text:
package edu.cmu.ece.privacylens.consent.flow.storage;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
import java.util.List;

import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;

import org.opensaml.profile.context.ProfileRequestContext;
import org.opensaml.storage.StorageRecord;
import org.opensaml.storage.StorageSerializer;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

import com.google.common.base.Function;

import net.shibboleth.idp.consent.storage.impl.CollectionSerializer;
import net.shibboleth.idp.profile.context.ProfileInterceptorContext;
import net.shibboleth.idp.profile.interceptor.ProfileInterceptorResult;
import net.shibboleth.utilities.java.support.annotation.constraint.NonnullElements;
import net.shibboleth.utilities.java.support.annotation.constraint.NotEmpty;
import net.shibboleth.utilities.java.support.collection.Pair;
import net.shibboleth.utilities.java.support.component.ComponentInitializationException;
import net.shibboleth.utilities.java.support.component.ComponentSupport;
import net.shibboleth.utilities.java.support.logic.Constraint;

/**
 * Base class for consent actions which write to a {@link org.opensaml.storage.StorageService}.
 *
 * To facilitate lookup of all storage keys for a storage context, an index record is maintained containing the storage
 * keys for the context. Because storage records may expire, the index record may contain keys which no longer exist in
 * the storage service.
 */
public class AbstractConsentIndexedStorageAction extends AbstractConsentStorageAction {

    /** Default storage key for the storage index record. */
    @Nonnull @NotEmpty public static final String DEFAULT_STORAGE_INDEX_KEY = "_key_idx";

    /** Class logger. */
    @Nonnull private final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AbstractConsentIndexedStorageAction.class);

    /** Maximum number of records stored in the storage service. */
    @Nonnull private int maxStoredRecords;

    /** Storage key of index record. */
    @Nullable private String storageIndexKey;

    /** Strategy used to determine the storage key of the index record. */
    @Nullable private Function<ProfileRequestContext, String> storageIndexKeyLookupStrategy;

    /** Strategy used to manipulate the storage keys when pruning storage records. */
    @Nullable private Function<Pair<ProfileRequestContext, List<String>>, List<String>> storageKeysStrategy;

    /** Storage keys serializer used to serialize the value of the storage key index record. */
    @Nonnull private StorageSerializer<Collection<String>> storageKeysSerializer;

    /** Constructor. */
    public AbstractConsentIndexedStorageAction() {
        super();
        setStorageKeysSerializer(new CollectionSerializer());
    }

    /**
     * Get the storage keys serializer used to serialize the value of the storage key index record.
     *
     * @return the storage keys serializer
     */
    @Nonnull public StorageSerializer<Collection<String>> getStorageKeysSerializer() {
        return storageKeysSerializer;
    }

    /**
     * Set the storage index key lookup strategy.
     *
     * @param strategy the storage index key lookup strategy
     */
    public void setStorageIndexKeyLookupStrategy(@Nonnull final Function<ProfileRequestContext, String> strategy) {
        ComponentSupport.ifInitializedThrowUnmodifiabledComponentException(this);

        storageIndexKeyLookupStrategy =
                Constraint.isNotNull(strategy, "Storage index key lookup strategy cannot be null");
    }

    /**
     * Set the storage keys serializer used to serialize the value of the storage key index record.
     *
     * @param serializer the storage keys serializer
     */
    public void setStorageKeysSerializer(@Nonnull final StorageSerializer<Collection<String>> serializer) {
        ComponentSupport.ifInitializedThrowUnmodifiabledComponentException(this);

        storageKeysSerializer = Constraint.isNotNull(serializer, "Storage keys serializer cannot be null");
    }

    /**
     * Set the storage keys strategy used to manipulate the storage keys when pruning storage records.
     *
     * @param strategy the storage keys strategy
     */
    public void setStorageKeysStrategy(
            @Nonnull final Function<Pair<ProfileRequestContext, List<String>>, List<String>> strategy) {
        ComponentSupport.ifInitializedThrowUnmodifiabledComponentException(this);

        storageKeysStrategy = Constraint.isNotNull(strategy, "Storage keys strategy cannot be null");
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override protected void doInitialize() throws ComponentInitializationException {
        super.doInitialize();

        if (storageIndexKeyLookupStrategy == null) {
            throw new ComponentInitializationException("Storage key lookup strategy cannot be null");
        }

        if (storageKeysSerializer == null) {
            throw new ComponentInitializationException("Storage keys serializer cannot be null");
        }
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override protected boolean doPreExecute(@Nonnull final ProfileRequestContext profileRequestContext,
            @Nonnull final ProfileInterceptorContext interceptorContext) {

        if (!super.doPreExecute(profileRequestContext, interceptorContext)) {
            return false;
        }

        maxStoredRecords = getConsentFlowDescriptor().getMaximumNumberOfStoredRecords();
        log.trace("{} Maximum number of stored records '{}'", getLogPrefix(), maxStoredRecords);

        storageIndexKey = storageIndexKeyLookupStrategy.apply(profileRequestContext);
        log.trace("{} Storage index key '{}'", getLogPrefix(), storageIndexKey);
        if (storageIndexKey == null) {
            log.debug("{} No storage index key", getLogPrefix());
            return false;
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Get the storage key resulting from applying the storage key lookup strategy.
     *
     * @return the storage key
     */
    @Nullable protected String getStorageIndexKey() {
        return storageIndexKey;
    }

    /**
     * Get the storage keys from the storage index record.
     *
     * @return the storage keys from the storage index record
     * @throws IOException if errors occur in the read process
     */
    @Nonnull @NonnullElements protected List<String> getStorageKeysFromIndex() throws IOException {

        final StorageRecord storageRecord = getStorageService().read(getStorageContext(), getStorageIndexKey());

        log.debug("{} Read storage record '{}' with context '{}' and key '{}'", getLogPrefix(), storageRecord,
                getStorageContext(), getStorageIndexKey());

        if (storageRecord == null) {
            return Collections.emptyList();
        }

        return new ArrayList<>((Collection<String>) storageRecord.getValue(getStorageKeysSerializer(),
                getStorageContext(), getStorageIndexKey()));
    }

    /**
     * Add a storage key to the index storage record.
     *
     * @param keyToAdd storage key to add to the index storage record
     * @return true if key addition succeeded, false otherwise
     * @throws IOException if an error occurs writing to the storage service
     */
    protected boolean addKeyToStorageIndex(@Nonnull final String keyToAdd) throws IOException {

        final StorageRecord storageRecord = getStorageService().read(getStorageContext(), getStorageIndexKey());
        log.debug("{} Read storage record '{}' with context '{}' and key '{}'", getLogPrefix(), storageRecord,
                getStorageContext(), getStorageIndexKey());

        if (storageRecord == null) {
            log.debug("{} Creating storage index with key '{}'", getLogPrefix(), keyToAdd);
            return getStorageService().create(getStorageContext(), getStorageIndexKey(),
                    Collections.singletonList(keyToAdd), storageKeysSerializer, null);
        } else {
            final LinkedHashSet<String> keys = new LinkedHashSet<>(getStorageKeysFromIndex());
            if (keys.add(keyToAdd)) {
                log.debug("{} Updating storage index by adding key '{}'", getLogPrefix(), keyToAdd);
                return getStorageService().update(getStorageContext(), getStorageIndexKey(), keys,
                        storageKeysSerializer, null);
            } else {
                log.debug("{} Storage key '{}' already indexed, nothing to do", getLogPrefix(), keyToAdd);
                return false;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Remove a storage key from the index storage record.
     *
     * @param keyToRemove storage key to remove from the index storage record
     * @return true if key removal succeeded, false otherwise
     * @throws IOException if an error occurs writing to the storage service
     */
    protected boolean removeKeyFromStorageIndex(@Nonnull final String keyToRemove) throws IOException {

        final StorageRecord storageRecord = getStorageService().read(getStorageContext(), getStorageIndexKey());
        log.debug("{} Read storage record '{}' with context '{}' and key '{}'", getLogPrefix(), storageRecord,
                getStorageContext(), getStorageIndexKey());

        if (storageRecord == null) {
            log.debug("{} No storage record exists with context '{}' and key '{}', nothing to do", getLogPrefix(),
                    getStorageContext(), getStorageIndexKey());
            return false;
        } else {
            final LinkedHashSet<String> keys = new LinkedHashSet<>(getStorageKeysFromIndex());
            if (keys.remove(keyToRemove)) {
                log.debug("{} Updating storage index by removing key '{}'", getLogPrefix(), keyToRemove);
                return getStorageService().update(getStorageContext(), storageIndexKey, keys, storageKeysSerializer,
                        null);
            } else {
                log.debug("{} Storage key '{}' not indexed, nothing to do", getLogPrefix(), keyToRemove);
                return false;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Delete storage records until the number of records stored is one less than
     * {@link edu.cmu.ece.privacylens.consent.flow.ConsentFlowDescriptor#getMaximumNumberOfStoredRecords()} so that a new
     * record may be stored.
     *
     * Storage records will be pruned if
     * {@link edu.cmu.ece.privacylens.consent.flow.ConsentFlowDescriptor#getMaximumNumberOfStoredRecords()} is greater than
     * zero.
     *
     * The function used to determine the records to be deleted may be set by calling
     * {@link #setStorageKeysStrategy(Function)}. By default, records are deleted on a first-in-first-out basis,
     * meaning the oldest storage records are deleted first.
     *
     * @param profileRequestContext the profile request context
     * @throws IOException if an error occurs writing to the storage service
     */
    protected void pruneStorageRecords(@Nonnull final ProfileRequestContext profileRequestContext) throws IOException {

        if (maxStoredRecords <= 0) {
            log.trace("{} Will not prune storage records, maximum number of records is not greater than zero",
                    getLogPrefix());
            return;
        }

        List<String> keys = getStorageKeysFromIndex();

        if (keys.size() < maxStoredRecords) {
            log.debug("{} Will not prune storage records, number of keys '{}' is less than max number of records '{}'",
                    getLogPrefix(), keys.size(), maxStoredRecords);
            return;
        }

        if (storageKeysStrategy != null) {
            final List<String> sortedKeys = storageKeysStrategy.apply(new Pair(profileRequestContext, keys));
            if (sortedKeys != null) {
                keys = sortedKeys;
            }
        }

        int numberOfKeys = keys.size();

        final Iterator<String> keysIterator = keys.iterator();

        while (keysIterator.hasNext() && numberOfKeys >= maxStoredRecords) {

            final String keyToDelete = keysIterator.next();
            log.debug("{} Pruning storage record with key '{}'. There are '{}' records of max '{}' ", getLogPrefix(),
                    keyToDelete, numberOfKeys, maxStoredRecords);

            log.debug("{} Deleting storage record with context '{}' and key '{}'", getLogPrefix(), getStorageContext(),
                    keyToDelete);
            final boolean success = getStorageService().delete(getStorageContext(), keyToDelete);

            if (success) {
                numberOfKeys--;
            }

            log.debug("{} Removing key '{}' from storage index", getLogPrefix(), keyToDelete);
            removeKeyFromStorageIndex(keyToDelete);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Store a profile interceptor result.
     *
     * @param result the profile interceptor result to be stored
     * @throws IOException if an error occurs
     * @return boolean whether the record was stored successfully
     */
    protected boolean storeResult(@Nonnull final ProfileInterceptorResult result) throws IOException {

        final String context = result.getStorageContext();
        final String key = result.getStorageKey();
        final String value = result.getStorageValue();
        final Long expiration = result.getStorageExpiration();

        // Create / update loop until we succeed or exhaust attempts.
        int attempts = 10;
        boolean success = false;
        do {
            success = getStorageService().create(context, key, value, expiration);
            if (!success) {
                // The record already exists, so we need to overwrite via an update.
                success = getStorageService().update(context, key, value, expiration);
            }
        } while (!success && attempts-- > 0);

        if (!success) {
            log.error("{} Exhausted retry attempts storing result '{}'", getLogPrefix(), result);
        }

        return success;
    }

    /**
     * Store a profile interceptor result and maintain an index record containing the storage keys for the storage
     * context. Storage records are pruned so that the number of records stored is less than or equal to
     * {@link edu.cmu.ece.privacylens.consent.flow.ConsentFlowDescriptor#getMaximumNumberOfStoredRecords()}.
     *
     * @param profileRequestContext the profile request context
     * @param result the profile interceptor result to be stored
     * @throws IOException if an error occurs
     */
    protected void storeResultWithIndex(@Nonnull final ProfileRequestContext profileRequestContext,
            @Nonnull final ProfileInterceptorResult result) throws IOException {

        pruneStorageRecords(profileRequestContext);

        storeResult(result);

        addKeyToStorageIndex(result.getStorageKey());
    }
}


text:
No evidence of false-negative Plasmodium falciparum rapid diagnostic results in Monrovia, Liberia
Mandella King1,
Alexander E. George2,
Pau Cisteró3,
Christine K. Tarr-Attia1,
Beatriz Arregui3,
Senga Omeonga1,
Haily Chen3,
Ana Meyer García-Sípido4,
Adelaida Sarukhan3,
Quique Bassat3,5,6,7,8,
Dawoh Peter Lansana1 &
Alfredo Mayor ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3890-28973,5,6
Malaria diagnosis in many malaria-endemic countries relies mainly on the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). The majority of commercial RDTs used in Africa detect the Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2). pfhrp2/3 gene deletions can therefore lead to false-negative RDT results. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of PCR-confirmed, false-negative P. falciparum RDT results in Monrovia, Liberia.
PfHRP2-based RDT (Paracheck Pf®) and microscopy results from 1038 individuals with fever or history of fever (n = 951) and pregnant women at first antenatal care (ANC) visit (n = 87) enrolled in the Saint Joseph's Catholic Hospital (Monrovia) from March to July 2019 were used to assess the frequency of false-negative RDT results. True–false negatives were confirmed by detecting the presence of P. falciparum DNA by quantitative PCR in samples from individuals with discrepant RDT and microscopy results. Samples that were positive by 18S rRNA qPCR but negative by PfHRP2-RDT were subjected to multiplex qPCR assay for detection of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3.
One-hundred and eighty-six (19.6%) and 200 (21.0%) of the 951 febrile participants had a P. falciparum-positive result by RDT and microscopy, respectively. Positivity rate increased with age and the reporting of joint pain, chills and shivers, vomiting and weakness, and decreased with the presence of coughs and nausea. The positivity rate at first ANC visit was 5.7% (n = 5) and 8% (n = 7) by RDT and microscopy, respectively. Out of 207 Plasmodium infections detected by microscopy, 22 (11%) were negative by RDT. qPCR confirmed absence of P. falciparum DNA in the 16 RDT-negative but microscopy-positive samples which were available for molecular testing. Among the 14 samples that were positive by qPCR but negative by RDT and microscopy, 3 only amplified pfldh, and among these 3 all were positive for pfhrp2 and pfhrp3.
There is no qPCR-confirmed evidence of false-negative RDT results due to pfhrp2/pfhrp3 deletions in this study conducted in Monrovia (Liberia). This indicates that these deletions are not expected to affect the performance of PfHRP2-based RDTs for the diagnosis of malaria in Liberia. Nevertheless, active surveillance for the emergence of PfHRP2 deletions is required.
Delay in diagnosis and treatment is a leading cause of death in malaria patients [1]. The recommendation issued in 2010 by the World Health Organization (WHO) to restrict malaria treatment to parasitological confirmed malaria infections has boosted the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), which have now become a critical component of management and surveillance of malaria. Indeed, it has been estimated that, in 2019, over 348 million RDTs were sold by manufacturers and 267 million distributed by national malaria programmes, at a cost of hundreds of millions of euros [2].
Most RDTs manufactured, purchased and used around the world are based on the detection of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2), alone or in combination with other antigens (Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) and Plasmodium aldolase (pAldo)). The PfHRP2 is a parasite-specific protein produced only by P. falciparum (and not the other human malaria parasite species) throughout its asexual life cycle, and released during schizogony into the peripheral circulation [3], where it can persist for weeks after the elimination of parasites [4]. In 2010, it was shown that some isolates of P. falciparum in Peru lacked the pfhrp2 gene [5]. The pfhrp3 gene is highly homologous to pfhrp2 [6], and parasites lacking both pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes, or substantial parts of these genes, do not express functional proteins and are therefore not detected by PfHRP2-based RDTs [7]. Such false negative results pose a serious threat to case management, as patients truly infected with P. falciparum may be falsely identified as malaria-free, and thus not managed adequately. Recently, numerous studies have reported P. falciparum parasites lacking pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes in several countries in Africa [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16], with pfhrp2 deletion having been identified by WHO as one of the biological challenges currently threatening malaria control and elimination efforts. A mathematical model identified that a low intensity of transmission and a high frequency of treatment based on RDT detection of infection are the two main drivers of selection of pfhrp2-deleted parasites [17]. Current WHO recommendations suggest switching to non-PfHRP2 RDTs when the prevalence of pfhrp2-deleted parasites reaches the lower 90% confidence interval for 5% prevalence, or a plan for change if deletions surpass a frequency of 5% [18]. Good quality data are required to guide this switch, particularly taking into account that non-PfHRP2-based RDTs can have lower sensitivity than those based on the detection of PfHRP2 [19]. Systematic monitoring of parasites with pfhrp2/3 deletions is therefore required to monitor the risk of false-negative RDT results.
RDT-negative but microscopy-positive results can occur due to operator error, inappropriate storage, limited performance of specific RDT brands and lots, low-parasite density infections, and pfhrp2/pfhrp3 deletions. Mutant parasites carrying the deletion are usually identified by a discrepancy between positive microscopy results and negative results of the PfHRP2-based RDT in patients undergoing both tests [5, 20]. The detection of parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) offers the possibility of detecting low density infections that are not readily detected by RDT and the genomic confirmation of complete or partial deletions of the pfhrp2/3 gene [7]. This study aimed to assess the frequency of true (PCR-confirmed) false-negative P. falciparum PfHRP2 RDT results among symptomatic patients and pregnant women at first antenatal care (ANC) visit attending a public hospital in Monrovia, Liberia.
Study site and population
The study was conducted at the Outpatients Department, Emergency and Antenatal Consultation of the not-for-profit Saint Joseph's Catholic Hospital (SJCH) in Congo Town neighbourhood, Monrovia. The SJCH provides general services to the population in Monrovia. Although the SJCH applies a cost recovery system for the general public, the institution has a charity arm to subsidize healthcare-related costs for the most deprived.
In the time-period 21 March to 21 July 2019, all patients who presented at the facilities with fever (temperature ≥ 37.5 °C) or history of fever during the preceding week, as well as pregnant women attending ANC for the first time during their pregnancy (irrespective of their fever status), were eligible for inclusion in the study. No individuals meeting inclusion criteria were excluded based on their race, social or economic status, religion, ethnic affiliation, nationality, political affiliation, or sexual orientation.
Eligible patients were invited to participate and informed of the study objectives and specimen collection procedures. After providing written informed consent, they were queried on basic socio-demographic and malaria prevention-related data. Their forehead temperature was measured with an infrared thermometer. For the participants attending their first ANC, the gestational age was assessed by date of last menstrual period and by measurement of fundal height. Data were manually captured by the recruiting research team using individual standardized paper-based case report forms.
Parasitological assessments
Participants were finger pricked for malaria testing. Five μl of blood were used to perform malaria testing using Paracheck Pf® (Orchid Biomedical Systems, Goa, India), a PfHRP2-based malaria RDT. Another 5 μl of blood was used to prepare a thick blood film for malaria parasite microscopy examination. If present, malaria parasites were detected and semi-quantified through the microscopic examination of Field's stained thick blood film. A total of 9 technicians were in charge of the microscopic diagnosis. The diagnosis was made by a single technician without double confirmation. In case of any doubt, the expert opinion of the laboratory manager was used for a final decision. A 50-μl blood drop was spotted on Whatman 903 filter papers, dried for 24 h and stored in plastic bags with silica gel at -20ºC. One of the prepared filter papers was shipped to the Barcelona Institute of Global Health (Barcelona, Spain) for molecular detection of P. falciparum. All the samples with microscopy-, and RDT-discrepant results, plus a 25% random selection of the rest of samples, were selected for molecular assessment. DNA was extracted from filter papers following the Chelex method [21] and used for quantitative real-time PCR targeting P. falciparum 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene [21, 22]. In brief, purified DNA templates were amplified in an ABI PRISM 7500 Real-Time System (Applied Biosystems) following a previously described method [13]. Briefly, a 20-μl PCR mixture was performed using 5 μl of template, 10 μl of 2 × TaqMan® Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems), a 300-nM concentration of each primers specific for 18S rRNA gene of P. falciparum, and a 150-nM concentration of probe labelled with 6-carboxy-fluorescein (FAM) as a reporter and 6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) as a quencher. Amplification and detection were performed under the following conditions: 2 min at 50 °C, 10 min at 95 °C, and 40 cycles of 15 s at 95 °C and 1 min at 60 °C. The results were automatically analysed by the ABI Prism SDS2.0.6 software. Each specimen was run in duplicate. Parasitaemia was calculated by extrapolation against a standard curve of 5 serially diluted points prepared with known numbers of 3D7 ring-infected erythrocytes [23]. Samples without amplification (no Ct detected) were considered negative. A negative control (uninfected erythrocytes) and a blank control (no template) were run in all reactions.
Samples positive by microscopy and negative by the 18S P. falciparum qPCR were analysed by qPCR for Plasmodium spp using one set of generic primers targeting a highly conserved region of the 18S rRNA gene of the genus Plasmodium [24]. Amplification and detection of the amplified product were performed on an ABI Prism 7500 (Applied Biosystems). A negative control (uninfected erythrocytes) and a blank control (no template) as well as 4 positive controls (one for P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae) were included. The sample was considered positive by identifying the threshold cycle number (Ct) at which normalized reporter dye emission raised above background noise. If the fluorescent signal did not increase within 40 cycles (Ct = 40), the sample was considered negative.
Samples that were positive by 18S rRNA qPCR but negative by PfHRP2-RDT were subjected to multiplex qPCR assay for detection of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 following previously described method [25] with minor modifications. In brief, an ABI 7500 real-time machine was used, with the following QSY probes (Applied Biosystems): Pfhrp2_probe 6FAM 5′-ATGCAAAAGGACTTAATTTAAATAAGAGATT-3′; Pfhrp3_probe VIC 5′-ACAATTCCCATACTTTACATCATGCA-3′; Pfldh_probe ABY 5′-GTAATAGTAACAGCTGGATTTACCAAGGCCCCA-3′; HumanTuBB_P JUN 5′-TTAACGTGCAGAACAAGAACAGCAGCT-3′.
To optimize the final reaction, pfhrp2 primers and probe were increased to 900 nM and 250 nM, respectively. TaqMan® Multiplex Master Mix was used. The thermocycling conditions were 20 s at 95 °C, followed by 45 cycles of 3 s at 95 °C and 33 s at 60 °C. Samples with HumTuBB positive and pfldh positive but negative for pfhrp2 or pfhrp3 were considered as pfhrp2-deleted and pfhrp3-deleted, respectively. Samples with HumTuBB positive but pfldh negative were defined as having a parasitaemia too low to be detected by this method. Finally, samples with a HumTuBB negative result were considered to be invalid and indicated the need to repeat the DNA extraction and/or PCR experiment.
Data management and statistical analysis
The study participants were assigned with a sequential unique identification number (UIN) that linked the signed consent forms to the case report forms. The case report forms did not include personal identifiers and were used to collect socio-demographic and malaria care-related data. The laboratory technologists were oriented to document all laboratory test results and report both the blood film and RDT results in standard reporting forms. All information contained in the case report forms was double-captured (by a trained laboratory technician and by a member of the research team) into a research database built in Microsoft Excel. The point-of-access to the Excel spreadsheets were designed to protect the confidentiality and integrity of the data and included authorization, authentication, auditing, and availability features to safeguard the access and usage of the data. The Excel spreadsheets were in a password-protected computer sited at the SJCH laboratory.
Data entered into Excel was converted to STATA (version 8.0, STATA Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) for further analyses. The sensitivity, specificity, false negative, and false positive values of Paracheck Pf® were calculated using microscopy as the gold standard. Briefly, sensitivity was calculated as the proportion of positive test results against true positives; specificity was calculated as a proportion of negative test results against true negatives. Negative RDT results were considered false-negatives if microscopy result was positive. Positive RDTs were considered false-positives if microscopy was negative. True false-negatives and false-positives were considered if the qPCR was positive and negative, respectively. Proportions were compared using Chi2 test and differences with a probability of less than 0.05 (P < 0.05) were accepted as significant.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of study participants
One-thousand and forty participants meeting inclusion criteria were invited to participate between 21 March and 21 July, 2019, all of whom consented. Of the 1040 enrolled participants, two discontinued their participation before blood specimen collection. The analysis presented is based on data from 1038 participants (951 febrile individuals and 87 pregnant women) with peripheral blood samples available and analysed for P. falciparum infection. From the 951 febrile participants (Table 1), 459 were males (48%), 330 (35%) under 5 years of age, 387 (41%) above 20 years, and 541 (57%) reported primary education or below. Use of insecticide-treated nets and household indoor residual spraying was reported by 441 (46%) and 532 (56%) of the study participants, respectively. Three-hundred and sixty-five (38%) presented with fever and 725 (76%) reported fever during the preceding week. Malaria signs and symptoms ranged from 13% in the case of diarrhoea (n = 119) to 44% in the case of headache (n = 420). Seven-hundred and six of the study participants (74%) reported history of a previous malaria episode.
Table 1 Plasmodium falciparum positivity rates among the individuals with fever or history of fever during the previous week, by demographic and clinical variables
Out of the 87 women at first ANC visit, 4 (5%) and 7 (8%) had fever or reported any sign/symptom of malaria at their first ANC visit, respectively (Table 2).
Table 2 Plasmodium falciparum positivity rates among pregnant women at first antenatal visit, by demographic and clinical variables
Plasmodium falciparum positivity rate and association with clinical data
One-hundred and eighty-six (19.6%) and 200 (21.0%) of the 951 febrile participants had a P. falciparum-positive result by RDT and microscopy, respectively (Table 1). Positivity rate increased with age and with the reporting of joint pain, chills and shivers, headache, vomiting and weakness. In contrast, it was lower in patients with cough and nausea compared to those with other signs of malaria. The positivity rate among pregnant women at first ANC visit was 5.7% (5 out of 87 women) and 8.0% (7 out of 87) by RDT and microscopy, respectively (Table 2). None of the clinical variables tested were associated with positivity by RDT, microscopy or qPCR.
RDT performance
Compared to microscopy (Table 3), RDT sensitivity was 89% (185/207), with a false negativity rate of 11% (22/207). RDT specificity was 99% (825/831) and the false positivity rate was < 1% (6/831). Among the 28 samples with discordant RDT and microscopy results, 21 (5 RDT-positive but microscopy-negative, and 16 RDT-negative but microscopy-positive) were available for molecular analysis to screen for P. falciparum DNA using qPCR. Three (60%) of the 5 samples found to be positive by RDT but negative by microscopy were negative by qPCR, while 2 (40%) of them were positive by qPCR. The 16 (100%) samples, which were positive by microscopy but negative by RDT, were also negative by qPCR. Among the 22 samples positive by microscopy and negative by the 18S P. falciparum qPCR, only one was positive for Plasmodium spp. (Ct = 39.8) [24]. Among the randomly selected 224 samples that were negative by RDT and microscopy, 14 (6.2%) were confirmed positive by qPCR. Plasmodium falciparum densities (as quantified by qPCR) were higher among RDT-positive infections (n = 72, geometric mean: 767.9 parasites/μL; SD: 2,938.2) than RDT-negative infections (n = 14, 2.1, SD: 2.9; p < 0.001). The 14 samples were tested for the presence of hrp2/3 deletions using a multiplex qPCR assay that targets pfhrp2, pfhrp3, pfldh_ HumanTuBB_ [25]. The 14 samples were positive for the human gene (HumTuBB), but only 3 amplified pfldh. Among these 3 samples with enough parasitaemias for the detection of single copy parasite genes (pfpldh), all were positive for hrp2 and hrp3.
Table 3 Concordance of diagnostic results between microscopy and RDT, and confirmation by qPCR targeting Plasmodium falciparum 18S rRNA
This study provides evidence of the absence of qPCR-positive, false-negative RDT results and therefore of pfhrp2/3 deletions in P. falciparum isolates circulating in Monrovia (Liberia). Among the 1,038 individuals included in the study, only 22 had a negative RDT and a positive microscopy. Sixteen of these samples tested by qPCR confirmed the absence of P. falciparum DNA, therefore indicating a false positive result by microscopy. Results of this study suggest that P. falciparum parasites circulating in Monrovia do not yet carry pfhrp2/hrp3 deletions and are, therefore, conveniently detectable using PfHRP2-based RDTs. However, continuous monitoring for the emergence of PfHRP2 deletions is needed to avoid RDT failures that could potentially compromise malaria control programmes in Liberia.
The prevalence of P. falciparum infections among individuals with fever or history of fever during the preceding week was 19.6% by RDT and 21.0% by microscopy. Among those individuals who were negative by both diagnostic tests, the prevalence of P. falciparum infection by qPCR was 5.3%, indicating a moderate level of low-density malaria infections, which are undetected among febrile individuals. The carriage of sub-patent infections might be higher among afebrile individuals, as observed in pregnant women at first ANC visit (9.2%), who tend to carry asymptomatic low-density infections [26]. Overall, the low malaria positivity rates in Monrovia compared to estimates from other African countries [27, 28] might be due to the relatively lower risk of malaria infection among the population residing in Monrovia compared to the rural areas in Liberia. Positivity rate is higher among individuals reporting joint pain, vomiting, chills and shivers and weakness. In contrast, cough and nausea were associated with lower malaria positivity rates, suggesting these clinical signs may appear to be resulted by other diseases such as respiratory infections. Positivity rate was also higher among older individuals, suggesting that occupational or motility factors may contribute to increased risk of exposure to malaria parasites in areas outside Monrovia with higher transmission.
The specificity of RDT, compared to microscopy, was high (99%), with most of the false-positive results being negative by qPCR, suggesting HRP2 persistence after a recently cleared P. falciparum infection [4]. False-negative results were higher, with 11% of the microscopic-positive subjects negative for RDT. This is below the overall estimate of 19.9% obtained from community-based malaria surveys in 19 sub-Saharan African countries [13]. Importantly, qPCR confirmed the absence of P. falciparum DNA in the 16 RDT-negative and microscopy-positive samples that were available for molecular testing. All these samples were also negative for other Plasmodium human species [24]. Only one of the 6 samples which were positive by both RDT and microscopy was positive for Plasmodium spp, therefore indicating a non-falciparum Plasmodium spp. that was missed by the first qPCR targeting P. falciparum 18S rRNA. Finally, among the 14 samples that were positive by qPCR but negative by RDT and microscopy, 3 only amplified pfldh, and among these 3 all were positive for hrp2 and hrp3 [25]. The lack of amplification of pfldh in the 11 samples is probably due to very low density infections which are still amplified by the 18S rRNA (multigene) qPCR but not by the single-gene qPCR (pfldh). Independent of the reason above, this study rules out the possibility of true (qPCR-confirmed) parasitaemic cases undetected by the RDT. This thus provides evidence that none of the parasite isolates collected in this study was potential carriers of pfhrp2/hrp3 deletions.
This study has several limitations. First, a sub-set of dried blood spots (including 6 of the 22 which were collected from individuals with RDT-negative but microscopy-positive results) were not available for molecular testing. And second, the fees of consultation and malaria diagnostic tests in the institution of recruitment may have led to an under-representation of populations with low social-economic backgrounds who may be more prone to malaria infection.
PfHRP2-based RDTs are efficacious in detecting the majority of the malaria parasites in the Monrovia area, with no evidence of pfhrp2/3 deletions in this parasite population.
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to the agreements reached with the regulatory authorities of the country but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
18 S rRNA:
18 Small ribonuclease ribonucleic acid
Antenatal Carre
pAldo:
Plasmodium aldolase
PfHRP2/3 :
Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-rich protein 2 and 3
Pldh:
Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase
RDTs:
SJCH:
Saint Joseph's Catholic Hospital
Mousa A, Al-Taiar A, Anstey NM, Badaut C, Barber BE, Bassat Q, et al. The impact of delayed treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria on progression to severe malaria: a systematic review and a pooled multicentre individual-patient meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2020;17:e1003359.
WHO. World malaria report 2020. Geneva, World Health Oganization, 2020. www.who.int/malaria.
Desakorn V, Silamut K, Angus B, Sahassananda D, Chotivanich K, Suntharasamai P, et al. Semi-quantitative measurement of Plasmodium falciparum antigen PfHRP2 in blood and plasma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997;91:479–83.
Plucinski MM, Dimbu PR, Fortes F, Abdulla S, Ahmed S, Gutman J, et al. Posttreatment HRP2 clearance in patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 2018;217:685–92.
Gamboa D, Ho MF, Bendezu J, Torres K, Chiodini PL, Barnwell JW, et al. A large proportion of P. falciparum isolates in the Amazon region of Peru lack pfhrp2 and pfhrp3: implications for malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e8091.
Wellems TE, Howard RJ. Homologous genes encode two distinct histidine-rich proteins in a cloned isolate of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1986;83:6065–9.
Cheng Q, Gatton ML, Barnwell J, Chiodini P, McCarthy J, Bell D, et al. Plasmodium falciparum parasites lacking histidine-rich protein 2 and 3: a review and recommendations for accurate reporting. Malar J. 2014;13:283.
Amoah LE, Abankwa J, Oppong A. Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein-2 diversity and the implications for PfHRP 2: based malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Ghana. Malar J. 2016;15:101.
Koita OA, Doumbo OK, Ouattara A, Tall LK, Konare A, Diakite M, et al. False-negative rapid diagnostic tests for malaria and deletion of the histidine-rich repeat region of the hrp2 gene. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86:194–8.
Parr JB, Verity R, Doctor SM, Janko M, Carey-Ewend K, Turman BJ, et al. Pfhrp2-deleted Plasmodium falciparum parasites in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a national cross-sectional survey. J Infect Dis. 2017;216:36–44.
Wurtz N, Fall B, Bui K, Pascual A, Fall M, Camara C, et al. Pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Dakar, Senegal: impact on rapid malaria diagnostic tests. Malar J. 2013;12:34.
WHO. False-negative RDT results and implications of new reports of P. falciparum histidine-rich protein. Geneva, World Health Oganization, 2016. www.who.int/malaria.
Watson OJ, Sumner KM, Janko M, Goel V, Winskill P, Slater HC, et al. False-negative malaria rapid diagnostic test results and their impact on community-based malaria surveys in sub-Saharan Africa. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4:e001582.
Agaba BB, Yeka A, Nsobya S, Arinaitwe E, Nankabirwa J, Opigo J, et al. Systematic review of the status of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletion, approaches and methods used for its estimation and reporting in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Africa: review of published studies 2010–2019. Malar J. 2019;18:355.
Berzosa P, Gonzalez V, Taravillo L, Mayor A, Romay-Barja M, Garcia L, et al. First evidence of the deletion in the pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes in Plasmodium falciparum from Equatorial Guinea. Malar J. 2020;19:99.
Gupta H, Matambisso G, Galatas B, Cistero P, Nhamussua L, Simone W, et al. Molecular surveillance of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 deletions in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Mozambique. Malar J. 2017;16:416.
Watson OJ, Slater HC, Verity R, Parr JB, Mwandagalirwa MK, Tshefu A, et al. Modelling the drivers of the spread of Plasmodium falciparum hrp2 gene deletions in sub-Saharan Africa. Elife. 2017;6:e25008.
WHO. False-negative RDT results and implications of new reports of P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2/3 gene deletions. Geneva, World Health Oganization. WHO/HTM/GMP/201718. 2017.
Mouatcho JC, Goldring JPD. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests: challenges and prospects. J Med Microbiol. 2013;62:1491–505.
WHO. Protocol for estimating the prevalence of pfhrp2/pfhrp3 gene deletions among symptomatic falciparum patients with false-negative RDT results. Geneva: World Health Oganization; 2018.
Taylor SM, Mayor A, Mombo-Ngoma G, Kenguele HM, Ouedraogo S, Ndam NT, et al. A quality control program within a clinical trial Consortium for PCR protocols to detect Plasmodium species. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:2144–9.
Mayor A, Serra-Casas E, Bardaji A, Sanz S, Puyol L, Cistero P, et al. Sub-microscopic infections and long-term recrudescence of Plasmodium falciparum in Mozambican pregnant women. Malar J. 2009;8:9.
Gupta H, Macete E, Bulo H, Salvador C, Warsame M, Carvalho E, et al. Drug-resistant polymorphisms and copy numbers in Plasmodium falciparum, Mozambique, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24:40–8.
Rougemont M, Van Saanen M, Sahli R, Hinrikson HP, Bille J, Jaton K. Detection of four Plasmodium species in blood from humans by 18S rRNA gene subunit-based and species-specific real-time PCR assays. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:5636–43.
Grignard L, Nolder D, Sepulveda N, Berhane A, Mihreteab S, Kaaya R, et al. A novel multiplex qPCR assay for detection of Plasmodium falciparum with histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 (pfhrp2 and pfhrp3) deletions in polyclonal infections. EBioMedicine. 2020;55:102757.
Rogerson SJ, Desai M, Mayor A, Sicuri E, Taylor SM, van Eijk AM. Burden, pathology, and costs of malaria in pregnancy: new developments for an old problem. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:e107–18.
Kamau A, Mtanje G, Mataza C, Malla L, Bejon P, Snow RW. The relationship between facility-based malaria test positivity rate and community-based parasite prevalence. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0240058.
Mpimbaza A, Sserwanga A, Rutazaana D, Kapisi J, Walemwa R, Suiyanka L, et al. Changing malaria fever test positivity among paediatric admissions to Tororo district hospital, Uganda 2012–2019. Malar J. 2020;19:416.
We are indebted to all the study participants the St Joseph's Catholic Hospital's staff participants who demonstrated much enthusiasm towards this study, as well as to the project manager Cristina Muñoz.
This study was conducted thanks to a grant from the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP CSA2016ERC-1420). The EDCTP2 programme is supported under Horizon 2020, the European Union's Framework Programme for Research and Innovation. ISGlobal receives support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the "Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019–2023" Program (CEX2018-000806-S), and support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program. This research is part of ISGlobal's Program on the Molecular Mechanisms of Malaria, which is partially supported by the Fundación Ramón Areces. Alfredo Mayor is supported by the Department d'Universitats I Recerca de la Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR; 2017SGR 664). The funding body had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Saint Joseph's Catholic Hospital, Tubman Boulevard, Oldest Congo, Town, PO Box 10512, 1100, Monrovia, Liberia
Mandella King, Christine K. Tarr-Attia, Senga Omeonga & Dawoh Peter Lansana
Liberia Medicines & Health Products Regulatory Authority, VP Road, Old Road, Sinkor , PO Box 1994, Monrovia, Liberia
Alexander E. George
ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic – Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Rosselló 153 (CEK Building), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
Pau Cisteró, Beatriz Arregui, Haily Chen, Adelaida Sarukhan, Quique Bassat & Alfredo Mayor
NGO Juan Ciudad Foundation, Madrid, Spain
Ana Meyer García-Sípido
Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
Quique Bassat & Alfredo Mayor
Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues,, Barcelona, Spain
Mandella King
Pau Cisteró
Christine K. Tarr-Attia
Beatriz Arregui
Senga Omeonga
Haily Chen
Adelaida Sarukhan
Dawoh Peter Lansana
Alfredo Mayor
AM and QB designed the study. AM wrote the draft of this manuscript. AG participated in fieldwork, supervising and monitoring the quality lab procedures in Liberia. DPL facilitated the SJCH research team and supported the collection of clinical and epidemiological data and laboratory analyses. MK, SO and CKT organized the recruitment of participants. PC, HC and BA carried out the molecular tests analysis and interpretation of molecular results. AS and QB revised and contributed intellectually the draft preparation for submission. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Alfredo Mayor.
Written informed consents were obtained from all participants if 18 years of age or older. Parental consents in addition to minor assent were obtained from the participants aged younger than 18 years. Participants did not receive any retribution for their engagement as study subjects. Refusal to participate in this study did not affect service provision as per standard health care practice. This research protocol was approved by the local University of Liberia-Pacific Institute Research and Evaluation Institutional Review Board (UL-PIRE, Monrovia, Liberia) and by the Hospital Clínic Health Research Ethics Committee (CEIC, Barcelona, Spain). Study participants were treated following national guidelines.
King, M., George, A.E., Cisteró, P. et al. No evidence of false-negative Plasmodium falciparum rapid diagnostic results in Monrovia, Liberia. Malar J 20, 238 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03774-3
pfhrp2 deletion

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


JAHA Board Meeting April 5, 2016 Douglas Public Library meeting room.
Discussion of the JAHA Douglas Island Cup tournament, interested volunteers please plan on attending!!
Membership always encouraged to attend!


The Pavement Improvement Project is scheduled to commence on or about Monday, June 20, 2011. The project will consist of storm drain repairs, curb repairs and replacements, and finally repair and paving of the main roads. The start date and progression of work is weather dependant and subject to change. It is anticipated that the project will take approximately forty-five (45) days to complete. The contractor, Renda Roads, is scheduled to begin the storm drain repair on Monday, June 20, 2011. This work is anticipated to take one (1) week to complete.
Following the drainage repair work, the contractor will then proceed to replace select areas of curbing. Following completion of concrete improvements, the contractor will go on to perform improvements to roadways throughout the community, except for Artillery Park Road, which is the Master Association's responsibility. The final phase consists of milling, repairing, overlaying, and line striping the roadways, and driveway areas on Artillery Park Road.
Paving Sequence: (See Reverse Side for Drawing) 1A,B,C – Heatherwood; 2 – Teal; 3A,B – Four Oaks Rd.; 4 – Oak Knoll; Last: Artillery Park driveway areas.
Notices will be posted on your front door twenty-four (24) hours prior to the start of work. You must remove your vehicle(s) from your garage and roadway by 7AM the morning of commencement of the work at your location. Once work has begun on the roadway, vehicular traffic will not be permitted back into the roadway for a minimum of 24 hours. Once the asphalt has adequately cured barricades and/or caution tape restricting access to the roadway and driveways will be removed. During construction, access to individual units will be limited to foot traffic. You may park your vehicles on the street. Residents are urged to adhere to the parking signs throughout the community. Please do not park in the street in locations where work is being performed as equipment will be moving in and out of the roadways throughout the community. Access to the affected areas during work hours listed above will be permitted on an emergency basis as required.
Please use caution when driving in and out of the community during this construction. Traffic cones will delineate areas in the roadways that may be needed to stockpile equipment and materials. Please note that there may be abrupt grade changes from the sidewalk area into your roadway and trip hazards will exist. The contractor will mark these areas with paint, caution tape, and/or traffic cones: however, THIS IS A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT AND HAZARDS AND INCONVENIENCES WILL EXIST!!! Please use caution entering and exiting your courtyard as well as walking to and from your home and vehicles. Please ask for assistance if needed.
1) Try to avoid making sharp turns when driving into and out of your courtyard. The grinding of tires, especially in the sun, will tend to scar the pavement surface. Please be aware, however, that any scarring that does occur is superficial and will not affect the integrity of the pavement. Avoiding the tire grinding will lessen the likelihood of this occurrence.
2) Please pay special attention to cleaning or removing shoes when entering your home. The pavement oils and asphalt material will tend to "stick" to shoes for a period of time during the curing process and can stain floors and/or carpeting.
We wish to thank you again for you anticipated cooperation in removing your vehicles from the designated areas at the appropriate times. It is an essential aspect of this construction and the community's full cooperation is needed to ensure the workers' productivity and a positive finished work product.


text:
Barkijaruk (albo Berk-Jaruk. Pełne imię: Abu al-Muzaffar Rukn ad-Din Barkijaruk ibn Malikszah) (pers. أبو المظفر ركن الدنيا والدين بركياروق بن ملكشاه) (ur. 1079 - zm. 22 grudnia 1104) – sułtan Wielkich Seldżuków w latach 1092 - 1104.

Życiorys
Jego imię oznacza "silna, wyraźna jasność". Był najstarszym synem Malikszaha, jednak mimo to w chwili śmierci swojego ojca miał zaledwie trzynaście lat. W tak młodym wieku musiał stawić czoło wdowie po swoim ojcu, Tarkan-chatun, która chciała osadzić na tronie swojego syna Mahmuda I, jak i seldżuckiej tradycji dzielenia schedy po ojcu pomiędzy wszystkich synów.

Po śmierci Malikszaha Tarkan-chatun za cenę wielkich pieniędzy uzyskała od turkmeńskich emirów uznanie Mahmuda sułtanem, kalif Al-Muktadi zaś, który wraz z nią otruł jej męża, wprowadził imię jej syna do chutby. Przebywającego wtedy w Isfahanie Barkijaruka przed niechybną śmiercią ochroniła gwardia niedawno zmarłego wezyra Nizama al-Mulka. Wkrótce w Reju stronnictwo skupione wokół synów i dawnych współpracowników Nizama al-Mulka obwołało go sułtanem, prawdopodobnie uznając, że najlepiej nadaje się on do zachowania w całości dziedzictwa swojego ojca. Niedługo potem zwolennicy Barkijaruka pokonali oddziały popierające Mahmuda pod miasteczkiem Burudżird, niedaleko Isfahanu, a Mahmud ostatecznie zmarł jesienią 1094 roku, niedługo po swojej matce. Już kilka miesięcy wcześniej kalif formalnie uznał przewagę Barkijaruka wprowadzając jego imię do chutby. Nowy sułtan był teraz w stanie odeprzeć zamachy na swoją władzę powzięte przez ambitnych krewnych - wuja Arslana Arguna w Chorasanie, oraz w roku 1095, znacznie poważniejszy, drugiego wuja, Tutusza, który zginął w bitwie. Władza Barkijaruka w Iraku i Dżibalu była teraz mocno ugruntowana, jednak był zmuszony do pozostawienia jako w praktyce niezależnych władców synów Tutusza w Syrii oraz swoich przyrodnich braci - Muhammada Tapara i Ahmada Sandżara odpowiednio w  Azerbejdżanie, i Chorasanie.

W 1099 roku Muhammad Tapar, popierany przez Sandżara i niedawnego wezyra Barkijaruka Mu'ajjada al-Mulka ibn Nizam al-Mulka, wszczął bunt. Dalsze dzieje panowania Barkijaruka to ciągłe wojny z Muhammadem, podczas których tureccy emirowie bezustannie przechodzili z jednej strony na drugą, nie chcąc dopuścić do powrotu silnej władzy centralnej, a z braku pieniędzy sułtan musiał się uciekać do desperackich środków w rodzaju konfiskaty prywatnych dóbr i korzystania z usług isma'ilickich żołnierzy, co ściągnęło na niego oskarżenia o ich faworyzowanie. 5 kwietnia 1101 roku w bitwie pod Hamadanem Barkijaruk pokonał swoich braci, co utwierdziło jego władzę w Iraku oraz zachodnim i centralnym Iranie. Niedługo potem był już jednak poważnie chory, dlatego doprowadził do tego, że w marcu 1104 roku synowie Malikszaha zawarli między sobą układ, zgodnie z którym Barkijaruk uznał Muhammada malikiem (królem) Azerbejdżanu, Al-Dżaziry i Diyarbakiru, a Sandżara malikiem Chorasanu, samemu pozostając "wielkim sułtanem", dzierżącym władzę w Iraku i zachodnim Iranie. Jeszcze w tym samym roku w wyniku kolejnego buntu Barkijaruk był zmuszony uznać Muhammada Tapara równorzędnym sułtanem Azerbejdżanu, Kaukazu i Syrii, po czym zmarł 22 grudnia 1104 roku, pozostawiając po sobie małoletniego syna Malikszaha.

Za panowania Barkijaruka został zapoczątkowany proces rozpadu sułtanatu Wielkich Seldżuków, który doprowadził do powstania niezależnych państw rządzonych przez boczne gałęzie dynastii w Anatolii, Syrii i Kermanie.

Bibliografia
 Jerzy Hauziński Burzliwe dzieje Kalifatu Bagdadzkiego, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa - Kraków, 1993,

Linki zewnętrzne

Sułtani z dynastii Wielkich Seldżuków
Urodzeni w 1079
Zmarli w 1104

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Sialkot Business and Commerce Centre is a joint project of Sialkot Chamber and SMEDA, with cost estimate of Rs. 341.67 million. Chamber has contributed Rs. 170 (M) in the shape of plot for building the Centre and Rs. 20 (M) for civil works, while balance amount of Rs. 171.67 (M) is being provided by the Federal Government. The multistoried building would serve as Display and Convention Centre, and other commercial activities.
Sialkot has been the leading player in the world football market over the past many years. However, this crucial advantage has come under serious threat due to the emergence of mechanized ball technology, which is capturing the export market quickly. To proactively handle this and such other issues in the future, the Sialkot Chamber joined hands with SMEDA to set up the project of Sports Industry Development Centre, with cost of Rs. 272 (M). Adoption to the new technology will enable Sialkot to maintain its prominent position in the football exports. Funding for the project is being provided by the Federal Government.
In a unique move, Sialkot City Package Programme was initiated in 1999 by the Sialkot Chamber in collaboration with the all trade bodies in Sialkot. It was based on the principle of matching grant by the Federal and Punjab Governments with 1:1 and 1:3, respectively. Under the Programme the exporters of Sialkot voluntarily contributed 0.25% against their export invoices for improvement of road infrastructure in the city. An amount of Rs.210M was collected in the first phase. Under the scheme, Kashmir Road, Defense Road, Shahabpura Road, Hajipura Road, Circular Road, and Paris Road were constructed. This better road infrastructure was achieved under Sialkot City Package accomplished on Self-help basis by the business community.
Country's second Export Processing Zone has been set up at Sambrial, Sialkot on 238 acres with a huge investment of Rs. 184 (M), generated through the private entrepreneurs, which will open a new era of Industrial revolution and foreign investment in the region.
In order to overcome the threat of environmental pollution being created by the scattered tanneries in and around Sialkot, the Chamber has initiated the project of Sialkot Tannery Zone. The Government has issued notification under Section 4 of land acquisition Act 1894 for acquisition of 384 Acres at Khambran Wala at Kuluwal Road for the establishment of Tannery Zone. For the completion of the Project in private sector, a non-profit organization by the name of The Sialkot Tannery Association (Guarantee) Ltd. has been formed. The Company invited applications from prospective buyers for submission of 25% share of the total cost of land. The amount has been transferred to the Local Government account under relevant Head for the acquisition of land. The development process is expected to start very soon. Fitted with a modern affluent treatment plant, all the tanneries are being asked to shift to this zone.
In March 1976, an international Seerat Conference was held at Karachi in which reputed Ulema and religious scholars of the Muslim World participated. The conference unanimously adopted to establish an Academic forum of International level for the study and research on the life (Seerat-e-Tayyaba) of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W). The decision was formally approved by the participants of International Seerat Conference Islamabad in November 1985 and the forum was named Seerat Study Centre. The Sialkot Chamber took the initiative and established the Seerat Study Centre in Sialkot. This forum is located on Ghazi Road, Sialkot Cantt.
CSDO's Profile: In pursuance of Atlanta Agreement a Programme on "The Elimination of Child Labour from Soccer Ball Industry in Sialkot" was initiated in the year 1997. At this stage a need was felt to develop the institutional capacities of the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SCCI), in order to deal with the issues of child labour and to make the entrepreneurs/industrialists in Sialkot socially responsible, on sustained basis. This was also necessitated to provide continuity to all endeavors of the SCCI in regard to the child labour issues and to act as a professional counterpart to all the Programme partners in Sialkot such as ILO-IPEC, UNICEF, SCF-UK, and the national and local governmental and non-governmental organizations. Accordingly, the idea of establishing a unit within SCCI was deliberated upon at various forums such as the Project coordinator (PCC) of the Soccer Ball Project. But it took a considerable time to materialize the concept.
Consequently Child & Social Development Organization was evolved as a result of all the said brainstorming and proactive planning of Atlanta Partners. Entitlement of registration was given to it on 22-7-02 with Directorate of Social Welfare, Women Empowerment & Bait-ul-Mal, as voluntary Social Organization under Registration & Control Ordinance (XLVI-1961) of Pakistan.
At the time of laying its foundations it was given a name of Child & Social Development Programme (CSDP) however due to unavoidable circumstance its registration took place as Child & Social Development Organization (CSDO).The former Secretary General of the World Federation of the Sporting Goods Industry (WFSGI), Switzerland inaugurated CSDO. The membership of CSDO is mandatory for all Soccer Ball manufacturers participating in the Child Labour Elimination Programme. CSDO is a member of the Employers' Federation of Pakistan (EFP), UN Global Compact and Local Global Compact Network Pakistan. CSDO has cordial relations and partnership with WFSGI in managing Sialkot Soccer Ball Project.
Since its establishment, CSDO has maintained very good liaison with the concerned Government departments, and other national and international agencies to initiate and implement social development projects in Sialkot. CSDO has been working for the elimination of child labour in the Soccer Ball industry, protection of children and adolescents/youth especially girls and empowerment of marginalized community since its formation. In year 2007 and 2008, CSDO executed FIFA funded project "Football For Hope" for the promotion of football game amongst children and uplifted football grounds in Sialkot. CSDO has executed UNICEF funded "Child & Adolescents Protection Project" from May 2009 to 31 March 2012. The main objective of this project was to create protective environment for children and adolescents who were at risk of abuse and exploitation by taking protective measures through non-formal/formal education, recreation, psycho-social support, awareness raising, skill enhancement for income generation, advocacy, monitoring child rights violations. Under this Project around 4000 children & their families, 600 young girls and boys were benefited.
Sialkot Soccer Ball Project:After phasing out ILO and UNICEF from Sialkot Soccer Ball Project, CSDO has been formed to continue Social Protection and Rehabilitation component of Sialkot Soccer Ball Project. Therefore, as part of its routine activities, CSDO facilitates SCCI in managing Child Labour Elimination Programme (CLEP) in Soccer ball Industry in Sialkot.
CSDO School System:After phasing out UNICEF from CAP Project, CSDO has been sustaining the Project through Public Private Partnership with Punjab Education Foundation, Lahore. Currently, around 1500 gipsy, out of school, drop out, needy, poor and underprivileged children of the society and adolescents (around 60 % girls) are getting free of cost education from class 1 to 8 in 14 schools established by CSDO in backward and slum areas of Sialkot. So far, hundreds of students have passed 5th and 8th grade exams.
Inclusive Education Project:CSDO has been executing Inclusive Education Project in nine schools of CSDO to provide inclusive education and psychosocial support to special children. Special children and normal children sit together in the same classroom to promote harmonization and understanding among them.
Under the Umbrella of Sialkot Chamber of Commerce & Industry, the business community of Sialkot is doing remarkable work towards development of the city and welfare of the people through self help basis culture. The business community especial the exporters of Sialkot have initiated and completed projects of public welfare and common interests such as Sialkot Dry Port Trust, Sialkot City Package, Sialkot International Airport, Child Labour Elimination Programme in Soccer Ball Industry, Sialkot Export Processing Zone, Quality Certification Programme, Sialkot Business and Commerce Centre, Sialkot Industrial Development Centre, Sialkot Tanneries Zone, etc. and Khud Kifalat Rozgar Trust Sialkot is also one of these.
Khud Kafalat Rozgar Trust, Sialkot is the brain child of Sialkot Chamber. Dr. Khurram Anwar Khawaja floated the idea in the year 2008. It gained strength from AKHUWAT and was registered on 30th June,2010 under Societies Registration Act 1860.
The Trust provides Qarz-e-Hasna (interest free loan) to the deserving persons without discrimination of color, caste and gender enabling them to become self employed by starting or enhancing their small businesses.


For the English soccer player, see Lee Harwood (footballer).
Lee Harwood (6 June 1939 – 26 July 2015) was a poet associated with the British Poetry Revival.
Travers Rafe Lee Harwood was born in Leicester to maths teacher Wilfred Travers Lee-Harwood and Grace Ladkin Harwood, who were then living in Chertsey, Surrey. His father was an army reservist and called up as war started; after the evacuation from Dunkirk he was posted to Africa until 1947 and saw little of his son. Between 1958–61 Harwood studied English at Queen Mary College, University of London and continued living in London until 1967. During that time he worked as a monumental mason's mate, a librarian and a bookshop assistant. He was also a member of the Beat scene and in 1963 was involved in editing the one issue magazines Night Scene and Night Train featuring their work, as did Soho and Horde the following year. Tzarad, which he began editing on his own in 1965, ran for two more issues (1966, 1969) and signalled his growing interest in and involvement with the New York School of poets. It was during this time that he began to engage with French poetry and started on his translations of Tristan Tzara.
In 1967 he moved to Brighton where, with the exception of some time in Greece and the United States, he lived for the rest of his life. There he worked as a bookshop manager, a bus conductor, and a Post Office counter clerk. He also became a union official and involved with the Labour Party in its radical years, even standing (unsuccessfully) in a local election. At the Poetry Society Harwood was identified with the radicals but did not join in their block resignation in 1977, arguing that 'as a trade unionist I've never believed in resignation as a useful political weapon – it always seems best to work from inside an organisation'. At that time, there was an identifiable political element to Harwood's poetry, discernible in the volume "All The Wrong Notes" (1981).
In 1961 he married his first wife, Jenny Goodgame, by whom he had a son, Blake, in 1962. After the breakdown of this marriage, he met the photographer Judith Walker while a writer in residence at the Aegean School of Fine Arts in Paros, Greece, and married her in 1974. Photographs by her are used in his collections Boston-Brighton and All the wrong notes. Harwood and Judith Walker have a son, Rafe (1977) and a daughter, Rowan (1979). Lee Harwood died on Sunday, 26 July 2015 in Hove, East Sussex. There is a Rowan Tree (Mountain Ash) planted in his honor in New York City's Central Park as well as a memorial paving stone set into the park's Literary Walk. There is also a memorial bench on the north path of Brunswick Square, Hove, UK.
Harwood's early writing is similar to the poetry of the New York School, especially that of John Ashbery, whom he met in Paris in 1965. What he was aiming for, he said in a 1972 interview, was an unfinished quality containing a mosaic of information. Robert Sheppard has described Harwood's style as at once 'distanced and intimate'. Later, after discussion with F. T. Prince, he aimed for a certain elegance where references to the English colonial enterprise function as an alternative cultural mythology. There is about this writing an aspect of collage (which Harwood likens to similar procedures in cinema and painting) which he takes even further in the collections published during the 1970s. Here lyric lines alternate with scraps of conversation, blocks of prose or long-lined verse. In his later work, however, some critics have discerned a falling off of immediacy while, in the view of others, such as Alan Baker, Harwood 'returned to form' with the books 'Morning Light' (1998) and 'Evening Star' (2004).
Harwood's first book, title illegible, was published by Bob Cobbing's Writers Forum in 1965. His Crossing the frozen river: selected poems appeared in 1988 but is now out of print; Shearsman has since published both a Collected Poems (2004) and a new Selected Poems (2008).
The First Poem (Extract from The Long Black Veil) Unicorn Bookshop Poem card. 1971.
^ "Lee Harwood – Author Page". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
^ "Lee Harwood Obituary". The Guardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
This page was last edited on 13 October 2018, at 09:10 (UTC).


text:
PhD in Counseling Student and Alumni Survey Results
PhD in Counseling Site Supervisor Survey Results
CACREP Outcomes Summary
PhD in Counseling
MA in Counseling
Advanced Counseling Certificate Program (LPC) – Post-Master's
School Counseling Certification (Post-Master's)
Certified Alcohol and Drug Counseling
Student Assistance Coordinator Certification
Student Advisement
Counseling Practicum and Internship Manual
Licensure Programs
Addictions Certifications
Comprehensive Exam Information
National Counselor Examination (NCE)
Community Counseling Clinic
CSI/Chi Sigma Mu Counseling Honors Society
MA in Counseling FAQ
MA in Counseling with Concentration in Addictions Counseling
MA in Counseling with Concentration in Clinical Mental Health Counseling
MA in Counseling with Concentration in School Counseling
MA in Counseling with Concentration in Student Affairs/Higher Education
Counseling Program Annual Report 2020-2021
Counseling Program Handbook
Dr. W. Matthew Shurts
Coordinator, Addictions and Clinical Mental Health concentrations
Email: shurtsm@montclair.edu
Counselors work in multiple community-based settings, including clinical mental health facilities, hospitals, community service agencies and private practice. The Clinical Mental Health Counseling program provides the necessary coursework to prepare counselors to work in these settings with a diverse population. Our graduates work in the settings listed above and with special issues including family and couples work, eating disorders, mental health transition, and other related issues of developmental challenges.
The Clinical Mental Health Counseling program is accredited by the Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) under the 2016 standards through 2025.
Courses in the Clinical Mental Health Counseling program meet the academic requirements for initial counselor licensure (Licensed Associate Counselor, LAC) and eventually towards an independent license (Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC). Faculty assist students with the application for licensure upon completion of the degree. The program consists of 60 credit hours, including three semesters of fieldwork. Full-time and part-time study are available for students, with most courses offered in the evenings and other arrangements to accommodate work schedules. Please note that students must have flexibility to complete the fieldwork experiences at an approved site during the latter portion of their time in the program. Full-time students can generally complete the 60 credit hour program in 2½ to 3 calendar years depending on the number of courses taken each semester. Many core courses are offered in the summer session to facilitate timely completion of the degree.
All candidates must meet application and admission requirements as defined by The Graduate School.


I look around my room and I see memories everywhere. In every corner, on every wall, and upon each shelf, memories surround me and seem to live with me. Everything in my room has a story, a history. They hold memories of vacations, adventures, mishaps, relationships, places, people, and in some cases things still to come. Whenever I set out to really clean my room, I end up getting distracted by different things in my room and find myself lost in memories. Different things elicit different emotions…happiness, sadness, thankfulness, confusion, frustration, and more. So all this to say, that there are memories everywhere in my room, everywhere I look. Some item have been put away because of the memories they represent, but they are still there. And while remembering the past is important, it is still important to look to the future for you never know what it may hold. Feel free to ask me about the different things I have, as each as a story. Stop by, point to something and ask about it!


text:
De Noorderbrug in de Nederlandse stad Rotterdam is een brug over de Rotte ter hoogte van het Noordplein. De brug vormt de verbinding tussen het Oude Noorden en Crooswijk. Hij is 40 meter lang en 20 meter breed.

Aan de Linkerrottekade langs de rivier staat op de hoek van de Crooswijksesingel sinds 1874 de Rotterdamse vestiging van de oorspronkelijk Amsterdamse Heinekenbrouwerij. Ruimtegebrek en de slechte bereikbaarheid midden in de snel groeiende stad noopten in 1968 Heineken zijn brouwerij te verplaatsen naar Zoeterwoude.

Geschiedenis
Sinds 1860 lag er een lichte, vaste brug van hout bij het Noordplein. In 1895 werd deze vervangen door een ijzeren ophaalbrug. Die brug maakte een tramverbinding mogelijk, maar de brug heeft daar slechts vijftien jaar gestaan. De snelle groei van het verkeer maakte al gauw een verbreding en een tweede brug wenselijk. De Zaagmolenbrug werd in 1912 een paar honderd meter stroomopwaarts, ter hoogte van de Crooswijksestraat, opgebouwd uit delen van de tweede Noorderbrug (maar in 1956 vervangen).

De derde en huidige monumentale brug werd gebouwd in 1910-1911 op de fundering van zijn voorganger. Het is een vaste brug die bestaat uit beton en bakstenen metselwerk, afgewerkt met natuursteen en een hekwerk van smeedijzer. Er zijn vijf overspanningen, waarvan vier getoogd. Het was destijds de bedoeling dat binnenvaartschepen ongehinderd konden doorvaren, zonder toepassing van beweegbare onderdelen in de brug. Veel van deze schepen brachten handel naar het plein. Tot een herinrichting in de jaren '90 was het Noordplein een marktplein.

Na 90 jaar was de brug toe aan renovatie. Diverse onderdelen zijn hierbij vernieuwd, met behoud van de statige historische uitstraling. De binnenvaartschepen zijn nu verdwenen en ook de Rotte stroomt niet meer zoals hij deed. Het water is nu het domein van eenden en andere watervogels.

Brug in Rotterdam

Bouwwerk in Rotterdam-Noord
Gemeentelijk monument in Rotterdam


Kevin has been involved in the fitness industry since 2006. Graduating from Milliken University with a degree in Exercise Science where he also participated in college football during his 4 years. He has always been involved in some type of athletics. Growing up he played the traditional sports like football, basketball, and baseball in high school.
Today Kevin is an IFBB international professional bodybuilder. He's also an 1st phorm Elite Athlete. With a passion for fitness and a knowledge base behind him, he loves helping new clients reach their goals and achieve the best results.


How Can You Benefit from the Phone Tracker Use?
Business is rapidly evolving in the modern world. Every business is set to succeed, grow and to last for long.
Cell phones just became the need of time for all of us like keeping in touch with friends, family etc.
Copyright © 2019 LENS. All rights reserved.


text:
Q: SQL Reporting service unable to start after restoring on new hardware I have a SQL server that the hardware is failing. As a solution we restored the image of the server on a multicore (more less new) server. The problem is that SQL 2000 cannot be started if number of CPUs is not in power of 2. I found this article that helped me with a nice trick to load SQL just fine but the reporting service is having the same issue.
So I am looking for a solution on how to load the Reporting Services on this new hardware. Here is the log of the Report Server Service.

<Header>
<Product>Microsoft SQL Server Reporting Services Version 8.00.1038.00</Product>
<Locale>en-US</Locale>
<TimeZone>SA Western Standard Time</TimeZone>
<Path>C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL\Reporting Services\LogFiles\ReportServerService__06_05_2014_13_45_41.log</Path>
<SystemName>S*******R</SystemName>
<OSName>Microsoft Windows NT 5.2.3790.0</OSName>
<OSVersion>5.2.3790.0</OSVersion>
</Header>

ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing ConnectionType to '0' as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing IsSchedulingService to 'True' as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing IsNotificationService to 'True' as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing IsEventService to 'True' as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing PollingInterval to '10' second(s) as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing MemoryLimit to '60' percent as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing RecycleTime to '720' minute(s) as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing MaximumMemoryLimit to '80' percent as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing MaxAppDomainUnloadTime to '30' minute(s) as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing MaxQueueThreads to '0' thread(s) as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing MaxActiveReqForOneUser to '20' requests(s) as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing MaxScheduleWait to '5' second(s) as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing DatabaseQueryTimeout to '120' second(s) as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing InstanceName to 'MSSQLSERVER' as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing ProcessRecycleOptions to '0' as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing RunningRequestsScavengerCycle to '60' second(s) as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing RunningRequestsDbCycle to '60' second(s) as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing RunningRequestsAge to '30' second(s) as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing CleanupCycleMinutes to '10' minute(s) as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing SecureConnectionLevel to '0' as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing DisplayErrorLink to 'True' as specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!library!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: i INFO: Initializing WebServiceUseFileShareStorage to default value of 'False' because it was not specified in Configuration file.
ReportingServicesService!servicecontroller!e24!6/5/2014-13:45:41:: Error Starting Service: System.ArgumentException: Value does not fall within the expected range.
at Microsoft.ReportingServices.Diagnostics.ResourceUtilities.BitsSet(Int32 nr)
at Microsoft.ReportingServices.Diagnostics.ResourceUtilities.ThrottleCpu()
at Microsoft.ReportingServices.Diagnostics.Globals.InitializeProcessParameters()
at Microsoft.ReportingServices.Library.ServiceController.StartService()

A: I was able to solve the issue my selecting the amount of cores on the server using the HP ROM based utilities. Instead of using all 12 cores from each CPU (a total of 24), I downgraded to 8 per CPU for a total of 16. Since it is a power of 2, problem solved. Thanks!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Sliding room dividers are installations that effectively partition off parts of larger rooms such as banquet halls or conference facilities. These kinds of furnishings can be part of residential or commercial buildings. Different kinds of sliding room dividers allow for various amounts of privacy and permanence.
Some of the most common types of sliding room dividers seen in older buildings are of the "accordion-fiber" type. These large accordion style dividers have a steel structural element covered with carpeting or other fiber. They often also have locking hardware that fits into a lock at the far end of a room. These sliding room dividers often run on grooves that allow for secure partitioning.
Other more modern types of sliding room dividers are available in various styles. Some display a traditional "Asian" or other world styles by imitating the design of Japanese screens or similar classical furnishings from around the world. Others provide a "clinical" or "professional" look for a partitioned room.


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Q: нужно запускать андроид приложение из моего Unity приложения я использую Unity 2020, и мне нужно запускать андроид приложения нажав на кнопку в моем Unity приложении. вот код, который я увидел на ондном форуме:
void StartPackage(string package)
{
AndroidJavaClass activityClass;
AndroidJavaObject activity, packageManager;
AndroidJavaObject launch;

    activityClass = new AndroidJavaClass("com.unity3d.player.UnityPlayer");
    activity = activityClass.GetStatic<AndroidJavaObject>("currentActivity");
    packageManager = activity.Call<AndroidJavaObject>("getPackageManager");
    launch = packageManager.Call<AndroidJavaObject>("getLaunchIntentForPackage", package);
    activity.Call("startActivity", launch);
}

вот ссылка на сам вопрос: https://answers.unity.com/questions/780406/androidunity-launching-activity-from-unity-activit.html
пользователь с ником RexetStudio написал что используя только этот код(без java кода) можно запускать другое приложение из моего Unity приложения...
Если это так, то можно небольшое уточнение от более опытных людей: если мне например нужно запускать Viber при нажатии на кнопку, то мне нужно в этой строке
         activity = activityClass.GetStatic<AndroidJavaObject>("currentActivity");

изменить "currentActivity" на "Viber"? или как?) подскажите пожалуйста...


Pilgrim and I spoke at length about the references laced throughout the four-minute video from Glover, aka Childish Gambino — nods to Thomas Rice, the original Jim Crow, as well as blunter allusions to gun and police violence against black Americans. We also spoke about the lively exegesis of the video on the internet, about the interpretations and over-interpretations and the ironic way the conversation has distracted us from one point of the video: that we're easily distracted.
My first thought was about more modern killings of people by terrorists. If you look at some of the early images of Klansman and Klan-like organizations — the Whitecaps and patrol groups during enslavement — they would sometimes make these crude bags, but the bag there I don't think it had eyes in it. It just looked like what we do to someone who's been captured.
The other thing that we didn't talk about was the history of desecrating black people when they're dead. In my new book, I have a section about how black bodies were used to make leather products — shoes, belts, purses, book bindings, razor straps, anything you would use leather for. Why do I mention this? Again, not trying to read too much into it, but the dragging of that body to me represented this disrespect for the bodies of black people living or dead.


Today In Country Music History: Happy Birthday Josh Gracin!
Today is the 31st birthday of the guy who won many hearts on the second season of American Idol. Josh Gracin came in fourth that season. He signed a deal with Lyric Street records after he completed his service with the United States Marine Corps. Since then, he's been able to chart 9 singles on the Billboard Country Singles chart. One of those nine went all the way to #1.
His first self titled CD had that #1 hit on it. It was 'Nothin' To Lose'.


3. Jacksonville - If the Titans stay put, they will likely take USC DT Leonard Williams. If Tennessee trades out, Williams could end up in Jacksonville. But be aware that many are still mocking Florida OLB Dante Fowler, Jr. here.
4. Oakland - The Raiders still need offensive skill help and there is plenty to choose from here. All three top WRs are at their disposal at No. 4 but West Virginia's Kevin White appears to be the likely choice.
5. Washington - The Skins would love to get out of the RGIII business and are hoping that either Winston or Mariota falls to them. That isn't going to happen. Instead, they'll look to prop up their defense with a playmaker. If Fowler is here, he's the likely pick. If not, they may take either Randy Gregory of Nebraska or Mizzou's Shane Ray.
6. Jets - New GM Mike Maccagnan could try to get up to No. 2 to get a QB, but it will be too costly. So, he'll do the next best thing and take Alabama WR Amari Cooper, who would come right in and join a receiving corp of Brandon Marshall, Eric Decker, Jace Amaro and Jeremy Kerley. Not bad.
7. Chicago - They have pretty much painted themselves into a corner with QB Jay Cutler. There are rumors the Bears will try to trade up for QB anyway. If not, they need defensive help, especially rushing the passer. Either Ray, Gregory or Clemson's Vic Beasley will be available.
8. Atlanta - They have the skill players on offense, now they need some help in the trenches. They will have their pick of offensive linemen and Brandon Scherff of Iowa could be their choice. But the Falcons are in need of a pass rush and may sacrifice the safety of QB Matt Ryan by taking one of the remaining edge rushers.
9. Giants - No doubt the room will be abuzz with varying opinions. The offensive line needs one more constant, namely a tackle. Some are saying Stanford's Andrus Peat would be the Giants' pick if the draft unfolds as mapped out above. He would play RT and Justin Pugh would move to guard. The pass rush showed signs of life late last season, but still needs help.
It will come down to whether the remaining player(s) at that position are the BPA at No. 9. Then, there is the possibility a WR falls to them here. No matter what, they are going to land a good player and it will be at a position they need. You can forget about a safety here. The top safety in the draft, Alabama's Landon Collins, is not one of the draft's top 10 talents.


The Idea : To help her children divert their spending energy into finding their true sense of self-worth through experiencing educational challenges other than consumerism.
The answer: To check out organisation such as AdventureHQ.ae, who partner with a variety of organisations such as Camps International, Gulf for Good, World Challenge, Guanabana and EcoVenture.
The Doubt: "Money Mummy" could not see how she helped her children develop the image they have of her as an ATM. She also could not distinguish between who they are and how they act; the two are not the same as children will act differently as their development cycle changes. She felt she did not like them as a result of their actions. At the same time, she and her husband did not really see their children consumerism as a distorted expression of who they are. Young people have tremendous energy that requires thoughtful guidance as to how to channel it. Living in a hot climate can make air-conditioned malls seem a tantalising and convenient escape route; forgetting about spending time outdoors, or other activities where children can engage in meaningful and often life-changing experiences.
Holistic therapist & Bio energy healing. Access bars practitioner. Self-awareness coach since 1992.


text:
Standards/
The ISO 10303-221 is a STEP standard protocol for the exchange of intelligent schematics between different software applications. It can be used for instance for the exchange of P&ID's between an application of an EPC contractor and a plant owner or between an equipment supplier and an EPC contractor.
The protocol consists of a main AP with a number of STEP modules so that the structure is flexible and can be used in other STEP protocols.
The "AP221" as it is called in short, is designed to be used in conjunction with ISO15926-4 to ensure the intelligent data of the schematic are standardized as well.
The protocol with a main welcome page leading to the various modules and to explanatory notes can be downloaded here.
The document "How to Store Life-time Plant Data?" describes the principal capabilities of the new ISO standard AP221, its neutral format, flexibility and unconstrained storage capabilities. Furthermore it describes the reasons why conventional databases do not satisfy the (process) industry requirements for life time support of plant data.
Report "Guide on STEPlib, Guide for the creation, maintenance and use of Standard Data for Process Plants" documents the Library of Classes for Process Plant AP's in ISO 10303. The classes themselves, forming the content of the library, are available in electronic form as a set of spreadsheets on the STEP / Web Server
"Glossary of Terms"


The classic Gel-LYTE III catches your eye in a South Beach inspired colourway.
Constructed from a coated leather toe box, suede overlays and synthetic mesh underlays, the distressed finish at the toe box is accented with green hits at the rubber outsole, finished with a speckled midsole and subtle touches of pink.
The classic shoe continues to utilise a unique density compression midsole with the infamous split tongue for a comfortable ride and lightweight cushioning.


text:
Quarter of all tweets 'generated by bots'
By Marc Chacksfield 2009-08-06T14:41:00.217Z Internet
New research shows that Twitter is overrun by robots
24 per cent of all Twitter people rust
Twitter may be one of the most popular social networking sites around at the moment, but it seems that a good chunk of its popularity is being spurred on by machine bots.
A report by Sysomos Inc shows that "24 per cent or one-quarter of all tweets overall, are generated by very active bots."
These findings come after an in-depth look at the top Twitter users found that 32 per cent of their tweets were generated by machine bots. Using this information and combining it with another report called "Inside Twitter", Sysomos Inc concludes that a quarter of the whole of Twitter is overrun by machines.
Eye opening
"Our findings, particularly the percentage of tweets contributed by bots, is definitely eye-opening and we hope they shed light on how Twitter is used today and by whom," explained Sysomos' Co-founder and Chief Executive Nick Koudas.
"We think this is one of the first reports to focus on the most active members of the Twitter community to provide interesting insight and perspective. We will continue our updates with additional analysis of the micro-blogging service."
Also in its findings, Sysomos Inc found that Fox News tweets the most on a daily basis, followed closely behind by a Japanese mountain bike rider called MO-RIS. As for celebrities, Jonathon Ross seems to be one of the most prolific, contributing to 37.08 tweets a day. That's a lot of tweeting.
Patent problems
In other Twitter news, the service is currently being sued by TechRadium, a Texas-based firm which offers something called Iris, which is a system of message alerts to multiple recipients.
According to the BBC, the firm believes that Twitter is infringing on a few of its patents and is costing the company a lot of money in lost revenue as a result.
This is essentially because Twitter is free and Iris is not, so former partners are opting to use Twitter instead of TechRadium's version.
See more Internet news
The best free VPN in 2019


Data on mid-market deal volumes from Deloitte reveals how Europe private debt has evolved since 2013.
While all parts of Europe have seen an expansion in activity (though are still far behind the US), the most notable jurisdiction is France, which has rapidly become Europe's second most popular private debt investment location.
Germany had grown more slowly, though is expected to also become a major source of deals in the near future as more private debt funds open offices and hire specialists in the country.
The chart also shows how deal activity in the UK has been resilient to the country's decision to leave the European Union. After a small decline in 2016 (the year the country voted to depart), private debt activity has increased in both 2017 and 2018.


text:
Q: Unity Set position of GUI element relative to another element that is on a different canvas I'm attempting to position a tooltip to be directly below an icon. The structure is:
Main Canvas
- Panel
 - UI Element
Tooltip Canvas
- Tooltip Icon

When mousing over an icon, I'm attempting to set the position of the tooltip to be just under the ui element. How does one get the absolute position of the ui element?
So far I've tried both
float absolute_x = icon.position.x;
or
float absolute_x = icon.anchoredPosition.x;

which only wield the relative position to the main canvas,  not the absolute position on the UI.

A: First get the Rectransform
public RectTransform UIElement;

then get position relative to the parent canvas
UIElement.localPosition.y


text:
402-476-7571 LOI Deadlines: Jan. 15, Apr. 1, July 1, Oct. 1
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Cooper Foundation Awards Impact Grant to the Clyde Malone Community Center and Approves Final Round of Rapid Response Grants at September Board Meeting
Home / CURRENT NEWS / Cooper Foundation Awards Impact Grant to the Clyde Malone Community Center and Approves Final Round of Rapid Response Grants at September Board Meeting
Lincoln, Neb. — The Cooper Foundation trustees approved a grant of $140,000 to the Malone Community Center for unrestricted general operating support. These funds, along with the $10,000 Rapid Response grant awarded in June, will provide $100,000 for Malone's current fiscal year, and $50,000 in the next. "This grant is to support the strong leadership at Malone who have stepped forward to serve the community during unprecedented times," said Foundation President Victoria Grasso. "The Malone Center was founded in 1955, which was the first year that the Cooper Foundation provided funding. We want to leverage our long relationship with Malone to help create real impact with this funding. We know that the most impactful funding foundations and corporations can give is unrestricted funding, that allows organizations to fill gaps in project funding, support critical salary and overhead expenses, and focus on mission-central work."
The Malone Center's programs serve children, youth, and families, including maternal wellness and breastfeeding support, high-quality early childhood education, afterschool programs, and business and leadership programs for teens. The Take Pause program connects Lincoln police for social and learning activities, and the Hold Cops Accountable initiative provides an avenue for meaningful communication between the city of Lincoln, the Lincoln Police Department, and the community. They partner with Legal Aid of Nebraska in Project Uplift to provide free legal assistance, and are the lead agency for the Community Learning Center (CLC) at Culler Middle School. The Malone Center provides access to healthy food, school supplies, and other community needs, and celebrates and advocates for the Black community.
In addition, the Foundation awarded an additional $107,434 in September to 12 diverse nonprofit agencies through the final Rapid Response application cycle, including a gift of $19,434 to the United Way of Lincoln/Lancaster County for the 2020 campaign. The grants were awarded to a diverse group of arts, education, environment, human services, and humanities organizations. Grant recipients are located in Lincoln unless otherwise noted.
Bridges to Hope: $7,500
CEDARS Youth Services: $10,000
Foundation for Lincoln Public Schools: $10,000
Nebraska Statewide Arboretum, Inc.: $5,000
Nebraska Writers Collective (Omaha, NE): $7,500
Northeast Family Center: $10,000
Prairie Loft Center for Outdoor and Agricultural Learning (Hastings, NE): $5,000
TADA Productions, Inc.: $7,500
United Way of Lincoln/Lancaster County: $19,934
University of Nebraska State Museum: $5,000
Willa Cather Foundation (Red Cloud, NE): $10,000
Willard Community Center: $10,000
The Cooper Foundation, established by Joseph H. Cooper in 1934, has granted over $25 million to benefit the people of Nebraska. The Foundation makes grants supporting arts, civic and community engagement, education, environment, humanities, and human services, primarily in Lincoln and Lancaster County. For more information about grant eligibility and the application process visit the foundation's website, www.cooperfoundation.org.
Cooper Foundation Awards Impact Grant to the Clyde Malone Community Center and Approves Final Round of Rapid Response Grants at September Board Meeting2020-10-012020-10-01https://cooperfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/cooperlogo.pngThe Cooper Foundationhttps://cooperfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/cooperlogo.png200px200px
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info@cooperfoundation.org
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