text:
Ulfilas
bishop of the Goths
Alternative Title: Wulfila
Ulfilas, Gothic Wulfila, (born c. 311 ce—died c. 382, Constantinople [now Istanbul, Turkey]), Christian bishop and missionary who evangelized the Goths, reputedly created the Gothic alphabet, and wrote the earliest translation of the Bible into a Germanic language. Although his life cannot be reconstructed with certainty, fragments have come from 4th- and 5th-century ecclesiastical historians.
Ulfilas is believed to have descended from 3rd-century Cappadocians, who, captured by the Goths, were displaced and settled north of the Danube River. At the age of 30 he was supposedly sent on an embassy to the Roman emperor and was consecrated (341) bishop of the Gothic Christians by Eusebius of Nicomedia, bishop of Constantinople, an Arian (i.e., a follower of the heretical doctrine that the Son was neither equal with God the Father nor eternal). Because of persecution by the Gothic ruler, Ulfilas, after working for seven years among the Goths north of the Danube, led his congregation to Moesia (now part of Bulgaria) with the consent of the Arian Roman emperor Constantius II. Some historians report that Ulfilas in about 375 helped the persecuted Christian Goths to cross the Danube into Roman territory.
By the time of his consecration, Ulfilas had accepted the homoean formula (i.e., the Trinitarian doctrine affirming that the Son was "like" the Father) promulgated by the Council of Constantinople (360), which he attended. He subsequently taught the similarity of the Son to the Father and the complete subordination of the Holy Spirit, an Arian form of Christianity that he carried to the Visigoths. He was certainly the principal agent in their conversion, a fact of great significance for the history of the Christian church and of Europe. When in 379 a champion of Nicene orthodoxy, Theodosius I the Great, became Roman emperor, Ulfilas apparently led a party of compromise and conciliation with the homoean position. After the Council of Aquileia (381), Theodosius summoned Ulfilas to Constantinople for discussions, during which he died.
Ulfilas' outstanding contribution to writing is his invention of the Gothic alphabet, which he devised from Greek (primarily) and Latin. For the first time in the Germanic world, writing could be used for the propagation of ideas. He coined a Germanic Christian terminology, some of which is still in use. Before 381 he translated parts of the Bible from Greek to Gothic. Much of his Gothic translations of the Gospels and Pauline Letters survive, together with fragments of his Book of Nehemiah. Although he reputedly translated the whole Bible except the Books of Kings, the extent of his work cannot be ascertained. Surviving passages from his Bible translation are in W. Streitberg's Gotische Bibel (3rd ed., 1950). He reportedly wrote many sermons and interpretations in Gothic, Greek, and Latin, and some extant Arian writings have been ascribed to him.
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The national Gothic church that Ulfilas helped to create, endowing it with a vernacular Bible and probably liturgy, was Arian from the start. The Goths' adherence to Arianism caused a breach between them and the Roman Empire that made Arianism part of the national self-consciousness of the Visigoths and of other Germanic peoples, including Ostrogoths, Vandals, and Burgundians.
history of Europe: The reconfiguration of the empire
…Father), and their first bishop, Ulfilas, translated the Bible into Gothic. Given its heretical nature, this religious literature in a written vernacular could not survive, and, with conversion to orthodox ("catholic") Christianity, the barbarian languages gradually gave way to Latin.…
biblical literature: The Gothic version
…in the mid-4th century by Ulfilas, a Christian missionary who also invented the Gothic alphabet. It constitutes practically all that is left of Gothic literature. The translation of the Old Testament has entirely disappeared except for fragments of Ezra and Nehemiah. Though a Greek base is certain, some scholars deny…
Christianity: The alliance between church and empire
The Goth Ulfilas converted the Goths to Arian Christianity (c. 340–350) and translated the Bible from Greek to Gothic—omitting, as unsuitable, warlike passages of the Old Testament. The Goths passed their Arian faith on to other Germanic tribes, such as the Vandals. (Sometime between 496 and 508…
Christianity: First transition, to ad 500
Ulfilas (c. 311–c. 382), Arian bishop and apostle to the Goths, translated the Bible into their tongue. St. Martin of Tours (c. 316–397) served in Gaul, and Patrick (c. 389–c. 461) laboured in Ireland. In Malabar, South India, a church of ancient tradition, demonstrably present…
Germany: Coexistence with Rome to ad 350
…created about ad 350 by Ulfilas, a Roman-sponsored Arian Christian missionary, in order to translate the Bible.…
More About Ulfilas
German translation of Bible
In biblical literature: The Gothic version
In German literature: Pre-Christian and early Christian periods
In Germany: Coexistence with Rome to ad 350
invention of Gothic alphabet
In Gothic alphabet
use of Gothic language
In East Germanic languages: History
In history of Europe: The reconfiguration of the empire
In Christianity: The alliance between church and empire
In Christianity: First transition, to ad 500
In ancient Rome: The Christian church
c. 311
Gothic alphabet
Saint Methodius
Saint Cyril
William Carey
Saint Isaac the Great
Saint Mesrop Mashtots
Alexandre de Rhodes
Vuk Stefanović Karadžić
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text:
Holohalaelurus est un genre de requins vivant autour de l'Afrique du Sud.

Liste des espèces
Selon FishBase :
 Holohalaelurus favus Human, 2006 - Holbiche criblée
 Holohalaelurus grennian Human, 2006
 Holohalaelurus melanostigma Norman, 1939
 Holohalaelurus punctatus Gilchrist, 1914 - Holbiche à gorge tachetée
 Holohalaelurus regani Gilchrist, 1922  - Holbiche isard

Selon ITIS :
 Holohalaelurus punctatus Gilchrist, 1914 - Holbiche à gorge tachetéé
 Holohalaelurus regani Gilchrist, 1922 - Holbiche isard

Liens externes

Scyliorhinidae
Carcharhiniformes (nom scientifique)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A reflective journal is a personal document, and can be kept in any format. I have seen a variety of different style of notebook, including diaries, being used for reflective writing. I have also seen teachers keeping their journals in electronic formats - as a Word document or an online blog, for example. I have also seen teachers taking a more spontaneous, occasionally haphazard approach to documenting their professional experiences. At the end of the day, the appearance matters far less than the process.
That being said, the actual content can be recorded in a similarly individual way. You can include lists, bullet points, drawings (e.g. classroom plans), diagrams, photos, charts, mind-maps, references & citations, poems, newspaper cuttings (e.g. TES articles)... anything relevant to your practice or meaningful to your work. Of course, if you decide to keep your journal electronically then you also have the opportunity to include digital images, audio, video, and links to relevant online resources.
the strength and relevance of your knowledge and understanding.
It is essential that educators reflect on professional experiences, since we develop our expertise through deliberate, analytic reflection on practice (Eaude, 2012). It is a process which helps us to ensure that we stay on top of our game. But it demands more than just making mental notes about good or bad lessons, or having a chat with a colleague about pupils in your class.
to provide a safe environment for the exploration of your own professional identity, including your characteristics, values & beliefs.
How do I keep a reflective journal?
There are countless books on this subject, which describe similarly countless approaches to reflective writing... Simply, start. Describe a recent event, including your thoughts and feelings about the experience. Notice details that emerge of which you may have been unaware at the time, as you re-experience the event.
And, keep going. Return to your reflective journal regularly. Consider writing for 10 minutes a day, or try to add to your journal for half an hour twice a week. Avoid leaving too much time before reflecting on an event, since trying to recall incidents and responses makes for significantly less effective reflection.
As your journal develops you should be prepared to move beyond description, and ask questions about your practice. For simple, practical approaches to developing your reflective journal entries, see Reflective Writing Exercises also on this site.
A final, important note: When reflecting on your professional life you are engaging in practitioner research. As a consequence it is wise to be familiar with, and adhere to ethical procedures. For example, you must remember to remain professional when adding to your journal, especially when analysing the actions of other people. Avoid disclosing the names of pupils, members of staff, street names and addresses, or the names of schools, even if your journal is kept privately. Instead, use letters or initials to signify people and places.
For comprehensive information on research ethics see, for example, the British Educational Research Association (BERA) guidelines, available at: www.bera.ac.uk.
BERA (2011) Ethical Guidelines for Educational Research. London. Available at: https://www.bera.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/BERA-Ethical-Guidelines-2011.pdf (Accessed: 18 Nov 2014).
Bolton, G. (2010) Reflective Practice: Writing & professional development (3rd ed.) London: Sage.
Eaude, T. (2012) How do expert primary classteachers really work? Critical Publishing.
Sellars, M. (2014) Reflective Practice for Teachers. London: Sage.
Ayres, D. (2014) Reflective Journals. Available at: http://danieljayres.blogspot.co.uk/ (Accessed: [Date]).


I am writing this in loving memory of Steven Hankinson who sadly passed away on 26th December 2018. Steve was my beautiful husband and soulmate and had fought a brave battle with PSP. He was a wonderful person and I will love and miss him always. Everyone loved Steve, he was a kind, caring gentleman with a fabulous sense of humour which he retained throughout his illness. He was described by friends as a great guy, an amazing man, optimistic, loved and full of fun. He loved to run and was a big contributor to parkrun and was always friendly and welcoming to new runners. Steve was a truly wonderful person who I will love forever and will miss him every day.
as we stroll through memory's glade.
the day passes into night.
a silent, treasured part of me.
I recently read this quote, which I think is really relevant 'The quality not the longevity of one's life is what is important'. I would now like to share my first diary entry of the new year.
I am going to use this diary to rebuild my life. I want to start by thanking you for the most wonderful years of my life. We met, well we were in the same place on 14/4/12, as we were both at Cannon Hill parkrun on that day. You had started parkrun in the February and I had started in the April but we were both there on 14th. It was sometime later that we began our competition to see who would overtake who and I always focussed on that bright green/yellow top to get me running around the course. You made me laugh so much as we battled it out!
You are a parkrun inspiration. You completed 266 runs and over 25 volunteering. You were a fantastic tail walker always encouraging others. You are a friendly face, which is what parkrun is all about. You were a strong runner before becoming poorly. As the years passed by our friendship grew and I used to really look forward to our chats before and after the run. I would tell you about my exploits, camping, trips abroad to do crazy things and you would laugh and say 'You wouldn't catch me doing that, I wouldn't sleep in a tent, I like 4 solid walls around me!' But you would always be interested and I really enjoyed our chats. You made me and others really believe in ourselves and what we could achieve.
You would be so proud as I am of all the beautiful comments people have been making about you on Facebook.
Over the years we continued to chat and laugh on Saturday mornings. We had a lovely Christmas parkrun in 2015 followed by the famous New Year's Day parkrun in 2016 when I fell flat on my face in front of you and Gary and of course you took the mickey out of me! We really started to chat in March 2016. I wasn't having a good time and you always made me feel better and more confident with life. We met for a drink on Easter Day, the first time we had seen each other with proper clothes on!
We had a lovely evening and talked and talked. You were such a gentleman and even walked me to my car. We really clicked that evening and it was probably the evening we fell in love. We actually agreed on April 6th that we had fallen in love and arranged to spend the weekend together and I could say the rest is history, but I want to relive it. We had a a wonderful meal out and then the following day we went for a walk down the canals and up to the canal basin stopping for drinks and lunch on the way. We actually clocked up 13 miles that day and laughed and were amazed that we had walked a half marathon.
so sure that it would happen. For me, Steve it was like a huge weight was lifted off my shoulders, as I knew 100% that you would always look after me and care for me and you have. You gave me my best years not just because we were together but because you made me, me and you will continue to do that even though you are no longer physically here. I know that you will always be with me, encouraging me and telling me that I can achieve anything.
We lived life to the full together, we achieved so much in such a short time and you have given me the strength and confidence to go on and achieve so much more. And I promise you, I will. I will go on and do all the things we planned, as I know you will be with me always. And I will always love you and hope you are now running free, my darling wonderful Steve.
Steve was born on April 17th 1960 to Bernard and Ada Rose Hankinson. He was the second to youngest of 10 siblings, some of whom are here today. He had the usual childhood of someone living in the city in the 60s and 70s, played outside, got up to lots of mischief in derelict buildings etc.
By his own admission he didn't take school to seriously and in later life realised the importance of having some paper qualifications and went back to college and completed various computer and car maintenance courses. He had various jobs ranging from bus driving to car valeting (Steve, I don't know who is going to clean my car now!) He eventually settled into security work.
When Steve was 18 he decided that he would give blood, and he was a regular blood donor and then platelet donor right up to becoming poorly. He has some beautiful awards to mark the very many times that he gave blood. He will be so proud of having been able to donate his brain to Parkinson's/ PSP research.
Steve, like most of us enjoyed a good meal and, like most of us piled on the weight and then suddenly got the wake up call and decided to take action and joined a gym, where he developed his love of running. He hated sport and running when he was at school but found that he enjoyed the treadmill and then decided to run around the gym car park and as his confidence grew, he started to run further and eventually found parkrun.
Steve also had a lot of get up and go and was a great believer in getting on with life. If he suddenly decided he wanted to do something, he did it. For example, some of you might not know but he had a black belt in karate and learnt to fly! Steve has always been a great support to his family and I know they will miss that support greatly. As Stan said, Steve could be extremely comical but knew when to be serious too. He has been described as a heart-warming person and a funny person who would always be happy no matter what.
This is the money collected at Steve's funeral. I am just a bit late sorting it out.
£81 from the collection at Steve's funeral, I am a little late sorting this out!
There are some people you meet in life that leave an impact on you, Steve you were just one of those people. I didn't know you for very long, but you have left a lasting impression. Whenever, my own neurological condition gets me down I remember you, the awful jokes and you threats to steal my wheels!
Thank you Steve for showing such stoicism, during such a difficult time. Thank you giving my beautiful friend, Sarah, such love, and thank for our brief but lasting friendship.
Rest in peace my friend run free .
The first day i met Steve was when i got sent in for a meet and greet, so i can introduce myself to Steve and his family, you cannot help but notice his vibrant charisma even amidst challenging times.
I remember whenever we take him for a walk, how he used to guess which lift will open for us, how he beeps when someone is in our way, how he uses his fingers to signal left or right when out in his wheelchair.
Even in challenging moments, Steve still tries to bring solutions and ideas as to what can be done next. He always says "I am easy going", and i do agree. The camaraderie built over a short time cannot be overemphasized.
I have indeed learnt a lot from Steve. Steve was indeed a good man.
My sincere condolence to the entire family.
Gerald, one of Steve's carers.
The sad loss of 2 lovely people in 2 months got me thinking about this wonderful quote again.
You want a physicist to speak at your funeral. You want the physicist to talk to your grieving family about the conservation of energy, so they will understand that your energy has not died. You want the physicist to remind your sobbing mother about the first law of thermodynamics; that no energy gets created in the universe, and none is destroyed. You want your mother to know that all your energy, every vibration, every bit of heat, every wave of every particle that was her beloved child remains with her in this world. You want the physicist to tell your weeping father that amid energies of the cosmos, you gave as good as you got.
And you'll want the physicist to explain to those gathered that scientists have measured precisely the conservation of energy and found it accurate, verifiable and consistent across space and time. You can hope your family will examine the evidence and satisfy themselves that the science is sound and that they'll be comforted to know your energy's still around. According to the law of the conservation of energy, not a bit of you is gone; you're just less orderly.
We are all blessed with Steve being part of our life. Christmas day 2018 was a wonderful day spent with Steve, his wife (Sarah) and immediate family. Steve brought laughter and cheer to all of us. God bless you Steve, Thank you for your love and friendship.


text:
Жан Шафанжон (; 7 вересня 1854, Арне — 7 грудня 1913, Тьітлім, острів Бінтанг в Нідерландській Ост-Індії) — французький професор природознавства, дослідник басейну Оріноко і Центральної Азії. Племінник французького вченого Клода Бернара.

Біографія

З 1870 року Жан Шафанжон був членом добровільного руху Червоних сорочок Гарібальді, потім вступив на навчання в École normale в Вільфранш-сюр-Сон.

Від призначення підмінним вчителем у Тараре (Рона) Шафанжон відмовився й продовжив вивчення антропології в Ліоні, згодом став професором природознавства в середній школі Сен-П'єр (в однойменному місті), завжди мріючи досліджувати незвідані землі. Міністерство народної освіти і витончених мистецтв оголосило набір трьох експедицій на період 1884-1890-х років в басейн річки Оріноко (Венесуела). 18 грудня 1886 року було оголошено про знаходження витоку (в дійсності, справжній витік виявлений французом Жозефом Грельє в 1951 році).

Історію своєї поїздки на Амазонку Шафанжон опублікував у виданні «Навколо світу, новий подорожній щоденник» (1888) під редакцією Едуарда Шартона.

Потім Шафанжон покинув Америку і в 1894 році з Анрі Манджіні і Луї Ге відправився в дослідницьку експедицію в Центральну Азію (пустеля Гобі, Монголія, Маньчжурія), де вони проводили археологічні розкопки. Його методи роботи пізніше були розцінені як сумнівні (на прикладі городища Афросіаб в Узбекистані). У Туркестані Шафанжон знаходився під захистом генерала О. М. Куропаткіна. Жан доповідав про кожну свою експедицію, етнографічні та антропологічні знахідки і заслужив похвалу від Французького географічного товариства, яке надало досліднику членство в своїх організації в 1888 році.

Потім він відправляється до Владивостока, де отримує призначення радника з питань зовнішньої торгівлі Франції, а потім — в Малакку. Шафанжон загинув, випавши з човна.

Особистість
Жана Шафанжона його онук  описував як людину спортивної будови (зростом ), з коротким волоссям і вусами, людину, яка розмовляє з бургундським акцентом, та усім своїм єством відображає силу. Він став масоном (масонська ложа, Великий схід Франції), й у 1884 році відмовився від Ордена почесного легіону з політичних міркувань.

Жан Шафанжон і Жуль Верн
Жан Шафанжон надихнув Жуля Верна на написання твору «Дивовижна Оріноко» (1898), де герой Жан де Кермор шукає витік річки з путівником Шафанжона в руках. Сам Жан читав із захопленням книги Верна і перед азіатською експедицією звернувся до «Михайла Строгова».

Публікації
Книги Жана Шафанжона:

 Voyage à travers les Llanos du Caura et aux Sources de l'Orénoque . Paris: 1885—1887.
 Voyage aux Sources de l'Orénoque. Paris: Société de Géographie, 1888.
 L'Orénoque et le Caura. Relation de voyages exécutés en 1886 et 1887 . Paris: Hachette et Cie., 1889. Edición en español: El Orinoco y el Caura. Caracas: Fondo Cultural Orinoco, Editorial Croquis SRL, 1986.

Див. також

 Анрі Кудро
 Жюль Крево
 Поль Пелліо

Примітки

Література

Посилання

Жуль Верн
Дослідники Азії
Французькі мандрівники
Уродженці департаменту Рона


As you know, this year the 4th of July is on a Tuesday. The timing is a bit tough for some people, including me. Many holidays fall on a Friday or a Monday and that makes for a nice three day weekend. Some obviously do not.
For me, it feels weird taking one day off in the middle of the week, or close to it as is the case with the 4th of July this year. We get the weekend off, work Monday, off Tuesday and back to work on Wednesday. How do we ever get our groove on with that kind of schedule?
This holiday is not such a big deal I guess, but when a holiday like Christmas falls on a Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday, that is difficult. Especially since Christmas is a season that lasts well over a month, then the day comes in the middle of the work week and just like that, it's over. Back to work. My thought is what the hell just happened?
Maybe it's just me being weird, since I rarely take off any time around the holidays like many do. This year, Christmas and New Year's Day fall on a Monday, so no problem, but just wait until the 2018 holiday season. Happy 4th of July, and I hope you get a four day weekend this year.


text:
← Lions Open Skates Start in June
Jones & Hounslow Next to Re-Join Lions →
Alley and Fox First to Return
Posted on 15 June 2017 by sidestep
The Lee Valley Lions are delighted to announce the returns of Captain Nick Alley, and Chris Fox for the 2017/18 season.
Club talisman Alley returns for his 5th straight season in Lee Valley colours (his 7th overall) after he finished in the league's top 10 points scorers for the second season in a row.
His 29 points in league and cup saw the Hackney born player go one place (8th) behind Czech legend Jaroslav Lycka (7th) in the club's all time scorers on 154 points in all competitions.
"Since the end of last season it was always my plan to re-sign. Since I've been back at the club I feel it's improved each year – something I'm excited to see continue.
There are the added unknowns with the league structure but it is going to be a great experience for everyone playing against the teams with higher league experience. We are only going to learn and improve from that, and that's something I wanted to be a part of."
Former Haringey & Slough junior Fox also returns for his 5th straight season as a Lion. In his stint in East London, Chris has scored 65 points in 67 games (league & cup) since joining halfway through the 2012-13 season.
Before joining the Lions he was a member of Streatham IHC and the now defunct Haringey Greyhounds after finishing his junior career with Slough.
Chris had this to say on his return to Lee Valley.
"I am delighted to be back with Lee Valley for next season. As a team I felt we got stronger and stronger throughout the season and started to really mesh together. With the realignment of the leagues, it is going to be a great opportunity to test ourselves against quality opposition each week and see how good we really are!"
Coach George Alley believes both players will continue to play an integral part for the Lions this season.
"With the league strengthening this year, it's important to keep your best players on board and in these two I think we've started well. Goal scoring was an issue, so to bring back two of our main sources for points was of major importance, especially with the quality of opposition going up a level this season
It goes without saying what Nick has done for the team since he took over as captain, and Foxy showed that despite being in several combination changes he could still put up points and make a nuisance of himself for opponents"
You can view Nick & Chris' stats in the links below.
Nick Alley stats
Chris Fox stats
You can keep up to date with the Lions over the summer on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram for signing news other announcements using the hashtag #LeeValleyLions.
Posted in News | Tagged East London, Ice Hockey, Lee Valley Lions, London

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Economy, Business And Markets
Iran, Russia Finalize Historic Customs Agreement
The Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration and the Federal Customs Service of Russia finalized a historic deal by signing "the Customs Cooperation Agreement" on Tuesday.
Signed by IRICA's deputy head, Behzad Shiri, and his Russian counterpart Vladimir Malinin, it has been dubbed as the biggest bilateral customs agreement between the two neighboring countries.
Based on the agreement, Russia will prioritize the clearance of Iran's agricultural exports. IRICA, in return, has pledged to provide Russia's customs with information on the details and value of its exported products to speed up delivery procedures, state-owned IRNA reported.
The customs administrations of the two countries also agreed to share and exchange customs information and data before the entry of their products to the other party's country.
IRICA will also post the customs value of its imports and exports on its website in Russian. This would inform exporters and importers of the customs value of their declared goods.
Transit Development
In addition, the two sides vowed to expand their road, sea and rail transit, such that the facilities allocated to Customs Cooperation Agreement would also apply to the transit sector.
The two will extend the rail route via Azerbaijan Republic and focus on the southern Russian ports of Makhachkala, Astrakhan and Olya and Iran's Astara, Anzali, Amirabad and Noshahr ports.
Iran took Russia up on the idea of creating a regional customs organization with the participation of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Community.
The managing director of Iran's Customs Administration, Masoud Karbasian, predicts that the implementation of the $30-billion Customs Cooperation Agreement would lead to a tenfold increase in economic exchanges between Iran and Russia.
Routes into Russia
Moscow wants to ease customs procedures for Iranian agricultural products and reduce the costs of their transportation, said the visiting Russian Deputy Agriculture Minister Sergey Levin in a meeting with Iran's Agricultural Minister Mahmoud Hojjati on Tuesday.
"According to our estimates, the cooperation agreement will halve the costs and time of transportation, speed up the preparation process of customs documents and legalize current deliveries. The basis of the newly-drafted project of Customs Cooperation Agreement is transparency in provision of information," he said.
"We are willing to import Iranian products directly and legally, rather than having them through an intermediary country.
Russia's Republic of Dagestan in the North Caucasus is the main receiving center of Iranian exports. Therefore, its port of Makhachkala and Astrakhan on the Caspian Sea are expected to be key ports of entry for Iranian goods."
Hojjati said the pivotal core of Iran-Russia cooperation is trust, adding that "without trust, you cannot have long-term plans".
He also called on Russian exporters to cooperate with Iran in services sector such as improving the packaging of Iranian agricultural products.
Also present at the meeting was the head of the Republic of Dagestan, Ramazan Abdullatipov. He hailed the Customs Cooperation Agreement as a "very good initiative".
"We fully support the cooperation agreement. A huge logistical center could also be set up in Dagestan to further distribute agricultural produce to other Russian regions," he said.
In November, Russia and Iran agreed on developing economic ties, with Moscow promising to provide a $5 billion loan to Tehran for promotion of industrial cooperation. The loan is expected to boost trade between the two countries from the current $1.6 billion to $10 billion in the-not-too-distant future.
Iran-Russia Economic Commission to Convene
Large Russian Mission Arrives for Joint Economic Commission
Russia Setting UP "Green Corridor"
Iran Customs H1 Revenues Rise 37%
Private Sector Urged to Help Boost Non-Oil Exports to Neighbors
Customs Reforms Help Uncover Biggest Import Violation in Iran
Bad Checks Under Scrutiny


We recently took part in British Science Week with the theme of "Exploration and Discovery". Congratulations to all pupils who worked hard throughout Science Week. All pupils were invites to enter the "Super Science Selfie" competition as advised by the Association for Science Education. Key Stage 1 Star Scientist was awarded to a pupil for planning investigations so well and working as part of a team in the SLIME workshop. Key Stage 2 Star Scientist was awarded for her excellent STEM attitude towards all science learning. Her 'Super Science Selfie' was outstanding too!


Kællingekløften, or the Witches Gorge as its known has a somewhat dark story behind it. Around 900 years ago, in times when food supplies were scarce, old women would commit suicide here by jumping into the gorge. One less mouth to feed meant more food to prevent the young from going hungry.
The actual gorge is the indent in the lower center, which, from this angle is probably not the best to see it as it's obscured, but trust me, it's there! The gorge is 35m (115') deep. Best to watch your step on the rocks and snow, unless you want to unwittingly contribute to reducing global hunger.
Overlooking the Ilulissat Icefjord, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


This event presents a great opportunity for our entire community to demonstrate what widespread support there is for the issue of International Violence Against Women. The I-VAWA bill will be officially introduced to the 111th Congress. This is a jointly event organized by the Senate and the House of Representatives.


Nobody wants to have problems with their plumbing, but the best (and cheapest) types are those you can fix yourself with little or no materials and tools. A lot of common problems people have with their toilets can be fixed without having to give Ben Franklin a call. I'm going to detail how you can diagnose some of the most common toilet issues and give you some tips on how to fix them fast.
Flapper Fix: The flapper (usually a black rubber flap which closes the drain pipe leading to the bowl) can get old and cracked or just won't fit properly. Either way, it can let water leak out of the tank into the toilet bowl, causing the water level in the tank to drop and the refill valve to kick on.
It's a simple fix; just replace the flapper with a new one and the water should stop running. Otherwise, the mouth of the tank drain could be damaged, or something else could be preventing the flapper from creating a water-tight seal.
Float Fix: Your float (the buoyant piece that rises as the tank fills and shuts off the refill valve) may be stuck or cracked, taking on water. For ball-and-stem floats, try unscrewing it a turn or two on the stem to make sure it shuts off once the water gets high enough. If it stays below the water line it might be cracked and filling with water, and you'll need to replace it.
If you have the kind of float that slides up and down the filler valve pipe, do a test flush to see if it's getting stuck or whether or not it rises with the water level. If it stays below the water line instead of rising, check for cracks and whether it's taking on water. If so, replace it.
A toilet that won't flush can be caused either by a broken handle or a lack of water in the tank. Check inside the toilet tank to make sure the pull chain connected to the flapper valve at the bottom isn't broken. If broken, you'll simply need to replace the chain.
If there's no water in the tank, make sure that the water supply valve beside the toilet is on and that the refill valve isn't being obstructed by something. The floater may just be stuck in the shutoff position and you'll need to tap it to make it refill. If it still won't refill, the valve itself may be broken, which may be a bigger fix that you won't want to take on yourself.
Clogs are usually not that far down the drain, and can be a result of someone using too much toilet paper or an object lodged in the siphon. For the former, you can usually unclog the toilet using a flange plunger rather than a traditional flat one.
If you've plunged and plunged and still can't get the thing to flush, it's probably time to call in the big guns and get a plumber to look at it. The problem could be further down in your home's plumbing or even in the sewer line between your home and the main sewer line.
A leaky tank could mean that the tank bolts weren't properly seated or that the rubber washer inside the tank is damaged and letting water out. Leaking water around the base could mean that the wax ring on which the toilet sits is deteriorated and needs replacing. Both of these can mean removing the tank and bowl to replace the failing parts. It's a big job, but you can do it with simple tools as long as you're careful and have help to do the heavy lifting.


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Papyrus Singing His Theme
October 22, 2018October 22, 2018 admin
The seven-track playlist finds the rapper getting vulnerable and laying his deep insecurities bare on songs like "Tokyo" and "Seoul" (produced by electronic duo Honne). It's equal parts wistful and we.
Fancy Nights is a new fragrance by Jessica Simpson.This deeper, more provocative and opulent perfume introduces bergamot, Egyptian papyrus, Indonesian patchouli, Bulgarian red rose and night blossoming jasmine.
"so I sing my poetry too." A lot of what he writes, and believes, comes from personal experience. He admits to feeling lost,
If you are interested in learning more about the Black History Gallery Project, here is a presentation Dr. Joel Freeman made to a group interested in establishing a Black History gallery in their community.
Mehmet Ali Sanlıkol sings, chants and plays piano, the oud and a ney in his latest piece. (Courtesy of the artist) "A Gentlem.
As of 9/1/13, I edited all the more explicit things in my stuff, so if you're an older reader and think something is missing, yep. This is just in case, so my stories don't get deleted and you all can still enjoy it.
As a follow-up to Tuesday's post about the majority-minority public schools in Oslo, the following brief account reports the latest statistics on the cultural enrichment of schools in Austria. Vienna is the most fully enriched location, and seems to be in roughly the same situation as Oslo. Many thanks to Hermes for the translation from Unzensuriert.at:
Live Music In Southern Oregon The Southern Oregon University Music Program features world-class artists who teach advanced music students in a serious, career-oriented environment. Southern Oregon public broadcasting, SOPTV, PBS,
While the Los Angeles-native usually reserves vocals for Baths, he did decide to sing for Geotic's newest album. I tried t.
Singing a Beyoncé song in front of the man who played a pivotal role in her career must have been nerve-wrecking, but King B got a thumbs up from Mathew for his rendition of 'Irreplaceable'.
Those left performed two songs each under the theme How It Should. of the fallen Idols. Singing a Beyoncé song in front of.
Christology: The Study of Jesus Christ: Part 4A of Bible Basics: Essential Doctrines of the Bible. Includes detailed treatments of The Person of Jesus Christ, proof that Jesus Christ is truly Divine, proof that Jesus Christ is truly Human, proof that Jesus Christ is truly Unique, The Names of Jesus Christ Reflecting His Perfect Person and His Perfect Work, The Life of Jesus Christ (including a.
Dragon Ball Pact: "This pact is meant to hold together the remaining fans of Dragon Ball/Z. Whether you like the FUNimation dub or the Ocean dub, whether you like the manga or the anime, whether you say 'Saiyan' or 'Saiyajin', we must stand strong and united, for we are the last of our dying race.
Appearing on Late Night With Seth Meyers, Jurassic Park and Independence Day star Jeff Goldblum sang his own, unique version of the Jurassic Park theme. Of course. doesn't know who wrote the lyrics.
Aristotle's Poetics (Greek: Περὶ ποιητικῆς; Latin: De Poetica; c. 335 BC) is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory in the West. This has been the traditional view for centuries. However, recent work is now challenging whether Aristotle focuses on literary theory per se.
The Phoenix Chorale won Grammy Awards for singing hymns to the Virgin Mary and Orthodox liturgical. One of the "miniatures.
EXODUS IS THE BOOK OF REDEMPTION. A M Hodgkin. See also OT Reflections of Christ – Exodus – Paul Van Goder; The chosen people are in hopeless bondage in the land of Egypt, having no power to deliver themselves.
While encouraging themes and a stack of winning plays were prevalent in the. Hasn't been as productive as his quality camp.
God comes with ten thousands of his saints, to execute judgment upon replacing the Word with Ritual.Parables 1-2. From "The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament" When the Israelites fell into musical idolatry God turned them over to worship fhe starry host.
A writer and musician known for staging his folk talents with the band Old. "Lorraine," set in Tennessee, includes themes.
Arin "Grump" Hanson ("Arin the Bandit" on Steam Train/Steam Rolled), also known by his internet alias, Egoraptor is the co-founder of Game Grumps. He is an accomplished and popular web animator, best known for the.
After singing. he removed his mask which made it clear that there had been a body double on the main stage for the first h.
At night, Rundgren, a former Boy Scout, joined us in singing songs around the. All were dressed in white (costume themes h.
The HyperTexts English Poetry Timeline and Chronology English Literature Timeline and Chronology World Literature Timeline and Chronology This is a timeline of English poetry and literature, from the earliest Celtic, Gaelic, Druidic, Anglo-Roman, Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman works, to the present day.
Have mercy: Uncle Jesse is getting the band back together. John Stamos, 49, posted a video on Instagram of himself along two musician friends singing "Everywhere You Look," the theme song for his hit.
Against the backdrop of stained glass and a church organ, the Women's Chorus and Century singers shared music filled with tra.
Difference Between Musical Theatre And Opera Is That One Is In English McGregor's career spans ballet, Hollywood productions, music videos. who splits his time between Hong Kong and London, will be presenting an interactive and immersive dance
Greeks of the Classical age venerated Orpheus as the greatest of all poets and musicians; it was said that while Hermes had invented the lyre, Orpheus had perfected it.Poets such as Simonides of Ceos said that Orpheus' music and singing could charm the birds, fish and wild beasts, coax the trees and rocks into dance, and divert the course of rivers. Orpheus.
Eighty new musicals had their West End premiere in an Olivier Award winning season in 2015, each created on the spot by the incredible, multi award-winning musical comedians The Showstoppers.Audience suggestions were transformed instantly into all-singing, all-dancing shows with unpredictable and hilarious results.
Mystery Science Theater 3000 (1988–1999) is an American TV show that mocks bad movies by riffing on their strange characters, absurd settings, and silly plot twists, interspersing erudite cultural quips with schoolboy jokes and general zaniness. There are 198 movies, 60 shorts, and 4 specials in the MST3K canon. (See Notes below for.
There was embarrassment on the X Factor when Danny Tetley was introduced as Anthony Russell, and he was forced to start his s.
he did something different this time by singing his own version of Atelier Online's opening theme. Here's the music video for Atelier Online's opening theme, "Kiniro no Recipe" or ("Golden Recipe") (M.
That will always be their sound," McCreary said last season, of the Afro-Caribbean-inspired change to the theme song. His wor.
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Boston Business By Creativ Themes.


It has been agreed with the Mrs that Joshua is to inherit the Greek Hovel on condition that any other family member can use it at no cost. And so the lad was taken to see his inheritance. Unlike his mother, also in the picture, he made no complaints about eco-loos, the lack of a shower, rats or snakes. I feel the place will be in good hands.


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Q: Can we use logic apps to get click count on Sharepoint online site Can we use logic apps or Power Automate (Flow) to get a click count on our Sharepoint online site.  We want to record the name of the person who has clicked on a page.
We have a request based flow, but that is triggered by adding Javascript to the webpart.

A: No, go through all of the actions for SharePoint, I think we can not implement this requirement in logic app. We can just do it as you mentioned triggered by javascript.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Brisbane Heat, Chris Lynn fined by Cricket Australia for coronavirus protocol breaches
Posted TueTuesday 15 DecDecember 2020 at 6:44amTueTuesday 15 DecDecember 2020 at 6:44am
Chris Lynn has apologised for breaching the BBL's COVID-19 protocols. (AAP: Mark Evans)
Cricket Australia (CA) has fined the Brisbane Heat and two of their players, Chris Lynn and Dan Lawrence, for multiple breaches of the Big Bash League's (BBL) COVID-19 protocols.
The Heat were given a $50,000 fine, with $20,000 suspended
Lynn and Lawrence were handed $10,000 sanctions, with $4,000 suspended
Lynn apologised for "being careless and not observing the protocols"
The Heat were fined $50,000, with $20,000 suspended for the remainder of the season.
Lynn and Lawrence avoided suspension but each accepted $10,000 fines, with $4,000 suspended for the remainder of the season.
CA launched an investigation on Monday and found the two players had close contact with members of the public in Canberra at the weekend.
Heat Captain Lynn admitted to taking a photo with a member of public at a licensed venue and catching a taxi.
Both players were given permission to play in Monday night's BBL match against the Sydney Thunder at Manuka Oval, although they were instructed to distance themselves from teammates.
"The code of conduct charges issued today relate to alleged breaches of protocols that are in place in order to protect our players, officials, staff and the wider community," CA's head of integrity and security, Sean Carroll, said in a statement.
"Potential COVID-19 hotspots and related impacts on state borders remain a challenge for the league and it is imperative that all protocols are adhered to, giving us the best opportunity to move around the country and execute the full schedule."
Lynn issued an apology earlier on Tuesday, saying he was "lulled into a false sense of security".
"I would like to say sorry to my teammates, the club and the Heat fans for being careless and not observing the protocols that were put in place to ensure the continuity of the competition," he said.
"Having a photo with a fan at a licensed venue and travelling in a taxi seem pretty low risk but they were identified in our briefings as examples of things you couldn't do."
The incident was Australian cricket's first COVID-19 protocol breach during the domestic season. The WBBL tournament and two international white-ball series between Australia and India were played without incident.
What you need to know about coronavirus:
The symptoms
The number of cases in Australia
Global cases, deaths and testing rates
ABC/AAP
Posted 15 DecDecember 2020TueTuesday 15 DecDecember 2020 at 6:44am
Chris Lynn and Heat teammate under investigation over potential BBL COVID-19 protocol breach
The Thunder were five wickets down and almost 100 runs from victory, then Daniel Sams came to the crease
Brisbane thunderstorm wipes out final session on day two at the Gabba
Live cricket scores: Check out the latest stats from the fourth Test in Brisbane
Motorcyclist dies after crashing in Dakar Rally
Bushfire emergency warning for residents in Perth's south


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8:30 pm Tuesday live update: Winter Weather Advisory in effect for north edge of the ArkLaTex..winter mix possible starting late Monday night
by: TIA GOLDENBERG, Associated Press
TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — An Israeli court heard a case Thursday calling for restrictions to be slapped on NSO Group, an Israeli company that makes surveillance software that is said to have been used to target journalists and dissidents around the world.
The case, brought by Amnesty International, calls for Israel to revoke the spyware firm's export license, preventing it from selling its contentious product abroad, particularly to regimes that could use it for malicious purposes.
"They are the most dangerous cyber weapon that we know of and they're not being properly overseen," said Gil Naveh, spokesman for Amnesty International Israel. "That is the reason why we think that their license should be revoked."
NSO is implicated in a series of digital break-in attempts and the court case is the latest pushback against the company and its product. Last year, Facebook sued the hacker-for-hire company in U.S. federal court for allegedly targeting some 1,400 users of its encrypted messaging service WhatsApp with highly sophisticated spyware.
In 2018, Amnesty said one of its employees had been targeted with the malware, saying a hacker tried to break into the staff member's smartphone, using a WhatsApp message about a protest in front of the Saudi Embassy in Washington as bait.
The spyware has also been implicated in the gruesome killing of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi, who was dismembered in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul in 2018. It is also said to be behind a campaign to compromise proponents of a soda tax in Mexico and an effort to hack into the phone of an Arab dissident that prompted an update to Apple's operating system.
An Associated Press investigation last year found that critics of NSO were targeted in elaborate undercover operations in which operatives tried to discredit them. NSO has denied involvement.
NSO Group's flagship malware, called Pegasus, allows spies to effectively take control of a phone, surreptitiously controlling its cameras and microphones from remote servers and vacuuming up personal data and geolocations.
NSO does not disclose the identities of its clients, but they are believed to include Middle Eastern and Latin American states. The company says it sells its technology to Israeli-approved governments to help them stop militants and criminals. The company did not immediately respond to a request for comment, but last year it announced that it had adopted "a new human rights policy" to ensure its software is not misused.
The Israeli Defense Ministry, which issues export licenses to Israeli defense and security companies, declined to comment.
Reflecting the interest in the case's outcome, the Tel Aviv courtroom on Thursday was packed, with many attendees forced to stand until the hearing was moved to a larger space. As with previous cases involving defense exports, judge Rachel Barkai ruled that the legal proceedings would be closed to media and she imposed a gag order on the case.
"There is a tangible concern that if the hearing is open it will cause harm to the state's security and to its foreign relations," she said, before journalists were ushered out of the courtroom.
Thursday's hearing is expected to be the only one in the case, Naveh said, and a decision is set to be handed down in the coming days.
More U.S. & World Stories
by MAURICIO SAVARESE, Associated Press / Jan 21, 2020
SAO PAULO (AP) — Prosecutors accused U.S. journalist Glenn Greenwald on Tuesday of involvement in hacking the phones of Brazilian officials involved in a corruption investigation, though Brazil's high court had blocked investigations of the journalist or his Brazil-based news outlet in relation to the case.
A federal judge would have to approve a formal charge based on allegations by prosecutor Wellington Divino Marques de Oliveira that Greenwald helped a group of six people hack into phones of hundreds local authorities.
Senate debates rules for impeachment trial of President Trump
by Joe Khalil / Jan 21, 2020
WASHINGTON, D.C. (NEXSTAR) - "When the founders wrote the impeachment clause, they had precisely this type of misconduct in mind," Representative Adam Schiff, D-California, said.
"A partisan impeachment is like stealing an election," White House Counsel Pat Cipollone said.
CHONGQING, China (WTVO) — A Chinese theme park has sparked outrage after workers pushed a pig off a 223-foot platform and forced it to bungee jump. The incident was part of a publicity stunt to promote a new attraction.
Video, taken at the Meixin Red Wine Town theme park, shows the pig wearing a cape and being pushed off the tower screaming. It's legs are tied during the event.
Weather / 9 mins ago
Louisiana News / 2 hours ago


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The Uyghur or Uighur language (; , , ,  or , , , , CTA: Uyğurçä; formerly known as Eastern Turki), is a Turkic language written in an Uyghur Perso-Arabic script with 8-11 million speakers, spoken primarily by the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China. Significant communities of Uyghur speakers are also located in Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and various other countries have Uyghur-speaking expatriate communities. Uyghur is an official language of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; is widely used in both social and official spheres, as well as in print, television, and radio; and is used as a common language by other ethnic minorities in Xinjiang.

Uyghur belongs to the Karluk branch of the Turkic language family, which includes languages such as Uzbek. Like many other Turkic languages, Uyghur displays vowel harmony and agglutination, lacks noun classes or grammatical gender, and is a left-branching language with subject–object–verb word order. More distinctly, Uyghur processes include vowel reduction and umlauting, especially in northern dialects. In addition to other Turkic languages, Uyghur has historically been strongly influenced by Arabic and Persian, and more recently by Russian and Mandarin Chinese.

The modified Arabic-derived writing system is the most common and the only standard in China, although other writing systems are used for auxiliary and historical purposes. Unlike most Arabic-derived scripts, the Uyghur Arabic alphabet has mandatory marking of all vowels due to modifications to the original Perso-Arabic script made in the 20th century. Two Latin alphabets and one Cyrillic alphabet are also used, though to a much lesser extent. The two Latin-based and the Arabic-based Uyghur alphabets have 32 characters each; the Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet also uses two iotified vowel letters (Ю and Я).

History

The Middle Turkic languages are the direct ancestor of the Karluk languages, including Uyghur and the Uzbek language.

Modern Uyghur is not descended from Old Uyghur, rather, it is a descendant of the Karluk language spoken by the Kara-Khanid Khanate, as described by Mahmud al-Kashgari in Dīwānu l-Luġat al-Turk. According to Gerard Clauson, Western Yugur is considered to be the true descendant of Old Uyghur and is also called "Neo-Uyghur". According to Frederik Coene, Modern Uyghur and Western Yugur belong to entirely different branches of the Turkic language family, respectively the Southeastern Turkic languages and the Northeastern Turkic languages. The Western Yugur language, although in geographic proximity, is more closely related to the Siberian Turkic languages in Siberia. Robert Dankoff wrote that the Turkic language spoken in Kashgar and used in Kara Khanid works was Karluk, not (Old) Uyghur.

Robert Barkley Shaw wrote, "In the Turkish of Káshghar and Yarkand (which some European linguists have called Uïghur, a name unknown to the inhabitants of those towns, who know their tongue simply as Túrki), ... This would seem in many case to be a misnomer as applied to the modern language of Kashghar". Sven Hedin wrote, "In these cases it would be particularly inappropriate to normalize to the East Turkish literary language, because by so doing one would obliterate traces of national elements which have no immediate connection with the Kaschgar Turks, but on the contrary are possibly derived from the ancient Uigurs".

Probably around 1077, a scholar of the Turkic languages, Mahmud al-Kashgari from Kashgar in modern-day Xinjiang, published a Turkic language dictionary and description of the geographic distribution of many Turkic languages, Dīwān ul-Lughat al-Turk (English: Compendium of the Turkic Dialects; Uyghur: , Türki Tillar Diwani). The book, described by scholars as an "extraordinary work," documents the rich literary tradition of Turkic languages; it contains folk tales (including descriptions of the functions of shamans) and didactic poetry (propounding "moral standards and good behaviour"), besides poems and poetry cycles on topics such as hunting and love and numerous other language materials. Other Kara-Khanid writers wrote works in the Turki Karluk Khaqani language. Yusuf Khass Hajib wrote the Kutadgu Bilig. Ahmad bin Mahmud Yukenaki (Ahmed bin Mahmud Yükneki) (Ahmet ibn Mahmut Yükneki) (Yazan Edib Ahmed b. Mahmud Yükneki) (w:tr:Edip Ahmet Yükneki) wrote the  (هبة الحقايق) () (Hibet ül-hakayık) (Hibbetü'l-Hakaik) (Atebetü'l-hakayik) (w:tr:Atabetü'l-Hakayık).

Middle Turkic languages, through the influence of Perso-Arabic after the 13th century, developed into the Chagatai language, a literary language used all across Central Asia until the early 20th century. After Chaghatai fell into extinction, the standard versions of Uyghur and Uzbek were developed from dialects in the Chagatai-speaking region, showing abundant Chaghatai influence. Uyghur language today shows considerable Persian influence as a result from Chagatai, including numerous Persian loanwords.

Modern Uyghur religious literature includes the Taẕkirah, biographies of Islamic religious figures and saints. The Taẕkirah is a genre of literature written about Sufi Muslim saints in Altishahr. Written sometime in the period between 1700 and 1849, the Chagatai language (modern Uyghur) Taẕkirah of the Four Sacrificed Imams provides an account of the Muslim Karakhanid war against the Khotanese Buddhists, containing a story about Imams, from Mada'in city (possibly in modern-day Iraq) came 4 Imams who travelled to help the Islamic conquest of Khotan, Yarkand and Kashgar by Yusuf Qadir Khan, the Qarakhanid leader. The shrines of Sufi Saints are revered in Altishahr as one of Islam's essential components and the tazkirah literature reinforced the sacredness of the shrines. Anyone who does not believe in the stories of the saints is guaranteed hellfire by the tazkirahs. It is written, "And those who doubt Their Holinesses the Imams will leave this world without faith and on Judgement Day their faces will be black ..." in the Tazkirah of the Four Sacrificed Imams. Shaw translated extracts from the Tazkiratu'l-Bughra on the Muslim Turki war against the "infidel" Khotan. The Turki-language Tadhkirah i Khwajagan was written by M. Sadiq Kashghari. Historical works like the Tārīkh-i amniyya and Tārīkh-i ḥamīdi were written by Musa Sayrami.

The Qing dynasty commissioned dictionaries on the major languages of China which included Chagatai Turki language, such as the Pentaglot Dictionary.

The historical term "Uyghur" was appropriated for the language that had been known as Eastern Turki by government officials in the Soviet Union in 1922 and in Xinjiang in 1934. Sergey Malov was behind the idea of renaming Turki to Uyghurs. The use of the term Uyghur has led to anachronisms when describing the history of the people. In one of his books the term Uyghur was deliberately not used by James Millward. The name Khāqāniyya was given to the Qarluks who inhabited Kāshghar and Bālāsāghūn, the inhabitants were not Uighur, but their language has been retroactively labelled as Uighur by scholars. The Qarakhanids called their own language the "Turk" or "Kashgar" language and did not use Uighur to describe their own language, Uighur was used to describe the language of non-Muslims but Chinese scholars have anachronistically called a Qarakhanid work written by Kashgari as "Uighur". The name "Altishahri-Jungharian Uyghur" was used by the Soviet educated Uyghur Qadir Haji in 1927.

Classification

The Uyghur language belongs to the Karluk Turkic (Qarluq) branch of the Turkic language family. It is closely related to Äynu, Lop, Ili Turki, the extinct language Chagatay (the East Karluk languages), and more distantly to Uzbek (which is West Karluk).

Dialects

It is widely accepted that Uyghur has three main dialects, all based on their geographical distribution. Each of these main dialects have a number of sub-dialects which all are mutually intelligible to some extent.

 Central: Spoken in an area stretching from Kumul southward to Yarkand
 Southern: Spoken in an area stretching from Guma eastward to Qarkilik
 Eastern: Spoken in an area stretching from Qarkilik northward to . The Lop dialect (also known as Lopluk) that falls under the Eastern dialect of the Uighur language is classified as a critically endangered language. It is spoken by less than 0.5% of the overall Uighur speakers population but has tremendous values in comparative research.

The Central dialects are spoken by 90% of the Uyghur-speaking population, while the two other branches of dialects only are spoken by a relatively small minority.

Vowel reduction is common in the northern parts of where Uyghur is spoken, but not in the south.

Status
Uyghur is spoken by an estimated 8-11 million people in total. In addition to being spoken primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China, mainly by the Uyghur people, Uyghur was also spoken by some 300,000 people in Kazakhstan in 1993, some 90,000 in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in 1998, 3,000 in Afghanistan and 1,000 in Mongolia, both in 1982. Smaller communities also exist in Albania, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Indonesia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Tajikistan, Turkey, United Kingdom and the United States (New York City).

The Uyghurs are one of the 56 recognized ethnic groups in China and Uyghur is an official language of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, along with Standard Chinese. As a result, Uyghur can be heard in most social domains in Xinjiang and also in schools, government and courts. Of the other ethnic minorities in Xinjiang, those populous enough to have their own autonomous prefectures, such as the Kazakhs and the Kyrgyz, have access to schools and government services in their native language. Smaller minorities, however, do not have a choice and must attend Uyghur-medium schools. These include the Xibe, Tajiks, Daurs and Russians.

According to reports in 2018, Uyghur script was erased from street signs and wall murals, as the Chinese government has launched a campaign to force Uyghur people to learn Mandarin. Any interest in Uyghur culture or language could lead to detention. Recent news reports have also documented the existence of mandatory boarding schools where children are separated from their parents; children are punished for speaking Uyghur, making the language at a very high risk of extinction.

The Chinese government have implemented bi-lingual education in most regions of Xinjiang. The bi-lingual education system teaches Xinjiang's students all STEM classes using only Mandarin Chinese, or a combination of Uighur and Chinese. However, research have shown that due to differences in the order of words and grammar between the Uighur and the Chinese language, many students face obstacles in learning courses such as Mathematics under the bi-lingual education system.

Uyghur language has been supported by Google Translate since February 2020.

About 80 newspapers and magazines are available in Uyghur; five TV channels and ten publishers serve as the Uyghur media. Outside of China, Radio Free Asia provides news in Uyghur.

Poet and activist Muyesser Abdul'ehed teaches the language to diaspora children online as well as publishing a magazine written by children for children in Uyghur.

Phonology

Vowels
The vowels of the Uyghur language are, in their alphabetical order (in the Latin script), , , , , , , , . There are no diphthongs. Hiatus occurs in some loanwords.Uyghur vowels are distinguished on the bases of height, backness and roundness. It has been argued, within a lexical phonology framework, that  has a back counterpart , and modern Uyghur lacks a clear differentiation between  and .

Uyghur vowels are by default short, but long vowels also exist because of historical vowel assimilation (above) and through loanwords.  Underlyingly long vowels would resist vowel reduction and devoicing, introduce non-final stress, and be analyzed as |Vj| or |Vr| before a few suffixes. However, the conditions in which they are actually pronounced as distinct from their short counterparts have not been fully researched.

The high vowels undergo some tensing when they occur adjacent to alveolars (), palatals (), dentals (), and post-alveolar affricates (), e.g. chiraq  'lamp', jenubiy  'southern', yüz  'face; hundred', suda  'in/at (the) water'.

Both  and  undergo apicalisation after alveodental continuants in unstressed syllables, e.g. siler  'you (plural)', ziyan  'harm'. They are medialised after  or before , e.g. til  'tongue', xizmet  'work; job; service'. After velars, uvulars and  they are realised as , e.g. giram  'gram', xelqi  'his [etc.] nation', Finn  'Finn'. Between two syllables that contain a rounded back vowel each, they are realised as back, e.g. qolimu  'also his [etc.] arm'.

Any vowel undergoes laxing and backing when it occurs in uvular () and laryngeal (glottal) () environments, e.g. qiz  'girl', qëtiq  'yogurt', qeghez  'paper', qum [qʰʊm] 'sand', qolay [qʰɔˈlʌɪ] 'convenient', qan [qʰɑn] 'blood', ëghiz [ʔeˈʁez] 'mouth', hisab [ɦɤˈsʌp] 'number', hës [ɦɤs] 'hunch', hemrah [ɦæmˈrʌh] 'partner', höl [ɦœɫ] 'wet', hujum [ɦuˈd͡ʒʊm] 'assault', halqa [ɦɑlˈqʰɑ] 'ring'.

Lowering tends to apply to the non-high vowels when a syllable-final liquid assimilates to them, e.g. kör  'look!', boldi  'he [etc.] became', ders  'lesson', tar  'narrow'.

Official Uyghur orthographies do not mark vowel length, and also do not distinguish between  (e.g.,   'knowledge') and back  (e.g.,   'my language'); these two sounds are in complementary distribution, but phonological analyses claim that they play a role in vowel harmony and are separate phonemes.   only occurs in words of non-Turkic origin and as the result of vowel raising.

Uyghur has systematic vowel reduction (or vowel raising) as well as vowel harmony. Words usually agree in vowel backness, but compounds, loans, and some other exceptions often break vowel harmony. Suffixes surface with the rightmost [back] value in the stem, and  are transparent (as they do not contrast for backness). Uyghur also has rounding harmony.

Consonants

Uyghur voiceless stops are aspirated word-initially and intervocalically. The pairs , , , and  alternate, with the voiced member devoicing in syllable-final position, except in word-initial syllables. This devoicing process is usually reflected in the official orthography, but an exception has been recently made for certain Perso-Arabic loans. Voiceless phonemes do not become voiced in standard Uyghur.

Suffixes display a slightly different type of consonant alternation. The phonemes  and  anywhere in a suffix alternate as governed by vowel harmony, where  occurs with front vowels and  with back ones.  Devoicing of a suffix-initial consonant can occur only in the cases of  → ,  → , and  → , when the preceding consonant is voiceless. Lastly, the rule that /g/ must occur with front vowels and  with back vowels can be broken when either  or  in suffix-initial position becomes assimilated by the other due to the preceding consonant being such.

Loan phonemes have influenced Uyghur to various degrees.  and  were borrowed from Arabic and have been nativized, while  from Persian less so.  only exists in very recent Russian and Chinese loans, since Perso-Arabic (and older Russian and Chinese)  became Uyghur . Perso-Arabic loans have also made the contrast between  and  phonemic, as they occur as allophones in native words, the former set near front vowels and the latter near a back vowels.  Some speakers of Uyghur distinguish  from  in Russian loans, but this is not represented in most orthographies.  Other phonemes occur natively only in limited contexts, i.e.  only in few interjections, , , and  rarely initially, and  only morpheme-final. Therefore, the pairs , , and  do not alternate.

Phonotactics
The primary syllable structure of Uyghur is CV(C)(C). Uyghur syllable structure is usually CV or CVC, but CVCC can also occur in some words. When syllable-coda clusters occur, CC tends to become CVC in some speakers especially if the first consonant is not a sonorant.  In Uyghur, any consonant phoneme can occur as the syllable onset or coda, except for  which only occurs in the onset and , which never occurs word-initially. In general, Uyghur phonology tends to simplify phonemic consonant clusters by means of elision and epenthesis.

Orthography

The Karluk language started to be written with the Perso-Arabic script (Kona Yëziq) in the 10th century upon the conversion of the Kara-Khanids to Islam. This Perso-Arabic script (Kona Yëziq) was reformed in the 20th century with modifications to represent all Modern Uyghur sounds including short vowels and eliminate Arabic letters representing sounds not found in Modern Uyghur. Unlike many other modern Turkic languages, Uyghur is primarily written using a Perso-Arabic-based alphabet, although a Cyrillic alphabet and two Latin alphabets also are in use to a much lesser extent. Unusually for an alphabet based on the Arabic script, full transcription of vowels is indicated. (Among the Arabic family of alphabets, only a few, such as Kurdish, distinguish all vowels without the use of optional diacritics.)

The four alphabets in use today can be seen below.

 Uyghur Arabic alphabet or UEY
 Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet or USY
 The Uyghur New Script or UYY
 Uyghur Latin alphabet or ULY

In the table below the alphabets are shown side-by-side for comparison, together with a phonetic transcription in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Grammar

Like other Turkic languages, Uyghur is a head-final agglutinative language with a subject–object–verb word order. Nouns are inflected for number and case, but not gender and definiteness like in many other languages. There are two numbers: singular and plural and six different cases: nominative, accusative, dative, locative, ablative and genitive. Verbs are conjugated for tense: present and past; voice: causative and passive; aspect: continuous and mood: e.g. ability. Verbs may be negated as well.

Lexicon
The core lexicon of the Uyghur language is of Turkic stock, but due to different kinds of language contact throughout its history, it has adopted many loanwords. Kazakh, Uzbek and Chagatai are all Turkic languages which have had a strong influence on Uyghur. Many words of Arabic origin have come into the language through Persian and Tajik, which again have come through Uzbek and to a greater extent, Chagatai. Many words of Arabic origin have also entered the language directly through Islamic literature after the introduction of Islam around the 10th century.

Chinese in Xinjiang and Russian elsewhere had the greatest influence on Uyghur. Loanwords from these languages are all quite recent, although older borrowings exist as well, such as borrowings from Dungan, a Mandarin language spoken by the Dungan people of Central Asia. A number of loanwords of German origin have also reached Uyghur through Russian.

Code-switching with Standard Chinese is common in spoken Uyghur, but stigmatized in formal contexts. Xinjiang Television and other mass media, for example, will use the rare Russian loanword aplisin (, apel'sin) for the word "orange", rather than the ubiquitous Mandarin loanword juze (). In a sentence, this mixing might look like:
 Mening telfonim guenji (), shunga sizge  () ewetelmidim.
 My (cell) phone shut down, so I wasn't able to send you a text message.

Below are some examples of common loanwords in the Uyghur language.

See also

 Languages of China

References

Notes

General

Further reading

External links

Textbooks
 (free to use) Greetings from the Teklimakan: a handbook of Modern Uyghur from the University of Kansas

Dictionaries
 Uyghur-English Dictionary
 Online Uyghur, English, Chinese Multi-directional Dictionary (Arabic Alphabet)
 Uyghur–Chinese Dictionary
 丝路语通 Online Uyghur–Chinese Dictionary and translation services
 Uyghur English Dictionary (in Uyghur Latin, Arabic and Cyrillic scripts)

Radio
 TRT: Uyghur
 Uyghur edition  of China Radio International

Television
 Uyghur edition  of China Central Television

Fonts
 Arabic Uyghur in different fonts
 Unicode based TrueType/OpenType fonts of the Uyghur Computer Science Association

Romanizations
Transliteration of Minority-Language Place Names Using Hanyu Pinyin Letters ()
Uyghur Scripts Latinization Project ()

Agglutinative languages
Turkic languages
Subject–object–verb languages
Languages of China
Languages of Pakistan
Languages of Kazakhstan
Languages of Kyrgyzstan
Vowel-harmony languages


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Welcome to the Profile Page of the very attractive and beautifully muscled Czech Figure Competitor LENA GEARE!
My name is Lena Geare and I am 23.
I live in Prague, the capital of Czech Republic in the heart of Europe.
I lived in a village named Byckovice as a little girl and spent 12 years of my life there.
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My personal trainer Tomas Bures is very good and successful Czech bodybuilder and my role model.
Favorite food: pasta with cheese and ketchup, oatmeal with fruits, salmon with lemon + rice..


Business News›MF›Analysis›Do your mutual fund schemes match your risk profile?
Do your mutual fund schemes match your risk profile?
Many mutual fund investors are getting jittery as they watch their investments in mid- and small-cap schemes losing value.
Many mutual fund investors are getting jittery as they watch their investments in mid- and small-cap schemes losing value with each passing day. Many of these investors are considering selling their investments to prevent further losses. Some of them are contemplating stopping their Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) in these schemes. Mutual fund advisors say they are getting calls from their clients to ask about the future course of action. These advisors believe that these investors probably don't have a risk appetite for volatile schemes.
"Many investors are anxious at this point. We have always maintained that investors should invest in schemes which are in line with their risk appetite. You might feel you are missing out on returns when the market goes up, but this will help you navigate through volatile markets with ease," says Puneet Oberoi, Founder, Excellent Investment Advisorz.
Smallcap schemes have offered -11.09 per cent returns in three months and -1.98 per cent in one month. Midcap schemes have returned -5.31 per cent and 0.86 per cent in the same time frame.
Mutual fund advisors always ask investors to pick schemes that are in line with their risk profile. However, most investors overlook this aspect or overestimate their risk-taking ability in a bull market. Their real risk profile becomes obvious to them only when the market goes on a tailspin. Suddenly, it becomes evident to investors that they can't handle the risk associated with their scheme.
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Sometimes investors may not be cut out for equity schemes at all. According to mutual fund advisors, many investors overlook risks associated with equity mutual funds in their quest for extra returns. However, a huge fall in the market may serve as a wake up call for them. Next time, if you feel anxious about your mutual fund schemes during a market meltdown and contemplate calling it quits, just take quick online quiz to find out your risk profile. And see whether the investment is indeed in line with your risk profile.
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Is my mutual fund portfolio in line with my risk profile?
Are mutual fund investors confused about their risk profile?


Home » CET Calibration Expands Logistics Dept.
It's been six months since we re-branded as CET Calibration. In that time, we have continued to invest in new equipment, new services and new personnel; building what we believe is one of the UK's leading calibration services.
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Call recording is a powerful phone-system feature that lowers an agency's E&O exposure and allows for more effective coaching of employees. Call recording is also subject to federal and state wiretapping and eavesdropping statutes, so insurance agents must educate themselves on the laws.
If you want to play it safe without reading further, obtain explicit consent from all parties involved before recording any calls. For the details, keep reading.
Federal Law: United States federal law prohibits recording a phone call unless at least one of the parties consents to the recording. If you are an active participant in the call and want to record it, that counts for one-party consent per federal law. See 18 U.S.C. 2511(2)(d).
State Laws: Every state except Vermont has its own law about recording phone calls. Some of these laws are stricter than the federal law, and therefore, supersede it. See below for the consent requirements and statutory citations for each jurisdiction.
The strictest laws require every party to consent. This "two-party" or "all parties" consent is mandatory in twelve states plus Puerto Rico. These states are California, Connecticut, Florida, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and Washington.
For the other states and the District of Columbia, "one-party consent" is sufficient for legally recording phone calls.
Many insurance agents ask, "What if the call occurs between people in different states?" Although some experts say the law of the state in which the recording device is located will apply, the safest answer is to follow whichever state's recording law is strictest (or federal law in the case of Vermont).
How do I obtain consent to record?
In "one-party" jurisdictions, you count as the "one party" as long as you are an active participant in the call.
In "all-party" jurisdictions, a verbal recording notification at the beginning of the call is usually sufficient to imply consent.
Business Exception: Federal law (and some state laws) grant a "business exemption" to allow employers to record calls on phones they provide to employees. In general, it is legal for employers to monitor business-related telephone calls to and from their own premises—for example, to evaluate the quality of customer service.
Penalties: Breaking the laws regarding call monitoring can expose your insurance agency to the risk of criminal prosecution and also potentially give an injured party a civil claim for money damages against you. Perhaps even worse for insurance agents, calls recorded without proper consent may not be admissible as evidence in E&O claims, so be sure to obtain permission appropriately for your jurisdiction.
Federal One party 18 U.S.C. § 2511.
Alabama One party Ala. Code § 13A-11-30.
Connecticut All parties Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-570d(a).
Idaho One party Idaho Code § 18-6702(d).
Kentucky One party KY Rev. Stat. § 526.010.
Massachusetts Two party consent with business exemption Mass. Ann. Laws Ch. 272 § 99.
New Mexico One party N.M. Stat. Ann. § 30-12-1(C).
New York One party N.Y. CLS CPL § 700.05.
Pennsylvania Two party consent with business exemption 18 Pa. C.S. § 5704(15).
Texas One party Tx. Penal Code § 16.02.
Wyoming One party Wyo. Stat. § 7-3-702(b)(iv).
1 "Confidential communication" includes any communication in any circumstance in which the parties may reasonably expect that the communication not be overheard or recorded. Cal. Pen. Code § 632(c). Further, a California court has "held that calls made by a caller located outside the state, in this case Georgia, are still subject to California law because the principal purpose of that law is "to protect the privacy of confidential communications of California residents while they are in California." Kearney v. Salomon Smith Barney, 2006 Cal. LEXIS 8362, at *52-53 (Cal. 2006).
2 See Sullivan v. Gray, 117 Mich. App. 476 (1982) for interpretation of statute.
Legal Disclosure: The Kotter Group is committed to complying with all applicable laws and regulations and expects its clients to do the same. While The Kotter Group cannot manage compliance for its clients, we have provided this short summary as a push in the right direction. Clients should review all compliance decisions with their own legal counsel to ensure the services are used only in full compliance. This guide is for informational purposes only and not for the purpose of providing legal advice.


text:
Als Magerrasen werden unterschiedliche Typen von extensiv genutztem Grünland an besonders nährstoffarmen, "mageren" Standorten zusammengefasst. Die Artenzusammensetzung ist bei diesem Biotoptyp geprägt von Kraut- und Halbstrauchpflanzen. Als Trockenrasen bezeichnet man einen Typ von Magerrasen, bei dem die Trockenheit als Verursacher der Ertragsarmut besonders im Vordergrund steht. Heute sind die meisten Magerrasen in ihrem Bestand bedroht. Als Rückzugsgebiete sehr vieler gefährdeter Arten werden die verbleibenden Gebiete oft besonders geschützt.

Allgemein als Magergrünland, bei Mahd als Magerwiesen, bei Beweidung als Magerweiden, werden meist Übergangsbestände zwischen "echten" Magerrasen und Intensivgrünland bezeichnet. Sie können genauso arten- und blütenreich sein wie die eigentlichen Magerrasen, wobei sich deren Artenbestand mischt. Sie sind oft durch schwache Düngung aus Magerrasen hervorgegangen. Nach pflanzensoziologischer Nomenklatur würde man sprachlich nicht besonders elegant von "mageren Fettwiesen" sprechen.

Würde man einen idealtypischen, beweideten Hang in einer karstigen Gegend wie der Schwäbischen Alb im 19. Jahrhundert betrachten, so fände man an den trockensten und sonnenexponiertesten Stellen Trockenrasen vor, mit zunehmender Feuchtigkeit Halbtrockenrasen, dann Magerweiden und schließlich am Talgrund Fettweiden. Trockenrasen und Halbtrockenrasen sind dabei wissenschaftliche Untergliederungen des Magerrasens, die landwirtschaftlich nicht vorgenommen wurden.

Landwirtschaftlich wurden die Magerrasen im Unterschied zu den mageren und fetten Weiden nur extensiv mit Schafen und Ziegen beweidet. In der potenziellen Waldvegetation Mitteleuropas führt erst eine dauerhafte Beweidung durch mindestens 30 bis 50 Großvieheinheiten auf 100 ha Fläche zur nachhaltigen Entstehung einer waldfreien Weide: das entspricht 30 bis 50 ausgewachsenen Rindern oder rund 300 bis 500 Schafen.

Seit der Aufgabe der meisten Wanderschäfereien seit dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts sind die Magerrasen starken Veränderungen unterworfen. Entweder wurde die Weidewirtschaft durch künstliche Düngung intensiviert oder die Weiden wurden aufgeforstet oder einfach der Verbuschung überlassen.

Wortbedeutung
Der Begriff mager bezieht sich zur Unterscheidung von fettem Grünland erst einmal auf den geringeren Ertrag. Sekundär denkt man aufgrund des wichtigen Zusammenhanges auch an den Nährstoffgehalt, doch der ist nicht der einzige Faktor, welcher den Ertrag bestimmt. Nicht zu verwechseln ist diese Bedeutung mit dem Gebrauch in der Bodenkunde, wo ein tonreicher Lehm als fett bezeichnet wird, ein tonarmer als mager.

Standortbedingungen
Magerrasen kommen auf unterschiedlichen Böden und Bodentypen vor, denen nur ihre Armut an Nährstoffen, vor allem an Stickstoff, gemeinsam ist. Die meisten Bestände finden sich auf extremen Böden mit besonderen Standortbedingungen, da Böden "mittlerer" Standorte meist von der Landwirtschaft durch Düngung verändert wurden. Besonders blütenreich sind Magerrasen auf kalkreichen Böden (Kalktrockenrasen). Auf sauren Böden kommen sie vor allem auf Sand vor (Sandtrockenrasen), oft verzahnt mit Heiden. Auch Almwiesen und alpine Matten stellen in der Regel Magerrasen dar. Pflanzenarten der Magerrasen besitzen oft eine hohe Trockenheitsresistenz. Entscheidend ist aber ihre Fähigkeit, auf nährstoffarmen Böden zu gedeihen. Die Arten der Magerrasen unterliegen in gedüngten Wiesen und Weiden aufgrund ihrer geringen Konkurrenzkraft anderen Pflanzen im Kampf um das Überleben.

Entstehung
Magerrasen als Pflanzengesellschaft nährstoffarmer Standorte gehen in Mitteleuropa auf die Tätigkeit des Menschen zurück. Entstanden sind sie zumeist durch Beweidung ursprünglich bewaldeter Flächen. Da die Weidetiere (vor allem Ziegen und Schafe) die jungen Bäume und Sträucher verbeißen, öffnet sich der beweidete Hutewald immer mehr, es entstehen Lichtungen, bis schließlich die Holzgewächse ganz verschwinden und ein Magerrasen zurückbleibt. Magerrasen waren deshalb typisch für die von allen Dorfbewohnern gemeinsam genutzten Teile der Gemarkung, die Allmende (regional auch "Mark", "Hute", "Heide" usw. genannt). Unter den heutigen Bedingungen der Landwirtschaft ist die Bewirtschaftung von Magerrasen nicht mehr rentabel. Sie werden im Kataster häufig als "Ödland" oder "Unland" bezeichnet. Die früher existierenden Magerrasen sind deshalb bis auf geringe Reste entweder durch Düngung melioriert oder aufgeforstet worden.

Ob in Mitteleuropa eventuell untergeordnet auch natürliche Magerrasen existiert haben könnten, ist umstritten. Nach der "Megaherbivoren-Hypothese" sind sie möglicherweise teilweise Relikte von natürlichen Weiderasen, wie sie vor dem Auftreten des Menschen in der damaligen Landschaft durch die Weidetätigkeit der natürlich vorkommenden großen Pflanzenfresser entstanden sein könnten. Erst die Ausrottung der großen Weidetiere durch den Menschen habe zur Zurückdrängung der offenen Weidemagerrasen Mitteleuropas geführt. Waren für das frühzeitliche Aussterben der großen Pflanzenfresser Mammute, Altelephant, Waldnashorn, Wollnashorn und Steppenwisent das Klima neben der Jagd möglicherweise mitverantwortlich, so ist das Aussterben bzw. die weitgehende Ausrottung von Wildpferd, Riesenhirsch, Elch, Auerochs, Wisent, Höhlenbär und Braunbär, die einst zahlreich unsere Landschaft bevölkerten, durch den Menschen bedingt. Der Vegetationskundler E. Gradmann bezeichnete diese (hypothetischen) natürlichen Magerrasen in Süddeutschland als "Steppenheiden". Die ursprünglich also möglicherweise bereits parkartigen Weidewälder wurden im Umfeld menschlicher Siedlungen ab der Jungsteinzeit durch die übliche Waldweide von Haustieren weitertradiert und haben sich im Zug der Weiterentwicklung der Weidewirtschaft ausgebreitet. Aufgrund der durch den Menschen geförderten Entstehung haben die meisten Tier- und Pflanzenarten der Magerrasen in Mitteleuropa nicht ihr Verbreitungszentrum. Viele Arten kommen aus den (natürlichen) Steppen Osteuropas oder sind aus Felsrasen des Mittelmeergebiets (Garigue) eingewandert.

Heutige Magerrasen wurden in früheren Jahrhunderte auch als Ackerflächen, Obstbauflächen und Weinbauflächen genutzt bis sich diese Nutzungen nicht mehr lohnte. In Einzelfällen nutzte man die Flächen auch zum Anbau von Pfingstrosen.

Magerrasen sind durch extensive landwirtschaftliche Nutzung (einschürige Mähwiesen oder Schafweiden) auf nährstoffarmen Flächen entstandene (oder zumindest stark geförderte) Ökosysteme, bei denen in der vorindustriellen Landwirtschaft nur eine extensive Landnutzung stattfand. Typisch für Magerrasen war die Wanderschäferei, für die große Weideflächen gebraucht wurden. Entsprechend sind sie auch heute dauerhaft nur durch Nutzung (oder als Ersatz durch angepasste Pflege) zu erhalten. Wird die Nutzung dauerhaft eingestellt, verbrachen sie, und viele der besonderen Tier- und Pflanzenarten gehen verloren.

Als exotisches Beispiel für eine heutige Nutzung mit Entstehung von Magerrasen können Flächen auf Truppenübungsplätzen genannt werden. Hier kommt es durch ständiges Aufreißen der Vegetationsdecke sandiger, flachgründiger Standorte, als Folge der Fahrtätigkeit von Kettenfahrzeugen, ebenfalls zum Zurückdrängen von Holzgewächsen. Da Truppenübungsplätze (im Gegensatz zu nahezu allen heute landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen) nicht gedüngt werden, können Magerrasen entstehen (Beispiele: Senne bei Bielefeld, Wahner Heide bei Köln, Großer Sand bei Mainz).

Typen von Magerrasen
 Sand-Magerrasen siehe Sandtrockenrasen
 Kalk-Magerrasen
 Steppentrockenrasen, im östlichen Mitteleuropa
 Schwermetall-Magerrasen, z. B. im Harz und Harzvorland, siehe Schwermetallrasen
 Borstgrasrasen

Neben diesen primär auf die Vegetation bezogenen Typen sind auch landschaftliche Bezeichnungen verbreitet. Die so zusammengefassten Magerrasen entsprechen vegetationskundlich einem der oben aufgeführten Typen.
 Wacholderheide
 Brenne, kleinflächiges Rasenbiotop auf Kies in Flussauen (siehe auch Lechtalheiden)

Naturschutz/Pflegemaßnahmen

Die genannten Bedingungen machen den Magerrasen zum Rückzugsgebiet gefährdeter Tier- und Pflanzenarten. Viele Arten der Roten Liste existieren hier. Um den Magerrasen zu erhalten und seine Weiterentwicklung zum Gehölz (Verbuschung) zu verhindern, müssen die Flächen in der Regel  gepflegt werden. Zu den Pflegemaßnahmen zählen extensive Beweidung (Beweidung durch Schafe) und Entbuschungsmaßnahmen (Entkusselung). Diese Tiere knabbern die Sprösslinge von Büschen und Sträuchern ab und verhindern dadurch das Aufkommen von Gehölzen. Wacholderbüsche sind allerdings häufig auf Magerrasen anzutreffen, weil sie von den Weidetieren gemieden werden.

Siehe auch
 Trockenrasen, Ruderalvegetation
 Rhön
 Griesheimer Sand
 Hainburger Berge
 Magerwiese bei Potshausen
 Camp Reinsehlen

Literatur
 Olaf von Drachenfels: Rote Liste der gefährdeten Biotoptypen in Niedersachsen. In: Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege in Niedersachsen. Band 34, 1996, S. 1–146.
 Gertrud Jeckel: Syntaxonomische Gliederung, Verbreitung und Lebensbedingungen nordwestdeutscher Sandtrockenrasen (Sedo-Scleranthetea). In: Phytocoenologia. Band 12, Nr. 1, 1984, S. 9–153.
 A. Jentsch, W. Beyschlag, W. Nezadal, T. Steinlein, W. Welß: Bodenstörung – treibende Kraft für die Vegetationsdynamik in Sandlebensräumen. In: Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung. Band 34, Nr. 2/3, 2002, S. 37–44.
 Heinz-Dieter Krausch: Die Sandtrockenrasen (Sedo-Scleranthetea) in Brandenburg. In: Mitteilungen der Floristisch-Soziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Neue Folge. Band 13, 1968, S. 71–100.
 R. Pott, J. Hüppe: Die Hudelandschaften Nordwestdeutschlands. In: Abhandlungen aus dem Westfälischen Museum für Naturkunde. Band 53, Nr. 1/2, Münster 1991.
 R. Tüxen: Zur Geschichte der Sand-Trockenrasen (Festuco-Sedetalia) im nordwestdeutschen Alt-Diluvium. In: Mitteilungen der Floristisch-Soziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft. Neue Folge. Band 8, 1960, S. 338–341.
 B. Beinlich, H. Plachter (Hrsg.): Schutz und Entwicklung der Kalkmagerrasen der Schwäbischen Alb. In: Beiheft Veröffentlichungen für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege Baden-Württemberg. Band 83, 1995.
 Katja Funke (Bearb.): Schwermetall-Magerrasen und Heiden im Harz sowie Schwermetall-Magerrasen entlang Innerste und Oker im Harzvorland. Erfassung der nach § 28a NNatG geschützten Biotope. Seesen 1995.
 Heiko Rein: Naturschätze der Rhön. Kalkmagerrasen. Kaltensundheim 1997, .

Weblinks

 NABU: Sandmagerrasen

Einzelnachweise

Pflanzensoziologie
Wiese
Geomorphologie
Rasen
Biotoptyp


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