text:
var Aria = require("../Aria");
var ariaCoreLogDefaultAppender = require("./log/DefaultAppender");
var ariaUtilsString = require("../utils/String");
var ariaCoreJsObject = require("./JsObject");

/**
 * Singleton to be used to log messages from any class. This object should probably not be used
 * directly since any class in AriaTemplates inherits from JsObject and as such has the $log() method. Using the $log()
 * method makes it easier because it doesn't require you to pass your current classname.
 *
 *

 * aria.core.Log.warn('my.class.Name', 'Warning!!');
 * aria.core.Log.info('my.class.Name', 'Something was processed ...');
 *

 *
 * Additionally, this object can be used when debugging, to set the level of log you want to see per package/class. By
 * default, levels are already set, but you may use your own custom levels for debugging purposes
 *
 *

 * aria.core.Log.resetLoggingLevels();
 * aria.core.Log.setLoggingLevel('modules.*', aria.core.Log.LEVEL_DEBUG);
 * aria.core.Log.setLoggingLevel('my.class.Name', aria.core.Log.LEVEL_WARN);
 *

 *
 * When logging messages to the logger, appenders are used to actually print out the messages. By default, the only
 * appender used is the one printing results in the window.console object (Firebug, FirebugLite). It is however possible
 * to add appenders for debugging purposes:
 *
 *

 * aria.core.Log.clearAppenders();
 * aria.core.Log.addAppender(new aria.core.log.WindowAppender());
 *

 *
 * @singleton
 */
module.exports = Aria.classDefinition({
    $classpath : "aria.core.Log",
    $singleton : true,
    $statics : {
        /**
         * Debug log level
         * @type Number
         */
        LEVEL_DEBUG : 1,

        /**
         * Info log level
         * @type Number
         */
        LEVEL_INFO : 2,

        /**
         * Warning log level
         * @type Number
         */
        LEVEL_WARN : 3,

        /**
         * Error log level
         * @type Number
         */
        LEVEL_ERROR : 4
    },
    $constructor : function () {
        /**
         * The list of loggers already created so far, per className
         * @type Array
         * @private
         */
        this._loggers = [];

        /**
         * The logging configuration telling the logger which messages will make it to the console for each className
         * @type Array
         * @private
         */
        this._loggingLevels = {};

        /**
         * List of all the appenders configured in the logging system. By default, only one is present, the
         * DefaultAppender (outputting in the firebug console)
         * @private
         * @type Array
         */
        this._appenders = [];

        var oSelf = this;
        var jsObjectProto = ariaCoreJsObject.prototype;
        // map function on JsObject prototype and Aria

        jsObjectProto.$logDebug = function (msg, msgArgs, obj) {
            oSelf.debug(this.$classpath, msg, msgArgs, obj);
            // return empty string to be used easily in templates
            return "";
        };
        Aria.$logDebug = jsObjectProto.$logDebug;

        jsObjectProto.$logInfo = function (msg, msgArgs, obj) {
            oSelf.info(this.$classpath, msg, msgArgs, obj);
            // return empty string to be used easily in templates
            return "";
        };
        Aria.$logInfo = jsObjectProto.$logInfo;

        jsObjectProto.$logWarn = function (msg, msgArgs, obj) {
            oSelf.warn(this.$classpath, msg, msgArgs, obj);
            // return empty string to be used easily in templates
            return "";
        };
        Aria.$logWarn = jsObjectProto.$logWarn;

        jsObjectProto.$logError = function (msg, msgArgs, err) {
            oSelf.error(this.$classpath, msg, msgArgs, err);
            // return empty string to be used easily in templates
            return "";
        };
        Aria.$logError = jsObjectProto.$logError;

        this.resetLoggingLevels();
        this.setLoggingLevel("*", Aria.debug ? this.LEVEL_DEBUG : this.LEVEL_ERROR);
        this.addAppender(new ariaCoreLogDefaultAppender());
    },
    $destructor : function () {
        this.resetLoggingLevels();
        this.clearAppenders();

        // remove functions on JsObject and Aria (added in the constructor):

        var jsObjectProto = ariaCoreJsObject.prototype;
        var alert = Aria.$window.alert;
        jsObjectProto.$logError = function (msg, msgArgs, err) {
            alert(["Error after aria.core.Log is disposed:\nin:", this.$classpath, "\nmsg:", msg].join(''));
        };
        Aria.$logError = jsObjectProto.$logError;

        var emptyFunction = function () {};
        jsObjectProto.$logDebug = emptyFunction;
        Aria.$logDebug = emptyFunction;
        jsObjectProto.$logInfo = emptyFunction;
        Aria.$logInfo = emptyFunction;
        jsObjectProto.$logWarn = emptyFunction;
        Aria.$logWarn = emptyFunction;
    },
    $prototype : {

        /**
         * Used to verify if a given level is within the known list of levels
         * @param {Number} level The level to test
         * @return {Boolean}
         */
        isValidLevel : function (level) {
            return (level == this.LEVEL_DEBUG || level == this.LEVEL_INFO || level == this.LEVEL_WARN || level == this.LEVEL_ERROR);
        },

        /**
         * Static method that is used to set the logging configuration for a specific className or part of a className.
         * By default, the Aria logger is already set with default values. This method is intended to be used during
         * debugging only to filter what you want to see printed in the console.
         *
         *

         * aria.core.Log.setLoggingLevel("a.*", aria.core.Log.LEVEL_ERROR);
         * aria.core.Log.setLoggingLevel("util.*", aria.core.Log.LEVEL_INFO);
         * aria.core.Log.setLoggingLevel("util.layouts.CardLayout", aria.core.Log.LEVEL_DEBUG);
         *

         *
         * @param {String} className The className to assign the level to
         * @param {Number} level The level of logging to allow
         */
        setLoggingLevel : function (className, level) {
            if (!this.isValidLevel(level)) {
                this.error(this.$classpath, "Invalid level passed to setLoggingLevel");
            } else {
                // TODO: Add here a check for the validity of a className:
                // possible values are a.b.c, or a.b.*
                this._loggingLevels[className] = level;
            }
        },

        /**
         * Reset all logging level configuration
         */
        resetLoggingLevels : function () {
            this._loggingLevels = [];
        },

        /**
         * Get the currently allowed logging level for a particular className
         * @param {String} className
         * @return {Number} level or false if no logging level is defined
         */
        getLoggingLevel : function (className) {
            var loggingLevel = this._loggingLevels[className];
            if (!!loggingLevel) {
                // If there is a logging level stored for the exact classname passed in parameter
                return loggingLevel;
            } else {
                // Else, look for package names
                var str = className;

                while (str.indexOf(".") != -1) {
                    str = str.substring(0, str.lastIndexOf("."));
                    if (this._loggingLevels[str]) {
                        return this._loggingLevels[str];
                    } else if (this._loggingLevels[str + ".*"]) {
                        return this._loggingLevels[str + ".*"];
                    }
                }

                return this._loggingLevels["*"] || false;
            }
        },

        /**
         * Is a specific level loggable for a given classname. Depending on the configuration of the logger sub-system,
         * we need to check if our current className supports at least this level of logging.
         * @param {String} level The level to test
         * @param {String} className The className to check
         * @return {Boolean}
         */
        isLogEnabled : function (level, className) {
            var minimumLevel = this.getLoggingLevel(className);

            // If we could find a minimum level authorized for this className
            // (or a best match)
            if (minimumLevel) {
                return level >= minimumLevel;
            } else {
                // If nothing was found in the conf for this class, no logging
                // is possible
                return false;
            }
        },

        /**
         * Add a new appender to the logging system
         * @param {aria.core.log.DefaultAppender} appender An instance of appender (must implement the same methods as
         * aria.core.log.DefaultAppender)
         */
        addAppender : function (appender) {
            this._appenders.push(appender);
        },

        /**
         * Removes an appender from the logging system
         * @param {aria.core.log.DefaultAppender} appender An instance of appender to be removed (must implement the
         * same methods as aria.core.log.DefaultAppender)
         */
        removeAppender : function (appender) {
            if (appender) {
                this._clearAppenders(appender);
            }
        },

        /**
         * Remove all appenders in the logging system, if an appender is passed then will remove just a specific
         * appender instance
         * @param {aria.core.log.DefaultAppender} appender An instance of appender to be removed (must implement the
         * same methods as aria.core.log.DefaultAppender)
         */
        _clearAppenders : function (appender) {
            var apps = this._appenders;
            for (var i = 0, l = apps.length; i < l; i++) {
                if (!appender || apps[i] === appender) {
                    apps[i].$dispose();
                    apps.splice(i, 1);
                    i--;
                    l--;
                }
            }
        },

        /**
         * Remove all appenders in the logging system
         */
        clearAppenders : function () {
            this._clearAppenders();
        },

        /**
         * Get the list of current appenders
         * @param {String} classpath Optional argument, if passed, only the appenders of the given classpath will be
         * returned
         * @return {Array} The list of appenders
         */
        getAppenders : function (classpath) {
            var apps = this._appenders;

            if (classpath) {
                apps = [];
                for (var i = 0; i < this._appenders.length; i++) {
                    if (this._appenders[i].$classpath == classpath) {
                        apps.push(this._appenders[i]);
                    }
                }
            }

            return apps;
        },

        /**
         * Prepare a message to be logged from a message text and an optional array of arguments
         * @param {String} msg Message text (which may contain %n)
         * @param {Array} msgArgs optional list of arguments to be replaced in the message with %n
         * @param {Object} errorContext Optional object passed in case of template parsing error only
         * @return {String} The message
         */
        prepareLoggedMessage : function (msg, msgArgs, errorContext) {
            if (msgArgs) {
                msg = ariaUtilsString.substitute(msg, msgArgs);
            }
            for (var error in errorContext) {
                if (errorContext.hasOwnProperty(error)) {
                    msg += "\n" + error + " : " + errorContext[error] + "\n";
                }
            }
            return msg;
        },

        /**
         * Log a debug message.
         * @param {String} className The classname for which the log is to be done
         * @param {String} msg the message text
         * @param {Array} msgArgs An array of arguments to be used for string replacement in the message text
         * @param {Object} o An optional object to inspect
         */
        debug : function (className, msg, msgArgs, o) {
            this.log(className, this.LEVEL_DEBUG, msgArgs, msg, o);
        },

        /**
         * Log an info message
         * @param {String} className The classname for which the log is to be done
         * @param {String} msg the message text
         * @param {Array} msgArgs An array of arguments to be used for string replacement in the message text
         * @param {Object} o An optional object to inspect
         */
        info : function (className, msg, msgArgs, o) {
            this.log(className, this.LEVEL_INFO, msgArgs, msg, o);
        },

        /**
         * Log a warning message
         * @param {String} className The classname for which the log is to be done
         * @param {String} msg the message text
         * @param {Array} msgArgs An array of arguments to be used for string replacement in the message text
         * @param {Object} o An optional object to inspect
         */
        warn : function (className, msg, msgArgs, o) {
            this.log(className, this.LEVEL_WARN, msgArgs, msg, o);
        },

        /**
         * Log an error message
         * @param {String} className The classname for which the log is to be done
         * @param {String} msg the message text
         * @param {Array} msgArgs An array of arguments to be used for string replacement in the message text
         * @param {Object} e A JavaScript exception object or a object to inspect
         */
        error : function (className, msg, msgArgs, e) {
            this.log(className, this.LEVEL_ERROR, msgArgs, msg, e);
        },

        /**
         * Actually do the logging to the current appenders
         * @param {String} className The className that is logging
         * @param {String} level The level to log the message
         * @param {Array} msgArgs An array of arguments to be used for string replacement in the message text
         * @param {String} msg The message text
         * @param {Object} objOrErr Either an option object to be logged or an error message in case of error or fatal
         * levels
         */
        log : function (className, level, msgArgs, msgText, objOrErr) {
            if (!this.isValidLevel(level)) {
                this.error(this.$classpath, "Invalid level passed for logging the message");
            } else {
                if (this.isLogEnabled(level, className)) {
                    var msg = this.prepareLoggedMessage(msgText, msgArgs);
                    var apps = this.getAppenders();
                    for (var i = 0; i < apps.length; i++) {
                        if (level == this.LEVEL_DEBUG) {
                            apps[i].debug(className, msg, msgText, objOrErr);
                        }
                        if (level == this.LEVEL_INFO) {
                            apps[i].info(className, msg, msgText, objOrErr);
                        }
                        if (level == this.LEVEL_WARN) {
                            apps[i].warn(className, msg, msgText, objOrErr);
                        }
                        if (level == this.LEVEL_ERROR) {
                            apps[i].error(className, msg, msgText, objOrErr);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
});


text:
Op-Ed Opinion Vision for Success
Op-EdOp-Ed Opinion
Vision for Success
By Rabbi Naphtali Hoff
Tuesday, December 31, 2013 at 11:04 pm | כ"ח טבת תשע"ד
This week's parashah introduces us to the first mitzvah directed to the Jewish nation as a whole, the obligation to sanctify the new moon. The timing of the mitzvah is curious. Immediately before issuing this command to Moshe and Aharon, Hashem had instructed them to convey stark, frightening details about the 10th and final plague, the death of the firstborn, to Pharaoh.
Harav Samson Raphael Hirsch (commentary to Shemos 12:1), zt"l, suggests that the juxtaposition between the two is deliberate, as the sequence is designed to present a contrast in human reactions to Heavenly signs. For many months, Pharaoh had resisted Hashem's directives, stubbornly refusing to release his Hebrew slaves despite numerous plagues and untold suffering. Even with his recognition of Hashem's righteousness (see Shemos 9:27) he could not bring himself to let them go free.
Despite Hashem's inability to sway Pharaoh with "osos u'mofsim" (signs and wonders), He chose to rely on them heavily with His burgeoning Jewish nation. He began with a recurring "os," a monthly sign that would represent the ongoing tension that Klal Yisrael would experience as His special nation and inspire them to persevere in the face of challenge.
With its cyclical nature, the moon epitomizes highs and the lows. It symbolizes our collective successes and struggles as we aim to serve as emissaries of the Divine in this world. The new moon represents rejuvenation; following a period of diminishing brightness — to the point of complete darkness — its emerging sliver of light offers fresh hope and optimism. When we sanctify the moon at the onset of each month, we reaffirm our commitment to Hashem's directives despite the many challenges that lay ahead. (It is for this reason that the Hebrew word for month [chodesh] is closely related to the word for newness [chadash].)
The mitzvos that follow immediately afterwards also direct us to contemplate our special relationship with our Maker. We are instructed to relate the story of backbreaking bondage and exhilarating freedom in vivid color and enthusiastic detail, to impress upon our children the significance of the event. And we are to bind an "os" to our arms and minds to ensure that every thought and action is inspired by this lofty message and deep connectivity.
This unusual sequence teaches us an important lesson. To achieve greatness, particularly against a backdrop of pain and suffering, it is necessary to have a vision that uplifts and inspires. Hashem understood that it was not enough for the people to witness great miracles and even salvation. Such inspiration and momentum would only carry them so far, especially as they did little on their own to achieve such outcomes. In order for the people to remain steadfast in their beliefs and commitment, they would need to be given a set of signs, images that drew their attention towards Heaven and encouraged them to reconnect and reinvigorate.
Every successful enterprise gains energy and vibrancy from a vision, an articulated picture that details a desired objective. A vision presents possibilities for future growth that helps to focus stakeholders and motivate them towards attainment.
Leaders have the responsibility to be visionaries for their respective teams and enterprises. Particularly in today's uber-competitive marketplace, it is more critical than ever for leaders to understand their roles as storytellers and dream weavers in order to inspire continued motivation, creativity and growth.
There are four things to keep in mind when communicating a vision. It should be simple, vivid, impactful and repeatable. Simple means that the meaning is plain and uncomplicated. When Harav Meir Shapiro, zt"l, presented his vision for Daf Yomi, it was clear, simple and direct: Learn a daf a day. Do so day after day, year after year, until completing the cycle. Then begin again. L'havdil, when President Kennedy presented a vision for the space program, he did not indulge in complex verbiage. He kept things simple: The goal is to land a man on the moon before the end of the decade (1960s). Though he did not live to see it, the steps of Neil Armstrong made his dream a reality.
Another crucial component of a compelling vision is that it is vivid. Metaphor, analogy and example all serve as excellent ways through which to crystalize the objective. The Torah is filled with metaphor, particularly at its conclusion. Who isn't inspired by the imagery of Devarim 30, which exhorts us that a Torah lifestyle is most attainable? "It is not in Heaven… nor is it beyond the sea… rather, [this] thing is very close to you; it is in your mouth and in your heart, so that you can fulfill it." In recent times, vivid imagery has been used to sway public opinion about war, civil rights, economic imbalance and other significant issues. It has also been used to inspire entrepreneurs and corporate employees to advance agendas and achieve breakthroughs.
Visions should be impactful and include big ideas. Big ideas are what get people excited. People want to feel motivated about coming to work and doing their jobs. They want to feel that what they do matters.
Finally, visions should be repeatable. Distill them to but a few words, a catchy slogan, jingle or mnemonic. The idea should be able to be spread by anyone to anyone. In this way, they are kept front and center in people's minds and have the greatest impact.
Rabbi Naphtali Hoff is a writer, teacher, coach and leadership aficionado living in Passaic, NJ with his wife and six children. He can be contacted at rabbihoff1@yahoo.com.
This article appeared in print on page 36 of the January 1st, 2014 edition of Hamodia.
The opinions expressed on this page are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of Hamodia.
Seven Lights
The Handshake Delusion
Still Incomprehensible
Americans Just Set a Turnout Record for the Midterms, Voting at the Highest Rate Since 1914. This Explains Why.
The Ugliness of Politics Is on Full Display Right Now

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


(from History's press release, April 2017) More than two million declassified government files offer new evidence about Lee Harvey Oswald's activities in the weeks, months and years before the assassination of President John F. Kennedy with the last remaining documents scheduled for release later this year. HISTORY's new six-part nonfiction series "JFK Declassified: Tracking Oswald" follows former CIA agent, Bob Baer and former LAPD police lieutenant, Adam Bercovici, on their independent global investigation into Oswald, and the murder of JFK, asking the questions: did he have accomplices, and if so, who helped him assassinate the President? "JFK Declassified: Tracking Oswald" premieres Tuesday, April 25 at 10PM ET/PT and concludes on Tuesday, May 30 at 10PM ET/PT, the week of what would have been JFK's 100th birthday.


The Big Blues sportfishing center aims to provide fishing adventures in SE Asia in full comfort, safety and in a professional manner.
We offer in fact big game fishing trips both for beginners or professional anglers in among the best fishing areas in SE Asia such as the Similan Islands, the Burma Banks, the Andaman Islands and Kuala Rompin.
At the same time in Thailand we can arrange on board our yachts private cruises or diving, tailor-made according to our clients' requests, which will give you total flexibility, privacy and a fantastic opportunity to combine your dream of a cruise with swimming/snorkeling and diving in crystal clear blue waters, filled with tropical fishes and beautiful corals.
Also always in Thailand we organize as well professional freshwater fishing holidays targeting species such as Giant Freshwater Stingrays, Arapaima, Giant Mekong Catfish, Barramundi, Giant Siamese Carp, Giant Snakehead plus many more of the worlds largest freshwater fish.
Please note that all our trips are tailor made according to our customers' request so please contact us directly for a personal quotation.
We both know exactly what you expect from a fishing trip so contact us and we'll do our best not only to meet your imaginations and expectations but to far exceed them!


text:
namespace Sass {

  namespace Functions {

    // features
    static std::set<std::string> features {
      "global-variable-shadowing",
      "extend-selector-pseudoclass",
      "at-error",
      "units-level-3",
      "custom-property"
    };

    //////////////////////////
    // INTROSPECTION FUNCTIONS
    //////////////////////////

    Signature type_of_sig = "type-of($value)";
    BUILT_IN(type_of)
    {
      Expression* v = ARG("$value", Expression);
      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Quoted, pstate, v->type());
    }

    Signature variable_exists_sig = "variable-exists($name)";
    BUILT_IN(variable_exists)
    {
      std::string s = Util::normalize_underscores(unquote(ARG("$name", String_Constant)->value()));

      if(d_env.has("$"+s)) {
        return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Boolean, pstate, true);
      }
      else {
        return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Boolean, pstate, false);
      }
    }

    Signature global_variable_exists_sig = "global-variable-exists($name)";
    BUILT_IN(global_variable_exists)
    {
      std::string s = Util::normalize_underscores(unquote(ARG("$name", String_Constant)->value()));

      if(d_env.has_global("$"+s)) {
        return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Boolean, pstate, true);
      }
      else {
        return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Boolean, pstate, false);
      }
    }

    Signature function_exists_sig = "function-exists($name)";
    BUILT_IN(function_exists)
    {
      String_Constant* ss = Cast<String_Constant>(env["$name"]);
      if (!ss) {
        error("$name: " + (env["$name"]->to_string()) + " is not a string for `function-exists'", pstate, traces);
      }

      std::string name = Util::normalize_underscores(unquote(ss->value()));

      if(d_env.has(name+"[f]")) {
        return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Boolean, pstate, true);
      }
      else {
        return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Boolean, pstate, false);
      }
    }

    Signature mixin_exists_sig = "mixin-exists($name)";
    BUILT_IN(mixin_exists)
    {
      std::string s = Util::normalize_underscores(unquote(ARG("$name", String_Constant)->value()));

      if(d_env.has(s+"[m]")) {
        return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Boolean, pstate, true);
      }
      else {
        return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Boolean, pstate, false);
      }
    }

    Signature feature_exists_sig = "feature-exists($name)";
    BUILT_IN(feature_exists)
    {
      std::string s = unquote(ARG("$name", String_Constant)->value());

      if(features.find(s) == features.end()) {
        return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Boolean, pstate, false);
      }
      else {
        return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Boolean, pstate, true);
      }
    }

    Signature call_sig = "call($name, $args...)";
    BUILT_IN(call)
    {
      std::string name;
      Function* ff = Cast<Function>(env["$name"]);
      String_Constant* ss = Cast<String_Constant>(env["$name"]);

      if (ss) {
        name = Util::normalize_underscores(unquote(ss->value()));
        std::cerr << "DEPRECATION WARNING: ";
        std::cerr << "Passing a string to call() is deprecated and will be illegal" << std::endl;
        std::cerr << "in Sass 4.0. Use call(get-function(" + quote(name) + ")) instead." << std::endl;
        std::cerr << std::endl;
      } else if (ff) {
        name = ff->name();
      }

      List_Obj arglist = SASS_MEMORY_COPY(ARG("$args", List));

      Arguments_Obj args = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Arguments, pstate);
      // std::string full_name(name + "[f]");
      // Definition* def = d_env.has(full_name) ? Cast<Definition>((d_env)[full_name]) : 0;
      // Parameters* params = def ? def->parameters() : 0;
      // size_t param_size = params ? params->length() : 0;
      for (size_t i = 0, L = arglist->length(); i < L; ++i) {
        Expression_Obj expr = arglist->value_at_index(i);
        // if (params && params->has_rest_parameter()) {
        //   Parameter_Obj p = param_size > i ? (*params)[i] : 0;
        //   List* list = Cast<List>(expr);
        //   if (list && p && !p->is_rest_parameter()) expr = (*list)[0];
        // }
        if (arglist->is_arglist()) {
          Expression_Obj obj = arglist->at(i);
          Argument_Obj arg = (Argument*) obj.ptr(); // XXX
          args->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Argument,
                                       pstate,
                                       expr,
                                       arg ? arg->name() : "",
                                       arg ? arg->is_rest_argument() : false,
                                       arg ? arg->is_keyword_argument() : false));
        } else {
          args->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Argument, pstate, expr));
        }
      }
      Function_Call_Obj func = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Function_Call, pstate, name, args);
      Expand expand(ctx, &d_env, &selector_stack);
      func->via_call(true); // calc invoke is allowed
      if (ff) func->func(ff);
      return Cast<PreValue>(func->perform(&expand.eval));
    }

    ////////////////////
    // BOOLEAN FUNCTIONS
    ////////////////////

    Signature not_sig = "not($value)";
    BUILT_IN(sass_not)
    {
      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Boolean, pstate, ARG("$value", Expression)->is_false());
    }

    Signature if_sig = "if($condition, $if-true, $if-false)";
    // BUILT_IN(sass_if)
    // { return ARG("$condition", Expression)->is_false() ? ARG("$if-false", Expression) : ARG("$if-true", Expression); }
    BUILT_IN(sass_if)
    {
      Expand expand(ctx, &d_env, &selector_stack);
      Expression_Obj cond = ARG("$condition", Expression)->perform(&expand.eval);
      bool is_true = !cond->is_false();
      Expression_Obj res = ARG(is_true ? "$if-true" : "$if-false", Expression);
      Value_Obj qwe = Cast<Value>(res->perform(&expand.eval));
      // res = res->perform(&expand.eval.val_eval);
      qwe->set_delayed(false); // clone?
      return qwe.detach();
    }

    //////////////////////////
    // MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
    //////////////////////////

    // value.check_deprecated_interp if value.is_a?(Sass::Script::Value::String)
    // unquoted_string(value.to_sass)

    Signature inspect_sig = "inspect($value)";
    BUILT_IN(inspect)
    {
      Expression* v = ARG("$value", Expression);
      if (v->concrete_type() == Expression::NULL_VAL) {
        return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, "null");
      } else if (v->concrete_type() == Expression::BOOLEAN && v->is_false()) {
        return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, "false");
      } else if (v->concrete_type() == Expression::STRING) {
        String_Constant *s = Cast<String_Constant>(v);
        if (s->quote_mark()) {
          return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, quote(s->value(), s->quote_mark()));
        } else {
          return s;
        }
      } else {
        // ToDo: fix to_sass for nested parentheses
        Sass_Output_Style old_style;
        old_style = ctx.c_options.output_style;
        ctx.c_options.output_style = TO_SASS;
        Emitter emitter(ctx.c_options);
        Inspect i(emitter);
        i.in_declaration = false;
        v->perform(&i);
        ctx.c_options.output_style = old_style;
        return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Quoted, pstate, i.get_buffer());
      }
      // return v;
    }

    Signature content_exists_sig = "content-exists()";
    BUILT_IN(content_exists)
    {
      if (!d_env.has_global("is_in_mixin")) {
        error("Cannot call content-exists() except within a mixin.", pstate, traces);
      }
      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Boolean, pstate, d_env.has_lexical("@content[m]"));
    }

    Signature get_function_sig = "get-function($name, $css: false)";
    BUILT_IN(get_function)
    {
      String_Constant* ss = Cast<String_Constant>(env["$name"]);
      if (!ss) {
        error("$name: " + (env["$name"]->to_string()) + " is not a string for `get-function'", pstate, traces);
      }

      std::string name = Util::normalize_underscores(unquote(ss->value()));
      std::string full_name = name + "[f]";

      Boolean_Obj css = ARG("$css", Boolean);
      if (!css->is_false()) {
        Definition* def = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Definition,
                                         pstate,
                                         name,
                                         SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Parameters, pstate),
                                         SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Block, pstate, 0, false),
                                         Definition::FUNCTION);
        return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Function, pstate, def, true);
      }

      if (!d_env.has_global(full_name)) {
        error("Function not found: " + name, pstate, traces);
      }

      Definition* def = Cast<Definition>(d_env[full_name]);
      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Function, pstate, def, false);
    }

  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


There's nothing more soothing to the soul than living the beach life and watching the vibrant sunsets over the vast blue ocean water. Living on Longboat Key in this immaculate condo at Beachplace is where you want to be. You'll fall in love with the tranquil views and relaxing on the private beach with easy access to shopping and dining on the island and in nearby quaint, yet elegant, St. Armand's Circle. This unit has been painstakingly and lovingly cared for with many updates to include drywall, tile (both inside and on the patio) and air ducts to name a few. A new HVAC system was also installed in 2017. The open feel of the kitchen to the main living spaces allows the tropical view to be taken in with ceilings that have been raised for a more open and larger feel. To add more ambiance and charm, new lighting has been added both under the counters and above the dining room table. New fans have been installed to enhance the Gulf breeze so you can open the windows and enjoy the beautiful aroma of the ocean air. With direct access to the beach, pool and other amenities on the property from your patio, you simply will not find another unit like this at Beachplace. Whether you live here full time or seasonally, this maintenance-free beautiful unit is TURN KEY and ready to let you live the life you've always dreamed of living. Bring your toothbrush and bathing suit...the beach is calling!


Sofa Bespoke is a leading name in making bespoke sofas. We have established our brand with our vast experience and indepth knowledge of custom-made sofas to a very high standard at the prices our... customers can afford. Sofa Bespoke takes pride in staying ahead of our competitors in-with our creative, innovative, quality contemporary designs. We specialise in making sofas which are made using only the best sourced materials, ensuring all our pieces are made to a very high standard.


text:
Kasi Daily
Home South Africa News Vaccine trial at phase 3 in South Africa
Vaccine trial at phase 3 in South Africa
Serena N
Medical companies Pfizer and BioNTech have announced the enrollment of South Africa for phase 3 of their Covid-19 vaccine trial.
The recently expanded study will include approximately 44,000 global participants, allowing a further increase in trial population diversity, and include people with chronic, stable HIV (human immunodeficiency viruses), Hepatitis C, or Hepatitis B infection.
The expanded study will also provide additional safety and efficacy data.
Pfizer said that th selection of South Africa as one of the global hosts of the study was based on the local scientific expertise and capabilities, the epidemiology of the disease, and South Africa's prior experience in running clinical trials.
The study will include approximately 800 participants and will be conducted in four sites across Gauteng, Limpopo and the Western Cape. The trials received regulatory approval from the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (Sahpra) on 22 September 2020.
Dr Essack Mitha will be the study's national principal investigator. Mitha has more than 16 years' experience in research and development (clinical trials) in the medical and pharmaceutical sectors.
"We are proud and excited to be given the opportunity to take part in this global research effort. South African patients will play a critical role in the fight against Covid-19.
"We are confident that the South African sites will contribute high-quality data to this ground-breaking study, and that medical science will prevail in this pandemic," said Dr Mitha.
Having secured regulatory approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to proceed with the phase 3 clinical trials of the vaccine trial, Pfizer and BioNtech have commenced and have already recruited more than 35,000 participants globally.
"As Pfizer, we are proud to be bringing this important study to the country, and to the African Continent, to add to the growing knowledge of this virus so we can find a lasting and sustainable solution to end this pandemic," said Dr Bha Ndungane-Tlakula, Pfizer's medical director for South Africa.
Increasing Covid-19 numbers
The Gauteng Department of Health meanwhile, is concerned about the 6% increase in the number of Covid-19 active cases since the country moved to level 1 of the lockdown.
South Africa moved to level 1 of the lockdown on 21 September 2020.
Gauteng remains the epicenter of the virus with 219,373 cases to date followed by KwaZulu-Natal with 118,889, the Western Cape 110,541 and Eastern Cape 89,076.
"The rise in infections has been attributed to among other factors to non-adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions by some members of the public," the provincial department said.
The areas of concerns include Johannesburg's Inner City, Soweto, Sedibeng and Tshwane.
"It is important that we emphasize to the public that the fight against COVID-19 is far from over. We want to caution communities that we need to continue adhering to non-pharmaceutical interventions," said Gauteng acting MEC of Health, Jacob Mamabolo.
The MEC called on everyone to play their part by wearing facemasks, social distancing, sanitizing and washing hands.
According to the provincial department, 1,200 people are currently hospitalised in public and private health facilities.
Meanwhile, South Africa recorded 903 new COVID-19 cases in the last 24 hours bringing the cumulative number of detected infections to 672,572.
In addition, 81 more people succumbed to the respiratory disease pushing the death toll to 16,667.
Of the latest deaths, 28 are from Gauteng, 11 from KwaZulu-Natal, 10 from the Northern Cape, eight from the Eastern Cape and the North West, six from the Western Cape, and five from Limpopo and Free State.
"We extend our condolences to the loved ones of the departed and thank the healthcare workers that treated the deceased patients," said health minister, Dr Zweli Mkhize.
Meanwhile, recoveries now stand at 605,520 which translates to 90%.
The data is based on the 4 164 491 tests conducted of which 12,011 were performed since the last report.
Globally, there have been 33,249 563 confirmed cases of Covid-19, while the death toll has now surpassed 1 million, the World Health Organisation reported.
Source: Business Tech
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West Ham, Crystal Palace play to a 1-all draw


text:
Local time: 20:45 PALAVERDE
Benetton sealed its ticket to the Top 16 from Group A by beating Zalgiris 82-76 in Treviso, Italy on Thursday. Both teams now share the second spot in the group standings with 7-4 records and despite the loss, Zalgiris also clinched a berth in the Top 16, as a confluence of results allowed all teams with seven victories to make it to the next round. Ramunas Siskauskas led the winners with 21 points, while Andrea Bargnani had 17 and hit a pair of key three-pointers in the final minutes. Drew Nicholas added 15 points and Marco Mordente 12 for Benetton. Reggie Freeman led all scorerd with 24 points for Zalgiris. Tanoka Beard posted a double-double of 12 points and 10 rebounds, Simonas Serapinas scored 11 points and Darjus Lavrinovic grabbed 13 rebounds for the guests. Serapinas and Freeman brought Zalgiris within 74-72 in the final 2 minutes, but Bargnani took over with consecutive threes to seal the outcome.
Benetton head coach David Blatt started put youngster Ernest Kalve in his starting five while Zalgiris got back-to-back jumpers by Freeman and Serapinas for an early 0-6 lead. Siskauskas hit the lane for a bucket-and-free throw to get Benetton started but Serapinas scored from inside and Beard from the line to make it 3-11 for the guests. Blatt then went with a tall lineup, calling Bargnani, Uros Slokar and Mordente from the bench, but Zalgiris kept dominating the boards. Bargnani found a triple to revive Benetton, 6-11. Slokar put a good pressure on Beard's low post and Treviso came within 1, 10-11, after a three-pointer by Mordente. Freeman hit consecutive threes to stop the rally but Slokar dunked an offensive board and Siskauskas hit a long jumper to make it 14-17. After a free throw by Paulius Jankunas, Nicholas had the last basket of the quarter, driving for a 16-18 scoreboard after 10 minutes.
Nicholas drained a triple for the first Benetton lead, 19-18, while Beard kept struggling against Slokar. Beard's charging foul let Benetton to get a two-point lead at 22-20, after a three-pointer from Siskauskas. Freeman tied the game with a layup before Bargnani and Jankunas traded big threes, 25-25. Slokar went inside to spur Benetton and Siskauskas' pull-up from downtown forced a Zalgiris timeout as Benetton lead 30-25. Freeman landed another three-pointer to pull its team within a point, 32-31, after free throws by Jankunas and Jonas Maciulis. Benetton found buckets from Siskauskas and Mordente to get a 37-33 lead, but Zalgiris replied with a 0-5 run to back in charge at the halftime, 37-38, thanks to the first shot from the floor made by Lavrinovic.
A reverse dunk by Bargnani set the score on 39-40 after Lavrinovic scored free throws to open the second half. Freeman found his fifth three-pointer and Zalgiris went up by 43-45 when Lavrinovic dunked on a Beard assist. Vidas Ginevicius pushed the lead to 43-47 before Marcus Goree hit a long jumper. Lavrinovic dunked an offensive board and Beard found a low-post bucket to put the guests up 47-51. Benetton took the momentum with a 7-0 run inspired by a Nicholas three-pointer and capped by a one-handed Bargnani dunk. Up now 54-51, Benetton suffered Bargnani's fourth foul and had to sit him down. After 2 minutes without scoring, Freeman pulled Zalgiris within 54-53 with free throws, but Siskauskas took the baseline to make it 56-53. Serapinas found a difficult three-pointer and Nicholas scored free throws to set a 58-56 Benetton lead at the end of three quarters.
Nicholas dropped a three and fed Slokar to put Benetton in front 63-57 to start the last quarter. Jankunas fired from the arc too and Ginevicius found free-throws to stay in touch, 65-62. Freeman hit a pull-up shot to cut the lead to 1, 65-64, when Jankunas missed a go-ahead triple. Siskauskas closed a fastbreak and Beard scored to make it 67-66. Both offense got red-hot now as Goree dunked, Beard added another layup and Mordente found a floater to make it 71-68 with 3:34 to play. After Serapinas scored foul shots, Mordente hit a three-pointer to build a four-point lead, 74-70. Freeman scored 2 of 3 free throws to keep Zalgiris close, but now came Bargnani time. The Benetton youngster fired back-to-back triples to fix an 80-72 scoreboard with 1:17 left. Beard got free throws for the guests, but when Slokar missed a three-pointer, Mordente grabbed the rebound and let Siskauskas make it 82-74 with seconds remaining to preserve the big victory.
Marco Martelli, Treviso
Referees: ZAVLANOS, NIKOLAOS; MARTIN, JOSE; VOJINOVIC, MILIJA; REINBACHER, HARALD
Benetton Basket 16 21 21 24
Zalgiris 18 20 18 20
Benetton Basket
5 KALVE, ERNESTS 3:00 2 -2
7 SORAGNA, MATTEO DNP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8 SISKAUSKAS, RAMUNAS 34:00 21 7/9 2/4 1/4 2 1 3 1 4 2 2 4 22
9 MORDENTE, MARCO 29:15 12 3/4 2/4 0/2 1 2 3 1 3 3 5 16
10 SLOKAR, UROS 26:15 6 3/5 0/2 3 5 8 2 4 1 9
11 BARGNANI, ANDREA 30:00 17 2/4 4/6 1/2 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 4 3 17
12 NICHOLAS, DREW 39:45 15 1/7 3/8 4/4 1 2 3 5 2 3 3 10
13 CORRADINI, FRANCESCO DNP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
14 JARMAKOWICZ, MATEUSZ DNP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
16 SOTTANA, LUCA 0:15
18 GOREE, MARCUS 27:45 7 2/8 3/4 1 7 8 4 1 1 2 2 14
19 POPOVIC, PETAR 9:45 4 1/3 2/2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 3
Team 3 3
Totals 200:00 82 19/40 11/24 11/18 10 20 30 12 16 6 2 0 22 19 92
Head coach: BLATT, DAVID
Zalgiris
4 GINEVICIUS, VIDAS 38:00 8 2/2 0/2 4/4 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 8
5 FREEMAN, REGGIE 40:00 24 2/4 5/8 5/7 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 24
6 BEARD, TANOKA 31:15 12 3/9 0/1 6/6 3 7 10 2 1 2 1 4 4 15
7 LAVRINOVIC, DARJUS 31:00 9 2/2 1/2 2/2 2 11 13 2 1 3 1 4 24
8 MACIULIS, JONAS 18:45 3 1/3 1/2 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 -4
12 DILYS, VILMANTAS DNP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
13 JANKUNAS, PAULIUS 17:45 9 0/2 2/3 3/6 1 3 4 1 2 4 5 7
14 SILINSKIS, DARIUS DNP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
15 SERAPINAS, SIMONAS 23:15 11 1/2 2/5 3/4 2 1 3 3 3 3 6
22 ALEKSANDROVAS, ANDRIUS DNP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Totals 200:00 76 11/24 10/21 24/31 9 27 36 9 7 16 0 2 19 22 82
Head coach: SIREIKA, ANTANAS
SIREIKA, ANTANAS
"It's been a balanced game for three quarter and I think we played good basketball in that period. The key was their shooting down the stretch. We allowed open shots and they didn't miss them. We did some mistake in defense and we paid. But it's been a good game anyway, especially in the first half We won in rebounding but it wasn't enough because we committed many turnovers."
REGULAR SEASON TOP 16 PLAYOFFS FINAL FOUR
GHP Bamberg 67
Climamio Bologna 76
AJ Milano 84
Lietuvos Rytas 63
Winterthur FC Barcelona 99
Prokom Trefl Sopot 80


text:
Q: Vuejs Does Not Scope Style Imports Vuejs Scoped applies to the who application instead to one component as per documentation. It does not work for imports, i does not why? or maybe it is supposed to be like that?
<style scoped>
 @import url("https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bulma/0.6.2/css/bulma.min.css");
</style>

I want to do the following;

*

*Use both Bulma and Vuetify together

*Use any style i want in any component ireegardless of the main style imported in main.js

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


416p. Scholastic. Jan. 2019. Tr $17.99. ISBN 9781338277500.
Gr 5–8—Jacob Riley escapes from an Academy Home, a Dickensian orphanage in a future England ravaged by a purported virus. He plans to rescue his dog Jet and find his grandparents in Scotland. Immediately upon his escape, Jake is betrayed by former neighbors and chased by government "hubbers" who track him by means of a chip in the back of his neck. Then both Jake and Jet are rescued by a gang of "outwalkers" who excise the chip and invite Jake and his dog to join them on their way north. The gang steals and scavenges food, medicine, and clothing to survive. With skill, luck, courage, and occasional help from strangers, they brave government agents and unscrupulous adults to escape to Scotland and share information that could save England from its totalitarian nightmare. The dystopian buddy trope is well worn, yet Shaw draws such vivid circumstances and strong characters that this novel is impossible to set aside for long. The plot is detailed and exciting, and allegorical comparisons with the present day are compelling. It would be utterly inspiring but for one glaring sexist remark in which a character named Ollie "throws like a girl."
VERDICT A strong additional purchase for collections in need of futuristic, dystopian middle grade fare.


text:
State Govt hikes LPG, petrol, diesel prices
GUWAHATI, July 5 - The Assam Government has withdrawn the partial subsidy of Rs 14 on domestic LPG cylinders and hiked the price of petrol by 76 paise per litre and diesel by Rs 1.67 a litre.
The State Government has also increased VAT to 6 per cent from 5 per cent on 127 household goods with immediate effect. According to a gazette notification, the government withdrew �the partial exemption granted to the oil companies on sale of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) for domestic use within Assam� with immediate effect.
State Commissioner and Secretary (Finance) Ravi Kota said the decision was taken at the last Cabinet meeting and has come into effect from yesterday, he added. �...The price of petrol will increase by 76 paise and diesel by Rs 1.67 per litre,� Kota explained. The VAT has been increased on 127 items under Second Schedule.
The Second Schedule items include most of the day-to-day household goods such as agricultural implements, all types of yarns, all kitchen utensils, bamboo items, all types of cycles and their parts, bulk drugs, coffee beans and seeds, coir products, edible oils, paper, plastic footwear, printed material, readymade garments and renewable energy devices. � PTI


If you're looking to increase yield, optimize your sawing operations, and increase general production efficiency, then there's no better way than with an optimizing saw from Hermance. We offer optimizing saws, both new and used, to meet a range of applications and budgets. Hermance has solutions to optimize both your rip and crosscut operations. Optimizing saws will allow you to maximum your output, lower your costs, and increase capacity on your saw(s) with less personnel. Shop our selection of new and used optimizing saws online or give us a call at 866.326.8131 to learn more on how an optimizing saw and enhance your sawing operations.


text:
Against the Tide: An Intellectual History of Free Trade
By Douglas A. Irwin
Princeton University Press, 1996, 265 pp.
Reviewed by Richard N. Cooper
Freedom of international trade has been favored by most economists since Adam Smith made a powerful case for it 220 years ago. Since then, free trade doctrine has come under sustained intellectual assault by politicians, businessmen, labor leaders, and even some economists. But the coherent arguments for trade restrictions all contain one or more of three attributes: their conclusions are not robust when small alterations are made in their assumptions, thus they require unrealistically precise information for effective application; they are less efficient than other policies for achieving the same goals; and their gains come at the expense of other countries, inviting emulation or retaliation that generally negates the supposed benefit. The latter danger points logically to a pact of mutual restraint among countries, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (managed by the new World Trade Organization), which recognizes that trade is an expansible sum from which all can gain. Douglas Irwin provides a superb examination, in readable but closely reasoned form, of the intellectual history and the analytical content of the various assaults on free trade over the years. The bibliography alone is worth the price.
More By Richard N. Cooper
Economics Economic, Social, and Environmental


text:
November 4, 1997updated 01 Sep 2016 5:44pm
MICROSOFT TO PROMOTE TUT'S HOMERUN SYSTEM FOR HOME USERS
Pleasant Hill, California-based high speed data-over-copper wire pioneer Tut Systems Inc has signed an agreement with Microsoft Corp, for Microsoft to promote its HomeRun system, a low-cost hardware based system for creating Ethernet networks using existing home phone lines. The HomeRun technology is marketed at the 11 million households with more than one personal computer that want to network machines together to share data, peripherals or an internet connection. The HomeRun system works by creating a standard Ethernet network on home phone wires, at a speed of 1.3Mbps, but using a different physical transmission of the signal. Due to the restrictions on the quality and wiring of copper phone cabling, the system compensates by using a transmission frequency of 2MHz that doesn't disrupt normal phone traffic and can't be heard. It also uses Tut's specially developed TM32 signaling to overcome quality and interference problems. The signals are converted between standard Ethernet and the TM32 protocol by a physical layer chip designed by Tut. Tut is using Microsoft in an effort to publicize the technology, and get PC vendors to take up the technology, in a further effort to get the technology to the mass market it is going to attempt to license the technology to OEMs for small fees. Tut claims that the physical layer will add around $5 to the price of an Network Interface Controller, and envisages that NICs in home PC's will ship supporting both Ethernet, and its HomeRun variant on the same card, through two different ports. Privately held Tut was founded in 1991, has had two rounds of Venture capital funding, and its main business is the development of Digital Subscriber Line products for the business market, sold via internet service providers and Competitive Local Exchange Carriers, it anticipates revenues of around $10m in the year, and expects the majority of its revenues to still come from its DSL product lines.


Square Enix Forums > Games > Kingdom Hearts Series > KINGDOM HEARTS 3D [Dream Drop Distance] > Running into issues!
View Full Version : Running into issues!
I just got this game yesterday, and it let me save the first time, but now it just says "unable to save." Is anyone else experiencing this? Please help if possible.
I haven't heard of this problem, but I would recommend deleting your file, then deleting the SD card data from the 3DS and see if that solves the problem.
I tried deleting the file and it said "unable to delete."
Ya check if you can play other games fine. if you can't its a problem with your 3DS. If it plays other games fine, then the SD card may have possibly been corrupted.
Other games play fine. I decided to just bring it back to the store and got a new one. Thanks for the suggestions though!
Not sure if anyone else if having this problem just recently put into use and it came invalid so not sure if they made multiple codes or if my code is a dud.
Remember that O looks more like a zero (0) and zeroes have a line through them. My code worked fine and it had one of each, so it was easy to tell the difference.
I just bought Dream Drop Distance brand new today, and it keeps crashing at seemingly random spots. In some cases, the 3DS will throw me out of the game and say an error forced the game to restart, in other instances, the whole thing freezes up and the only thing I can do is hold the power button in until the 3DS just plain turns off.
I highly doubt it's the console itself, as we also have Super Mario 3D Land, and that runs perfectly without any issues.
I also found this on Wikipedia, but apparently it only relates to the Japanese version. "Shortly after its release, Square Enix acknowledged a software bug within the game that would potentially prevent the players' progress. In an effort to solve the issue, they advised gamers to contact them on the nature of the bug and how to avoid it. Nintendo later announced they would release a patch to Dream Drop Distance"
Goes quite a way to explaining it, and as mentioned, several people have also posted about similar bugs and problems online. How do you download a patch for a game on the 3DS though? New to the handheld. I guess search the eShop?
I'm not sure how to download patches. Do you have spotpass enabled? It might just use spotpass to download the patch in the background, but I really don't know. I'm sorry I couldn't be more help. My suggestion would be to make sure spotpass is on, search the internet to see if there's a thread about this (either about patches on the 3DS in general, or about this glitch in particular) on the official nintendo site, possibly in the customer help sections or something, and try starting the game up every so often to see if it downloaded a patch, because, like I said, it might just download it via spotpass, but I really can't be sure, and if all else fails, you might be able to take the game back to wherever you got it from, tell them it's not working, possibly show them the error message or something, and get them to give you a new, working version of the game. I really hope that things work out for you. Good luck, Sam.


text:
Q: How to run heroku pg:psql query in command line? After
heroku login

I'm trying to run in cmd:
echo "select * from public.table limit 2;" | heroku pg:psql -app "my-app::DATABASE_URL"

and get  error: "The local psql command could not be located"
The local postgres installed in : C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\14\bin
when I try to set path
set PATH=%PATH%;C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\14\bin

or
setx PATH "PATH%;C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\14\bin"

I get error like this:
C:\Program : The term 'C:\Program' is not recognized as the name of a cmdlet, function, script file, or operable
program. Check the spelling of the name, or if a path was included, verify that the path is correct and try again.
At line:1 char:17
+ set PATH=%PATH%;C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\14\bin
+                 ~~~~~~~~~~
    + CategoryInfo          : ObjectNotFound: (C:\Program:String) [], CommandNotFoundException
    + FullyQualifiedErrorId : CommandNotFoundException

How I can to run this ?


text:
Trimontium was a Roman fort complex in Scotland. It is located at Newstead, near Melrose, in the Scottish Borders, in view of the three Eildon Hills which probably gave its name (Latin: trium montium, three hills).

It was occupied from about 79 AD to 184 AD and was the largest of the "outpost" forts with associated vicus (settlement) still occupied after the construction of Hadrian's Wall in the 120s AD. It was located 60 miles north of the wall in seemingly "hostile" territory. Trimontium was about three times as big as any fort on Hadrian's Wall and in the later period became the most northerly settlement of the whole Roman Empire.

Trimontium is also considered of international importance as the site of one of the largest caches of Roman military objects in Britain, found in 117 pits.

It was identified by Ptolemy in his Geography.

The fort sits on the banks of the River Tweed, with the Eildon Hills and the Iron Age hillfort atop Eildon North, a visible reminder of both the local population and imposing landscape of the Scottish Borders. The location benefitted from the rivers Tweed and Leader providing routes for the movement of goods and people and from the Roman road that became Dere Street passing alongside the fort.

Historical background

It took the Romans almost four decades, from the invasion of 43AD and subsequent conquest of southern & eastern Britain, followed by expansion into northern England and Wales, for them to be closing in on southern Scotland when the fort was first constructed.

In 79 AD Agricola moved against the Brigantes of northern England and the Selgovae along the southern coast of Scotland, using overwhelming military power to establish Roman control. He built a network of military roads and forts to secure the Roman occupation. Existing forts were strengthened and new ones planted in northeastern Scotland along the Highland Line, consolidating control of the glens that provided access to and from the Scottish Highlands. The line of military communication and supply across southeastern Scotland and northeastern England was Dere Street (on which Trimontium was located) which was well-fortified.

After Agricola was recalled from Britain in 84 AD the Romans retired to a more defensible line along the Forth–Clyde isthmus.

Around 105 there appears to have been a serious setback at the hands of the tribes of the Picts: several Roman forts were destroyed by fire, with human remains and damaged armour at Trimontium indicating hostilities.

In the 120s Hadrian established the frontier further south by building his wall, and Trimontium remained outside it as an "outpost" fort.

The fort's fortunes mirrored that of the later Roman expansion and retreat in the area, as its role swung from frontier post beyond Hadrian's Wall to supply and logistical waypoint for the Antonine Wall after 140 AD, and back to frontier outpost from 164 AD. From its first construction phase in c.80 AD through to the last occupation and retreat shortly after 180 AD the fort would have been a focal point and centre of activity for both Romans and locals alike. The local Iron Age population, living in family farmsteads across the region, and gathering at times within the network of hillforts across the landscape would have had to develop a range of strategies to exist within or alongside the Roman presence. These could vary from alliance and trade to dispute and warfare.

The Fort

The fort was constructed in multiple phases. Dr Simon Clarke of Bradford University has produced a logical sequence of building and destruction for the fort and its annexes. This was managed by combining evidence from the first excavations of James Curle (1905–1910) and Sir Ian Richmond (1947) with aerial photographs and modern search and rescue excavations of Bradford University (1987–1997)

Phase 1 (c.79-87 AD): The earliest occupation of the site was the irregular Agricolan fort established about 80 AD. It had a turf rampart on a cobble foundation with two ditches in front of it, overlapping each entrance. On the west side was an annexe which was also defended by a similar rampart and ditches arrangement.

Phase 2 (c.90-105 AD): After a possible short abandonment of the fort, the Romans were back, and building in strength. Old ditches were filled in and new defences constructed. This resulted in a colossal strengthening of the fort. The new turf rampart was built on a cobble base which measured 13.5 m across and around 8.4 m high. In front of this  was a single ditch between 5 & 7 m wide and 2 to 4 m deep. New, well defended annexes appear on the south, east and probably north sides of the fort, inhabited by civilians and camp followers.

Phase 3 (c.105-137 AD): Trimontium was deserted as the Roman occupiers retreated south of Hadrian's Wall.

Phase 4 (c.137-139 AD): Clarke suggests that evidence points to the possibility that the fort was reoccupied a few years prior to the 140 AD advances into Caledonia by Emperor Antoninus Pius. If this is the case,  the fort would have been a formidable outpost beyond Hadrian's Wall, with a civilian population within the annexes. Excavations and modern archaeology show the main entrance is now positioned through the southern annexe.

Phase 5 (c.140-158 AD): As the Roman presence pressed northwards and work began on the Antonine Wall (from 142 AD), the role of Trimontium changed. It was reduced in size with the building of a 2 m thick masonry wall through the main fort, though at the same time stone was used in the rebuilding. Manufacturing was becoming an important role for this newly purposed supply and logistics centre. Now behind the front line, it is believed that the civilian population attached to the fort may have numbered some 2–3,000.

Phase 6 (c.160 AD): Around this time the previous construction of the subdividing wall was removed as Trimontium's role changed from supply and manufacture to a front line fort due in part to the abandonment of the Antonine Wall. Within the fort a long, narrow barrack block was constructed and evidence points to a large decrease in the civilian population surrounding the fort.

Phase 7 (c.160-184 AD): As the civilian population surrounding and supporting the fort diminished further, the land that housed the annexes returned to a more natural state. The military presence reduced further, with the barrack block now housing the remaining soldiers and their families. The evidence points to the fort being deserted some time around 180 AD. It is unclear whether the remaining civilian population left at this time or remained, outside or even inside the fort. Evidence does point to the potential use of early 3rd and late 4th century coins in the area (coins have been found to the south and to the west of Newstead village). The local population may still have engaged in a Romanised trade and economic pattern of behaviour.

Evidence from the site indicate the presence of a considerable cavalry contingent at Trimontium. The list of such archaeological finds is extensive and includes horse skeletons, multiple parts of horse tack or harnesses, outstanding decorated cavalry parade helmets and face masks that can be seen at NMS Edinburgh, and intriguingly the prospect of a gyrus, or training ring.

During these phases of occupation, the population of the fort varied considerably, the permanent garrison level was probably around 1000 but this number would be complemented by the trades, manufacturers, craftsmen and families associated with the camp during the different phases of occupation. It has been estimated that the number could have risen to anywhere between 2000–5000.

Site archaeology
The earliest modern reference to the archaeological significance of Trimontium stems from finds uncovered during mid-Victorian railway cutting works as part of the Waverley Line construction in 1846. As land to the east of the village of Newstead was worked, finds from pits full of Roman artefacts were uncovered.

Excavations by James Curle between February 1905 and September 1910 began the first exploration of the site, making many findings. These include foundations of successive forts described earlier, which throw much light on the character of this site, an unparalleled collection of Roman armour, including ornate cavalry parade (or 'sports') helmets, horse fittings including bronze saddleplates and studded leather chamfrons, numerous artefacts associated with trade and manufacture, building & construction and daily life on the Roman frontier. In 1911 Curle published his archaeological findings in 'A Roman Frontier Post and its People'. This remarkable volume quickly became a standard reference work, ahead of its time and still the most decisive work published in Scotland covering this period of Roman occupation, expansion and retreat.

Sir Ian Richmond undertook small scale excavations and some re-interpretations of Curle's work in 1947. At this time, with the advent and development of aerial photography as a tool in modern archaeological research, Dr J.K. St Joseph's work at Trimontium revealed up to nine temporary encampments, evidenced through cropmarkings.

In 1989 The Newstead Project began, a 5-year archaeological investigation undertaken by the Department of Archaeological Sciences of Bradford University. Initially under the direction of Dr. Rick Jones, and thereafter Dr. Simon Clarke, the project  employed the most modern archaeological techniques to the Trimontium site for the first time. Clarke uncovered forty major archaeological features in his 1994 'rescue excavation', including six deep pits containing a wealth of organic material. In 1996 he returned to the site to examine the suspected amphitheatre and suspected north annexe and in 1997 the Bradford University team completed the geophysics survey of the Trimontium site.

Museums

The Trimiontium Trust run a museum local to the Trimontium site in the nearby town of Melrose. The museum's £1.4 million redevelopment was part of a project supported by the National Lottery Heritage Fund to enhance and extend the galleries, displays and interpretation of Trimontium's history. The trust carry out guided walks to the Trimontium site, run a lecture and talk series, undertake activities linked to local community events, and present school and family workshops.

Many of the original and later finds from Trimontium are of such quality and importance that they are displayed at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. Items such as the cavalry helmets and decorative face mask, horse chamfron, leather work and much else besides can be seen as well as other Roman finds.

The Trimontium Trust museum redevelopment project has seen key finds return to the vicinity of the original fort site & archaeological excavations. They are housed within this contemporary museum setting which extends, redesigns, reinterprets and re-displays objects telling the story of Trimontium and its relationship with the local population.

Patrons
Patrons of the Trimontium Trust include:
 HRH The Duke of Gloucester
 The Hon. Gerald Maitland-Carew CVO
 Andrew Hepburne Scott, Lord Polwarth
 James Curle's granddaughter, Lady Cameron
 Professor Lawrence Keppie.

References

Bibliography
 Curle, J., 1911, A Roman Frontier Post and its People: The Fort of Newstead in the Parish of Melrose. Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons.
 Elliot, W., 1994, The Trimiontium Story. Selkirk: The Trimiontium Trust

External links

The Trimontium Trust Museum, Melrose
 The Newstead Project
Curle's Newstead online
NMS Scotland Newstead (Trimontium) objects

1st century in Scotland
2nd century in Scotland
Archaeological sites in the Scottish Borders
History of the Scottish Borders
Roman legionary fortresses in Scotland
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in the Scottish Borders

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Provost Lawrence G. Abele established the Sir James Lighthill Distinguished Lectureship Award to honor leaders in mathematical sciences and to attract them to visit the Florida State University to give lectures, inspire students and interact with the faculty and students. The Sir James Lighthill Inaugural Lectures were delivered by Professor Peter Lax in 2004.
Sir James Lighthill, who held an honorary doctorate from FSU, was a great mathematical scientist of the twentieth century, his contributions in the diverse field of fluid dynamics were insightful, fundamental and enduring. He had an uncanny ability to find mathematical descriptions of physical processes that were deceptively simple and yet captured the essence of complex fluid dynamical phenomena in such fields as aeroacoustics, water waves and biofluiddynamics. For more than half a century the famous Lighthill acoustic analogy has formed the basis of procedures for computing the noise produced by aircraft engines. His formulation of the general principles of fluid waves has led to greater understanding and prediction capabilities for ocean currents and flood movement. His pioneering, interdisciplinary contributions to biofluiddynamics ranged from blood motion to animal flight.


text:
After 14 Years, Eastern North Carolina Judgeship Gets Filled
The chamber voted 68-21 to confirm Richard E. Myers, a former journalist turned attorney and law professor, to the U.S. District Court vacancy in eastern North Carolina. The vote belied the volatile politics of past years as nominees came and went — one several times — across three presidential administrations.
The seat has been vacant since Judge Malcolm Howard moved to semi-retirement status at the end of 2005. The next longest current vacancy in the federal courts began in 2013, according to the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. Myers' path from President Donald Trump's nomination to confirmation, however, took less than four months.
Born in Jamaica, he grew up in North Carolina and worked at the Wilmington Morning Star in the early 1990s. He earned his law degree from the University of North Carolina's School of Law in Chapel Hill and has been a professor there. He previously clerked at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and was a federal prosecutor in both California and later North Carolina.
While in private practice in California, Myers also was on the legal team defending Wen Ho Lee, a Taiwan-born scientist once charged with mishandling nuclear weapons secrets. Lee was released after the government dropped all but one charge.
"Professor Myers embodies a work ethic and diligence that we deserve in all of our judges," Republican Sen. Richard Burr said Thursday on the Senate floor in support of confirmation. Myers also had the backing of North Carolina's other Republican in the chamber, U.S. Sen. Thom Tillis.
"From the newsroom to the courtroom, to the classroom, Professor Myers has shown his commitment to the principles of truth, justice and of wisdom," Tillis said. "I cannot imagine a more solid foundation upon which to place the responsibility of a District Court judgeship" than that of Myers, he added.
https://www.tillis.senate.gov/2019/12/after-14-years-eastern-north-carolina-judgeship-gets-filled


On stage at today's event, Apple CEO Tim Cook announced Apple TV+, an ad-free subscription home for his company's new push into original content. With the Apple TV app now extending onto other smart TV platforms while collecting shows and movies from other outlets into Channels, it's giving people even more of a reason to stick with Apple by adding exclusives you can't get anywhere else. According to senior VP Eddy Cue, "Apple TV+ will be home to some of the highest quality original storytelling that TV and movie lovers have seen yet."
We've heard a lot about its content buying spree over the last year or so, but on stage execs kicked things off with a video featuring big names like Steven Spielberg, Ron Howard and Octavia Spencer. Spielberg himself appeared on stage first to talk about Apple TV+ and the stories he wants to tell.
Reese Witherspoon and Jennifer Aniston showed up to talk about their new project The Morning Show, along with co-star Steven Carell, before Alfre Woodard and Jason Momoa hit the stage to talk about See, a new sci-fi series coming to the service. Kumail Nanjiana was up next, discussing his experiences as an immigrant that will be a part of the series he's writing with his wife for Apple, Little America.
Published on Mon, 25 Mar 2019 18:10:00 GMT, © All rights reserved by the publisher.


text:
Vargo moves away from the traditional to hit a new stride
By: Jayne Gest | 1:16pm EST June 1, 2015 2:56pm EST June 8, 2015
We have to be pretty specific about who's joining our team and who is fitting the culture of our company.
Michael Vargo
President and CEO, Vargo Adaptive Software LLC and Vargo Integrated Systems Inc.
Don't bite off more than you can chew is something that Michael Vargo reminds himself of, a lot.
Over the past three years, the sister companies Vargo Adaptive Software LLC and Vargo Integrated Systems Inc. have undergone tremendous growth, which stemmed from a 2006 acquisition of a small boutique software group.
"I don't recall ever just waking up one day and realizing, 'Wow, we're on a different path.' It feels almost as though we've kind of morphed into this," says Vargo, president and CEO of the business his father founded.
The Vargo companies have taken on a completely different look and feel — working in the same industry but becoming more entwined with customers in direct-to-consumer distribution and retail fulfillment.
"Prior to that acquisition, we were like any traditional systems integrator. And, you know, the way we looked at solving or identifying these problems was pretty traditional," he says.
Now, the organization is learning how to deal with an accelerated interest level and growth rate on the software side, and Vargo hopes it can keep pace with all the available opportunities.
Interacting with clients and providing material handling solutions like warehouse racking or storage used to be the focus. But today, Vargo says what consumes his entire day is putting into motion a strategy for controlled growth.
"That's something that we have to be very careful about, controlling this growth, because it is so mission-critical, the solution that we provide," he says. "We just can't bring on bodies. And we have to be pretty specific about who's joining our team and who is fitting the culture of our company and in what way they are bringing value."
The talent search
Rapid growth may not alter operations much, but it does affect the business structure and personnel.
COO and CFO Bart Cera says the company is on a constant recruiting effort.
"You can never let down the recruiting arm," he says. "Your recruiting arm is kind of an everyday process of looking for good people. And not necessarily looking at good people for a specific role, but looking for good people and then looking at what role they could provide value in."
Management is perpetually interviewing job candidates and discussing opportunities with recruiters in order to find the right attitudes and skill sets, particularly from a software standpoint.
The growth also has softened the company's stance on people working remotely.
"It's been a new endeavor for us — finding out that people are reluctant to move to one of our offices whether it be Berkeley, Austin or Columbus," Cera says.
In order to get the talent, management has allowed people the freedom to work from home, while determining how to hold those folks accountable.
"We've got folks working remotely in Michigan, and other places in Ohio that don't necessarily have an office to drive to every day," Cera says.
"While we were averse to that in previous years, we're becoming less and less averse to that — finding out that it's attractive to individuals with talent," he says. "The talent to us is more important than having somebody reporting to an office every morning."
Empower by stepping back
During the growth, employees have taken on an attitude of ownership and pride — not treating the work as an 8-to-5 job. This is something Vargo seeks to foster.
1 | 2 | FULL
www.vargosolutions.com


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You are here: Parliament home page > Parliamentary business > Publications and Records > Committee Publications > All Select Committee Publications > Commons Select Committees > Foreign Affairs > Foreign Affairs
Select Committee on Foreign Affairs Minutes of Evidence
Examination of Witness (Questions 120 - 132)
MR DAVID BARCHARD
Mr Hamilton
120. I wanted to ask you whether in your opinion you think Turkey will eventually accede to the European Union and become a member, or is it still something that is largely open to debate within Turkey?
(Mr Barchard) The desire to do it is very strong and it is not going to go away, and it is particularly strong among young people who increasingly know what they are missing so, barring some cataclysmic collapse inside Turkey (and despite all its upheavals and reversals of fortune Turkey has always managed to avoid that). I think that pressure is going to be there, and refusing them essentially on grounds of ethnic prejudice or cultural difference or something of that sort will be unacceptable. We come therefore to the question of Cyprus. It seems fairly clear to me that if southern Cyprus, the Republic of Cyprus, is admitted into the European Union in 2003-2004 before negotiations are opened with Turkey, it will certainly use a vote of veto for the foreseeable future to prevent Turkish negotiations being opened. If that happens of course the question would recede into the indefinite future and there would be a climate of extreme bitterness and confrontation. If we can deal with that future issue, I would have thought that it is inevitable that at some point in the future Turkey will be a member.
121. It is just that there seem to be some mixed views in the evidence we have received that would suggest that while there is this pressure within Turkey to join the EU, there are certain voices within Turkey that say, "Well, they do not really want us. The European Union is half-hearted about us. Look at the way the eastern European countries have overtaken us. Fifteen years ago they were Communist countries. We started applying for membership in 1959 and we are still applying, and yet Poland and Hungary and so on will join long before us." There is a sort of bitterness among certain circles within Turkey. Is that something you have found?
(Mr Barchard) There is undoubtedly bitterness. There is a great resentment of the European Union in many ways among young Turks, particularly on the issues of visas and things of that sort. One could see a whole generation of radical anti-European politicians merging in Turkey in the future as a result of this bitterness, but as long as there is any chance of getting into the European Union—(and can I just slightly correct you there: it was actually April 1987 that the first formal application was made although the first expression of interest came in 1959)—but since Turkey applied in 1987 and it was not until 1999 that its application was taken up, I think they have a certain right to feel aggrieved because many of the countries which are now applying were not in any way democratic at the time when Turkey applied.
122. Would you say that the decisions we make now as a European Union to encourage Turkey, and especially one of the issues you have highlighted about visas does cause some bitterness, are going to be critical to our future relations? It is a daft thing to ask perhaps, but I suppose what I am trying to get at is that if we make some of the wrong decisions now and further encourage that bitterness, we might find Turkey veering away from us and saying, "We do not actually want to join you"?
(Mr Barchard) It is possible. There are those in Turkey who believe that some sort of pan-Turkic confederation or union with Azerbaijan would give them autonomy combined with a very strong bilateral relation with the United States. I do not think the majority of people believe that. I think that they see themselves as living at the culmination of a process which has been going on for 200 years of integration with Europe. It should not be forgotten when we are talking about the Holy Roman Empire and so forth that many places in Turkey are actually historical parts of the European heritage and the people who live there are themselves well aware of that, so in a sense it is a re-integration, not a first time integration.
Ms Stuart
123. From some evidence which we have had, particularly in relation to the United States, we were beginning to get an impression that certainly a section of the United States was very much supporting Turkey's EU application as permanent recognition for the military support they have been given post-September 11, whereas there is insistence on our part and on the European Union part that such things as human rights simply have to be addressed and there is not a kind of quid pro quo that just because you have been supportive on the military side we will close our eyes to the various issues on human rights. What is the attitude to the role of the United States within Turkey as far as you can see?
(Mr Barchard) Anti-Americanism is a much less powerful force in Turkey than it is, for example, in some of its neighbours, such as Greece. The reason for that is in part that there is a different spirit to Turkish/American relations than there is to Turkish/European relations. The kind of historical prejudices which I mentioned in my paper, quite surprisingly, are much less strongly felt. If you go to Washington you will find that of course people agree entirely with you on the question of human rights and the need for progress on that and cultural minorities and all those things because Americans believe in them every bit as strongly as we do, but the spirit of their relationship with Turkey is a spirit of friendship and mutual confidence which I do not think is anything like as strong here. I was very surprised in Washington that Turkish offices and airlines and cultural associations and that sort of thing do not have to be strongly guarded. If you go out and try and buy a Turkish Airlines ticket here you enter an institution under a state of siege. It points to quite a deep phenomenon going beyond the military alliance with the United States.
124. You mentioned the danger of anti-European feeling if accession is too much delayed. Is there a danger that this anti-European feeling will become very pro-Islamic? Is there a perception that it will turn to fundamentalist Islamic countries?
(Mr Barchard) It is very difficult to predict these things but I would have not thought so this side of an enormous political upheaval and realignment in Turkish politics. Most people in Turkey believe themselves entitled to play a part in the new Europe because they are leading a European lifestyle and they can see themselves as Europeans, and when they look MTV or whatever it is they think, "That is us".
125. Is there any serious alternative to the European vocation of Turkey?
(Mr Barchard) In my view no, not this side of some enormous catastrophe. There are analysts who argue that Turkey should return to its Islamic roots and perhaps draw closer to the Arabs and things of that sort and the people who argue that are trying to suggest things which are not a viable option.
Mr Chidgey
126. Can you explain, Mr Barchard, why it is then that the pro-Islamic parties have been seen to be more popular in the opinion polls?
(Mr Barchard) They are popular in the countryside. There is a regional basis to it. They are also popular in the east of the country and they are popular among people from the countryside living in the large towns. They are by and large not popular with the urban working class and the middle class and the metropolitan areas. One must remember that although a majority of Turkey now lives in the towns there is still a very large population in the countryside and 44 per cent of the population is still employed in agriculture.
127. Yes, but the point I am making is, notwithstanding the imbalance in the population, they still manage to get support in the opinion polls for the Islamic parties was still far greater than for any other party.
(Mr Barchard) Traditionally they have not done that and actually I expected in the 1997 election and earlier ones the Islamic parties to make a rather stronger showing than they did. We are talking about 21 per cent, I think, was the figure you quoted. That is not an overwhelming majority. We are dealing at the moment with an unprecedented situation in Turkish politics where there was an extraordinary economic disaster last year.
128. So it is literally a knee-jerk reaction to that situation?
(Mr Barchard) No. It shows that they have a strong rump of support in rural society which at the moment is holding up better than the other groups because the other groups have lost prestige.
129. My point is, 21 per cent overall, and the urban populations are predominantly in favour of the secular political parties.
(Mr Barchard) That is not quite the case because the large cities, Istanbul and Ankara, are actually under Islamist mayors, one must not forget. They are capable in this situation of extracting a plurality from the divisions of the other parties.
130. What I am suggesting, and I would like you to comment on it, is that because of the shift in population into the urban areas the fact that the overall pro-Islamic parties have gained 21 per cent of support in the polls would infer that in the rural areas their support is far higher than 21 per cent. Is that the case?
(Mr Barchard) It depends on the rural area, but yes, in the centre and the east of the country I think one could broadly speaking—
131. They have got a majority?
(Mr Barchard) In some areas, certainly, yes.
132. The job of the Foreign Affairs Committee is to monitor the Foreign Office, to suggest recommendations. If you were in this seat, where do you think that the British Government can assist Turkey along the path to its chosen vocation in Europe? What are we failing to do that we should be doing in terms of engaging with Turkey?
(Mr Barchard) I think we want to create some much more broadly based dialogue with all sections of Turkish society, beginning by trying to have more Turkish students in the UK and perhaps making it easier for Turkish students, who will, one assumes, some day be citizens of the European Union, to study in British universities. One wants to have a much wider range of contacts between Britain and other European Union countries and Turkish professionals at all levels. One also wants to expand many of the contacts that already exist, for example the training of civil servants and the training of the police. There has been some sort of programme, I think, since the mid-1990s between reformist elements, as one might call them, in the Turkish police academies and other areas trying to create a new police technology and a new culture, and British and other European police. One wants to expand those sorts of things. Most important of all is that the political messages should be ones that do not alarm the Turks, that do not say that we are supporting your Christian neighbours against you; but that demonising you is over, and that we regard you as the Americans do, as partners with whom we have to build an ongoing practical relationship, not as people we think should be excluded from Europe.
Chairman: That is a good note on which to finish. Thank you very much, Mr Barchard.
Prepared 30 April 2002


How many surnames do people usually have in your country? Do you know anyone with a middle name? Do you have a favourite name? What's a good name for a pet?
Peoples in our country usually have only one surname.My grandfather had a middle name i.e.Mohan. His name was Anand Mohan. My favorite name is Chhavi being it's my younger sister's name and it was chosen by me.I have not any pet animal but if i had a pet, I would like to name it like Tom Or Jerry which is my favorite catoon characters.
HI MY NAME IS ALYSA.I'M FROM MALAYSIA.MY FRIEND NAME IS NUR AQILA ZAHIRAH.
MY FAVORITE NAME IS MARISSA MIDDLETON.I HAVE 2 PET. BOTH OF MY PET ARE CAT. THEY ARE 1 BOYS AND 1 GIRL. THE BOY NAME IS TOM AND THE GIRL IS JERRY.
Hello!!! My name is Edmon. I am from Armenia. My favorite name Aram,Edmon and Nona.
my name is anwesa.there are almost a bezilion surnames in my country.i know a girl who is having a middle name.
Hi! My name is Zeynep. I live in Turkey. I am a Katy Perry fan. My favorite name is Katy and Elizabeth. I will name my pet BoB. Thanks!!!


text:
Q: Q-Learning equation in Deep Q Network I'm new to reinforcement learning at all, so I may be wrong.
My questions are:

*

*Is the Q-Learning equation ( Q(s, a) = r + y * max(Q(s', a')) ) used in DQN only for computing  a loss function?

*Is the equation recurrent? Assume I use DQN for, say, playing Atari Breakout, the number of possible states is very large (assuming the state is single game's frame), so it's not efficient to create a matrix of all the Q-Values. The equation should update the Q-Value of given [state, action] pair, so what will it do in case of DQN? Will it call itself recursively? If it will, the quation can't be calculated, because the recurrention won't ever stop.
I've already tried to find what I want and I've seen many tutorials, but almost everyone doesn't show the background, just implements it using Python library like Keras.
Thanks in advance and I apologise if something sounds dumb, I just don't get that.

A:
Is the Q-Learning equation ( Q(s, a) = r + y * max(Q(s', a')) ) used in DQN only for computing a loss function?

Yes, generally that equation is only used to define our losses. More specifically, it is rearranged a bit; that equation is what we expect to hold, but it generally does not yet precisely hold during training. We subtract the right-hand side from the left-hand side to compute a (temporal-difference) error, and that error is used in the loss function.

Is the equation recurrent? Assume I use DQN for, say, playing Atari Breakout, the number of possible states is very large (assuming the state is single game's frame), so it's not efficient to create a matrix of all the Q-Values. The equation should update the Q-Value of given [state, action] pair, so what will it do in case of DQN? Will it call itself recursively? If it will, the quation can't be calculated, because the recurrention won't ever stop.

Indeed the space of state-action pairs is much too large to enumerate them all in a matrix/table. In other words, we can't use Tabular RL. This is precisely why we use a Neural Network in DQN though. You can view Q(s, a) as a function. In the tabular case, Q(s, a) is simply a function that uses s and a to index into a table/matrix of values.
In the case of DQN and other Deep RL approaches, we use a Neural Network to approximate such a "function". We use s (and potentially a, though not really in the case of DQN) to create features based on that state (and action). In the case of DQN and Atari games, we simply take a stack of raw images/pixels as features. These are then used as inputs for the Neural Network. At the other end of the NN, DQN provides Q-values as outputs. In the case of DQN, multiple outputs are provided; one for every action a. So, in conclusion, when you read Q(s, a) you should think "the output corresponding to a when we plug the features/images/pixels of s as inputs into our network".

Further question from comments:

I think I still don't get the idea... Let's say we did one iteration through the network with state S and we got following output [A = 0.8, B = 0.1, C = 0.1] (where A, B and C are possible actions). We also got a reward R = 1 and set the y (a.k.a. gamma) to 0.95 . Now, how can we put these variables into the loss function formula https://imgur.com/a/2wTj7Yn? I don't understand what's the prediction if the DQN outputs which action to take? Also, what's the target Q? Could you post the formula with placed variables, please?

First a small correction: DQN does not output which action to take. Given inputs (a state s), it provides one output value per action a, which can be interpreted as an estimate of the Q(s, a) value for the input state s and the action a corresponding to that particular output. These values are typically used afterwards to determine which action to take (for example by selecting the action corresponding to the maximum Q value), so in some sense the action can be derived from the outputs of DQN, but DQN does not directly provide actions to take as outputs.
Anyway, let's consider the example situation. The loss function from the image is:
loss = (r + gamma max_a' Q-hat(s', a') - Q(s, a))^2
Note that there's a small mistake in the image, it has the old state s in the Q-hat instead of the new state s'. s' in there is correct.
In this formula:

*

*r is the observed reward

*gamma is (typically) a constant value

*Q(s, a) is one of the output values from our Neural Network that we get when we provide it with s as input. Specifically, it is the output value corresponding to the action a that we have executed. So, in your example, if we chose to execute action A in state s, we have Q(s, A) = 0.8.

*s' is the state we happen to end up in after having executed action a in state s.

*Q-hat(s', a') (which we compute once for every possible subsequent action a') is, again, one of the output values from our Neural Network. This time, it's a value we get when we provide s' as input (instead of s), and again it will be the output value corresponding to action a'.

The Q-hat instead of Q there is because, in DQN, we typically actually use two different Neural Networks. Q-values are computed using the same Neural Network that we also modify by training. Q-hat-values are computed using a different "Target Network". This Target Network is typically a "slower-moving" version of the first network. It is constructed by occasionally (e.g. once every 10K steps) copying the other Network, and leaving its weights frozen in between those copy operations.

A: Firstly, the Q function is used both in the loss function and for the policy. Actual output of your Q function and the 'ideal' one is used to calculate a loss. Taking the highest value of the output of the Q function for all possible actions in a state is your policy.
Secondly, no, it's not recurrent. The equation is actually slightly different to what you have posted (perhaps a mathematician can correct me on this). It is actually Q(s, a) := r + y * max(Q(s', a')). Note the colon before the equals sign. This is called the assignment operator and means that we update the left side of the equation so that it is equal to the right side once (not recurrently). You can think of it as being the same as the assignment operator in most programming languages (x = x + 1 doesn't cause any problems).
The Q values will propagate through the network as you keep performing updates anyway, but it can take a while.


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