text:
Alexander Alekhine (Part 4): His Prime Years
IM Silman
Updated: Feb 14, 2014, 1:03 AM |
44 | Other
I left Part 3 of this 7-part series with Alekhine beating Capablanca in their World Championship. Here's how that article ended:
The match itself was a long, extremely tiring affair that covered 34 games before Alekhine achieved the necessary six wins (6-3 with 25 draws). How did Alekhine take down his powerful foe?
There are several reasons:
Alekhine had gotten better. And even here, Alekhine still hadn't reached his prime!
Capablanca wasn't aware of Alekhine's leap in strength, and was overconfident.
Alekhine changed his style (just for this match), tossing out romantic leaps of fancy for a sturdier chess stance. Suddenly Capablanca was facing someone he never played before – a guy that was positionally as solid as a rock, tactically supreme, and technically not too far from Capablanca himself.
Alekhine was in fantastic physical shape, while Capablanca wasn't.
Alekhine had discovered small weaknesses in his opponent's games and was determined to make maximum use of that knowledge, while Capablanca made no such preparations since he expected an easy match victory.
Alekhine was completely focused on the match, while Capablanca explored the city every night, partied, and enjoyed the company of adoring female fans.
Personally, I think Capablanca was a slightly superior player in 1927, but the many factors above confused and ultimately overwhelmed the Cuban genius.
After the match Alekhine continued to improve, and by 1930 he was, without any doubt whatsoever, the strongest player on earth. In a way, Alekhine's match victory was a form of "taking out the old and bringing in the new" since he created the blueprint that all modern chess pros follow today: Deep opening preparation, world class skills in every phase of the game, psychological preparation, physical preparation, and a deep study of the strengths and weaknesses of each of his opponents.
And this leads us into Part 4:
After winning the title in late 1927, Alekhine didn't play again (leaving out blitz events and exhibitions) until June of 1929 (Bradley Beach in the United States). He easily won this event with 8 wins, 1 draw, no losses (Lajos Steiner came in 2nd, a point and a half behind. Marshall came in 6th).
Puzzle 1:
In September of 1929 he defended his title, in a 25 game match for the World Championship, against his old foe Bogoljubov, winning decisively: 11 wins, 5 losses, 9 draws. Alekhine uncharacteristically turned several winning positions into draws, so the score could have been far worse for the challenger.
Efim Bogoljubov as a young man | Image Wikipedia
I'll take a moment out to share a story about these two players. I don't recall where or when it took place (and I'm too lazy to do a deep search), but it's extremely funny and thus well worth sharing.
Both men (who were sometimes friends and sometimes not) had played in the same tournament, and during the award's ceremony Alekhine found himself on the podium. Instead of doing the usual "thank you" routine, he said the following: "Last night I had a dream. I had died and found myself at the Pearly Gates, but when I tried to enter I was told by Saint Peter that chess players were not allowed into Heaven! I wandered along the endless fence, hoping to find some other entry point, but it was hopeless. Then, suddenly I saw Bogoljubov on the other side, having a great time! I rushed back to Saint Peter and said, 'You told me that chess players aren't allowed in Heaven. But if that is so, why was Bogoljubov allowed in?' Saint Peter replied, 'Oh, he only thinks he's a chess player!'"
This shows that Alekhine had quite a sense of humor. Here's another example of his biting wit:
"When asked, 'How is that you pick better moves than your opponents?' I responded: I'm very glad you asked that, because, as it happens, there is a very simple answer. I think up my own moves, and I make my opponent think up his."
The years 1930 and 1931 showed Alekhine in his prime. An attacking/combinative genius, he was the world's greatest opening theorist, had magnificent positional skills, and was extremely strong in the endgame. In other words, he could do everything at the highest level, had no weaknesses, and was clearly superior to every other player on earth (including Capablanca).
After winning his match against Bogoljubov, his next two events left the chess world (and his opponents!) in awe:
Alekhine 1st – 13 wins, 2 draws, no losses.
Nimzowitsch 2nd – 3½ points behind Alekhine!
Others: Rubinstein, Bogoljubov, Yates, Ahues, Spielmann, Vidmar, Maroczy, Tartakower, Colle, Kmoch, etc.
Some thought that he would never improve on such a dominating performance, but he did just that in his very next event!
Alekhine playing Del Turco, San Remo 1930 | Image Wikipedia
Puzzle 10:
Bled 1931
Alekhine 1st – 15 wins, 11 draws, no losses.
Bogoljubov 2nd (5½ points behind Alekhine!)
Others: Nimzowitsch, Flohr, Kashdan, Stoltz, Vidmar, Tartakower, Kostic, Spielmann, Maroczy, Colle, Asztalos, Pirc.
It's important to understand that Nimzowitsch was the 3rd best player on earth (Alekhine and Capablanca being the top two, of course) during the years 1927 – 1931. So imagine the impact it made on the world when the following game was played:
A 19-move rout vs. the great Nimzowitsch? How is this possible? After this game, Nimzowitsch said: "He deals with us like inexperienced fledglings."
"In the whole history of chess there has been no other player who decided so many games by brilliant tactical blows as did Alexander Alekhine." – Garry Kasparov.
It's clear that in this period, Alekhine was head and shoulders above everyone else. He simply overwhelmed anyone that dared sit across from him!
It's well known that Levon Aronian, the present number 2 player in the world, considers Alekhine to be the greatest player of all time. But Kasparov is another admirer:
"Alexander Alekhine is the first luminary among the others who are still having the greatest influence on me. I like his universality, his approach to the game, his chess ideas. I am sure that the future belongs to Alekhine chess."
It's easy to understand why Kasparov (one of the most dynamic players in history) loved Alekhine's style, but Fischer, who was more of a technician and sought clarity whenever possible, didn't care for Alekhine's chaos. Nevertheless, you don't have to love it to respect it. Fischer:
"Alekhine has never been a hero of mine, and I've never cared for his style of play. There's nothing light or breezy about it; it worked for him, but it could scarcely work for anyone else. He played gigantic conceptions, full of outrageous and unprecedented ideas. He had great imagination; he could see more deeply into a situation than any other player in chess history. It was in the most complicated positions that Alekhine found his grandest concepts."
Alas, flesh and blood humans don't live in fairyland, at least not permanently, and by 1932 his gifts slowly started to deteriorate – he was almost 40 and, more importantly, poor health started to whittle away his greatness. The decline was slow at first (he was still incredibly strong!), but the occasional loss found its way into his results as he embraced Bacchus more and more (according to Hans Kmoch, Alekhine was drinking at Bled in 1931, and drank heavily during his 1934 match with Bogoljubov).
We'll continue to explore Alekhine's life in Part 5, Singing the Middle-Aged Blues.
RELATED STUDY MATERIAL
Read Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3 in this series;
Watch GM Roman Dzindzichashvili's video Greatest Chess Minds: Alexander Alekhine;
Check out Eric Tangborn's Chess Mentor Combinations of Alexander Alekhine.
More from IM Silman
Learning Pawn Structure For Chess Players Under 2000
Learning Basic Pawn Structures


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text:
Q: Invalid column name when using EF Core filtered includes I came across this error when modifying a DB first project (using fluent migrator) and scaffolding the EF context to generate models. I have reproduced it by making a code-first simplification. This means that I can't accept answers that suggest modifying the annotations or fluent configuration, because this will be deleted and recreated on the next migration and scaffold.
The simplified idea is that a device has:

*

*many attributes

*many histories representing changes to the device over time

*

*each history entry has an optional location

IOW you can move a device around to locations (or no location) and keep track of that over time.

The code-first model I came up with to simulate this is as follows:
public class ApiContext : DbContext
{
    public ApiContext(DbContextOptions<ApiContext> options) : base(options) { }

    public DbSet<Device> Devices { get; set; }
    public DbSet<History> Histories { get; set; }
    public DbSet<Location> Locations { get; set; }
}

public class Device
{
    public int DeviceId { get; set; }
    public string DeviceName { get; set; }

    public List<History> Histories { get; } = new List<History>();
    public List<Attribute> Attributes { get; } = new List<Attribute>();
}

public class History
{
    public int HistoryId { get; set; }
    public DateTime DateFrom { get; set; }
    public string State { get; set; }

    public int DeviceId { get; set; }
    public Device Device { get; set; }

    public int? LocationId { get; set; }
    public Location Location { get; set; }
}

public class Attribute
{
    public int AttributeId { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }

    public int DeviceId { get; set; }
    public Device Device { get; set; }
}

public class Location
{
    public int LocationId { get; set; }
    public string LocationName { get; set; }

    public List<History> Histories { get; } = new List<History>();
}

Running the following query to select all devices works fine. I'm using a filtered include to only select the most recent history for this "view":
var devices = _apiContext.Devices.AsNoTracking()
    .Include(d => d.Histories.OrderByDescending(h => h.DateFrom).Take(1))
    .ThenInclude(h => h.Location)
    .Include(d => d.Attributes)
    .Select(d => d.ToModel()).ToList();

that works fine, however when I try and select only one device by ID using the same includes:
var device = _apiContext.Devices.AsNoTracking()
    .Include(d => d.Histories.OrderByDescending(h => h.DateFrom).Take(1))
    .ThenInclude(h => h.Location)
    .Include(d => d.Attributes)
    .First(d => d.DeviceId == deviceId)
    .ToModel();

I get the following error:
Unhandled exception. Microsoft.Data.SqlClient.SqlException (0x80131904): Invalid column name 'LocationId'.
Invalid column name 'HistoryId'.
Invalid column name 'DateFrom'.
Invalid column name 'LocationId'.
Invalid column name 'State'.
   at Microsoft.Data.SqlClient.SqlConnection.OnError(SqlException exception, Boolean breakConnection, Action`1 wrapCloseInAction)
   at Microsoft.Data.SqlClient.SqlInternalConnection.OnError(SqlException exception, Boolean breakConnection, Action`1 wrapCloseInAction)
   at Microsoft.Data.SqlClient.TdsParser.ThrowExceptionAndWarning(TdsParserStateObject stateObj, Boolean callerHasConnectionLock, Boolean asyncClose)
   at Microsoft.Data.SqlClient.TdsParser.TryRun(RunBehavior runBehavior, SqlCommand cmdHandler, SqlDataReader dataStream, BulkCopySimpleResultSet bulkCopyHandler, TdsParserStateObject stateObj, Boolean& dataReady)
   at Microsoft.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataReader.TryConsumeMetaData()
   at Microsoft.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataReader.get_MetaData()
   at Microsoft.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand.FinishExecuteReader(SqlDataReader ds, RunBehavior runBehavior, String resetOptionsString, Boolean isInternal, Boolean forDescribeParameterEncryption, Boolean shouldCacheForAlwaysEncrypted)
   at Microsoft.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand.RunExecuteReaderTds(CommandBehavior cmdBehavior, RunBehavior runBehavior, Boolean returnStream, Boolean isAsync, Int32 timeout, Task& task, Boolean asyncWrite, Boolean inRetry, SqlDataReader ds, Boolean describeParameterEncryptionRequest)
   at Microsoft.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand.RunExecuteReader(CommandBehavior cmdBehavior, RunBehavior runBehavior, Boolean returnStream, TaskCompletionSource`1 completion, Int32 timeout, Task& task, Boolean& usedCache, Boolean asyncWrite, Boolean inRetry, String method)
   at Microsoft.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand.RunExecuteReader(CommandBehavior cmdBehavior, RunBehavior runBehavior, Boolean returnStream, String method)
   at Microsoft.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand.ExecuteReader(CommandBehavior behavior)
   at Microsoft.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand.ExecuteDbDataReader(CommandBehavior behavior)
   at System.Data.Common.DbCommand.ExecuteReader()
   at Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Storage.RelationalCommand.ExecuteReader(RelationalCommandParameterObject parameterObject)
   at Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Query.Internal.SingleQueryingEnumerable`1.Enumerator.InitializeReader(DbContext _, Boolean result)
   at Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer.Storage.Internal.SqlServerExecutionStrategy.Execute[TState,TResult](TState state, Func`3 operation, Func`3 verifySucceeded)
   at Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Query.Internal.SingleQueryingEnumerable`1.Enumerator.MoveNext()
   at System.Linq.Enumerable.Single[TSource](IEnumerable`1 source)
   at Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Query.Internal.QueryCompiler.Execute[TResult](Expression query)
   at Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Query.Internal.EntityQueryProvider.Execute[TResult](Expression expression)
   at System.Linq.Queryable.First[TSource](IQueryable`1 source, Expression`1 predicate)
   at efcore_test.App.PrintSingleDevice(Int32 deviceId) in C:\Users\Iain\projects\efcore-5-bug\efcore-test\App.cs:line 44
   at efcore_test.Program.<>c__DisplayClass1_0.<Main>b__4(App app) in C:\Users\Iain\projects\efcore-5-bug\efcore-test\Program.cs:line 28
   at efcore_test.Program.RunInScope(IServiceProvider serviceProvider, Action`1 method) in C:\Users\Iain\projects\efcore-5-bug\efcore-test\Program.cs:line 35
   at efcore_test.Program.Main(String[] args) in C:\Users\Iain\projects\efcore-5-bug\efcore-test\Program.cs:line 28
ClientConnectionId:1418edb2-0889-4f4d-9554-85344c9a35a9
Error Number:207,State:1,Class:16

I can't figure out why this is working for a number of rows but not working for a single row.
For completeness, ToModel() is just an extension method to return a POCO.
I'm not even sure where to start looking, ideas welcome!
Edit

*

*bug report: https://github.com/dotnet/efcore/issues/26585

*repro: https://github.com/thinkOfaNumber/efcore-5-test

A: Update: The bug is fixed in EF Core 6.0, so the next applies to EF Core 5.0 only.
Looks like you have hit EF Core 5.0 query translation bug, so I would suggest to seek/report it to EF Core GitHub issue tracker.
From what I can tell, it's caused by "pushing down" the root query as subquery because of the Take operator (which is basically what First method is using in the second case). This somehow messes up the generated subquery aliases and leads to invalid SQL.
It can be seen by comparing the generated SQL for the first query
SELECT [d].[DeviceId], [d].[DeviceName], [t0].[HistoryId], [t0].[DateFrom], [t0].[DeviceId], [t0].[LocationId], [t0].[State], [t0].[LocationId0], [t0].[LocationName], [a].[AttributeId], [a].[DeviceId], [a].[Name]
FROM [Devices] AS [d]
OUTER APPLY (
    SELECT [t].[HistoryId], [t].[DateFrom], [t].[DeviceId], [t].[LocationId], [t].[State], [l].[LocationId] AS [LocationId0], [l].[LocationName]
    FROM (
        SELECT TOP(1) [h].[HistoryId], [h].[DateFrom], [h].[DeviceId], [h].[LocationId], [h].[State]
        FROM [Histories] AS [h]
        WHERE [d].[DeviceId] = [h].[DeviceId]
        ORDER BY [h].[DateFrom] DESC
    ) AS [t]
    LEFT JOIN [Locations] AS [l] ON [t].[LocationId] = [l].[LocationId]
) AS [t0]
LEFT JOIN [Attribute] AS [a] ON [d].[DeviceId] = [a].[DeviceId]
ORDER BY [d].[DeviceId], [t0].[DateFrom] DESC, [t0].[HistoryId], [t0].[LocationId0], [a].[AttributeId]

and for the second (or just inserting .Where(d => d.DeviceId == deviceId).Take(1) before Select in the first):
SELECT [t].[DeviceId], [t].[DeviceName], [t1].[HistoryId], [t1].[DateFrom], [t1].[DeviceId], [t1].[LocationId], [t1].[State], [t1].[LocationId0], [t1].[LocationName], [a].[AttributeId], [a].[DeviceId], [a].[Name]
FROM (
    SELECT TOP(1) [d].[DeviceId], [d].[DeviceName]
    FROM [Devices] AS [d]
    WHERE [d].[DeviceId] = @__deviceId_0
) AS [t]
OUTER APPLY (
    SELECT [t].[HistoryId], [t].[DateFrom], [t].[DeviceId], [t].[LocationId], [t].[State], [l].[LocationId] AS [LocationId0], [l].[LocationName]
    FROM (
        SELECT TOP(1) [h].[HistoryId], [h].[DateFrom], [h].[DeviceId], [h].[LocationId], [h].[State]
        FROM [Histories] AS [h]
        WHERE [t].[DeviceId] = [h].[DeviceId]
        ORDER BY [h].[DateFrom] DESC
    ) AS [t0]
    LEFT JOIN [Locations] AS [l] ON [t].[LocationId] = [l].[LocationId]
) AS [t1]
LEFT JOIN [Attribute] AS [a] ON [t].[DeviceId] = [a].[DeviceId]
ORDER BY [t].[DeviceId], [t1].[DateFrom] DESC, [t1].[HistoryId], [t1].[LocationId0], [a].[AttributeId]

Note the usage of [t] in the first SELECT [t].[HistoryId]... inside the OUTER APPLY, which in the fist query is alias to the inner Histories subquery in FROM clause, while in second it is alias to the outer Devices subquery, which of couse have no columns mentioned in the error message. Apparently in the second case [t0] should have been used.
Since it is a bug, you have to wait it to be fixed. Until then, the workaround I could suggest is to explicitly execute row limiting operator (First) outside of the EF Core query context, e.g.
var device = _apiContext.Devices.AsNoTracking()
    .Include(d => d.Histories.OrderByDescending(h => h.DateFrom).Take(1))
    .ThenInclude(h => h.Location)
    .Include(d => d.Attributes)
    .Where(d => d.DeviceId == deviceId) // instead of .First(d => d.DeviceId == deviceId)
    .AsEnumerable() // switch to client evaluation (LINQ to Objects context)
    .First() // and execute `First` here
    .ToModel();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Toxoplasma gondii är en encellig protozoisk parasit (urdjur), som ingår i släktet Toxoplasma. Majoriteten av alla varmblodiga djur, inklusive människor, kan infekteras av parasiten, som är den vanligaste parasiten i i-länder. Sjukdomen som uppkommer av parasiten, toxoplasmos, har infekterat omkring en tredjedel av världens befolkning. Parasiten har en komplicerad livscykel och den kan endast föröka sig i levande celler. Dess huvudvärd är katt, hos vilken arten kan föröka sig sexuellt i matsmältningsorganet. Vanligtvis ger toxoplasmos inga allvarliga symptom, men den kan leda till dödliga följder för ett foster, om modern smittas av sjukdomen för första gången under graviditeten, och särskilt för människor eller katter med immunbrist. Människan kan få infektionen genom intag av rått eller dåligt tillagat kött. Störst risk anses slaktare och jägare ha. Infektionen varierar från 10–90 % i en befolkning beroende på exponering och kostvanor.

Livscykel
T. gondiis livscykel kan delas in i två faser: den sexuella delen som sker i katter och den asexuella delen som kan ske såväl i katter som hos andra varmblodiga mellanvärdar.

I kattens matsmältningsorgan förökar sig parasiten sexuellt. I mognaden av T. gondii bildas två sporocystor ifrån varje oocysta. Varje sporocysta innehåller fyra sporozoiter. Det är den vilande fasen av T. gondii. Hos en infekterad katt sprids dessa via avföringen. Oocystorna kan sedan överleva i jorden i flera månader. Människor och djur kan då inandas dessa oocystor genom markjord och via vegetationen kring markjorden som blivit förorenad med dessa.

När ett varmblodigt djur får i sig oocystorna, frigörs sporozoiterna. De tas upp av makrofager och transporteras till värdens hjärta, tunga, lymfkörtlar och mjälte för att föröka sig asexuellt. Hos såväl huvudvärden som mellanvärdarna, invaderar Toxoplasma-parasiten celler och bildar ett utrymme kallat vakuol. Inuti dessa specialiserade vakuoler, en sorts parasitplasmodium, bildar sporozoiterna pseudocystor, som innehåller mängder av bradyzoiter. Bradyzoiter är den fas, då T. gondii multipliceras långsamt inom dessa vävnadcystor. Vakuolerna som innehåller de reproduktiva bradyzoiterna bildar cystor främst i muskelvävnad och hjärna. Eftersom parasiterna då befinner sig inuti celler, går de säkra för värdens immunsystem, som inte svarar på cystorna.

Bradyzoiter intas antingen av katt genom vilda bytesdjur, men kan även intas av människan genom dåligt tillagat kött.

Beteendeförändringar hos värddjur
Parasiten har förmågan att förändra beteendet hos råttor och möss. Parasiten förändrar hjärnan på råttor med följd att de blir mindre rädda för katter. Den här effekten är gynnsam för parasiten, då den får slutföra sin livscykel hos katten, som är dess primära värddjur.

Det har spekulerats om att människors beteende också skulle kunna påverkas på något sätt. Samband har hittats mellan latent toxoplasmainfektion hos människor med en specifik blodgrupp och vissa egenskaper, som förhöjd riskbenägenhet och långsamma reaktioner. Det diskuteras även om toxoplasmos kan orsaka ångest hos både människor och andra däggdjur. Toxoplasma gondii kan även ge upphov till personlighetsförändringar hos en individ med nedsatt immunförsvar, exempelvis en AIDS-smittad. En senare studie vid University of Maryland på 45 000 danska kvinnor, visar att de som infekterats med T. gondii hade 1,5 gånger högre självmordsbenägenhet än kvinnor som inte infekterats.

Immunförsvarets roll
Immunförsvaret hos värden spelar en väldigt stor roll för hur värden kommer hantera parasiten. En individ med ett väl fungerande immunförsvar kan bära en livslång latent toxoplasmainfektion. Parasitens livscykel delas in i ett vilande stadium och ett aktivt stadium. Det är när immunförsvaret är tillräckligt nedsatt som parasiten övergår till det aktiva stadiet. Symptom uppkommer först när parasiten är aktiv och går då att behandla med medicinering. Hos en gravid kvinna, eller hos en person med nedsatt immunförsvar, kan sjukdomen bli mycket allvarlig. En individ som har förmågan att producera en viss typ av antikroppar drabbas av betydligt mindre långdragna kliniska symptom. Parasiten kan överlista immunförsvaret genom att dela sig obegränsat i våra celler. Detta gör att cellerna sprängs då flera aktiva parasiter kommer ut och kan infektera nya celler i kroppen.

Symptom vid toxoplasmos
Ett fåtal personer utvecklar toxoplasmos, som orsakas av T. gondii och det kan resultera i feber, lunginflammation, körtelfeber eller hjärtmuskelinflammation. Vanligtvis ger inte toxoplasmos några bestående skador, men i ett fåtal fall för AIDS-patienter och för foster i ett tidigt stadium kan det ge bestående men senare i livet. Fostret kan få skador såsom inflammation i ögats näthinna, som kan leda till blindhet. En person med AIDS kan få skador som kan ge upphov till encefalit. Encefalit är en inflammation i hjärnan, som ofta orsakas av virus. Symptomen vid toxoplasmos varierar, de flesta smittade är symptomlösa.

Förebygga och behandla
Det går att förebygga genom vissa åtgärder, såsom att inte äta köttfärs som inte är tillräckligt tillagad, och att inte låta gravida kvinnor tömma kattlådan. Vid upphettning till minst 65 °C eller djupfrysning till minst -18 °C i tre dygn dör parasiten och risken för att smittas minskar drastiskt. Det finns inget vaccin mot toxoplasmos som orsakas av T. gondii. Det är först när parasiten är aktiv, som den går att behandla med medicinering och detta görs med hjälp av antibiotika. Den inaktiva fasen, där parasiten vilar i hjärnan, kan inte behandlas. AIDS-patienter med toxoplasmos kräver ofta behandling under resten av sitt liv.

Noter och referenser

Ursprunglig källa
 Engelska Wikipedia – Toxoplasma gondii

Externa länkar

 TWiP 12: Toxoplasma gondii (engelska), en podcast om parasiten Toxoplasma gondii (70 MB .mp3, 98 minutes).
 TWiP 13: Toxoplasmosis (engelska), en podcast om de kliniska konsekvenserna av toxoplasmainfektion (61 MB .mp3, 84 minutes).
 Toxoplasma gondii in the Subarctic and Arctic
 Toxoplasmosis - Recent advances, Open access book published in September 2012
 Wild and domestic animals as hosts of Toxoplasma gondii in Finland
 Olsen A et al. (2019) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic pigs, sheep, cattle, wild boars, and moose in the Nordic-Baltic region: A systematic review and meta-analysis Parasite Epidemiology and Control 2019.

Protister
Parasiter
Protozoinfektioner

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Place on the hard flat surface. A hard surface is very important.
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Ensure pin stays upright in order to pierce material without breaking.
spike. Push down slightly to secure it.
5. Use thumbs to exert pressure, pushing the cap down the length of the pin.
It is VERY important to push it down as far as it will go.


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The fake news item was posted on the websites of Russkaya Vesna, Politikus, NewsFront, Antifashist and others.
Headlines for these articles claimed that the incident happened in the city of Lviv, while the articles themselves claimed that the monument was demolished in the village of Velykosilky in the Kamianka-Buzka District of Lviv Oblast.
The monument to Bandera in question was actually torn down two-and-a-half years ago by vandals.


Police say a woman on a personal watercraft cut in front of a powerboat in Assawoman Bay Thursday afternoon.
An Ocean City woman was hospitalized Thursday after a collision between a powerboat and a personal watercraft in Assawoman Bay left her with severe lacerations to one leg and her back, according to Maryland Natural Resources Police.
Rose Ann Seaman, 52, was driving a Yamaha personal watercraft in Fenwick Ditch at the north end of Assawoman Bay around 2 p.m. Thursday afternoon, Aug. 11, according to NRP spokeswoman Candy Thomson, and witnesses said Seaman cut in front of a powerboat. After colliding with the 30-foot boat, driven by Stanford Thomas Morre Jr., 65, of Selbyville, Delaware, Seaman was knocked off her watercraft, went under the boat, and was struck in the leg by the boat's propeller, according to Thomson.
She was airlifted to Christiana Hospital in Newark, Delaware, Thomson said. The extent of her injuries has not been announced.
Natural Resources Police impounded the jet ski and interviewed witnesses.


text:
Are we underestimating how many people are resistant to Covid-19?
Home /International News - Actualité internationale/Are we underestimating how many people are resistant to Covid-19?
Image: Dreamstime
Antibody testing, as we know, was slow to get going and unreliable to begin with, and the results to date suggest that the proportions of populations carrying antibodies to the Covid-19 virus are often in single or low-double digits. New, more sensitive antibody tests that have become available in recent weeks could soon provide a much more accurate picture if deployed widely enough, but there are already hints that the results to date may be underestimates.First there was evidence based on diagnostic testing of postmortem samples from patients who died in December that the virus was circulating in western countries – notably France and the US – about a month earlier than was initially thought. New research shows that another component of the human immune response – T cells, which help orchestrate the antibody response – show memory for coronavirus infection when exposed to Sars-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19.In a paper published in Cell on 14 May, researchers at the La Jolla Institute for Immunology in California reported that T cells in blood drawn from people between 2015 and 2018 recognised and reacted to fragments of the Sars-CoV-2 virus. To determine whether it does would involve following a large number of people who show such cross-reactivity to see if they are protected, if not from infection with Covid-19, then at least from severe forms of the disease.If exposure to other coronaviruses does protect against Covid-19, Gupta says, then variability in that exposure could explain much of the difference in fatality rates between countries or regions. Holding to her hunch, she believes that lockdown was an overreaction and that frontline care and protection of the vulnerable – which should have been a priority from the beginning – should be prioritised now. Heymann remains wary of models, which he says have too often been mistaken for reality in this pandemic, and he awaits more data: "I don't think anybody can predict the destiny of this virus at this point in time," he says.
Read more at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/07/immunological-dark-matter-does-it-exist-coronavirus-population-immunity
Coronavirus: la grande déprime des artisans traditionnels du Maroc
Covid-19 : plus aucun cas en Nouvelle-Zélande, qui va lever ses restrictions
TAGS: Covid-19 Coronavirus English Medical research / Recherche médicale

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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My name is Sabrina and I started studying Japanese at one year. I am Brazilian!!!
I'm in love with Asian culture and I intend to travel soon to Japan. My favorite food is gwioza n' my favorite anime is Kamisama Hajimemashita.
I hope you take care of me and teach me your culture.


I am despised. I am met with sarcasm, anger, wrath and a mean spirit. I am told that I am a "headache, drama, that I think I am better than others, that I am dumb" and so much more. I am told these things by someone who I have extreme limited contact with, someone whom I personally never reach out to, try to avoid as much possible communication with, someone I deliberately tell myself to not interact with. We were acquaintances turned into friends, then into lovers, relationship, family. Now it seems like enemies on a battlefield.
Last month I made the most difficult decision of my life. I chose to forgive someone who traumatized me so badly, someone who devastated my inner core, tore me down and shattered me apart. Prior to this experience and the demise of the relationship I never believed a person could have such a profound negative effect on another. I never truly believed that one individual could wreak so much havoc into another persons life. I learned.
I decided to forgive because it was a decision I had to make for myself. I decided to forgive because I was being held captive in my sentiments of despair and anguish and the only one suffering was myself. I decided to forgive because God called me to it, because through this God's strength is revealed in my weakness. I know that I myself am not capable of forgiving this person. Only through God am I able to.
I gave it to my spiritual mother. I gave it to my Savior. I told them I was deciding to forgive but that I could only do so if each of them aided me by each holding my hand and carrying this burden with me. I chose to stop hurting myself over the tragic experiences that the said individual could care less about. I chose to no longer give importance in my anguish to the individual. I now choose to no longer ask God "why". I now choose to trust God in leading me away and into a new path.
It's too common nowadays to see individuals become friends and lovers, create life and then become enemies. It's sad is what it is. Children become victims. Victims of their parent's selfishness, tempers and lack of maturity.
My story is one of the same (probably to be met with backlash or opinions of individuals who choose to read my post and give commentary without even knowing me or my life). I write about these experiences to educate others on toxic personalities, abusive relationships and the complexity of dealing with a narcissist and all it entails.
My son will turn five years old this month and has asked me on occasion why his father doesn't live with him. I choose to tell my son the truth. I tell him because that was what his father decided. My son asks me about the child that his father had with the woman that he walked out for. I choose to tell my son the truth. I tell him I do not know the child, the child's name or anything about the child because that child is not in our family. That is the best way I am able to answer my son. That is the truth. The problem is that it is also an absurd and unhealthy way to raise a child. A child who is coming to an age of comprehension and understanding and curiosity who is met with answers that don't satisfy his need to know and then I wonder does he really need to know? I mean what will it benefit him?
My son has two older half siblings that I was once much involved with, whom my son knows that he never sees now because his father chooses not to bring them to visit with my son. If he doesn't see the siblings that he knows then why the need to know about another child that came after him that he will never see nor will know given the strict boundaries I have placed and circumstances regarding my son's visitation and court order? I believe that the problem is in how it is addressed. It is a lack of maturity and irresponsibility for the paternal parent to give information to a child who then goes to process the information with the maternal parent and the maternal parent is unable to answer the child's questions because the paternal parent chooses not to inform the maternal parent. "Where does my dad live"? "Why does he live with that baby and not with me"? "What is the baby's name"? He asks.
" I don't know papi" I tell him. "I don't know anything about your dad or his life. He is not in our life. He is not in my family". That is the best way for me to respond.
I never experienced this kind of sadness of a broken family. My daughter's father and I have decent communication. We try to interact civilly and honestly and respectfully. Is it perfect? No. We have our moments of meeting challenges in co-parenting but we do that, we co-parent as best as we are able to. Could he do more? Sure. There is always room for improvement but the little that he does do is met with a civil respect and dialogue.
Foolishness is thinking that we may have the same with a person who has abused us in the past. Foolishness is thinking that perhaps in the future the narcissistic personality individual will mature in regards to the circumstances and engage in a healthy and mature manner.
My son is turning five years old. For the past year and a half that I completely disengaged myself and set up strict boundaries it still has not mattered. The communication when encountered is met with anger and lack of respect. The care and concern is obsolete. The circumstances volatile.
What I have learned aside from blocking all communication with the exception of visitation confirmation and actual visitation is that even in those few moments of engagement the narcissist will regress to who they have always been towards you and treat you as such. "Only when I deal with you am I miserable", "Only with you do I have to be like this" is what I was told at our last encounter. It was also what I was told for many years prior to, during and after the arrival of my son. The trigger for his anger towards me… I was driving a new car, an SUV that I had had that only now that I registered (which he thought a concern of his to want to know when I purchased it). "Only when I deal with you am I miserable" I am told. His anger coming through and yet the trigger…. he was looking at my SUV to argue that it was an unsafe vehicle for "his son" to be in. An SUV that he claimed needed new brakes, when I witnessed and participated in my new brakes being put in just a week ago. "The brakes are fine" I responded. Fury overcame his persona. " If you don't like my brake job then give me money to have them done over" I replied. "That's your car you want to blow money on a car, you fix it" he shot back.
You see it wasn't about the safety of my son driving in my new car. "If you are concerned about the safety of "your son" then you would help to have them done over so his safety wouldn't be a concern" I had stated before leaving the vicinity. It wasn't about safety. The SUV had just passed inspection and was registered, insured and safe to drive. It was simply about the fact that I had something new and better than he had seen me in as of most recent. It was simply because he saw me slightly improve for the better. That's all it takes. I experienced the same when obtaining my bachelors degree when I was told I was "on my high horse thinking I was better than others because I had a degree". I was told I would never get a good job even with my degree and then once I secured employment with the government was then told that I thought I was "perfect" and that "not everyone can be perfect like you" once I obtained my masters degree. Even on my most recent trip to Bermuda I was initially told " eeewww why would you want to go there".
Everything I do is an issue. The fact that I have very, very, very limited communication, that this individual knows nothing of me nor my life nor talks to me means nothing. In his response I make him miserable. "I careless" he responses when I tell him he knows nothing about me or my life or talks to me. It's sad to have created life with an individual who is so cold hearted and just meets your existence with such negativity. Sad, that just a week ago I considered maybe giving him the opportunity to be more involved and have better communication just so he could call my son on my son's birthday or attend my son's preschool graduation or kindergarten orientation. He reminded me why what I do and how I handle his visitation rights is in the best interest of myself and my child. He reminded me of all the opportunities I had given him in the past and how he threw each opportunity out without a care. He reminded me why he is not able to be involved in more than just visitation. Does my son deserve a better relationship? Absolutely. I should be able to answer my son when he comes to me with questions regarding his father and decisions he has made elsewhere. I should be able to communicate regarding life changes that directly or indirectly affect my son regarding circumstances, education, health, finances, activities, etc . I should be able to do so but unfortunately because of how this person views me and mistreats me it will not happen.
In cases like these it is best to deal with visitation as the court order advises and then be done until it is time for the next visit. It is best for the custodial parent to be healthy emotionally, mentally, spiritually and physically for their child. If that means not being able to attempt to co-parent because the other parent is volatile towards the other then that is what is in the best interest of the child so that the child has at least one full time healthy and stable parent rather than one who is beat down by the words and actions of the parent who "cares less".
It's not normal. It's not healthy. It's not okay. It's sad. It's broken. It's upsetting. It's not what God wanted. But I know this, if my mere existence makes someone miserable, if any and everything I do is met with criticism and commentary and if I have no helping hand but by the grace of God then I do not want that or those individual(s) in my life or my children's lives. I decide to forgive but I also decide what I will and will not accept and be tolerant of.
If the narcissist treats others well and you like crap that is all you need to focus on. That is all you need to know. That is enough to say "Thank you God because you knew I couldn't live my life day in and day out being beat down at the hands of someone who was a friend, turned lover, relationship, enemy and now sadly someone who I created life with whom I must have never truly known.
We can't change the way individuals see us or treat us. That is a reflection of their own. What we can change is what we choose to accept and tolerate and to pray. To pray for the salvation of their broken soul.
April 15, 2018 in Uncategorized.


text:
package com.mm.photo.netty;

import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelPipeline;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpContentCompressor;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpContentDecompressor;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpRequestDecoder;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpResponseEncoder;
import io.netty.handler.stream.ChunkedWriteHandler;

public class HttpPhotoServerInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> {
    @Override
    public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
        // Create a default pipeline implementation.
        ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();

        // Uncomment the following line if you want HTTPS
        //SSLEngine engine = SecureChatSslContextFactory.getServerContext().createSSLEngine();
        //engine.setUseClientMode(false);
        //pipeline.addLast("ssl", new SslHandler(engine));

        pipeline.addLast("decoder", new HttpRequestDecoder());

        pipeline.addLast("inflater", new HttpContentDecompressor());

        pipeline.addLast("encoder", new HttpResponseEncoder());

        // Remove the following line if you don't want automatic content
        // compression.
        pipeline.addLast("deflater", new HttpContentCompressor());

        pipeline.addLast("chunkedWriter", new ChunkedWriteHandler());

//		pipeline.addLast("logger",
//		new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));

        pipeline.addLast("handler", new HttpPhotoServerHandler()); // Specify false if SSL.
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Otto Valdemar Malling (1 June 1848 – 5 October 1915) was a Danish composer, from 1900 the cathedral organist in Copenhagen and from 1889 professor, then from 1899 Director of the Royal Danish Academy of Music, Copenhagen.

Otto Malling was born in Copenhagen.  He became a pupil of Niels Wilhelm Gade and Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann; in his later career he mainly composed organ works and vocal music, but he also wrote a Fantasia for Violin and Orchestra, Op. 20, an appealing Schumannesque piano trio (in A minor, opus 36, 1889), piano quartet (in C minor, opus 80), and a Brahmsian piano concerto in C minor (opus 43, 1890), all of which are recorded and infrequently heard in concert. His output also contains among other substantial works a cantata Det hellige Land, opus 46, (published in 1897), a symphony in D minor, opus 17 (published in 1884), and an octet for strings, opus 50 (published in or before 1907). Malling wrote the first Danish textbook in orchestration, along French conservatory lines.

He taught musical theory to Knudåge Riisager in 1915. He was also a music editor, creating piano reductions and vocal scores of works by Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann, Niels Wilhelm Gade and Christian Julius Hansen for the publisher Samfundet til udgivelse af dansk Musik.

He was a co-founder and vice-conductor of The Concert Society, Copenhagen (1874), supporting himself as organist at various Copenhagen churches. His scores of organ music brought Malling some reputation abroad, but after his death he was soon forgotten in his native country as musical tastes changed. In the late 20th century, several of his concert works were recorded.

Selected works

 Songs for men's choir, op. 1 (1879)
 Symphony in D minor, Op. 17 (1884)
 Concert Fantasy, op. 20 (violin and orchestra) (1884)
 Prologue to The Golden Legend, op. 25 (for solo, choir and orchestra) (1885)
 Piano trio, op. 36 (1889)
 Piano Concerto in C minor, Op. 43 (1890)
 The Holy Land op. 46 (for choir and orchestra) (1891)
 Birth of Christ op. 48 (organ) (1892)
 Christ's Death and Resurrection op. 54 (organ) (1895)
 The storm on Copenhagen op. 60 (song and orchestra) (1895)
 Of Christ's Life op. 63 (organ) (1897)
 Paul op. 81 (organ) (1903)
 The Seven Words on the Cross (organ) (1904)
 Cinderella op. 90 (ballet) (1908)
 String Octet, op. 50
 String Quartet
 Piano quintet

References

 Askepot : eventyrballet i 2 akter, by Otto Valdemar Malling, digitized by BYU on archive.org
 Records International listing for a Malling Recording
 Samfundet: Otto Malling
 Otto Malling: Symphony in D-minor, Op. 17. Performed by the Sjaelland Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Johan Hye-Knudsen

Danish composers
Male composers
1848 births
1915 deaths
Academic staff of the Royal Danish Academy of Music
Directors of the Royal Danish Academy of Music
Danish classical organists
Male classical organists
People from Copenhagen
Pupils of Niels Gade


"A former mayor of New Brunswick who served two decades in the Legislature, Lynch pleaded guilty to fraud and tax evasion charges in 2006 and admitted he took more than $25,000 from a company that he had helped win permit approvals while he was in the state Senate," reads the Spotlight article.
Lynch was the State Senate President in the early 1990's, the same era when he unsuccessfully angled for the Governorship.
According to the article, Lynch spent more than 2 years in prison before finishing out his term in a halfway house and on home confinement. He was one of a long list of officials who were prosecuted by former US Attorney and current Governor Chris Christie.
Many felt that Christie gave Lynch a favorable plea deal considering the possible charges against him, but still others defended Lynch, including more than 100 prominent individuals who wrote letters to the judge in the case seeking leniency in his sentencing.
Lynch, a longtime Dewey Heights resident, has relocated to Mercer County since the end of his incarceration. Current Mayor James Cahill is considered to be his handpicked successor and the two are actually blood relatives, cousins to be exact.
Cahill has not yet announced whether he will be seeking an unprecedented seventh term as Mayor this election season.
John F. Russo Sr., former Senate president.
George R. Zoffinger, chief executive, New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority.


Drive slow and steady. The faster you go, the more wind resistance your vehicle will face. If you go at speeds above 60 Km/H, you will waste fuel. Tests on Indian cars prove that you can get up to 40 % extra mileage at 45-55 Km/H as against 80 Km/H.
Avoid accelerating or decelerating unnecessarily. Avoid braking by anticipating stops and curves well in advance. Tests show that a reduction in speed leads to no appreciable rise in commuting time.
Tests on a large number of cars prove that you can save as much as 6% by tuning your car regularly. If your engine emits black smoke, has poor pulling power or consumes large quantities of oil, get it checked immediately at a reputed garage. A delay, may prove more expensive in terms of fuel and lubricating oil as compared to the cost of an overhaul.
Use of bi-metallic spark plugs saves over 1.5% fuel and reduces exhaust emissions also. Get your car serviced at every 5000 kms.
Incorrect gear shifting can lead to as much as 20% increase in fuel consumption.
For city driving, change to a higher gear when you are sure the engine will not struggle. Get into top gear as soon as possible. It is advisable to follow the manufacturer's recommendation.
Test wheels for free rotation when your car is being serviced. Binding of brakes restricts free wheel movement and the engine consumes more fuel in order to overcome resistance. Check wheel alignment at regular intervals.
Use your handbrake when stopped on an upgrade and don't forget to release it when restarting. Don't manipulate the clutch and accelerator to stay stationary because it wastes fuel.
Cylinder bores wear out 45 times faster in engines without air-cleaners. Clean air filters regularly.
Under inflated tyres increase rolling resistance, which leads to higher fuel consumption.
Tests show that a 25% decrease in tyre pressure can cost you 5-10% more on fuel and 25% on tyre life. Use radial tyres for 3-7% fuel economy, longer tyre life and greater riding comfort.
Always keep your vehicle ready to start. Keep the battery, dynamo and fan-belt in good condition. This will ensure a quick start whenever you need it.
Switch off the engine at stops of over 15 - 20 seconds.
Check the car manual and oil manufacturer's recommendations, before using any particular grade of oil.
Engine oil that is thicker than the recommended oil can cause 2% increase in fuel consumption. Change oil filter along with engine oil.
Before you start on a trip, ask yourself two questions: Is this trip really essential? Can I combine this trip with other trips in the same direction?


## Put production environment variables here.
| directory. However, as usual, you are free to change this value.
This package has been renamed to openzeppelin-solidity. Please update your dependency, or you will no longer receive updates.
You've waited a long time... And season 2 is finally coming!


text:
Бужо́ра — найвища вершина Вулканічного хребта Українських Карпат. Розташована на масиві Великий Діл, на межі Керецьківської та Іршавської громад Хустського району Закарпатської області, на північний схід від міста Іршави. Висота — 1086 м.

Слабо опукла вершина і стрімкі, розчленовані притоками річки Боржави, схили є рештками згаслого вулкана. Складається з андезитів, андезито-базальтів і туфів. Вкрита буковими лісами і пралісами. Південні схили гори стрімкі, західні та північні — пологі. На захід від вершини розташована гідрологічна пам'ятка природи — болото «Чорне багно», на південний захід — заказник державного значення Зачарована долина. На північ та північний схід від Бужори, за долиною річки Боржави лежить потужний гірський масив — Полонина Боржава.

Найближчі населені пункти: с. Росош, с. Керецьки, с. Осій, с. Підгірне.

На північному сході від вершини бере початок струмок Бистрий, правий доплив Боржави.

Джерела

Гірські вершини Закарпатської області
Вершини Карпат
Гірські вершини Свалявського району
Гірські вершини Іршавського району
Тисячники України


text:
Home / General Knowledge / Biology / The Biology of Sugars Points to a Sweet Strategy for Treating Cancer
The Biology of Sugars Points to a Sweet Strategy for Treating Cancer
December 4, 2018 by Editorial Team	in Biology, General Knowledge
via SA: Over the last few decades, researchers tinkering with molecules that turn an immune cell on and off have created a revolutionary approach to fighting cancer. Instead of taking aim at the tumor directly, this new class of medicines harnesses the patient's own immune cells to tackle the disease. Immune-based cancer therapies are saving thousands of lives, and the science behind them earned this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
These drugs, called checkpoint blockers, appeared after scientists discovered molecules that help cancer cells block immune processes that would otherwise attack a tumor. The secret lies with several "brake" proteins on white blood cells, T cells, that prevent the immune system from overreacting to microbial threats. Tumor cells have learned to survive by engaging the brake molecules, sending T cells into a stupor that allows cancer to gain a foothold. By thwarting this hijacking maneuver, checkpoint blockers release the brakes and awaken T cells to attack the tumor. A clever trick—except that so far, these immune-based drugs only work in about a fifth of cancer patients and for certain tumors, barely at all.
To push past those limits, a few companies are venturing into a new frontier—glycobiology, the science of the sugars that stud the surface of cells. Sugars act like switches and knobs that control where and when a cell's biological machines, proteins and lipids, do their jobs. Yet for all their fine-tuning finesse and power, sugars are highly complex molecules that have often eluded a deeper understanding of their workings because they are so hard to study in the lab.
Recently, though, the science has caught up and biotech companies have begun to build on these findings to develop anti-cancer drugs. This week at an American Association for Cancer Research meeting in Miami, Palleon Pharmaceuticals, a Massachusetts startup, unveiled new data from experiments in rodents on a profoundly different set of checkpoint blockers that target sugars.
These experimental drugs work by interfering with complex sugars called glycans that coat the surface of tumor cells and let them pass unnoticed by the otherwise vigilant immune system. It's an "underappreciated mechanism of immune evasion," says Michael O'Dwyer, a clinician-researcher at National University of Ireland, Galway, who has no ties to Palleon. Many researchers are going after the T cells' braking systems, he says, but "probably with diminishing returns." He adds: "There's only so much you can get out of the T cells."
Jim Broderick, chief executive and founder of Palleon, compares the immune system to a football team. Defending against threats—whether bacteria, viruses or cancer—requires a coordinated effort from many cell types with different roles. Following the game analogy, the current wave of cancer immunotherapies focuses on the quarterback. "But Tom Brady can't win the Super Bowl if he has third graders on his offensive line," Broderick says.
Palleon launched in 2015 on the strength of research by a handful of labs suggesting that structured patterns of cell-surface glycans—a molecular fingerprint on virtually all cells—might hold the key to rousing a host of additional cancer-fighting immune cells. These macrophages, natural killer cells and other cells make up a different arm of the immune system. Known as innate immune cells, these cells form the body's first line of defense, which sets the stage for a subsequent T-cell attack.
One particular glycan, sialic acid, is sensed by a family of surface proteins found mostly on innate immune cells but also on activated T cells at tumor sites. These proteins, called Siglecs, act as molecular brakes. When Siglecs bind to sialic acids, coating the surface of a tumor, the immune cell goes to sleep. Several companies—including Innate Pharma in Marseille, France, and South San Francisco–based Alector—are hoping to wake those drowsy cells with therapies that block Siglecs.
A team of researchers led by Palleon co-founder Carolyn Bertozzi, a Stanford chemist, went after these same molecular pathways with a radically different approach. Rather than trying to block individual Siglec molecules on the surface of immune cells, the researchers designed a therapeutic that stymies all Siglecs by trimming sialic acids off the tumor cell. In a 2016 proof-of-concept study, the team showed that treating a dish of breast cancer cells with the experimental drug exposed them to killing by natural killer cells.
At another immunotherapy meeting in Washington, D.C. earlier this month, Palleon vice president Li Peng presented data showing this strategy can work in mice with implanted tumors—even in ones that draw weak responses with FDA-approved checkpoint-blocking drugs. In separate experiments, the team confirmed that T cells, macrophages and natural killer cells all contribute to the drug's benefit. Cancer cells "are like wolves in sheep's clothing—bad guys disguising themselves with the glycan code," Peng says. By removing sialic acids from glycans on the surface of tumor cells, the drug "reveals their real identity so immune cells can see the bad guys."
Dong Zhang, director of immunology at the German company EMD Serono, considered Peng's talk "one of the most exciting findings" at that meeting.
To make the original version of the therapeutic, Bertozzi and colleagues chemically fused the sialic acid–trimming enzyme to an antibody that recognizes a hallmark protein (HER2) on the surface of breast cancer cells. The antibody is needed to restrict the enzyme's activity to the tumor. Otherwise the enzyme would cut indiscriminately and wreak havoc, since sialic acids also play vital roles on healthy cells.
With an eye toward human trials by 2020, Peng's team at Palleon has created a means to produce the antibody-enzyme combo without a tricky chemical synthesis. All they have to do is take an existing tumor-targeting antibody and hook it onto the enzyme, says Jason Luke, a medical oncologist at the University of Chicago School of Medicine, who leads a Palleon-funded research project to see if glycan-modifying enzymes correlate with clinical outcomes. "This is about as straightforward a drug development program as you could want. It's translatable to other surface proteins, and they could easily make additional therapies."
Whereas the vast majority of immune therapies target a single molecular interaction, Bertozzi's is a broader approach that is "much more robust because sialic acids are recognized by multiple receptors on different immune cells," says Yvette van Kooyk, an immunologist at VU University Medical Center in the Netherlands, who wrote a recent review about cancer's "glyco-code" and learned about Palleon's drug program at an earlier cancer conference in September 2018. The cancer field has really neglected the importance of glycans," van Kooyk says. "But they have a very immune-suppressing function. To overcome that, it's necessary for new treatments to also do something with these glyco-codes."
Note: This article was updated after it was initially posted.
SA | The Biology of Sugars Points to a Sweet Strategy for Treating Cancer
Tags: Biology, cancer cells, immune cells, treating a cancer
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text:
The Gabbro Hills () are a group of rugged ridges and coastal hills which border the Antarctic  Ross Ice Shelf between Barrett Glacier and Gough Glacier and extend south to Ropebrake Pass. They were so named by the Southern Party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (1963–64) because of the prevalence of gabbro, a dark, plutonic rock, in the area.

References

Mountain ranges of Antarctica
Dufek Coast


text:
Subject Files, 1992-1995
These records document the activities of the Office of the Provost in 1994 and 1995, primarily under Robert S. Hoffmann as Acting Provost. The Provost's office created files for most offices listed on the October 1994 Smithsonian administrative chart, and for issues and initiatives concerning those offices. The arrangement of the files roughly follows the structure of the chart. Of particular note are files documenting the establishment and early activities of the Office of the Provost, and the work of the three Assistant Provosts that originally reported to the Provost. Other groups of files contain notes, memoranda, correspondence, and reports on offices or issues under the direct oversight of the Secretary or Undersecretary, yet which affected the work of the Provost.
The records include a single file dating from 1992 to 1993, documenting a matter of concern to Robert S. Hoffmann as Assistant Secretary for the Sciences.
Secretary Ira Michael Heyman established the Office of the Provost in October 1994 to streamline Smithsonian Institution management by placing most programmatic activities under a single academic officer. Heyman named Robert S. Hoffmann, former Assistant Secretary for the Sciences, Acting Provost while he searched for a permanent incumbent. At the same time, the Assistant Secretaries for Arts and Humanities, the Sciences, and Educational and Cultural Programs became Assistant Provosts for those areas, and began reporting to the Provost. Ross Simons was named Acting Assistant Provost for the Sciences.
On September 12, 1995, Heyman announced that J. Dennis O'Connor would assume the duties of the Provost in early January 1996. As Provost, O'Connor became the Institution's chief programs officer, responsible for central planning, integration, and oversight of the Smithsonian's museum activities; and research and education activities at its museums, the National Zoo, libraries, archives, and research centers in the U.S. and around the world. In early spring 1996, O'Connor eliminated the offices of the three Assistant Provosts reporting to him.
Smithsonian Institution Archives, Accession 97-042, Smithsonian Institution, Office of the Provost, Subject Files
Early, James C. Personal Name Search Smithsonian Collections Search ArchiveGrid
Freudenheim, Tom L. Personal Name Search Smithsonian Collections Search ArchiveGrid
Hoffmann, Robert S. Personal Name Search Smithsonian Collections Search ArchiveGrid
O'Connor, J. Dennis Personal Name Search Smithsonian Collections Search ArchiveGrid
Simons, Ross B. Personal Name Search Smithsonian Collections Search ArchiveGrid
Heyman, Ira Michael, 1930-2011 Personal Name Search Smithsonian Collections Search ArchiveGrid
Smithsonian Institution. Assistant Provost for the Arts and Humanities Corporate Name Search Smithsonian Collections Search ArchiveGrid
Smithsonian Institution. Assistant Provost for Educational and Cultural Programs Corporate Name Search Smithsonian Collections Search ArchiveGrid
Smithsonian Institution. Assistant Provost for the Sciences Corporate Name Search Smithsonian Collections Search ArchiveGrid


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text:
I. General

		A. General

kendo

the way of the sword; training the mind, body, and character through one-one-one striking practice using the shinai while wearing bogu

kenshi

kendoist

dan

ranking system for advanced levels (1=lowest, 8=highest); equivalent to black belt in other martial arts

kyu

ranking system for beginning levels (6=lowest, 1=highest); equivalent to a brown belt in other martial arts

yudansha

kendoist with a rank of 1st dan (shodan) or higher

kodansha

one with a high dan rank, typically 5th dan (godan) or higher

sensei

instructor, usually with rank 4th dan (yondan) or higher

shomen

the side of the dojo or hall farthest from the main entrance, the side having the highest place of honor

seiza

seated attention position

kiai

a shout or yell to show spirit

kigurai

confidence, presence, bearing

kokyu

breathing

shinsa

promotional examination

counting (1,2,3, ... ,10)

ichi, ni, san, shi, go, roku, shichi, hachi, kyu, ju

		B. Commands & Responses

hajime

"Begin!"

yame

"Stop!"

ki-o-tsuke

"Attention!"

seiretsu

"make a line"

chakuza

"sit down (in seiza)"

kiritsu

"stand up"

men-tsuke

"put on the men"

men-tore

"take off the men"

nuke-to

 "draw the sword (shinai)"

osame-to

"return the sword (shinai)"

hai

"Yes!" Used in place of "okay", or "I understand."

		II. Equipment

		  A. Uniform

hakama

kendo clothing worn on the lower part of the body, a long divided skirt-like trousers

keiko-gi

kendo clothing worn on the upper part of the body, a thick jacket-like shirt

    B. Armor

bogu

kendo armor consisting of men, kote, do, and tare

men

kendo armor to protect the face, head, and shoulders

kote

kendo armor used to proect the hand and forearm

do

kendo armor to protect the trunk and chest

tare

kendo armor to protect the waist, groin, and upper legs

tsuki

flap on the men which protects the throat

tenugui

thin cotton towel worn on the head under the men

nafuda

name tag worn on the center of the tare; also called "zekken"

    C. Swords

shinai

bamboo sword used in kendo

kensen

the tip of the shinai

nakayui

thin strip of leather tied around the shinai about one third down from the tip

tsuba

circular guard on the shinai

tsuka

the handle of the shinai

tsuka-gashira

the very end (bottom) of the tsuka

tsuru

the string which holds the shinai together

monouchi

the region of the shinai most effective for striking, located between the tip and the nakayui

datotsu-bu

the part of the shinai with which one should strike the opponent. Refers to the jin-bu (side opposite the tsuru) around the region of the mono-uchi.

bokken

wooden sword, primarily used for kendo kata

bokuto

same as bokken

III. Manners & Etiquette

A. Opening & Closing

mokuso

meditation performed in the seiza position

mokuso-yame

command to stop mokuso

rei

bow

shomen-ni-rei

command given to bow to the shomen; done while in seiza

sensei-ni-rei

command given to bow to the sensei, done while in seiza

onegai shimasu

"I request the favor (of a practice)"; said at the beginning of practice during "sensei-ni-rei"

arigato gozaimashita

"Thank you very much"; said at the end of practice during "sensei-ni-rei"

C. Always

rei-gi

matters of etiquette

rei-ho

doctrines of etiquette

chaku-so

the manner of wearing keikogi, hakama, and bogu

ritsu-rei

standing bow

sage-to

the posture taken when performing ritsu-rei, with the shinai held in the left hand with the arm hanging naturally at the side. The tsuru faces downward and the hand next to the tsuba.

sogo-no-rei

ritsu-rei to the opponent. The angle is about 15 degrees, and eye contact is maintained.

IV. Practice & Instruction

A. General

keiko

practice, training

ashi-sabaki

footwork

ato-geiko

literally after practice, usually a second practice session for advanced kenshi following a primary practice session which stresses kihon

datotsu

striking and thrusting. A valid point is referred to as yuko datotsu.

datotsu-bui

the correct striking or thrusting zones of the kendo-gu (protective gear), refers to the men, kote, do, and tsuki areas

datotsu-no-kikai

chance of strike

furi-kaburi

big movement swing of the shinai above one's head

hasuji

cutting path of the sword (angle of cut)

haya-suburi

fast suburi, one count per backward step plus foward strike

hiraki-ashi

footwork used when the body is moving diagonally (front foot is same side as forward shoulder)

issoku-itto-no-maai

distance from which one can strike in one step

jiyu-keiko

free practice

kakari-geiko

attack practice

kamae-te

command to assume kamae

kihon

basics

kihon-dosa

basic exercises, including uchi-kata and suburi

kiri-kaeshi

basic exercise in which the sides of the men are struck repeatedly, typically in sets of a straight men followed by 4 strikes forward and 5 strikes backward

ma-ai

distance between opponents

mawari-geiko

rotation keiko

men-no-uchi, gokai

"basic men strike, 5 times"

men-no-uchi, sankyodo

"basic men strike, three count movements" (1=raise shinai, 2=strike, moving forward, 3=step back)

metsuke

use of the eyes to see the opponent, see basic concepts

motodachi

 person being struck to provide instruction, for example in uchikomi-geiko, kakari-geiko, or kihon shiai

okuri-ashi

 the most basic footwork used in kendo, where the feet start and end in the basic kamae position with the right foot in front and the toes of the left foot even with the line of the right heel

sayu-men

the right and left striking zones of the men

seme

pressure applied to one's opponent

shiai-geiko

match practice

shin-kokyu

deep breathing exercise

shisei

 posture

shizentai

natural standing position

shomen-uchi

a strike to the center of the men

suri-ashi

footwork in which the feet do not lose contact with the floor

te-no-uchi

the usage of the hands to tighten/loosen the grip on the shinai or adjusting the balance between the hands when striking or responding

uchikomi-geiko

practice striking the basic points on the motodachi

waza

technique, see advanced concepts

zanshin

mental and physical presence of spirit, especially after completing an attack

B. Positions

kamae

basic stance; ready position

chudan-no-kamae

basic kamae, with the kensen pointed at the opponent's throat

judan-no-kamae

kamae with the shinai above the head, with the left hand above the forehead about one fist away

tai-to

holding the shinai at the left hip, ready to draw. The tsuka-gashira should be in front of the center of the body.

sonkyo

the crouching position in which begins and ends each bout

tsuba-zeriai

the position in which the opponents are close to each other with tsuba or fists together

		C. Types of Practice

suburi

sword swinging techniques

jogeburi

full sword swing; an exercise used for relaxing and warming up the shoulders and upper back

suburi

basic exercise which simulates striking the men repeatedly, performed without an opponent

suburi-ikkyodo

one-count suburi (alternate striking forward and backward on each count)

suburi-nikyodo

two-count suburi (raise the shinai on the odd count; strike on the even count, alternating the going forward and backward and each strike)

		V. Tournaments & Matches

		  A. General

shiai

match

shiai-jo

court

men ari

"men" (awarding of the men point in a match)

kote ari

"kote" (awarding of the kote point in a match)

do ari

"do" (awarding of the do point in a match)

tsuki ari

"tsuki" (awarding of the tsuki point)

encho

match overtime period

fusensho

a match win by default, due to the opponent's absence or forfeit

gogi

referee's conference during a match, held in the center of the court

hansoku

match foul, results in one half-point against the offending player

hansoku ikkai

"first hansoku"

hansoku nikai, ippon ari

"second hansoku, one point" (awarded to the opponent of the offending player)

hantei

referees' decision of the winner of a match

hikiwake

match draw

igi

formal protest in a match, registered by a team manager

ippon gachi

a match decided by one point, due to time running out in sanbon-shobu

ippon shobu

one point match (first person to score wins)

jogai

stepping out of bounds (this is a hansoku)

kachinuki

a method of conducting matches in which the winner remains and keeps fighting until defeated

kaishi-sen

starting line in the court

kihon-shiai

tournament in which kihon is judged. Usually includes rei-ho, kiri-kaeshi, and basic uchikomi

kumiawase

tournament match-ups

mejirushi

red or white tag tied to the crossed do strings on the back, used to distinguish the players in a match

nihon me

"Second point" (continues sanbon-shobu after one player has scored the first point of the match)

sanbon shobu

three point match (first person to score two points wins)

shiai-jikan

match time limit

shinai-otoshi

losing control of the shinai (this is a hansoku)

shobu

"Match" (continues sanbon shobu after each player has one point)

shobu ari

"Match done" (announces the end of the match)

taikai

tournament

wakare

during shiai: "separate" (timer does not stop)

yuko datotsu

valid point

      B. Personnel

senpo

first player in a team match

jiho

second player in a team match

chuken

middle player in a team match

fukusho

second to last player in a team match

taisho

last player in a team match (captain)

kantoku

team manager

shushin

chief referee (makes the match pronouncements)

fukushin

sub-referees in a match

shinpan

judge; referee

shinpan-cho

head judge

shinpan-shunin

court judge


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These questions must be answered together because it is the facts of a particular case, and its happenings, that ultimately determine how long it will take and how costly it will be.
Except in very rare instances, it is very difficult for an attorney to be exact when he or she provides a fee quote at the beginning of a divorce case. The initial office conference can only give the attorney a general idea of how much legal work will be necessary.
Every case is different and the personality and emotional makeup of every spouse is also different. Some cases settle quicker than others and some have to go trial. Each case has a life of its own and many factors can come into play.
The value of a lawyer's services is determined by the client and not by the lawyer. Therefore, a lawyer (who expects repeat business or referrals from his clients) has to make every effort to deliver prompt legal services at a cost that the client deems fair and reasonable.
A lawyer who is a smart businessperson will always try to give clients more than what they paid for. It is the lawyer's job to communicate with the client at every step of the way. A client that is made aware of the twists and turns of their case will understand the need for additional legal work and will generally approve the expenditure of additional attorney's fees.
Many clients call and ask for information regarding how much a divorce case will cost. This is similar to calling an interior decorator and asking how much it will cost to wallpaper the inside of your house. With interior design, the customer understands that the price is dependent on the size of the house. A mansion obviously requires more rolls of wallpaper than does a modest bungalow.
If one were to call a Chevrolet dealer and ask how much a Chevrolet costs, the salesperson would not be able to answer the question without knowing what model and options the customer has in mind.
If I want an ABC Company's vacuum cleaner, model #M87, I can call many retailers and check out their prices. I will base my decision on the lowest price. The practice of law is a service and is not a tangible object like a vacuum cleaner.
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During initial office conferences, divorce attorneys learn the facts of the case and try to get a sense of the parties' personalities. The attorney then asks for a retainer fee to cover the cost of the anticipated work.
Divorce attorneys charge by the hour. A retainer fee is an advance payment for work that the attorney has yet to perform.
Generally, uncontested divorces take less than a month from start to finish. Contested cases in Cook County generally take 18 to 30 months, and contested cases in DuPage, Kane, and Will Counties usually take 12 to 18 months.


text:
Tragic end to search for pensioner Bernard Hallas
A NINE-WEEK search for a missing Huddersfield man has ended in heartbreak.
Woods off Squirrel Ditch in Newsome
Police confirmed they have found the body of Bradley pensioner Bernard Hallas, a father of four.
Mr Hallas, 84, went missing in his pyjamas, sheepskin coat and hat on December 18.
Now his body has been found in woodland between Athene Drive and Squirrel Ditch in Newsome.
One of his daughters, Andrea Gill, said she was told by police that he was found by two children walking their dog.
Police officers had been making repeated searches of land in the Newsome and Taylor Hill areas.
They had been making regular searches of woods and fields throughout the area, as Mr Hallas was known to have visited friends there in the past.
Mr Hallas, who had been suffering from ill health, had left his home a week before Christmas.
It is thought he may have been trying to make his way to Meltham, where one of his daughters lives, but he boarded a bus to Marsden by mistake.
He stayed on the bus when it reached Marsden and returned to Huddersfield Bus Station.
Staff tried to help him, but he was last seen walking away down High Street and Marsden Street in the direction of Wakefield Road.
There were numerous police appeals for help through the Examiner, other newspapers, TV and radio.
And his worried family set up a Facebook campaign with a page called Help Find Grandad, with information about Mr Hallas and the CCTV footage of when he was last seen.
He leaves two daughters, Andrea and Elaine, and two sons, John and Stephen.
A West Yorkshire Police spokesman said: "Police searching for missing man Bernard Hallas found the body of an adult male in woodlands in the Newsome area on Sunday.
"A post mortem and formal identification are yet to be conducted but at this stage, it is believed to be Mr Hallas.
"Officers have informed his family and are supporting them at this difficult time."
Mrs Gill said: "It's a time of mixed emotions for us. On the one hand we are glad to have him back, to have closure and to be able to arrange his funeral but then there is the thought of him lying in a ditch for over nine weeks which isn't easy.
"At least we can grieve now and it could have been worse – he could have been harmed.
"I think he was found by two children who were walking their dog.
"There are still a lot of questions I guess we will never find answers to like why he was found where he was in Newsome.
"He had lived there as a child. But I can't understand why he would walk out into a pitch black night as he did.
"As a family we would like to thank the police and search teams who went out in some rotten weather and anyone who went out and looked for him.
"He became a Mormon late in life and I know the members of its church in Birchencliffe went out looking for him."
Birchencliffe


text:
Larry W. Fulk, D.C.
Dr. Fulk has been in practice for over 35 years. He received his undergraduate degree from Kansas State University before attending Palmer Chiropractic College where he graduated in 1976. Dr. Fulk has kept up to date on many continuing educational classes ensuring that his patients receive the most comprehensive and advanced chiropractic care.
Dr. Fulk is also a Certified Decompression Therapy Practitioner, which gives him advanced training in spinal decompression therapy.
He lives in Paola, KS with his wife, Penny, and they have 2 dogs.
Jaime N. (Fulk) Trent, D.C.
Dr. Jaime is a 2002 graduate of Cleveland Chiropractic College in Kansas City, MO. Upon graduation she joined the practice with her father. Dr. Jaime is also a Certified Acupuncturist and specializes in nutrition, weight loss and purification using whole food supplements.
Dr. Jaime was a 1995 graduate of Paola High School. She then attended Kansas State University where she received her bachelors degree in Life Sciences. In 2003, she and her husband, Dennis, were married. They currently reside just outside of Hillsdale, KS. They have four children: Devin, Dylan, and in August, 2013, they had two more additions with twins! A third son, Deacon, and their first daughter, Danica. Her hobbies include running, gardening and chasing her kids.
Dr. Jaime uses functional medicine to help her patient's bodies function properly to eliminate symptoms. Some common symptoms that she works with are: Digestion problems, hormone imbalances, Weight loss struggles, Sleep problems, Mood imbalances, chronic fatigue/fibromyalgia, food intolerances/allergies, Fatty liver, high cholesterol, Blood sugar problems/Insulin resistance(Type 2 Diabetes) and much more.
Justin L. Fulk, D.C. CCSP(R)
Dr. Justin graduated from Cleveland Chiropractic College in Kansas City in 2005. Prior to that, he attended Kansas State University where he recieved his bachelors degree in Life Sciences in 2002. Dr. Justin grew up in Paola, KS, and was a Paola High School graduate in 1998.
Since joining the practice, Dr. Justin has studied to become a Certified Chiropractic Sports Physician. He uses this advanced training to work with athletes of all walks of life from children just starting out to seniors who want to stay active. Having been on the Paola High School football and wrestling teams, he enjoys working with athletes to treat and prevent sports injuries. His sports training also enables him to help his non-athlete patients through advanced rehabilitation. By using specific rehab exercises, he helps his patients get healthy faster and stay healthy longer.
Dr. Justin is also a Department of Transportation Certified Medical Examiner. With this certification, he performs DOT truck driver physicals, which are a requirement for many people who drive for a living.
Dr. Justin also works with his patients using nutritional therapies, diet modifications and acupuncture.
In 2015, Dr. Justin was honored to receive several awards, including the Kanas Chiropractic Association's Young Doctor of the Year award. This is one of the top awards for chiropractors in the state of Kansas! He was also awarded the Paola Chamber of Commerce Dale Mitchell Service award. Starting in 2022, Dr. Justin started serving as the President of the Kansas Chiropractic Association, after serving as Treasurer for 2 years and Vice President for 2 years.
Dr. Justin lives in Paola with his wife Amanda and their daughter Kinlee. They also have a Great Dane named Chiro and a lab/boxer named Belle.
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Although there are a number of theories as to why so many children end up with ADHD, the mainstream theory revolves around nutrition and the availability of neurological precursors. Cell membranes, dopamine and myelin all need the raw materials from the diet in order to be built correctly in the brain.
Many people taking nootropics themselves, or considering it, wonder if nootropics would also be healthy for their kids. And, if so, which ones should they be giving their kids in order to maximise their cognitive potential?
In order to understand the answer to this question, we need to discuss the what makes a child's brain different from that of an adult's. In children below age 10, the brain contains a high concentration of grey matter which is where all the synaptic connections are made. The reason this happens is that a child's brain needs to be more "pliable" or "bendable" so that it can be molded to fit whatever circumstance it's given. This is a phase of life with a high level of neuroplasticity in the brain.
This means that a child's brain is constantly forming new connections and making new neural pathways to navigate and learn how to exist here on earth. After about age 10, this grey matter begins to undergo a process commonly known as "pruning".
This pruning works to cement the connections the brain needs most and eliminating the connections that aren't being used as frequently. This happens to make way for a different type of brain material known as white matter. It's referred to as white matter because it appears white on brain scans. It differs from grey matter in that it contains a thick, fatty coating on the neurons known as myelin.
The formation of this white matter is done through a process known as "myelination". The benefits of this white matter are faster nerve transmission, and better protection for the neurons in the brain. In a nutshell, the major difference between a child's brain and an adult's is the difference in rations of grey matter and white matter.
Now that we have a basic understanding of how a child's brain differs from an adult's brain we can explore the types of nootropics that are safe and effective for children.
With children, the main goal is to support their growth through nutritional nootropics. This allows the natural processes and neurochemical changes to happen organically.
When it comes to nutritional nootropics for children, the main focus tends to be on nutrients that supports the formation of brain synapses, myelination and neurotransmitter production.
L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid abundant in foods like dairy and meat. It's used to form neurotransmitters like dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Supplemental doses of L-Tyrosine ensure enough of these important neurotransmitters are made in a child's brain in order to support growth.
One of the leading theories for conditions like ADHD (though highly debated), is a reduction in the neurotransmitter dopamine. Supplemental L-Tyrosine supports the production of this neurotransmitter, and is a popular treatment for children suffering from ADHD without the use of prescription stimulants like Ritalin and Adderall.
L-Tyrosine is not only safe and natural, but also highly available in child-specific dosage formats.
The brain is made up of nearly 60% fat. This means that Omega 3 is an especially necessary nutrient for the fast developing brain of a child. Of fats, Omega 3 is considered to be the most important for the development of new brain cells, myelination of the neurons, and the formation of grey matter early on in development.
Although Omega 3 is especially important for the developing mind of a child, recent studies have shown that not all Omega 3 fatty acids are the same. Researchers have found that DHA plays a crucial role in development, whereas EPA is used mainly for function.
L-Theanine is one of the most popular nootropics for adults as well as kids. It's used to reduce hyperactivity in the brain, and promotes relaxation and clearer thinking. This is an especially useful nootropic for kids suffering from ADHD and ADD.
This amino acid precursor works by improving the flow of blood to the brain by dilating the cerebral arteries. It also works as a neuroprotective agent to combat anxiety and allows especially hyperactive children to cope with stress more effectively, and be able to relax during times of hyperactivity.
Phosphatidylserine is naturally produced in the brain, and used to form the lipid bilayer of the neuron. Supplementing this compound ensures the developing brain has enough of the right raw materials to build new brain cells and improves the fluidity of developing cells.
This is especially important when you consider how rapidly changing a child's brain is. Many researchers are starting to unlock new connections between a lack of neuron precursors like phosphatidylserine with attention disorders like ADHD.
In fact, a study investigating the effects of a 200mg dose of phosphatidylserine vs placebo in 36 children aged 4-14, found significant improvements in ADHD symptoms in the group treated with phosphatidylserine. On top of this, there were no adverse reactions reported in the entire study group.
With the brian undergoing so many new connections, it is not recommended for children to take supplements that are overly stimulating on one pathway or another. All of the nootropics discussed in this article are broad and have more of a nutritional effect to support natural pathways in the brain than stimulating a particular pathway.
Nootropics like the Racetams (aniracetam, pramiracetam, piracetam), as well as caffeine, and any of the experimental nootropics should be avoided due to the fact that we simply don't have a strong enough understanding about how these chemicals are going to interact with the neurochemical development taking place in the brain of a child.
As kids are developing, some nootropics are considered to be appropriate to support growth. Nutritional nootropics like L-Tyrosine and phosphatidylserine, as well as L-Theanine and omega 3 fatty acids like DHA are all beneficial for the developing brain.
This list is not all inclusive, and it's important to learn about the nootropics and how they work before giving them to your child.