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I Public Enemy (conosciuti anche semplicemente come PE) sono un gruppo hip hop statunitense noto per i temi politici nei loro testi, per la forte critica verso i mass media e per l'attenzione alla comunità afroamericana.

Hanno avuto un forte impatto culturale e mediatico sugli altri gruppi hip hop, facendosi promotori dei cantanti degli anni a seguire e ponendo le basi di generi musicali derivati quali l'hardcore hip hop e il political hip hop. Sono considerati uno dei più importanti e influenti gruppi della storia della musica hip hop.

Sono stati inseriti al 44º posto della lista dei 100 migliori artisti secondo Rolling Stone, e nel 2013 sono stati introdotti nella Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Storia del gruppo

Origini
Il gruppo si forma intorno a Carlton Ridenhour, che tra la fine degli anni settanta e l'inizio degli ottanta studiava grafica presso la Adelphi University e contemporaneamente lavorava come DJ nell'emittente radiofonica WBAU.

Il primo brano è Public Enemy No. 1, registrato da Ridenhour, che si farà chiamare Chuckie D (divenuto poi Chuck D, dove la D sta per dangerous, pericoloso).

La Def Jam e Yo! Bum Rush the Show
Grazie al produttore della Def Jam Records Rick Rubin, Chuck D forma un gruppo con DJ Terminator X, Professor Griff (coreografo dei breakers Security of the First World), e William Drayton, il secondo rapper, che adotta lo pseudonimo di Flavor Flav.

Nel 1987 viene pubblicato Yo! Bum Rush the Show, album con basi strumentali semplici e scandite.

Il 1988 e la piccola rivoluzione

Nel secondo album, dal nome It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back e pubblicato nel 1988, la Bomb Squad inventa il suo inconfondibile stile fatto di suoni comuni mischiati per formare la base dei brani; si ritrovano pezzi come Rebel Without a Pause, Bring the Noise e Don't Believe the Hype. Del 1989 è il singolo Fight the Power, che fa da colonna sonora al film di Spike Lee, Fa' la cosa giusta (Do The Right Thing).

Nel maggio del 1989, per via di alcuni giudizi espressi da Professor Griff sul popolo ebraico durante un'intervista con il Washington Times, considerati antisemiti, Griff è dapprima estromesso dal gruppo e successivamente viene addirittura annunciato lo scioglimento dei Public Enemy. In seguito Griff viene riammesso nel gruppo ma "degradato", e non sarà più lui a ricoprire il ruolo di "Ministro dell'Informazione" all'interno della band. Nel marzo 1990 i contrasti tra Griff e il resto del gruppo si fanno insanabili ed egli lascia definitivamente i Public Enemy per iniziare la sua carriera solista, unendosi ai Last Asiatic Disciples per produrre l'album Pawns In The Game.

Nel 1989 esce il singolo Welcome to the Terrordrome che anticipa l'LP del 1990, il disco Fear of a Black Planet, con i brani 911 Is a Joke, riferito al numero 911, il numero di emergenza per i cittadini statunitensi, Brothers Gonna Work It Out, Burn Hollywood Burn, Fight the Power e Can't Do Nuttin For Ya Man.

Il lento declino

Il seguente album pubblicato dai Public Enemy è Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black, uscito nel 1991 con una nuova versione di Bring the Noise suonata con il gruppo metal Anthrax. Il successo dell'LP è forte tanto da spingerlo al numero 4 della classifica Billboard 200 negli Stati Uniti.

Dal 1992 inizia il loro declino. Partecipano allo Zoo TV Tour con gli U2, e pubblicano Greatest Misses, una collezione di remix di poco successo. A questo si aggiungono i problemi con la legge per Flav, legati al consumo di stupefacenti, che porta la band a fermarsi durante il 1993 per permettere al componente di tentare una disintossicazione.

Nell'estate del 1994 la band torna pubblicando l'album Muse Sick-n-Hour Mess Age, che per via di recensioni molto negative da The Source e Rolling Stone non ottiene molto successo. Viene cancellato il tour previsto e Chuck nel 1996 pubblica il proprio album solista, dal titolo The Autobiography of Mistachuck. Insieme alla Bomb Squad produce inoltre tre album di altri rapper.

Nella primavera del 1998 i Public Enemy realizzano la colonna sonora del film He Got Game di Spike Lee, che viene considerata un vero e proprio album. There's a Poison Goin' On... è il settimo LP dei PE del 1999 con Do You Wanna Go Our Way.

Dopo tre anni di silenzio, la band pubblica Revolverlution, album costituito da tracce inedite, remix e brani live. Dopo il ritiro di Terminator X, nella band subentra DJ Lord di Atlanta, come primo DJ. Nel 2004 Flavor Flav si dedica al piccolo schermo con la partecipazione ad alcuni reality show al fianco di Brigitte Nielsen; i commenti dei fan e degli altri componenti del gruppo non sono positivi. Nel settembre 2005 i Public Enemy pubblicano Hell No We Ain't All Right! insieme a Flavor Flav, criticando l'operato svolto dall'amministrazione di George W. Bush in occasione dell'uragano Katrina. Nel novembre 2006 pubblicano il remix di Bring the Noise, con la partecipazione del DJ italiano Benny Benassi.

Polemiche

Martin Luther King Day

Il brano By the Time I Get to Arizona incluso nel disco Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black del 1991 si riferisce a un controverso fatto di cronaca accaduto qualche anno prima, quando lo Stato dell'Arizona cancellò la festività in onore di Martin Luther King, e di conseguenza la NFL decise di spostare la sede del Super Bowl XXVII dall'Arizona alla California, costando allo Stato perdite stimate in circa 100 milioni di dollari. Il video di By the Time I Get to Arizona, che fu trasmesso solo una volta da MTV, mostra dei paramilitari neri che uccidono la classe politica dell'Arizona con mitra e bombe. Il messaggio di violenza contenuto nel video fu aspramente criticato dai mass media e dalla vedova di King, che lo descrissero come l'opposto degli ideali per i quali Martin Luther King era morto.

Antisemitismo
Nel 1989, nel corso di un'intervista rilasciata al Washington Times, il giornalista David Mills, fece riferimento ad alcuni commenti antisemiti apparsi su una rivista inglese rilasciati dalla band circa il conflitto arabo-israeliano. Professor Griff dichiarò che "gli ebrei sono i responsabili della maggior parte della malvagità nel mondo", citando L'ebreo internazionale, un'opera antisemita dell'imprenditore statunitense Henry Ford, pubblicata per la prima volta nel 1920. Poco tempo dopo, Chuck D si scusò pubblicamente a suo nome. Il 21 giugno 1989, durante una conferenza stampa, Chuck D annunciò l'allontanamento di Griff dal gruppo, e una dichiarazione del 28 giugno di Russell Simmons, presidente di Def Jam Recordings e Rush Artists Management, comunicò che Chuck D aveva sciolto i Public Enemy "per un periodo di tempo indefinito". Tuttavia, il 10 agosto, Chuck D negò che la band si fosse separata, e dichiarò che Professor Griff era stato reintegrato in formazione nella veste di "Supreme Allied Chief of Community Relations" (in contrasto alla sua precedente carica di "Minister of Information"). Successivamente Griff ritrattò le dichiarazioni antisemite e si scusò pubblicamente. In seguito all'episodio, diverse persone che avevano lavorato con i Public Enemy espressero preoccupazione circa le capacità di leadership e il ruolo di Chuck D come portavoce sociale.

Nel 1999 il gruppo pubblicò l'album There's a Poison Goin' On che include una traccia intitolata Swindler's Lust. L'Anti-Defamation League (ADL) avanzò l'ipotesi che il titolo della canzone fosse un gioco di parole irrispettoso sul titolo del film Schindler's List di Steven Spielberg che parla del genocidio degli ebrei durante la seconda guerra mondiale.

Omofobia
Nel 1988 sulla rivista Melody Maker, Professor Griff, in qualità di "Ministro dell'Informazione" dei Public Enemy, dichiarò: «Non c'è posto per i gay. Quando Dio distrusse Sodoma e Gomorra, fu per quel genere di comportamenti».

La traccia Meet the G That Killed Me inclusa nell'album Fear of a Black Planet del 1990 descrive il diffondersi dell'AIDS, e fu accusata di omofobia. Il giornalista del New York Times Peter Watrous criticò il testo della canzone definendolo "idiota e omofobo" con particolare riferimento al verso: «Man to man/ I don't know if they can/ From what I know/ The parts don't fit» ("Uomo con uomo / non so se è possibile / da quello che so / le parti non combaciano").

Accuse di razzismo a Elvis Presley e John Wayne
Una delle strofe più celebri del testo della canzone Fight the Power, e che ha creato più scalpore e risentimento è quella che accusa Elvis Presley (e anche John Wayne, altro mito americano) di essere stato un razzista:

La persistenza di tale atteggiamento è stata alimentata dal risentimento per il fatto che Presley, il cui linguaggio musicale e visivo deriva da fonti africane in America, ha riscosso il successo e il riconoscimento culturale e commerciale in gran parte negato ai suoi contemporanei neri. A tutt'oggi, la nozione che Presley ha "rubato" la musica dei neri per edulcorarla e ricavarne profitto, trova ancora dei seguaci.

Chuck D fu ispirato a scrivere la strofa dall'ascolto del brano Blowfly Rapp (1980) dell'artista proto-rap Clarence "Blowfly" Reid, nel quale Reid ingaggia una "battaglia di insulti" con un fittizio membro del Ku Klux Klan che proferisce nei suoi confronti degli insulti razzisti simili attaccando il pugile Muhammad Ali.

Successivamente, lo stesso Chuck D chiarì l'associazione da lui fatta tra Elvis Presley e razzismo, dichiarando di avere voluto simbolicamente colpire un'icona della America bianca. In un'intervista concessa a Newsday in occasione del 25º anniversario della morte di Presley, Chuck D riconobbe che Elvis era tenuto in alta considerazione dai musicisti neri, e che lo stesso Presley ammirava i musicisti afroamericani. Chuck D chiarì che l'obiettivo della "strofa su Elvis" era la cultura dei bianchi che esaltava Elvis come "Re del rock and roll" senza riconoscere i meriti degli artisti neri venuti prima di lui.

Il riferimento a John Wayne è dovuto ai suoi controversi punti di vista personali in fatto di politica, incluse le dichiarazioni razziste fatte dall'attore nell'intervista rilasciata nel 1971 alla rivista Playboy, dove Wayne dichiarò: «Credo nella supremazia dei bianchi finché i neri non saranno educati ad essere responsabili. Non credo nel dare autorità e posizioni di leadership e comando a persone irresponsabili».

Formazione
 Chuck D: Carlton Douglas Ridenhour (nato il 1º agosto 1960), leader del gruppo, compositore dei testi e primo rapper;
 Flavor Flav: William Jonathan Drayton, Jr. (nato il 16 marzo 1959), compositore di testi, beatmaker, rapper, strumentista;
 Professor Griff: Richard Griffin (nato il 1º agosto 1960), "ministro dell'informazione", saltuariamente cantante;
 Terminator X: Norman Rogers (nato il 25 agosto 1966), DJ e beatmaker del gruppo fino al 1994, ;
 DJ Lord: Lord Aswod, DJ e beatmaker, sostituisce Terminator X ;
 Sister Souljah: Lisa Williamson (nata a New York nel 1961), entra nel gruppo a partire dal 1990 sostituendo il fuoriuscito Professor Griff;
 Brian Hardgroove: bassista, chitarrista;
 Michael Faulkner: batterista, percussioni;
 DJ Johnny "Juice" Rosado: DJ, scratching, produzione;
 Davy DMX: David Franklin Reeves Jr., bassista;
 T-Bone Motta: batterista, percussioni;
 Khari Wynn: chitarrista, direzione musicale, MD, AMD.

Membri della Bomb Squad, facenti parte del collettivo spesso associato ai Public Enemy ed a volte ritenuti parte integrante del gruppo:

 Hank Shocklee (vero nome: Hank Boxley);
 Bill Stephney;
 Keith Shocklee;
 Eric "Vietnam" Sadler;
 Chuck D con lo pseudonimo di "Carl Ryder".

Discografia
Album in studio
1987 - Yo! Bum Rush the Show
1988 - It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back
1990 - Fear of a Black Planet
1991 - Apocalypse '91...The Enemy Strikes Black
1993 - Greatest Misses (album di remix)
1994 - Muse Sick-n-Hour Mess Age
1998 - He Got Game
1999 - There's a Poison Goin' on
2000 - Revolverlution
2005 - New Whirl Odor
2006 - Rebirth of a Nation
2007 - How You Sell Soul to a Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul?
2012 - Most of My Heroes Still Don't Appear on No Stamp
2012 - The Evil Empire of Everything
2015 - Man Plans God Laughs
2017 - Nothing Is Quick in the Desert
2020 -  Loud Is Not Enough (pubblicato a nome Public Enemy Radio)
2020 -  What You Gonna Do When the Grid Goes Down?

Riconoscimenti
 2003: It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back viene inserito al 48º posto nella "lista dei 500 migliori album secondo Rolling Stone".
 2003: Fear of a Black Planet viene inserito al 300º posto nella "lista dei 500 migliori album secondo Rolling Stone".
 2003: Yo! Bum Rush the Show viene inserito al 497º posto nella "lista dei 500 migliori album secondo Rolling Stone".
 2004: Bring the Noise viene inserita al 160º posto nella "lista delle 500 migliori canzoni secondo Rolling Stone".
 2004: Fight the Power viene inserita al 322º posto nella "lista delle 500 migliori canzoni secondo Rolling Stone".
 2005: il gruppo viene inserito nella lista dei "The Immortals" di Rolling Stone alla posizione numero 44.
 2012: Fear of a Black Planet viene inserito al 302º posto nella "lista dei 500 migliori album secondo Rolling Stone"
 2013: I Public Enemy vengono introdotti nella Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
 2020: It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back viene inserito al 15º posto nella "lista dei 500 migliori album secondo Rolling Stone"
 2020: Fear of a Black Planet viene inserito al 176º posto nella "lista dei 500 migliori album secondo Rolling Stone"

American Music Awards

MTV Video Music Award

Note

Bibliografia

 Chuck D con Yusuf Jah, Fight the Power, Delacorte Press, 1997 ISBN 0-385-31868-5
 Professor Griff, Atlanta Musick Bizness, Resource Information Publication (R.I.P.), 2005
 Glen E. Friedman, Fuck You Heroes: Glen E. Friedman photographs 1976–1991, Burning Flags Press, 1994, ISBN 0-9641916-0-1

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

 Slam Jamz, Etichetta discografica di Chuck D

Vincitori di Grammy


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Act 1, Part 1 Act 1, Part 2 Act 2, Part 1 Act 2, Part 2 Act 3, Part 1 Act 3, Part 2
All Themes The Art of Deception: Fact v. Fiction The Pursuit of Marriage Cash, Class, and Character Name and Identity Hypocrisy, Folly, and Victorian Morality Men and Women in Love
All Characters Jack
All Symbols Town and Country Bunbury Ernest Tea Service Food The Dandy Orphans and Wards Christenings Jack's Mourning Clothes Diaries Cecily's Love Letters Miss Prism's Three-volume-novel Jack's Handbag Jack's Cigarette Case Jack's Business Card The Coatroom at Victoria Station and The Brighton Line The Army List
Instant downloads of all 1202 LitChart PDFs (including The Importance of Being Earnest).
The Art of Deception: Fact v. Fiction
The Pursuit of Marriage
Cash, Class, and Character
Name and Identity
Hypocrisy, Folly, and Victorian Morality
Men and Women in Love
Orphans and Wards
Jack's Mourning Clothes
Cecily's Love Letters
Miss Prism's Three-volume-novel
Jack's Handbag
Jack's Cigarette Case
Jack's Business Card
The Coatroom at Victoria Station and The Brighton Line
The Army List
The Art of Deception: Fact v. Fiction Theme Analysis
Themes and Colors
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Importance of Being Earnest, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
As a leader of the Aesthetic movement, Wilde was especially interested in the relationship between life and art, pondering the eternal question, "Does art imitate life, or life imitate art?" Wilde explores this relationship in The Importance of Being Earnest through the conflict that arises when fact collides with fiction. The conflict between fact and fiction is driven by Algernon and Jack's lies about their respective identities, specifically the fictional personas they create in order to mask their doings, shirk their duties, and deceive their loved ones.
Jack invents his brother "Ernest" so that he can excuse himself from the country, where he serves as Cecily's guardian. Under such pretense he can escape to town, where he can court Gwendolen and entertain himself with extravagant dinners. Similarly, Algernon invents his invalid friend "Bunbury," so that he has an excuse to escape from the city when he does not care to dine with his relations. Fact and fiction collide when Algernon arrives at Jack's country estate, pretending to the elusive "Ernest". His arrival upsets Jack's plan to kill off his fictional brother and nearly derails Jack's real engagement to Gwendolen. That Algernon coins the terms "Bunburying" and "Bunburyist" after his imaginary invalid to describe such impersonations highlights the deceptive, as well as the fictive quality of Jack and Algernon's actions.
But Algernon and Jack are not the only characters that craft careful fictions. Cecily innocently creates a detailed backstory to her engagement to "Ernest," (himself a fictional entity), writing in her diary that she has not only been engaged to her beau for three months, but that they have been engaged in an on-again-off-again romance. When Cecily recites this revelation from her diary to Algernon, he continues this fiction by believing in it as earnestly as Cecily believes in "Ernest's" authenticity. Algernon's willingness to participate in Cecily's fictional engagement, so that he might actually become engaged to her, parallels Jack's eagerness to change his name to "Ernest," so that reality might more closely align with Gwendolen's matrimonial fantasies. Algernon pretends to be "Ernest" in order to actualize his engagement to Cecily, while Jack will verily transform into "Ernest," (if only in name), so that Gwendolen's fantasies may be fulfilled. Ultimately, the play's main characters participate in the fine art of fabrication not just to deceive, but also to create a reality that is more like fiction. The line between fact and fiction blurs when the fictional name of "Ernest" turns out to be Jack's real birth name. In this way, Wilde doesn't just question whether art imitates life, or life imitates art, but suggests that life itself is an artifice, quite literally a making of art.
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The Art of Deception: Fact v. Fiction ThemeTracker
The ThemeTracker below shows where, and to what degree, the theme of The Art of Deception: Fact v. Fiction appears in each scene of The Importance of Being Earnest. Click or tap on any chapter to read its Summary & Analysis.
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The Art of Deception: Fact v. Fiction Quotes in The Importance of Being Earnest
Below you will find the important quotes in The Importance of Being Earnest related to the theme of The Art of Deception: Fact v. Fiction.
Act 1, Part 1 Quotes
Jack: When one is placed in the position of guardian, one has to adopt a very high moral tone…And as a high moral tone can hardly be said to conduce very much to either one's health or one's happiness if carried to excess, in order to get up to town I have always pretended to have a younger borther of the anem of Ernest…who gets into the most dreadful scrapes. The, my dear Algy, is the whole truth pure and simple.
Algernon: The truth is rarely pure and never simple. Modern life would be very tedious if it were either, and modern literature a complete impossibility.
Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Algernon Moncrieff (speaker)
Related Symbols: Town and Country, Orphans and Wards
Page Number and Citation: 6
Unlock explanations and citation info for this and every other The Importance of Being Earnest quote.
I have invented an invaluable permanent invalid called Bunbury, in order that I may be able to go down into the country whenever I choose.
Related Characters: Algernon Moncrieff (speaker)
Related Symbols: Town and Country, Bunbury
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The good end happily, and the bad unhappily. That is what Fiction means.
Related Characters: Miss Prism (speaker)
Related Symbols: Miss Prism's Three-volume-novel
Page Number and Citation: 22
If you are not [wicked], then you have certainly been deceiving us all in a very inexcusable manner. I hope you have not been leading a double life, pretending to be wicked and being really good all the time. That would be hypocrisy.
Related Characters: Cecily Cardew (speaker), Algernon Moncrieff
Few girls of the present day have any really solid qualities, any of the qualities that last, and surfaces…There are distinct social possibilities in your profile. The two weak points in our age are its want of principle and its want of profile.
Related Characters: Lady Bracknell (speaker), Cecily Cardew
Gwendolen, it is a terrible thing for a man to find out suddenly that all his life he has been speaking nothing but the truth.
Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Gwendolen Fairfax
Related Symbols: Ernest
Campodonico, Christina. "The Importance of Being Earnest Themes: The Art of Deception: Fact v. Fiction." LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 14 Apr 2014. Web. 21 Jan 2020.
Campodonico, Christina. "The Importance of Being Earnest Themes: The Art of Deception: Fact v. Fiction." LitCharts LLC, April 14, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2020. https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-importance-of-being-earnest/themes/the-art-of-deception-fact-v-fiction.

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Home > Optics > The Conversation
Wellcome Images Awards 2015 - Science Becomes Art
By The Conversation | March 9th 2015 05:00 PM | Print | E-mail
Since they were pioneered by Robert Hooke 350 years ago, microscopes have been extending our vision. In the 21st century, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy, which uses a pinhole to remove out-of-focus light and allows 3D structures to be built from multiple images, have pushed the boundaries of resolution.
Further still, nanoscopes that use fluorescence to circumvent limitations in SEM are already winning Nobel prizes.
The Wellcome Images Awards 2015 are a showcase of the best in science imaging techniques, and this year's crop of winners gives a rich glimpse into a world normally unseen by the human eye. And as we learn more about the intricacies of our bodies and the world around us, the images transform abstract ideas and the constantly moving machine of our bodies into works of art and visual drama. Four nominees for this year's prize tell us how they got their image.
Robert Marc, Calvin and JeNeal Hatch Presidential Endowed Chair, University of Utah
Distribution of metabolites in a mouse kidney, CMP. Jefferson Brown, Robert Marc, Bryan Jones, Glen Prusky, Nazia Alam
We have been perfecting a technology for imaging the metabolism of cells. The core principle is microscopically visualising arrays of up to a dozen different small molecules and computationally fusing these into readable colour images. The molecules are detected by immune probes developed in my laboratory and each mixture of molecules forms a cellular "signature" colour.
The molecules in this image are mapped into image colour channels: aspartic acid as red, glutathione as green and glutamine as blue. Aspartic acid links amino acid and energy metabolism. Glutathione is our primary defence against oxidative damage. Glutamine is a molecular "battery" that stores and distributes amino groups to other molecules.
The image is a thin slice through the various kinds of filtering cells of the mouse kidney. Surprisingly, the images reveal that all tissues, not just kidney, are rainbows of different cell types, each with a unique metabolism. This contradicts our expectation that metabolism is roughly the same in all cells and opens the door for a new generation of molecular tests of cell state in health and disease. Though the kidney yields a spectacular and fiery display, we have yet to craft a theory that explains it.
Gregory Szeto, Koch Institute, MIT
Drug-releasing depots in mouse lungs. Gregory Szeto, Adelaide Tovar, Jeffrey Wyckoff, MIT
This image is one in a series we captured to examine the distribution of engineered, micrometer-sized drug particles (red) targeted to mouse lungs (blue, green). Scale in science and engineering is fascinating, and as technology has advanced, we've increased our ability to take both smaller and larger images with detail and range. Using fluorescent imaging and a confocal laser microscope, we imaged whole lungs at different times to determine where drug particles go.
Information at the organ scale is important when designing particles to obtain even, specific and prolonged delivery of drugs throughout the organ. We can now use whole organs (as opposed to traditional thin slices of tissue on glass slides) to image distribution at this level while also acquiring information about smaller details. This same set of images (more than 1,000 total condensed into a single 2D image) can be made into an interactive 3D model where we can zoom in and out of the organ to find out where our particles are aggregating and distributing, potentially down to single cells.
Speaking as both a scientist and an artist (avid photographer and writer), there is a great deal of overlap between the two areas. Science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) are often set apart from other fields, particularly arts and humanities. In reality, there is so much art in STEM: the visual beauty of an experiment image is not unlike a moving painting or photo; the elegance of manuscript text can rival that of the best prose. Ultimately, innovative scientific research is driven partially by the same intuition that often drives and inspires great art. Striking visuals are just one way for us to stir curiosity in everyone about the work that we love.
Michael Hausser, Professor of Neuroscience, University College London
Purkinje cell and dendritic tree, rat cerebellar cortex, SEM Michael Hausser/Sarah Rieubland/Arnd Roth/UCL
This is an image of a single Purkinje cell in the cerebellum captured using a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope. This kind of electron microscope is relatively new to biology, and uses two beams to image neurons within a block of brain tissue: the first beam etches away the top few nanometers of tissue, and the second beam then captures the image. In this way, neurons and circuits can be imaged at extremely high (nanometer) resolution, while keeping the block of tissue intact (without the loss of resolution and distortions resulting from conventional knife-based sectioning of tissues for electron microscopy).
I find this image endlessly fascinating: not only does it reveal the incredible richness and complexity of the dendritic tree of an important cell type (the processing carried out by Purkinje cells is crucial for precisely timed learned movements); but it also exhibits a beauty that is both ethereal yet precise, like a Japanese woodcut.
Khuloud Al-Jamal, Senior Lecturer in Nanomedicine, King's College London
Brain astrocyte cell taking up carbon nano-needles, SEM Khuloud T. al-Jamal, Serene Tay, Michael Cicirko
The blood-brain barrier is a protective layer of cells that regulates entry of molecules to the brain. Despite acting as a protective mechanism, it also acts as a barrier to delivering drug therapies to the brain. Astrocytes, specialised star-shaped glial cells (non-neuronal cells that support and protect), outnumber neurons over fivefold. These cells contiguously tile the entire central nervous system (CNS) and exert many essential complex functions.
Astrocytic tumours are the commonest type of cancer of the brain. Over the past 40 years systems to deliver drugs to treat these cancers have emerged. Carriers that have been investigated have ranged in size from 10 to 1,000 nanometres. One example of such carriers is a carbon nanotube, a hollow cylinder made from a continuous unbroken hexagonal mesh of carbon molecules, first explored by electron microscopist Sumio Iijima in 1991.
Our image is a scanning electron micrograph of an astrocyte cell (coloured in brown), with a diameter of about 20 micrometers, and captured in the process of taking up carbon nanotubes (green colour). New approaches to brain drug delivery will be the key to unlocking the brain and tackling neurological disorders that would otherwise remain incurable.
Albert Cordona, Janelia Group Leader, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Nervous system in a fruit fly larva, serial section TEM Albert Cordona/HHMI
Mark Bartley, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust
Elderly woman with Kyphosis (curvature of the spine) Mark Bartley
Cutting-edge imaging techniques may delve into the smallest worlds but photographs still powerfully capture our dramatic outer shell as this clinical photograph of an elderly woman's curved spine shows.
Michael Frank, Photographer, Royal Veterinary College
Reticulum (stomach chamber) Michael Frank
If you've never eaten tripe but have wondered what a stomach looks like, here's an image of one taken from a goat.
Kevin Mackenzie, Microscopy Manager, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen
Kevin Mackenzie
A scanning electron micrograph of a greenfly's eye.
Nele Dieckermann and Nicola Lawrence, University of Cambridge
Natural killer (NK) cell immune synapse, 3D-SIM Dieckermann and Lawrence, Cambridge University
Natural killer (NK) cells in our immune system are at the frontline of our immune response and are rapidly deployed by the body to fight infections or growing tumours.
Luis de la Torre-Ubieta, Postdoctoral Fellow, Geschwind Lab, UCLA
Mouse brain, coronal view. Luis de la Torre-Ubieta
By Robert Marc, Distinguished Professor of Ophthalmology at University of Utah Gregory Szeto, Postdoctoral Fellow at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Khuloud Al-Jamal, Senior Lecturer in Nanomedicine at King's College London, and Michael Hausser, Professor of Neuroscience and Wellcome Principal Research Fellow at UCL. This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.
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Help me pick please. Klipsch S4i or Dre Tours? Vote.
Discussion in 'iPhone Accessories' started by Big D 51, Jun 9, 2011.
Which headphones with microphone should I purchase?
After researching MacRumors and Cnet, I can't decide between Klipsch S4i's Premium or Beats by Dr. Dre Tours. Please help me choose.
Was hoping that my current pair would last until Paradigm released their new IEMs, but they finally broke this week. I decided to replace them with the Klipsch S4i IEMs with Comply TX-100 foam tips. Ordered from Amazon, should be here early next week.
Do you mind updating me with your thoughts? I looked on head-fi.org but most of the top ranks were really expensive. Plus they didn't have a microphone to the best of my knowledge. I would like a custom fit kind, buy the ones I looked at that was recommend near the top at head-fi was $1,100 :-/.
I did read on the forums during my search to get foam tips as well. Seems like you made a good decision.
I had the Beats, and was honestly not impressed.
The S4i is really good for it's price range, especially if you put some Comply's on them. I had the S4 and then the S4i....which my wife still uses the S4i and loves them.
The S4 pair eventually came apart....just the halves are glued together. I reglued them and got another 2-3 months out of 'em. I'm not the easiest on headphones....I used them daily, as much as 3-4 hours sometimes while working.
I stepped up to the Denon C710s with using Comply's....much better clarity and bass control IMO, but they add $60 to the budget.
Check out head-fi.org if you really want some forum people as dedicated to headphones as much as we on MR are dedicated to all things .
Head-Fi Motto - > Sorry about your wallet!
You feel the Denon's are better than the Klipsch S4i? Do they have a microphone?
Also, what comply's do you recommend? I check on amazon and there are multiple types. Thanks for helping.
Yes, they don't have the sibilance (high end sounding like snake hiss), and the bottom end is much more controlled (not muddy...you can hear the 'thump' onto the bass drum for example).
No microphone unfortunately....I gave up the microphone in favor of better sound. If the microphone is a necessity (which I understand), then consider the Etymotic Research HF2. It gets great reviews for very accurate reproduction (think iPod without any EQ setting). A quick look on Amazon even shows that Etymotic has several versions for the iPhone with a mic. I've had the HF2, but it wasn't for me. Too 'dry' sounding.
Comply's are specific to the earpiece. The S4i uses a T100, the c710 uses a T400. They are foamies basically, and do wear out. You can 'wash' them for longer life. I get about a month out of a pair. Some people think it's a waste of $, but I really prefer them, as it's better noise isolation vs. the stock tips.
Sound (and what you want to hear) is so individualized. I like things 'very clear' on the upper end, but downright low and tight on the bottom end (punchy, not boomy). Don't care too much for the mid range. I've used everything from the stock Apple buds, to Sony (el cheapos), Denon c710, Westone U3s, Sennheiser IE8s, ETY HF2, Klipsch S4 and S4i, NuForce NE-7M, UE Super.fi Pro 5, V-Moda remix, V-Moda Vibe, and probably several more that I'm forgetting.....). Several of those in the $400 range.....but I still prefer the c710 sound signature.
Great great great information. Thanks for taking the time to type all that and for helping me. I am starting to get frustrated because I have been reading some many different reviews.
Big D, as you now seem aware, there is NOTHING more frustrating than headphone reviews. You have my sympathy! I have used the S4 phones (no mic) and really liked them. The oval tips got a good seal, although I ended up having to insert them upside down. If you can, look for a retailer with a good return policy and try both phones for yourself.
Will do. From What I have read, the S4s need a little break-in before they reach their true potential. I tend to use my headphones almost daily at work so it shouldn't take too long to form my opinion. I have been a big fan of comply tips for awhile now... Makes a world of difference in both sound quality and noise isolation.
I don't know much about the other headphones people have mentionedoth the, BUT I bought both the Dre Tours and the Klipsch S4is at the same time to see which ones I liked better. It took me all of a couple of hours to decide that the S4is were better, hands down. The Dre Tours went back to the store.
It is REALLY frustrating. I have no idea why I am banging my head against the wall over this, but I am. Sometimes researching reviews make decisions harder than they really are. I understand everyone has their own taste which makes the reviews confusing to pick from. Best Buy doesn't carry hardly anything except for the Dre's and a few cheap versions. It is looking like I am going to have to order online which stinks having to send back. Thanks for your input though.
Thank you for your input. The S4i's seem to be getting a lot of positive feedback. Especially for the money. I wish I could find them at a local store. I tried Best Buy, but no luck.
I would be lost without the forums.
S4i's with complys it is. Thanks everyone for all the input and help.
I'll update once I get them in.
I have thikning about buying new earphones too. I am staying away from the beats tho. A friend of mine has bought the m 3 times and they keep breaking. He says he likes the sound tho.
I have something by skullcandy and they are cheap, but they sound really good with the comply T-400. They did sound good. They are startning to break now and are popping in my right ear randomly. So now I am going to soon buy the S4 and whatever comply tips work with those.
whatever comply tips work with those.
T-100's. Mine are on the way and I will let you know what I think. I tried the iBeats before purchasing these and quickly retuned.
Between the two, I would suggest grabbing the S4i's from Klipsch, but you can always try them out at a local retailer just in case. Hope this helps!
I picked up the s4i last week, i think they sound great.
S4i with complys are absolutely amazing. I use the large tips and get a really solid fit. Sound amazing.
I can't wait for mine to get in after seeing all the great reviews. I hate waiting on stuff to arrive!
did you get the klipsch?


•Players pair up and position themselves to the side of the pool and take it in turns to work.
oOver the gate (Forwards & backwards).
oLunge squats (Forwards & backwards, and arms above head).
oSide squats (Arms above head).
oSquat bounding (Arms above head).
oJump and hold landing (Arms above head).


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Robecco sul Naviglio is een gemeente in de Italiaanse provincie Milaan (regio Lombardije) en telt 6438 inwoners (31-12-2004). De oppervlakte bedraagt 20,3 km², de bevolkingsdichtheid is 309 inwoners per km².

De volgende frazioni maken deel uit van de gemeente: Casterno, Cascinazza, Castellazzo de' Barzi, Carpenzago.

Demografie
Robecco sul Naviglio telt ongeveer 2487 huishoudens. Het aantal inwoners steeg in de periode 1991-2001 met 19,6% volgens cijfers uit de tienjaarlijkse volkstellingen van ISTAT.

Geografie
De gemeente ligt op ongeveer 120 m boven zeeniveau.

Robecco sul Naviglio grenst aan de volgende gemeenten: Corbetta, Magenta, Cassinetta di Lugagnano, Cerano (NO), Abbiategrasso.

Externe link
 http://www.comune.robeccosulnaviglio.mi.it/

Gemeente in Milaan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Oil Keeps Spilling but Stars Are Slow to Come
Stephen Colbert, Kevin Costner and Ed Norton are among the few stars involved.
BySHEILA MARIKAR
June 10, 2010 — -- After Katrina, they flocked to New Orleans. After Haiti, they tweeted and telethoned.
But for the most part, more than 50 days after a BP oil rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, the celebrity kingdom's not doing much.
Hollywood, usually quick to turn a crisis into a cause, remains relatively removed from the oil spill that began April 20. No rallies. No telethons. No tear-jerking "Oprah" special; no Brad Pitt wearing waders, wiping down oily pelicans. With a handful of exceptions, the celebrity response has been no response at all.
Why? For a town of performers, this particular tragedy may be lacking in drama.
Actor Edward Norton, who recently launched Crowdrise, an online platform that uses social networking to raise funds for a variety of causes, including the oil spill, speculated that the seeming lack of a human element is keeping Hollywood from diving into the crisis.
"I think that at the moment it feels, with the exception of the tragedy of the explosion itself and the loss of life, it feels environmental, not like a human tragedy," Norton told ABCNews.com at the Mashable Media Summit in New York City this week.
There has been talk: Actor Kevin Costner testified at Wednesday's House committee on Science and Technology hearing on Capitol Hill, saying he can provide an oil-separating technology "that is available immediately, a technology that will allow rigs to resume operation and put people back to work." Director Spike Lee urged President Obama on CNN to "go off," while actor Ted Danson proclaimed "no more ocean drilling."
And there has been some action. On Monday's edition of "The Colbert Report," Stephen Colbert declared that everytime he said the word "bing," the Microsoft search engine of the same name would donate $2,500 to oil-spill cleanup efforts. He managed to say "bing" 40 times in the subsequent 20 minutes (best usage: "Bing is a great Web site for doing Internet Web searches. I know that because I Googled it"), thereby raising $100,000 for a new charity, the Colbert Nation Gulf of America Fund. (Notably not the Gulf of Mexico fund because, as Colbert said, "We broke it, we bought it.")


who carries your heart onto his with his unconditional love.
who builds your first pair of wings to enable you to fly on your own.
who builds your faith when all hope tumbles out from your heart.
who builds you a magical ladder to keep you high off the ground.
who builds your confidence so you make it through the wind and rain.
who builds your strength beyond his own when your life with pain collides.
who knows when he must step aside when another hero has come to carry your heart onto his.


Copyright © 2015 Qiaoyun Dong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease in elder people, pathophysiologic basis of which is the severe deficiency of dopamine in the striatum. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of low-frequency rTMS on Parkinson's disease in model mice. Methods. The effects of low-frequency rTMS on the motor function, cortex excitability, neurochemistry, and neurohistopathology of MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mice were investigated through behavioral detection, electrophysiologic technique, high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection, immunohistochemical staining, and western blot. Results. Low-frequency rTMS could improve the motor coordination impairment of Parkinson's disease mice: the resting motor threshold significantly decreased in the Parkinson's disease mice; the degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neuron and the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase were significantly improved by low-frequency rTMS; moreover, the expressions of brain derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor were also improved by low-frequency rTMS. Conclusions. Low-frequency rTMS had a neuroprotective effect on the nigral dopaminergic neuron which might be due to the improved expressions of brain derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. The present study provided a theoretical basis for the application of low-frequency rTMS in the clinical treatment and recovery of Parkinson's disease.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major neurodegenerative disease in elderly population, the symptom of which includes bradykinesia, resting tremor, muscular rigidity, and gait disturbance [1, 2]. The onset and development of PD is found to be closely related to the cell loss and eosinophilic intracytoplasmic aggregation in substantia nigra (SN) . Recent studies have reported a significant decrease of the striatal dopamine (DA) in PD patients  and the conclusion was supported by that most degenerated cells in SN expressed proteins involved in the synthesis, degeneration, and transport of DA [5, 6]. The underlying mechanism of this neuron loss in PD patients remains unrevealed; however, hypothesis that the degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neuron (NDN) is linked to a lack of trophic support was proposed. Those trophic factors include brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which have been reported to be downregulated in the SN from PD patients. Therapeutic methods focusing on increasing the level of BDNF and GDNF in the SNare are being developed.
Despite the fact that the nigral DA cell loss has been taken as a specific characteristic of PD, the etiology of PD is still not well understood, which makes it difficult to develop perfect therapeutic strategy. Traditional therapies such as DA precursor and operation can only contribute to the control of the disorder but fail to prevent neuronal degeneration along with lots of side effects [7, 8]. Development of promising alternative therapeutic strategies is imperative.
In recent studies, it was suggested that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) might be a potential treatment for different neuropsychiatric diseases [9–13]. The technique is a novel noninvasive and painless treatment associated with few or mild side effects which can produce lasting changes in excitability as well as activity in cortical regions and functionally connected cortical or subcortical regions [9–13]. Several studies have showed that high-frequency (>1 Hz) and low-frequency (<1 Hz) rTMS both had a beneficial effect on motor functions in PD patients [11, 12]; moreover, low-frequency rTMS had a higher safety in clinical practice than high-frequency rTMS. Rationales of rTMS on PD involve the increasing release of DA and BDNF in certain brain areas . However, the mechanism through which rTMS exerts therapeutic effect stays unclear.
In the present study, we investigated the effects of low-frequency rTMS on motor function, cortex excitability, neurochemistry, neurohistopathology of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine- (MPTP-) induced PD mice by behavioral detection, electrophysiologic technique, high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD), immunohistochemical staining, and western blot. We hoped that our study would reveal the mechanism underlying the effect of low-frequency rTMS on PD and improve the practical application of low-frequency rTMS in treating PD patients in the future.
Fifty-six eight-week-old male C57BL/6j mice weighing 240–260 g were randomly divided into four groups, 14 mice for each group: NS group (control group, healthy mice receiving normal saline group injection), PD group (acute PD model group, mice receiving MPTP injection to establish acute PD model), s-rTMS group (sham group, PD model mice exposed to the noise during the rTMS stimulation), and rTMS group (low-frequency rTMS treatment group, PD mice receiving low-frequency rTMS stimulation). For PD model establishment, the mice received four MPTP injections (15 mg/kg, s.c., dissolved in 0.9% saline) with two-hour intervals at the 1st day of the experiment to establish an acute PD model while the mice in NS group were injected with the same volume of saline instead of MPTP at the same time points. All animal experiments were conducted in the accordance with the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee and Animal Care Guidelines of Hebei Medical University that governed the use of experimental animals.
Twenty-four hours after the last injection, the mice in rTMS group received five trains of 1 Hz stimulation for 25 s at the intensity of 1 Tesla with a 10 mm diameter circular coil. The interval between each strain was 2 min. Centers of the coils were 15 mm higher than mice heads. During the stimulation, all the animals were awakened. The treatment was conducted one time per day for mice in rTMS group and lasted for 14 consecutive days at the same time point each day. Mice in s-rTMS group were exposed to the same noise during the rTMS simulation for 14 days with center of coils being more than 10 cm apart from the mice heads. No treatment was performed on mice in NS and PD groups.
The mice were assessed for the motor movement using an automated locomotor activity test and a rotarod test before agents injections and at 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 14th day after the last injection. For automated locomotor activity test, the observation was conducted using a ZH-YLS-ZA Automated Locomotor Activity Control Instrument (Huaibeizhenghua Biological Instrument, Co., LTD) according to the user introduction. Rotary test was conducted based on the method of Vijitruth et al. : mice were placed in a 20 cm diameter rotating bar, and the number of the rotation before mice left the bar was recorded. Each mouse was tested for five times at each time point and the interval between each time was 5 min.
Thirty-two eight-week-old male C57BL/6j mice weighing 240–260 g were randomly divided into four experimental groups as described above, 8 mice for each group. Treatments were performed as described above. Then mice were assessed for their resting motor threshold (RMT) according to previous studies [16, 17] before agents injection and at 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 14th day after the last injection: mice were anesthetized with 40 mg/kg chloralhydrate and stimulated using Magpro X100 Magnetic Stimulator (Dantec Dynamics A/S, Denmark) by placing coil at left brain of the mice. RMT values of the hind leg gastrocnemius were recorded by collecting the magnetic stimulation signal using Counterpoint Electromyography (Oxford Instruments, UK).
Twenty-four male C57BL/6J mice weighing 240–260 g were randomly divided into four experimental groups as described above, 6 mice for each group. Treatments were performed on each group as described above. 24 h after the last stimulation of low-frequency rTMS, mice in each group were executed by breaking the necks, and the level of DA, homovanillic acid (HVA), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in mice striatum was detected using high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) following standard procedures in Beijing Institute of Neurosciences, Capital Medical University.
Fifty-six male C57BL/6J mice weighing 240–260 g were randomly divided into four experimental groups as described above, 14 mice for each group. Treatments were performed on each group as described above. 24 h after the last stimulation of low-frequency rTMS, eight mice from each group were anesthetized with 40 mg/kg chloralhydrate, perfused with 30 mL normal saline and 100 mL 40 g/L paraformaldehyde solution, and brain samples containing SN were then quickly frozen and cut into sections for immunohistochemical staining of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), BDNF, and GDNF proteins in the SN: samples from each group were fixed with 3% hydrogen peroxide and blocked with 10% normal goat serum for 60 min. They were then incubated separately with primary rabbit antibodies against TH (1 : 5000, Chemicon), BDNF (1 : 100 ABcam), and GDNF (1 : 15, ABcam) at 4°C overnight. Samples were rewarmed for 60 min at 37°C before incubating with goat anti-rabbit IgG (1 : 100, Neomarker) for another 60 min at 37°C. Then samples were incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP, 1 : 100) for 60 min at 37°C and then with DAB-H2O2 for 5 min to develop color. Observation of the immunohistochemical staining was conducted using a microscope under 100x magnification. Corrected optical density (COD) value was calculated as the difference between OD values of immunoreactive cells and those of pyramidal tracts cells.
Fresh tissue was dissected from the SN of midbrain of the left six mice in each group after cervical dislocation. Total protein was extracted for TH, BDNF, and GDNF detection by western blot following standard procedures: the extracts were boiled with loading buffer for five minutes and then subject to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) on 10% gels. Targeted proteins were transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride sheets. The membranes were washed with TBST for three times, 20 min for each time. Then the membranes were incubated with primary antibody (rabbit antibody against TH (1 : 1000, Chemicon); rabbit antibody against BDNF (1 : 500, Chemicon); rabbit antibody against GDNF (1 : 25, ABcam); rabbit antibody against β-actin (1 : 300, ABcam)) overnight at room temperature. After additional three washes, secondary antibody (goat anti-rabbit IgG (1 : 1000, Neomarker)) was added and the membrane was incubated for four hours. After three final washes, the blots were developed using Beyo ECL Plus reagent and the results were detected in the Gel Imaging System. The content of the targeted protein was expressed as relative optical densities (RODs), which were calculated as the ratio of OD values of the targeted proteins to that of -actin detected by Quantity One software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.).
All the data were expressed in the form of mean ± SD. Multiple comparisons were conducted by method and correlation was calculated using Pearson coefficiency. All the statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 16.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) with a significant level being 0.05.
Shortly after the first injection of MPTP, model mice showed performance of piloerection, bradykinesia, stroub tail reaction, instability of gait, tremor, and the toes of the hind feet widely separated. Those performances remained in MPTP-treated mice for 5 to 6 h. Similar symptoms were observed after the subsequent injections, and the symptoms of bradykinesia, stiffness, and instability of gait strengthened with the injection of MPTP. However, all the mice showed recovery as regards external appearance 24 h after injection. No abnormality was observed in the control group. No dysfunction was observed in the stimulated animals during or after low-frequency rTMS. The results of automated locomotor activity test showed that treatment of low-frequency rTMS had no improvement on the locomotor activity of model mice (Figure 1; See Supplementary Table S1 in Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/564095); however, significant effect of low-frequency rTMS on the improvement of rotary number was observed in rotary test (Figure 2; Table S2).
Figure 1: The comparison of rotarod testing in different groups at different time points.
Figure 2: The comparison of the locomotor activity in different groups at different time points.
Significant decreases of the RMT of mice were observed in MPTP-treated groups compared to that of the NS group after the first injection of MPTP (Figure 3; Table S3) (). The decrease persisted for PD and s-rTMS groups for the left injections but with a mild pattern. For rTMS group, increase of the RMT of mice was observed since the 3rd day after the last injection. The difference of RMT between rTMS group and PD/s-rTMS groups was significant at the 7th day and 14th day (Figure 3; Table S3) ().
Figure 3: The comparison of RMT of mice in different groups at different time points.
A dramatic decline of DA level was observed in the striatum of PD mice (Figure 4; Table S4) (). DOPAC and HVA level also decreased compared to NS group (Figure 4; Table S4) (). After low-frequency rTMS treatment, the DA, DOPAC, and HVA levels in rTMS group were significantly increased compared with PD and s-TMS groups (Figure 4; Table S4) (). No significant difference was found between s-rTMS and PD group (Figure 4; Table S4).
Figure 4: The effects of low-frequency rTMS on the content of DA and its metabolites in the striatum of PD model mice. *Significantly different from NS group, ; #significantly different from rTMS group, .
The results of immunohistochemical staining were shown in Figure 5 and Table S5. Generally, the expressions of TH, BDNF (including two bands: monomer and homodimer), and GDNF all significantly declined in PD model mice. However, the symptoms were reversed after treatment of low-frequency rTMS. And the results showed that the changes of COD of TH were positively related to those of BDNF and GDNF (Table 1). Same patterns were also observed in the western blot of TH, BDNF, and GDNF, which confirmed the protective effect of low-frequency rTMS on the NDN of PD model mice (Figure 6; Tables 2 and S6).
Table 1: Correlation analysis between COD values of TH and BDNF or GDNF as illustrated by immunohistochemical staining. in SN of mice.
Table 2: Correlation analysis between ROD values of TH and BDNF/GDNF as illustrated by western blot.
Figure 5: The effect of low-frequency rTMS on the expression of TH, BDNF, and GDNF as illustrated by immunohistochemical staining. *Significantly different from NS group, ; #significantly different from rTMS group, .
Figure 6: The effect of low-frequency rTMS on the expression of TH, BDNF, and GDNF as illustrated by western blot. *Significantly different from NS group, ; #significantly different from rTMS group, .
PD is thought to be a result of complex rearrangements in the neuronal circuits which is responsible for motor activity [18–20]. The study of Fox et al.  firstly described the application of rTMS in treating PD, which reported that subthreshold, high-frequency (5 Hz) rTMS over M1 induced a dramatic improvement of reaction and movements times, as well as the performance on the grooved pegboard test. These benefits were confirmed by other groups [22–24]. In the present, we focused on the therapeutic effect of low-frequency rTMS on PD for its higher safety in clinical practice compared to high-frequency rTMS.
Although, in the behavior test, locomotor activity improvement of model mice was not related to low-frequency rTMS treatment, significant improvement of rotary number was observed in the rTMS group (Figures 1 and 2). Such results should suggest that low-frequency rTMS acts on a subclinical level and is strongly effective in normalizing endophenotypic abnormalities of the MPTP induced PD models but has not yet the sufficient efficacy to fully restore even behavior impairment. In addition, the effect of low-frequency rTMS on rotary number increased with the time of treatment, showing the accumulative effect of therapy. Low-frequency rTMS could also act on the cortex excitability of PD model mice and increased of the RMT of model mice since the 3rd day after the last MPTP injection. The difference of RMT between rTMS group and PD/s-rTMS groups was significant at the 7th day and 14th day (Figure 3). Previous studies showed that high-frequency rTMS could increase the excitability of motor cortex , while rTMS lower than 1 Hz could significantly reduce the excitability of cortex with a longer effect . Kinds of brain circuits in PD patients were blocked resulting from the inefficient synthesis of DA. By changing the local excitability and activity of neuron, low-frequency rTMS could influence the long distant cortex and subcortical area and reverse the abnormality in different brain circuits. In addition, the effect of low-frequency rTMS on RMT also had an accumulative effect (Figure 3), which did not show significant difference from those of PD and s-rTMS group until the 7th day of the treatment.
The injection of MPTP could significantly decline the synthesis of DA and its metabolites in the PD model mice (Figure 4). Most of DA distributed in SN striate system, and the main metabolites of DA were HVA and DOPAC. Those molecules all play important roles in motion control  and content of DA in basal ganglia declining to 30% of normal level would cause clinical symptoms of PD . Compared with PD and s-rTMS groups, the syntheses of DA, HVA, and DOPAC were much higher in rTMS group (Figure 4).
Previous study has also indicated that effect of rTMS function is not only through the activation of cortex of PD but also by influencing basal ganglia through striatum . This conclusion was consistent with our results, in which the levels of TH, BDNF, and GDNF were all strengthened in rTMS group (Figures 5 and 6). TH has been taken as the marker enzyme of neurons producing dopamine in brain . The increase of TH would directly improve the synthesis of DA.
Recent studies have proposed that the degeneration of SN may be due to a lack of neurotrophic factor , and the influence of rTMS on the expression of BDNF and GDNF could lead to the protective effect of NDN. BDNF has a critical role in cell differentiation, neuronal survival, migration, dendritic arborization, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity . GDNF promotes the growth, regeneration, and survival of SN dopamine neurons. Both of the two neurotrophins have been reported to decease in PD [33–36]. Results of immunohistochemical staining and western blot showed that the content of BDNF and GDNF dramatically declined in model mice, but the expressions were all improved significantly after a consecutive treatment of low-frequency rTMS (Figures 5 and 6).
Although our study has provided some evidence for the effect of low-frequency rTMS on the protection of NDN, other reports have also revealed the same effect of high-frequency rTMS treatment. In a study of Lee et al. , it was reported that chronic 10 Hz rTMS enhanced the expression of BDNF, GDNF, and increased DA positive neurons in rat model of PD. Based on the results of both studies, it seemed that the protective effect of rTMS might not be due to the frequency. Given the higher safety of low-frequency rTMS, we recommended that application of low-frequency rTMS was the first option in clinical treatment of neurodegenerative disease such as PD.
In conclusion, our results showed that low-frequency rTMS had a considerable effect on the physiological characteristics of MPTP induced PD model mice and could be a potential therapy of PD. The mechanism might be due to the neuroprotective effect on NDN by the improved expressions of BDNF and GDNF. And we suggested that further studies on low-frequency rTMS in treating PD should be conducted. Systematical evaluation of the relevant methodological features would facilitate the establishment of more prominent and longer lasting effects of the therapy.
Qiaoyun Dong made the major contribution to the experiment and draft writing; Yanyong Wang, Ping Gu, Rusheng Shao, Li Zhao, and Xiqi Liu conducted the immunohistochemical staining and western blot; Zhanqiang Wang and Mingwei Wang revised the draft and approved the final submission.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China (C2007000842).


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Sekretarka (Секретарка en rus) - és un poble de la província de Penza, a Rússia, que en el cens del 2010 tenia 887 habitants.

Referències

Pobles de la província de Penza


The Biscayne National Park Artist Proof is an original work by Robert Decker and features the lighthouse at Boca Chita Key at Biscayne National Park.
The Biscayne National Park Artist Proof is a limited edition, and only the first 25 prints pulled from each press run. I personally inspect these proofs on press and sign off on them before the balance of the posters are printed. The Artist Proofs feature the pressman's "color bars", which he uses to ensure that prints stay registered and colors stay consistent throughout the press run. Artist Proofs are numbered 1-25, dated and signed. My signature attests that I have personally inspected and approved each print — and further verified that no unsigned or unnumbered copies within the limited edition are known to exist.
This Limited Edition Biscayne National Park Artist Proof is an original work by Robert B. Decker. An Artist Proof is one of the first 25 prints pulled from each press run, and features the pressman's "color bars". He uses the color bars to ensure that prints stay registered, or aligned, and that colors stay consistent. Numbered 1-25, dated and signed. My signature attests that I have personally inspected and approved each print — and further verified that no unsigned or unnumbered copies within the limited edition are known to exist. Biscayne National Park is located in Florida.
The Biscayne National Park Poster is an original work by Robert Decker and measures 13″ x 19″. Posters are printed on "Conservation," a 100% recycled, domestically produced paper stock with soy-based inks. They are printed by one of the greenest printers in America, right here in Colorado. From start to finish, each poster is 100% American Made.


Ninenis, the forerunner to tennis was the same game in almost every respect. However, the larger court and lower net led to huge runs of unreturnable serves at tounament level.
It was also a full-contact sport, the rackets having sharp blades protruding from the handles. It is now banned in every country except Harvard.


In this article, the term biological computation refers to the proposal that living organisms themselves perform computations, and, more specifically, that the abstract ideas of information and computation may be key to understanding biology in a more unified manner. It is important to point out that the study of biological computation is typically not the focus of the field of computational biology, which applies computing tools to the solution of specific biological problems. Likewise, biological computation is distinct from the field of biologically-inspired computing, which borrows ideas from biological systems such as the brain, insect colonies, and the immune system in order to develop new algorithms for specific computer science applications. While there is some overlap among these different meldings of biology and computer science, it is only the study of biological computation that asks, specifically, if, how, and why living systems can be viewed as fundamentally computational in nature.
Sante Fe Institute Working Paper: 2010-09-021, to appear in ACM Ubiquity Symposium on "What is Computation?" Final version published in "Ubiquity symposium: Biological Computation." Ubiquity 2011. February (2011): 3, found at DOI 10.1145/1940721.1944826.
Mitchell, Melanie, "Biological Computation" (2010). Computer Science Faculty Publications and Presentations. 2.


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Home > About Us > Community Hospital's nonprofit promise > Taking care of our resources
Community Hospital's nonprofit promise
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Putting our community first
Helping those who need it the most
Taking care of our resources
Educating for today and the future
Responding to a public health crisis
In the first days after the Epic electronic health record system was installed at Community Hospital, an emergency department doctor tested its promise of seamless connectivity with other health systems. "A man who had a heart transplant at Stanford came to our ED complaining of chest pain," says Dr. John Ellison. "With the touch of a button, all of his results were right there. As I was talking on the phone with the doctor at Stanford who manages the patient's care, we were both looking at the same results."
Since Montage Health invested in Epic, about 2 million records have been shared among hospitals and care providers through the system's Care Everywhere program, increasing collaboration and reducing duplication. "Care Everywhere is a good name for it because it facilitates care for those who see specialists everywhere," Ellison says. "It makes our job easier; but more important, it provides the patients with better, more coordinated care."


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Call of Cthulhu is a survival horror and role-playing game in genre which is developed by Cyanide and published by Focus Home Interactive. This version of game was released on October 30, 2018 for Microsoft Windows. You can also download The Legend of Heroes Trails in the Sky and Empire Earth 3.
In Call of Cthulhu player is able to experience descending deep into a world of cosmic horrors, creeping madness, and shrouded Old Gods within Lovecraft's iconic universe. In this version of game player will be able to disrupted until he question the reality of everything around him. In this PC version of game player is playing the role of private investigator who is sent to investigate the tragic death of the Hawkins family in their imposing mansion on the isolated Darkwater Island. In Call of Cthulhu player is able to despite his experience in the Great War, Player is not a fighter, and he will need to find solutions to his problems that don't involve a fist fight or gunning down the inhabitants. In this game Sanity plays a huge it up to the player to protect him from these dangers, but some truths only reveal themselves to a mind that lets them in.
Experience rich, open exploration, full of deep dialogue with meaningful choices that impact the narrative.