Philip Henry Gosse (6 April 1810 – 23 August 1888), known to his friends as Henry, was an English naturalist and popularizer of natural science, virtually the inventor of the seawater aquarium, and a painstaking innovator in the study of marine biology. The aquarium craze was launched in early Victorian England by Gosse who created and stocked the first public aquarium at the London Zoo in 1853, and coined the term "aquarium" when he published the first manual, The Aquarium: An Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Sea, in 1854.
Gosse was also the author of Omphalos, an attempt to reconcile the geological ages presupposed by Charles Lyell with the biblical account of creation. After his death, Gosse was portrayed as a despotic father of uncompromising religious views in Father and Son (1907), a memoir written by his son, the poet and critic Edmund Gosse.
Gosse was born in Worcester in 1810 of an itinerant painter of miniature portraits and a lady's maid. He spent his childhood mostly in Poole, Dorset, where his aunt, Susan Bell, taught him to draw and introduced him to zoology as she had her own son, Thomas Bell, twenty years older and later to be a great friend to Henry.
At fifteen he began work as a clerk in the counting house of George Garland and Sons in Poole, and in 1827 he sailed to Newfoundland to serve as a clerk in the Carbonear premises of Slade, Elson and Co., where he became a dedicated, self-taught student of Newfoundland entomology, "the first person systematically to investigate and to record the entomology" of the island. In 1832 Gosse experienced a religious conversion—as he said, "solemnly, deliberately and uprightly, took God for my God."
In 1835 he left Newfoundland for Compton, Lower Canada where he farmed unsuccessfully for three years, originally in an attempt to establish a commune with two of his religious friends. Nevertheless, the experience deepened his love for natural history, and locals referred to him as "that crazy Englishman who goes about picking up bugs." During this time he became a member of the Natural History Society of Montreal and submitted specimens to its museum.
In 1838 Gosse taught eight months for Reuben Saffold, the owner of Belvoir plantation, near Pleasant Hill, Alabama. Gosse studied and drew the local flora and fauna, assembling an unpublished volume, Entomologia Alabamensis, on insect life in the state. He also recorded his negative impressions of slavery, later published as Letters from Alabama (1859).
Returning to England in 1839, Gosse was hard pressed to make a living, subsisting on eightpence a day ("one herring eaten as slowly as possible, and a little bread"). His fortunes began to improve when John Van Voorst, the leading publisher of naturalist writing, agreed, on the recommendation of Thomas Bell, to publish his Canadian Naturalist (1840). The book, set as a conversation between a father and his son (a son Gosse did not yet have), was widely praised and demonstrated that Gosse "had a practical grasp of the importance of conservation, far ahead of his time."
Gosse opened a "Classical and Commercial School for Young Gentlemen" while keeping detailed records of his microscopic investigations of pond life, especially cyclopidae and rotifera. He also began to preach to the Wesleyan Methodists and lead a Bible class. Nevertheless, in 1842, he became so captivated by the doctrine of the Second Coming of Christ that he severed his connection with the Methodists and joined the Plymouth Brethren. These dissenters emphasized the Second Coming while rejecting liturgy and an ordained ministry—although they otherwise endorsed the traditional doctrines of Christianity as represented by the creeds of the Methodist and the Anglican Church.
In 1843, Gosse gave up the school to write An Introduction to Zoology for the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK) and to draw some of the illustrations. Writing the work inspired him to further his interest in the flora and fauna of the seashore and also revealed him to be a determined creationist, although this position was typical of pre-Darwinian naturalists.
From Philip Henry Gosse, British Sea-Anemones and Corals, 1860.
In October 1844 Gosse sailed to Jamaica, where he served as a professional collector for the churlish dealer Hugh Cuming. Although Gosse worked hard during his eighteen months on the island, he later called this period his "holiday in Jamaica." Gosse's study specialized in birds, and Gosse has been called "the father of Jamaican ornithology." With no racial prejudice, he easily hired black youths as his assistants, and his Jamaican books are full of praise for one of them, Samuel Campbell. For Christian companionship he enjoyed the company of Moravian missionaries and their black converts and preached regularly to the Moravian congregation.
On his return to London in 1846, he wrote a trilogy on the natural history of Jamaica including A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica (1851), which was "written in a congenial style and firmly established his reputation both as a naturalist and a writer."
In the field of herpetology he described several new species of reptiles endemic to Jamaica.
Back in England, Gosse wrote books in his field and out. (One quick volume for the SPCK was Monuments of Ancient Egypt, a land he had never visited and never would.) As his financial situation stabilized, Gosse courted Emily Bowes, a forty-one-year-old member of the Brethren, who was both a strong personality and a gifted writer of evangelical tracts. They were married in November 1848, and their union was an extremely happy one. As D. J. Taylor has written, "the word 'uxorious' seems to have minted to define" Gosse. Gosse's only son was born on 21 September 1849, an event Gosse noted in his diary with the words, "E. delivered of a son. Received green swallow from Jamaica"—an amusing conjunction which Edmund later described as demonstrating only the order of events: the boy had arrived first.
Gosse penned a succession of books and articles on natural history, some of which were (in his own words) "pot-boilers" for religious publications. (At the time, accounts of God's creation were considered appropriate Sabbath reading for children.) As L. C. Croft has written, "Much of Gosse's success was due to the fact that he was essentially a field naturalist who was able to impart to his readers something of the thrill of studying living animals at first hand rather than the dead disjointed ones of the museum shelf. In addition to this he was a skilled scientific draughtsman who was able to illustrate his books himself."
Suffering from headaches, perhaps the result of overwork, Gosse, with his family, began to spend more time away from London on the Devon coast. Here along the sea shore Gosse began serious experimentation with ways to sustain sea creatures so that they could be examined "without diving to gaze on them." Although there had been attempts to construct what had previously been called an "aquatic vivarium" (a name Gosse found "awkward and uncouth"), Gosse published The Aquarium in 1854 and set off a mid-Victorian craze for household aquariums. The book was financially profitable for Gosse, and "the reviews were full of praise" even though Gosse used natural science to point to the necessity of salvation through the blood of Christ. In 1856 Gosse was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, which, because he had no university position or inherited wealth, gave him "a standing he otherwise lacked."
A few months before Gosse was honored, his wife discovered that she had breast cancer. Rather than undergo surgery (a risky procedure in 1856), the Gosses decided to submit to the ointments of an American doctor, Jesse Weldon Fell, who if not a charlatan, was certainly on the fringe of contemporary medical practice. After much suffering, Emily Gosse died on 9 February 1857, entrusting her husband with their son's salvation and thus perhaps driving Gosse into "strange severities and eccentric prohibitions."
In the months following Emily's death, Gosse worked with remarkable diligence on a book that he may have viewed as the most important of his career. Although a failure both financially and intellectually, it is the book by which he is best remembered. Gosse believed that he had discovered a theory that might neatly resolve the seeming contradiction in the age of the earth between the evidence of God's Word and the evidence of His creation as expounded by such contemporary geologists as Charles Lyell. In 1857, two years before the publication of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species, Gosse published Omphalos: an Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot and thereby created what has been called the Omphalos hypothesis.
In what Stephen Jay Gould has called "glorious purple prose," Gosse argued that if one assumed creation ex nihilo, there would necessarily be traces of previous existence that had never actually occurred. "Omphalos" is Greek for "navel," and Gosse argued that the first man, Adam, did not require a navel because he was never born; nevertheless he must have had one, as do all complete human beings, just as God must have created trees with rings that they never grew. Thus, Gosse argued that the fossil record—even coprolites—might also be evidence of life that had never actually existed but which may have been instantly formed by God at the moment of creation.
The general response was "as the Westminster Review put it, that Gosse's theory was 'too monstrous for belief.'" Even his friend, the novelist Charles Kingsley, wrote that he had read "no other book which so staggered and puzzled" him, that he could not believe that God had "written on the rocks one enormous and superfluous lie for all mankind." Journalists later sniggered that God had apparently hidden fossils in the rocks to tempt geologists to infidelity.
Omphalos sold poorly and was eventually rebound with a new title, Creation, "in case the obscure one had had an effect on sales." The problem was not with the title, and in 1869 most of the edition was sold as waste paper.
According to Edmund Gosse, his father's career was destroyed by his "strange act of wilfulness" in publishing Omphalos; Edmund claimed his father had "closed the doors upon himself forever." In fact, during the next three years Gosse published more than thirty scientific papers and four books.
By this time Gosse and his son had moved permanently from London to St Marychurch, Devon. (Gosse refused to use the "St" and even gave his address as Torquay so as not to have anything to do with the "so-called Church of England.") He soon became the pastor and overseer of the Brethren meeting, at first over a stable but shortly, under Gosse's preaching and peacemaking, in finer quarters—which he perhaps financed himself. His son said "he soon lost confidence in the Plymouth Brethren also, and for the last thirty years of his life he was really unconnected with any Christian body whatsoever."
During this period, Gosse made a special study of sea anemone (Actiniae) and in 1860 published Actinologia Britannica. Reviewers especially praised the color lithographs made from Gosse's watercolors. The Literary Gazette said that Gosse now stood "alone and unrivalled in the extremely difficult art of drawing objects of zoology so as to satisfy the requirements of science" as well as providing "vivid aesthetic impressions."
In 1860 he also met and married Eliza Brightwen (1813–1900), a kindly, tolerant Quaker who shared Gosse's intense interest in both natural history and the well-being of his son. Gosse's second marriage was as happy as his first. In 1862 he wrote that Eliza was "a true yoke-fellow, in love, in spirit and in service."
By this time Gosse was "very comfortably off" with the earnings from his books and dividends from his investments, and in 1864 Eliza received a substantial legacy which allowed Gosse to retire from his career as a professional writer and live in "congenial obscurity." The Gosses lived simply, invested some of their income and gave more away to charity, especially to foreign missionaries, including ones sent to the "Popish, priest-ridden Irish."
To Gosse's great grief, his son rejected Christianity—though almost certainly not as early or as dramatically as Edmund portrayed the break in Father and Son. Nevertheless, Henry sponsored the publication of Edmund's early poetry, which gave the younger man entrée to new friends of literary importance, and the two men "came out of the years of conflict with their relationship wary but intact." Henry and Eliza welcomed Edmund's wife to the family and enjoyed visits with their three grandchildren.
Philip Henry Gosse and Edmund Gosse, 1857. Frontispiece of Father and Son.
Meanwhile, the ever active Gosse had taken up the study of orchids and exchanged a number of letters on the subject with Darwin, though he never published on it himself. His penultimate enthusiasm was with the genitalia of butterflies about which he published a paper in the Transactions of the Linnean Society But before his death he returned to rotifera, much of his research appearing in a two-volume study with another zoologist, Charles Thomas Hudson.
His wife recalled that Gosse's final illness was triggered by his enthusiasm to adjust his telescope at an open window on a winter night. Gosse had prayed regularly that he might not taste death but meet Christ in the air at his Second Coming, and he was bitterly disappointed when he realized that he would die like everyone else.
After his father's death, Edmund Gosse published a typical Victorian biography, The Life of Philip Henry Gosse (1890). Nevertheless, after reading the latter, the writer George Moore suggested to Edmund that it contained "the germ of a great book," which Edmund Gosse first published anonymously as Father and Son in 1907. It has never gone out of print in more than a hundred years. The reaction of readers to Henry's personality and character as represented in Father and Son has included phrases such as "scientific crackpot," "bible-soaked romantic," "a stern and repressive father," and a "pulpit-thumping Puritan throwback to the seventeenth century."
Even a modern editor of Father and Son has rejected this portrait of Philip Henry Gosse on the grounds that his "writings reveal a genuinely sweet character." The biographer of both Gosses, Ann Thwaite, has established just how inaccurate Edmund's recollections of his childhood were, that Edmund indeed, as Henry James remarked, had "a genius for inaccuracy." Although Edmund went out of his way to declare that the story of Father and Son was "scrupulously true," Thwaite cites a dozen occasions on which either Edmund's "memory betray[ed] him—he admitted it was 'like a colander'"—or he "changed things deliberately to make a better story." Thwaite argues that Edmund could only preserve his self-respect, in comparison to his father's superior abilities, by demolishing the latter's character.
Dennis Potter dramatised Father and Son in the television play Where Adam Stood, first broadcast on BBC One in 1976. Gosse was played by Alan Badel and portrayed more sympathetically than in Edmund Gosse's book. Father and Son was also adapted for BBC Radio 4 in 2005 by Nick Warburton. Roger Allam played Gosse and Derek Jacobi, Edmund. Ann Lingard's novel Seaside Pleasures views the relationship between Gosse and his wife Emily from the point of view of one of the female students on his shore-class.
The Canadian Naturalist: a series of conversations on the natural history of Lower Canada (1840).
An Introduction to Zoology (1844).
The Ocean (1844), edition of 1874 under the title The Wonders of the Great Deep; or, the physical, animal, geological and vegetable curiosities of the ocean.
The Monuments of Ancient Egypt, and their relation to the Word of God (1847).
Popular British Ornithology; containing a familiar and technical description of the Birds of the British Isles (1849).
Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica (1849).
The Ancient and Modern History of the Rivers of the Bible (1850).
A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica (1851).
The History of the Jews, from the Christian era to the dawn of the Reformation (1851).
A Text-book of Zoology for schools (1851).
Assyria: her manners and customs, arts and aims. Restored from the monuments (1852).
A Naturalist's Rambles on the Devonshire Coast (1853).
The Aquarium: an unveiling of the wonders of the deep sea (1854).
A Handbook to the Marine Aquarium: containing Instructions for constructing, stocking, and maintaining a tank, and for collecting plants and animals (1855).
Manual of Marine Zoology for the British Isles (1855–1856).
Tenby: a seaside holiday (1856).
Omphalos: an attempt to untie the geological knot. (1857), modern editions in 1998 and 2003.
Life in its Lower, Intermediate, and Higher Forms; or, manifestations of the divine wisdom in the natural history of animals (1857).
Actinologia Britannica: a history of the British Sea-Anemones and Corals. (1858–60).
Evenings at the Microscope: or, researches among the minute organs and forms of animal life (1859).
The Romance of Natural History (1860–61).
A Year at the Shore (1865).
The Revelation. How is it to be interpreted ? (1866).
Gosse, Edmund (1890). Naturalist of the Sea Shore, The Life of Philip Henry Goss. London: William Heinemann.
Ann Thwaite, Glimpses of the Wonderful: The Life of Philip Henry Gosse, 1810-1888 (London: Faber & Faber, 2002).
L. R. Croft, "Gosse, Philip Henry (1810–1888)," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004.
Douglas Wertheimer, "Gosse, Philip Henry," Dictionary of Canadian Biography.
Edmund Gosse, Father and Son (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1907); Oxford World Classics edition, 2004.
John Rendle-Short, Green Eye of the Storm (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust, 1998).
Jorge Luis Borges, "The Creation and P. H. Gosse," in Other Inquisitions (trans. Ruth Simms) (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1964).
Stephen Jay Gould, "Adam's Navel," in The Flamingo's Smile: Reflections in Natural History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987).
Brunner, Bernd, The Ocean at Home: An Illustrated History of the Aquarium (trans. Ashley Marc Slapp). "London: Reaktion Books, 2011).
↑ Ann Thwaite, Glimpses of the Wonderful: The Life of Philip Henry Gosse, 1810-1888 (London: Faber & Faber, 2002), xix.
↑ One of Edmund's friends called Father and Son "a story of rank cruelty and almost insanity." Virginia Woolf wrote of "the narrowness, the ugliness" of Edmund's upbringing, and "the almost insane religious mania of the father." Quoted in Ann Thwaite, Glimpses of the Wonderful: The Life of Philip Henry Gosse, 1810-1888 (London: Faber & Faber, 2002), xv. There are three portraits of Gosse at the National Portrait Gallery.
↑ Douglas Wertheimer, "Gosse, Philip Henry", Dictionary of Canadian Biography.
↑ Quoted in Thwaite, 50.
↑ Edmund Gosse (1890). The Life of Philip Henry Gosse.
↑ Gosse, Philip Henry (1993) . Letters from Alabama, (U.S.) chiefly relating to natural history (Annotated ed.). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 7–21. ISBN 0-585-32308-9.
↑ Thwaite, 102. In his son's telling, Gosse "broke down utterly into hysterical sob upon sob, while Mr. Van Voorst, murmuring, 'My dear young man! my dear young man!' hastened out to fetch wine and minister to wants which it was beyond the power of pride to conceal any longer." Edmund Gosse, Life of Philip Henry Gosse (1890), 157.
↑ Thwaite, 114. Gosse "denied any connection with Plymouth" and sometimes called himself simply a member of the church of Christ.
↑ Schwartz, Albert and Richard Thomas. 1975. A Check-list of West Indian Amphibians and Reptiles. Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Pittsburgh. 216 pp.
↑ They were married by Robert Howard (brother of John Eliot Howard and son of Luke Howard) at Brook Street Chapel, Tottenham. Edmund Gosse, Father and Son (Oxford University Press, 2004), 208.
↑ Taylor book review in The Guardian.
↑ Edmund Gosse, Father and Son (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1907), 6.
↑ Thwaite, 194-203. She was buried at Abney Park Cemetery in Stoke Newington.
↑ John Rendle-Short, Green Eye of the Storm (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust, 1998), 20-21; Thwaite, 209.
↑ Stephen Jay Gould, The Flamingo's Smile: Reflections in Natural History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 103.
↑ Thwaite, 216. Gosse called these apparent records of non-occurring events "prochronic," meaning "before time."
↑ Thwaite, 223. Because of the destruction of this edition, "it is now extremely scarce and valuable."
↑ Gosse 1890, p. 330.
↑ Quoted in Thwaite, 240-41.
↑ L. R. Croft, 'Gosse, Philip Henry (1810–1888)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004; Thwaite, 248-51, 253.
↑ Quoted in Thwaite, 251.
↑ Thwaite, 278, 282, 287.
↑ Thwaite, 304-08. When Edmund married without introducing his fiancée to his parents neither Henry nor Eliza asked if she were "saved." (285) One of the grandchildren was Philip Henry George Gosse (1879-1959), a naturalist and author of Memoirs of a Camp Follower (1934), a memoir of his experiences in Royal Army Medical Corps in France and Belgium, 1915–1917, and in India, 1917–1918.
↑ Thwaite, 316. The paper was euphemistically entitled, "On the clasping organs ancillary to generation in certain groups of Lepidoptera."
↑ Thwaite, 320, 323. He was buried in Torquay, and his grave was inscribed with a quotation from Revelation 22.20 "Even so, come, Lord Jesus."
↑ Edmund Gosse, Father and Son Michael Newton, ed. (Oxford University Press, 2004), xxix; Thwaite, xvi.
↑ Edmund Gosse, Father and Son Michael Newton, ed. (Oxford University Press, 2004), xvii.
↑ The Sunday Times The other side of a Victorian monster 13 October 2002.
"Philip Henry Gosse," in Tom Taylor and Michael Taylor, Aves: A Survey of the Literature of Neotropical Ornithology, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Libraries, 2011.
"Gosse, Philip Henry". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
"Gosse, Philip Henry". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
"Gosse, Philip Henry". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Gosse, Philip Henry". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
"Gosse, Philip Henry". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.


What actually is a "Healthy Balanced diet?"
One of most commonly spoken about topics these days is "Healthy eating." There isn't an internet page, blog or Instagram account that doesn't speak about diet, and most people are now aware that the real route to improving your health and lifestyle is through the idea of consuming a Healthy, Balanced Diet. However, with all these 'health' claims made there is a great deal of confusing and contradictory information about diet circulating on the internet and social media. So, as a result, we now have a problem – being that most people don't know what actually constitutes a Healthy Balanced Diet, making it slightly harder for people to actually follow one!
Healthy eating means eating a variety of foods that give you the nutrients you need to maintain your health, to feel good and to have energy. These nutrients include protein, carbohydrates, fat, water, vitamins and minerals. There is no single food item or group that can provide your body with all the nutrients it needs, which is why we promote a balanced diet consisting of food items, in the right quantities, from all food groups.
Healthy eating is not about strict dietary limitations, staying unrealistically thin or depriving yourself of the foods you love. Rather, it's about feeling great, having more energy, improving your health and stabilizing your mood. Don't think of any foods as "off limits," rather understand that you aim to eat in moderation, being 85-90% healthy and the rest your occasional treats.
By using these simple tips, you can cut through the confusion and learn how to create a tasty, varied and healthy diet plan that is as good for your mind as it is for your body.
Instead of being overly concerned with counting calories, think of your diet in terms of colour, variety and freshness. Focus on avoiding packaged and processed foods and opting for more fresh ingredients. Also, prepare more of your own meals more often. Cooking more meals at home can help you take charge of what you're eating and better monitor exactly what goes into your food, as well as your portion size.
#2 Go for Whole Grains!
Because whole grains are higher in vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients (natural plant compounds) than refined grains. Aim for roughly 6 portions of wholegrain carbohydrate portions per day. Examples of whole grains are wholewheat/rye/seeded/brown bread, oats, brown/wild rice, bulgar wheat, Provita and Ryevita.
Vegetables and fruits are packed with nutrients and fibre, so enjoy a wide variety of them. Try to include at least one dark green leafy veggie and one orange veggie daily. Remember to 'Strive for five' – which would be, on average 3 vegetables (minimum) and 2 fruits per day.
Milk and dairy products are packed with protein, calcium and B-vitamins. And they're delicious! Enjoy 2 to 3 servings of dairy products every day for bone-boosting calcium, and vitamin D. Dairy products include milk, yogurt and cheese, as well as some soya products.
Meat and meat alternatives are a good source of protein, iron, zinc and other nutrients. Aim for 2-3 portions of protein-rich foods daily, such as meat, chicken, fish and eggs. Make lean choices and prepare them with little or no added fat. Enjoy alternatives like legumes (beans, split peas, chickpeas and lentils) and tofu often.
Fats and oils add a lot of flavour to food, and they help us absorb some nutrients. But diets higher in 'bad' fats are also linked to health risks such obesity and heart disease. Enjoy a small amount – about 3 to 5 portions – of healthier unsaturated fat each day. Limit saturated and trans fats. Healthier unsaturated fats come from foods such as avocados, nuts and seeds as well as oils such as olive, canola or flaxseed oil.
Foods and beverages that are high in sugar should be limited, as they are high in calories but low in nutrients. Consuming a diet with a high sugar content will make it difficult to achieve your weight goals, and may lead to excessive weight gain and the development of certain diseases, as well as bad teeth. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that the consumption of simple sugars should be less than 5% of our daily intake (referred to as 'free sugars').
Water helps flush our systems of waste products and toxins, and keep our bodies balanced, yet many people go through life without drinking enough water or being dehydrated. This causes tiredness, low energy, and headaches. It is also common to mistake thirst for hunger, so staying well hydrated will also help you avoid overeating, as well as make healthier food choices.
Nutrition should be individualised! There is no One-size-fits-all approach for nutrition and health. Food is all about individuality, as different people have different likes and dislikes, different vices and they may also respond to foods in different ways. Individual factors that make one person put on weight, could essentially help another person to lose weight. Food isn't black and white. A Registered Dietitian can assist you in designing the correct balanced, healthy eating plan for YOU!
Melanie understands that there is a great deal of confusing and contradictory information about diet circulating on the internet and social media, and thus she aims to be a thorough, well-informed and compassionate practitioner of her discipline. She aims to clarify the science of dietetics, for everyday lifestyle as well as for specific clinical conditions, and to provide simple and easy-to-follow nutrition information and guidelines.
Melanie is currently practicing as an associate dietitian at Nutritional Solutions, which is based at the Centre for Advanced Medicine, 12 Scott Street, Waverley, and at the Daisy Office Park, 135 Daisy Street, Sandton.


text:
using System;
using System.Reactive;
using LibGit2Sharp;

namespace ReactiveGit
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Abstraction for performing asynchronous operations against a LibGit2Sharp repository
    /// </summary>
    public interface IObservableRepository : IDisposable
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Push the changes from this repository to the remote repository
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="observer">An observer to report progress</param>
        /// <returns>A signal indicating completion</returns>
        IObservable<Unit> Push(IObserver<Tuple<string, int>> observer);

        /// <summary>
        /// Pull changes from the remote repository into this repository
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="observer">An observer to report progress</param>
        /// <returns>A signal indicating the result of the merge</returns>
        IObservable<MergeResult> Pull(IObserver<Tuple<string, int>> observer);

        /// <summary>
        /// Checkout a specific commit for this repository
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="commit">The desired commit</param>
        /// <param name="observer">An observer to report progress</param>
        /// <returns>A signal indicating completion</returns>
        IObservable<Unit> Checkout(Commit commit, IObserver<Tuple<string, int>> observer);

        /// <summary>
        /// Checkout a specific branch for this repository
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="branch">The desired branch</param>
        /// <param name="observer">An observer to report progress</param>
        /// <returns>A signal indicating completion</returns>
        IObservable<Unit> Checkout(Branch branch, IObserver<Tuple<string, int>> observer);

        /// <summary>
        /// Checkout a specific commitish for this repository
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="commitOrBranchSpec">The desired commit</param>
        /// <param name="observer">An observer to report progress</param>
        /// <returns>A signal indicating completion</returns>
        IObservable<Unit> Checkout(string commitOrBranchSpec, IObserver<Tuple<string, int>> observer);

        /// <summary>
        /// Access to the underlying LibGit2Sharp repository
        /// </summary>
        IRepository Inner { get; }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Personnel: Guthrie Govan (guitar); Marco Minnemann (drums).
Recording information: Onion Boy Studios, Nashville, TN; Planet 10 Studios, Palatine, IL.
You can earn a 5% commission by selling Aristocrats on your website. It's easy to get started - we will give you example code. After you're set-up, your website can earn you money while you work, play or even sleep! You should start right now!


text:
Q: How to capture photo by adding overlay I tried to add overlay when capturing the photo. i could successfully  add the overlay in preview but once i tap the photo capture button,the overlay view (around 40px ) will upside down and also i tried to save the image in photo album but saved image does not contain the overlay image.
i attached the below, if i am wrong please guide me?
//In ViewDidLoad//
OverlayView *overlay = [[OverlayView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, 0, 320, 460)];

UIImagePickerController *picker = [[UIImagePickerController alloc] init];

picker.sourceType = UIImagePickerControllerSourceTypeCamera;

picker.cameraCaptureMode = UIImagePickerControllerCameraCaptureModePhoto;

[picker setDelegate:self];
picker.showsCameraControls = YES;
picker.navigationBarHidden = YES;
picker.toolbarHidden = YES;

picker.wantsFullScreenLayout = YES;

picker.cameraViewTransform = CGAffineTransformScale(picker.cameraViewTransform, 1, 1.24299);

picker.cameraOverlayView = overlay;

[self presentModalViewController:picker animated:YES];
[picker release];

- (void) imagePickerController:(UIImagePickerController *)picker didFinishPickingMediaWithInfo:(NSDictionary *)info
{
// Access the uncropped image from info dictionary
UIImage *image = [info objectForKey:@"UIImagePickerControllerOriginalImage"];

// Save image
UIImageWriteToSavedPhotosAlbum(image, self, @selector(image:didFinishSavingWithError:contextInfo:), nil);

}

- (void)image:(UIImage *)image didFinishSavingWithError:(NSError *)error contextInfo:(void *)contextInfo
{
    UIAlertView *alert;

// Unable to save the image
if (error)
    alert = [[UIAlertView alloc] initWithTitle:@"Error"
                                       message:@"Unable to save image to Photo Album."
                                      delegate:self cancelButtonTitle:@"Ok"
                             otherButtonTitles:nil];
else // All is well
    alert = [[UIAlertView alloc] initWithTitle:@"Success"
                                       message:@"Image saved to Photo Album."
                                      delegate:self cancelButtonTitle:@"Ok"
                             otherButtonTitles:nil];

[alert show];
alert.delegate = self;
[alert release];
}

//In OverlayView.m file

- (id)initWithFrame:(CGRect)frame {
if ((self = [super initWithFrame:frame])) {
    // Clear the background of the overlay:
    self.opaque = NO;
    self.backgroundColor = [UIColor clearColor];

    // Load the image to show in the overlay:
    UIImage *overlayGraphic = [UIImage imageNamed:@"img3.png"];
    UIImageView *overlayGraphicView = [[UIImageView alloc] initWithImage:overlayGraphic];
    overlayGraphicView.frame = CGRectMake(0, 50, 320, 430);
    [self addSubview:overlayGraphicView];
    [overlayGraphicView release];

}
return self;
}

Thanks in advace

A: Creating image after capturing photo like this:
UIImage *capturedImage = [UIImage imageNamed:@"bottom.png"]; //Captured image
UIImage *overlayImage  = [UIImage imageNamed:@"top.png"]; //foverlayImage image

CGSize newSize = capturedImage.size
UIGraphicsBeginImageContext( newSize );

[capturedImage drawInRect:CGRectMake(0,0,newSize.width,newSize.height)];

// Apply supplied opacity if applicable
[overlayImage drawInRect:CGRectMake(0,0,newSize.width,newSize.height) blendMode:kCGBlendModeNormal alpha:0.7];

UIImage *newImage = UIGraphicsGetImageFromCurrentImageContext();

UIGraphicsEndImageContext();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:1}

Although the existence of a thick disk in the Milky Way was revealed $35$ years ago \citep{Gilmore1983}
and its spatial, kinematic, and chemical properties are today better defined, its origin is still matter of debate.

Proposed scenarios include the heating of a pre-existing thin disk through a minor merger \citep[][]{Villalobos2008},
accretion of dwarf galaxies stars from disrupted satellites \citep[][]{Abadi2003},
or stars formed in situ from gas-rich mergers at high redshift \citep[][]{Brook2005, Haywood2015}.
On the other hand, simulations suggest that thick disks could be produced
through secular radial migration of stars induced by
spiral arms \citep[][]{Roskar2008, Schoenrich2009, Curir2012} and
flaring combined with inside-out disk formation \citep{Minchev2017}.
Such models predict characteristic trends on the kinematics and chemical abundances that can be used
to discriminate the one, or the ones, favoured by the Milky Way.

Indeed, detailed information can be obtained from massive
astrometric and spectroscopic surveys.
Quite recently, the European Space Agency's Gaia mission has made its second data release, or Gaia DR2
\citep[][]{Gaia Collaboration2018}: it provides unprecedented accurate
measurements of parallax and proper motion
for more than 1.3 billion stars across the whole sky \citep[][]{Lindegren2018}.
On the other hand, as part of SDSS-IV,
the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment fourteenth data release, APOGEE~DR14,
has delivered high-resolution ($R \sim 22\,500$)
high signal-to-noise near-infrared spectra,
enabling the determination of precise
radial velocities as well as stellar parameters
and abundances for more than $20$ chemical elements \citep[][]{Majewski2017, Abolfathi2018}.
Finally, we recall that the APOGEE Survey targeted mostly red giant stars \citep[][]{Zasowski2013}.

In this Letter we take advantage of these new superb measurements to improve on the recent work of
\citet[][]{Kordopatis2017} based on APOGEE~DR12.
Section~\ref{sec:2} describes our selection of disk stars, Section~\ref{sec:3}
presents the findings that resulted from our analysis,
while Section~\ref{sec:4} addresses the theoretical implications of our results.

\section{Data and sample selection}\label{sec:2}

This study starts with a new kinematic catalogue,
assembled after cross-matching Gaia~DR2 and APOGEE~DR14.
The resulting sample contains DR2 positions, parallaxes and proper motions \citep[][]{Lindegren2018},
plus radial velocities and chemical abundances derived
with the APOGEE Stellar Spectra Parameter Pipeline \citep[e. g.,][]{Holtzman2015,Garcia2016}.
The data set allows us to derive a complete, 6D, phase-space information for a
sufficiently {\it pure} sample of tracers of the disk (thin and thick) populations.

We first select only objects having astrometric solutions
that are either not affected by excess of noise, $\epsilon=0$, or with a significance level on $\epsilon$ less than
two, to discard astrometric binaries and other anomalous cases  \citep[see][for details]{Lindegren2018}.
Then, we retain only those stars
with relative parallax error $\sigma_\varpi/\varpi < 0.2$, that allows to compute
distances as $d = 1/\varpi$ with quasi-gaussian errors.
As for the selection on the APOGEE~DR14 data,
we reject stars with flags warning of poor stellar parameter
estimates, and those with signal-to-noise ratios lower
than $70$.
Also, in order to work with reliable $\alpha$-element abundances,
we only consider stars with
$\chi^2 < 10$ and $4000 <  T_{\rm{eff}}< 5000$~K
according to \citet[][]{Anders2014}.
Therefore, our initial sample comprises a total of $69\,400$ red giants down to $G=17.73$~mag
with only $26$ stars fainter than $16.5$ mag.
Median uncertainties are: $0.03~\rm{mas}$ in parallax,
$50~\rm{\mu as}$ in annual proper motion,
and $\sim 100~\rm{m~s}^{-1}$ for the APOGEE provided line-of-sight velocities.

Three-dimensional velocities in  Galactocentric cylindrical coordinates, $(V_R, V_\phi, V_z)$,
are derived by assuming that the Sun is $8.5~\rm{kpc}$ away from the Milky Way (MW) centre,
the LSR rotates at $232~\rm{km~s}^{-1}$ around the Galactic centre \citep[][]{McMillan2017},
and the LSR peculiar velocity of the Sun is $(U,V,W)_{\sun}=(11.1,12.24,7.25)~\rm{km~s}^{-1}$ \citep[][]{Schoenrich2010}.
Median uncertainties of the derived Galactocentric velocities are
$(\sigma_{V_{R}},\sigma_{V_{\phi}},\sigma_{V_{z}})=(0.53,0.64,0.54)~\rm{km~s}^{-1}$.

Disk stars are chemically selected utilising the constraint
$\rm{[M/H]} > -1.2$~dex\footnote{We adopt the overall chemical abundance $\rm{[M/H]}$ and
$\alpha$-element abundances
$\rm{[\alpha/M]}$, as derived by the APOGEE Stellar Parameter and Chemical Abundances Pipeline \citep[ASPCAP,][]{Zamora2015}.
The stellar parameters fitted by ASPCAP are $T_{\rm{eff}}$, $\log~g$, $\xi_t$, $\rm{[M/H]}$, $\rm{[\alpha/M]}$,  $\rm{[C/M]}$,  and $\rm{[N/M]}$.
Here, the overall metallicity is defined as
$\rm{[M/H]} = \log(N_M/N_H)_{\star} -\log(N_M/N_H)_{\sun}$,
where $N_M$ and $N_H$ are
the number density of all elements with atom number $Z > 2$ and hydrogen nuclei, respectively.
The $\alpha$-elements considered are O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ca, and Ti.
}
and $|z| <3$~kpc, resulting in a
sample of $67\,358$ objects.
Fig.~\ref{MetallicityAlphaE} shows the chemical plane, $\rm{[\alpha/M]}$ vs. $\rm{[M/H]}$, for this sample;
the thin disk (low-$\alpha$) and thick disk (high-$\alpha$) subsamples
are reasonably well separated (below and above the dashed line, respectively) by the relation:

\begin{equation}
\rm{[\alpha/M]}=\left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
+0.125 & \text{if} \,\,\, \rm{[M/H]}< -0.4\\
-0.083 (\rm{[M/H]} -0.5)+0.05 & \text{if} \,\,\, \rm{[M/H]} \ge -0.4
\end{array}\right.
\label{eq:selection}
\end{equation}

In order to minimise kinematic contamination from the halo, we retain only stars with $V_\phi > 0$
and apply the Toomre selections (see Fig.~\ref{Toomre}):
\begin{eqnarray}
(V_\phi-200)^2+V_R^2+V_z^2 & < & 150^2~\rm{km^2~s^{-2}}\label{eq:2}\\
(V_\phi-150)^2+V_R^2+V_z^2 & < &  250^2~\rm{km^2~s^{-2}}\label{eq:3}
\end{eqnarray}
for thin disk (Eq.~\ref{eq:2}) and thick disk (Eq.~\ref{eq:3}) stars.
With this further selection our sample is composed of
$60\,539$ disk stars.

Finally, we remind the reader that the photometric selection criteria of the APOGEE targets and the $T_{\rm{eff}}$-$\log~g$
boundaries of the ASPCAP grid may bias the resulting metallicity distribution,
e.g. by undersampling the metal rich tail at $\rm{[M/H]}> +0.1$~dex, as discussed by \citet[][]{Hayden2014}.
The radial metallicity gradients and the velocity metallicity correlations, especially for the thin disk, could be sensitive to this effect and in particular at larger distances.
We briefly address this issue in the next Section.

 \begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{FIG_AlphaM-MH.png}
   \caption{Chemical distribution, $\rm{[\alpha/M]}$  vs. $\rm{[M/H]}$, for the $67\,358$
   	Gaia~DR2-APOGEE~DR14 stars with $\rm{[M/H]}> -1.2$~dex and $|z| < 3$~kpc.
	The dashed line represents the adopted separation between thin disk (below) and thick disk (above).
	Typical errors are below $0.03$~dex per $\rm{[\alpha/M]}$ and less than $0.07$~dex per $\rm{[M/H]}$.
              }
   \label{MetallicityAlphaE}
 \end{figure}

  \begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{FIG_Toomre.png}
   \caption{Toomre diagram of the disk sample in Fig.~\ref{MetallicityAlphaE}.
   	The circles define the Toomre inequalities (see end of Section~\ref{sec:2})
	we used to minimise contamination from halo stars for the thin (blue) and the thick (red) disks.
	The vertical line, $V_\phi=0$, is further used to reject halo (retrograde) stars that can contaminate the thick disk sample.
	}
   \label{Toomre}
 \end{figure}

\section{Results}\label{sec:3}

We focus on the sample within the
Galactocentric (cylindrical) distance range $5 < R < 13$~kpc for a total of $58\,882$ disk stars.
Also, the following analysis refers to $4$ Galactocentric rings, each $2-\rm{kpc}$ wide,
with central radius at $R=6, 8, 10, 12$~kpc, respectively.
In addition, both chemically selected thin and thick disk stars are considered
in three height intervals:  $|z| <3$~kpc, $|z| <1$~kpc, and $1 \le |z| <3$~kpc.

Figs.~\ref{MH-R_th}--\ref{MH-R_TK} show the distribution of $\rm{[M/H]}$ as a function of $R$, and the three $z$ intervals above,
for thin and thick disk stars, respectively.
A linear fit to the data is also shown for each of the Galactocentric rings examined,
while the actual fit results are provided in Table~\ref{table:1}.
At a given range, radial gradients appear consistent with trends expected for the two disk populations irrespective of distance from the Galactic plane.
In particular, thick disk stars show rather flat (or mildly positive) gradients throughout the portion of the disk proved.
Within the Solar annulus,  $7 < R < 9$~kpc, we measure for the low-$\alpha$ (thin disk) population a radial-metallicity gradient of
$-0.031\pm 0.010~\rm{dex~kpc^{-1}}$ between $1\le |z|<3$~kpc, and of $-0.013\pm 0.003~\rm{dex~kpc^{-1}}$ below $|z|<1$~kpc.
For the high-$\alpha$ population, the fit estimations go from a flat slope of $0.000\pm 0.008~\rm{dex~kpc^{-1}}$  for $|z| < 1$~kpc
to a positive slope of $0.019\pm 0.005~\rm{dex~kpc^{-1}}$  below $|z| = 3$~kpc.
These gradients are consistent with recent measurements like in, e.g., \citet[][]{Anders2014,Recio-Blanco2014,Li2017, Peng2018}.

 \begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{FIG_MH-R_th.png}
   \caption{Radial metallicity distribution of thin disk stars
   	in the Galactocentric (cylindrical) distance range $5 < R < 13$~kpc and within $|z| < 3$~kpc.
   	From left to right, the full radial range is shown in four $2-\rm{kpc}$ wide rings at $R=6, 8, 10, 12$~kpc.
	The sample is also divided in three height intervals: $|z| <3$~kpc (bottom panels), $|z| < 1$~kpc (middle panels), and $1 \le |z| <3$~kpc (top panels).
	 The solid lines represent the linear fits to the data.
              }
   \label{MH-R_th}
 \end{figure}

\begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{FIG_MH-R_TK.png}
   \caption{As Fig.~\ref{MH-R_th}, but for thick disk stars.
              }
   \label{MH-R_TK}
 \end{figure}

Figs.~\ref{Vphi-MH_th}--\ref{Vphi-MH_TK} show the distribution of rotational velocity $V_\phi$ with $\rm{[M/H]}$
for thin and thick disk stars, respectively.
The slope, $\partial V_\phi / \partial \rm{[M/H]}$, is estimated again
via a linear fit to the data for each of the four MW rings and the three Galactic plane strips defined above.
Table~\ref{table:2} provides the results of the fits and lists: total number of stars,
slope (i.e., the velocity-metallicity gradients), and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
for each of the bin (in $R$ and $|z|$) studied.
We clearly notice {\it negative} velocity-metallicity correlations for thin disk stars at any $|z|$ and throughout the disk;
the thick disk population shows quite a similar behaviour but for {\it positive} correlations.
Moreover, as expected, $V_\phi$ slows down with increasing $|z|$ for both chemically selected populations.

At the Solar circle, i.e. $7 < R < 9$~kpc,
a kinematical-metallicity correlation of
$42.8\pm 3.4~\rm{km~s^{-1}~dex^{-1}}$ is estimated for the thick disk between $1\le |z|<3$~kpc,
while a shallower slope $27.9\pm 3.2~\rm{km~s^{-1}~dex^{-1}}$ is present at $|z|<1$~kpc (see Fig.~\ref{Vphi-MH_TK}, second panels from the left).
These estimates are quite compatible with the
earlier measurements of \citet[][]{Spagna2010}, and later confirmed by a number of independent studies
\citep[][]{Lee2011,Kordopatis2011,Adibekyan2013, Haywood2013,Kordopatis2013,Guiglion2015,AllendePrieto2016, Wojno2016}.

Finally, let us briefly address the issue of possible biases
related to the known under-sampling of the metal rich tail of the APOGEE Survey (see end of Sect.~\ref{sec:2}).
We tested the robustness of the findings above by repeating all of our linear least-squares fits
after applying metallicity cuts $\rm{[M/H]< [M/H]_{max}}$, with $0.0~\rm{dex} \le \rm{[M/H]_{max}}\le 0.5~\rm{dex}$, to thin and thick disk star samples alike.
Within the errors, all the fits appear quite consistent with the results we present in Tables~\ref{table:1} and \ref{table:2}; in other words,
we do not find any statistically significant (propagated) bias affecting either the radial metallicity gradients or the rotational-metallicity correlations of both the thin and thick disks.

 \begin{figure*}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.84\linewidth]{FIG_Vphi-MH_th.png}
   \caption{Velocity-metallicity distribution of thin disk stars as function of
   	Galactocentric (cylindrical) radius $R$, and distance from the plane $|z|$.
	The sample is shown, from left to right, in four $2-$~kpc wide rings at the central radii $R=6, 8, 10, 12$~kpc.
	In the vertical direction, the bottom panels show stars with $|z| <3$~kpc, the middle panels stars with $|z| <1$~kpc,
	while the parts of the sample with $1 \le |z| <3$~kpc is given in the top panels.
	The solid blue lines represent the linear fits to the data and the corresponding $99$\% confidence level curves.
	The solid cyan lines are the $10$th and $90$th percentiles of the data shown.
              }
   \label{Vphi-MH_th}
 \end{figure*}

 \begin{figure*}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.84\linewidth]{FIG_Vphi-MH_TK.png}
   \caption{	As Fig.~\ref{Vphi-MH_th}, but for thick disk stars.
              }
   \label{Vphi-MH_TK}
 \end{figure*}

\begin{table*}
	\centering
	\caption{Radial metallicity gradients, $\partial \rm{[M/H]} / \partial \rm{R}$ in $\rm{dex~kpc^{-1}}$, in bins of $R$ and $|z|$, for disk stars below $|z|= 3$~kpc.}
	\label{table:1}
	\begin{tabular}{lccccccccc}
		\hline
		Sample & $\rm{|z|~kpc}$ & \multicolumn{2}{c}{$\rm{R=6~kpc}$}& \multicolumn{2}{c}{$\rm{R=8~kpc}$}& \multicolumn{2}{c}{$\rm{R=10~kpc}$}& \multicolumn{2}{c}{$\rm{R=12~kpc}$}\\
			     &          & N & $\partial \rm{[M/H]} / \partial \rm{R}$ & N & $\partial \rm{[M/H]} / \partial \rm{R}$ & N & $\partial \rm{[M/H]} / \partial \rm{R}$ & N & $\partial \rm{[M/H]} / \partial \rm{R}$\\
		\hline
   Thin disk     & $\ge 1$   &    $   99$      &  $-0.113\pm 0.044$   &   $1688$  &   $-0.031\pm 0.010$     &   $1557$  &   $-0.047\pm 0.009$   & $1078$  &   $-0.010\pm 0.010$\\
                      & $<1$   &    $1291$     &  $-0.061\pm 0.009$   & $19585$  &   $-0.013\pm 0.003$     & $13985$  &   $-0.060\pm 0.003$   & $5690$  &   $-0.039\pm 0.004$\\
                      & $\rm{all}$   &    $1390$     &  $-0.073\pm 0.010$   & $21273$  &   $-0.007\pm 0.003$     & $15542$  &   $-0.062\pm 0.003$   & $6768$  &   $-0.037\pm 0.004$\\

   Thick disk   & $\ge1$   &    $1048$     &  $+0.021\pm 0.014$  &   $4612$  &   $+0.005\pm 0.007$     &   $1113$  &   $+0.022\pm 0.012$  & $ 284$  &    $+0.031\pm 0.023$\\
                      & $<1$   &    $ 863$      &  $-0.017\pm 0.015$   &   $4270$  &   $ 0.000\pm 0.008$      &   $1438$  &   $-0.031\pm 0.011$   & $ 281$  &    $ 0.000\pm 0.030$\\
                      & $\rm{all}$   &    $1911$      &  $-0.023\pm 0.010$   &   $8882$  &   $+0.019\pm 0.005$      &   $2551$  &   $-0.012\pm 0.009$   & $565$  &    $+0.011\pm 0.019$\\
		\hline
	\end{tabular}
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}
	\centering
	\caption{Rotational-metallicity correlations, $\partial V_\phi / \partial \rm{[M/H]}$ in  $\rm{km~s^{-1}~dex^{-1}}$, in bins of $R$ and $|z|$, for disk stars below $|z|= 3$~kpc.
	}
	\label{table:2}
	\begin{tabular}{lccccccccccccc}
		\hline
		Sample & $\rm{|z|~kpc}$ & \multicolumn{3}{c}{$\rm{R=6~kpc}$}& \multicolumn{3}{c}{$\rm{R=8~kpc}$}& \multicolumn{3}{c}{$\rm{R=10~kpc}$}& \multicolumn{3}{c}{$\rm{R=12~kpc}$}\\
		             &	 &  N & $\partial V_\phi / \partial \rm{[M/H]}$ & $\rho_s$ & N & $\partial V_\phi / \partial \rm{[M/H]}$ & $\rho_s$ & N & $\partial V_\phi / \partial \rm{[M/H]}$ & $\rho_s$ & N & $\partial V_\phi / \partial \rm{[M/H]}$ &  $\rho_s$\\
		\hline
		Thin  &  $\ge 1$   &    $  99$   &  $-46.4\pm 20.5$  & $-0.22$  &  $1688$  &   $-32.2\pm 3.6$   & $-0.23$ &    $1557$ &   $-36.1\pm 3.4$  & $-0.27$  &  $1078$ &   $-48.4\pm 4.3$    & $-0.33$\\
	                          &  $<1$   &    $1291$  &  $-37.7\pm 5.4  $ & $-0.20$  & $19585$ &    $-19.5\pm 1.0$   & $-0.13$ &  $13985$ &   $-29.3\pm 1.1$  & $-0.22$  &  $5690$ &   $-45.8\pm 1.9$    & $-0.30$\\
	                          &  $\rm{all}$   &    $1390$  &  $-31.6\pm 5.1  $ & $-0.18$  & $21273$ &    $-16.3\pm 1.0$   & $-0.11$ &  $15542$ &   $-27.9\pm 1.0$  & $-0.22$  &  $6768$ &   $-43.8\pm 1.8$    & $-0.29$\\

	        Thick &  $\ge 1$   &    $1048$  &  $+15.7\pm 7.6  $ & $+0.06$  &  $4612$  &   $+42.8\pm 3.4$ & $+0.18$ &   $1113$ &    $+58.9\pm 6.3$ & $+0.27$ &   $ 284$ &   $+65.1\pm 12.7$ & $+0.33$\\
	                         &  $<1$   &    $ 863$   &  $+12.4\pm 7.9  $ & $+0.07$  &  $4270$  &   $+27.9\pm 3.2$ & $+0.13$ &   $1438$ &    $+49.7\pm 4.7$ & $+0.27$ &   $ 281$ &   $+46.2\pm  9.7$  & $+0.29$\\
	                         &  $\rm{all}$   &    $1911$   &  $+20.7\pm 5.3  $ & $+0.10$  &  $8882$  &   $+43.5\pm 2.3$ & $+0.20$ &   $2551$ &    $+59.2\pm 3.7$ & $+0.30$ &   $565$ &   $+60.1\pm  7.8$  & $+0.34$\\
		\hline
	\end{tabular}
\end{table*}

\section{Discussion and conclusions}\label{sec:4}

By combining astrometric information from Gaia~DR2 with radial velocities and chemical abundances from APOGEE~DR14,
we measured the radial metallicity gradients and, for the first time,
the rotation metallicity correlation of the MW disk populations as function of $R$ in
a relatively wide radial range spanning from $5$ to $13$~kpc.

We adopted the usual chemical classification method of thin and thick disk stars based on
two main evolutionary sequences in the $\rm{[\alpha/M]}$ vs. $\rm{[M/H]}$ diagram (Fig.~\ref{MetallicityAlphaE}).
The fact that the chemo-kinematical properties of these two populations are consistent
near the Galactic plane and above $1$~kpc from it
shows the power of the $\alpha$-elements-based classification criterion.

Concerning the radial metallicity gradient,
our analysis of the new data confirm the negative slope for the thin disk
and the flat (or mildly positive) slope for the thick, as found in previous studies based mainly on spectro-photometric distances
\citep[e.g., ][]{Carrel2012,Anders2014,Recio-Blanco2014,Li2017}.

As for the velocity-metallicity correlations, $\partial V_\phi / \partial \rm{[M/H]}$, that of the thin disk appears
consistently {\it negative} throughout the radial range probed.
This is in line with expectations
given the negative sign of the corresponding chemical gradient exhibited in Fig.~\ref{MH-R_th}, and
the radial oscillation of the individual stars caused by the epicyclic component
due to blurring effects \citep[e.g., ][and references therein]{Schoenrich2017,Kawata2018}.

The situation appears substantially different for the thick disk.
To the best of our knowledge, Fig.~\ref{Vphi-MH_TK} offers for the first time
observational evidence that the circular velocity-metallicity correlation of the thick disk is persistently {\it positive} within the
$8$~kpc range of Galactocentric distances investigated,
in spite of a quasi-flat metallicity gradient.
This suggests that the chemo-kinematical mechanisms in place for the thin disk are probably replaced, totally or in part,
by other processes (e.g., inside out formation) when dealing with the $\alpha$-enanced population
as discussed by \citet[][]{Schoenrich2017} and \citet[][]{Kawata2018}.
Their simulations point out that the present-day radial metallicy and rotation-metallicity correlation
of the ancient disk stars reflect the imprints of the cosmological conditions (i.e., the original metallicity gradient of the ISM and inside-out formation),
convolved with the mechanisms of secular dynamical evolution of the MW disk,
and with possible perturbations from satellite mergings.\\
To this regard, it is quite interesting to compare our Fig.~\ref{Vphi-MH_TK} to Fig.~$8$ in \citet[][]{Kawata2018},
whose first and third rows show a constant positive correlation vs. $R$, which is associated with an almost flat  present-day radial metallicity gradient,
as per our Fig.~\ref{MH-R_TK}.
However, if we look at the two figures in greater detail,
we notice that the observed thick disk rotation-metallicity correlation increases as a function of the galactic radius,
while the simulations show an opposite trend.\\
\citet[][]{Kawata2018} results derive from N-body MW-like simulations (their C1 and C2-thick1 models)
that assume positive cosmological chemical gradients in the disk, as initially proposed by \citet[][]{Curir2012}.
Finally, alternative scenarios, as those suggested by the analytical models of \citet[][]{Schoenrich2017},
also deserve further investigations possibly employing fully realistic cosmological simulations of the MW as in \citet[][]{Murante2015}.

There is no doubts that the results presented here will help setting crucial constraints
on the origin and destiny of the Galactic disk in the context of cosmological models of MW formation.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
We wish to thank the referee for a careful reading of this manuscript and for the useful comments that helped us improve on the original submission.
This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia),
processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement.
This work has been funded in part by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) under contract No. 2014-025-R.1.2015 ``Gaia Mission - The Italian Participation to DPAC".

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


LUNENBURG -- The North Middlesex Regional boys and girls track teams easily captured Mid-Wach C championships Thursday.
The boys collected 184 points to outdistance Oakmont (157.50), while the girls claimed 195 points to easily top runner-up Quabbin (134).
LUNENBURG -- The Tyngsboro High girls claimed fourth place with 51 points, while the boys took fifth with 81.5 points at the Mid-Wach D championships Thursday.
Shot put: 1. Alex Hollenbeck, 39-2. 3. John O'Friel. 5. Jared Woods. High jump: 2. Chris Sloboda. 4. Alban Bobaci. Discus: 2. Jacy Kretas. 4. Hollenbeck. 6. Owen Uyi-Osagie. Javelin: 1. Carson Doody, 151-0. 2. O'Friel. Long jump: 4. Nicholas Woolsey. 5. Adam Fournier. Triple jump: 1. Doody, 44-00.75. 4. Rion Crear. Pole vault: 1. Kretas, 11-0. 3. Callum Hammill. 110 hurdles: 2. Kretas. 3. Woolsey. 100: 3. Fournier. 4. Elijah Rusch. Mile: 2. Hammill. 400: 2. Owen Marr. 3. Crear. 800: 3. Robert Doig. 400 hurdles: 2. Kretas. 4. Jack Galligan. 200: 4. Doody. 5. Matt Haskins. 200: 2. Doody. 4. Haskins. 4x100: 1. NM, 46.35. 4x400: 2. NM. 4x800: 3. NM.
Shot put: 2. Martina Nkwantah. 3. Catherine Nkwantah. 5. Nicole Burdick. High jump: 1. Myah Johnson, 5-0. 4. Erin Bourgeois. 5. Joanna Chase. Discus: 3. C. Nkwantah. 6. Stephanie Sutton-Brown. Javelin: 1. M. Nkwantah, 98. 6. Shealagh Sullivan. Long jump: 2.
Johnson. 3. Bourgeois. 5. Rennee DelleChiaie. Triple jump: 3. DelleChiaie. 4. Sara Murphy. 2 mile: 1. Riley Maskalenko, 12:31.63. 6. Rachel Tortora. 100 hurdles: 1. Ella Green, 17.77. 4. Rachel Saball. 100: 2. DelleChiaie. 4. Isabella Angelucci. Mile: 1. Morgan Nesbit, 5:40.82. 2. Annaliese Henneberg. 400: 3. Jordan Hodgson. 4. Murphy. 400 hurdles: 3. Molly McFague. 5. Sofia Gaibor. 6. Kaitlyn Kleeman. 200: 3. Evelyn Bagley. 4. M. Nkwantah. 5. Green. 4x100: 2. NM. 4x400: 3. NM. 4x800: 1. NM, 10:37.33.
4x100: 1. Tyngsboro (Gendreau, Moran, Serrano, Defronzo), 52.59. Shot put: 1. Kaylee Beck, 30.55. Long jump: 3. Emily Moran. Triple jump: 4. Emily Campbell. 6. Moran. Discus: 4. Giana LeCedra. 200: 5. Jenna Defronzo. 400: 5. Olivia Campbell. Javelin: 6. Melissa Hauman. 100 hurdles: 6. Abby Serrano. 4x400: 3. Tyngsboro (Em. Campbell, Gendreau, O. Campbell, Riley). 4x800: 4. Tyngsboro (Ella Campbell, Parent, Hartigan, O'Brien).
4x100: 1. Tyngsboro (Marcinkewich, McInerney, Gauthier, Breen), 47.64. 4x800: 1. Tyngsboro (Carney, Lapointe, O'Neill, Eastwood), 9:05.19. 4x400: 2. Tyngsboro (C. Lapointe, Little, Kelley, Parker). Triple jump: 2. Marcinkewich. 6. Phillip Breen. Long jump: 2. Marcinkewich. 2. Christian Hall. 100: 5. Marcinkewich. 2 mile: Corey O'Neill. 400: 4. Russell Kelley. 6. Rohan Little. 800: 3. James Eastwood. High jump: 5. Hall. 200: 4. Ryan Gauthier. 6. Breen. 400 hurdles: 5. Jacob Carney. Discus: 6. Alex Tirado.


The Flying Fish Organic Scoop T-Shirt is made of U.S.-grown organic cotton sourced from member farms of the Texas Organic Cotton Marketing Cooperative. Original artwork by Geoff McFetridge and Patagonia is screen-printed using PVC- and phthalate-free inks. The shirt has a modern, feminine shape with a scoop neckline and dropped hem. Fair Trade Certified™ sewn.


text:
Plans for WAYZGOOSE on October 25th
It's fall, and that means that it's time to start preparing for the 2014 Gaspereau Press Wayzgoose and open house. The all day event will take place on Saturday 25 October. Posters will soon be circulating, but here's the line-up as it presently stands.
This year's guests of honour are JAN & CRISPIN ELSTED of Barbarian Press in Mission, BC. Internationally, the Elsted's are arguably Canada's best-known and revered fine press book publishers, and are particularly well known for their ongoing series of books on wood engraving called Endgrain Editions. The press's other publications range from new English translations of poetry and prose from various languages and new poetry in English to bibliography, illustrated classics, and typography. If you come to the wayzgoose for no other reason than to meet these two and see their gorgeous books in person, we'll forgive you. As well as printing in the shop through the day, The Elsteds will give the Douglas Lochhead Memorial Book-Arts Lecture in the evening.
But wait! There's more. We'll also be joined by the letterpress printer STEPHEN SWORD of stiff'n'sore in Stouffville, Ontario. Stephen's approach to printing is a playful one which explores the typographical realm. He also has a keen interest in nineteeth-century printing technology, particularly machines with a Canadian connection. Stephen will be our Albion wranger this wayzgoose.
Jostling with Stephen for floor space will be local letterpress poster printer Laura MacDonald of Deep Hollow Print. Laura was formerly an intern both here at Gaspereau Press and Hatch Show Print in Nashville, and has recently set up show near Port Williams, NS, where she has been cranking out everything from coffee bags to gig posters for the local market. Last I checked, she was planning to print a multi-colour linoleum cut during the day.
Still inky but pressless, the Toronto calligrapher KEVIN KING will also be in the shop through the day to show off his astonishing knowledge of and love for letterforms.
Gaspereau Press authors Shalan Joudry and Sylvia Hamilton will also be on hand for the literary salon in the morning and in the evening will read from their recent books.
Our staff will also be running presses and casting metal slugs – the usual wild and crazy mix of wayzgoosery.
Times and locations will be posted later this month, though generally speaking it will be like this:
Set-up at the shop (keeners welcome to join us)
Open house at the shop
Readings and Lecture
Hope you can join us!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Make certain you use items approved for dog use. Make certain the items you give your puppy or dog to chew are sturdy and will not be ingested rapidly. Rawhide flips and chips, cow/pigs ears (I give these occasionally as treats but not as regular chews), latex toys (the cute squeaky newspapers and such) are not the best choices. They can be eaten fast, offer no nutritional value and do not give a long lasting, satisfying chew. Some squeaky toys have squeakers that may pull out and choke a puppy.
Some dogs are fine with the rolled rawhide bones (also called knotted bones) and retriever rolls (rawhide rolled into rolls with no knots at the end). It all depends on how aggressively your dog chews. Old shoes, socks, old stuffed animals are also a bad choice. Your dog will not know the difference between your $180 running shoes and that old tennis shoe you gave him. Children's toys will not hold up to a vigorous chewer. Plus, button eyes and noses can be eaten and cause choking or obstruction. I keep all my dog toys in a specific box. The dogs learn that if something is in the box or came from the box it may be played with.
I use pressed rawhide bones (the rawhide is compressed under high pressure into a sturdy bone), the sterilized bones made for dogs (watch Puppy, I have one dog that can break off chunks of these bones so I never let him have one unattended) and rope toys. I also use the fleece chew men (other shapes available) made specifically for dogs. Know your dog and watch how he reacts to various chew toys. Should he shatter a bone or shred a fleece toy, you may wish to change to a different chew or try a different bone or fleece toy.
Sometimes, there may be a weakness you did not see. Not every toy is safe for every dog! Choose toys appropriately sized for your dog. I would never think of using a four-inch bone with my Australian Shepherd-Newfoundland cross. It is just too small and he could choke. However, that giant, four-foot rawhide bone may dwarf my Shetland Sheepdog's mouth!
Get a variety of toys and rotate every day or two so there are always "new" toys out. This way, Puppy has a variety of toys and you do not have to buy dozens of toys to keep Puppy entertained.
Should you see Puppy chewing something inappropriate, use a loud, firm, growly "NO! LEAVE IT!" and take the item away. Now IMMEDIATELY get a good chew and encourage Puppy to take it. Once he does praise lavishly. Remember, you must catch Puppy in the act so the correction will be effective. A good thing to have on hand is one of the no chewing products. There are a variety of sprays and ointments to deter chewing. Find one your puppy really hates and spray items if necessary. Do not spray it directly into Puppy's mouth. That is cruel. Follow the directions on the product.
Teaching appropriate items to chew can save a life. Puppies will chew electrical cords, bottles of poison, plants, objects that can cause intestinal obstructions. They have to learn what is good and bad. The safest things are prevention. Keep poisons out of reach. Hide cords (some home improvement places even carry cord cover as do places that sell baby proofing items) and check to see if your plants are nontoxic. Many garden centers have lists of toxic plants. Basically, puppy-proof (and doggy-proof) as if you had a precocious toddler around! It is far better to prevent an incident than to treat one!
Should you think Puppy ingested a poison or ate something that could either cause a blockage or intestinal damage (pins, needles, nails, nylons, fishing line, coins, rocks, antifreeze, household cleaners, plants, etc.) call your vet immediately.
It is never a good idea to let Puppy play with your hands or feet – no matter how cute it seems. This teaches Puppy it is OK to bite skin. Even though tiny puppies playing tug-of-war with your big finger is cute, it is teaching a very bad habit! Never let a puppy do something once that you do not want him to repeat. It is far easier to prevent bad habits from developing that it is to retrain an older puppy or adult dog. Here are two techniques to teach puppy not bite. Technique #1 is less physical and I recommend it first. It may take a few days or so for puppy to catch on. Technique #2 involves physically stopping puppy. Some puppies (or dogs) may actually perceive this as a challenge to try again so I do not recommend it is as much.
If puppy does not respond to a verbal command only, try a shake can. Get an empty and clean soda can and place about 10 pennies in it. Tape the mouth shut. When your pup starts to nip, give the verbal command and at the same time give the can a good shake or drop it next to puppy (not on him please). This will help reinforce the verbal command. As soon as he stops, praise and give him a good toy to chew.
If Techniques 1 and 2 fail, then try this. I am not as fond of it as it involves physically grabbing the pup for reinforcing the "No Bite!". Start with a loud yelping OUCH; at the same time as you grasp the loose skin on puppy's neck. Give a firm scruff but not a shake and firmly say "NO BITE!" Do not pull puppy up and away, just scruff him. Release puppy and get him involved with a good toy. After a while, stop the scruff and just use the verbal.
Certain games encourage biting and should be avoided when working on "No Bite": tug-of-war (my dogs are not allowed to play this with humans until they are well aware of the "pack hierarchy" and will release the toy when told to.); chase and tackle games; and other games where you actively encourage the puppy to bite a person. Dangling treats and encouraging a puppy to jump for then can encourage snapping for food as well as injure growing joints. If you play tug-of-war make certain YOU start the game and YOU stop it. If puppy brings you a toy and encourages you to play, reverse the rules (see NILIF below).
It is also a good idea to get your puppy used to working for things – even play time. Before you feed puppy, have him sit and then feed. Do the same before leashing up for a walk. If the puppy brings a toy and asks you to play, turn tables and do a bit of training then play. Puppy learns that if he listens and obeys and does something, there will be a reward. This also helps establish humans as higher in the pack order.
Should your dog continue to bite and not respond or if the biting is accompanied with aggression, growling or anything you do not like, contact a behaviorist. Also, have your dog examined by a vet. There could be an underlying factor for the biting. A dog that is sore or not feeling well may bite. It is his way of saying something is not right.
Also, a poorly socialized or scared dog is more prone to bite, as is a startled one. Teach your children NEVER EVER touch a dog, even one they know, without the owner's permission. Teach them never to handle a stray or loose animal, even if they know it. Children should contact a grown-up instead. Teach children not to tease or hurt dogs. Even the most tolerant dog can be pushed past his limit and retaliate. Even if the children are plainly at fault, it will be the dog that suffers. Prevention is the key.


There are wide collections of Designer Sarees and Designer Saree Blouses available on many online Saree Outlets these days that have been opened up by veteran manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers of the traditional and fashionable attire, and are based around the world.
Shoppers no longer need to go to India or visit a shopping mall that has an Indian Saree Outlet in it in order to purchase a saree of their particular preference and choosing.
These online Saree outlets offer women everywhere the trendiest and hottest fashions in women clothing in wide genres including traditional, casual, bridal or wedding sarees. These are unique and wonderful for every woman that desires to look and feel elegant and gorgeous.
The eclectic collections of Designer Sarees and Designer Saree Blouses in these online Saree outlets are amazing and serve as temptations that no woman can resist! Every Saree dress comes in brilliant colors, designs and fabrics that offer something desirable to everyone and best of all they are just a click away! Women looking for the latest fashion trends and styles in Designer Sarees are bound to find something fitting their particular size, budget and need.
The wide collections of Sarees in these outlets include Embroidered Saris, Kanchipuram Saris, Silk Sarees, Georgette Sarees, Crape Sarees, Cotton Sarees, Bridal Sarees, Bollywood-style Sarees, etc. Most of the Saree outlets also offer Salwar kameez for party wear, casual wear, Kurtis, Bridal Ghagras and other ensembles. These Designer Sarees and Designer saree blouses are made even more popular by celebrities in the Indian Bollywood industry. Actresses in Indian movies are seen wearing a variety of unique and beautiful saree designs, flaunting their navels and bodies in a number of songs and dances.
Women have started experimenting with the designs and shades of the sarees based on current saree styles and blouse patterns. That is why so many new Designer Sarees and Designer Saree Blouses outlets have opened up in the real and virtual world, because designer sarees have become a fashion statement. Designers of these sarees invent new saree blouse designs and patterns, in bold, mute and bright colors and with delicate and lovely embroidery. Famous celebrities, actresses and models wear these Designer Sarees and Designer Saree Blouses on the ramp and in movies that make women around the world desire and demand to have the same designs made available for them.
Designer Sarees and Designer Saree Blouses have become the hottest fashion nowadays. The saree blouses come in a variety of designs and patterns like neckless blouses, back knot blouses, round neck blouses, halter necks, noodle straps, backless, boat neck, off-the-shoulder, bustier blouses, collar blouse and many more! Saree blouses are treated as decorative garments which can be made in an array of colors; using fabrics like cotton, silk, satin, georgette, crepe, etc., and catered to the unique individual needs of the clients.
These Designer Blouses are further embellished with jewelry, beads, kundan, crystals/stones, and embroideries of various kinds. They give a sensuous and graceful look to the wearer and also present a modest and attractive appearance at the same time. Any simple saree can be made unique, stylish and trendy if it is worn with a beautifully designed and decorated blouse. There are countless saree outlets selling these Designer Sarees and Designer Saree Blouses online and offline these days.


Q1. Can I upload a customized logo?
We currently offering logo support for orders over $250. Logo's or questions can be emailed to support@bwprintworks.com. Images must be 1500 x 1500 pixels minimum. It does not need to be perfectly square; just meet the minimums. We are looking for a good quality image so that you are very happy with your calendar products.
Q2. Where do I set up the calendar information for my department?
Once you are a registered user, login, and go to My Accounts > Organizational Survey under the menu bar. You can also get to the survey by selecting "Customize Now" in the top menu bar.
Q3. What are your setup fees?
$0. There are no setup fees. Customization can be started at anytime. Once you register for free on our website you can complete the Organizational survey. The link once you login is under My Account > Organizational Survey. The minimum order is a low $25.
Q4. Which areas of the shift calendar products can you customize?
Free customization includes shift schedule, shift colors, pay days, department or union/association name, and custom events. Please note, free custom event set-up, other than standard US holidays, is limited to Department, Union/Association, and Non-Profit orders. As well as business and personal orders over $250.
Q5. What do you charge for shipping?
Our shipping rates are determined by the total weight of your order. Our advanced website shopping cart takes the weight of your overall order and then uses real time quotes from both UPS and US Postal Service to calculate the shipping and handling charges .
Register as a user on our website. It's free and only takes a minute.
Complete our calendar setup located in the menu bar. This is the area that allows you to select the schedule pattern, name, pay days, colors, and events for your organization. You can skip this step if this has already been done for your department or association.
Add the items you want to your cart and follow the checkout process. You can pay by credit card, cash, check, or purchase order.
Once we have received your order and calendar survey, we will email you a quick proof of your schedule to verify that the information and schedule pattern are correct.
After approval of the proof, your order will go into the production rotation. We are a print on demand company so production is a first come first serve basis. Typically production of your order will take 4 -6 weeks, however, the longer you wait in the year the better the chance that this time frame will be extended.
Q7. Can I pay by credit card?
Yes, Choose pay with your credit card (Square Up). If you have any issues, return to the payment page and choose "Check (in Advance)". Send us an email stating that you would like to pay by credit card and we will work through the process with you.
Q8. Once payment is received, how long will it take to deliver your calendar order?
There are several variables that can affect production and delivery. The most important is the time of year. Because we print on a first come first serve basis, the closer it gets to the end of the year the longer it will take. Though, during our busy season, delivery should still be within 4 - 8 weeks.
It is important to note that we do not print during the last 3 weeks of December. Any orders that are placed after November 1st has the possibliitiy of being delivered after the first of the year.
Answer: You can review our return and refund policy here.
Q10. Do you ship to PO Boxes?
Yes we do. Choose the FedEx shipping rate during the check out process. When we complete your order we will use the US Postal Service to ship. Unfortunately, FedEx will not ship to a PO Box.
Q11. I have a large order and the only shipping rate I can choose is "Overweight". How can I find out the shipping rate?
If you have a large order, FedEx will not provide real time rates. If you have this problem, select "Overweight" and then "Pay by Check or Cash". We will then manually enter the correct rate on your order. Once this has been done, we will notify you by email that you can now pay by credit card. You can also pay the new amount by check or cash.
Q12. I forgot my password. How do I get a reminder?
Q13. I am having issues with the website, logging in, or checking out. Is there someone I can contact?