Depression is one of the most widespread illnesses in the Western world, yet it is also one of the most misunderstood and under treated health problems. Approximately 10-14 million people are medically depressed in the U.S. in any given year, yet only one third of depressives receive treatment (1). "Depression is just as socially debilitating as coronary artery disease, and more debilitating than diabetes mellitus or arthritis. Up to 15% of severely ill depressed patients will ultimately commit suicide" (1).
Untreated depression carries a huge list of costs: up to 30,000 suicides/year in the U.S., fatal accidents due to impaired concentration and attention; alcohol and drug abuse; lost jobs and productivity; job related injuries; and dysfunctional families, to name just a few (1).
5-HT, DA, and NA are each made from a single amino acid - 5-HT from tryptophan, and DA/NA from either phenylalanine or tyrosine. Hence they are called "monoamine" (MA) neurotransmitters. Since the 1950's various types of drugs have been used by doctors and psychiatrists to enhance brain MA neurotransmitter function. The first medical antidepressant (since retired due to toxic side effects) was iproniazid, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). MAO enzymes are present inside neurons, as well as other cells including the liver, where they serve to break down MA neurotransmitters. Some MAs are broken down by MAOs as soon as they're formed, even before they can be released into the synaptic gap to "fire" the next neuron. MAs which are discharged into the synaptic gap are sooner or later re-taken up by the neuron that secreted them. They are then either repackaged for re-use, or destroyed by MAO enzymes. MAOI drugs thus act to increase the synaptic availability of MAs by preventing their breakdown by MAO enzymes. This may increase the intraneuronal levels of 5-HT and other MAs by 300% (3). However, MAOIs can also increase the neuronal and blood levels of another substance called "tyramine", found in many common foods, and induce severe, even fatal, high blood pressure reactions unless a rigid low-tyramine diet is followed, as well other side effects, such as postural hypotension, sexual dysfunction, heart problems and insomnia (4). The next generation of drugs believed to enhance brain 5-HT and NA became available in the 1960s: the tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), such as imipramine and amitryptilene. TCAs seem to attach to and inhibit the neuronal re-uptake sites for 5-HT and NA, preventing the return of the MAs to the neuron which secreted them. This enhances MA action in two ways. Since most MAs returned to their source neuron are broken down by MAO enzymes, TCAs slow MA breakdown. TCAs also cause more 5-HT and NA to remain in the synaptic gap, thereby increasing 5-HT/NA neuro-transmission. However, TCAs also affect other receptors on neurons which respond to acetylcholine, histamine, and DA. TCAs thus suffer from a wide range of unpleasant side effects, ranging from drowsiness, confusion and blurred vision to hypotension and movement disorders (5). TCAs are now considered "antiquated" by, most psychiatrists, yet many general practice physicians still favor them.
The 1980s spawned the current favorites among antidepressant drugs: the serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The first and most famous of these is fluoxetine (Prozac ®). Other SSRIs such as paroxetine (Paxil ®), sertaline (Zoloft ®) and fluroxamine (Luvox ®) are also now in vogue in America and Europe. These drugs are used to treat eating disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders as well as depression. They have put 5-HT (serotonin) "on the map" with the general public as "the mood molecule." 5-HT drugs were the cover story for Time magazine on September 29, 1997. The Time article noted: "So far, the [drug] tools used to manipulate serotonin in the brain are more like machetes than scalpels-crudely effective but capable of doing plenty of collateral damage." Robert Julien, in his text A Primer of Drug Action, notes that side effects of Prozac ® may include nervousness, anxiety, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, nausea, loss of appetite, motor restlessness and muscle rigidity (5). Psychiatrist Peter Breggin, in Talking Back To Prozac, also provides evidence that Prozac ® may actually damage serotonergic nerves and create an addictive-necessity for long-term Prozac ® use, as well as incline some users to sudden suicide with no prior warning (6).
Thus, given their side effect profiles, their xenobiotic nature (they're molecules foreign to normal brain metabolism), and their need for rigid special diets and/or careful medical monitoring to insure safe usage, the MAOIs, TCAs and SSRIs cannot reasonably be considered the ideal remedies for depression. Fortunately, neuroscience over the past 40 years has also uncovered some simpler and more natural remedies for depression, as well as several "life-extension" drugs with far more safe and gentle antidepressant effect.
Studies with humans and animals over the past 35 years have shown that 5-HT (serotonin) nerve circuits promote feelings of well-being, calm, personal security, relaxation, confidence and concentration (7). 5-HT neural circuits also help counterbalance the tendency of overactive (e.g. due to genetics, stress or drugs) DA and NA circuits to encourage over arousal, fear, anger, tension, aggression and violence, obsessive compulsive actions, anxiety and sleep disturbance (7). A deficiency of 5-HT nerve action has been shown to manifest as a broad array of emotional and behavioral problems, ranging from depression, premenstrual syndrome, anxiety, alcoholism and overeating to compulsive gambling, fire-starting, thrill-seeking through violence and suicide.
There is rarely a problem with the structure or "wiring" of the brain's 5-HT circuits. Rather the problem is caused by a chronic deficit of 5-HT in the nerves which use it as their neurotransmitter. It is no coincidence that the most popular psychiatric drugs in history are the SSRIs, and the common thread connecting MAOIs, TCAs, and SSRIs is their 5-HT neural effects. 5-HT is the "Achilles heel" of the human brain. Yet no neuron suffered a literal deficiency of these xenobiotic drug molecules. 5-HT neurons can, and frequently do, however, suffer a deficit of the raw material from which neurons normally produce 5-HT: the essential amino acid tryptophan (Tryp).
In any normal diet, animal or vegetarian protein based, Tryp is the least plentiful of the 22 dietary amino acids. A typical diet provides only 0.75 to 1.5 grams Tryp/day, yet there is much competition in the body for this scarce amino. It is used to make various proteins, and in people with low to moderate intakes of vitamin B3 (niacin/niacinamide), Tryp may be used by the liver to make the coenzyme form of B3-NAD- at the expensive ratio of 60mg Tryp to one mg niacin (8). In people who are even marginally vitamin B6 deficient, Tryp may be immediately degraded by the liver into the mildly toxic metabolites hydroxykynurenine, xanthurenic acid, and hydroxyanthranilic acid, then excreted in urine (9). Thus, the brain typically receives less than 1% of ingested Tryp.
Yet even getting its modest share of dietary Tryp is difficult for the brain, due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB serves as a protection to prevent many toxins, as well as excesses of nutrients which might temporarily overwhelm and dysregulate brain function, from entering the brain. 5-HT itself cannot penetrate the BBB, although Tryp can. Yet the BBB creates difficulties even for essential nutrients to enter the brain. Amino acids must be carried through the BBB by a special transport protein, like passengers on a bus. Unfortunately for 5-HT using neurons, Tryp must share its "transport bus" with 5 other amino acids: phenylalanine, tyrosine, valine, leucine and isoleucine. Tryp is typically outnumbered about 9:1 in its competition to secure its transport through the BBB into the brain.
Eating a high protein diet to provide more Tryp only worsens the problem, by increasing even more the intake of the 5 competing aminos. Ironically the only dietary strategy which increases brain Tryp is to eat a high carbohydrate/low protein diet. When large amounts of carbos are eaten, the body secretes large amounts of the hormone insulin to lower the ensuing high blood sugar. Insulin also clears from the blood much of the 5 aminos that compete with tryp for entry through the BBB. Insulin has relatively little effect on clearing Tryp from the blood, however, thus allowing Tryp more space on the BBB "transport bus," and thus more Tryp reaches the brain. R. and J. Wurtman reported in 1988 and 1989 that women suffering from PMS-related depression were found to spontaneously increase their carbo food and snack intake, without increasing protein, during their depressive phase, with a consequent significant decrease in measured depression ratings, presumably through the insulin-Tryp-5-HT mechanism (10,11). Unfortunately, insulin also promotes conversion of the incoming food to stored body fat. Hence the high carbohydrate diet method of enhancing brain Tryp/5-HT merely trades depression for obesity and chronic carbo addiction/over consumption.
35 years of research has provided a pair of alternatives to enhance brain 5-HT levels with consequent lessening of 5-HT related depression. Many studies have shown both Tryp and its metabolite, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), to be capable of enhancing brain serotonin and relieving depression when taken as supplements (12-21).
Taking Tryp as a dietary supplement is the most natural way to solve the brain's 5-HT production problems. A Tryp supplement, unlike a high protein diet, will not increase blood levels of Tryp's 5 amino competitors. Since the normal dietary intake of tryp is only a gram or so, even a modest amount of supplemental Tryp (1 to 3 grams) will have a significant effect in boosting blood and brain Tryp, and hence brain 5-HT levels. Under normal conditions, the brain enzyme Tryp hydroxylase (TpH) is only 50% saturated (22). TpH is the rate-limiting factor in 5-HT production, converting Tryp to 5HTP. This means that an increase in brain Tryp will automatically tend to increase brain 5HTP production. After TpH converts Tryp to 5HTP, a vitamin B6-dependent carboxylase enzyme then rapidly converts 5HTP to 5-HT.
However, increased brain production of 5-HT through Tryp supplementation does not automatically increase 5-HT nerve activity. At low levels of psychobiologic arousal, there will be adequate serotonin to support the correlative low 5-HT nerve activity, even when neuron levels of Tryp and 5-HT are low (22). This more apathetic, vegetative quiescent variety of depression ("I'm so depressed I can't even get out of bed") is referred to as the "apathetic-inhibited" type (22). This form of depression represents more of a deficiency of activity of the DA/NA "yang" "get-up-and-go", activating neural circuits, and so Tryp/5-HT may offer little relief to, or even worsen, this type of depression.
At higher levels of arousal, however, the more rapid turnover of 5-HT in the synaptic gap will require higher levels of 5-HT production to adequately maintain the greater activity of 5-HT circuits. Thus Young and Teff suggest that Tryp will be most effective as an anti-depressant in those suffering from "anxious-agitated" depression, with its high state of stress arousal, combined with the depression (22). Anxious, agitated depression occurs when a person's DA/NA activating ("yang") neural circuits are functioning strongly, without the calming, relaxing, mellowing 5-HT circuits ("yin") functioning strongly as a complementary counterbalance.
The biggest drawback to using Tryp to solve 5-HT deficiency depression is the activity of the liver Tryp degrading enzyme, Tryp pyrrolase (TP). TP is known to be activated by two factors (23). The first is the hormone cortisol. Cortisol, the "state of siege" stress hormone, is known to be frequently elevated in the very conditions, such as depression and insomnia, for which Tryp might be helpful. Taking Gerovital-H3 ®, low dose Dilantin, or 7-Keto® DHEA may provide an anti-cortisol activity to prevent cortisol activation of tryp-destroying TP.
The other TP-activating factor is- Tryp itself! Tryp is known to induce and stabilize TP, thus keeping it active in destroying Tryp as it passes through the liver. Thus Yuweiler and colleagues point out that successful Tryp antidepressant studies have generally used low doses (3 grams or less) compared with Tryp studies having negative results, which have often used high doses (6-9 grams) (23). The higher doses could ironically lessen the antidepressant effect of Tryp by hyper activating liver TP, which would then catabolize incoming Tryp with great efficiency, canceling out any hoped-for increase in blood/brain Tryp.
In a 1984 paper, van Praag also noted the different effects of tryp and 5HTP on DA/NA neurotransmission. Van Praag found significant increases in the spinal fluid concentration of 5HIAA, the serotonin-metabolite, after giving both Tryp and 5HTP to different test subjects. Unlike Tryp, which only raised spinal fluid 5HIAA, 5HTP also raised spinal fluid metabolites of DA and NA, indicating an activating effect of 5HTP of DA/NA neurotransmission as well as 5-HT neurotransmission (26). In a 1983 report, van Praag also demonstrated that among patients who maintained their antidepressant effect from 5HTP over the long term, there was evidence from spinal fluid metabolites of continuing DA/NA activation as well as 5-HT activation. Among patients whose initial positive response to 5HTP dropped off after several months, van Praag found a drop in their initial high levels of DA/NA spinal fluid metabolites as the 5HTP antidepressant effects decreased. When van Praag then gave these patients supplements of tyrosine, the amino acid from which DA and NA are made, along with their 5HTP, their depression once again cleared, while their spinal fluid metabolites of DA/NA also again increased (27). Van Praag thus demonstrated that 5HTP is more than just a better Tryp-it is a "Tryp plus" due to its DA/NA neuroactivation.
In their 1988 review of 5HTP antidepressant studies, Zmilacher and co-writers report that "Out of the 17 reviewed studies... 60.5% of all the patients (342 out of 565) showed a good or very good improvement of their depressive state.... A tendency indicating that L-5-HTP was especially effective in patients with an anxious agitated depressive syndrome was observed.... An important finding is the very rapid onset of action (within 3-5 days) in patients responding to treatment." (24).
In 1991 Poeldinger and colleagues reported a landmark double-blind study that compared 5HTP with the popular SSRI, fluvoxamine (a Prozac ® "cousin"). Not only did 5HTP prove to be slightly superior to fluvoxamine in antidepressant action, but 5HTP patients had significantly fewer and less serious side effects (mostly GI) than patients receiving fluvoxamine (28). Thus, not only is 5HTP an effective and more natural alternative to the SSRIs, but it is also less side-effect prone.
Tryp and 5HTP may be used separately or together to improve serotonin metabolism. Tryp may best be taken at bedtime, 1-3 grams. 5HTP may be taken with meals, 50-100 mg, once or twice daily. Initial GI symptoms from 5HTP, if they occur, will frequently disappear with continued use. If not, then using only Tryp may still provide adequate 5HT antidepressant effect.
Tryp and 5HTP will potentate the effects of MAOI, TCA and SSRI drugs, and they may possibly precipitate the "serotonin syndrome" if combined with these drugs. The fortunately rare 5-HT syndrome, as reported by H. Sternbach in 1991 (29), involves extreme hyperactivity of 5-HT neural circuits and may include confusion, hypomania. agitation, "feeling drunk," as well as extreme restlessness, muscle twitches, hyperactive reflexes, intense sweating, shivering, tremor, diarrhoea, fever and in coordination. Occasionally coma or death may result. Thus, although Tryp or 5HTP may be useful to lessen the needed dosage fro those wishing to remain on standard antidepressant drugs, combining Tryp or 5HTP with antidepressant drugs, or altering current drug dosages, should be done ONLY under expert medical supervision to avoid inducing the serotonin syndrome. Also, one should never suddenly stop antidepressant drugs and replace them with Tryp or 5HTP. Any cessation of current antidepressant drug therapy should be done gradually, and only under expert medical supervision, to avoid possible depression relapse.
L-deprenyl (DPR) is a drug developed in the 1960s by Dr. Joseph Knoll. Research has shown DPR to be a safe and multi-faceted drug. At doses of 10-15mg/day or less for humans, DPR is a selective MAO-B inhibitor. MAO-A enzymes break down 5-HT and NA, while MAO-B enzymes break down DA and phenylethylamine (PEA). Classic MAOIs, such as phenelzine and tranylcypromine, inhibit both MAO-A and MAO-B. Classic MAOIs also routinely suffer from the "cheese effect" - the tendency to promote serious, even fatal high blood pressure crises from ingestion of tyramine-rich foods such as aged cheeses and wines. DPR is remarkably free from the "cheese effect" even at typically high daily doses of 30-60mg (4,30). DPR also suppresses the free radical/oxidant stress associated with increased DA neuron activity, as occurs in Parkinson's disease (31). DPR protects DA neurons in monkeys from MPTP, a neurotoxin that has caused rapid-onset Parkinson's disease in humans who unwittingly consumed it in recreational drugs (32). DPR has extended the average life span of male rats beyond the maximum age of death of the species. And DPR has been successfully used as an antidepressant.
In 1980 Mendelwicz and Youdin reported results from a double-blind study comparing placebo, 300mg 5HTP, and 5HTP plus DPR. The 18 patients receiving DPR plus 5HTP experienced depression relief significantly greater than those receiving placebo or 5HTP alone (34).
All of the preceding studies were relatively short-term, typically 3 to 6 weeks. Although only minimal side effects were noted, even at the unusually high DPR doses of 30-60 mg/day, the researchers did express concern about possible side effects at these higher doses with more typical long-term (months to years) antidepressant usage. Two successful studies with treatment-resistant depressives have been done, however, that used very modest DPR doses of 5-10mg/day. At this low dose, DPR remains a purely MAO-B inhibitor and is normally fairly side-effect free, even with long-term use.
Sleeplessness, tension and anxiety were noted as adverse reactions - these are symptoms of DA/NA over-activation uncompensated for by counterbalancing serotonin activation - Tryp would have been appropriate to complement the DPR/phenylalanine treatment. Birkmayer reports surprisingly excellent results based on modified Hamilton depression rating scale and global clinical impressions: 68.5% full remission and 21.5% moderate effect in the outpatients, with 69.5% full remission and 11% mild and moderate effects in the outpatients.
Both the Birkmayer group and Sabelli relate the combined DPR/phenylalamine treatment to enhancement of phenylethylamine (PEA) metabolism. PEA and DA are the main substrates for MÅO-B, which DPR inhibits. PEA is formed from phenylamine with the help of a B6-activated enzyme. PEA is a trace amine that may potentate neuronal firing rates of NA/DA neurons, especially when they're underactive (37). Sabelli has shown that depressives have significantly lower blood and urine levels of PAA (the chief PEA breakdown product) than non-depressed controls. He also notes that effective antidepressant treatment usually increases urinary PAA excretion, while antidepressant treatment that fails to successfully ameliorate depression also fails to increase urinary PAA excretion. Low values of PAA excretion were observed in both retarded and agitated depressives (38). In addition to being converted to PEA, phenylalamine can also be converted into the two "yang" neurotransmitters, NA and DA (39). Thus, a low dose DPR (5-10 mg), moderate dose l-phenylalamine (250 - 500 mg once or twice daily) and 50 -100 mg dose of vitamin B6 regimen may serve to enhance mood, drive, and energy in the "apathetic-inhibited" type of depression, while Tryp may serve to inhibit potential "overactivation" side effects of insomnia, anxiety and irritability.
J.G. and W. Birkmayer are pioneers in the use of NADH. NADH is the active, reduced (electron-rich) coenzyme from of vitamin B3 - nicotinamide. NAD/NADH is the most plentiful coenzyme in the human brain. NADH is the key in converting food into ATP bioenergy. During normal oxidative metabolism, NADH is formed in both the glycolytic and citric acid (Krebs') cycles, and transferred to the electron transport chain, where each NADH can generate 3 ATPs. NADH is the "lynch-pin" of oxidative energy metabolism (40).
NADH is also the indirect activator of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the formation of DA and NA. TH converts the amino acid tyrosine into L-dopa. It can also convert phenylalamine into tyrosine. DA neurons convert L-dopa into DA, while NA neurons convert L-dopa first to DA, then into NA.
The Birkmayers and others had noticed that many Parkinson's patients suffer from depression, and the Birkmayers also observed their depressive symptoms disappear when successfully treating Parkinson's patients with NADH. They therefore decided to use NADH in an open label (non-double blind) trial with 205 patients suffering depression with various symptoms. NADH was given orally, intramuscularly or intravenously, with doses of 5 to 12.5 mg. Duration of therapy ranged from 5 to 310 days. 93% of the patients exhibited some degree of a beneficial clinical effect (41). Gabriel Cousens, M.D. has also successfully used NADH to treat depression in his practice, based on Birkmayers' work. He states that "About 85% of my clients with depression seem to benefit from taking NADH.... they may feel results from it within three weeks, sometimes sooner. I'm very pleased with its antidepressant effect." (41A) Because of its combined energy-enhancing role (the brain produces and uses 20% of the body's ATP energy total) and its ability to stimulate DA/NA production, 5-10 mg NADH, taken once or twice daily on an empty stomach, may serve as a useful complement to the DPR/phenylalanine program or may be simply used as a single therapy.
Gerovital-H3 ® (GH3) (specially stabilized procaine) was developed in the 1940s by Ana Aslan in Romania. It is the original "anti-aging" drug. In addition to its various physical benefits, such as improved joint mobility and pain relief, it was known by the 1960s that GH3 possessed antidepressant effect. By the 1970s at least part of the basis of GH3's antidepressant effect was known, GH3 was discovered to be a weak, reversible, fully competitive MAO inhibitor (42, 43). The more toxic and dangerous MAOIs, such as iproniazid and phenelzine, are strong, irreversible, non-competitive MAO inhibitors. It is this difference which makes them prone to the "cheese effect," i.e. potentially fatal hypertensive crises in patients who eat a tyramine-rich diet while taking them. GH3 researchers M.D. MacFarlane and H. Besbris noted that in contrast, "...the use of GH3 for the treatment of depression and for other manifestations of aging has not been associated with any significant adverse reactions and there are no restrictions regarding the type of food the GH3 patient can enjoy." (42) And contrary to the claims of critics that there is no difference between GH3 and ordinary procaine, MacFarlane noted that "when the ability of GH3 to inhibit MAO was compared with that of procaine hydrochloride (Novocain), it was found that GH3 produced a significantly greater inhibition of MAO than did procaine." (43) Zung and colleagues also remarked on the difference between GH3 and procaine: "Procaine when injected in the human body is rapidly hydrolysed by cholinesterase into para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and diethylaminoethanol (DEAE). In the case of procaine in the GH3 formula, metabolic studies... show that the intact molecules of procaine can be found in blood or urine after six hours of administration of the drug." (44) Being a safe and effective (albeit mild) MAOI, GH3 can be expected to help raise DA, NA, and 5 HT through inhibition of their neuronal MAO destruction, with consequent antidepressant effect.
W. Zung and co-workers reported a successful double-blind, placebo trial comparing GH3 with the TCA imipramine in 1974. They concluded that "... the results of this study showed that using the clinical global impression and the Zung self depression scale, the change scores obtained from calculating pre-treatment to post-treatment differences showed GH3 to be superior to imipramine, since the GH3-placebo differences were significantly different, while the imipramine-placebo differences were not." (44) The table listing side effects in the Zung study also shows that GH3 produced fewer side effects than both imipramine and placebo!
In 1984 paper pharmaceutical researcher Alfred Sapse expounded the disease-promoting power of chronic, excessive, stress-released cortisol. He gave a short list of substances that could oppose cortisol's negative actions. GH3 was one of five anti-cortisol agents Sapse recommended (46). And as Murphy and Wolkowitz point out, "Major depression is associated with a high incidence of cortisol hypersecretion.... this hypercorisolism is the most well-replicated biological abnormality in major depression...." (47) Thus, GH3's anti-cortisol action may also enhance its antidepressant effect. Because of cortisol's power to induce liver Tryp pyrrolase, the Tryp-destroying enzyme, GH3's ability to reduce cortisol may also provide antidepressant effect through enhancing brain Tryp, and hence, brain 5-HT status. Thus, one tablet of GH3, taken once or twice daily (AM/PM) on an empty stomach may be a safe yet effective antidepressant, alone or in a combination with others in this article.
S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) has recently become known to the public as an antidote for one of the most important heart disease risk factors, homocysteine. A large number of studies have also shown SAMe to be an excellent and rapid-acting (often 3-7 days) antidepressant (48-53). As SAMe research pioneer G. Stramentinoli has stated, "[SAMe] is an important physiologic compound that occurs in every living cell.... SAMe is probably second only to ATP [the basic energy molecule of life] in the variety of reactions in which it serves as a cofactor." (54) SAMe is the linchpin of all the body's transmethylation reactions. "...methyltransferase reactions... shift the 'active' methyl group of SAMe to a wide variety of methyl 'acceptor' molecules, including ... biogenic amines [neurotransmitters], fatty acids and phospholipids, proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and porphyrins. In this role SAMe is the most important methyl group donor in mammalian tissue." (48) SAMe's methyl group makes possible the production of neuronutrient acetyl-l-carnitine, the stress hormone and neuro-transmitter adrenalin, and the neuronutrient and chief neuronal membrane fluidizer phosphatidye choline (55). SAMe has been shown to significantly increase cerebrospinal fluid levels of HVA and 5HIAA, the chief metabolites of DA and 5-HT. SAMe has been shown in antidepressant studies to possess mood-elevating and behaviorally arousing effects due to the SAMe-increased DA and 5-HT activity, and due to a selective excitatory action on cortical neurons in the brain (48).
In 1994 G.M. Bressa reported a meta-analysis of 31 prior studies of SAMe's antidepressant effects. "The average [antidepressant] effect size of SAMe... derived from our meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials is therefore slightly higher than that obtained by Greenberg et al ... for both standard tricyclic antidepressants and relatively newer antidepressants.... Since SAMe is a naturally occurring compound with relatively few side effects, its antidepressant effect makes it a potentially important tool [for treatment of depression]." (53) In general, side effects in SAMe studies are few and mild. In some studies SAMe induced fewer or less serious side effects than placebo! For example, in a double blind study with 734 people comparing SAMe with the painkiller naproxen and placebo, 10 people withdrew from the study due to side effects from SAMe, compared with 13 from placebo and 17 from naproxen side effects (56). The most commonly reported side effects are gastrointestinal - primarily heartburn, nausea, and stomach ache (57). However, the GI effects seem to be mediated through the brain - they are not the result of direct GI tract irritation. SAMe actually inhibits and protects against GI lining damage and irritation. The other occasionally reported side effect of SAMe is mania or hypomania - i.e. excessive mood elevation and over stimulation. This side effect is reported far more rarely than the GI side effects. SAMe-induced mania may on occasion be serious enough to warrant lithium treatment to end the mania. Bipolar (manic) depressives should therefore use SAMe with caution.
SAMe has been given orally in doses ranging from 400 mg/day to 1600 mg/day. SAMe is usually given in two or three doses daily, with 10 AM and 3 PM being a common time for twice daily administration (57). Starting with low dose (200 - 300 mg) once or twice daily and working up to higher doses if necessary is the best strategy. Because SAMe tablets are (or should be) enteric-coated, they should not be cut in half to achieve a lower dose - the SAMe may then break down before absorption.
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36. Sabelli, H.C. (1991) "Rapid treatment of depression with selegiline-phenylalanine combination" J Clin Psychiatry 52: 137.
37. Greenshaw, A.J. (1989) "Functional interactions of 2-phenylethylamine and of tryptamine with brain catecholamines" Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol & Biol Psychiat 13: 431-43.
38. Sabelli, H.C. (1986) "Clinical studies on the phenyletylamine hypothesis of affective disorder" J Clin Psychiatry 47: 66-70.
39. Gibson, C.J. (1983) "Control of monoamine synthesis by amino acid precursors" Adv Biol Psychiat 10: 4-18.
40. Birkmayer, G. NADH, The Energizing Coenzyme. New Canaan: Keats, 1998.
41. Birkmayer, W. et al (1992) "The coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as biological anti-depressive agent" New Trends Clin Neuropharmacol 6: 75-86. 41a. Cousens, G. Depression-Free for life. NYC: William Morrow, 2000.
42. MacFarlane, M.D. & Besbris, H. (1974) "Procaine (Gerovital H3) therapy: Mechanism of inhibition of monoamine oxidase" J Am Ger Soc 22: 365-71.
43. MacFarlane, M.D. (1975) "Procaine HCL (Gerovital H3): A weak, reversible, fully competitive inhibitor of monoamine oxidase" Fed Proc 34: 108-10.
44. Zung. W.K. et al (1974) "Pharmacology of depression in the aged: Evaluation of GH3 as an antidepressant drug" Psychosomatics 15: 127-31.
45. Cohen, S. & Ditman, K.S. (1974) "Gerovital H3 in the treatment of the depressed aging patient" Psychosomatics 15: 15-19.
46. Sapse, A. (1984) "Stress, cortisol, interferon and stress diseases" Med Hypoth 13: 31-44.
47. Murphy, B.E. & Wolkowitz, O.M. (1993) "The pathophysiologic significance of hyperadrenocorticism: antiglucocorticoid strategies" Psychiat Ann 23: 682-90.
48. Baldessarini, R.J. (1987) "Neuropharmacology of S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine" Ann J Med 83(Suppl 5A): 95-103.
49. Carney, M.W. et al (1987) "S-adenosylmethionine and affective disorder" Ann J Med 83(Suppl 5A) 104-06.
50. Kagan, B.L. et al (1990) "Oral S-adenosylmethionine in depression: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial" Ann J Psychiatry 147: 591-95.
51. de Vanna, M. & Rigamonti, R. (1992) "Oral S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine in depression" Curr Ther Res 52: 478-85.
52. Criconia, A.M. et al (1994) "Results of treatment with S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine in patients with major depression and internal illnesses" Curr Ther Res 55: 666-74.
53. Bressa, G.M. (1994) "S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe) as antidepressant: meta-analysis of clinical studies" Acta Neurol Scand: Suppl 154: 7-14.
54. Stramentinoli, G. (1987) "Pharmacologic aspects of [SAMe]" Ann J Med 83 (Suppl 5A): 35-42.
55. Mathews, C. & van Holde, K. Biochemistry, pp. 708-15. Redwood City CA: Benjamin/Cummings Pub., 1990.
56. Caruso, I. & Pietrogrande, V. (1987) "...Comparing [SAMe], naproxen and placebo in the treatment of degenerative joint disease" Ann J Med 83 (Suppl 5A): 66-71.
57. Konig, B. (1987) "A long term (2 years) clinical trial with [SAMe] for the treatment of osteoarthritis" Ann J Med 83 (Suppl 5A): 89-94.


Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze | Trailer de Introducción – Nintendo Switch.
Swim, swing, spring and surf through islands packed with hazards and collectibles in Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze on Nintendo Switch, coming 04/05!
Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze | Gameplay con Funky Kong – Nintendo Switch.
¡Abierto el Sitio Oficial Americano de Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze para Nintendo Switch!
Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze | Box Art – Nintendo Switch.
← Super Mario Odyssey | Arte Conceptual del Broodal: Topper.


Home Adventure Warp Shift – Now available on Android!
Warp Shift – Now available on Android!
Do you remember Warp Shift? If you don't, now would be the perfect time to skip back to our original review because it's now finally available on Android!
Warp shift is one of, if not the best 3D puzzle game we've featured on Edamame Reviews to date! At the time of our original review Warp shift was unfortunately unavailable on Android devices… But now the tables have turned.
If you were one of the many players who longed to give this truly remarkable game a try, the long wait is over!


Washington, DC, February 6, 2014 – The chairperson of the U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB) today commended the International Code Council (ICC) and its members for revising the International Fire Code (IFC) and International Fuel Gas Code (IFGC) to prohibit the unsafe practice that killed six workers in a tragic explosion at the Kleen Energy power generation facility in Middletown, Connecticut. This week marks the fourth anniversary of the accident.
Dr. Rafael Moure-Eraso said, "All of us at the CSB were pleased to learn that the 2015 International Fire and Fuel Gas Codes prohibit the conduct of 'gas blows,' an inherently unsafe pipe cleaning methodology. We commend the ICC for this tremendous step forward." ICC's action aligns with a similar prohibition developed by the National Fire Protection Association, acting on a CSB urgent recommendation.
On February 7, 2010, contract personnel at Kleen Energy, a natural gas-fueled power generation plant then under construction, were conducting an operation known as a "gas blow," whereby large quantities of natural gas are forced through piping at high pressure to remove any debris that could damage the turbine upon startup. The gas and debris were released to the atmosphere, accumulated in a congested area and ignited, triggering a massive explosion that killed six and injured at least fifty.
The CSB concluded that the practice of using flammable gas to clean piping is inherently unsafe, and that alternative non-flammable methods, such as blowing with compressed air, are efficient and readily available.
The ICC is a non-profit association whose model codes and standards are used in the design, build and compliance process to construct safe, sustainable, affordable and resilient structures. According to the ICC, the IFGC and IFC are in use or adopted in more than 40 states, the District of Columbia, Guam and Puerto Rico.
"ICC's actions reflect an important shift in industry good practice," said Chairperson Moure-Eraso, who noted that the 2015 IFC and IFGC will likely acquire the force of regulation in coming years, as state and local jurisdictions move to adopt them. "The strong actions by both ICC and NFPA on fuel gas safety blaze a trail for regulatory action by OSHA on this topic." The CSB recommendation for OSHA to develop a fuel gas standard have not yet been acted upon.
Dr. Moure also expressed the CSB's appreciation that the 2015 IFC requires cleaning and purging operations to comply with the requirements of the National Fire Protection Association's NFPA 56: Standard for Fire and Explosion Prevention During Cleaning and Purging of Flammable Gas Piping Systems. Developed in response to an urgent recommendation from the Board, the NFPA 56 standard provides safety requirements for a variety of fuel gas processes, including cleaning of gas piping and purging gas equipment into or out of service.
A 2009 explosion at the ConAgra Slim Jim plant in North Carolina, which the CSB investigated, occurred when new gas piping was purged into service and gas was vented inside a building. New NFPA requirements adopted in response to CSB urgent recommendations prohibit this practice.
In addition to commending the 2015 IFC's prohibition of inherently unsafe gas blows, Chairperson Moure-Eraso praised the IFC's new requirements for hot work operations involving storage tanks holding flammable or combustible liquids.
"The CSB continues to learn of serious injuries and fatalities resulting from the ignition of flammable vapors or liquids during hot work," said Dr. Moure-Eraso. He cited as an example the Board's investigation of an explosion at the DuPont Yerkes facility near Buffalo, New York, that killed one contractor and seriously injured another.
"We are very pleased that the 2015 International Fire Code essentially codifies the seven key lessons developed by the CSB in our 2010 hot work safety bulletin. The 2015 IFC requires consideration of alternatives to hot work, the analysis of potential hazards and methods of hazard control, the use of combustible gas detectors in and around the area, the use of hot work permitting systems, the training of employees and contractors, and the provision of safety supervision. All of these are essential to promoting the safe conduct of hot work," he said.


Is there any way to get the chat replays up sooner?
It's often difficult for me to listen to them live, but I love to catch the replay when I get home--if it's available.
I can't find tonights yet and was just hoping they could get posted sooner. I know I would really appreciate it.
Thanks for this great service!!


text:
Benjamin Stoloff
Flying Home (film)
Benjamin "Ben" Stoloff (October 6, 1895 – September 8, 1960) was an American film director and producer. He began his career as a short film comedy director and gradually moved into feature film directing and production later in his career. Stoloff was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He died in Hollywood, California.
Director filmography
1940s–1950s
Home Run Derby (1959) TV Series
Footlight Varieties (1951)
It's a Joke, Son! (1947)
Johnny Comes Flying Home (1946)
Take It or Leave It (1944)
Bermuda Mystery (1944)
The Mysterious Doctor (1943)
The Hidden Hand (1942)
Secret Enemies (1942)
Three Sons o' Guns (1941)
The Great Mr. Nobody (1941)
The Marines Fly High (1940)
The Lady and the Mob (1939)
The Affairs of Annabel (1938)
Radio City Revels (1938)
Fight for Your Lady (1937)
Super-Sleuth (1937)
Sea Devils (1937)
Don't Turn 'em Loose (1936)
Two in the Dark(1936)
To Beat the Band (1935)
Swellhead (1935)
Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round(1934)
Palooka (1934)
Night of Terror (1933)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Benjamin_Stoloff
"Flying Home" is a 32-bar AABA jazz composition most often associated with Lionel Hampton. It was written by Benny Goodman and Hampton with lyrics by Sid Robin.
It was reportedly developed around a tune Hampton whistled as he nervously waited for his first flight on an aircraft. It was first recorded by the Benny Goodman Sextet on November 6, 1939 featuring solos by Hampton and Charlie Christian. Several other groups subsequently recorded the tune; however, the most famous version is a lively 1942 recording by Lionel Hampton and His Orchestra, featuring a tenor sax solo by Illinois Jacquet. Ted Heath (bandleader) does a swinging jump-blues version as well.
Singer Chris Connor recorded a vocal version of the song for Atlantic Records and released it as a single in 1959 (ATL-2017).
Ella Fitzgerald recorded a seven-minute-plus rendering that can be found on the Pablo release Digital III at Montreux (1979), while her 1945 scatting version (arranged by Vic Schoen and performed with Vic Schoen and his Orchestra), included on the Decca release Lullabies of Birdland, was later described by The New York Times as "one of the most influential vocal jazz records of the decade....Where other singers, most notably Louis Armstrong, had tried similar improvisation, no one before Miss Fitzgerald employed the technique with such dazzling inventiveness."
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Flying_Home
Flying Home is a 2014 Belgian film directed by Dominique Deruddere.
A sheikh from Dubai wants to buy the Flemish homing pigeon Wittekop, which is owned by Jos Pauwels, and uses an American middleman named Colin to make the deal. Although Jos is not interested in selling the pigeon, his granddaughter Isabelle is clearly interested in Colin.
Jan Decleir as Jos Pauwels
Charlotte De Bruyne as Isabelle Pauwels
Jamie Dornan as Colin
Anthony Head as Colin's father
Sharon Maughan as Colin's mother
Josse De Pauw as Priest
Viviane De Muynck as Martha
Eline Van der Velden as Celia
Piet Fuchs as Mr. Conrad
Max Pirkis as Jason
Mitchell Mullen as Walden
Ali Suliman as the Sheikh
Omar Bin Haider as the Sheikh's Right-Hand Man
Numan Acar as Karadeniz
Flying Home at the Internet Movie Database
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Flying_Home_(film)
johannesburghome.com
flyhack.org
nativeamericanhomes.com
luxhomes.com
realhomeforeclosure.com
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creativedreamhome.com
usflyinglaw.com
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flyrevolution.org
homeofmodernart.com
Flying Home, Ella Fitzgerald
Flying Home, Jason Robert Brown
Flying Home, Chris De Burgh
Flying Home, Jasmine Trias
Flying Home, Songs For A New World Soundtrack
We're sitting out here on the runway,
Waiting for the plane to leave,
And the captain says, "There'll be a short delay,
Bear with me please,"
They gave us the usual hassle,
"You can't take those guitars on board,"
But the boys in the band just smiled,
Heard it all before,
And as they're starting to serve champagne,
To the folks at the front of the plane,
I can hear the engines roaring, we're on our way, And we are flying home,
I feel the freedom in my soul,
Flying home at last;
Flying home,
I've got the freedom in my soul,
And it's four in the morning,
My world is calling,
Speeding through the universe tonight... The movie reminds of my lady,
As she waits, "where are those guys?"
Yes it's nice to see old Butch and Sundance in the sky,
And now the sun is beginning to rise,
It's like looking down on Paradise,
There's a ball of fire that's burning, giving life, And we are flying home,

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Two more luxury retailers from Europe are debuting stores in South Florida: apparel maker Billionaire Italian Couture and Spain's footwear purveyor Pretty Ballerinas.
Billionaire Italian Couture opened its first U.S. East Coast flagship store on Dec. 3 at 4000 NE 2nd Avenue in Miami's design district. The nearly 800-square-foot space sells clothes with traditional Italian tailoring made from such fine fabrics as silk and cashmere and featuring such details as crocodile skins and mother-of-pearl buttons.


Achiltibuie is the nearest village, 5 miles away.
Fresh milk and groceries, fish and seafood are available at the licensedAchiltibuie Stores (www.achiltibuiestores.com) and there is also a petrol and diesel pump.
Achiltibuie has a post office, a public telephone box, a hotel and bar (the Summer Isles Hotel), a hydroponicum (www.hydroponicum.com) and a chapel.
The Coigach Community Hall has a library, a doctor's surgery and recreational facilities, including badminton and pool. It also holds regular concerts, ceilidhs and art events.
Nearby, there is also the Coigach Craft and Gift Shop at Polbain, which serves tea and coffee, and from which loch and river fishing permits may be obtained.
Ullapool has full shopping facilities if needed.
Bar meals with excellent, fresh sea food are available at the Fuaran Bar at Altandhu and the Summer Isles Bar in Achiltibuie.


Did Defendants in Roundup Trial 'Geo-Fence' Jurors with Pop-Up Ads?
Geo-fencing is a digital marketing tool that allows companies to send pop-up advertisements to cell phone apps within a designated geographical area—in this case, according to plaintiffs attorneys, the courthouse in Oakland, California.
At the beginning of the third and latest trial over alleged toxic properties of Roundup, plaintiffs lawyers asked a judge to prevent Monsanto Co. from advertising that its weed killer was safe. Their motion for temporary injunction focused on a full-page ad in The Wall Street Journal on the first day of voir dire, but that wasn't what alarmed them the most—in court, they brought up another, more cutting edge, marketing practice: geo-fencing.
Lawyers representing three Native American tribes have filed a motion to create a separate discovery track in the Equifax data breach litigation for Indian tribal governments.
One might think it's a no brainer that a law firm website has some strong technical management standing behind it. But surprisingly, particularly in the organizational sense, this can be a more complex challenge than one might anticipate.
On Wednesday, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation appointed U.S. District Judge Paul Grimm to oversee more than 80 class actions against Marriott.


Beautiful Handmade Cris Chinese Wall Scrolls.
Buy a Chinese and/or Japanese Cris wall scroll with here!
克里斯 is the transliteration to Mandarin Chinese for the name Cris.
クリス is the name Cris written in Katakana (phonetic Japanese).


text:
Looking Back…Moving Forward: It's About Relationships
Tags: brain condition, codman, Integra, medical device, Medtronic, neurosurgeon, neurosurgery, Shunts
As we continue our interview series commemorating our 30th anniversary, this week we sit down with a member of our board who has also been involved with HA since the early 1990's. Ralph Kistler has served on the HA Board of Directors since 2002. Prior to joining the board , he was Vice President of Sales at Medtronic Neurosurgery. He has 45 years in the medical device business and, within that 45 year time period, 25 plus years working within the medical neurosurgery field.
HA: Who was the first person you met at HA and what was your first impression?
RALPH: The first person I met at HA was Emily Fudge. She thanked me for my support, and I was instantly hooked. She and Russell remain close friends. She's magic, and I instantly knew that any money I could dredge up to support HA was money well spent.
HA: When you say "she's magic," how so?
RALPH: We initially met at a neurosurgical meeting. I was Vice President of Sales at PS Medical (now Medtronic) and at the time I had a discretionary budget that I oversaw. It wasn't a huge amount and most of it went to support neurosurgical meetings. The American Association of Neurosurgical Surgeons'(AANS) Pediatric section was just forming and I also supported events such as the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery (ISPN) opening reception. As I started getting more closely involved, I naturally became closer to the people involved. For me, it became more than just spending money to support guys having a better meeting.
I was invited to attend the HA conference in Monterrey, California in 1993. I had previously supported HA through my discretionary budget. When I walked in, I saw Emily. She said she hoped I would enjoy the conference. And I did. Except for in the operating room, I hadn't met many patients. I was struck by the way the kids, in particular, were affected by hydrocephalus. I was struck by how courageous and positive everyone was. I knew it was important to support HA. After I retired, Emily asked me to join the HA board.
HA: Emily and Cynthia had a vision to bring the three stakeholders of the hydrocephalus community together – the patients, the medical professionals, and industry. How has the relationship between industry and HA developed over the years?
RALPH: This is a complicated question. When I joined the board in 2002, there was a slot for an industry representative to represent all of the shunt manufacturers. Before me, Marvin Sussman had served in that capacity when he was with NMT Medical (now Integra LifeSciences Corporation). Debbie Bottomley with Codman was also a member of board, though not in the industry representative position. In my time on the board, I have spent a lot of time talking to people in other companies. I've had very productive meetings with people who, in the past, had been competitors. We are all working for HA and the patients.
Over the years, the companies have changed, as has the HA Board. In the early days, we were a smaller board. We did a good job. There was a lot of camaraderie and a great team effort. Now the board has evolved into a more structured and professional group of committed individuals. The companies have evolved, too. PS Medical was purchased by Medtronic, Inc., a much larger company with a different structure and culture. With incredible support from Leanne Lintula (Senior Product Manager, Hydrocephalus), however, we have been able to continue to provide financial support for HA and continue to maintain a strong presence for hydrocephalus and hydrocephalus patients within the company.
HA: What has your involvement with HA meant to you? Why do you stay involved?
RALPH: I was passionate about the products we offered, and, while seeing great success, I realized over time, through my interactions with patients at HA conferences and events, that it wasn't enough, and that shunts were a moderate (at best) answer to an incredibly complex problem. I came to the realization, and still believe, that there's a better answer.
Being involved with HA allowed me to do something constructive to give back to the community. I made a living selling products to pediatric neurosurgeons. I developed close relationships with the doctors. Lots of ideas came from the neurosurgeons and in my position I was able to channel their ideas back to PS Medical about how to improve the shunts or ways to assist them so that they could do their jobs better.
HA: What is the most funny or touching memory you have from over the years?
Ralph helping 12 year old Gabi Montes Garzon build a shunt at the National Conference in Bethesda, MD, June 2012
RALPH: I have developed some wonderful relationships with members over the years. Every conference, I look forward to seeing Robin Ennis and her mother. It's always a special moment to be with her again. I have also developed a nice friendship with our board member John Lawrence's son, Elijah. We met and instantly hit it off. At my age, it's a kick to have a great kid like that as a friend. I have met so many HA members over the years who have had a real impact on me. The memories are many and there have been a lot of laughs. But my most poignant memories are, unfortunately, sad ones, several dealing with the departures of Staff and Board members about whom I cared greatly (and still do).
HA: Of all the work HA does for the hydrocephalus community, which do you find to be the most important or impactful?
RALPH: I think it is support, but I hope that advocacy, education and research enjoy increasing roles in our success. But I have seen what our support means to people who have never even heard of hydrocephalus and then they give birth to a child with the condition. They feel like they're all alone and that this has happened to only them. Then they call and realize there is this support group that has information, that has awareness of the condition, and that connects them to other people in the same situation that they can relate to. It has made a world of difference to a ton of people. This impact has always resonated with me as I have always considered myself more of a people person than anything else.
HA: What else would you like to see HA do?
RALPH: Find a cure.
HA: Where would you like to see HA 5 years from now?
RALPH: In a more important role in government, and dealing with a public that knows a great deal more about hydrocephalus.
HA: What message do you have for individuals living with hydrocephalus or their family/caregivers?
RALPH: I have met hundreds of patients and family members, mostly at the conferences. I remain convinced that they are the bravest, most positive, most resilient people I have ever met. I hope I am able to live up to their trust, both in me and HA.
HA: What message do you have for the general public about our association or about people who live with hydrocephalus?
RALPH: Get aware of hydrocephalus, and the awful way it impacts babies, families, senior citizens and those who develop the condition from trauma. We CAN find an answer.


It was nothing personal, just a business arrangement. Ryan McKay is a multi-millionaire with a problem. He needs a bride to fulfill the terms of his grandfathers will. Unfortunately, the one he chose just bailed on him and hes hours away from losing his company. Enter Faith Lewis his demure, devoted assistant. Ryan convinces Faith to step in and marry him, assuring her their marriage is merely a business deal. Ryan is certain he can keep this strictly impersonal. After all, hes the product of a loveless marriage and for years has sealed his own heart in an icy stone. Despite Faiths warmth, compassion and allure, hes convinced hes immune to her charms. Faith will do anything for her boss, but marry him? The shy virgin sees herself as plain and unattractive, a product of a bitter mother who drummed into her head that she wasnt worthy of a mans love. But she agrees to help Ryan fulfill the terms of his grandfathers will, hoping she doesnt lose her heart to him in the process. But love rarely listens to logic, and what follows is anything but business.
OMG I'm a sucker for these kind of stories. I loved this storyline but as always too short. Great romantic one!!


text:
Advocacy Catholic Life Features Health Ministry News Press Release Specials
Retirement Fund for Religious collection to be held Dec. 12-13.
The parishes of the Diocese of Buffalo will hold the annual Retirement Fund for Religious collection this weekend, Dec. 12-13. Please visit Share in the care site to make an online donation anytime.
In 1988, Catholic bishops of the United States launched the Retirement Fund for Religious to address the significant lack of retirement funding for Catholic sisters, brothers and priests in religious orders. Religious communities are financially responsible for the support and care of all members. Income, earnings and expenses are managed separately from the parish and diocesan structures of the Catholic Church.
Today, religious past age 70 outnumber those under 70 by nearly three to one. For most of their lives, elder religious worked for little to no pay. There were no 401(k) plans or pensions. Only 5 percent of the religious communities providing data to the National Religious Retirement Office are adequately funded for retirement; 40 percent have 25 or fewer members. Many small communities struggle to care for elder members due to a lack of financial resources and personnel.
In 2019, there were 792 religious sisters and brothers in the Diocese of Buffalo. Each year, hundreds of U.S. religious communities receive financial assistance made possible by the Retirement Fund for Religious. Communities can use this funding for immediate retirement expenses or to invest it for future needs. Since the first collection, U.S. Catholics have donated almost $899 million
Preach the promise of eternal life, cardinal tells pope, Curia officials
Bishops: Getting COVID-19 vaccine is 'act of charity,' supports the common good


text:
Madigai is a village in the Thanjavur taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

Demographics

As per the 2001 census, Madigai had a total population of 2067 with  1026 males and  1041 females. The sex ratio was 1015. The literacy rate was 71.3.

References

Villages in Thanjavur district

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Royal Manchester College of Music Archives, 280 resultados 280
Royal Manchester College of Music (1893-1973), music conservatoire, 1 resultados 1
Hallé, Charles (1819-1895), Knight; pianist, conductor, founder of Royal Manchester College of Music, 1 resultados 1
Behrens, Gustav (1846-1936), Businessman, 1 resultados 1
Documento, 213 resultados 213
Item, 19 resultados 19
Subcollection, 6 resultados 6
Descrição de nível superior Royal Manchester College of Music Archives
College of Music general correspondence
GB GB1179 RMCM-RMCM/A-RMCM/A/1
Parte de Royal Manchester College of Music Archives
Includes responses to invitations to join the organising Committee, and letters from Sir Charles Hallé to Gustav Behrens following Hallé's appointment as Principal.
RMCM-RMCM/A-RMCM/A/1-RMCM/A/1/2
7 Oct 1891-31 Dec 1891
Correspondence chiefly between Gustav Behrens and other parties interested in the proposals for building a new concert hall which may be extended to cover a College of Music and the re-subscription of the Gentlemens' Concerts. Subjects inclu...
Committee invitations: letters of consent
May-Jun 1892
Replies to Gustav Behrens' letter inviting individuals to join the committee for the College of Music, including from C.P. Scott and Sir Charles Legard.
Correspondence and papers for committee meeting May 4th 1892
28 Nov 1891-4 May 1892
Letter from Gustav Behrens to Sir William Houldsworth with proposed invitation circular and printed report of the subcommittee (see RMCM/A/2/1 for draft versions). List of those invited to the meeting on May 4th, based on list supplied by Forsyth ...
College of Music minute book
RMCM-RMCM/A-RMCM/A/3
pp.1-97 Minutes of the meetings of the Executive committee (roughly fortnightly) and ad hoc subcommittees. Minutes of the foundation meeting of 4th May 1892 not included. Subcommittees were appointed on Jun 1st for the appointment of a Secretary...
Papers relating to the appointment of the [organising secretary to the Committee]
Candidates assessed by Gustav Dehn and Gustav Behrens, with final decision as to whether to interview or not. Incomplete list of candidates (apparently 800 applications were received in total). These are the working papers of the subcommittee ap...
73rd - 80th Annual Reports of the Council
RMCM-RMCM/B-RMCM/B/3-RMCM/B/3/8
Council minute books
RMCM-RMCM/C-RMCM/C/1
Minutes of regular meetings of the College Council, signed by the Chairman. The location of the final minute book, for the period 1968-1973, is not known. During this time the Joint Committee had administrative responsibility for the College, alt...
Appendices no. 2
RMCM-RMCM/C-RMCM/C/2-RMCM/C/2/2
Papers and reports submitted to and issued by Council, 1915-1937. A regular record-keeping practice was followed until 1928 (probably on the retirement of the 1st registrar, Stanley Withers); thereafter these appendices are kept more sporadically ...
Seal Register
19 Jul 1923-31 Jan 1977
Lists number, date of seal order [made by the Council], description of instrument, date of sealing and signatures of Council members. Chiefly conveyances of property and transfer of shares from the Trustees of the College to the RMCM; award of di...


text:
Mum of two trapped in mice-infested studio flat is told council won't move her for five years
Ellie Riches has had to sleep on the floor of the studio flat to make room for her children
Hannah Neary
Sophie Goodall
Ellie said she has been sleeping on the floor since giving birth to her son last year (Image: Hannah Neary)
A mum-of-two who has been forced to sleep on the floor of her home for four years has been told by the council she won't be able to move for another five.
Ellie Riches, 35, lives in a studio flat that is so cramped, she's had to share a tiny bedroom with her children Nathaniel, 16 months, and Kenzie, five.
The three-room council home in Pimlico is so small that Ellie's partner hasn't been able to move in, and she and her children struggle to live or sleep.
In a report by MyLondon, Ellie said: "Bedtimes are atrocious. When they go to bed, I sit in the bath to watch something so it's quiet and they can get some sleep."
Mum-of-two Ellie Riches said she feels anxious and depressed from living in an overcrowded London flat (Image: Hannah Neary)
Ellie said that her children are unable to play safely due to their surrounding belongings, which are stacked up in piles on the floor in the hallway and bathroom, due to a lack of space.
She said that it's hard for her to help Kenzie with her homework when Nathaniel needed to sleep in the afternoon.
She added: "I feel squashed and claustrophobic. It's a tight squeeze, even for a couple.
"My partner can't stay here and there's no room for the children to play if they have friends over."
The tiny flat means Ellie struggles to store her children's toys and clothes, with boxes piled high in every corner (Image: Hannah Neary)
But not only is the size of the property causing the family issues, it's also infested with mice.
Ellie said Nathaniel was hospitalised with meningitis last year and when she came back to the flat, it was crawling with mice.
She said: "It didn't help that I was watching I'm a Celebrity at the time we had mice running around.
"I had to throw away my sofa bed because it was riddled with the things.
"I opened it up and there were droppings everywhere.
Ellie said she has to hoover every morning because the family often wake up to mouse droppings on the floor (Image: Ellie Riches)
"I've got a mouse here that runs about all the time.
"Every morning I have to get up and hoover the floors so they don't get hold of mice poop."
Ellie has been trying to get a bigger property from Westminster City Council since 2017.
She claims the council told her she will be eligible for a larger property once Kenzie reaches ten, in five years time.
There are currently more than 4,000 households waiting for council homes in Westminster.
The average rent for a two-bed flat in Pimlico is £3,050, according to Foxtons estate agency.
Ellie said she cannot afford to rent privately, nor move out of Westminster because her whole family lives there, including her seriously-ill mum who she sometimes has to care for.
She said: "No one seems to want to help. They just seem to think this is adequate.
"I have enough anxiety just going out. It's bad, but then I don't want to go back home.
"I would lose the majority of my issues if I had a bigger property."
Cllr David Harvey, the council's cabinet member for housing, said: "Everyone in Westminster deserves to live in high-quality, comfortable homes and I understand Ms Riches' frustrations with her current living situation and previous issues, which were quickly resolved, in her home.
"Despite Westminster's 21,000 social homes and the similar number provided by housing charities, Westminster faces housing demand from many quarters as it is such a popular place to live and draws people who want to benefit from its quality of life, job and education opportunities.
"Thus there are more than 4,000 households on a waiting list for the council's accommodation in Westminster - many London boroughs have extensive housing waiting lists, often larger than ours.
"We are legally obliged to allocate our homes to those who are next in line and this also makes it fair to everyone.
"No one is housed over-crowded but naturally families can grow and change and this leads to dilemmas in housing.
"In Westminster, building new properties is one of our key commitments in our 'City for All', to enable people of all backgrounds, needs and aspirations to live in the area.
"Our City Plan published last year sets out that by 2040, we would have delivered 20,000 new homes, of which at least 35% will be affordable, helping people and families move in to well-designed, green and affordable homes."
EasyJet will be first airline to use green hydrogen on commercial flights
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Traffic & TravelThere's also new advice on how to open your car door
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Hi, I am running a day home thru an Agency. I have a big backyard with huge deck. My day home is on the main floor with plenty of natural light coming in. We do lots of activities both indoor & outdoor. I teach age appropriate activities to keep the little ones busy. Healthy breakfast, Hot lunch & evening snacks are included in the fee. I maintain a very neat, clean & safe home.


The Notesbrowser Setup normally creates this link. If you don't want Notesbrowser to start on every system boot, all you will have to do is delete the link from the Autostart folder. If you don't want to start it minimized but normal size at Windows Start, just remove the '-m' from the shortcut!


SANTA FE — Injured military service members can apply online beginning June 14 for an upcoming special drawing by the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (NMDGF) to award three special oryx authorizations for hunts on White Sands Missile Range.
Applicants must be active-duty or veterans of the U.S. military who have a disability rating of 50 percent or greater in accordance with U.S. Veteran's Administration guidelines for receiving disabled veteran benefits. Significantly injured, active-duty military members also may apply and will need to submit supporting documentation to the department prior to the July 19 application deadline.
Applicants (except NMDGF Disabled Veteran card holders) are required to provide proof of eligibility prior to the July 19 application deadline.
The hunts will be three days between Sept. 1, 2017, and March 31, 2018, with dates and areas to be determined by the successful applicants in coordination with White Sands Missile Range. These hunts will not be considered once-in-a-lifetime.


Because you're holy in Christ, you have the privileges of a priest!
In 1 Samuel 13, King Saul acted like a priest by offering the burnt offering to God. Samuel reprimanded Saul, and the kingdom was ultimately stripped from him. But when David took the holy bread that only the priests were supposed to handle and eat, he wasn't reprimanded (1 Samuel 21). Instead, centuries later, Jesus commended David.
When David and his ragtag men came to Nob, they were hungry and tired. Inside the holy place in the tabernacle stood the table of the Bread of the Presence (also called the Showbread). There were 12 loaves signifying the 12 tribes of Israel. The bread was continually in the presence of the Lord. It was baked by priests on the Sabbath and eaten only on the Sabbath, only by the priests. So, when David asked the local priest Ahimilech to give him the Showbread, it was a bold thing. David wasn't a priest. But on that day, the day he and his companions ate the showbread, David took on the role of a priest.
In order to be a priest in ancient Israel you had to be born into the priestly family, washed ceremonially, clothed properly, and anointed correctly. In Christ, these things are true of you! You have been born anew into God's own family, washed by the justifying blood of Jesus, clothed in the righteousness of Christ, and anointed by the Holy Spirit. You have become the new priesthood.
What David did 1,000 years before Christ signified your great privilege to handle the holy things. Go ahead – eat the holy bread. In Christ, you are a priest. And that's the Gospel!


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Audi Car News Turbo
2015 Audi TT on sale in Australia from $71,950
Josh Bennis
Audi Australia has just announced the entry price for the all-new third generation 2015 Audi TT, which arrives in showrooms in February.
Pricing for the new Audi TT will start from $71,950, and will come available in two models – Sport and S line. Both models will come with Audi virtual cockpit, MMI Navigation plus with MMI touch, Alcantara and leather electric front seats, Matrix LED headlights, and a convenience key.
Both variants will be powered by a 2.0-litre turbo TFSI engine that punches out 169kW and 370Nm, and will come available with either a six-speed manual or a seven-speed dual-clutch S tronic transmission. Buyers will also be able to choose between front-wheel drive or quattro all-wheel drive. In terms of performance, the TT can run from 0-100km/h in as little as 5.3 seconds, and return fuel economy figures as low as 6.4L/100km.
Andrew Doyle, managing director of Audi Australia, said that the original TT defined the future direction of Audi when it was shown in 1998. He said,
"The all-new new third-generation model extends the sporty concept that the original began, and now more than ever, the new TT is a true sports car and also a technology leader. In Australia, we know that our TT customers place a high value on the kind of technology that is showcased in this car, so we have worked hard to ensure a really outstanding level of standard equipment."
Audi Australia said that with almost 250 orders already placed for the new TT, they are confident it'll be the most successful model yet. Full pricing and specification details will be announced when the TT is launched next month.
Josh is one of the original co-founders of PerformanceDrive. His expertise is car culture and aftermarket performance. He was the editor at Hot4s Magazine, and has since worked at Fast Fours, Zoom, and as a journalist at The Project Group.
InAudi TT


text:
Public Health Videos
Public Health Practice & Training
Home > News > News Releases > 2019 > When Mosquitoes Are Biting During Rainy Season, Net Use Increases, Study Finds
When Mosquitoes Are Biting During Rainy Season, Net Use Increases, Study Finds
New research suggests malaria prevention efforts need to account for reduced use of bed nets during the dry season, when perceived risk drops
The more rainfall a region in sub-Saharan Africa gets, the more mosquitoes proliferate there and the more likely its residents will sleep under their insecticide-treated bed nets to prevent malaria transmission, a new study from the Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs suggests. CCP is based at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
While it has become clear in recent years that net use is higher in the rainy season than in the dry season, the results, published this month in the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, are the first to quantify this phenomenon. This new data will allow malaria control programs to see what times of year net use is lagging and use the information to intensify behavior change messages to boost net use before malaria transmission peaks, even if it doesn't seem like the mosquitoes are biting yet.
"What we are seeing by studying rainfall patterns is that in places with year-round rainfall, which means year-round malaria transmission, people who have bed nets are using them all year, which is great news," says CCP's Hannah Koenker, PhD, MPH, who led the study.
In countries with a dry season, the new data show that net use peaks six to eight weeks after rains begin, which corresponds with the time it takes mosquitoes to breed and build up their populations. Malaria transmission can happen before then, however. "By better understanding seasonal patterns of net use, we can make more informed decisions about how to most effectively deploy nets and when it makes sense to heavily promote their use," she says.
To conduct the research, Koenker and her colleagues brought together data from multiple years of net use surveys from countries across sub-Saharan Africa, and assessed monthly net use using large datasets of precipitation, temperature, demographics and malaria incidence to better understand when and where people use their nets throughout the year.
Koenker says the findings make it clear that those who study and promote net use must consider the time of year that these assessments take place. If a survey is done in the rainy season and the next is conducted in the dry season, it may appear that net use has dramatically fallen off, when it is in fact part of the normal seasonal cycle of net use. Likewise, she says, increases in net use from survey to survey could be skewed if the second survey is simply conducted when it is rainier.
"We all need to take the season into account when interpreting data around net use," Koenker says.
In addition, she says, "it is critical to use social and behavior change interventions that encourage people who have nets to use them during times when transmission is just starting, and when the rains stop but transmission is still happening. This may mean that some programs may need to redirect behavior change efforts toward the dry season, and work to convince people that it is worthwhile to use their nets even when mosquito abundance and perceived risk may be quite low."
The World Health Organization estimates that between 2000 and 2015 the rate of new malaria cases declined by 37 percent globally and malaria deaths fell by 60 percent, with 6.2 million lives saved. Three quarters of those gains can be attributed to interventions such as insecticide-treated bed nets.
"Quantifying Seasonal Variation in Insecticide-Treated Net Use among Those with Access" was written by Hannah Koenker, Cameron Taylor, Clara Burgert, Julie Thwing, Tom Fish and Albert Kilian.
This work was funded through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) under the terms of USAID/JHU Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OAA-A-14-00057 (VectorWorks Project).
Media contacts: Stephanie Desmon at 410-659-6156 or sdesmon1@jhu.edu and Barbara Benham at 410-614-6029 or bbenham1@jhu.edu.


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Giants add three to roster
EAST RUTHERFORD, NJ - The Giants today signed three players to their roster for the 2010 season: defensive back Courtney Brown, fullback Jerome Johnson and kicker Sam Swank.
Brown, a 6-1, 205-pound corner/safety, has the most professional experience, having played 17 games with one start for the Dallas Cowboys in 2007 and '08. He was selected as a cornerback by the Cowboys on the seventh round of the 2007 NFL Draft, the 212th overall pick. The Cowboys moved him to safety at the start of training camp. Brown made his NFL debut on Nov. 11 of that season against the Giants in Giants Stadium and recorded his first tackle on special teams the following week vs. Washington. He played in eight games that season and had two tackles on defense and four on special teams.
In 2008, Brown played in nine games, including a Thanksgiving Day start vs. Seattle. He had six tackles on defense and three on special teams. Brown was waived on Sept. 5.
In 41 games with 31 starts at Cal Poly, Brown posted 111 tackles and intercepted 10 passes. The California native was born on Feb. 10, 1984.
Johnson, 6-feet and 260 pounds, was signed as a rookie free agent by the St. Louis Rams on April 30, 2009. He played in all four preseason games and had three receptions for 16 yards, with a long of 16, and a two-yard run. Johnson was waived by the Rams on Sept. 5.
Johnson played linebacker at the University of Nevada-Reno and was converted to a fullback by the Rams. He had 35 tackles as a senior. Johnson played at Dorsey High School in Los Angeles. He was born on Jan. 19, 1985.
Swank was signed as a rookie free agent by the Philadelphia Eagles on May 1, 2009. He was waived on May 28th and signed by the Cincinnati Bengals on August 24. Swank played in the Bengals' final two preseason games and made all eight of his extra point attempts and kicked a 49-yard field goal. He was waived on Sept. 5.