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AbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionConclusionsAcknowledgmentsReferencesCopyright
J. V. García-Meza, M. I. Contreras-Aganza, J. Castro-Larragoitia, R. H. Lara, "Growth of Photosynthetic Biofilms and Fe, Pb, Cu, and Zn Speciation in Unsaturated Columns with Calcareous Mine Tailings from Arid Zones", Applied and Environmental Soil Science, vol. 2011, Article ID 732984, 9 pages, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/732984
Growth of Photosynthetic Biofilms and Fe, Pb, Cu, and Zn Speciation in Unsaturated Columns with Calcareous Mine Tailings from Arid Zones
J. V. García-Meza ,1 M. I. Contreras-Aganza,1 J. Castro-Larragoitia,1 and R. H. Lara2
1Geomicrobiología, Instituto de Metalurgia, UASLP, Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2a, 78210 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
2Area de Electroquímica, Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, México, DF, Mexico
Academic Editor: Ismail Saadoun
Published30 Jun 2011
Mine tailing remediation aims to reduce the rate of sulfide mineral oxidation. Earlier studies showed that photosynthetic biofilms may act as a physical barrier against oxygen diffusion. Currently, a long-term assay (6 months) is required to evaluate the solid phase redistribution of the Pb, Fe, Cu, and Zn originally present in historic and calcareous mine tailing samples (in our case from a semiarid region in North-Central Mexico). The presence of biofilms may provide chemical gradients and physical conditions that shift the proportion of Fe, Cu, and Zn originally associated with oxides to carbonates and organic matter/sulfide fractions.
The oxidation and dissolution of sulfide minerals (SMs) present in mine tailings (vr. gr. pyrite (FeS2), arsenopyrite (FeAsS), galena (PbS), sphalerite (ZnS), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)) can produce acidic metal-rich waters known as acid mine drainage (AMD) within tailing deposits and at the receptors (soil and water sediments). Mine tailing remediation aims to reduce the rate of SM oxidation by avoiding or reducing contact between the SM and the oxidant agents such as atmospheric or dissolved oxygen (O2) or ferric ions (Fe(III)). It has been proposed that water coverage could be used to reduce O2 diffusion into tailing dams [1–3]. Other types of covering such as multilayer covers have also been proposed, and this consists of a profile of well structured layers (surface, drainage, moisture, retaining, and support layers) with different hydrogeological properties. Ideally, the surface layer must support vegetation and retain moisture. Bussière et al. [2] indicated that multiple covers with capillary barrier effects are useful for low-sulfide tailing from a wet or temperate climate region. However, designing efficient covers with different capillary barrier effects can be difficult because of variable climatic conditions and layer geometry as well as the complex behavior of unsaturated materials [4]. Furthermore, the multilayer cover might need considerable quantities of covering material. If sufficient cover material is not available in the vicinity of the tailing impoundments, then the material needs to be removed and transported to the site resulting in a significant increase in cost and the alteration of other environments. Therefore, the barrier of choice depends mainly on climate, geology, mineralogy, and economic factors. For abandoned mine tailing dams, the former is of special concern as no mining company assumes any responsibility for the remediation action.
García-Meza [5] showed that photosynthetic biofilms (composed mainly of cyanobacteria and green algae and some aerobic and anaerobic bacteria) successfully colonized the surface of mine tailing samples from Guanajuato (Mexico). The presence of biofilms on the surface enhanced trace element immobilization. Their results suggest that these biofilms may act as a physical barrier against oxygen diffusion preventing SM oxidation. In addition, the photosynthetic activity during the experiments resulted in a natural fertilization of the tailing samples. It has been suggested that photosynthetic biofilms may be useful as an initial step of mine tailing remediation. A biofilm-colonized substrate surface may possess the desired characteristics for the future development of vegetative species because of autotrophic microorganisms, which are the driving force for biogeochemical processes such as soil genesis, metal mineralization, and carbon and nitrogen fixation. Long-term bioassays using columns could provide more comprehensive information about the consequences of the colonization of photosynthetic biofilms on the chemical speciation of metals (Fe, Pb, Cu, and Zn). In this study, six columns (1 m high) were filled with samples of a recent tailing pile (ca. 7 years) to reproduce the profile that was observed in situ.
Mine tailing samples were taken from the Concepción del Oro mining district in Zacatecas, Mexico (24°37′ N and 101°25′ W, at 2080 masl) (Figure 1) where a semiarid climate dominates. Tailings from the mining operations were discharged in five separate tailing impoundments or piles (Figure 2). The tailing pile P2 was chosen for this study. P2 is slightly alkaline (pH 7.52–8.04) with a high acid neutralization potential (ANP; 153–493 meq /ton) [6]. In a selected zone of the tailing P2, a pit 100 cm deep was dug and six different strata were recognized based on color change and textural variations. For each stratum up to 3 kg of tailing material was sampled. Because the investigation focused on the unaltered zones, the oxidized stratum was removed. The oxidized zone was recognized because of its reddish color.
Location of the Concepción del Oro mining area (Zacatecas, North-Central Mexico).
Mine tailings piles at Concepción del Oro. Location of the tailings piles at the Concepción del Oro mining area (North-Central Mexico) and Pile 2 from where the sample was taken.
Once in the laboratory, 1.5–2.5 kg of each stratum was used to reconstruct the sampled profile in six acrylic columns (Figure 3); the rest (0.5 kg) of the stratum sample was used for preliminary characterization. The samples were dried at room temperature and sieved to <63 μm. For the analysis of particle size distribution, the dry samples were sieved to <250 μm. The physical and chemical characterization included (a) color on dry samples using the Munsell soil color chart [7], (b) particle size distribution by laser diffraction (Shimadzu SALD-1100) on each size-fractioned sample, (c) electric conductivity [8], (d) paste and rinse pH [9], (e) moisture content by loss of weight at 105°C, (f) acid neutralization potential (ANP) according to the Sobek method as dictated by Mexican legislation [10], (g) organic matter content by loss of weight at 550°C (see [11, 12]), and (h) Pb, Cu, Fe, and Zn content. The major mineralogical phases were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku DMAX 2200) using Cu-K radiation.
Columns constructed for the bioassays.
For the analysis of metals, a 5-step sequential extraction procedure was carried out (see [13, 14]). The final operationally defined fractions were the following.(i)Exchangeable (F1): tailing sample extracted with 8 mL of 1 M MgCl2 (pH 7) for 30 min with continuous agitation at room temperature.(ii)Bound to carbonates or specifically adsorbed (F2): the residue from (i) was extracted with 8 mL of 1 M NaOAc (pH 5) for 5 h with continuous agitation at room temperature.(iii)Bound to crystalline Fe-Mn oxides (F3): the residue from (iii) was extracted with 20–25 mL of 4 M HCl for 30 min with occasional agitation at 94–96°C.(iv) Bound to organic matter and sulfide (F4): the residue from (iv) was extracted with 3 mL of 0.02 M HNO3 and 5 mL of 30% H2O2 (pH 2); the sample was heated progressively to 85°C and maintained at this temperature for 2 h with occasional agitation and then 3 mL of 30% H2O2 (pH 2) was added. The mixture was then heated to 85°C for 3 h with intermittent agitation. After cooling, 5 mL of 3.2 M CH3COONH4 in HNO3 20% was added.(v)Residual (FR): the metals present were scattered within the crystal lattice of the rocks and minerals: 0.5 g of the residue from (iv) was digested with 20 mL of a mixture 3 : 1 HNO3 (66%) and HCl (37%) using a microwave oven (CEM-MARS-X).
Extractions were carried out on 1.0 g of sample; the analyses were performed in duplicate. The metal content of the extracted solutions was analyzed with atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS, Perkin Elmer 2380).
To evaluate the presence of neutrophile (pH 7±1.5) aerobic or anaerobic bacteria in the tailing samples, 1 g of a sample of the mine tailings from each stratum was transferred to a test tube with specific media, in duplicate. For aerobic microorganisms media number 69 of the DSMZ (2006) [15] were used as it is specific for sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB); these media are specific for Starkeya novella (formerly Thiobacillus novellus). For anaerobic bacteria we used a modified Postagate media [15], which are specific for sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The test tubes were incubated for 7 days at 27°C and were placed in an anaerobic jar. Afterwards, an aliquot of 25 μL of culture media was stained and observed under a light microscope at 1000x magnification. To determine the relative abundance, the cell numbers per visual field were recorded a total of 10 visual fields per slide were examined and two slides per culture were done.
For the assay setup, six columns were constructed to perform the bioassay (Figure 3). Each column was filled with samples from the tailing pile P2, reproducing the sampled profile (six strata). After that, the photosynthetic biofilms previously obtained were disseminated onto the tailings surface of each column. The photosynthetic biofilms were obtained from the biological crusts sampled in the tailings pile P2 at three different sites. The three collected crusts were mixed in a sterile Petri dish to create a composite; the composite was spread in Erlenmeyer flasks (X6) containing sterile Woods Hole (WH) culture media, which are specific for microalgae [16]. Microalgae were grown under a 14 : 10 h light : dark cycle at 25°C. Microalgae colony growth started after 2 to 3 weeks.
The columns settled under environmental conditions (the roof of the laboratory). The bioassay was performed over seven months; the first three months corresponded to the hot and wet () season (July 21–October 26, 2006; monthly average temperature was 19°C with a maximum precipitation of 109.9 mm during September) while the last four months corresponded to the cold-dry season () (November 1st 2006–February 13, 2007; monthly media temperature of 13°C and precipitation of 0 to 14 mm). During the wet season, the columns were irrigated daily by spraying 10–20 mL of WH over two weeks and then every 3rd day with sterile tap water. During the dry season the biofilms were moistened every 4th day by spraying with sterile tap water. At the end of wet () and dry () seasons, the mine tailing samples underwent chemical analysis in triplicate as previously described. The samples were taken from the previously defined strata. Finally, the samples were analyzed to determine the relative abundance of aerobic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) and anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The photosynthetic biofilm was maintained over the mine tailing surface in each column during the bioassay.
All the strata have the same gross mineralogy, which consists of quartz (SiO2), calcite (CaCO3), pyrite (FeS2), covellite (CuS), and andradite (Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3) (Figure 4). The physicochemical results (Table 1) showed that the strata also share some common characteristics; that is, brown color (except stratum E5, with a light gray color), sandy to loam texture (except E4, with a silt loam texture), slightly alkaline, pH 7.82, low conductivity, high ANP and low organic matter content, clay, and humidity (Table 1). The conductivity and the pH increased with depth, being higher in the lower strata (E5 and E6). The moderate content of carbonates () results in a relatively high ANP from 71 to 173 ton/eq CaCO3.
Stratum E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6
Depth (cm) 4.50 3.50 3.50 14.00 1.00 55.00
Color (dry) Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light grey Brown
Sand (%) 77 53 66 21 56 92
Silt (%) 15 38 27 71 42 6
Clays (%) 8 9 7 8 2 2
Texture Sandy loam Loam Sandy loam Silt loam Sandy loam Sand
Moisture (%) 0.51 0.27 0.18 0.19 0.66 0.03
Conductivity (mS/cm) 0.48 1.57 1.66 1.92 2.0 1.9
pH 8.17 7.77 7.86 7.98 7.98 7.84
Carbonates (%) 17.10 15.00 17.10 16.50 15.50 16.90
ANP (meq /ton) 104.80 71.30 102.70 90.00 178.10 173.30
Organic matter (%) 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.12 0.14
ANP: acid-neutralization potential.
Certain physical and chemical characteristics of the strata E1 to E6.
Major mineralogical phases obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD). An: andradite (Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3); Cc: calcite (CaCO3); Cv: covellite (CuS); Q: quartz (SiO2); Py: pyrite (FeS2).
Figure 5 showed the absolute data for the concentration of the extracted metals in the six strata of the selected profile from Pile 2, before the assay () and after the wet () and dry () seasons. The relative abundance of the metals in each stratum was similar throughout the profile (). The highest concentration of the metals was recorded in the lowermost strata, E5 and E6. The total Fe and Cu concentrations were high (up to 135 and 1.11 g/kg, resp.), and this reflects the mineralogy of the exploited ore body, which consists mainly of Cu and Fe sulfides or oxides [17]. Fe and Pb were mainly associated to refractory minerals of the residual fraction (FR); on the other hand, Cu and Zn were mainly associated with the Fe-Mn-Oxide fraction (F3). The carbonate fraction (F2) contributed more than 15% of the Cu and Zn, and this represents the second major fraction for these metals in stratum E6. The exchangeable fraction (F1) of the sequentially extracted elements was less than 3% for all strata of the profiles indicating that sorption occurred to a lesser extent by nonspecific electrostatic mechanisms. The developed biofilm does not increase the bioavailable forms, and practically no metals were leached during the assay (Table 2). In general, under neutral to alkaline conditions, the metals associated with the exchangeable fraction (F1) are a minor proportion compared to those in the acidic soils [18] and are associated with secondary minerals resulting in metal fixation in the soils [19] and in mine tailings [20].
Column Pb Fe Cu Zn
— 0.17
Concentration (mgmL−1) of Pb, Fe, Cu and Zn in the leachate after the assay. Data: average ± standard deviation, .
pH, % calcium carbonate (CaCO3), acid-neutralization potential (ANP, in /ton), electric conductivity (EC, in mS/cm), % humidity, and % organic matter of strata E1 to E6 before the assay ( ; light gray and open squares) and after the wet ( ; dark gray) and dry ( ; black) seasons. Data: average, .
Microalgae (cyanobacteria and green algae or chlorophyceae) successfully colonized the surface of the mine tailing samples from Pile P2. Colonization by cyanobacteria and chlorophytes has been reported as useful during the first stage of mine tailing remediation and other degraded terrestrial environments [5, 21]. The presence of viable microalgae performing the photosynthesis resulted in a significant () increase in the organic matter content in the uppermost strata (E1 and E2) from 0.9–0.11% to 3.5% at the end of the season (Figure 5). In 1961 Singh [22] noticed that the organic matter produced by microalgae binds soil particles together, which reduces soil permeability and aeration. Hu et al. [23] showed that some filamentous cyanobacteria maintain crust cohesion and reduce the eolian erosion of the particles leading to substrate consolidation. Thus, active microalgae form a biofilm and increase the organic matter content, and this may biostabilize the mine tailings, reduce the potential spread of toxic elements from tailings piles, and fertilize the tailings in addition to building up an appropriate substratum for the further establishment of plants. The stabilization effect of the biofilms is due to the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances [24], mostly proteins and carbohydrates [25]. Furthermore, it has been reported that the development of algal communities in mine tailings improves the habitat's quality with time [26] and that the large particle-binding capacity due to extracellular substances might improve sediment transport in water flows [25]. In addition, the pH remains neutral during the assays performed in this work (Figure 5) because of the high buffer capacity of the tailings that contain a high percentage of carbonates and because of CO2 consumption during photosynthesis [27].
The initial three-month irrigation (wet season, ) ensured that biofilm growth occurred. After the season the biofilm completely covered the surface of the tailing profiles in the columns and remained there during the subsequent three months or the dry season (). This initial and periodic irrigation of the columns resulted in an increase in the moisture content of all the strata (Figure 5); however, it did not affect the thickness of the oxidized zone. A shallow water covering or a thick superficial fine-grain layer may reduce oxygen diffusion through the tailings by more than three orders of magnitude [28]. If photosynthetic biofilms develop on the surface of the tailings they also act as a physical barrier against oxygen diffusion upon which an anaerobic microbial community inhabits the deepest strata. The results of this study confirm the former: the anaerobic SRB were twice as abundant after the assay () compare to before (). Additionally, the biomass of SRB was more abundant than the biomass of SOB during the study period (Table 3). The relative abundance of SOB increased slightly after the wet season () but at the end of the assay the abundance of SOB decreased.
Aerobic SOB (pH 8.5) Anaerobic SRB (pH 8.0)
E1 + ++ ++ ++ +++ +++
E2 + +++ ++ +++ +++ +++
E3 − + ++ ++ ++ ++
E4 ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++
E6 − + − + ++ +++
Note: number of cells in each of the 10 visual fields: −: 0; +: ≤10; ++: ≤20; +++: ≤40.
Relative abundance of the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) and of the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) before the assay () and in the columns after the wet () and dry () seasons, per stratum.
Neutrophilic SOB like Starkeya novella, Halothiobacillus neapolitanus (formerly Thiobacillus neapolitanus, pH 6.6–7), Thiobacillus thioparus (6.5–7.5), and Thiomonas intermedia (5–8) [29], are not able to oxidize sulfide minerals, but other reduced sulfur compounds as elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, and polythionates. Accordingly, the sulfide mineral as pyrite and covellite may be previously and partially oxidized by aqueous oxidants (commonly Fe3+ or O2). Bulk sulfurs that are directly exposed to atmospheric gases undergo oxidation to mainly forms of electron deficient disulphide [30]; when O2 is combined with H2O, there is a more aggressive oxidation of the surface and the sulfur atoms must pass through several oxidation states during the oxidation process, so many different sulfur compounds might be involved [31], which neutrophilic SOB may oxidize:
Actually, SOB like Thiobacillus thioparus may generate elemental sulfur from sulfides, under low O2 conditions. Maybe, SOB like T. thioparus were presented in the deeper strata, during the wet season (). The absence of SOB in the lowest stratum E6 at the dry season () may indicate that the oxidation of sulfide minerals (SMs) had stopped [32] but also that E4 (the only stratum with more silt than sand, Table 1) and E5 (the thinner and more saturated stratum) had significantly reduced oxygen fluxes [28, 33]. The largest fraction of Fe, Cu, and Zn was the fraction F3 (bound to Fe-Mn oxide, Figure 6). The former indicated that stratum E6 was slightly more reducing than the layers above it (see below).
Absolute data for the concentration (mg kg−1) of the extracted Pb (a), Fe (b), Cu (c), and Zn (d) in the six strata of the selected profile from Pile 2 before the assay ( ) and after the wet ( ) and dry ( ) seasons. Data: average, .
If microaerophilic conditions were settled in the profile, the metals may shift from an unstable fraction (oxides, F3) to a more stable fraction (the organic matter/sulfur fraction, F4) under these suboxic conditions. In fact, the relative abundance of Fe, Cu, and Zn associated with oxides was significantly lower () at the end of the assay () compared to before () the assay (except in E6). Additionally, the Cu and Zn associated with the oxides (F3) shifted from this fraction before the assay to the organic matter/sulfide fraction, F4, after the assay (Figure 6) because of the suboxic conditions. Cu and Zn can interact chemically with sulfide minerals (F4) and the covellite under nonoxidizing conditions [34]. Covellite was determined to be present using XRD in this work (Figure 4).
Under microaerophilic to suboxic, low saturation and high carbonate content soil conditions, the relative mobility of the metals is low [35]. Since the metals are released from oxides they are readsorbed or precipitated as carbonates or other stable phases that do not dissolve under suboxic conditions while the pH remains circumneutral [19, 29, 36–40]: Under high carbonates content, photosynthetic activity leads to bicarbonate, [36]: The may cause the precipitation of some phases such as [41] or smithsonite (ZnCO3) [37]: Because the photosynthetic biofilms cover the surface of the carbonaceous tailings, the formation of metal-carbonate complexes increases. The carbonate may be stable under unsaturated O2 conditions [42], and carbonates are known to be the soil component, mostly responsible for Cu retention [32]. Cu retention by carbonates from calcite is about 99% in calcareous soils [40]. Therefore, the presence of biofilms may provide chemical gradients and physical conditions that shift the proportions of Fe, Cu, and Zn from the oxides fraction (F3) to the carbonate/specifically adsorbed fraction (F2) and the organic matter/sulfide fraction (F4). The metals specifically adsorbed onto carbonates can be transferred to exchangeable forms only if the environmental conditions change (i.e., lower pH, redox potential). However, the pH may be stable because of the high ANP of the tailings material.
Mine tailing remediation here studied provided experimental evidence aiming to reduce the rate of sulfide mineral oxidation in calcareous tailings by photosynthetic biofilms; such mineral environment is characterized by highly positive net neutralization potentials. We confirmed that photosynthetic biofilms act as a physical barrier against oxygen diffusion, as described by a long-term assay (6 months) resulting in solid phase redistribution of the Pb, Fe, Cu, and Zn under high carbonates content conditions. Consequently, the photosynthetic biofilms represent an excellent opportunity for mine tailing remediation and stabilization of the Concepción del Oro mine tailings by applying ecological succession theories, that is, colonization through autotrophic pioneers [43], that also could be applied to the pollution and remediation of alkaline soil.
The authors are grateful to Ms. Nubia Arteaga for X-ray diffraction and SEM analyses of mine tailings and to Karen L. Torres-Cázares for the culture of microorganisms. The project was supported by CONACYT-SEMARNAT (2004-01-C01-00170).
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Two 16-year-olds killed in accident in Lincoln County
Posted 5:41 pm, August 12, 2019, by Vic Faust, Updated at 06:06PM, August 12, 2019
TROY, Mo. – Two teenagers were killed and a third injured in an accident late Sunday night in Troy.
A spokesman for the Missouri State Highway Patrol said the accident occurred around 10:40 p.m. when a 2007 Ford Fusion went off Highway 47 and struck a tree. Five boys were in the vehicle.
Sixteen-year-olds Mario Montalvo and Brayden Hood were killed in the crash. They were supposed to start their junior years at Troy-Buchanan High School on Tuesday.
"They were great people," said Jonathon Gonzalez, a friend of the victims. "Mario was a best friend; but more than a best friend, a brother who always looked out for me no matter what."
The driver, who was also 16, was hospitalized with minor injuries. The two other passengers survived. All three were wearing their seatbelts. Montalvo and Hood were not wearing seatbelts at the time of the crash.
"There's no words to describe (it)," said Sarah Nickles, a friend of the victims. "(Brayden) was friends to everybody. Always made you laugh. Always cared."
A representative for Troy-Buchanan High School said the school community was in mourning. The school will be offering counseling services in the performing arts center at the high school all week from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m.
"The driver was best friends with Brayden. I can't imagine what he's going through now," Nickles said.
St. Peters man struck and killed outside Toyota manufacturing plant in Troy, Missouri
Maryville teen killed in ATV accident in rural Madison County
4-year-old twin girls free themselves from car, climb up embankment after crash kills father
MoDOT says stay in your car if you get stranded in the snow
Many mourn after death of 14-year-old girl in tragic UTV accident
15-year-old killed in Ferguson double shooting; Major Case Squad activated
Ethan Couch, who killed four people in 'affluenza' case, arrested again in Texas
Women who have been best friends for nearly 80 years move into same care home
Three high school students die in Christmas Day car crash

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Albanska epska poezija je oblika epske poezije, ki jo je ustvarilo albansko ljudstvo. Sestavlja jo dolgoletno ustno izročilo, ki je še zelo živo. Lepo število albanskih rapsodov (albansko lahutarë) danes najdemo na Kosovu in v severni Albaniji, nekaj pa tudi v Črni gori. Severnoalbanska epska poezija se izvaja s petjem ob spremljavi lahutë (gusle) ali çifteli. Znotraj albanske epske poezije Kângë Kreshnikësh (Pesmi junakov) predstavlja najpomembnejši junaški nezgodovinski cikel, Skenderbegove pesmi pa najpomembnejši zgodovinski cikel.

Dokumentacija

19. stoletje
V 19. stoletju so se številni tuji učenjaki zanimali za albansko folkloro. Prvi pisec, ki je omenil albanske junaške pesmi, je bil Lord Byron v svojem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage na začetku 19. stoletja. Leta 1830 je Vuk Karadžić zapisal od Dovice Obadovića iz Đurakovca pri Peći 12 albanskih pesmi in eno uganko za Jerneja Kopitarja. Ta zbirka predstavlja enega najzgodnejših pisnih zapisov albanskih ustnih verzov s Kosova. Celotno zbirko je prvi izdal Norbert Jokl. Zdi se, da odlomki pesmi te zbirke temeljijo na zgodovinskih ali legendarnih dogodkih.[9] Zbirka vsebuje junaške in lirične pesmi, med njimi tudi žalostinke.

Najverjetneje je bila albanska nacionalna zavest vir motivacije za zapisovanje pesmi. V poznem 19. stoletju je romantika v Evropi in zlasti v Vzhodni Evropi sprožila željo po gojenju in utrjevanju nacionalnih kulturnih identitet. Tako je bil albanskemu epskemu verzu pripisan pomen zaradi kulturne zgodovine, ki jo vsebuje. Ko je v Italiji prevladalo zanimanje za folkloro, so bili pisci Arbëreshë (Italijanski Albanci) med prvimi, ki so izkoristili priložnost, da so predstavili svojo kulturo in folkloro. Leta 1847 je Vincenzo Dorsa v Neaplju objavil Su gli Albanesi, ricerche e pensieri, ki vsebuje tri albanske pesmi, prevedene v italijanščino. Pesmi so bile iz vasi v Kalabriji. Nemški zdravnik Karl H. Reinhold je bil prvi zbiralec albanskih pesmi v Grčiji, ki je med službovanjem kot zdravnik v grški mornarici posnel albanske ljudske pesmi grško-albanskih mornarjev z otokov Poros in Hydra. Svojo zbirko je objavil v Noctes Pelasgicae (Pelazgične noči, z izrazom "Pelasgic" pomeni albanski) leta 1855.

Pomemben Arbëreshki založnik albanske folklore je bil jezikoslovec Demetrio Camarda, ki je v svoj Appendice al Saggio di grammatologia comparata (Dodatek k eseju o primerjalni slovnici) iz leta 1866 vključil veliko število albanskih pesmi s Sicilije in Kalabrije, nekaj ljudskih pesmi prav iz Albanije in nekaj iz albanskih naselij v Grčiji. V tej zbirki je nekaj epskih pesmi Arbëreshev. Arbëreshki pisatelj Girolamo De Rada, ki je bil že v prvi polovici 19. stoletja prežet s strastjo do svojega albanskega rodu, je že zgodaj začel zbirati folklorno gradivo. De Rada je leta 1866 izdal zbirko Rapsodie di un poema albanese (Rapsodije albanskih pesmi), ki jo sestavlja 72 epskih pesmi iz kolonij Napolitano, s tudi italijanskim prevodom. Rapsodije so razdeljene na tri dele: »Gli Albanesi allo stato libero« z 20 pesmimi; "Gli Albanesi in guerra col Turco" z 20 pesmimi; "Gli Albanesi vinti ed in esilio" z 32 pesmimi. Vendar pa obstaja nekaj dvoma o popolni izvirnosti te zbirke, saj je sam priznal, da je v njej naredil nekaj sprememb.

Spodbujeno z zbirkami piscev Arbëreshë in tujcev, se je zanimanje domačih Albancev za zbiranje albanskih ustnih stvaritev povečalo z albanskim narodnim prebujenjem (Rilindja) v drugi polovici 19. stoletja. Prvi albanski zbiratelj ustnih epskih pesmi iz same Albanije je bil Zef Jubani. Od leta 1848 je bil tolmač francoskemu konzulu v Skadru Louisu Hyacinthe Hécquardu, ki se je zelo zanimal za folkloro in se odločil pripraviti knjigo o severnoalbanskem ustnem izročilu. Potovala sta po severnih albanskih gorah in posnela folklorno gradivo, ki je bilo objavljeno v francoskem prevodu v Hécquardovem pionirskem delu Histoire et description de la Haute Albanie ou Guégarie (Zgodovina in opis Visoke Albanije ali Gegarije) iz leta 1858. Ta zbirka vsebuje dvanajst pesmi v francoščini, brez izvirne albanske, ki so bile izgubljene pozneje v poplavi, ki je opustošila mesto Skader 13. januarja 1866. Jubani je leta 1871 objavil izvirne albanske pesmi z italijanskim prevodom v zbirki Raccolta di canti popolari e rapsodie di poemi albanesi (Zbirka albanskih ljudskih pesmi in rapsodij), ki predstavlja prvo zbirko ljudskih pesmi Geg in prvo folkloristično delo, ki ga je izdal Albanec, ki je živel v Albaniji. Ta zbirka vsebuje tudi številne pesmi, ki jih pojejo v Skadru.

Ena najboljših zbirk albanskega ustnega izročila je Alvaniki melissa – Belietta Sskiypetare (Albanska čebela), ki jo je v Aleksandriji izdal Thimi Mitko leta 1878. Mitko je gradivo zbral in razvrstil po žanrih. Najpomembnejši del te zbirke so lirične pesmi. Vsebuje 123 junaških pesmi, 97 v toskijskem narečju in 26 v albanskem gegijskem narečju. Opevajo bitke Albancev v različnih delih Osmanskega cesarstva, vključno z junaškimi dejanji begov in Souliotov.

20. stoletje
Pomembno zbirko albanskih epskih pesmi je izdal Michele Marchianò v Canti popolari albanesi delle colonie d'Italia leta 1908. Pesmi teh zbirk ohranjajo natanko izvirno obliko, kot so bile najdene v rokopisu iz leta 1737. V letih 1911 in 1912 je objavil tudi Canti popolari albanesi della Capitanata e del Molise v Rivista d'Apulia. K. D. Sotiriou je leta 1909 izdal zbirko "Kratke pesmi in povesti Albancev", napisano v narečju arvanitika vasi Markopulo na Atiki in otoka Spetses. Leta 1923 je Giuseppe Schirò izdal izjemno zbirko Canti tradizionali ed altri saggi delle colonie albanesi di Sicilia.

Frančiškanski duhovniki in učenjaki, ki so delovali v gorah severne Albanije, so v zgodnjih desetletjih 20. stoletja zapisali severnoalbanske epske pesmi. Med najpomembnejšimi albanskimi folkloristi so bili Shtjefën Gjeçovi, Bernardin Palaj in Donat Kurti, ki so na svojih potovanjih po gorah zbirali ljudske pesmi in pisali članke o albanski folklori Gegov in plemenskih običajih. Palaj in Kurti sta leta 1937 – ob 25. obletnici neodvisnosti Albanije – izdala najpomembnejšo zbirko albanskih epskih verzov Kângë kreshnikësh dhe legenda (Pesmi mejnih bojevnikov in legend) v seriji Visaret e Kombit (Zakladi naroda).

Harvardska učenjaka Milman Parry in Albert Bates Lord sta začela raziskovati tradicionalne albanske pesmi in skušala odkriti, kako so nastali homerski epi. Da bi odgovorila na to vprašanje, sta skušala razsvetliti in iz prve roke preučiti obstoječa ustna izročila. To ju je pripeljalo do gorskih predelov Balkana, kjer so bili še recitatorji starodavnih pesmi. Do te točke je bila dokumentacija vseh ustnih verzov narejena ročno. Ročno snemanje je povzročilo, da je bila dokumentacija narejena na nenaraven način. Lordova izjemna zbirka več kot 100 pesmi, ki vsebuje približno 25.000 verzov, je zdaj ohranjena v zbirki Milman Parry na Harvardski univerzi.

21. stoletje
V zadnjih desetletjih je bilo opravljenega precej dela. Albanologi, ki jih dolga leta vodita Anton Çeta in Qemal Haxhihasani, so izdali več zvezkov o epiki, raziskave pa so izvedli znanstveniki, kot so Rrustem Berisha, Anton Nikë Berisha in Zymer Ujkan Neziri. Do začetka 21. stoletja je bilo zbranih približno pol milijona verzov cikla Kreshnikësh (število, ki vključuje tudi različice pesmi). 23 pesmi, ki vsebujejo 6165 verzov iz zbirke Palaj in Kurti, sta v angleščino prevedla Robert Elsie in Janice Mathie-Heck, ki sta jih leta 2004 objavila v knjigi  Pesmi mejnih bojevnikov in legend  (Këngë Kreshnikësh). Leta 2021 so Nicol Wild Songs, Sweet Songs: The Albanian Epic in the Collections of Milman Parry and Albert B. Lord. Knjiga, ki ponuja popoln katalog albanskih besedil in posnetkov, ki sta jih zbrala Parry in Lord, z izborom dvanajstih najbolj izjemnih pesmi v albanskem jeziku, vključno z angleškimi prevodi, predstavlja verodostojen vodnik po eni najpomembnejših obstoječih zbirk balkanske ljudske epike.

Izvedba

Danes albanski junaški nezgodovinski cikel – Kângë Kreshnikësh – še vedno pojejo starejši moški, imenovani lahutari (guslarji), ki pojejo ob igranju na enostrunsko glasbilo, imenovano lahuta ali gusle. Veliko lahutarjev najdemo na Kosovu (kjer je večina prebivalstva Albancev), v severni Albaniji in nekaj v Črni gori. Ti moški veljajo za zadnje tradicionalne, evropske pevce epskih verzov.

Ustni epi so "tradicija izročila", v osnovi kompleksna komunikacija čustev, kulture in zgodovine, ki prežemajo pomen z več kot pisnim besedilom. Zaradi tega te pesmi niso upravičene s preprosto prepisovanjem. Stranski produkt transkripcije je, da pesmi ni mogoče izvesti do konca, ustaviti se mora in začeti, da prepisovalcu omogoči, da zapiše, kar sliši. Na srečo sta Parry in Lord raziskovala ob pravem času in sta imela podporo pravih ljudi. Raziskovanje za Harvard, ki se je končalo na Balkanu z zvočnimi snemalniki, ki so olajšali postopek snemanja epskega verza in prinesli izdelek, ki je bolj zvest pravi izvedbi.

Spremljevalna glasbila

Severnoalbanska epska poezija se izvaja s petjem ob spremljavi lahutë ali çifteli.

Lahuta ali gusle so enostrunsko glasbilo z dolgim vratom in ovalnim telesom. Sestavljen je iz zvočne škatle iz rezljanega lesa (običajno javorja, saj velja za najboljši material), prevlečenega z živalsko kožo, in dolgega vratu, ki je na vrhu okrašen, običajno z glavo koze, ovna oz. konja. Vrvica lahute je narejena iz konjske žime. Instrument se drži navpično med koleni, s prsti leve roke na vratu. Igra se z lokom, z vlečenjem čez struno, ki ni nikoli pritisnjena na vrat, ustvarja dramatičen in oster zvok, ekspresiven in težko obvladljiv. Pri petju glas sledi harmoničnemu in edinstvenemu zvoku, ki ga ustvarja inštrument.

Çiftelia je oskubljeno dvostrunsko glasbilo z dolgim vratom in ovalnim telesom. Najpogosteje je uglašena na B3 in E3 (primerljivo z zgornjima dvema strunama kitare, ki je klasično uglašena kot "E2 A2 D3 G3 B3 E4"). Ena struna nosi melodijo, druga se običajno igra kot brenčanje.

Lahuta e Malcís
Albansko narodno epsko pesnitev Lahuta e Malcís (Visokgorska lutnja) je napisal albanski katoliški pater Gjergj Fishta in jo objavil leta 1937. Sestavljena je iz 30 pesmi in več kot 17.000 verzov. Pesem je bila navdihnjena s severnoalbansko ustno epsko poezijo.

Dosežki
Albanski epski verz je dolgoletna balkanska tradicija, ki je za razliko od večine znanih podobnih ustnih izročil še danes živa. Zaradi albanske jezikovne ovire o tej tradiciji ni bilo dovolj mednarodnega proučevanja, prevajanja in priznanja kot pomembnega vira kulturne zgodovine. Albanska literatura kot celota je premalo prevedena in premalo raziskano gradivo glede na podobna akademska področja. To je mogoče pripisati več razlogom. Prvič, jezikovna ovira: albanski jezik je indoevropski jezik, čeprav ni podoben vsem drugim sodobnim jezikom. Ohranja številne arhaične strukture in njegov najbližji sorodnik bi bili zelo stari baltoslovanski jeziki. Zdi se, da sta dačanski in ilirski bližnja sorodnika, predhodnika ali prednika.  Druga ovira pri učenju albanske književnosti je njena politična zgodovina. Pod strogim nadzorom stalinističnih voditeljev v drugi polovici 20. stoletja je bila Albanija dejansko izolirana od preostalega sveta. Zaprte meje so zadrževale tujce in zadrževale Albance, ki so želeli oditi, prekinili zunanje študije, stike in močno ovirali razvoj vsebinske kulturne izmenjave in raziskovanja. Nezadostna zastopanost Albancev na svetovni literarni sceni ni posledica kakovosti, temveč pomanjkanja zunanjih interesov in težavnosti dostopa.

Sklici

Literatura

.

Albanska kultura

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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Ruger PC Carbine PLUS Ruger Security 9 Pistol 2-Firearm Package PLUS Crimson Trace CMR-206 Rail Master Universal Green Laser Sight
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Dovetailed, high-visibility sight system with drift adjustable rear sight and fixed front sight. Sights can be easily changed out for different color options (available separately).
Internal, Secure Action hammer provides strong ignition force yet allows for easier slide racking when compared with many striker-fired pistols. Front cocking serrations enable positive slide manipulation.
Safety features include bladed trigger safety; manual safety; neutrally balanced sear with significant engagement and strong spring tension; and hammer catch to help prevent the hammer from contacting the firing pin unless the trigger is pulled.
Safe, easy takedown with no special tools or trigger pull.
Also includes: two alloy steel magazines.
The Crimson Trace CMR-204 Rail Master Pro Universal Green Laser Sight & Tactical Light ($379) combines two tactical tools in a single compact unit. The versatile unit is designed to fit most modern pistols, rifles and shotguns with an M1913 Picatinny or Weaver-style accessory rail. A powerful green laser anchors the unit and provides up to 1 hour of continuous use on a single CR2 Lithium battery. The Rail Master Pro also includes a powerful 100 Lumen white light for target identification. The unit features three operational modes including: Laser/Light Constant On, Laser Constant On, Light Constant On, and Laser w/Light Dazzler. Activation is instant, with Tap On, Tap Off controls and a programmed Auto Shut Off at five minutes to conserve battery life.
Ruger PC Carbine Specifications
Stock: Black Synthetic
Caliber: 9mm Luger
Barrel Length: 16.12"
Overall Length: 34.37"
Barrel Feature: Threaded, Fluted
Front Sight: Protected Blade
Rear Sight: Adjustable Ghost Ring
Thread Pattern: 1/2"-28
Weight: 6.8 lb.
Length of Pull: 12.62" - 14.12"
FinishType: III Hardcoat Anodized
Twist: 1:10" RH
Grooves: 6
Ruger Security 9 Specifications
Barrel Material:Alloy Steel
Barrel Finish: Blued
Overall Length: 7.24"
Sights: Drift Adjustable
Grip Frame: High-Performance, Glass-Filled Nylon
Slide Material: Through-Hardened Alloy Steel
Slide Finish: Blued
Slide Width: 1.02"
Twist1: 10" RH
Crimson Trace CMR-206 Rail Master Specifications
Material: Polymer
Attachment: Accessory Rail
Activation Location: Switch Activation
Sighting: Factory Sighted at 50'
Battery Type: One CR2 Lithium Battery
Laser Output: Up to 5mW Green Laser
Activation Mode: Instant Activation
Laser Visibility: Approx .5 Inch Diameter at 50 Feet
User Adjustable: Windage and Elevation
Installation: User Installed
Warranty: Three Year Full Warranty
Dot Size: Approx. 0.50" at 50'
About Sturm, Ruger & Co.
Sturm, Ruger & Co., Inc. is one of the nation's leading manufacturers of rugged, reliable firearms for the commercial sporting market. The only full-line manufacturer of American-made firearms, Ruger offers consumers over 400 variations of more than 30 product lines. For more than 60 years, Ruger has been a model of corporate and community responsibility. Our motto, "Arms Makers for Responsible Citizens," echoes the importance of these principles as we work hard to deliver quality and innovative firearms.
When Sturm, Ruger & Co., Inc. opened for business in 1949 with a meager $50,000 investment, the Company faced serious doubts from industry insiders. The "it can't be done" remarks of the experts reflected the widespread view that the manufacture of guns had likely peaked, and was in a state of decline. There seemed to be few new ideas, and the apparent trend was that the large, established-name gunmakers would continue to dominate the market.
But this fledgling company was guided by several well-thought-out concepts, not the least of which was founder William B. Ruger's intent to build each product "to a standard so I would want one even if it was made by our competitors." This fundamental concept, this deceptively simple touchstone of the underlying principles of innovation, quality and value, has proved so compelling that over 60 years later there is no question which company is preeminent in the American firearms industry. Ruger's rise to its present well-earned position has made it a respected company on the New York Stock Exchange since 1990. Ruger produces millions of firearms each year for hunting, target shooting, collecting, self-defense, law enforcement, and government agencies.
About Crimson Trace
For nearly 25 years, Crimson Trace Corporation® has shipped over 2 million laser sighting and tactical lighting systems to responsible firearm owners throughout the US. Our diverse and passionate customer base includes: the United States Armed Forces, federal / state / local law enforcement agencies, private security officers, concealed carry aficionados, defensive-minded citizens, target shooters and sportsmen.
As the undisputed industry leader in weapon-mounted laser sights and tactical lights for pistols, revolvers and rail-equipped rifles, carbines and shotguns, Crimson Trace places a passionate focus on our products because the lives of our customers may depend on it.
We engineer each and every Crimson Trace product to be the finest that your hard earned money can buy in terms of quality, durability and reliability. We pride ourselves on providing customer service and support that shines as brightly as the lasers and lights that we package and sell.
We are proud of our heritage, our people, our technology, and we are proud of what is coming next. Most of all, we are proud of our customers, our resellers, and our industry partners. It is our pleasure to serve you.
Return to Donation Form
Prize winners must be U.S. residents at least 18 years of age who have made one or more qualifying contribution of at least $20 each to Knife Rights, Inc. ("KR") during the eligibility period or who have submitted an entry in accordance with the published rules. Winners of firearms, suppressors or knives must not be prohibited from owning or possessing them under applicable laws.
Offer void where prohibited. No more than two (2) prizes will be awarded to any one person in each of the Early Bird Bonus Drawing and Main Drawing. No more than one (1) prize will be awarded to any one person in the Tail End Drawing, if held. A Tail End Drawing is not guaranteed to be held. You can donate as often as you like, but each donation is separate and independent from previous donations and will only entitle you to the number of entries specified at the donation level you have selected at the time of each donation.
Each donation must include full name, donation amount, shipping address and phone number to be valid. Winners need not be physically present at the drawing to win.
Firearms and suppressors will not be shipped directly to winners, but rather to Federal Firearms Licensees ("FFLs") specified by winners (or selected by KR or Hill Country Class 3 LLC d.b.a. Silencer Shop (Silencer Shop), in KR's and Silencer Shop's sole discretion). Winners can only take possession of firearms and suppressors from the FFLs. Optional suppressor included with some firearms prizes can be excluded if the winner is ineligible for any reason or prefers not to become subject to the requirements of the National Firearms Act (NFA). Current wait times for NFA transfers conducted by the BATFE are nine to twelve months and could be longer. KR is not responsible for tracking such wait times. Winner is responsible for compliance with the NFA and all state and local laws governing the possession of NFA items in the winner's jurisdiction. Neither KR, nor KR Affiliates (as defined below), nor their successors or assigns, nor the supplier of the suppressor prize, are responsible for failure to complete delivery of such prize for any reason, including without limitation the prize winner's failure to comply with any legal requirements. Declining to accept a suppressor prize, or failure to satisfy the legal requirements for a firearms or suppressor prize selected, forfeits any claim to that firearm or suppressor prize and no replacement, alternative prize, or cash equivalent will be provided. Automatic knives will not be shipped directly to winners unless a legal recipient under 15 U.S.C. §§ 1241-1245 and 18 U.S.C. § 1716(g), but rather to an authorized dealer in eligible winner's state from which winner can claim prize.
Some prizes are subject to additional limitation(s) that is/are included in prize description and by selection of such a prize the winner automatically accepts and is bound by the stated limitation(s) and rules regarding selection and delivery as if the limitation(s) was/were included herein. Claim to prizes is not transferable with the exception that delivery of a suppressor prize can be received by a trust of which the winner is a responsible person qualified to receive an NFA item.
The odds of winning vary based on the number of donations and amounts donated. Winners will be drawn on or after August 1, 2019, for the Main Drawing. Early Bird winners will be drawn on or after May 30, 2019. If held, Tail End Drawing winners will be drawn on or after August 1, 2019, immediately prior to the Main Drawing. A minimum of the first 75 winners drawn in both the Early Bird and Main Drawings, and the first 5 winners in the Tail End Drawing, if held, will have first choice of prizes available after any prior winner(s) have selected, in the order in which such winners were drawn ("Winner's Choice"). At KR's option, additional Winner's Choice prizes may be awarded. Accordingly, the final posting of winners may take up to 180 days post drawing.
Winners must comply with all applicable legal requirements prior to taking possession of firearms, suppressors or knives. Winners are solely responsible for determination of legality. If for any reason winners cannot comply, prizes will be held for 30 days and then will be forfeited and returned to KR. Winners of firearms are responsible for shipping charges, transfer fees to FFLs and any other applicable fees and may be required to prepay such expenses by valid credit card or other method to be determined in KR's sole discretion. NFA prizes will be transferred via the "Powered By Silencer Shop" dealer network. Winner will not incur any additional charges unless exceptions are made. Exceptions include but are not limited to: changing SOT dealers after paperwork is filed, changing registration type, facilitating a dealer outside of the "Powered By Silencer Shop" dealer network. In most cases, Silencer Shop will handle the transfer from start to user receipt and will require contact with the winner to insure registration information is valid and complete. If communication cannot be facilitated between Silencer Shop and the winner, NFA Prizes will be held for 30 days before return transfer to the manufacturer is initiated.
All prizes other than firearms will be shipped at KR's expense via a shipping method of KR's choice, signature required at KR's option, to the addresses provided by winners, insured. If winner declines KR's signature required delivery, they accept all risk for non-delivery regardless of cause. If delivery is not completed on original shipment, regardless of fault, winner is responsible for any redelivery charges. Winners are hereby warned not to sign for delivery without the package in hand and undamaged. Winners who do not respond to a delivery notice, regardless of reason, are responsible for any redelivery charges. Winners of prizes after the Winner's Choice prizes are selected will be sent their prizes without prior notification to the address provided. It is donor's responsibility to notify KR of any change in address.
KR is not responsible for lost, damaged, stolen or undelivered prizes, regardless of cause, and winners agree to look solely to insurance carried by KR or included by shipper with regard to same. KR is not responsible for reimbursement of any insurance deductible, which may be in an amount of up to $500. Risk of loss or damage is solely with winners.
KR will attempt to notify all Winner's Choice winners using the contact information supplied. It is donor's responsibility to notify KR of any change in contact information. Any prize not claimed by a Winner's Choice winner within 48 hours from KR's first attempt to notify the winner will be forfeited and all other winners drawn will move up one place in priority. If a Winner's Choice winner that does not respond within the 48 hours later contacts KR, they will be offered the choice of prizes then currently available if within the Winner's Choice draws, if any, after the current notified winner selects a prize. Otherwise, prize will be forfeit. All entries and donations are non-refundable and will become the sole property of KR once submitted. Acceptance of a prize constitutes winners' permission for KR to use winner's name and likeness for KR promotional purposes without additional consideration.
If payment of any donation is rejected, denied, returned for insufficient funds, refunded for any reason or otherwise not made, and the responsible party does not subsequently make full payment plus processing fees of $25.00 that clears no later than 7 (seven) days prior to drawing, the entries related to that donation will be removed from the drawing. Winners of "Early Bird" prizes are eligible for (and their winning entry will be automatically entered in) the Main Drawing. If held, winners of "Tail End" prizes are eligible for (and their winning entry will be automatically entered in) the Main Drawing. Once an individual winner has been selected as a prize winner in the Main Drawing, that winning entry is removed. There is no cash substitution for any prizes.
Winners Choice winners will be notified using the contact information supplied and informed how to claim prizes. Only those named as the entrant on a valid winning entry form are eligible to claim a prize, and such persons may be required to provide proof of identification acceptable to KR in KR's sole discretion. KR shall not be liable for failure of notification arising from incorrect or illegible contact information supplied, or email or voice mail induced failures, or failure of entrants to respond to communications (or failure of KR to actually receive such responses regardless of cause) within 48 hours of KR's first attempt to notify the winners. KR's obligation is limited to making good faith efforts to notify winners. Once all winners are drawn and notified, names of winners (given name and surname initial.) will be posted at the Knife Rights Ultimate Steel web site: www.KnifeRights.org/UltimateSteel.
All prize winners are subject to applicable drawing procedures, restrictions, rules, directives, applicable laws and regulations, and are solely responsible for all applicable taxes, fees, assessments and charges relating to the prizes. Your participation in this fundraiser (including without limitation the act of submitting a donation and/or winning a prize) signifies and is conditioned upon your acknowledgement, agreement, covenant, representation and warranty to KR, based on good and valuable consideration, receipt of which you acknowledge, that (i) KR, its officers, directors, affiliates, professionals, personnel, representatives and members, together with Silencer Shop and its officers, directors, affiliates, professionals, personnel and representatives together with prize donors (collectively, "KR Affiliates") shall have no liability whatsoever in connection with this fundraiser, the prizes (or their acceptance, possession, use, or misuse), or anything arising out of or relating thereto; (ii) you waive and release any and all claims you may now or ever have against KR Affiliates; and (iii) you will not make any claims against KR affiliates and shall be estopped from so doing.
KR makes no claim regarding the actual value of any prize and is not responsible for the accuracy of any value estimate provided by prize donors or anyone else. Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price are listed for production items which may be purchasable for a lower price. KR does not guarantee the accuracy of the prize descriptions published. Prizes are in as-is condition. KR makes no warranty as to merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, suitability or condition of the prizes. Prizes donated by individuals may have been previously used. Prize may have been exhibited and may have been cosmetically damaged to some degree as a result. Firearms may have been converted to non-firing condition and back to firing condition for exhibition and Winner should inspect firearm to ensure it is safe upon receipt. Firearms prize package accessories may have been mounted for display and then dismounted from the firearm and may have been cosmetically damaged to some degree as a result. Notice is hereby given that prizes incorporating Mammoth, Mastodon, or Fossil Walrus ivory, tooth or tusk (and/or other materials that may become prohibited or regulated) are prohibited by state law from being claimed by residents of some states, including but not limited to New York, New Jersey, California, Oregon and Hawaii.
Prizes subject to change without notice. Production prizes may be substituted with prizes of equal or greater value prior to prize selection. Some prizes were not received by KR prior to the start of the fundraiser and KR is not responsible for the failure of any prize donor to fulfill the obligation to deliver the prize by the drawing date.
A donation is not required to be entered in the drawing. To enter without making a financial donation, send a postcard with your name, phone number, email and shipping address to: Knife Rights 2019 Ultimate Steel, PO Box 657, Gilbert, AZ 85299. Your postcard must be received no later than July 31, 2019 to be considered a valid entry. Only one postcard per person is allowed. KR is not responsible for undelivered or illegible postcards.
Knife Rights, Inc. is a 501(c)(4) exempt organization. Donations to Knife Rights, Inc. are not tax deductible charitable contributions. Check with your tax professional for additional information.
Click here to review the 2018 Ultimate Steel™ Spectacular


A great way to lead into our volleyball regular season!
On Friday evenings, players will gather and play in a pick-up games type atmosphere. Teams will be formed on site and will change weekly. Experienced advisors will be present to help resolve conflict, but games will be played in a relaxed setting, giving the players control of each game.
Registration fee = $65/player for 8 sessions.


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Planetoid Pioneers
Planetoid Pioneers Is Spore Meets Garry's Mod In 2D
With A Spot Of Scribblenauts
Feature by Graham Smith Contributor
Published on Aug. 11, 2015
Someone could create an incredible game within Planetoid Pioneers [official site], it's just too early to tell whether that someone is its developers. My demo at Gamescom 2015 focuses mainly on the tools being used to make the game, and with good reason: they're impressive, expansive, and they'll ship with the game when it launches on Early Access this autumn.
The game begins when you crashland onto the surface of an alien planet, causing your ship to smash into a dozen pieces. There are some cave entrances nearby. You have a tool which allows you to hoover up the spaceship debris and any other object, turn them into base materials of metal, water, silicon and carbon, and then use them to construct new objects from blueprints. This is similar to the setup of a lot of 2D games on PC right now.
Planetoid Pioneers is different for a few reasons. First, that planet isn't procedurally generated: everything in the game is handcrafted, including the planet and the network of tunnels beneath its surface. Second, everything is physics-driven and destructible, not in distinct parts, but in small, incremental chunks. Third, the game will ship with the toolkit that was used to make it, meaning that when you blast off from the starting planet after a couple of hours, you can go to explore a galaxy of planets created by other players, populated by physics creatures created by other players that you can fight with weapons created by... You get the idea: textures, animations, LUA scripting; every part of the game can be added to, changed, and easily shared.
The sharing part is especially easy because the game outputs everything as PNG files and those PNG files contain all the detail about the object in question. Data Realms show me an octopus created by one of their testers by dragging its PNG image directly from a browser window pointed at the game's forum and into the game window itself. The octopus appears in world as a physics object with articulated body parts. If this octopus had particular behaviours scripted, those would be included too.
In the demo world I'm shown, those behaviours include a spindly alien plant that grabs objects and tosses them around, slamming them into walls. The developers demonstrate this with their buggy vehicle, before throwing their character into the fray themselves. Everything is physics-driven, and it's first charming to watch your character be tossed about, then exciting when the developers use a grappling hook to tether the spindly plant to the cave ceiling so it can no longer move.
There's huge potential in that physics system, although also cause for concern. The physics movement often looks fun, but just as frequently looks frustrating as the player trips or becomes trapped between or underneath other objects. It remains to be seen with those niggles can be removed or are rendered moot by the tools at your disposal, but Cortex Command, the developer's previous game, had similar problems.
If the heady mix of Spore and Garry's Mod weren't enough enough, there's also a little of Scribblenauts in the game's DNA, which becomes clear when the developers start showing me the different ways creatures can interact with each other as well as the player. The developers drop down a Robby the Robot-style automaton that stomps back and forth and, when he gets too close, quickly burns the player to a crisp.
The developers next drop down a snake-like robot which is lined with a set of rapidly spinning metal cogs. The two robots now attack each other and the snake quickly grinds Robby into dust. Almost literally, too: the game's damage model is locational and chips away at enemies in small, triangular pieces. As long as some part of them is still intact, they'll continue trying to move.
Once Robby is defeated, the snake turns its attention back towards the player and grinds him into pulp also. To overcome the enemy, the developers spawn a freeze ray and use it to ice up one of the snake's cogs. Now it can't grind or move.
What I saw was just a small sliver of what's planned, and eventually this whole starting planet will have its surface and innards filled with enemies to overcome, materials to gather, and an increasingly large armada of machinery to build. The game's development log suggests you'll be able to supplement your starting grapple and jetpack with pilotable mechs, hover tanks, spiderbots, zeppelins and deep sea submarines. Hopping into this world with friends - four-player local co-op is confirmed, online multiplayer is not - to explore and fight and wreak self-designed havoc sounds like it could be a fun time.
But more exciting is the thought that the game might take off with a creative community, who are likely to be able to go far further than its small development team can. Data Realms are starting that process early by working with a select few hundred community members utilising a private development forum. I'm crossing my fingers that it produces more than penis-monsters.
Data Realms
More On Planetoid Pioneers
Planetoid Pioneers wobbles out of early access
Planetoid Pioneers sets out from early access on February 8th
Review: Premature Evaluation: Planetoid Pioneers
Planetoid Pioneers gets a simpler, cheaper edition
Planetoid Pioneers Touches Down On Early Access


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Robert 01 Men's Belt, Ranch 40, black
Vegetable tanned ecological leather belt.
-Reversible mens belt
-Casual wear
Vegetable tanned ecological leather belt. PRODUCT DETAIL-Reversible mens belt-Casual wear
Material Ranch
Dimension 40 inches
Robert 01 Men's Belt, Ranch, 40 42, black $67.90 {"price":"2425.00","category":"Belts","variant":" Black","name":"Robert 01 Men's Belt, Ranch, 40-42, black","id":"2206762-35468588186"} { "name": "Robert 01 Men's Belt, Ranch, 40-42, black", "id": "8903439711870", "price": "2425.00", "brand": "", "category": "", "variant": " Black", "list": "", "position": "" } { "name": "Robert 01 Men's Belt, Ranch, 40-42, black", "id": "8903439711870", "category": "", "brand": "", "variant": " Black", "position": "", "price": "2425.00" }
Robert 01 Men's Belt, Ranch Ranchero, 42, … $67.90 {"price":"2425.00","category":"Belts","variant":" Black","name":"Robert 01 Men's Belt, Ranch Ranchero, 42, black","id":"2206762-12873008306"} { "name": "Robert 01 Men's Belt, Ranch Ranchero, 42, black", "id": "8903439711825", "price": "2425.00", "brand": "", "category": "", "variant": " Black", "list": "", "position": "" } { "name": "Robert 01 Men's Belt, Ranch Ranchero, 42, black", "id": "8903439711825", "category": "", "brand": "", "variant": " Black", "position": "", "price": "2425.00" }
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Antonio Men's Belt Sow Ranch, 38 40, tan $69.86 {"price":"2495.00","category":"Belts","variant":" Tan","name":"Antonio Men's Belt Sow Ranch, 38-40, tan","id":"2206762-39015915950"} { "name": "Antonio Men's Belt Sow Ranch, 38-40, tan", "id": "8903439718428", "price": "2495.00", "brand": "", "category": "", "variant": " Tan", "list": "", "position": "" } { "name": "Antonio Men's Belt Sow Ranch, 38-40, tan", "id": "8903439718428", "category": "", "brand": "", "variant": " Tan", "position": "", "price": "2495.00" }
Antonio Men's Belt, Ranch Ranch, 42, tan $69.86 {"price":"2495.00","category":"Rs. 2000 - 3000","variant":" Tan","name":"Antonio Men's Belt, Ranch Ranch, 42, tan","id":"2206762-34613640073"} { "name": "Antonio Men's Belt, Ranch Ranch, 42, tan", "id": "8903439718466", "price": "2495.00", "brand": "", "category": "", "variant": " Tan", "list": "", "position": "" } { "name": "Antonio Men's Belt, Ranch Ranch, 42, tan", "id": "8903439718466", "category": "", "brand": "", "variant": " Tan", "position": "", "price": "2495.00" }
Antonio Men's Belt, Ranch Ranch, 42, black $69.86 {"price":"2495.00","category":"Rs. 2000 - 3000","variant":" Black","name":"Antonio Men's Belt, Ranch Ranch, 42, black","id":"2206762-91346897840"} { "name": "Antonio Men's Belt, Ranch Ranch, 42, black", "id": "8903439702496", "price": "2495.00", "brand": "", "category": "", "variant": " Black", "list": "", "position": "" } { "name": "Antonio Men's Belt, Ranch Ranch, 42, black", "id": "8903439702496", "category": "", "brand": "", "variant": " Black", "position": "", "price": "2495.00" }
Antonio Men's Belt Sow Ranch, 42, tan $69.86 {"price":"2495.00","category":"Belts","variant":" Tan","name":"Antonio Men's Belt Sow Ranch, 42, tan","id":"2206762-66538431077"} { "name": "Antonio Men's Belt Sow Ranch, 42, tan", "id": "8903439718435", "price": "2495.00", "brand": "", "category": "", "variant": " Tan", "list": "", "position": "" } { "name": "Antonio Men's Belt Sow Ranch, 42, tan", "id": "8903439718435", "category": "", "brand": "", "variant": " Tan", "position": "", "price": "2495.00" }
Adison Men's Belt, Ranch, 42, black $67.90 {"price":"2425.00","category":"Rs. 2000 - 3000","variant":" Black","name":"Adison Men's Belt, Ranch, 42, black","id":"2206762-14705641262"} { "name": "Adison Men's Belt, Ranch, 42, black", "id": "8903439712037", "price": "2425.00", "brand": "", "category": "", "variant": " Black", "list": "", "position": "" } { "name": "Adison Men's Belt, Ranch, 42, black", "id": "8903439712037", "category": "", "brand": "", "variant": " Black", "position": "", "price": "2425.00" }
ANGUS MENS BELT RANCH, 38 40, black $67.06 {"price":"2395.00","category":"Belts","variant":"38-40","name":"ANGUS MENS BELT RANCH, 38-40, black","id":"2206762-69416603364"} { "name": "ANGUS MENS BELT RANCH, 38-40, black", "id": "8903439716042", "price": "2395.00", "brand": "", "category": "", "variant": "38-40", "list": "", "position": "" } { "name": "ANGUS MENS BELT RANCH, 38-40, black", "id": "8903439716042", "category": "", "brand": "", "variant": "38-40", "position": "", "price": "2395.00" }
RAFEAL MEN'S BELT BUFFALLO, 40 42, black $64.26 {"price":"2295.00","category":"Belts","variant":"40 42","name":"RAFEAL MEN'S BELT BUFFALLO, 40 42, black","id":"2206762-1354149575"} { "name": "RAFEAL MEN'S BELT BUFFALLO, 40 42, black", "id": "8903439491307", "price": "2295.00", "brand": "", "category": "", "variant": "40 42", "list": "", "position": "" } { "name": "RAFEAL MEN'S BELT BUFFALLO, 40 42, black", "id": "8903439491307", "category": "", "brand": "", "variant": "40 42", "position": "", "price": "2295.00" }
Ee Lewis Men's Belt Glazed, 40, tan $67.06
$46.94 {"price":"1676.50","category":"Upto 50%Off","variant":"40","name":"Ee Lewis Men's Belt Glazed, 40, tan","id":"2206762-32997352126"} { "name": "Ee Lewis Men's Belt Glazed, 40, tan", "id": "8903439489823", "price": "1676.50", "brand": "", "category": "", "variant": "40", "list": "", "position": "" } { "name": "Ee Lewis Men's Belt Glazed, 40, tan", "id": "8903439489823", "category": "", "brand": "", "variant": "40", "position": "", "price": "1676.50" }
Aldo Men's Belt, Soweto, 38 40, tan $67.90 {"price":"2425.00","category":"Rs. 2000 - 3000","variant":" Tan","name":"Aldo Men's Belt, Soweto, 38-40, tan","id":"2206762-49800347044"} { "name": "Aldo Men's Belt, Soweto, 38-40, tan", "id": "8903439712341", "price": "2425.00", "brand": "", "category": "", "variant": " Tan", "list": "", "position": "" } { "name": "Aldo Men's Belt, Soweto, 38-40, tan", "id": "8903439712341", "category": "", "brand": "", "variant": " Tan", "position": "", "price": "2425.00" }
Ee Leanardo Men's Belt Glazed, tan, 40 $67.06
$46.94 {"price":"1676.50","category":"Upto 50%Off","variant":" Tan","name":"Ee Leanardo Men's Belt Glazed, tan, 40","id":"2206762-27956430212"} { "name": "Ee Leanardo Men's Belt Glazed, tan, 40", "id": "8903439489281", "price": "1676.50", "brand": "", "category": "", "variant": " Tan", "list": "", "position": "" } { "name": "Ee Leanardo Men's Belt Glazed, tan, 40", "id": "8903439489281", "category": "", "brand": "", "variant": " Tan", "position": "", "price": "1676.50" }


Julie Graham's profound intellectual contribution was to offer hope in a deeply flawed world. This hope inspired students, national and international colleagues, and community organizers around the globe. Together with her collaborator Katherine Gibson she developed what they came to call a post-capitalist politics: a politics in which the many economic systems and relationships that are different from capitalist exploitation are noticed, made visible, supported, and encouraged. Once taught to notice this rich complexity, Julie's students and colleagues began to see possibility and diversity all around them. The role of the academic became not only to critique and analyze, but also to pursue and support possibility. Julie's life and work were about hope, possibility and caring; what made her so influential was that she tied this to sharp theoretical insight.
Julie came into the Department of Geosciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst as an Assistant Professor in economic geography in 1984, becoming Associate Professor in 1991, Full Professor in 1998, and serving as Associate Department Head for Geography between 1999 and 2006. At UMass, she also served on many committees for students in Economics, Women's Studies, Labor Studies, Education, Political Science, and Anthropology. Julie worked closely for many years with Professor Richard Wolff and the late Professor Stephen Resnick in the UMass Economics department, publishing two volumes of edited essays with them. She was a member of the Editorial Board and Advisory Board of the journal Rethinking Marxism. Over the course of her career, at various times, Julie held visiting academic positions at NYU, the University of Oregon, Rutgers University, and in Australia, Monash University, the Australian National University, and the University of Western Sydney.
Her scholarly achievements included more than fifty publications with co-author Katherine Gibson under the blended pen name J.K. Gibson-Graham. Gibson-Graham published two major books: The End of Capitalism (As We Knew It): A Feminist Critique of Political Economy (1996), which challenged the conventional understanding of capitalism as necessarily and naturally dominant, and was named a "Classic in Human Geography" in 2009 by the journal Progress in Human Geography; and A Postcapitalist Politics (2006) which reports on efforts to perform alternative economies through action research in Massachusetts, Australia, and the Philippines. The book Take Back the Economy: An Ethical Guide for Transforming Our Communities co-authored by J.K. Gibson-Graham, Jenny Cameron and Stephen Healy was begun before Julie died and published in 2013.
Julie Graham was a dear friend and colleague, a powerhouse of intellect, an inspiration in her battle with physical adversity, a humanist who cared about the victims of mindless capitalism and market forces, and a kind, funny, upbeat presence wherever she happened to be. Her colleagues, close friends, and students miss her greatly.
The goal of this article is to introduce a new category into international political economy-the global household-and to begin to widen the focus of international political economy to include nonmarket transactions and noncapitalist production. We estimate the aggregate population of global households, the size and distribution of remittances, and the magnitude and sectoral scope of global household production. We briefly explore the possibilities for research and activism opened up by a feminist, postcapitalist international political economy centered on the global household.
Outlines the Rethinking Economy action research project in the Pioneer Valley of Massachusetts, highlighting the role of academy-community partnerships in constructing community economies.


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Internal FBI Email re: OCA - Correspondence Report as of 02/04/2005
Feb. 04, 2005 | FBI | ACLU-RDI 6007
The document is an internal FBI email sent from Eleni Kalisch to the Executive Secretariat, regarding overdue correspondence and Senator Feinstein's 2004 letter.
Type: Email
Author: Eleni P. Kalisch
Recipient: Executive Secretariat
Officials: Eleni P. Kalisch, Dianne Feinstein, Robert S. Mueller
Internal FBI Email re: Documents for Task Force
Aug. 31, 2005 | FBI | ACLU-RDI 6006
The document is an internal FBI email regarding a request for any letters or documents provided by the FBI in response to a letter from Senator Feinstein to Director Mueller concerning documents that had been released to the ACLU.
Officials: Dianne Feinstein, Robert S. Mueller, Eleni P. Kalisch
Talking Points for Telephone Call to Senator Dianne Feinstein
Jan. 04, 2005 | ACLU-RDI 5993
The document is a memorandum outlining talking points for a phone call conversation with Senator Feinstein, regarding FBI Director Mueller's testimony before the Judiciary Committee and a survey conducted after the hearing about the possible ...
Type: Non-legal Memo
Officials: Dianne Feinstein, Robert S. Mueller
Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense re: Hearing on FY2005 Appropriations
May 12, 2004 | Legislative | ACLU-RDI 360
Transcript of the testimony of Donald Rumsfeld, Gen. Richard Myers (Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff), and Larry Lanzillotta (Principal Deputy Secretary of Defense) regarding requests for the 2005 defense budget. Afghanistan, Iraq and ...
Released: Dec. 31, 2004
Type: Interview (Transcript)
Officials: Ted Stevens, Donald H. Rumsfeld, Richard B. Myers, Lawrence J. Lanzillotta, Daniel Inouye, Peter Schoomaker, Robert C. Byrd, Vernon E. Clark, Harry N. Cordes, John P. Abizaid, Ernest Frederick Hollings, George W. Bush, William Thad Cochran, Patrick Leahy, Eric K. Shinseki, Lawrence B. Lindsey, Nicholas Evan Berg, Pietro Vichi Domenici, Thomas Richard Harkin, Thomas E. White, L. Paul Bremer, David S. C. Chu, Christopher Samuel Bond, Richard J. Durbin, Antonio Taguba, Dianne Feinstein, James R. Helmly, George R. Fay, Kay Bailey Hutchison, Byron Leslie Dorgan, Arlen Specter, Addison Mitchell McConnell, Jr., Richard Craig Shelby, Conrad Ray Burns
Transcript of Proceedings: United States Senate: Committee on the Judiciary: FBI Oversight: Terrorism and Other Topics
May 20, 2004 | Legislative | ACLU-RDI 6182
The document is a transcript of proceedings from the United States Senate's Committee on the Judiciary. The transcript is a record of FBI Director Robert Mueller's statement regarding FBI oversight, terrorism and other topics.
Released: Jan. 15, 2010
Officials: Robert S. Mueller, Orrin Hatch, Charles E. Grassley, Arlen Specter, Jeff Sessions, John Cornyn, Patrick Leahy, Dianne Feinstein, Russell Dana Feingold, Charles E. Schumer, Richard J. Durbin, Frank James Sensenbrenner, Jr.
Memo from the Department of Defense Summarizing Approved Methods of Interrogation, with Annotation from Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld
July 13, 2004 | DOD | ACLU-RDI 6291
The document is a memorandum from the Department of Defense, regarding approved methods of interrogation. The document includes information on documents related to the Administration's interrogation policies, a congressional subpoena proposed by ...
Officials: Carl Levin, John Warner, Donald H. Rumsfeld, Patrick Leahy, Dianne Feinstein, Alberto R. Gonzales, John D. Ashcroft, George Bush, Jay S. Bybee, John C. Yoo, William J. Haynes, II, Mary Walker, James T. Hill, Robert J. Delahunty, Colin L. Powell, William Howard Taft, IV, Antonio Taguba, Patrick Philbin, James C. Ho, Daniel J. Bryant, Ricardo Sanchez, Marc Warren
Legislative (2)
Dianne Feinstein (remove filter)
Robert S. Mueller (4)
Patrick Leahy (3)
Richard J. Durbin (2)
Eleni P. Kalisch (2)
John P. Abizaid (1)
John D. Ashcroft (1)
L. Paul Bremer (1)
Daniel J. Bryant (1)
Jay S. Bybee (1)
Robert J. Delahunty (1)
Alberto R. Gonzales (1)
William J. Haynes, II (1)
James T. Hill (1)
Non-legal Memo (2)


*SINGLE LEVEL 5/6 bedroom + gite, fantastic views, outskirts of village.
The village of Laroque des Albères lies in a supreme geographical location in the south of France, in a region that encompasses not just central southern France but also north-eastern Spain, and which is known as Catalonia. Be it French or Spanish, a Catalan village has a character all of its own, and this is certainly the case with Laroque des Albères. The sunshine record for this part of France is legendary, and you can rely on blue skies and bright sun pretty much all year round.
Located in the foothills of the Pyrénées, yet within a very short drive of France's beautiful Vermilion Coast, Laroque occupies a location that is heaven sent. The countryside that surrounds it is varied, consisting of the wild garrigue (a sort of aromatic Mediterranean scrub land filled with wild lavender and thyme that crushes underfoot and releases the most glorious scents as you walk), contrasting with the neatly ordered vineyards and cherry orchards that form the backbone of the traditional economy of the area.
The mediaeval origins of Laroque des Albères are evident, with the narrow cobbled streets and ancient stone houses whispering the secrets of a bygone age. The rough hewn stone walls rise steeply sometimes from the hillsides, and the terracotta roof tiles seem as warm as the summer sun itself. The village is as old as the hills that surround it, and its soft, Catalan colours seem totally in sympathy with the landscapes.
Despite all its history and natural surroundings, though, this is no sleepy backwater town, forgotten by a modern world. Laroque des Albères is unspoilt, but it has a vibrant and lively community, with excellent facilities to make everyday life not just easy, but a pleasure. There are shops, supermarkets and services, and quite a choice of very good restaurants, bars and cafés.
The possibilities for enjoying the region from a base here in Laroque des Albères are endless. The Vermilion Coast, quite possibly the most beautiful stretch of coast in the south of France, is on the doorstep, so you can eat freshly caught anchovies or admire the work of famous artists in Collioure, scuba dive in Banyuls sur Mer or simply enjoy the many fabulous beaches and lively little resort towns that dot this part of the Med.
Then, of course, you can climb a mountain, or in winter, make the most of the excellent and uncrowded ski resorts of the Pyrénées. Spain and Andorra are close enough for day trips, while the mysteries of the Cathars and the Knights Templar are waiting to be explored in the ancient cities of Carcassonne, Béziers and Rennes les Châteaux.
Perpignan is the nearest airport, and has flights from the UK with Ryanair, bmibaby and flybe. Girona and Carcassonne are also nearby, both of which are served by Ryanair. The TGV runs to Perpignan from Paris (where you can change from Eurostar), so there is another easy and fast option available for you to get to your destination from the UK. Road travellers should take the A9 auto route.
Property prices can be on the high side in the Pyrénées-Orientales, as the region has so many natural advantages, but the region still compares well with the Riviera coastal area and inland Provence. Laroque des Albères is popular with holiday makers which means that you can obtain good rates should you wish to rent out your property for part of the year. Property types range from small character houses in the old parts of the village to large, luxurious villas.
Do you know Laroque des Albères better than we do? Do you have photos of Laroque des Albères?
WHERE IS Laroque des Albères?
Laroque des Albères is situated in southern France, close to the Spanish border. It lies in the south-east of the Pyrénées-Orientales department.
Access: By air: Fly to Perpignan, Carcassonne or Girona. By rail: The TGV runs from Paris to Perpignan, so train travel is a good option. By road: The A9 auto route will take you close to Laroque de Albères.
Economy: The economy is based on wine and tourism.
Interesting fact: Laroque des Albères takes its name from the distinctive eastern section of the Pyrénées which are called the Albères Mountains.