motive for the war ought to have been all along. It was almost too late, but not quite.If he had come clean immediately, half our enemies' support would have melted away – it would almost have been enough to go on. And it would have been _public_ which is what'd have mattered. The next rubbish might then not have come about…..
Our enemies are primitve in some ways but clever and modern in others. They, like dogs, can smell fear and the stench of death. It is fatal to smell of fear and death. They know when the heart of a combatant is not in it: they know when the people at home are not "behind their boys". This is invariably fatal, and it loses wars, always and everywhere. Look at Vietnam for an even more expensive object-lesson: the feeligns of the heart of the American People, as projected to the Enemy by the American media, gave off a certain smell. it may not have been the right smell in the end, but it did the trick and we duly lost, as was demanded.
Blair didn't look: he is "post-modern", whatever that means, but I think I have decided.
Sean Gabb said we have no vital national interest in these places, unless I have totally misunderstood. Although he is my very good and old friend, he is here quite wrong in my opinion: we, the British, and also British Libertarians as a an interested subset, do have such things. It is not in our interest, as liberals and libertarians, whether the prevailing state or us as a group, to for long allow a crowd of media-friendly, powerful and charismatic, sexy, mountebanks – with zillions of cheap guns, bombs, money, friendship with unfriendly regimes such as the USSR, and access to limitlessly-industrial amounts of modern plastic explosives, detonators and charge-shapers – to promote the idea that liberalism and non-invasive-individual-liberty of conscience, worship, thought, deed and word are a wrong thing for Man. It is our Jihadist duty to go after these buggers to the ends of the earth if need be. if we do not, then we set a bad example for those who would follow liberty.
Strong horse, weak horse. The late Osama Bin Laden will continue to remain fully dead throughout 2009 and 2010, but he did speak the truth on that one. We are not dealing all the time with samizdata readers here: those whom we hope to awake from their darkness in the fullness of time still, in a lot of cases, only know about mis-sold-nags and dust and disease.
This is a First World Army, trying to fight Third-World-Guerillas – admittedly in difficult terrain, but this is 2009. The problem of Afghanistan can only be:
(1) either that the wrong kind of campaign is being fought…we are trying to be even too reliant on vehicles and mobility in force, and should deploy more special forces at night on foot (but we don't have more than five…)
(2) that the politicos in charge of "paying for it" don't want it to succeed. They, which is to say: Gordon Brown and the Enemy Class, want us to "lose". This, to them, is a morale-destroying-weapon to do with our very civilisation and sense of ourselves, both of which they hate. that oculd secondarily explain the lack of "kit": the more dead young boys that are flown back, the better for the Enemy Class. (I always said they were evil droids, didn't I!)
Given that Jeff randall is probably right about the mobility of anti-liberal, anti-Western-Canon terrorism, it probably does not matter in the end if we stayed in Afghanistan for "30 or 40 years" (perish the thought!) or if we left today.
I am not sure that Gordon Brown and Barack Obama, who [with the exception of many dedicated Danish Doctors and Nurses] deploy sadly almost all the forces that really matter, really really deeply want The West to win in Afghanistan, if indeed "winning" here now means anything substantive. It is a hallmark of a civilised people that they grieve quite a lot and voluntarily, and now in public, see Wooton Bassett (poor sods) over even what would a mere 90 years ago have been regarded as a paltry death-toll for even just one day of fighting. That we should now regard eight deaths in one day of fighting as politically and morally unacceptable, says a lot for us still as a people, and points optimistically to some kind of recovery of moral fibre and nerve, although I cannot yet define what.
It is too late now to "leave Afghanistan" without it looking to our enemies abroad, which are many but largely impotent, and the Enemy Class at home which is few but all-powerful, like a major defeat. To both kinds of enemy, imagery is terribly important for they are both primitive and pre-capitalist-neopastoralist, in their different ways. Both kinds of enemy will interpret our leaving as a major strategic victory for them.
What will happen?
Israel will feel weaker and more isolated, and may have to develop Nuclear Weapons.
The government if the USSR will feel more able to lift more firms' wallets – both foreign and domestic – more openly.
OPEC, with USSR money, will be able to orchestrate demos at British "Unis", by "students" who will shout that "Afghanistan was all about oil" while burning effigies of "George W Halliburton".
Some institutional destruction will be able to be accomplished too, such as various Lieut-Colonels, of the remaining old British Army Regiments that survive, being arrested for "war crimes".
The ID card programme will be accelerated, since "The War On Terror" "knows no borders". Cameron will expedite this as fast as Brown would have done, and anyway all the Enemy-Classes' political dinner-partners, all of whom "design" on "Apple Macs", will need the bloody money, and quick, or they lose their cottages to RBS "Money-Sense".
But, all in all, would we all be worse off if we left Afghanistan? Perhaps not. I do not know, do you?


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Regional UAW Wins Representation Election Among Harvard Graduate Students
UAW Wins Representation Election Among Harvard Graduate Students
Sunday, April 22, 2018 at 12:43 pm | ז' אייר תשע"ח
(Detroit Free Press/TNS) -
After a high-profile battle at one of the nation's most prestigious universities, Harvard student workers have elected to join the United Auto Workers with 56 percent in favor of organizing.
The National Labor Relations Board reported a vote of 1,931–1,523 in favor of joining the Harvard Graduate Students Union-United Auto Workers, ending a multiyear organizing campaign that included litigation.
Harvard officials were ordered last December to hold a new election after the labor board ruled that voter lists provided a year earlier by the school were incomplete.
Aaron Bekemeyer, 28, of Bloomfield Hills, a Ph.D. student in history, noted that a great-grandfather of his worked in a Ford plant. Bekemeyer said it never occurred to him that he might experience UAW membership while working at Harvard, but "I was really happy to be able to continue the process of giving workers some democratic power in the workplace."
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Harvard spokeswoman Anna Cowenhoven said: "Harvard appreciates student engagement on this important issue. Regardless of the outcome, this election underscores the importance of the university's commitment to continuing to improve the experience of our students."
The UAW has diversified its membership in recent years and now represents more than 430,000 members from industries including academic workers, automotive workers, agricultural-equipment manufacturers and aerospace engineers.
About 40 percent of UAW's members work outside the auto industry.
The UAW organizes on college campuses after being approached by activists, most often in urban settings such as New York City, where the cost of living is high and an annual wage can be as low as $28,000.
UAW dues range up to 2.5 percent of member pay — 50 cents of every dollar of dues goes to the local chapter, 45 cents goes to international and 5 cents goes to the strike and defense fund.
Plan to Restructure Detroit Schools Advances During Sickout
Calif. Sup. Ct. Decision Keeps Teacher Tenure
After NLRB Ruling, Yale Graduate Students Look to Unionize
Teacher Sick-Outs Close Most Detroit Schools for Second Day
Puerto Rico to Close 184 Public Schools Amid Crisis


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text:
Q: Solve recurrence relation! I was working with this recurrence relation :

$$\begin{cases}A(n,k) = A(n-1, k-1)+A(n-2, k-1)+A(n-1, k)\\
A(n, 0) = 1\\
A(n, 1) = 2n
\end{cases}$$
  Generating function : $(1+x)/(1-x-x*y-x^2*y)$

Now since this involves two parameters, I tried changing it to a single parameter by fixing $k$ and iterating over $n$ for $n=k$, $n=k+1$, $n=k+2$.. and so on.
What I found was that $A(k, k)=2$, $A(k+1, k)=4k$, $A(k+2, k)=4k^2+2$ and the later results were too haphazard to write i.e. they did not form a pattern to the previous formulas. I tried to use the above equation to find characteristic roots and use $A(n) = a(x^n)+b(y^n)$ where $x$ and $y$ are roots. However, I wasn't able to compute it correctly.
What am I missing here? Am I tackling the problem in a complete wrong way? Is there any other method to solve such recurrences? Any help is appreciated. I assume the formula for $A(n)$ could be pretty cumbersome but I still wish to find it.

A: We look at the generating function $\frac{1+x}{1-x-xy-x^2y}$ and derive the coefficients $A(n,k)$. It is convenient to use the coefficient of operator $[x^n]$ to denote the coefficient of $x^n$ of a series.

We obtain
  \begin{align*}
\color{blue}{A(n,k)}&=[x^ny^k]\frac{1+x}{1-x-xy-x^2y}\\
&=[x^ny^k]\frac{1+x}{1-x-x(1+x)y}\\
&=[x^ny^k]\frac{1+x}{1-x}\cdot\frac{1}{1-\frac{x(1+x)}{1-x}y}\\
&=[x^n]\frac{1+x}{1-x}[y^k]\sum_{j=0}^\infty\left(\frac{x(1+x)}{1-x}\right)^jy^j\tag{1}\\
&=[x^n]\frac{1+x}{1-x}\left(\frac{x(1+x)}{1-x}\right)^k\tag{2}\\
&=[x^{n-k}]\frac{(1+x)^{k+1}}{(1-x)^{k+1}}\tag{3}\\
&=[x^{n-k}](1+x)^{k+1}\sum_{j=0}^\infty\binom{-k-1}{j}(-x)^j\tag{4}\\
&=[x^{n-k}](1+x)^{k+1}\sum_{j=0}^\infty\binom{k+j}{j}x^j\tag{5}\\
&=\sum_{j=0}^{n-k}\binom{k+j}{j}[x^{n-k-j}](1+x)^{k+1}\tag{6}\\
&=\sum_{j=0}^{n-k}\binom{k+j}{j}\binom{k+1}{n-k-j}\tag{7}\\
&\,\,\color{blue}{=\sum_{j=0}^{n-k}\binom{n-j}{k}\binom{k+1}{j}}\tag{8}
\end{align*}

Comment:

*

*In (1) we do a geometric series expansion with respect to $y$.

*In (2) we select the coefficient of $y^k$.

*In (3) we do some simplifications and apply the rule $[x^p]x^qA(x)=[x^{p-q}]A(x)$.

*In (4) we do a binomial series expansion.

*In (5) we apply the binomial identity $\binom{-p}{q}=\binom{p+q-1}{q}(-1)^q$.

*In (6) we select the coefficient of $x^{n-k}$ and restrict the upper bound of the sum by $n-k$ since other terms do not contribute to $[x^{n-k}]$.

*In (7) we select the coefficient of $x^{n-k-j}$.

*In (8) we do a final rearrangement by changing the order of summation $j\to n-k-j$.

We use the formula (8) to check the boundary conditions. We obtain
  \begin{align*}
A(n,0)&=\sum_{j=0}^n\binom{n-j}{0}\binom{1}{j}=\sum_{j=0}^n\binom{1}{j}=\begin{cases}
1&\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad n=0\\
2&\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad n>0
\end{cases}\\
A(n,1)&=\sum_{j=0}^{n-1}\binom{n-j}{1}\binom{2}{j}=\sum_{j=0}^{n-1}(n-j)\binom{2}{j}=\begin{cases}
1&\qquad n=1\\
4(n-1)&\qquad n>1
\end{cases}
\end{align*}
  We observe, the generating function $\frac{1+x}{1-x-xy-x^2y}$ does not follow OPs stated boundary conditions $A(n,0)=1\ (n\geq 0)$ and $A(n,1)=2n\ (n\geq 1)$ and this is a reason for the difficulties OP has to cope with.

Note: We find with some help of Wolfram Alpha a series expansion
\begin{align*}
\frac{1+x}{1-x-xy-x^2y}&=1+(2+y)x+(2+4y+y^2)x^2+(2+8y+6y^2+y^3)x^3\\
&\qquad+(2+12y+18y^2+8y^3+y^4)x^4+\cdots
\end{align*}
The corresponding sequence of the coefficients $A(n,k)$ starting with
\begin{align*}
&1;\\
&\color{blue}{2},\color{blue}{1};\\
&\color{blue}{2},\color{blue}{4},1;\\
&\color{blue}{2},\color{blue}{8},6,1;\\
&\color{blue}{2},\color{blue}{12},18,8,1;\ldots
\end{align*}
can be found as A113413 in OEIS. We can find there OPs stated generating function $\frac{1+x}{1-x-xy-x^2y}$ as well as the recurrence relation $A(n,k) = A(n-1, k-1)+A(n-2, k-1)+A(n-1, k)$, but we have different boundary conditions (marked above in $\color{blue}{\mathrm{blue}}$).

A:
Here we solve OP's recurrence relation by a generating function approach. We will see the recurrence relation leads to a slightly different generating function than stated by OP due the specific boundary conditions. Then we use the generating function to show
  \begin{align*}
\color{blue}{A(n,k)=\sum_{j=0}^{n-k}\binom{k+j}{j}\binom{k}{n-k-j}+\sum_{j=0}^{n-k}\binom{k+j-1}{j}\binom{k-1}{n-k-j}[[k\geq 1]]}\tag{1}
\end{align*}

We use in (1) Iverson brackets $[[k\geq 1]]$ which is $1$ iff $k\geq 1$ and $0$ otherwise.
Note: OP's recurrence relation is not completely specified. We add a boundary condition $A(0,k), k\geq 1$ which do not conflict with anything else and consider
\begin{align*}
A(n,k) &= A(n-1, k-1)+A(n-2, k-1)+A(n-1, k)\tag{2}\\
A(n, 0) &= 1\\
A(n, 1) &= 2n\\
\color{blue}{A(0, k) }&\color{blue}{= 0\qquad k\geq 1}
\end{align*}

We define the generating function $a(x,y)=\sum_{n,k\geq 0}A(n,k)x^ny^k$ and obtain from the recurrence relation (2)
  \begin{align*}
\sum_{{n\geq 2}\atop{k\geq 1}}&A(n,k)x^ny^k\\
&=\sum_{{n\geq 2}\atop{k\geq 1}}A(n-1,k-1)x^ny^k+\sum_{{n\geq 2}\atop{k\geq 1}}A(n-2,k-1)x^ny^k
+\sum_{{n\geq 2}\atop{k\geq 1}}A(n-1,k)x^ny^k\\
&=xy\sum_{{n\geq 1}\atop{k\geq 0}}A(n,k)x^ny^k+x^2y\sum_{{n\geq 0}\atop{k\geq 0}}A(n,k)x^ny^k
+x\sum_{{n\geq 1}\atop{k\geq 1}}A(n,k)x^ny^k\\
&=xy\left(a(x,y)-\sum_{k\geq 0}A(0,k)y^k\right)+x^2ya(x,y)+x\left(a(x,y)-\sum_{n\geq 0}A(n,0)x^n-\sum_{k\geq 0}A(0,k)y^k+1\right)\\
&=xy\left(a(x,y)-1\right)+x^2ya(x,y)+x\left(a(x,y)-\sum_{n\geq 0}x^n-1+1\right)\\
&=xy\left(a(x,y)-1\right)+x^2ya(x,y)+x\left(a(x,y)-\frac{1}{1-x}\right)\tag{3}
\end{align*}

Since
\begin{align*}
\sum_{{n\geq 2}\atop{k\geq 1}}A(n,k)x^ny^k&=a(x,y)-\sum_{n\geq 0}A(n,0)x^n-\sum_{k\geq 1}A(k,0)y^k-x\sum_{k\geq 1}A(k,1)y^k\\
&=a(x,y)-\frac{1}{1-x}-2xy\tag{4}
\end{align*}

Putting (3) and (4) together we obtain
  \begin{align*}
\color{blue}{a(x,y)}&\color{blue}{=\frac{1+xy}{1-x-xy-x^2y}}\\
&=\color{blue}{1}+(\color{blue}{1}+\color{blue}{2}y)x+(\color{blue}{1}+\color{blue}{4}y+2 y^2)x^2+(\color{blue}{1}+\color{blue}{6}y+8y^2+2 y^3)x^3\\
&\qquad + (\color{blue}{1}+\color{blue}{8}y+18y^2+12y^3+2y^4)x^4+\cdots
\end{align*}
  where the expansion was done with some help of Wolfram Alpha. The coefficients specified by the boundary conditions are marked in blue.

Note, the numerator $1+xy$ in $a(x,y)$ which is different to the numerator $1+x$ stated in OP's generating function.

Now we derive the formula (1) for $A(n,k)$. Since the derivation is similar to that of my other answer the comments and a few details are omitted. We obtain
  \begin{align*}
\color{blue}{A(n,k)}&\color{blue}{=[x^ny^k]\frac{1+xy}{1-x-xy-x^2y}}\\
&=[x^ny^k]\frac{1+xy}{1-x-x(1+x)y}\\
&=[x^ny^k]\frac{1+xy}{1-x}\sum_{j=0}^\infty\left(\frac{x(1+x)}{1-x}\right)^jy^j\\
&=[x^{n-k}]\frac{(1+x)^k}{(1-x)^{k+1}}+[x^{n-k}]\frac{(1+x)^{k-1}}{(1-x)^k}[[k\geq 1]]\\
&=[x^{n-k}](1+x)^k\sum_{j=0}^\infty\binom{k+j}{j}x^j+[x^{n-k}](1+x)^{k-1}\sum_{j=0}^\infty\binom{k+j-1}{j}x^j[[k\geq 1]]\\
&\,\,\color{blue}{=\sum_{j=0}^{n-k}\binom{k+j}{j}\binom{k}{n-k-j}+\sum_{j=0}^{n-k}\binom{k+j-1}{j}\binom{k-1}{n-k-j}[[k\geq 1]]}
\end{align*}
  and the claim (1) follows.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Teddy Bears Big Range
The Biggest Teddy Bear Tour of Australia
As an artist heading off to take art on tour around Australia, I quickly saw the wisdom of abandoning filling the van with heavy pottery and substituting hand-finished teddy bears.
Mothers purchased the small, grip in a baby's hands bears. Ladies purchased the elaborately dressed bears for their teddy bear collections. The biggest and most attention seeking bears, such as this fellow, I named Walter, sat on display until near closing time, late at night, due to being priced more expensively than the smaller bears.
At the outback Australian Shows where I exhibited art and hand finished teddy bears, the crowds would disperse from my popular show as the fireworks display began. I'd take that time to pack up, starting with the children bears, which would happily cuddle up in shabby chic suitcases. I'd enjoy watching the fireworks as I carefully loaded those suitcases across the floor of the van. Next, I'd pack the framed paintings, carefully padding them with blankets, on top of those bear cases. I'd work fast and efficiently at this stage, knowing that any visitors after the fireworks ended might be inebriated. I didn't want a security problem.
I left Walter on show, watching as I folded the table cloths, disassembled the roll-up tables and art display walls. Even as I pulled out the tent pegs holding the marque and guy ropes to the ground, walked each leg of the concertina designed marquee expertly toward what had been the centre of the Art and Teddies on Tour display, Walter watched over me. With the marque neatly compacted, I fed it into a bag and fed its length carefully over the top of the packed display. The fireworks would have ended. Walter waited.
Teddy Bear Decor & Apparel
I closed and locked the van door. The stock would be safe. I kept a lookout. If a group of swaying people began walking in my direction, I'd grab Walter, and we would drive off. The biggest bear always sat in the front seat of the van beside me. Happy crowds walked toward the exit gates, young children asleep in pushers or parents arms, still clutching a hand-finished bear they had bought from me. Couples strode arm in arm, stopping to talk, and kiss, in no hurry to join the crowd and leave the show-grounds.
I was in no hurry to leave either. I still had my most expensive teddy bears left unsold. Australia is a big country' and I had 600 kilometres to drive to get to my next venue. Walter and his other big bear companions would be my fuel money to the next town. He had already caught a lady's eye. She exclaimed with glee on seeing Walter sitting in the moonlight, arms out, waiting to be hugged. Once in her arms, how could an intoxicated young man in love resist buying it for her?
Soon other couples had gathered at my moonlit display of the biggest and the best bears that were sized just right for a sturdy bushman to place in his lady's arms. Men, if you want to please a woman, late at night, in an unsophisticated setting by moonlight, forget jewelry or flowers, teddy bears are the romantic gift—and the teddy bear sales lady's fuel money to drive out of town.
Original Teddy Bear Oil Paintings
Teddy Bear in a Basket Framed or Unframed Prints
Teddy Bear in Basket Print Gifts
I painted teddy in a basket as an art demonstration at the Adelaide Christmas Fair for a viewing audience in the thousands. Those fairs were a huge amount of fun, and I always came home laden mint handcrafted gifts for the family. I far prefer purchasing from local, skilled artist craftspeople than buying imported and or mass produced goods.
Are Teddy Bears or Toys an Essential Part of Childhood?
Would I be who I am today if I'd been cuddled and had bears and dolls to cuddle? Would I be a better person? I may have been a happier child, but I like the person that child's resourcefulness made me.
I did not have access to soft toys or book as a young child, so I made my own art supplies, burnt wood for charcoal drawing and mud for sculpting, and I made up poetry to compensate for a lack of books, and then decided that Webster's unabridged dictionary would become my first reader.
I cannot say that I've suffered as a result of such childhood deprivation. humans, especially children can be remarkably resilient, and it's hard to crust a creative or positive nature by not nurturing it.
Teddy Bear's Honeymoon
I was invited to do a painting exhibition at a wedding festival. As I love to do a painting demonstration at each of my exhibitions I hunted up the tiara and wedding veil I had worn when I married Reg, and roses, as I had carried. Jason and Charlotte bear became the bride and groom model for the painting. I completed the work successfully, and I still had several more days to fill. So, removing the veil and tiara, undoing Charlotte's perfect bow, red ribbon and scattering the rose petals, I posed the bears in an embrace for Teddy Bear's Honeymoon. I loved the result.
Jacob got to star once again as a teddy bear character in the novel StarStruck by Ryn Shell.
Teddy Bear Honeymoon Decor & Prints
Teddy Bears in Historical Fiction
Being an author as well as an artist, it wasn't surprising that my experiences is selling teddy bears made it into one of novels. Rose's husband went missing before the birth of their second child, Helen. Now, years late, the young family set out to travel Australia, searching for Linton, the missing husband and Carl and Helen's father. Rose bought a wholesale quantity of teddy bears to sell during their travels to pay for the costs of the search. Read how they managed their first Teddies on Tour exhibition, below.
The Teddy Bear Sellers Chapter in StarStruck, a Novel by Ryn Shell
StarStruck by Ryn Shell
Together, Carl, Helen and Rose set up a great-looking display at the craft fair in Adelaide. Carl made signage with the bears' names and prices on baskets. Rose sat out front where people could watch her paint the ribbons on the bears. As soon as the paint was dry, Helen put each bear into its own labelled basket.
Rose had bought most of the bears in bulk lots. Twelve for the large size, forty-five for medium, and ninety-six if they were smaller. With a few stitches and paint, she made each bear look like a different member of the same family.
Customers began calling Rose 'the teddy bear lady' and Helen 'the teddy bear girl'. The crowds loved the interactive display. Rose found it easy to keep up a friendly banter with the customers.
While Carl made the sales, it was Helen who had an ability to get the bears into people's hands quickly. She let visitors know that the bear display was a hands-on exhibition, and children were encouraged to pick up and hug the stock.
They were so busy. Rose continued to paint and stitch to replace the sold bears with new stock. Carl sometimes had a small crowd waiting to be served. Adults and children alike seem to fall under the spell of the hand-finished bears and spent ages deciding not only if they loved Cedric or Cecile best but also which one of the Cedrics or Ceciles wanted to go home with them.
"They usually choose the female bear," Carl confided when mother and son had a moment together without customers around. He laughed. "Then they come back to buy the boy bear. They tell me that the bear they had chosen did not want to leave the show without her mate."
Rose lifted her eyes from the bear ribbon trim she'd painted and looked wistfully at the board with photos of Linton, Carl and her beneath the bold red sign, Have You Seen This Man? Her head lowered and she worked with determination, not looking up again until she needed new stock to paint.
Rose gave the basket load of freshly hand-finished teddy bears to Helen to arrange in the display. "How are you going, kiddo?"
"I love it," Helen said. "This is the best ever fun."
When Rose picked up a bear to work on it, a child who was watching her work would ask, "What is the bear's name?"
Rose would tell him or her, "This bear is a newborn waiting for you to decide its name."
The delighted child named the bear, and Rose wrote it on the label, and everyone watching enjoyed their experience with the bear-selling family.
"This is probably the closest I ever came to being a child playing with toys," Rose revealed to her children.
Helen hugged her mum. Everyone watching beamed with pleasure.
"What a beautiful day it is." A lady lifted Rebecca the bear in the pink-velvet embroidered dress, to look at her pantaloons.
"Fantastic atmosphere," said her friend taking Marylou and Billy Jo, the country-and-western–style bears in blue denim, over to Carl to be purchased.
"Amazing that you know all the bears' names," a lady said to Helen. "Can't remember my own name half the time these days."
"But you don't forget the names of your children." Helen pulled her lilac bear from her pocket. "This is Sugarplum."
Rose started to daydream as she painted the ribbons. She wondered why there was never a children's bear or toy in her home when she was a child. Her dad had bought her a soft toy dog when she was five. Her mum took it away, saying it was too good for her, and kept it for herself.
Hurt built within her at that injustice and the way her parents had forced her to marry Trevor when they knew how much she was in love with Linton, and she had allowed them to do it. Fury raged within herself for having been passive.
During the few years they had been together, after her parents' death, Linton and Rose had talked a lot about her early life, talked away much of the pain from her memories.
Rose left her daydream and came back to the present moment in the busy exhibition. The crowd of people, handling and talking to the bears, attracted more people. The display became one of the busiest and most successful at the show.
Carl was having a ball. He sat out at the front of the display, on the opposite side to Rose, looking very much her reverse in appearance.
Rose studied him. Carl is blond, slender and tall like his father. He'd grown himself a short stubble beard since they had left the farm.
He'd gravitated to the cream Jacob the bear as his favourite in the same way that Rose noticed that blonde women seem to purchase cream fur bears. Women and men with red hair buy the ginger bears; older silver-haired ladies chose Charlotte, the silky mohair, almost cat-like, silvery pelt bear.
"It is almost like people are making a choice of a family member and are looking for a family resemblance," Rose said to Helen and Carl after the first day of trading.
Carl took Jacob, held his arms and bounced the bear gently on his knee while looking at and talking to it, much as he had played with Helen when she was younger. Onlookers were delighted when Carl handed Jacob to a stranger in the crowd and invited him to "Hug a bear. Bear hugs are free."
The exhibition was far more to Carl's taste than digging rhubarb clumps on the farm. Rose had not realised how good he was in a public relations job. The nonstop sales, seeing money roll in steadily, had Carl on a retail seller's high.
Rose's artistic nature was more motivated by creative satisfaction than money, although she understood the real financial state of things perhaps better than Carl. She knew the raw material cost of teddy bears was high.
"It was a gamble," Rose said. "But, we worked hard and made it work. Thank you." She hugged Carl and Helen. "It is a relief to know we have the exhibition costs covered and proof we made the right decision in going with bear sales. I need to book more exhibitions fast while this bear craze lasts."
"Bears don't go out of fashion," Carl stated.
"Nothing remains at boom level in retail," Rose said. "Other sellers are watching our success. They will copy what they think will work for them. You'll see, in three months' time, fifty per cent of these retailers will have bears on display, and there will be half a dozen specialist teddy bear stores."
"I love selling teddies." Helen tidied up the bears.
Rose helped with the tidy up. "I've loved the friendly companionship we have all had together at this show."
She thought about the watercolour paintings she could do in Central Australia while searching for Linton. Now that they had made enough money to cover the fuel costs, she could enjoy her daydreaming.
Carl brought Rose back to reality again by whispering that he was concerned about all the cash building up in his money bag. She took a wad of notes out of his wallet and was amused by his concerned gaze.
"I am going to the toilet," Rose said and slipped away.
Carl looked so relieved when she returned empty handed.
She grinned. "Did you think I was off on a spending spree?"
Soon, each time Carl got a full money bag, he gave Rose a walking sign with his fingers, and she came and collected notes off him, then headed to the ladies' room to return one bra cup size larger.
Later, when Rose's bra was bursting full, she started to look like she had a rapidly developing pregnancy, and Carl and Helen were as cheerful as the theme of the exhibition. They had their working capital and a proven way to support themselves while they toured the country searching for the man they all wanted, despite their fears of what they might discover when they found him.
StarStruck by Ryn Shell at Major Distributors
Surgeon Operates on Eight-Year-Old Patient's Teddy Bear
How the Teddy Bear Got Its Name


text:
Q: Why is the folder in ~/Library/Application\ Support called "Avian" for Textmate 2? I would expect one of:

*

*~/Library/Application\ Support/Textmate

*~/Library/Application\ Support/Textmate2

Or maybe:

*

*~/Library/Application\ Support/Macromates

What's the story here?

A: "Avian" was the project's 'code' or 'working' name so the developers chose that string over the other choices.

A: I agree - it's a really bad choice to name the folder "Avian". It looks like some developer hardcoded his name into the bundle's path for development and forgot to change it back.
Even if you read instructions about this in a blog post, you would assume that "Avian" is just the author's name.
For everyone who doesn't know this, it is just confusing.

A: It also caused a bug with the theme files. My code folding icons vanished in the gutter. I removed textmate then re-installed. This fixed the issue until I closed textmate and opened it again. The fix was to remove this folder before installing textmate again.


text:
Displaying items by tag: United States
Can Pakistan Offer the U.S. Military Bases to Target Islamic State in Afghanistan?
By Umair Jamal
September 20, 2021, the CACI Analyst
After the withdrawal of international troops from Afghanistan, U.S. intelligence agencies are seeking ways to maintain its intelligence-gathering and counterterrorism presence in the region. One of few options is Pakistan, which has previously provided U.S. intelligence agencies with bases for counterterrorism operations in Afghanistan and beyond. After the recent attack by Islamic State Khorasan Province (ISKP) at Kabul Airport that killed scores of U.S. soldiers and Taliban fighters, Pakistan may open its airspace for U.S. counterterrorism operations against ISKP in Afghanistan. However, for any such deal to become possible, Pakistan would want the U.S. to only target the ISKP after getting the nod from the Taliban – Islamabad's longtime allies and the new rulers of Afghanistan.
U.S. out, Taliban in: Central Asia Facing New Challenges from Afghanistan
By Farkhod Tolipov
August 20, 2021, the CACI Analyst
In April 2021, Washington began the long-awaited withdrawal of its military forces from Afghanistan, a process that is expected to be completed by September this year. This is being done in the wake of an agreement between the U.S. and the Taliban as a condition for reaching peace in Afghanistan. However, the "victorious" Taliban began a sudden offensive in some northern provinces bordering Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. The Afghan military surprisingly retreated instead of resisting the insurgents. Some even crossed the Afghan border with Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. As the Taliban have swiftly moved to take control of most Afghanistan, including Kabul, Central Asia is facing strategic uncertainty.
Explaining the Kyrgyz-Tajik Border Clash: Hypotheses in Search of Corroboration
By Richard Weitz
July 14, 2021, the CACI Analyst
A century ago, the Italian author Luigi Pirandello wrote a three-act play entitled "Six Characters in Search of an Author," which explored the difficulty of differentiating between illusion and reality. The analyst of the recent border clash between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan faces the same challenge. The event, which saw the most serious fighting between independent Central Asian republics, offers several plausible explanations with divergent policy implications.
What the Biden Administration Can and Should do in the South Caucasus
By Stephen Blank
February 8, 2021, the CACI Analyst
The advent of the Biden Administration provides an opportunity to give the South Caucasus the importance it deserves in U.S. foreign policy. The recent war over Nagorno-Karabakh has underlined the region's geostrategic importance, whereas the institutionalization of a Russo-Turkish rivalry/condominium raises the real possibility that another clash could trigger a confrontation between these two powers, one of whom is a NATO ally, as well as their proxies. Simultaneously, Georgia suffers from a drawn-out political conflict among the leading political parties. In this context, the new Administration and its allies in Europe should act to improve the West's position in the South Caucasus.
Friday, 29 January 2021 00:00
U.S. Policy Toward Azerbaijan in the Biden Administration
By Fariz Ismailzade
January 29, 2021, the CACI Analyst
Over the past 30 years, Azerbaijan and the United States have developed a strategic partnership based on common interests and values. This partnership includes area of cooperation such as energy security, counter-terrorism, joint economic opportunities, and trade, political and humanitarian efforts. Clinton and Bush administrations have pursued a bipartisan policy of deepening engagement with Azerbaijani to increase US national interests in the Caspian region.


text:
Names of 2 York City firefighters killed in March 2018 etched into IAFF Wall of Honor Memorial in Colorado
Posted 4:20 PM, September 19, 2019, by Sean Naylor, Updated at 04:21PM, September 19, 2019
COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. — The names of two York City firefighters who were killed after a partial collapse of the Weaver Organ and Piano Building in March 2018 will be etched into the Wall of Honor Memorial at the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) Fallen Fire Fighter Memorial in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
The legacy of 50-year-old Ivan Flanscha and 29-year-old Zachary Anthony will be honored Saturday, along with 249 other fallen firefighters who died in the last year.
Approximately 25 active and retired members of the York City Department of Fire/Rescue Services and their families will be joined by Mayor Michael Helfrich at the ceremony.
"This solemn and somber ceremony is important not just for the families of the fallen who travel from across the United States and Canada to be here among other fire fighter families," said IAFF General President Harold Schaitberger. "It is important for all our members and their families to know that we honor the sacrifices they make for their communities and that we will never forget them."
More than 8,000 IAFF members' names have been etched into the granite, which dates back to 1918, the year the IAFF was founded.
The morning before his family's Disney vacation, a firefighter died saving his comrades from a house fire
Terminally ill firefighter gets one last ride home
Golden Star Garden hosts 'Wreaths Across America' ceremony in York
All photos of Pennsylvanians who died in Vietnam War now on virtual Wall of Faces
Tragic deaths of 2 fire fighters inspire families to save lives across the region
10 places to visit that shaped Martin Luther King Jr.'s march in history
Officials investigate why smoke detector did not sound during deadly fire in Lancaster County
One of the last survivors of the USS Arizona will be interred on the sunken warship
Thousands of wreaths placed on veterans' graves at Indiantown Gap Cemetery for Wreaths Across America Day
Blood-red skies loom over southeast Australia after deadly bushfires bring 'one of worst days ever'


The Big 5 Construct Egypt is set to take place this September 2018 on 18 – 21 at Egypt's International Exhibition Center. This leading international construction event will bring together influential decision-makers, innovators and suppliers from the region and beyond for four days of business and networking opportunities.
The country's booming construction market has placed itself as the leading contributor to GDP growth in the region, with 473 billion dollars' worth of active projects in North Africa and more than 366 billion dollars worth of projects lie in Egypt.
Schedule a meeting with UL's experts during the Big 5 from the 18th of September until the 21st of September and get updated on the latest trends in construction.


text:
Solidaritet (på polska:  []; fullständigt namn: Oavhängiga självförvaltande fackföreningen "Solidaritet" – Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy "Solidarność" []) är en polsk fackförening som startades i augusti 1980 av bland andra Lech Wałęsa. Rörelsens omfattning och idéspridning inom det forna Östblocket förvandlades till en massiv folklig motståndsrörelse mot kommunistregimerna och är en av huvudorsakerna till de realsocialistiska diktaturernas fall i Östeuropa

För övrig solidaritetsrörelse, se artikel solidaritetsrörelser.

Historia

Början
En landsomfattande strejk utbröt i Polen 1980.  Strejken spred sig spontant och blixtsnabbt mellan företag, fabriker och institutioner och ganska snabbt blev Leninvarvet i staden Gdańsk – en av Polens då största arbetsplatser – centrum och språkrör för rörelsen. Arbetarna låste in sig på varvet och krävde att få förhandla direkt med regeringen inför direktsänd television för att minska regimens möjligheter att manipulera deras krav. Till strejkledare utsågs Lech Wałęsa som tio år senare blev Polens första folkvalda president.

De strejkande krävde bland annat högre lön, bättre pensioner, kortare arbetstider och de krävde dessutom att få rätt att bilda fackföreningar, rätt att gå ut i laglig strejk, att censuren skulle avskaffas och att politiska fångar skulle släppas. På grund av det massiva folkliga stödet och solidariteten mellan medlemmarna i Solidaritet gav regeringen vid förhandlingarna efter, och de flesta av kraven godtogs. I och med att oberoende fackföreningar blev tillåtna kunde Solidaritet bildas officiellt 22 september 1980. Antalet medlemmar i Solidaritet nådde en topp på 10 miljoner i september 1981, (680 000 år 2010).

Statsmakten slår tillbaka
Den 13 december 1981 genomförde den polska regimen en ganska oblodig statskupp efter tryck från Sovjetunionen (se Brezjnevdoktrinen) som oroades av att den polska "frihetsbacillen" skulle spridas inom det av Sovjetunionen dominerade Östblocket. Solidaritet förbjöds. Tiotusentals Solidaritetsmedlemmar internerades och fängslades, bland andra Lech Wałęsa. Till yttermera visso återinfördes restriktioner och censur.

Fortsatt kamp och seger
Solidaritetsrörelsen fortsatte dock att verka genom passivt motstånd, masknings- och bojkottaktioner, demonstrationer samt underjordisk press och informationsspridning. Man hade också ett betydande ekonomiskt stöd från Romersk-katolska kyrkan och Central Intelligence Agency. De ekonomiska följderna för regimen tvingades den 1988 att legalisera Solidaritet och återuppta en dialog med rörelsen. Resultatet blev i juni 1989 de första fria valen i Östblocket. Solidaritet fick 92 de 100 platserna i senaten och 161 av de 162 platserna i sejmen.

Solidaritet som politiskt parti
En partipolitisk gren av rörelsen bildades 1996 under namnet Ruch Społeczny Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność (RS AWS). Året därpå anslöt sig RS AWS till valkartellen Solidaritets valallians som vann det polska parlamentsvalet 1997.

Regeringen genomgick dock svåra slitningar under mandatperioden. 2001 hade antalet partier i valalliansen minskat från över trettio till tre och man bildade en minoritetsregering under ledning av Jerzy Buzek. RS AWS bytte namn till bara RS. Efter att i valet samma år misslyckats med att återväljas till parlamentet så upplöstes valkartellen.

Referenser

Noter

Se även

 Jerzy Popiełuszko
 Rumänska revolutionen 1989
 Sammetsrevolutionen
 Revolutioner i Östeuropa
 Berlinmuren

Polska fackliga organisationer
Politik i Polen
Fackliga organisationer bildade 1980

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Top 4 Challenges Parents Experience While Supporting Teen Mental Health
ParentsCanada and Common Compass conducted a survey asking Canadian parents to identify current challenges and concerns about their pre-teens and teen's mental health.
Here are the findings:
Sleep is a top concern, with 52.5 per cent of parents worrying that their children were going to bed too late or not sleeping enough.
Social anxiety is another concern—38.1 per cent of parents identify "social anxiety" challenges specifically, with another 34.5 per cent adding "challenges making friends."
Low self-esteem and social media use are two other top challenges: 25.2 per cent are worried about "low mood and depression" with 17.3 per cent concerned about "perfectionism." When it comes to online interactions, 38.1 per cent of parents are worried about social media use.
We asked parents if schools were helping when it came to their pre-teens and teen's mental health: 52 per cent of parents stated that general awareness campaigns were most visible and some motivational speakers at assemblies, but they lacked a school-wide strategy or access to student mental health training.
Parents are not alone
Parents have been through the wringer these past two years. Between balancing the demands of work and family life under financial stress while navigating the uncertainty of pandemic waves, it is important to pause and reflect on the experience of supporting teen mental health during this time. You are not alone in this uncertainty, even though it might feel that way.
"Parents are frustrated at the lack of timely and accessible mental health supports for their children," says Leisha Zamecnik, executive director of Common Compass, a non-profit organization that works with schools to develop and facilitate evidence-informed mental health programs. "It's difficult and confusing for them to navigate the system and they want the knowledge and skills to support their child's mental health, particularly during this time as they try to return to a sense of normalcy at this stage of the pandemic. Parents have shared with us that they are particularly looking for support with social anxiety, healthy social media use, low self-esteem and sleep."
"My hope is to help assure them that when they look around at other parents at sports practice, parent council or on social media, they know that nearly every one of them is struggling with how to best support their children during this time," she adds. "As parents we have a lot in common with one another. We need to raise one another up."
How to help with social anxiety
Since teens thrive in predictable and structured environments, the disruption of everyone's routine by the COVID-19 pandemic has made it hard for youth to cope and feelings of social anxiety have increased. Even before school closures, e-learning, increased family stress and the disconnection from peers caused by the pandemic, social anxiety was a mental health challenge on the rise.
You can help socially anxious teens by keeping daily routines as predictable as possible and staying in touch with teachers, friends and family members to eventually ease the transition back to regular life.
"Routine and predictability are key," says Zamecnik. "We need to help teens understand what to expect and how to prepare for situations that they may find anxiety-provoking. Helping them split larger, seemingly daunting social outings into smaller, more manageable steps can help them to gain confidence."
Whether schools were closed or remained open, the learning and social experience of classrooms was disrupted and that lack of regular contact with teachers and peers has made the issue of social anxiety worse. Since many do not recognize what they are struggling with, education and sometimes intervention is needed. Besides being worried about the pandemic, many teens feel anxious about missing out on important life events and the uncertainty of their future.
How to manage social media use
Even before social media played a role in everyday life, parents and teachers were busy supporting teens as they matured. While social media use is not always a direct cause of mental health challenges, it is a nearly inescapable part of daily life with some consequences and teens need to be shown healthy ways of using social media platforms.
Sensational stories about social media may be causing parents and teens more stress and anxiety than its actual use does. It is important to recognize that the information we receive about social media may be holding us in a negative use cycle, so it's helpful to take time to create a balanced approach.
"I think it's important that parents explain how addictive social media is designed to be," says Zamecnik. "Algorithms are intentionally created to draw you in and keep you there for as long as possible. This is how they profit. Education is key. You can also ask them how much social media would be ideal for them and help them stay within those limits."
While excessive use of social media can expose teens to harmful behaviours such as cyber-bullying and increased self-criticism through comparing their lives with snippets of others, these behaviours are often learned offline. Teens who socialize online and offline have the highest levels of self-worth and self-esteem. Finding that balance and working with your teen to come to an open understanding of how screen time affects physical and mental health is important. For example, explain why and how the rules are implemented as well as how you as a parent will follow similar rules.
How to raise self-esteem
Like social anxiety, teens experiencing low self-esteem are influenced by relationships at home and school. Devices and social media accounts have been teen's primary social connection at several points during the pandemic. While staying connected is important, it also means that comparing themselves to idealized versions of others on social media has become easier while opportunities to see other people's less-than-perfect realities have become rare. This has a major impact on mental health.
"The single most important thing a parent can do to strengthen the parent-child bond is to really listen to their child," says Zamecnik. "Over time, this strengthens the relationship and contributes to improved self-esteem."
Since it is difficult for parents to see their children in emotional pain, it becomes a reflex to react to negative comments without acknowledging their emotions. "Everyone hates me at school" is often responded to with "That's not true, honey. Don't say that!"
"Validation is not agreement," adds Zamecnik. "It is acknowledging the emotion that the young person is experiencing. Instead of saying, 'That's not true,' try something like, 'It sounds like you are feeling really lonely at school. That must be hard.' Then pause. Wait. Listen. Ask an open-ended question like, 'What's making you feel this way?' Then listen some more. Resist the urge to problem solve!"
Along with confidence in hobbies or other interests, physical activity can help boost teen self-esteem and reduce stress, increase cognitive ability and academic performance.
How to find a sleep schedule that works
The disruption of sleep schedules by the COVID-19 pandemic has been harder on parents than on teens. With no morning commute to school, later start times or cancelled extracurricular activities, teens were able to adopt the natural sleep schedules that their bodies wanted and being better rested helped them navigate the stress of everyday life.
"School scheduling was not created to be centered around what is best for adolescents," says Zamecnik. "It's largely a function of the rhythms of larger society, particularly the work schedule. There is no question that later start times would be beneficial for students."
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted schooling, but also allowed flexible scheduling that let some teens catch up on their sleep. The full return to in-person classrooms might also be a return to sleep deprivation and parents should be aware of that.
"Try to be as consistent with sleep as possible each day of the week and minimize changes from weekends to weekdays," adds Zamecnik. "Encourage short naps since longer naps disrupt nighttime sleep. And, of course, role model good sleep habits."
Gaps in mental health support
In addition to challenges, ParentsCanada and Common Compass asked Canadian parents to identify gaps that exist in the current teen mental health supports that are available. About 19 per cent of participants think there is a lack of resources in general (therapists, services, etc.), 16.5 per cent identified waiting lists and wait times, 14 per cent mentioned cost or insurance coverage, with another 14 per cent pointing out general inaccessibility.
"We need to be providing supports where students already spend time – in school – rather than expecting them to navigate complex systems to get the right support," says Zamecnik. "School social workers are working tirelessly. Principals and teachers need support and they need greater capacity to create school environments that are thoughtfully designed to promote social-emotional wellbeing."
Along with school social workers, principals and teachers, parents deserve access to the knowledge and skills to help support teens with social anxiety, healthy social media use, low self-esteem and sleep.
For more information on workshops, visit www.commoncompass.com.