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Charles Phelps Taft II
Charles Taft redirects here. For President Taft's brother, see Charles Phelps Taft
Charles Phelps Taft II (September 20, 1897 - June 24, 1983) was a U.S. Republican Party politician and member of the Taft family. From 1955 to 1957, he served as Mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio. Like other members of his family, Taft was a Republican for the purposes of state-wide elections. However, when running for municipal office in Cincinnati, Taft was a member of the Charter Party. During his term as mayor, Fortune magazine ranked Cincinnati as the best managed big city in the United States. As mayor, he gained the nickname "Mr. Cincinnati".
2 Marriage
4 Personal interests
Charles Phelps Taft II with his father, William Howard Taft, before leaving for World War I.
Charles Phelps Taft was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and was the son of President William Howard Taft and First Lady Helen Herron Taft, and the younger brother of U.S. Senator Robert Taft, and Bryn Mawr College professor Helen Taft Manning. He was named after his uncle, U.S. Congressman Charles Phelps Taft. He was only 11 years old when he moved to the White House, upon his father's election as President. During his father's tenure as Secretary of War, he was a frequent playmate of President Theodore Roosevelt's children. On the morning of May 17, 1909, the same day his mother suffered a severe stroke, he underwent a "bloody adenoid operation."[1] He dropped out of Yale University in order to serve in the United States Army during World War I and later returned to graduate in 1918, and then earned his law degree from Yale Law School in 1921. He was a 1918 initiate into the Skull and Bones Society.[2]
Taft married Eleanor Kellogg Chase on October 6, 1917 in Waterbury, Connecticut. They had five daughters, Eleanor Kellogg Taft, Sylvia Howard Taft, Lucia Chase Taft, Cynthia Herron Taft, Rosalyn Rawson Taft, and two sons, Seth Chase Taft and Peter Rawson Taft III.
Upon graduation from law school, Taft practiced law and became active in Cincinnati local politics. In 1925, he helped introduce the home-rule charter under which, Cincinnati became the first major city in the United States to adopt the City Manager form of government. Later that year, he became the youngest President of the International YMCA. In 1926, he and his brother Robert Taft helped form the Cincinnati law firm Taft, Stettinius, and Hollister. From 1927 to 1928, he served as Hamilton County Prosecutor. He served on the Cincinnati City Council three times, from 1938 to 1942, from 1948 to 1951, and from 1955 to 1977. During World War II, he served as Director of U.S. Community War Service at the Federal Security Agency and later as Director of Economic Affairs at the State Department, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. From 1947 to 1948, he served as the first layman President of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. In 1952, he ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Ohio, losing to incumbent Frank J. Lausche.
He was an avid fan of the Cincinnati Reds baseball team and sometimes listened to games on the radio with an earplug during city council meetings. In addition, he was an avid fisherman whose trademark was a canoe tied to his car in anticipation of his next fishing trip. When he died, the epitaph "Gone fishing" was inscribed on his grave at Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati.
In his later years he spent much time preserving his father's childhood home, which became the William Howard Taft National Historic Site.
United States Army portal
World War I portal
^ http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g27.htm
^ "CHARLES P.TAFT, 2D TO WED MISS CHASE; Ex-President's Younger Son Engaged to Daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Irving Chase. HE IS A JUNIOR AT YALE Football Player and Winner of Gordon Brown Prize Is Enlisted as Artilleryman in U.S. Army.". New York Times. Jul 4, 1917.
Degregorio, William A., The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents, Barricade Books, 1997
Wead, Doug, All the President's Children, Atria Books, 2003
Carl W. Rich Mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio
Donald D. Clancy
v · d · eMayors of Cincinnati, Ohio
David Ziegler · Joseph Prince · James Findlay · John S. Gano · Martin Baum · Daniel Symmes · James Findlay · Martin Baum · William Stanley · Samuel W. Davies · William Corry · Isaac G. Burnet · Elisha Hotchkiss · Samuel W. Davies · Henry E. Spencer · Mark P. Taylor · David T. Snelbaker · James J. Faran · Nicholas W. Thomas · Richard M. Bishop · George Hatch · Leonard A. Harris · Charles F. Wilstach · John F. Torrence · S. S. Davis · George W.C. Johnston · Robert M. Moore · Charles Jacob Jr. · William F. Means · Thomas J. Stephens · Amor Smith Jr. · John B. Mosby · John A. Caldwell · Gustav Tafel · Julius Fleischmann · Edward J. Dempsey · Leopold Markbriet · John Galvin · Louis Schwab · Henry T. Hunt · Frederick S. Spiegel · George Puchta · George Carrel · Murray Seasongood · Russell Wilson · James G. Stewart · Carl W. Rich · Albert D. Cash · Carl W. Rich · Edward N. Waldvogel · Dorothy N. Dolbey · Carl W. Rich · Charles Phelps Taft II · Donald D. Clancy · Walton H. Bachrach · Eugene P. Reuhlmann · Willis D. Gradison Jr. · Thomas A. Luken · Theodore M. Berry · Bobbie L. Sterne · James T. Luken · Jerry Springer · J. Kenneth Blackwell · David S. Mann · Thomas B. Brush · Arnold L. Bortz · Charles J. Luken · Dwight Tillery · Roxanne Qualls · Mark Mallory
v · d · e1917 Helms Foundation NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans
Clyde Alwood • Cyril Haas • George Hjelte • Orson Kinney • Harold Olsen • F. I. Reynolds • Francis Stadsvold • Charles Taft • Ray Woods • Harry Young
Name Taft, Charles Phelps, II
Short description United States Army soldier
Date of birth September 20, 1897
Date of death June 24, 1983
American basketball players
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American military personnel of World War I
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Charles Phelps Taft — I (December 21, 1843 – December 31, 1929) was an American lawyer and politician. Contents 1 Biography … Wikipedia
Charles Phelps Taft — … Deutsch Wikipedia
Charles Phelps Taft Research Center — The Charles Phelps Taft Research Center at the University of Cincinnati is a humanities center at the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. The Taft Center promotes scholarship and encourages humanistic inquiry, attracting participants… … Wikipedia
Charles Phelps (given name) — Charles Phelps may refer to: Charles Phelps Taft (1843 1929), American lawyer and politician Charles Phelps Taft II (1897 1983), Republican mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio Charles Phelps Norton (1858 1920), chancellor of the University of Buffalo (1909 … Wikipedia
Phelps (surname) — Phelps is a surname, and may refer to:* Arthur Phleps, SS officer active in the Balkans during World War II * Austin Phelps, American clergyman and author of devotional and educational works, 19th century * Bill Phelps, American politician *… … Wikipedia
Charles Murphy (baseball) — Charles Webb Murphy (born Wilmington, Ohio died October 16, 1931 in Chicago, Illinois) was the owner of the Chicago Cubs of the National League from 1906 through 1913. Originally a sportswriter for the Cincinnati Enquirer and the Cincinnati Times … Wikipedia
Taft Broadcasting — Company Former type Corporation Industry television and radio network Fate Acquired by … Wikipedia
Charles Weeghman — Charles H. Weeghman Born March 12, 1874[1] Richmond, Indiana[1] Died November 1, 1938[2] … Wikipedia
Taft — bezeichnet: ein Gewebe aus Seide oder Kunstseide; siehe Taft (Gewebe) Drei Wetter Taft, eine Marke für Haarpflegeprodukte des Henkel Konzerns das US amerikanische Taft Hartley Gesetz einen Nebenfluss der Ulster in der Rhön, siehe Taft (Ulster)… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Taft family — The Taft family of the United States hails from Cincinnati, Ohio with historic origins in Massachusetts; its members have served Ohio, Massachusetts, Vermont, Rhode Island, Utah, and the United States in various positions, such as Governor of… … Wikipedia

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My Best Travel
Tag Archive : General information about the continent of Europe
Home / General information about the continent of Europe
Overview of the Continent of Europe
By My Best Travel 2 28 February، 2021
Europe is one of the seven continents of the world. Geographically, it is a large peninsula that forms the western part of Eurasia between the Ural Mountains and the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian Sea from the east, the Atlantic Ocean from the west, the seas of the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Caucasus region from the south and the Arctic Ocean from the north of the continent.
General information about the continent of Europe
It is considered a relatively small continent compared to the rest of the continents, but the continent of Australia is smaller than it. Besides Europe's geographical boundaries, the concept of continental boundaries goes back to classical and arbitrary antiquity, where the term "continent" became primarily geographical but also includes cultural and political elements.
Historians agree that Europe, especially in ancient Greece and ancient Rome, is the cradle of Western civilization influencing the world. Europe played a prominent role in world affairs starting in the fifteenth century, especially after the beginning of colonialism. Between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries, European states dominated the Americas, most of Africa and Oceania, and large parts of Asia at various times. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the eighteenth century, led to radical economic, cultural, and social changes first in Western Europe, and then to include the world. European population growth has increased dramatically, as by 1900, Europe accounted for about 25% of the world's total population.
Fossils discovered by scientists indicate that the first humans lived in Europe more than a million years ago. The most important known forms of prehistoric humans are Neanderthals and Crohmans. Neanderthals lived around the period 100,000 to 35,000 years ago, and the Chromanian lived between 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. They lived by hunting, often moving from place to place in search of food. They live in groups of between 25 and 30 individuals.
In southeastern Europe around the year 6000 BC, humans learned how to obtain their strength by cultivating the land. This early development paved the way for putting the final touches to the emergence of civilizations that in turn led to the stability of man who was constantly on the move in search of food. And when he settled in a certain place, he would establish villages. Some of these villages later developed and became the nucleus of the first European cities. After about the year 6000 BC, more and more numbers of ancient Europeans began to turn towards agriculture, as agriculture became the main source of food until the end of the prehistoric period, that is, about the year 3000 BC. M, spread all over Europe except for the dense forests in the north.
The first European civilizations erupted in the Aegean islands in eastern Greece. The Aegean civilization flourished between 3000 BC. AD and 1200 BC The inhabitants of some Aegean islands, especially on the island of Crete, used a writing system, as were adventurous sailors and merchants. A civilization similar to the Aegean civilization appeared on the island of Malta, southern Italy. And after the year 2500 BC.
Almost sailors from the Aegean and Island of Malta sailed along the southern and western coasts of Europe. They were introducing to the people they found their way and their way of life.
touristical monuments
Greek islands (Greece)
The islands are a beautiful place to visit, and there is no doubt that the Greek island is one of the wonderful and attractive places that can be visited in Greece. The islands feature white houses, blue domed churches, cliffs, beaches and the Aegean Sea making it an amazing and popular place.
Hallstatt (Austria)
This is a very quiet city, it is the oldest salt mine in the world, there are plenty of sites for fishing and rental boats to veer up the river. Primarily located between Vienna and Salzburg, this city is the ideal place for recreation.
Rome is the most wonderful city and European capital city for European holidays, simply because it is one of the amazing European capitals. Rome has its history and culture.
Venice, Italy)
Italy is a magical place, including Venice, a city that should not be missed due to its beauty and charm. It has a large share of history, art, and magnificent buildings, so you cannot visit Italy without enjoying the beauty and splendor of Venice.
One of the great places to visit in the UK, and definitely one of the most amazing places to visit in Europe. The city is the jewel of British life, and you can enjoy loads of cafes and restaurants. There is also a natural history museum.
Paris France)
One of the most visited places in Europe, Paris has a lot to offer from fashion to food, and there is also the Eiffel Tower and Notre Dame. This wonderful city with its joy and distinctive style in the old buildings, this wonderful and amazing city and it has its picturesque charm.
Athens, Greece)
Athena is the capital of Greece, unforgettable smells and sights await Athena. There is a lot to see, besides enjoying eating, it is also one of the most unusual places in Europe.
Amsterdam is really a beautiful city. Because of its free running channels, you can explore the royal palace, plus there is a lot in this city to keep busy despite its reputation, the city is filled with amazing life.
Madrid is the terrible and wonderful city in Europe, which is enjoyed in beautiful restaurants. Madrid is one of the most amazing places to visit. This city contains museums of modern art, and you can enjoy the nightlife.
King Abdullah amusement park
Tourism in Dammam
Tourism in Riyadh is the most important tourism city in Saudi Arabia
Diversity of tourism in Saudi Arabia and the most beautiful islands in it
The best tourism cities in Saudi Arabia
Tourism in Mexico, the land of magic and beauty
Transportation and transportation in Mexico
The best tourist cities in Mexico
Tourism in Poland is a country worth visiting
Transportation and transportation in Poland
A tour in the charming cities of Poland
The most beautiful old quarters in Poland
Tourism in Canada and the best time to travel to Canada
The best tourist cities in Canada
Tourism in the most beautiful places in Canada
Tourism in the most beautiful cities of Canada
Tourism in Sudan, the country of the two Niles, is a tourist place worth visiting
Tourism cities
touristic places
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When a home suffers a water damage event, a mold infestation can quickly arise and spread throughout a home in 48-72 hours. Because mold can produce allergens and irritants, you will want a professional that has training and experience to properly resolve the mold infestation. If you suspect that your Cameron Park home or business has a mold problem, SERVPRO of El Dorado Hills / Placerville can inspect, assess and remediate your property.
We live and work in this community too; we might even be neighbors. As a locally owned and operated business, SERVPRO of El Dorado Hills / Placerville is close by and ready to respond to your mold damage emergency. We are proud to be an active member of the Cameron Park community and want to pitch in and help make our community the best it can be.
To keep the mold spores from spreading further, we will use various mold containment procedures. Our professionals may use physical barriers and negative air pressure to isolate the contaminated area and to help prevent the mold spores from spreading through your Cameron Park, CA home or business. Also, we'll turn off the property's fans and heating and cooling systems to prevent the spread of mold.
Here at SERVPRO of El Dorado Hills / Placerville we understand what it takes to properly remediate a mold situation in Cameron Park, CA. Encountering mold can be worrisome for any homeowner, but SERVPRO is here to put your mind at ease. We have the right tools and trained professionals to get the job done right. Give us a call at (916) 933-3890 and we will be on our way to help.


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Q: Log file is not created from the service On my Linux box I run this command to start my tomcat.
service tomcat-test start

After that I call my webservice and look for a log file named jdbc.log. And it is nowhere there.
But if I take the tomcat run command from (ps ax| grep tomcat) and run at console, then I find my jdbc.log file on current directory (from where I ran it).
The command is a simple tomcat run command with java then few switches. Any idea at where the file has created? I mean what is the path or home for the linux service. I tried at /var/log but no luck.

A: You could try to look the whole server for it:
find / -name jdbc.log

Then to get only *log files modified lately:
find / -mtime -1 -name *log

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Home Aquaculture The first in-person cohort of the African Center for Aquatic Research and...
The first in-person cohort of the African Center for Aquatic Research and Education visit the North American Great Lakes
Smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, common carp, gizzard shad, and longnose gar were among the netted fish that gradually made their way onto the boat.
They were snatched into the 21-foot boat on a gloomy spring day on Lake Erie after being briefly stunned by the electricity flowing from rods on the boat's bow. Usually, fisheries researchers use electrofishing to survey the fish populations in close proximity to Lake Erie as well as walleye or white bass spawning runs in the Maumee and Sandusky rivers.
It's not so unusual activity for Ohio Department of Natural Resources Sandusky Fisheries Research Station staff. What was unusual were the guests trying their hands at the ODNR sampling techniques – nine women scientists from Africa on an international exchange in the Great Lakes region as part of a program.
The women were all part of the first in-person cohort of the African Center for Aquatic Research and Education's African Women in Science program.
For Gladys Chigamba – a research scientist with Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources in Malawi – it has been many years of being one of few women in her university. Out of the seven people in her class when she was doing her bachelor's degree, two were women. When doing her master's, she was the only woman in the class out of four.
"In my life I wanted something daring," she said, "and I found science to be challenging, so I said I have to do it."
She was particularly appreciative of the trip out on Lake Erie because of the chance to get more practical experience. In her university, there's a strong focus on theory work, and sometimes they lack the needed equipment to move beyond theory.
The African Center for Aquatic Research and Education, or ACARE, was formed in 2017. Scientists from Africa, North America and Europe came together with the goal of boosting freshwater research, management and science in East Africa.
"We've had some processes that seem to work pretty well like the lake committee systems out of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission," said Ted Lawrence, the executive director and one of the co-founders of ACARE. "Everyone, the states, U.S. and Canada all work together to ensure the health of the lakes, and the African Great Lakes have similar bi- or multinational components, and so we're just trying to strengthen the science on those and make it harmonized and work together."
On the surface, the African Great Lakes are very different from the North American ones. There are seven of them. Together they add up to a lot more water than the North American Great Lakes. There's more diversity of fish in the African Great Lakes, and 10 countries border them.
But at their collective heart, the African Great Lakes are a source of food, transport, recreation, livelihood and water, and they are as integral to life for the people living around them as the North American Great Lakes are to the people in this region.
The shared cross-continental drive to understand and protect freshwater resources is what ACARE is built on.
"It means a whole life," said Grite Nelson Mwaijengo, a lecturer and researcher with the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology in Tanzania. Mwaijengo is one of the women in the AWIS 2022 cohort.
"People who live along the lakeshore, they depend on the lake for their fisheries, for their dietary intake, for their livelihood. And same goes for the fisherman. It's a source of income, but it's also food also. It's also water. Some they go there for different activities. It means life to people who live along those Great Lakes."
The African Women in Science program began in 2019 after Lawrence and his colleagues mainly found themselves in rooms with only male colleagues and counterparts in the many conferences around Africa that they were attending. Two interns from the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute asked if there would be a way to increase women's participation in those conferences.
"With help from other African women and some of our other colleagues, we created this program with the idea of why not strengthen networks," Lawrence said. "Let's get them out of Africa briefly to strengthen the network and globally, both for North America and the Africans. And then let's try and address some of those challenges that they're working on, from family obligations, work obligations, the perspectives. Let's start breaking those down. That was the impetus of it, just being made more aware and then determining what we could do to try and help break down those barriers."
COVID-19 derailed their plans. The women who were part of the 2020 and 2021 programs participated in conferences and training virtually.
And 2022 is when ACARE managed to arrange for a group to visit North America in person.
The 12 women selected for the 2022 cohort were chosen out of 180 applicants, and cover a wide range of careers, areas of expertise and geography. They are fisheries officers, PhD students, teachers, and one is a meteorologist. And they come from Uganda, Malawi, Rwanda, Kenya and Tanzania.
There were a few bumps in the process leading up to their U.S. visit. Three of the women weren't approved for visas into the U.S., and the Canadian portion of the trip was cut entirely when none of the women were approved for visas there.
Nonetheless, the parts that happened gave the women an array of useful experiences. Each had the opportunity to present on their research at the Joint Aquatic Sciences Meeting and network there. They received leadership training. They visited the USGS Great Lakes Science Center, followed the USFWS for sturgeon sampling and spent the day with the Ohio DNR.
It seemed to be a success. There was excitement on the women's faces and plenty of questions, as they sought to learn from their North American counterparts.
"Something that is similar that made me laugh," said Diane Umutoni, a conservation and research assistant with Akagera National Park in Rwanda. "Most of us think that back home, you're not doing the real science or thinking maybe data sets, you're collecting it and that's good enough, but I'm glad that you're taking all the same data from here and there."
Among her team at Akagera National Park that is focused on wildlife conservation, Umutoni is the only one with a specialty in aquatic knowledge. She plans to bring back what she's learned on this trip to better understand the water quality of the 10 lakes in Akagera National Park and improve fisheries management.
"The technology we use to collect this data, that's the difference that I've seen," she added. "The technology here is advanced. But we are back home still using like these old techniques and equipment, but we're still collecting the same data. So I was very impressed by that, that we were also doing science. I was kind of underestimating our work."
At the Joint Aquatic Science Meeting in Grand Rapids in May, the women had workshops on social media and public speaking, then put their skills to work in a lunchtime session. They introduced themselves and their work, and met other researchers for roundtable discussions with the goal of establishing longer-term collaborative relationships.
The networking and opportunity to meet other women working with Great Lakes in particular seemed to strike some of the women.
Umutoni shared that it was empowering to meet women who had been working with the North American Great Lakes, some for 40 years.
"Seeing them be successful as women, it's kind of encouraging on our end," she said.
Even in the U.S. though, there are still a lot more men working in aquatic science than women. Ann Marie Gorman, supervisor of the ODNR Fairport Harbor Fisheries Research Station, was there for the AWIS visit – one of the few female ODNR staff in attendance.
She reflected on how things seemed to have improved, from seeing maybe one woman for every 70 men in the '90s to five women for every 70 now.
"I'm seeing that there's a lot higher proportion of women now in graduate school," Gorman said. "I think the next generation that's coming in, you'll see a lot more even balance."
Despite the difficulty, Mwaijengo believes that you just need to find the part of you that knows you can do it, no matter the challenges.
"As a woman, it's an incredible journey," she said. "A lot of ups and sometimes major downs, but being a woman scientist, it's everything. It speaks itself. Science is beautiful, though it's not easy. It needs commitment. Persistence."
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Archives: Animation
Joe Gardner is a middle school teacher with a love for jazz music. After a successful audition at the Half Note Club, he suddenly gets into an accident that separates his soul from his body and is transported to the You Seminar, a center in which souls develop and gain passions before being transported to a newborn child. Joe must enlist help from the other souls-in-training, like 22, a soul who has spent eons in […]
Remy, a resident of Paris, appreciates good food and has quite a sophisticated palate. He would love to become a chef so he can create and enjoy culinary masterpieces to his heart's delight. The only problem is, Remy is a rat. When he winds up in the sewer beneath one of Paris' finest restaurants, the rodent gourmet finds himself ideally placed to realize his dream.
Frank leads a group of supermarket products on a quest to discover the truth about their existence and what really happens when they become chosen to leave the grocery store.
Elsa, Anna, Kristoff and Olaf head far into the forest to learn the truth about an ancient mystery of their kingdom.
The Grinch hatches a scheme to ruin Christmas when the residents of Whoville plan their annual holiday celebration.
Young princess Anna of Arendelle dreams about finding true love at her sister Elsa's coronation. Fate takes her on a dangerous journey in an attempt to end the eternal winter that has fallen over the kingdom. She's accompanied by ice delivery man Kristoff, his reindeer Sven, and snowman Olaf. On an adventure where she will find out what friendship, courage, family, and true love really means.
Simba idolises his father, King Mufasa, and takes to heart his own royal destiny. But not everyone in the kingdom celebrates the new cub's arrival. Scar, Mufasa's brother—and former heir to the throne—has plans of his own. The battle for Pride Rock is ravaged with betrayal, tragedy and drama, ultimately resulting in Simba's exile. With help from a curious pair of newfound friends, Simba will have to figure out how to grow up and take […]
Gru and his wife Lucy must stop former '80s child star Balthazar Bratt from achieving world domination.
A Grand Day Out
Wallace and Gromit have run out of cheese and this provides an excellent excuse for the animated duo to take their holiday on the moon, where, as everyone knows, there is ample cheese. The moon is inhabited by a mechanical caretaker, who is not too happy about the two visitors from earth that nibble on the moon.
6th-century Scandinavian warrior, Beowulf embarks on a mission to slay the manlike ogre Grendel, a descendant of Cain.


A strong entrepreneur doesn't just make decisions on a whim, but they have the ability to quickly and carefully process the information needed to make a decision. Something that I do is play out what ifs on a piece of paper. Not only do I evaluate the rewards which will flow from a successful conclusion but I also play out scenarios for where things go wrong. I want to know that we can develop reasonable direction changes if, 'A,' 'B', 'C' or 'D' don't go according to plan.
It is very important that we consider options and exit strategies when we process through a risk. Many times this part of the process lets us know if this is a risk we can afford to take or if the risk is far greater than we initially thought.
The goal is to minimize any risk we take by being prepared. Murphy's Law says: "Anything that can go wrong, will go wrong." My experiences tell me not only that but also: "Anything that can go wrong, will go wrong at the worst possible moment." Those that spend their time thinking through these worst case scenarios and preparing for them, greatly increase their odds of success.
Every journey has a storm or storms to pass through and those who have brought their rain gear will have a much easier time of weathering it than those who only packed shorts and t-shirts.
One of the scariest things we are responsible for is being the risk takers in our businesses. However we can eliminate this fear by escalating the odds of success in our favor. What this means is we need to take the right risks for the right reasons and these risks must match up with our goals and objectives. To do this we must understand the different types of risks.
Risks that can be avoided simply and completely. The decision doesn't even need to be taken.
Unnecessary risks. Acting without sufficient information.
Risks that you can afford to take because the cost of failure is low.
Risks you can't afford to take because the consequences of failing would be too enormous.
Risks you cannot afford not to take. Failure may be costly but doing nothing is just as or even more costly.
The first one seems silly to even consider a risk but I'm surprised how many people still take these. Almost every single time it comes down to the person being new to that situation. If everyone is being honest here we've all taken these types of risks and quickly learned why they should be avoided. We can all think of risks that fall into this category based on our life's experiences.
None of us would stick our hand in a boiling pot of water to get the egg out. Our experiences tell us that's a bad idea because it is going to cause intense pain. This is a risk we can simply avoid by cooling the water in the pot or using a spoon in place of our hand.
Unnecessary risks are slightly more complicated than the first group because there is more than just a rookie error involved here. This is where you take a risk based solely upon the rewards you expect to receive but do not consider any other information. The reward alone isn't sufficient information to work from.
As I stated earlier, many times the decision on whether this is a smart risk to take or not lies within the "what if" scenarios.
A prime example of this in internet marketing is something we call 'slot machine marketing.' This is where the marketer is getting you only to focus on the potential reward by making their product seem like a dream come true. However if we took just 20 minutes to evaluate their opportunities, we would find, almost always, that these fall into category number four – those risks you simply cannot afford to take.
This 'slot machine marketing' falls into the category of risks you cannot afford to take, because just like real slot machines, these opportunities are set up for you to lose in the long-term. Yes, on occasion, somebody may indeed hit the jackpot but would you consider it a smart risk to play slot machines for a living?
This next risk is a tricky one unless we define the word 'afford.' When I say 'afford' I don't just mean the financial aspect of taking this particular risk. You must remember that risks are not just financial but can include other resources such as our time, which to me is far more valuable than gold.
We also have to make sure that the risk we are taking does not conflict with our goals and objectives so the word 'afford' in this statement includes money, time, people and direction.
Can we afford to go slightly off our main objectives path?
A real life example of a risk my company recently took that fits this category was the purchase of an existing website. After we went through the process of 'what ifs' we determined that failure was very low and even if we failed the resource cost was something we could easily afford.
For us, this was a risk where we could afford to fail because failure would not have deflected us from the path we had laid out to achieve our goals. Actually this risk fit in very nicely with our mission statement so making the purchase was a smart risk to take.
Personally category four – risks you cannot afford to take – is the very reason why we process through information. I want to avoid taking these risks at all costs. Logically none of us want to take a risk so great that failure would destroy our business. I don't care what success in this situation would give me because I'm not putting all my money on black if, by chance, it falls on red and my family is left homeless.
With that said, not everyone defines enormous the same way. Maybe a particular risk is too great for you to take, but for someone else they can afford to take it. This is why we are always trying to place ourselves in better positions.
Eventually we want to be the person who can afford to take risks that others can't and this is the very reason I teach the plus one, slow grow method. Just because a risk is too great today doesn't mean that the same risk will always be that way for you.
Lastly we have a double negative for all my grammar fans – risks you cannot afford not to take. In this situation, failing might be costly but standing still could be just as costly or even more so.
Let me paint a quick picture to put this one into focus. You are the owner of AdKreator, a market leader for do-it-yourself advertising design. A large portion of your income is from members paying you a monthly fee to use your service. Recently you've heard about a group developing some new technology that is easier to use and will be cheaper to provide.
You know that simply ignoring this new technology could wipe out your market share. You also know that going back to the drawing board with AdKreator is a huge risk, but it is one that you must take because this new technology is going to make you obsolete if you stand still and do nothing.
This very situation played itself out when I brought AdKreator to the market. Those who had similar products with older technology decided that doing nothing was better than updating. Today those sites either do not exist or have very small market shares.
I wrote this down in a notebook to never forget this lesson so that it would never happen to me. Maybe those sites would have failed either way but they would have greatly increased their odds of long-term success by taking this risk.
Knowledge is power in risk taking!
Arming yourself with knowledge so you can quickly process through risks is a very powerful skill set for a leader. I say quickly because I don't want you to get analysis paralysis. We want to take the right risks as often as we can but we also have to be aware of our momentum.
Success is built on momentum so no matter what we have chosen, if committed to it wholeheartedly, momentum is generated.
Learn to process this information in a timely manner so you continue on with your success.
I love this breakdown Justin – spot on. So, how do we seek out No. 5's on a regular basis and avoid or discard Numbers 1 – 4? What I like is it seems like you move through the Numbers 1 – 4 quickly so you can then get to the Number 5s and spend your time there. Thanks!
Thanks for your comment Kent. Personally #5 scares me because it puts us in situations we probably don't want to be. Personally I'm always on the lookout for #3 but this all has to do with one's perspective on things. One size does not fit all. What is good for me may not be good for you and vice versa.


text:
\section{Introduction}

\indent

We review first the properties of the two
deformed   Minkowski spaces \cite{JPA96}  associated with the
`Jordanian' or `non-standard' $h$-deformation, $SL_h(2)$, of $SL(2,C)$
\cite{DEMI,EOW,KAR}. The $GL_h(2)$  deformation is
defined as the associative algebra generated by the
entries  $a,b,c,d$ of a matrix $M$, the commutation properties of which
may be  expressed by an `FRT'  \cite{FRT1} equation,
$R_{12}M_1M_2=M_2M_1R_{12}$, in which $R$  is
the triangular solution of the Yang-Baxter equation
\begin{equation}\label{1.5}
R_h= \left[
\begin{array}{cccc}
1 & -h & h & h^2 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & -h \\
0 & 0 & 1 & h \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{array} \right] \;,
\; \hat{R}_h \equiv {\cal P}R_h= \left[
\begin{array}{cccc}
1 & -h & h & h^2 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & h \\
0 & 1 & 0 & -h \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{array} \right] \;,   \; {\cal P}R_h{\cal P}=R_h^{-1} \;.
\end{equation}
\noindent
The commutation relations of the group algebra  generators in $M$ are
\begin{equation}\label{1.6}
\begin{array}{lll}
{} [a,b]= h(\xi-a^2) \quad, & \quad [a,c]=hc^2 \quad,&\quad
[a,d]= hc(d-a) \quad, \\
{}   [b,c]=h(ac+cd) \quad,  & \quad
 [b,d]=h(d^2-\xi) \quad, & \quad [c,d]=-hc^2 \quad ;
\end{array}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{1.7}
\xi \equiv det_hM = ad - cb - h cd  \quad.
\end{equation}
\noindent
Setting $\xi =1$  reduces  $GL_h(2)$ to $SL_h(2)$.
The matrix $\hat{R}_h$ has two eigenvalues ($1$ and $-1$) and a
spectral decomposition in terms
of a rank three projector $P_{h+}$ and a rank one projector $P_{h-}$
\begin{equation}\label{1.7.2}
\hat{R}_h  =P_{h+} - P_{h-} \quad, \qquad  P_{h \pm} \hat{R}_h = \pm P_{h \pm}
\quad,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{1.7.3}
P_{h+}= \frac{1}{2}(I+\hat{R}_h) \quad ,\quad P_{h-}= \frac{1}{2} (I-\hat{R}_h)
= \frac{1}{2} \left[
\begin{array}{cccc}
0 & h & -h & -h^2 \\
0 & 1 & -1 & -h \\
0 & -1 & 1 & h \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0
\end{array} \right]  \quad.
\end{equation}
\noindent
 The deformed determinant $\xi$
in (\ref{1.7}) may be then expressed as
\begin{equation}\label{adet}
(det_h M)P_{h-} := P_{h-} M_{1} M_{2}\quad, \quad
(det_h M^{-1})P_{h-} = M_{2}^{-1} M_{1}^{-1}P_{h-} \quad,
\end{equation}
$$
det_h M^{-1}= (det_h M)^{-1} \quad , \quad (det_h M^{\dagger})P_{h-}^{\dagger}
= M_{2}^{\dagger} M_{1}^{\dagger}P_{h-}^{\dagger} \quad .
$$
\noindent
The following relations  have an obvious  equivalent in the undeformed
case:
\begin{equation}\label{1.7.4}
\epsilon_hM^t\epsilon_h^{-1}=M^{-1} \,, \, \epsilon_h= \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
      h & 1 \\
      -1 & 0
      \end{array} \right) \,, \,  \epsilon_h^{-1}= \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
      0 & -1 \\
      1 & h
      \end{array} \right) \,, \,
P_{h- \;ij,kl}=\frac{-1}{2}\epsilon_{h\;ij}\epsilon^{-1}_{h\;kl} \,.
\end{equation}
\noindent

\vspace{0.5\baselineskip}

As in the standard $q$-case \cite{MANIN}, a `quantum $h$-plane' may be
defined for $GL_h(2)$. The deformed  $h$-plane
associated  with $GL_h(2)$
is the associative algebra generated by
two elements $(x,y)\equiv X$,  the commutation properties of which
are  given by \cite{EOW,KAR}
$xy=yx+hy^2$ ($R_hX_1X_2=X_2X_1$). These  commutation
relations  are preserved under  the  transformations
$X'=MX$. This invariance statement,   suitably extended  to apply
to the case of deformed Minkowski
spaces, provides the essential
ingredient for a  classification  of the deformations of the Lorentz group
\cite{WOZA} and of the associated Minkowski algebras \cite{JPA96}
(see also \cite{PODWOR}; we shall not consider here deformations governed
by a dimensionful parameter).

 Deformed `groups' related with
different values of $h \in C$
are equivalent and  their $R_h$ matrices  are related by  a similarity
transformation.  Thus, from now on, we shall take
$h \in R$.

\section{$h$-deformed  Lorentz groups}

\indent

 The determination of a complete set of
deformations of  the Lorentz group (see \cite{WOZA,JPA96}) requires replacing
(see \cite{POWO,WA-ZPC48,OSWZ-CMP})
the $SL(2,C)$ matrices $A$ in $K'=AKA^{\dagger}$
($K=K^{\dagger}=\sigma_{\mu}x^{\mu}$) by the generator
matrix $M$ of a deformation of $SL(2,C)$,  and
the characterization of all possible commutation relations
among the generators
($a,b,c,d$) of $M$ and ($a^*,b^*,c^*,d^*$) of $M^{\dagger}$.

In particular, for  the deformed Lorentz  groups associated with $SL_h(2)$,
the $R$-matrix form of these commutation relations  may be   expressed  by
\begin{equation}\label{2.3}
\begin{array}{ll}
R_h M_1M_2=M_2M_1 R_h \quad, & \quad
M_1^{\dagger}R^{(2)}M_2=M_2R^{(2)}M_1^{\dagger} \quad, \\
M_2^{\dagger}R^{(3)}M_1=M_1R^{(3)}M_2^{\dagger} \quad, & \quad
R^{\dagger}_h M_1^{\dagger}M_2^{\dagger}
=M_2^{\dagger}M_1^{\dagger}R^{\dagger}_h \quad,
\end{array}
\end{equation}
\noindent
where $R^{(3) \,\dagger}=R^{(2)}={\cal P}R^{(3)}{\cal P}$
(`reality' condition for $R^{(3)}$).
The consistency of these relations is assured if
$R^{(3)}$ satisfies the `{\it mixed} Yang-Baxter-like'
equation  (see \cite{FTUV94-21,FM} in this respect)
\begin{equation}\label{2.4}
R_{h\, 12}R^{(3)}_{13}R^{(3)}_{23}=R^{(3)}_{23}R^{(3)}_{13}R_{h\,12}
\quad.
\end{equation}
\noindent
This equation, considered as an `FRT' equation,
indicates that $R^{(3)}$ is a representation of  $GL_h(2)$,
$(M_{ij})_{\alpha \beta}=
R^{(3)}_{i \alpha , j \beta}$. Thus, $R^{(3)}$ may be seen as a
matrix in which its 2$\times$2 blocks satisfy
among themselves the same commutation relations as  the entries of $M$,
\begin{equation}
R^{(3)}= \left[ \begin{array}{cc}
                   A & B \\
                   C & D
                 \end{array} \right] \; \sim \;
M = \left[ \begin{array}{cc}
                   a & b \\
                   c & d
                 \end{array} \right] \;.
\end{equation}
\noindent
As a result, the problem of finding all
possible Lorentz $h$-deformations is
equivalent to finding all possible $R^{(3)}$ matrices with 2$\times$2 block
entries satisfying (\ref{1.6}) such that
${\cal P}R^{(3)}{\cal P} = R^{(3) \dagger}$ ($ \hat{R}^{(3)}
=\hat{R}^{(3) \dagger}$).

The solutions of these equations are (see  \cite{JPA96,WOZA}) ($h \in R$)
\begin{equation}\label{4.8}
\mbox{{\bf 1.}} \quad  R^{(3)}=\left[
\begin{array}{cccc}
1 & 0 & 0 & 0  \\
0  & 1 & r  & 0   \\
0  & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
0  & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{array} \right] \;, \;   r \in R \,;   \quad
\mbox{{\bf 2.}} \quad
R^{(3)}=\left[
\begin{array}{cccc}
1 & 0 & -h & 0  \\
-h  & 1 & 0  & h   \\
0  & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
0  & 0 & h & 1
\end{array} \right] \;.
\end{equation}
\noindent
They characterize the two  $h$-deformed Lorentz groups, which
will be denoted $L_h^{(1)}$ and $L_h^{(2)}$ respectively.
Using  (\ref{4.8})  in (\ref{2.3}), the commutation
relations among the entries of $M$ and $M^{\dagger}$ read
(see also \cite{WOZA})

\vspace{0.5\baselineskip}

\noindent
{\bf 1.}  $L_h^{(1)}$:
\begin{equation}\label{mm1}
\begin{array}{lll}
{} [a,a^*]=rc^*c  \;, & [a,b^*]=rd^*c \;, & [a,d^*]=0 \;, \\
{} [b,b^*]=r(d^*d - aa^*) \;, & [b,d^*]=-rc^*a  \;, & [d,d^*]=-rc^*c \;, \\
{} [c,M^{\dagger}]=0 \;. & \, & \,
\end{array}
\end{equation}

\noindent
{\bf 2.}  $L_h^{(2)}$:
\begin{equation}\label{mm2}
\begin{array}{ll}
{} [a,a^*]=-h(c^*a + a^*c) \;, & [a,b^*]=h(aa^*-d^*a-b^*c) \;,  \\
{} [a,c^*]= hc^*c \;, & [a,d^*]= h(ac^* + d^*c) \;,  \\
{} [b,b^*]=-h(ab^* + ba^* + b^*d+d^*b) \;, & [b,c^*]= h(c^*d+ac^*) \;, \\
{} [b,d^*]= h( d^*d - ad^*-bc^*) \;, & [c,c^*]=0 \;, \\
{} [c,d^*]= hc^*c \;, & [d,d^*]= -h(cd^*+dc^*) \;.
\end{array}
\end{equation}

\section{$h$-Deformed Minkowski spaces }

\indent

To introduce the deformed Minkowski {\it algebra} ${\cal M}^{(j)}_h$
associated with a deformed Lorentz group  $L^{(j)}_h$ ($j$=1,2)
it is natural to extend   $K'=AKA^{\dagger}$ above
by stating that in  the deformed case   the corresponding
$K$ generates  a comodule algebra for the coaction $\phi$ defined by
\begin{equation}\label{2.5}
\phi : K \longmapsto
K' = M KM^{\dagger} \;, \; K'_{is} = M_{ij} M^{\dagger}_{ls}
K_{jl} \;, \; K=K^{\dagger} \;,\; \Lambda = M \otimes M^* \;,
\end{equation}
\noindent
where, as usual,  it is assumed that the elements of $K$,
which now do not commute among themselves, commute with those of $M$
and $M^{\dagger}$.
As in Sec. 1 for $h$-two-vectors (rather, $h$-two-{\it spinors})
we now demand that the commuting
properties of the entries  of $K$  are preserved by
(\ref{2.5}).  The use of covariance arguments
to characterize the algebra generated by the elements of  $K$
has been extensively used, and the resulting equations are associated
with the name of reflection equations \cite{K-SKL,KS} or, in a more
general setting, braided algebras \cite{MAJ-LNM,SMBR2}. In  the present
$SL_h(2)$ case, the
commutation properties of the entries of the hermitian  matrix $K$ generating
a deformed Minkowski algebra ${\cal M}_h$ are given by a
reflection equation of the form
\begin{equation}\label{2.6}
R_h K_{1} R^{(2)} K_{2} = K_{2} R^{(3)} K_{1} R^{\dagger}_h \quad,
\end{equation}
\noindent
where the $R^{(3)}=R^{(2)\, \dagger}$ matrices are those given in
(\ref{4.8}).
Indeed, writing equation (\ref{2.6}) for $K'=MKM^{\dagger}$,
it follows that the invariance of the commutation properties of
$K$  under the associated deformed Lorentz transformation
(\ref{2.5}) is achieved if relations (\ref{2.3}) are satisfied.

The deformed  Minkowski length and metric, invariant under
a Lorentz transformation
(\ref{2.5}) of $L^{(j)}_h$, is defined through the quantum determinant of $K$
given by  \cite{JPA96}
\begin{equation}\label{gdet}
(det_{h}K)P_{h-}P_{h-}^{\dagger}
= - P_{h-} K_1 \hat{R}^{(3)}K_1 P_{h-}^{\dagger} \quad,
\end{equation}
\noindent
where $P_{h-}P_{h-}^{\dagger}$ is a projector since
$(P_{h-}P_{h-}^{\dagger})^2=
\left( \frac{2+h^2}{2} \right)^2 P_{h-}P_{h-}^{\dagger}$.
The above $h$-determinant is invariant, central and, since $\hat{R}^{(3)}$
and $K$ are hermitian, real; thus, it defines  the
{\it deformed Minkowski length} $l_h$
for the $h$-deformed spacetimes ${\cal M}^{(j)}_h$.

Similarly, it is possible to write the $L_h^{(j)}$-invariant scalar product
of {\it contravariant} (transforming  as the matrix $K$, eq.  (\ref{2.5}))
and {\it covariant} ($Y \mapsto Y'=(M^{\dagger})^{-1}YM^{-1}$)
matrices (Minkowski four-vectors)  as the quantum trace (\cite{FRT1,ZUM})
of a matrix product
\cite{FTUV94-21,JPA96}.  We define  the
$h$-deformed trace of a matrix $B$ by
\begin{equation}\label{gtr}
tr_{h}(B):=tr(D_hB) \quad , \quad
D_h:=tr_{(2)}({\cal P}(( R_h^{t_1})^{-1})^{t_1})=
\left( \begin{array}{cc}
        1 & -2h \\
          0   &  1
\end{array} \right) \;,
\end{equation}
\noindent
where $tr_{(2)}$ means trace in the second space.
This deformed trace is invariant under the quantum group coaction
$B \mapsto MBM^{-1}$ since the expression of $D_h$ above guarantees
that $D_h^t=M^tD_h^t(M^{-1})^t$ is fulfilled.
To check this explicitly, we start by transposing the first eq. in (\ref{2.3})
in the first space, obtaining
\begin{equation}\label{-al}
M_{1}^{t_{1}} R_h^{t_{1}} M_{2} = M_{2} R_h^{t_{1}} M_{1}^{t_{1}}\quad.
\end{equation}
\noindent
Inverting this expression and multiplying by $M_{1}^{t_1}$ from left and right,
we get
\begin{equation}\label{-am1}
(M_{1}^{t_{1}})_{ia} (M_{2}^{-1})_{jb} (R_h^{t_{1}})^{-1}_{ab,kl}=
(R_h^{t_{1}})_{ij,st}^{-1} (M_{2} ^{-1})_{tl} (M_{1} ^{t_{1}})_{sk}\quad.
\end{equation}
\noindent
Making $l = k$ and summing over $k$ this gives
\begin{equation}\label{-an}
M_{ia}^{t} (M^{-1})_{jb} (R_h^{t_{1}})^{-1}_{ab,kk} = (R_h^{t_{1}})^{-1}_{ij,ss}
\quad , \quad
(R_h^{t_{1}})^{-1}_{ij,ss} = M_{ia}^{t} (R_h^{t_{1}})^{-1}_{ab,kk}
(M^{-1})^{t}_{bj} \quad .
\end{equation}
This allows us to define $D_h$  as $D_{h\,ij}
=(R_h^{t_{1}})^{-1}_{ji,ss}$ so that (\ref{gtr}) is obtained.

Let us now find the expression of the metric tensor. Consider
\begin{equation}\label{Reps}
K^{\epsilon}_{ij}:=\hat{R}^{\epsilon}_{h \, ij,kl}K_{kl} \quad,
\quad  \hat{R}^{\epsilon}_h  \equiv
(1 \otimes (\epsilon_h^{-1})^t)
\hat{R}^{(3)} (1 \otimes (\epsilon_h^{-1})^{\dagger}) \quad .
\end{equation}
\noindent
Then, if $K$ is contravariant [(\ref{2.5})],  $K^{\epsilon}$ is covariant
{\it i.e.},
$K^{\epsilon} \mapsto (M^{\dagger})^{-1} K^{\epsilon} M^{-1}$.
This may be checked  by using the property of $\hat{R}^{\epsilon}_h$,
\begin{equation}\label{ap24}
\hat{R}^{\epsilon}_h (M \otimes (M^{\dagger})^t)
=( (M^{\dagger})^{-1} \otimes (M^{-1})^t ) \hat{R}^{\epsilon}_h
\; \;  \mbox{or} \;\;  \hat{R}^{\epsilon}_h M_1M^*_2=
(M^{\dagger}_1)^{-1} (M^{-1}_2)^t \hat{R}^{\epsilon}_h \;,
\end{equation}
\noindent
which follows from the preservation of the $h$-symplectic metric $\epsilon_h$.
Now, using the expression of  $\epsilon_h$ in (\ref{1.7.4}),
$(P_{h-})_{ij,kl}=- \frac{1}{2}\epsilon_{h\;ij}\epsilon^{-1}_{h\;kl}$
and  $D_h= -\epsilon_h(\epsilon_h^{-1})^t$, it
follows that the {\it $h$-deformed  Minkowski length} $l_h$ and
{\it $h$-metric} $g_h$ are  given by
\begin{equation}\label{hmetr}
\begin{array}{c}
l_h = det_hK = \frac{1}{2+h^2}tr_hKK^{\epsilon} \equiv
g_{h\, ij,kl} K_{ij}K_{kl} \quad , \quad
g_{h\, ij,kl}= \frac{1}{2+h^2} D_{h\, si}\hat{R}^{\epsilon}_{h \, js,kl}\;.
\end{array}
\end{equation}
\noindent
The $h$-metric is preserved under   $h$-Lorentz transformations
$\Lambda=M \otimes M^*$,
\begin{equation}\label{ap23}
\begin{array}{c}
\Lambda^t g_h \Lambda=g_h
\quad, \quad  g_h= \frac{1}{ 2+h^2}
(D_h^t \otimes 1) {\cal P} \hat{R}^{\epsilon}_h  \quad .
\end{array}
\end{equation}
\noindent
This is  checked using   eq. (\ref{ap24}) and that
$D_h^t=M^t D_h^t (M^{-1})^t$:
\begin{equation}\label{ap26}
\begin{array}{ll}
\Lambda^t g_h \Lambda & = (M \otimes M^*)^t g_h (M \otimes M^*) =
 M^t_1 M^{\dagger}_2 g_h M_1 M^*_2 \\
\, & = \frac{1}{2+h^2}
M^t_1 M^{\dagger}_2 D^t_{h\, 1}{\cal P} \hat{R}^{\epsilon}_h
M_1M^*_2 = \frac{1}{2+h^2}
{\cal P} M^t_2 M^{\dagger}_1 D^t_{h\, 2} \hat{R}^{\epsilon}_h
M_1M^*_2 \\
\, & = \frac{1}{2+h^2}
{\cal P} M^t_2 M^{\dagger}_1 D^t_{h\, 2} (M^{\dagger}_1)^{-1}
(M^{-1}_2)^t \hat{R}^{\epsilon}_h
= \frac{1}{2+h^2}
{\cal P} M^t_2  D^t_{h\, 2}
(M^{-1}_2)^t \hat{R}^{\epsilon}_h \\
\, &= \frac{1}{2+h^2}
{\cal P}  D^t_{h\, 2}  \hat{R}^{\epsilon}_h
= \frac{1}{2+h^2}
D^t_{h\, 1}{\cal P}  \hat{R}^{\epsilon}_h = g_h \quad.
\end{array}
\end{equation}

\subsubsection*{The deformed $h$-Minkowski algebras ${\cal M}_h^{(j)}$}

\indent

Using (\ref{4.8}) in eqs. (\ref{2.6}),
(\ref{gdet})
and (\ref{hmetr}), the $h$-Minkowski algebras associated with $SL_h(2)$ as
well as the deformed Minkowski length and metric read

\vspace{0.5\baselineskip}

\noindent
{\bf 1.} ${\cal M}_h^{(1)}$:  Here, $R^{(3)}$ is the first matrix in
(\ref{4.8}). Then, eq.  (\ref{2.6}) gives ($h$ real)
\begin{equation}\label{5.7}
\begin{array}{ll}
{} [ \alpha, \beta ]= -h \beta^2 -r \beta \delta + h \delta \alpha
-h \beta \gamma + h^2 \delta \gamma \;,&
\quad [\alpha, \delta]= h( \delta \gamma - \beta \delta) \;,\\
{} [\alpha, \gamma]= h \gamma^2 + r \delta \gamma - h \alpha \delta
+h \beta \gamma - h^2 \beta \delta \;, & \quad
[\beta, \delta]=  h \delta^2 \;,\\
{} [ \beta, \gamma]= h \delta ( \gamma + \beta) + r \delta^2 \;,& \quad
[ \gamma, \delta]= - h \delta^2 \;;
\end{array}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{5.7.1}
det_{h} K= \frac{2}{h^2+2}(\alpha \delta - \beta \gamma + h \beta \delta) \quad;
\end{equation}
\small
\begin{equation}\label{reps1}
\hat{R}_h^{\epsilon}=\left[
\begin{array}{cccc}
0 & 0 & 0 & 1  \\
0  & -1 & 0  & h   \\
0  & 0 & -1 & h \\
1  & -h & -h & h^2-r
\end{array} \right] \;, \;
K^{\epsilon}= \left[ \begin{array}{cc}
                  \delta & - \beta + h \delta \\
                - \gamma + h \delta &  \alpha - h ( \beta + \gamma) +
                                     (h^2 - r) \delta
                      \end{array} \right] \;;
\end{equation}
\normalsize
\begin{equation}\label{hmetr1}
g_h=  \frac{1}{2+h^2} \left[
\begin{array}{cccc}
0 & 0 & 0 & 1  \\
0  & 0  & -1  & h  \\
0  & -1 & 0 & -h \\
1  & -h & h & -r-h^2
\end{array} \right] \quad.
\end{equation}

\vspace{0.5\baselineskip}

\noindent
{\bf 2.} ${\cal M}_h^{(2)}$: In this case, $R^{(3)}$ is the second matrix in
(\ref{4.8}). Then,
\begin{equation}\label{5.10}
\begin{array}{ll}
{} [ \alpha, \beta ]= 2h \alpha \delta + h^2 \beta \delta  \quad , &
\quad [\alpha, \delta]= 2h (\delta \gamma -  \beta \delta ) \quad,\\
{} [\alpha, \gamma]= -h^2 \delta \gamma - 2h \delta \alpha \quad, & \quad
[\beta, \delta]=  2 h \delta^2 \quad , \\
{} [ \beta, \gamma]= 3h^2 \delta^2  \quad ,& \quad
[ \gamma, \delta]= - 2h \delta^2 \quad ;
\end{array}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{5.11}
det_{h} K=\frac{2}{h^2+2}(\alpha \delta - \beta \gamma + 2h \beta \delta) \quad;
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{reps2}
\hat{R}^{\epsilon}_h=\left[
\begin{array}{cccc}
0 & 0 & 0 & 1  \\
0  & -1 & 0  & 2h   \\
0  & 0 & -1 & 2h \\
1  & 0 & 0 & h^2
\end{array} \right] \quad, \quad
K^{\epsilon}= \left[ \begin{array}{cc}
                 \delta & -\beta + 2h \delta   \\
                 - \gamma + 2h \delta & \alpha + h^2 \delta
                      \end{array} \right] \quad;
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{hmetr2}
g_h=\frac{1}{2+h^2} \left[
\begin{array}{cccc}
0 & 0 & 0 & 1  \\
0   & 0 & -1  & 2h   \\
0  & -1 & 0 & 0 \\
1  & 0 & 2h & -3h^2
\end{array} \right] \quad.
\end{equation}

\vspace{0.5\baselineskip}

  We might define a `time' generator for these $h$-deformed spacetimes
as proportional to  $tr_hK$ (=$2x^0$ in the undeformed case). However,
the resulting  algebra element has undesirable properties:
$tr_hK$ is neither real and nor central. The time generator is central
only for the $q$-deformed Minkowski space of
\cite{WA-ZPC48,OSWZ-CMP}
(${\cal M}_q^{(1)}$ in the notation of \cite{FTUV94-21,JPA96}).

\section{Differential calculus on ${\cal M}_h^{(j)}$}

\indent

To describe the differential calculus on $h$-Minkowski spaces,
we need expressing the different commutation relations among the fundamental
objects: deformed coordinates, derivatives and  one-forms.
Following the approach of \cite{AKR,FTUV94-21,KARPACZ}
to the differential calculus on
Minkowski algebras associated with the standard deformation $SL_q(2)$, we
introduce the reflection equations expressing the  commutation
relations defining the algebras of $h$-derivatives and $h$-one-forms
($h$-differential calculi have been considered in \cite{KAR} and
in \cite{PODLES}  for quantum $N$-dimensional homogeneous spaces
\footnote{We are grateful to the referee for drawing our attention
to \cite{PODLES}, where similar results were independently obtained.}).
The triangularity property of $R_h$
provides  these algebras with some advantages  with respect to the
$q$-deformed ones; namely, the invariance requirement leads in both
cases to only one  reflection equation. This is due to the fact that,
in general, the equivalent `FRT' equations
\begin{equation}\label{1.1a}
R_{12}M_1M_2=M_2M_1R_{12} \quad, \quad
R_{21}^{-1}M_1M_2=M_2M_1R_{21}^{-1} \quad,
\end{equation}
\noindent
allow us to take in $R^{(1)} K_{1} R^{(2)} K_{2}
= K_{2} R^{(3)} K_{1} R^{(4)}$ (cf. (\ref{2.6}))
$R^{(1)}=R_{12}$ or $R_{21}^{-1}$,
$R^{(4)}=R_{12}^{\dagger}$ or $(R_{21}^{-1})^{\dagger}$
(see \cite{JPA96}). When the triangularity condition holds, however,
$R_{12}=R_{21}^{-1}$ and there is only one possibility. This argument also
applies to algebras other than the coordinates algebra. Moreover, we shall show
that  it is possible to introduce
`coordinates' and `derivatives' which are respectively and {\it simultaneously}
hermitian and antihermitian.

\subsubsection*{The algebras of $h$-deformed derivatives ${\cal D}_h^{(j)}$}

\indent

As in \cite{FTUV94-21}, we introduce the derivatives by means of an object
$Y$ transforming  covariantly {\it i.e.},

\begin{equation}\label{dif1}
Y \longmapsto Y'=(M^{\dagger})^{-1} Y M^{-1} \quad , \quad
Y= \left[ \begin{array}{cc}
                  \partial_\alpha & \partial_\gamma  \\
                 \partial_\beta & \partial_\delta
                      \end{array} \right] \quad;
\end{equation}
\noindent
The  commutation properties of the derivatives are described by

\begin{equation}\label{dif2}
R_h^{\dagger}Y_2R^{(2) \,-1}Y_1=Y_1R^{(3) \,-1}Y_2R_h \quad,
\end{equation}
\noindent
where $R^{(3)}={\cal P}R^{(2)}{\cal P}$ is given in (\ref{4.8}),
and are preserved under the $h$-Lorentz coaction.
Since the covariance requirement is the main
ingredient in our  approach let us check explicitly that
(\ref{dif2})  is invariant under
(\ref{dif1}). Multiplying (\ref{dif2}) by
$(M_1^{\dagger})^{-1}(M_2^{\dagger})^{-1}$  from the left
and by $M_2^{-1}M_1^{-1}$ from the right
we get,  using the first and the
last equations in (\ref{2.3}),
\small
\begin{equation}
R_h^{\dagger} (M_2^{\dagger})^{-1} Y_2 (M_1^{\dagger})^{-1} R^{(2) \,-1}
M_2^{-1} Y_1 M_1^{-1} = (M_1^{\dagger})^{-1} Y_1 (M_2^{\dagger})^{-1}
R^{(3) \,-1} M_1^{-1} Y_2 M_2^{-1} R_h \;.
\end{equation}
\normalsize
\noindent
Finally, using the second and third third eqs. in (\ref{2.3}), we obtain
\small
\begin{equation}
R_h^{\dagger} \, (M_2^{\dagger})^{-1} Y_2 M_2^{-1}\, R^{(2) \,-1}\,
(M_1^{\dagger})^{-1} Y_1 M_1^{-1} = (M_1^{\dagger})^{-1} Y_1  M_1^{-1} \,
R^{(3) \,-1}\,(M_2^{\dagger})^{-1}  Y_2 M_2^{-1} R_h \;,
\end{equation}
\normalsize
\noindent
which is eq. (\ref{dif2}) for $Y'=(M^{\dagger})^{-1}YM^{-1}$.

The $h$-deformed d'Alembertian may be  introduced by using the $h$-trace
\begin{equation}\label{dif3}
\Box_h \equiv  \frac{1}{2+h^2} tr_h(Y^{\epsilon}Y) \quad, \quad
Y^{\epsilon}= (\hat{R}_h^{\epsilon})^{-1} Y \quad.
\end{equation}
\noindent
As $l_h$,  $\Box_h$  is Lorentz invariant, real and central
in the algebra ${\cal D}_h^{(j)}$ of  derivatives.

\vspace{0.5\baselineskip}

Using (\ref{4.8}) in eqs. (\ref{dif2}),
the commutation relations for ${\cal D}_h^{(j)}$ read

\vspace{0.5\baselineskip}

\noindent
{\bf 1.} ${\cal D}_h^{(1)}$:
\small
\begin{equation}\label{dh1}
\begin{array}{ll}
{} [ \partial_{\alpha} , \partial_{\beta}] = -h \partial_{\alpha}^2
 \;,&
[\partial_{\beta}, \partial_{\delta}]=  h ( \partial_{\beta}^2
 + \partial_{\beta} \partial_{\gamma} - \partial_{\alpha}
\partial_{\delta}) -r \partial_{\beta} \partial_{\alpha} - h^2 \partial_{\alpha}
\partial_{\gamma} \;,\\
{} [\partial_{\alpha}, \partial_{\gamma}]= h \partial_{\alpha}^2
 \;, &
[ \partial_{\gamma}, \partial_{\delta}]= -h (\partial_{\gamma}^2
 +  \partial_{\beta} \partial_{\gamma} -  \partial_{\delta}
\partial_{\alpha}) + r \partial_{\alpha} \partial_{\gamma} + h^2 \partial_{\beta}
\partial_{\alpha} \;, \\
{} [\partial_{\alpha}, \partial_{\delta}]= h(
\partial_{\alpha} \partial_{\beta} - \partial_{\gamma} \partial_{\alpha})
 \;, &
 [ \partial_{\beta}, \partial_{\gamma}]= h \partial_{\alpha} (
\partial_{\beta} + \partial_{\gamma}) -r \partial_{\alpha}^2 \;;
\end{array}
\end{equation}
\normalsize

\noindent
{\bf 2.} ${\cal D}_h^{(2)}$:
\begin{equation}\label{dh2}
\begin{array}{ll}
{} [ \partial_{\alpha} , \partial_{\beta}] = - 2h \partial_{\alpha}^2
 \quad ,& \quad
[\partial_{\alpha}, \partial_{\delta}]= 2h(
\partial_{\beta} \partial_{\alpha} - \partial_{\alpha} \partial_{\gamma})
 \;, \\
{} [\partial_{\alpha}, \partial_{\gamma}]= 2 h \partial_{\alpha}^2
 \quad , & \quad
[\partial_{\beta}, \partial_{\delta}]=  h^2 \partial_{\beta}
\partial_{\alpha} -2h   \partial_{\delta} \partial_{\alpha}  \;, \\
{} [ \partial_{\beta}, \partial_{\gamma}]= 5h^2 \partial_{\alpha}^2 \quad ,
& \quad
[ \partial_{\gamma}, \partial_{\delta}]=
2h \partial_{\alpha} \partial_{\delta} - h^2 \partial_{\alpha}
\partial_{\gamma}  \;.
\end{array}
\end{equation}

\subsubsection*{Commutation relations for coordinates and derivatives}

\indent

The commutation relations among the entries of $K$ and $Y$ may be expressed
by an inhomogeneous reflection equation (see \cite{AKR,FTUV94-21})
\begin{equation}\label{dif4}
Y_2R_hK_1R^{(2)}=R^{(3)}K_1R^{\dagger}_hY_2 + \eta R^{(3)}{\cal P} \quad,
\end{equation}
\noindent
which extends to the $h$-deformed case the undeformed  relation
$\partial_{\mu}x^{\nu}= \delta^{\nu}_{\mu} + x^{\nu}\partial_{\mu}$.
This equation is  consistent with the commutation relations defining the
algebras  ${\cal M}_h^{(j)}$, ${\cal D}_h^{(j)}$,  and
is  invariant under $h$-Lorentz transformations   (as already mentioned,
there is only one $L_h$-invariant reflection equation
 due to the triangularity property
of $R_h$). The invariance  is  seen by multiplying eq. (\ref{dif4})
by $(M_2^{\dagger})^{-1}M_1$  from the left and by $M_1^{\dagger}M_2^{-1}$
from the right and using the commutation relations in (\ref{2.3}).

\vspace{0.5\baselineskip}

It is a common feature of all $q$-deformed Minkowski spaces that the
covariance transformation properties for `coordinates' and
`derivatives' are consistent with their hermiticity. The mixed commutation
relations (as expressed by an  inhomogeneous reflection
equation), however, do not allow in general for
{\it  simultaneously} hermitian  coordinates and derivatives,
a feature of non-commutative geometry
already noted in  \cite{OSWZ-CMP,OZ}.
Let us then look at  the hermiticity properties of $K$ and $Y$ for our
$h$-deformed Minkowski spaces. Clearly, eqs. (\ref{2.6}) and (\ref{dif2})
allow us to take both $K$ and $Y$ hermitian.
Keeping the physically reasonable assumption that $K$ is hermitian, eq.
(\ref{dif4}) gives
\begin{equation}\label{dif5}
R^{(2) \dagger } K_1  R^{\dagger}_hY_2^{\dagger}=
Y_2^{\dagger}R_hK_1R^{(3) \dagger} + \eta^* {\cal P} R^{(3) \dagger} \quad.
\end{equation}
\noindent
Since $R^{(3) \dagger}=R^{(2)}={\cal P}R^{(3)} {\cal P}$, we get that
$(-Y^{\dagger})$ satisfies (for $\eta^*=\eta$) the same
commutation relations than $Y$. Thus, eqs. (\ref{2.6}), (\ref{dif1})
and (\ref{dif4}) are compatible with the  hermiticity of $K$ and the
antihermiticity  of $Y$. This linear conjugation structure, absent in
the $q$-deformation, may facilitate the formulation of invariant
field equations on  ${\cal M}_h^{(j)}$.

\vspace{0.5\baselineskip}

Using the $R^{(3)}$ matrices in (\ref{4.8}) in eq. (\ref{dif4})
and setting $\eta =1$, the mixed commutation relations are found to be
(we give only a few cases)

\vspace{0.5\baselineskip}

\noindent
{\bf 1.} ${\cal M}_h^{(1)} \times {\cal D}_h^{(1)}$:
\begin{equation}\label{KY1}
\begin{array}{ll}
{} [\partial_{\alpha}, \alpha]=
1+ h \beta \partial_{\alpha} - h \gamma \partial_{\alpha} - h^2 \delta
\partial_{\alpha} \quad , & \quad
 [\partial_{\alpha}, \beta ] = -h \delta \partial_{\alpha} \quad, \\
{} [\partial_{\alpha}, \gamma ] = h \delta \partial_{\alpha} \quad , & \quad
[\partial_{\alpha}, \delta ] = 0 \quad ,
\end{array}
\end{equation}
$$
\begin{array}{l}
{} [\partial_{\beta}, \alpha]=
(r+h^2) \gamma \partial_{\alpha} + h (r- h^2) \delta \partial_{\alpha}
- h( \alpha \partial_{\alpha} + \beta \partial_{\beta}
+ \gamma \partial_{\beta}) +h^2 (\delta \partial_{\beta}
+  \beta \partial_{\alpha}) \;, \\
{} [\partial_{\beta}, \beta ] = 1+ (r- h^2) \delta \partial_{\alpha}
+ h( \beta \partial_{\alpha} -  \delta \partial_{\beta}) \;, \\
{} [\partial_{\beta}, \gamma ] =
- h( \gamma \partial_{\alpha} + \delta \partial_{\beta})
+h^2 \delta \partial_{\alpha} \;, \\
{} [\partial_{\beta}, \delta ] = h \delta \partial_{\alpha} \quad .
\end{array}
$$

\noindent
{\bf 2.} ${\cal M}_h^{(2)} \times {\cal D}_h^{(2)}$:
\begin{equation}\label{KY2}
\begin{array}{ll}
{} [\partial_{\alpha}, \alpha]=
1+ 2h (\beta \partial_{\alpha} -  \gamma \partial_{\alpha}) -4 h^2 \delta
\partial_{\alpha} \;, & \quad
[\partial_{\alpha}, \beta ] = -2h \delta \partial_{\alpha} \;, \\
{} [\partial_{\alpha}, \gamma ] =2 h \delta \partial_{\alpha} \;, &
\quad  [\partial_{\alpha}, \delta ] = 0 \;, \\
\; & \;  \\
{} [\partial_{\beta}, \alpha]= - 2h \alpha \partial_{\alpha}
-h^2 \gamma \partial_{\alpha} - 2h^3 \delta \partial_{\alpha}
 \;, & \quad
[\partial_{\beta}, \delta ] = 2h \delta \partial_{\alpha} \;, \\
{} [\partial_{\beta}, \beta ] = 1 - h^2 \delta \partial_{\alpha} \;, &
\quad  [\partial_{\beta}, \gamma ] = 4h^2 \delta \partial_{\alpha} \;
\end{array}
\end{equation}

\subsubsection*{The algebras of  $h$-deformed one-forms $\Lambda_h^{(j)}$}

\indent

To determine now the commutation relations for the $h$-de Rham complex we
now introduce the exterior derivative $d$ following \cite{OSWZ-CMP}
(see also \cite{FTUV94-21,AKR}). The algebra of the $h$-forms is generated by
the entries of a matrix $dK$. Clearly, $d$ commutes with the
Lorentz coaction, so that
\begin{equation}\label{dif8}
dK'=M\, dK \, M^{\dagger} \quad.
\end{equation}
\noindent
Applying $d$ to  eq. (\ref{2.6}) we obtain
\begin{equation}\label{dif9}
R_h dK_{1} R^{(2)} K_{2} + R_h K_{1} R^{(2)} dK_{2} =
dK_{2} R^{(3)} K_{1} R^{\dagger}_h  + K_{2} R^{(3)} dK_{1} R^{\dagger}_h \quad.
\end{equation}
\noindent
Its  only solution is given by
\begin{equation}\label{dif10}
R_h dK_{1} R^{(2)} K_{2} =  K_{2} R^{(3)} dK_{1} R^{\dagger}_h \quad
\end{equation}
\noindent
(which implies  $R_h K_{1} R^{(2)} dK_{2} =
dK_{2} R^{(3)} K_{1} R^{\dagger}_h$). From eq. (\ref{dif10}), it follows that
\begin{equation}\label{dif11}
R_h dK_{1} R^{(2)} dK_{2} = - dK_{2} R^{(3)} dK_{1} R^{\dagger}_h \quad.
\end{equation}
\noindent
Again, it is easy to check that these relations are invariant under
hermitian conjugation. Notice that the reflection equations
(\ref{2.6}), (\ref{dif10})
and (\ref{dif11})  have the same $R$-matrix structure.
In the $h$-deformed case,
the reflection equation giving the commutation
relations among the  generators of two differential algebras is determined
only by the transformation (covariant or contravariant) law of these
generators. Thus, there are only three types of reflection
equations, those of (\ref{2.6}), (\ref{dif2}) and
(\ref{dif4}),  as a consequence  of the triangularity  of $SL_h(2)$.
In contrast,  in the $q$-deformation (based on $SL_q(2)$),
the number of  reflection equation types is larger.

The exterior derivative is given for the two $h$-Minkowski algebras by
\begin{equation}\label{dif12}
d= tr_h(dK\,Y)= d\alpha \partial_\alpha  + d\beta \partial_\beta  +
d\gamma \partial_\gamma  + d\delta \partial_\delta -2h(
d\gamma \partial_\alpha  + d\delta \partial_\beta ) \;.
\end{equation}
\noindent

\vspace{0.5\baselineskip}

To conclude, let us mention that the additive braided group
\cite{MAJ-LNM,SMBR2}
structure of the above  algebras  may be easily found. It suffices to impose
{\it e.g.} that
eq. (\ref{2.6})  is also satisfied by the sum $K+K'$ of two {\it copies}
$K$ and
$K'$ of the given $h$-Minkowski algebra.  This leads to an
equation of the same type as  (\ref{2.6}) (see the comment above)
\begin{equation}\label{dif13}
R_h K'_{1} R^{(2)} K_{2} = K_{2} R^{(3)} K'_{1} R^{\dagger}_h \quad.
\end{equation}
\noindent
Eq. (\ref{dif13}) is clearly preserved by (\ref{2.5}).
The above discussion could be extended easily to obtain a braided
differential calculus. The unified braided structure of all $h$-
(and $q$-, we note in passing) deformed Minkowski spaces
was given in \cite{JPA96} (see
\cite{MeyerM} for the particular  $q$-deformed case of \cite{OSWZ-CMP}).
Given the  generality of our presentation,
it is a trivial exercise to introduce a {\it unified} additive\footnote{
Although the formalism allows us to introduce multiplicative braiding, we
wish to point out that the multiplication is not consistent with covariance
for  Minkowski spaces.}  braided differential
calculus valid for all the  $h$- (or $q$-) Minkowski algebras. For the case
of the $q$-Minkowski space in  \cite{OSWZ-CMP} we refer to
\cite{VLADI}.

{\small

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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The Universidad Metropolitana (UMET) in Puerto Rico is part of the Ana G. Méndez University System, a collection of institutions dedicated to provide excellence in education to students throughout Puerto Rico. UMET was formed in 1969 as a secondary campus of the Puerto Rico Junior College. It became an autonomous, non-profit institution in 1980 and changed its name to The Universidad Metropolitana in 1985.
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UMET cheerleaders support the school and its athletes through the Interuniversity Athletic League, in addition to participating in their own contests.
UMET is dedicated to provided relevant, useful education to Puerto Rican residents, and so its logo and coat of arms – which depict an open book and the number 1980 – represent the birth of knowledge and education on campus when the school open as an independent institution in 1980.
Since its inception, the university has become increasingly focused on environmental conservatism. The Environmental Education Institute (EEI) was opened in 1990 with the purpose of teaching Puerto Rican residents about environmental protection and sustainability. The EEI has published more than twenty books, pamphlets, and guides on these topics, and in 1996 established the Puerto Rico Association of Environmental Education (PRAEE). In addition, the Institute has participated and sponsored numerous international conferences and seminars and has produced hundreds of environmental leaders and teachers.
The CIAC, which opened in 1993, is one of the school's initiatives to support environmental education. It was the first environmental information center in Peru, and it promotes public awareness and education of environmental initiatives through two components that collect, organize, and share information about the environment and sustainability. The Service component is responsible for the compilation and distribution of information on subjects related to environmental problems in the Caribbean. The Special Projects component uses that information to reach out to the community through the creation of educational materials, the development of public awareness programs, and the design and management of environmental projects and fund-raising initiatives.
"New Consortium to Run Arecibo Observatory – ScienceInsider." Science/AAAS | News – Up to the Minute News and Features from Science. Web. 08 July 2011.
SUAGM. Universidad Metropolitana Fact Sheet. SUAGM, 2010. SUAGM. Print.
"UMET- Universidad Metropolitana." Sistema Universitario Ana G. Mendez. Web. 08 July 2011.
Ranks 3843rd for the average full-time faculty salary.
StateUniversity.com has no official or unofficial affiliation with Universidad Metropolitana.


POSCO Daewoo, an energy unit of POSCO, has signed a contract for KW300 billion (US$267 million) with a consortium of US firms to develop a new gas block in Myanmar.
According to Yo-han Choi of the Communications Department of the company, on June 27, POSCO Daewoo signed the deal in Washington Wednesday with McDermott International Inc. and Baker Hughes GE to develop the Shwe Phyu block in the Southeast Asian country, which is 51% owned by the Korean energy firm.
POSCO Daewoo invested 1.8 trillion won to develop the Shwe and Mya gas blocks until 2013. The company has earned KW250 billion to KW 300 billion worth of operating profit a year from the two blocks since 2013. It has the operation rights of the blocks for up to 30 years from 2013, Choi said.
The latest deal is for engineering, procurement, construction, installation and commissioning (EPCIC) works at the Shwe Phyu gas block. According to Choi, McDermott will be in charge of EPCIC and Baker Hughes GE will provide products and services if the new gas project begins next month.
POSCO Daewoo will supervise the EPCIC works by the two US firms and conduct a drilling job in the new oil block, he said.
POSCO, the world's fifth biggest steelmaker by output, owns a 62.9% stake in POSCO Daewoo.


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By Dick Jordan | September 21, 2020
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(On the 10th anniversary of 9/11, Tales Told From The Road ran stories from its readers and other sources about their experiences traveling in the days surrounding 9/11. Over the coming days we will re-run many of those stories to commemorate a day in the history of the United States and the world that will long be remembered.)
The following brief accounts of 9/11 were submitted by four different writers or readers of Tales Told From The Road and were originally published together on September 28, 2011.
Wikipedia Commons Photo
I had just parked my car at work when the radio stations were all interrupted and making the announcements about the attacks. It was frightening to hear as they spoke about the Twin Towers, Pentagon and Pennsylvania field attacks back-to-back.
I was scheduled to head to Central Florida with a co-worker to make a presentation the next day and she and I conferred and requested that our supervisor postpone the trip. We felt we needed to stay put and assess the situation and most of all, be with our families.
By Josie Gulliksen
I distinctly remember coming out of the shower, into the bedroom of our California home and questioning my mate's choice of watching violent programs on TV at such an early hour. At the time, I was working for Food & Wine Magazine (AMEX publishing) located at the site. By the time I got to the office, and for at least the next month photos were streaming live and stories were being told.
The reason I share this is because I was in Bangkok, days after the bombing of one of their most popular department stores, where a shrine had been set up.
Incense burning, people stopping to pray. Great disappointment and sadness all around me.
I couldn't help thinking I was experiencing Thailand's 9/11.
It was not quite the same, but it reminded me that there are "Terrorists Among Us" at home, as well as abroad.
(This story was also posted to the LinkedIn Travel Editors & Freelance Journalists Group by the author.)
By Krystina Marie Price
I was in Herford in Germany, when the first images appeared on the televisions in the Gymnasium.
People were saying "Terrible accident."
I immediately said that it was not any accident!
(This story was also posted to LinkedIn Travel Writers, Photographers and Tourism Group by the author.)
By Ian Mallory
I was going up an elevator in Toronto, Canada, on my way, with my business partner, to speak with a potential customer with our new, highly financially valued, software company.
The elevator TV monitor showed the disaster unfolding. I'll never forget my being stunned.
By Andre Hugo
9/11, 9/11 Stories
9/11, 9/11 attacks
9/11 Remembered: 5 Miles From Ground Zero


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Friedrich WINTER
When Frederich was born on Wednesday, 18th November 1807 to Ambrosius Winter and Maria Dorothea Bodenroeder, his parents already had three sons and a daughter. Over the next thirteen years they were to have five more sons and another two daughters, all of whom lived. Fortunately, his position of master tailor to the villagers, a service that the Winters had provided for generations, enabled Ambrosius to provide more than adequately for his very large family.
Friedrich's older brothers had priority in taking over their father's business when he died in 1836, leaving Friedrich to earn a living as a barber. He married in 1834 and, with his wife Katharina Haub, looked forward to establishing his own family, but their union was to prove disastrous. Katharina had a daughter in mid-1835 but the child died nine months later. A second girl was born ten months after this loss and, although sickly, survived. The first son arrived in 1839 but his sister died of consumption two years later. The second son, born in 1843, lived only three months, and the third, born twelve months after his brother died, lived for the same time. In 1845 Katharina died, leaving Friedrich with Konrad, his eldest son, to raise. He married again in 1846 and his second wife, Anna Juliana nee Hildebrand, gave birth to a daughter in October of that year.
There were no more children, although Anna Juliana was still in her twenties. Friedrich was forced to accept seasonal farm work to provide for his little family in the rapidly changing social structure of the village. He suffered another bereavement when Konrad died in 1851, aged 12. This may have proved the final straw for Friedrich; he left the village in 1854, with a large group of friends who were on their way to the Victorian goldfields. At 46, the 136 days on the tiny ship "Luise" must have been a taxing experience for Friedrich, and their arrival in Port Phillip on 23rd February 1855 a great relief.
Friedrich's younger brother, Johannes, had reached Melbourne three months earlier, and Konrad, son of the older brother Johann Georg, a month before, so he was able to take advantage of their experiences in the colony and around the goldfields. Later in that eventful year, Friedrich received news from a more recent migrant that his wife died in far-away Nieder-Weisel only twenty days after he disembarked at Melbourne. This removed any pressure for him to go back to the village, and he spent the remainder of his life in Victoria, where he died in March 1866.


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It's no secret that we love books – great and small. You will find below a selection of books that relate to the Hall, and books written by authors who have given their time to support the Hall. Further down the page you will find spare copies of books left over from our Book Club – grab yourself a bargain.
Alexander McCall Smith was due to give a talk at Markenfield when Covid struck the nation. He very kindly recorded a message for his Ripon fans, and we have a number of his signed books for sale. We are very much hoping that Alexander will be speaking for us next year.
SIGNED Alexander McCall-Smith: A Promise of Ankles (hardback)
At the bottom of a sharply descending street – in the topographical sense – in Edinburgh's Georgian New Town, new residents have moved in to number 44 Scotland Street, joining the already well-known and much-loved denizens of that remarkable building. They appear to be a bit of a mystery, but so, too, do other things. What exactly did Sister Maria-Fiore, the aphorism-coining socialite nun, find on the No. 23 bus? Could it be the remains of a hitherto unknown Neanderthal, homo Watsoniensis?
SIGNED Alexander McCall-Smith: A Promise of Ankles (hardback) quantity
SIGNED Alexander McCall-Smith:...
SIGNED Alexander McCall-Smith: In a Time of Distance
In a Time of Distance', the poem from which the collection take its title, was written at the start of the global pandemic which struck at the start of 2020, here the author reminds us of what is important in life and to focus on love, friendship and family. And it is this approach to life that makes this collection a captivating celebration of love and friendship, of Scotland and people, of animals and books. Looking at the world through the lens of this writer, it is a better, more humane place. Throughout the collection there are moments of swoop and soar, descriptions that will make you laugh and realign your view. The author reminds us to look at the world differently, to stop once in while and look up at the sky.
SIGNED Alexander McCall-Smith: In a Time of Distance quantity
SIGNED Alexander McCall-Smith: Tiny Tales
Stories do not have to be long. In the space of a couple of sentences – or even a page or two – we may see the human heart exposed in a way that is more powerful than occurs in many much longer narratives.
In Tiny Tales Alexander McCall Smith explores romance, ambition, kindness and happiness in thirty short stories that range in length from the short to the minuscule. The settings are as diverse as the characters – Scotland, England, Australia, the United States – combining to create a rich and surprising tableau. An Australian pope? A persuasive cosmetic surgeon? The world's laziest cat. A group of students living together and getting romantically entangled? All human and animal life is here – in miniature.
SIGNED Alexander McCall-Smith: Tiny Tales quantity
SIGNED The Case of the Married...


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iPhone gains games control device
9to5 Staff | May 27 2008 - 8:16 am PT
Development of a Sony PSP-like games controller for the iPhone is underway, and while it's currently only compatible with jailbroken devices, it's no stretch of imagination to see its release for all iPhones, if the technology driving it is permitted under the iPhone SDK.
iControlpad is a peripheral device which connects to the dock connector on the iPhone (or the iPod touch). It binds the device within a controller that's of similar shape to the Sony PSP, including dedicated control buttons with which to play games on the handheld.
"Your iPhone just slides in and locks in to place, there are no modifications needed and you can remove it at any time," the developers explain, adding, "The iControlPad is already supported by some of the biggest iPhone devs (including ZodTTD – PSX, GBA emu etc.) and we are sending out units to several others."
The first prototype controller has been assembled, slightly smaller than the PSP the iPhone slots securely into place – the developers are also assembling a version for the iPod touch, they said.
There's a caveat, at least for the present – not all the buttons are fully-functional just yet, but the move does suggest the emergence of a new category of ancillary peripherals for iPhone beckons.
9to5 Staff


"A Teenager in Love" is a song written by Doc Pomus and partner Mort Shuman and was originally sung and released by Dion and the Belmonts in March It reached #5 on the Billboard pop charts. In May , the song held three positions in the British Top 20, the other two versions being by Marty Wilde and Craig. A Teenager In Love Lyrics: Each time we have a quarrel / It almost breaks my heart / 'Cos I am so afraid / That we will have to part / Each night I ask the stars. Find a Marty Wilde - A Teenager In Love first pressing or reissue. Complete your Marty Wilde collection. Shop Vinyl and CDs.
"A Teenager in Love" by Marty Wilde is a cover of Dion & the Belmonts's " Teenager in Love". Listen to both songs on WhoSampled, the ultimate database of. Marty Wilde - Teenager in Love by Marty Wilde - billstoneking.com Music. Find album reviews, stream songs, credits and award information for A Teenager in Love - Marty Wilde on AllMusic.
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Lyrics to Teenager in Love by Marty Wilde from the The Best of Marty Wilde album - including song video, artist biography, translations and more!. Walk on the Wilde Side: All the Early A Sides and the Best of the Bs from Britain's First Real Rock 'n' Roller (The Singles Collection ) · Marty Wilde. Lyrics to 'A Teenager in Love' by Marty Wilde. Each time we have a quarrel / It almost breaks my heart / 'Cos I am so afraid / That we will have to part / Each. Each time we have a quarrel. It almost breaks my heart. 'Cause I am so afraid. That we will have to part. See All Lyrics. Similar Songs. Endless SleepMarty Wilde.