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Jobs-Related Terms
Bulletin Release Date (BRD) This is the date the bulletin is released to announce the examination
Candidate An individual who has submitted an application to compete in a State civil service examination
Candidate Notices Written announcements to candidates regarding their participation in a specific examination (e.g., Notice of Acceptance/Rejection, Notice of Written Test Date, Final Notice of Score)
Career Credits Three points added to the total score for State employees with permanent status participating in all open, non-promotional examinations for non-managerial classes. The examination bulletin will specify whether or not Career Credits apply to the examination.
Class Specification The legal document with the class title, definition, typical tasks and minimum qualifications including knowledge, skill, and abilities and personal characteristics of a class
Classification The process by which positions are allocated to classes based on assigned duties and responsibilities
Combining Patterns The process of combining experience gained inside and outside of State service to determine whether a candidate meets the minimum qualifications
Conditions of Employment The requirements, or terms as determined by law, rule, regulation, policy, or by negotiated contract under which individuals are employed
Continuous Filing An examination for which applications may be filed at any time and kept on file. Testing is scheduled as needed or when an acceptable number of candidates have filed
Continuous Testing An examination for which bulletins are posted continuously, but acceptance of applications and testing is opened and closed as needed. The periods when applications will be accepted are announced on the examination bulletin
Dated List An employment list with a specific expiration date. All eligible from that examination have the same list date. An earlier dated eligible list takes precedence over a list with a later date
Departmental Open Testing Testing for a class on an open basis that is conducted by a department
Departmental Promotional List An employment list of promotional eligibles in a specific department for use by that department
Eligibility Either:
Determination as to whether an individual is qualified to take an examination based on meeting the minimum qualifications;or,
A condition which indicates successful completion of an examination and readiness for appointment
Eligible An individual who has successfully completed an examination and is a candidate for appointment to a certain class
Eligible List An employment list of individuals who have successfully completed an examination and are qualified to be hired for a particular class
Employment List Any list of persons who were successful in an examination and are eligible for certification to a specific class
Examination Base The geographic and organizational limitations on the candidate group in an examination (e.g., Open, Departmental Promotional)
Examination Bulletin Announcement of examination. Contains information that will help candidate prepare for the examination. Includes details, such as examination base, salary, minimum qualifications, and filing instructions
Examination Plan The method and details of the administration of a specific examination
Final Filing Date The last day on which an application must be submitted or postmarked for a candidate to participate in an examination
Knowledge The facts or principles relating to a particular subject or subject area
KSAs Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities necessary to perform satisfactorily in a job classification
List Refers to the relative placement, by final examination scores, of persons eligible for appointment to a specific class. There are several list types, and their order of use is regulated by Government Code §19054
List Eligibility Refers to the eligibility for appointment to a class resulting from placement on an employment list
List Life The length of time a specific employment list will remain in effect
Merged Lists Eligible lists where candidate's scores are merged onto the list by score. A predetermined eligibility period is assigned (e.g., 12 months) and names are removed as eligibility expires. Merged lists are used with both continuous and periodic testing
Minimum Qualifications (MQs) The minimum amount of experience and/or education required for admission into an examination. For each classification, a legal document called a class specification, which describes many facets of the classification, is prepared. Minimum Qualifications are a part of this legal document. The Minimum Qualifications outline the specific education, experience, licensing and/or certificate requirements necessary in order to compete in the examination. A candidate who does not meet the minimum qualifications will not be allowed to compete in the examination.
Multiple-Choice Question A written test question in which the correct response is selected from four or more functioning alternatives
Out-of-Class Experience Experience gained as the result of the performance of duties not specifically permitted under Government Code §204080, which are outside the scope of the class to which the employee is appointed
Patterned Questions Questions (with suggested responses, but no objective scoring key) prepared for us in ModQAP and Supplemental Applications
Periodic Testing Testing is opened according to a pre-established schedule (e.g., every few months, once a year). Applications may not be submitted except during designated filing periods
Reasonable Accommodation Efforts made to remove barriers which prevent or limit employment of disabled persons
Self-Certification Statement by a candidate that he/she possesses the required skill and/or experience for acceptance into an examination
Skill A present, observable competence to perform a learned act with ease and precision
Special Personal Characteristics Physical requirements and personal qualities for specific classes stated on the class specification or examination announcement
Specification The legal description of the title, definition, duties, KSAs , and the minimum qualifications for a class
Spot Examination An examination to fill vacancies in a specific geographical location
State Application (STD 678) The official document which an individual submits to compete in a State civil service examination
Veterans' Preference Veterans' Preference can be applied to a veteran's eligibility for qualifying open and open, non-promotional examinations. To determine if the examination being administered qualifies for Veterans' Preference, please review the examination bulletin. Veterans' Preference will be awarded as follows, starting on January 1, 2014: 1. Any veteran, widow or widower of a veteran, or spouse of a 100 percent disabled veteran, who achieves a passing score in an entrance examination, shall be ranked in the top rank of the resulting eligibility list. Any veteran who has been dishonorably discharged or released is not eligible for Veterans' Preference. 2. An entrance examination is defined, under the law, as any open competitive examination. Veterans' Preference is not granted once a person achieves permanent civil service status. For more information, visit CalHR's Veterans' Information page


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Cheap flights to Chiang Mai
Fly from as little as £770
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choose your favourite departure airport in the UK
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The ancient walled city of Chiang Mai has been nicknamed the 'Rose of the North'. Surrounded by hills, lush vegetation, Buddhist temples and waterways, this peaceful city has become a magnet for the nation's artists and a favourite of backpackers. Let yourself be transported into another world when you find cheap flights to Chiang Mai in 2023.
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booking advice, visa information and airports and airlines tips
When is the Cheapest Time to Fly to Chiang Mai?
October to April is peak tourist season in Chiang Mai as the weather is warm and pleasant. Aim to book your flights to Chiang Mai at least eight weeks in advance for travel at this time. Chiang Mai flights are most expensive from mid-December to early February as well as during July and August. The rainy season lasts from June to October, so come armed with an umbrella.
When is the Best Time to Book your Flight to Chiang Mai?
Last-minute flights can be found all year, so keep your eyes peeled for bargain return flights on Netflights. Avoid the European holiday seasons and travel on Fridays or Sundays, which is when Chiang Mai flights are most in demand. The Loi Krathong Festival in November and the Flower Festival in April may also cause prices to spike. In general, the earlier you book your flights to Chiang Mai, the more options you have for routes and rates.
Flying to Chiang Mai International Airport CNX
As the primary gateway to Northern Thailand, Chiang Mai International Airport (CNX) was upgraded in 2014 and is now the fourth-busiest airport in the country. Located less than five kilometres southwest of the centre of Chiang Mai, it's easy to reach the airport. There are no direct flights from the United Kingdom to Chiang Mai, but you can get there with just one stopover, although return flights with two stopovers may be cheaper. With Netflights, you can compare last-minute flights and return flights from Air China, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, China Southern Airlines, Etihad Airways, Eva Air, Lufthansa, Qatar Airways, Thai Airways and Turkish Airlines. All these airlines depart from London airports; London City, London Heathrow and London Gatwick are all options. You can also find cheap fights to Chiang Mai from Birmingham with China Southern, Emirates, Lufthansa, Qatar Airways and Turkish Airlines.
On Arrival and Getting Around the Airport
There are two terminals at Chiang Mai International Airport (CNX): one for international passengers and one for domestic travellers. Because it is a small airport with only one runway, it's easy to navigate and requires no interterminal transport. Amenities on site include free Wi-Fi, ATMs and currency exchanges, duty-free shopping, restaurants, cafes and information desks.
Getting to the City from Chiang Mai International Airport CNX
You'll find a taxi counter inside the airport on the first floor located opposite the domestic and international arrival lounges. There are also tuk-tuks available for hire just outside the airport; it's a good idea to confirm the cost of your journey before leaving. The airport is located just ten minutes away from the city centre by taxi.
Why visit Chiang Mai?
The capital of the independent Lanna Kingdom until 1558, Chiang Mai still feels like it's a law unto itself and has become a must-see for travellers seeking an authentic Thailand experience. Though touched by the modern world and its lively nightlife, the Old City has retained an ancient, small-town feel with its legacy as a cultural and religious centre still tangible in its graceful, religious architecture. There are, in fact, hundreds of Buddhist temples in this regional capital. The Wat Phra Singh from the 14th century and the Wat Chedi Luang from the 15th century are among the most awe-inspiring.
Criss-crossed with leafy boulevards and peaceful waterways, this is a city that can be enjoyed and explored on foot, It's also a haven for foodies with a vibrant street food scene and ambitious eateries on cosmopolitan streets. The early morning Talat Pratu Market is a fascinating place to visit. Don't miss the 'Saturday Walking Street', where pop-up stalls sell everything from herbs to musical instruments.
Don't Forget Before you Fly
Travellers entering Thailand on a British passport do not need a visa for stays no longer than 30 days. This is known as a visa exemption. If you intend to stay longer or use land borders frequently, then you'll need to apply for a visa. Ensure that your passport is valid for at least six months from your time of entry and that there are no missing or damaged pages. The Thai baht can be picked up at currency exchange facilities in the airport, but you may want to bring enough with you for your onward journey.
Key facts about Chiang Mai know before you go
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Context Id: bc21b665-b9cd-4b24-a6f9-57e3e64726fa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Home | Our Team | Marni Outerbridge
B.A. (Hons), J.D. Associate
Called To Bar
Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in Legal Studies and Philosophy from the University of Waterloo
Juris Doctor from the University of Windsor, Faculty of Law
Guelph Office T. 519 821 2484 E. mouterbridge@svlaw.ca F: 519 837 1617
Marni holds a Juris Doctor from the University of Windsor and a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in Legal Studies and Philosophy from the University of Waterloo.
Marni joined SV Law as a summer student in 2016. After completing her law degree, Marni returned to SV Law to complete her articles.
During law school, Marni was active in the community as an executive member of the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund (LEAF) - Windsor Law Chapter and Co-Chair of LEAF's Community Outreach and Workshops Committee. Marni also volunteered with Pro Bono Students Canada to provide legal services to members of the community.
Marni grew up in St.John's, Newfoundland but has called Guelph her hometown since 2007 and is happy to live and work in the community. In her spare time, Marni enjoys playing tennis, snowboarding, and painting.
Judge Bruce J.S. MacDonald Award in Criminal Advocacy, University of Windsor, Faculty of Law, 2016
Understanding Notice of Termination and Termination of Pay
PET FRIENDLY WORKPLACES: Legal Issues for Employers to Consider
Cannabis in the Workplace
Employment Law Implications When Buying or Selling a Business
New Year, New Employment Laws: Bill 148 – Better Jobs Act, 2017
Variation of Employment Contract Terms
Guelph Office 105 Silvercreek Pkwy. N. Suite 100 Guelph, ON N1H 6S4
Fergus/Elora Office 294 East Mill Street, Unit 108, Centre Wellington, ON N0B 1S0
Toll Free 800 746 0685
svlaw.ca


I want to apply 15 days chinese tourist visa I am living in Riyadh working as consultant physician.
Is this true and what is the solution how I can get visa as I want to travel to China to visit amazing great wall and glass bridge etc.
Zarqa, as far as I know, if you apply for it in Pakistan, you cannot apply for individual tourist L type. I'm afraid it's the same case in Saudi Arabia.
If so, you can find a travel agency to book a tour and then apply for a group tourist L type to visit PRC.


During the Public Musicology conference last weekend, an interesting thread / theme kept popping up: curating as public musicology. Sometimes this means carefully choosing repertoire for a public concert (and, of course, providing program notes or literature to support the concert). But there's also work to be done in museums, as several presenters discussed.
Michael Alan Anderson (Eastman School of Music) and Nancy Norwood (Curator of European Art, Memorial Art Gallery) collaborated on a paper entitled "Museum Soundscapes" that tracked programs they put together for Norwood's gallery. The idea is to involve students from Eastman in the presentation of music that is thematically tied to the Museum's current exhibitions. An exhibit of medieval art invites attendees to experience medieval sacred music. As a bonus, Anderson's students have the opportunity to learn about medieval performance practice and manuscripts, and experience performing in a different venue. Mobile apps further enriched the experience for museum goers. In 2005, Eastman and MAG collaborated on the installation of an Italian Baroque organ at the museum, creating multiple opportunities to link performances on the organ with current exhibits.
Allison Portnow, Public Programs Manager at the Ackland Art Museum and UNC Chapel-Hill, shared a variety of events she has curated for the museum. The Ackland is a very busy museum, and Allison manages many programs simultaneously. She is the person who arranges for musicians to perform at openings or closing receptions, or selects ambient music appropriate for inclusion in an exhibition. She needs not only to know who is available in the local area, but also what music is appropriate to each exhibition. Her job is creative: there's a constant flow of new music and art to discover. Portnow argued convincingly that particular aspects of museum culture make the museum an ideal place for public musicology. I'd love to hear from readers about other places where musicologists curate museum shows. There is growth potential here!
During the conference I tweeted that we need a panel about curating at AMS. I'm serious about this, although curating lies outside of my own expertise. Who's up for this?


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NextNew Safety Initiative Leverages the Power of Dealers
NADA ShowNewsTruck Dealers
ATD Announces New Industry Coalition to Repeal Federal Excise Tax and 'Modernize the Truck Fleet'
"Repealing this 102-year-old tax remains our No. 1 priority. This tax discourages the deployment of today's cleaner, safer and more fuel-efficient heavy-duty trucks," said ATD Chairwoman Jodie Teuton. "And this year, we won't be alone in the fight. We now have some strong industry allies."
By Charles Cyrill, ATD/NADA Director of Public Relations
SAN FRANCISCO (Jan. 25, 2019) – In keynote remarks today at the American Truck Dealers (ATD) Show in San Francisco, ATD Chairwoman Jodie Teuton announced the launch of a new coalition of industry stakeholders whose goal is to repeal the federal excise tax on commercial truck sales.
"Repealing this 102-year-old tax remains our No. 1 priority. This tax discourages the deployment of today's cleaner, safer and more fuel-efficient heavy-duty trucks," said Teuton, vice president of Kenworth of Louisiana and Hino of Baton Rouge. "And this year, we won't be alone in the fight. We now have some strong industry allies."
The coalition, called Modernize the Truck Fleet, includes ATD; Truck and Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA), whose members are Daimler Trucks North America, Navistar, PACCAR, Volvo Group North America and Cummins; NTEA – The Association for the Work Truck Industry; and the Truck Renting & Leasing Association (TRALA).
"The truck industry is united, and we have two goals: Repeal the FET and find an acceptable replacement for the lost revenue from the FET that provides a long-term solution to help fund our highways and modernize America's fleets," Teuton added. "We're joining our efforts this year to include the FET repeal in a comprehensive infrastructure bill."
Teuton added that the FET adds significant cost [$12,000 to $22,000] to a new truck and hurts dealership customers by preventing them from investing more in their businesses.
Enacted in 1917, the FET was meant to be a temporary measure to help pay for World War I. Today, it is the highest percentage tax that Congress levies on a product.
"This Congress, we have a unique opportunity to make FET repeal a reality," Teuton said. "Both Congress and the administration are discussing a comprehensive infrastructure bill that would address funding. This is our best shot in decades to eliminate this tax."
Teuton urged ATD member dealers to ramp up their grassroots efforts and get involved by contacting their members in Congress.
"We need each one of you in this fight," she added. "Your senator or representative may be the one to make the difference."
Teuton also discussed the critical shortage of service technicians at truck dealerships adding that a major disconnect exists between supply and demand, which is affecting the ability of dealerships to provide service to their customers.
"Every year our industry needs thousands of technicians—and the numbers are rising. In truck dealerships, we are seeing a shortage of 9,000 technicians per year," she said. "Across the entire industry, including auto dealerships, there's a shortage of almost 50,000 technicians per year."
Teuton called on dealers to promote career opportunities at their dealerships in communities across the country.
"I'd like every truck dealer to help ATD get the word out now: Dealership jobs are rewarding, challenging and pay well," she said. "Technician jobs at dealerships average $61,000 per year with benefits. Some of the best paid people in my dealerships are technicians."
From industry disruptions to economic headwinds, Teuton added that commercial truck dealerships have remained resilient and are adapting to market challenges.
"U.S. retail sales of Class 8 trucks were at historic levels, and order boards are filled well into this year. Freight growth was robust and consistent. And dealers nationwide are selling some of the cleanest and most advanced trucks we've seen," she said. "These numbers are proof of our industry's hard work, and our ability to adapt to the technological changes all around us."
The ATD Show runs concurrently with the National Automobile Dealers Association (NADA) Show in San Francisco from Jan. 24-27.
ATD, a division of NADA, represents more than 1,800 heavy- and medium-duty truck dealerships.
Posted in: NADA Show, News, Truck Dealers
Tagged in: Charles Cyrill
New Safety Initiative Leverages the Power of Dealers
2018 NADA Year in Review


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She is an Italian UTAUloid.
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text:
Der Sturm – Life on the Line (Originaltitel: Life on the Line) ist ein US-amerikanischer Katastrophenfilm aus dem Jahr 2015 von David Hackl. In der Hauptrolle ist John Travolta zu sehen.

Handlung
Ein Mann namens Duncan gibt ein Interview für einen Dokumentarfilm. Er wird gefragt, wie es für ihn ist, ein Lineman zu sein. Als er von den Geschehnissen des großen Sturms erzählen soll, wirkt er kurz abwesend.

Danny Ginner spricht mit seiner Tochter Bailey. Bailey hat Angst vor dem Sturm, aber Danny gibt ihr eine Taschenlampe für den Fall, dass der Strom ausfällt. Danny ist ein Lineman, der ausgeht und an Stromleitungen arbeitet. Danny macht sich mit einer Crew auf den Weg, um während eines heftigen Regenschauers eine heruntergekommene Stromleitung zu reparieren. Plötzlich fährt ein Lastwagen vor. Es ist der Bruder des Mannes, Beau Ginner. Beau ist in der Lage, an der Leine hochzuklettern und ein kurzgeschlossenen Draht zu reparieren.

Erst zu spät bemerkt Danny, dass Beau eine entscheidende Stelle nicht ausgebessert hat. Beau bietet an, wieder nach oben zu gehen, um seinen Fehler auszubessern, doch Danny hält ihn auf und beschließt, es selbst zu tun. Während er den Draht repariert, wird die Stromleitung von einem Blitz getroffen, und Danny fällt getroffen zu Boden. Er wird ins Krankenhaus eingeliefert. Eines der Besatzungsmitglieder alarmiert dessen Frau. Sie lässt Bailey zurück und eilt ins Krankenhaus. Während ihrer Fahrt ins Krankenhaus kollidiert sie mit einem LKW und verstirbt. Beau wird Zeuge des Unfalls, kann sie aber nicht mehr retten. Am nächsten Morgen kommt Beau beim Haus vorbei und tröstet seine Nichte Bailey.

15 Jahre später leben Beau und Bailey zusammen. Sie arbeitet als Kellnerin in einem lokalen Diner, während Beau jetzt der Head Lineman für das Unternehmen ist. Bevor sie sich auf den Weg zur Arbeit machen, bemerken Beau und Bailey, dass auf der anderen Straßenseite neue Nachbarn einziehen. Bailey geht hinaus, um sich vorzustellen. Sie begrüßt Carline, während Carlines Ehemann Eugene sie lediglich aus der Ferner mustert. Beau sieht Eugene und stellt sich ihm vor. Er bemerkt, dass Eugene auch für den Stromkonzern arbeitet. Eugene sieht Beau sehr misstrauisch an. Bailey setzt Beau vor Ort ab. Dieser muss schockiert feststellen, dass seine Kollegen eine Überraschungs-Geburtstagsparty für ihn organisiert haben.

Später am Tag bemerkt Beau, dass Duncan nun ebenfalls für dieselbe Firma arbeitet. Beau fragt seinen Arbeitskollegen Pok' Chop, wer Duncan angeheuert hat, aber Pok' Chop sagt, dass er es nicht getan habe. Es wird enthüllt, dass Duncan und Bailey früher zusammen waren, er die Beziehung aber beendete, um sich um seine alkoholkranken Mutter kümmern zu können. Ron, ein weiterer Ex-Freund von Bailey, der immer noch Gefühle für die junge Frau hat, ist von Duncans Rückkehr nicht begeistert.

Die Beziehung zwischen Eugene und Carline ist angespannt, da sie ihn in der Vergangenheit betrogen hat. Nachdem sie einige Zeit miteinander verbracht haben, bemerkt Carline, dass Bailey schwanger ist. Bailey verrät, dass es Duncans Baby ist. Beau möchte allerdings, dass sie ein College besucht. Ron wird derweil von Carline bei einem Flirtversuch mit Bailey entscheidend gestört. In einer Bar sagt der betrunkene Beau, dass er von Duncan nichts hält und er die Zukunft seiner Nichte bedrohe. Es kommt zum Handgemenge.

Am Tag des Sturms zerstört ein starker Blitz eine Stromleitung. Dadurch entgleist ein Zug. Eugene, der vorhatte, Suizid zu begehen, beschließt, Carline eine zweite Chance zu geben. Gerade rechtzeitig kommt er heim, um seine Frau vor der Vergewaltigung von Ron zu retten. Bei einem Schusswechsel wird allerdings Bailey schwer am Bauch getroffen und ins Krankenhaus eingeliefert. Wegen des Sturms fällt aber plötzlich der Strom in der Stadt aus.

Beau und Duncan schaffen es zum zentralen Energieknotenpunkt und versuchen herauszufinden, was passiert ist. Beau bemerkt schließlich das Problem: Die Leitung ist unterbrochen. Beau erklimmt den Hochspannungsmast, um den Strom wieder einzuschalten. Nachdem er mit einem Stock Druck auf einen Hebel ausgeübt hat, sagt Beau Duncan, dass er ein guter Mann ist. Duncan erkennt, was Beau vorhat, und versucht ihn davon zu überzeugen, dass es auch anders geht. Beau greift nach dem Hebel und drückt darauf. Der Hebel gibt nach und wird verbunden. Dies führt aber dazu, dass Beau einen Stromschlag erleidet und sein Körper vom Mast geworfen wird. Der Strom erreicht wieder die Stadt und das Krankenhaus und Bailey kann gerettet werden. Am nächsten Morgen geht Duncan ins Krankenhaus und tröstet Bailey.

Während des Interviews sagt Duncan, dass Beau die Definition eines Lineman war und dass er hofft, dass er nur halb so viel wie Beau sein kann. Duncan bekommt einen Anruf über sein Funkgerät und sagt, dass er gebraucht wird, weil ein Sturm aufziehen wird.

Zwei Jahre später werden Duncan, Bailey, ihr Baby, Pok' Chop und ein weiterer Lineman gesehen, wie sie sich einem Denkmal nähern. Das Denkmal, das sich vor einem Strommast befindet, ist all den örtlichen Freileitungsmonteuren gewidmet, die im Dienst ihrer Arbeit ihr Leben verloren haben. Die Namen von Danny und Beau sind unter den Namen zu sehen.

Hintergrund
Der Sturm – Life on the Line wurde überwiegend im kanadischen British Columbia, besonders in Vancouver und Fort Langley realisiert. Das Filmbudget wird auf 12 Mio. US-Dollar geschätzt. Der Film wurde für den Direct-to-Video-Vertrieb produziert. Er feierte seine Premiere am 5. November 2015 auf dem Napa Valley Film Festival und erschien am 18. November 2016 im Videoverleih.

Rezeption

Cinema bemängelt außerdem, dass viele "Klischees und der Macho-Pathos [...] jedoch auf die Dauer" ermüden. "Lediglich ein paar Actionszenen rütteln wieder wach".

Deutscher Pressestern schreibt, dass "Regisseur David Hackl, selbst ehemaliger Lineman, ein von Anfang bis Ende packendes Actionspektakel" inszeniert. Die schauspielerische Darbietung von John Travolta und Devon Sawa werden hervorgehoben. Auch die Leistungen von Kate Bosworth, Sharon Stone und Gil Bellows werden gelobt.

Sheri Linden vom  The Hollywood Reporter schreibt: "Das Leben steht zwar auf dem Spiel, aber auf dem Bildschirm ist es Mangelware".

Auf Rotten Tomatoes hat der Film bei über 250 Bewertungen eine Wertung von schwachen 35 %. In der Internet Movie Database kann der Film bei über 5.000 Stimmenabgaben eine Wertung von 5,2 von insgesamt 10 Sternen vorweisen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2015
US-amerikanischer Film
Katastrophenfilm

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Private setting family home on a dead end road. 3 bedrooms, 2 baths on 4+ acres. Many updates which include completely remodeled kitchen and new metal roof. Lots of natural light with large windows and skylights makes this home very inviting. Includes 2 sources of heat - propane and a wood stove which heats the whole home during the long winter months. Beautifully landscaped with a pond and waterfall. Attached 30x32 2 stall garage. Storage shed with new metal roof, lights and electric. Large walk in closets in master along with a master bath that includes a whirlpool jetted tub.


This book is about realistic solutions for the threat of zero-interest rates and excessive liquidity.
The United States needs to take the first step, defending sound money and a balanced budget, recovering the middle-class by focusing on increasing disposable income. The rest will follow. Our future should not be low growth and high debt. Cheap money becomes very expensive in the long run. There is an escape from the central bank trap.
Chapter 1. How Did We Get Here?
Chapter 14. Dollar vs. Yuan. Can China Dethrone the US Dollar?


text:
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Hindi Home
25 Oct 2018 - 4:29pm
New visa rules toughening character test introduced in Australian parliament
Spotlight shifts from 'boat people' to record numbers of 'airplane people' (SBS)
New visa rules will allow the Department of Home Affairs to cancel the visas of anyone convicted of an offence punishable by at least two years in prison - regardless of whether they were jailed for less time, or not jailed at all.
Mosiqi Acharya
25 Oct 2018 - 4:23 PM UPDATED 25 Oct 2018 - 4:29 PM
Indian national Mr Singh* was convicted for offences of Indecent Act with a child under 16 by the County Court of Victoria in May 2008.
The incident occurred at a shop in Melbourne where Mr Singh was employed. He pleaded guilty to sexually assaulting and forcing himself on a 15-year-old school girl who had come to the shop when there was no one else present.
Based on this conviction, Mr Singh* was refused a partner visa on character grounds by the Department of Home Affairs earlier this year.
Mr Singh appealed against this decision in the Administrative Appeals Tribunal of Australia (AAT) that granted him a reprieve by setting aside the department's decision.
He earned a reprieve but under new visa provisions introduced in Parliament today, non-citizen sex offenders, violent offenders and those who commit violence against women will be at greater risk of having their visa cancelled or refused.
Under the Migration Amendment (Strengthening the Character Test) Bill 2018 which hit the lower house on Thursday, anyone convicted of an offence punishable by at least two years in prison could have their visa cancelled - regardless of whether they were jailed for less time, or not jailed at all.
Designated offences include offences involving violence, sexual assault, domestic abuse and the use or possession of weapons and must carry a two year or more maximum jail sentence.
Minister for Immigration David Coleman
Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs, David Coleman, said the Bill acknowledges the serious nature of these offences, and the long-lasting impact they have on the victim and the broader community.
"Entering or remaining in Australia is a privilege and it is expected that non-citizens are, and have been, law-abiding," Mr Coleman said.
"These crimes can inflict long-lasting trauma on the victims and their friends and family. Physical violence, sexual assault, and violence against women are abhorrent crimes and those non-citizens who commit them are not welcome in our country."
Indian citizen who has lived here for 22 years denied citizenship
Mr Singh's three adult children are all Australian citizens.
The new visa provisions are in addition to the existing provisions in the character test, which include the mandatory cancellation powers where a person's visa must be cancelled if they have been sentenced to 12 months or more in prison.
While the existing provisions have been effective, the 12-month sentence threshold does not always capture people guilty of all serious crimes committed in Australia and overseas.
"Unlike the mandatory cancellation framework, the new provisions will not require that the person be sentenced to a custodial sentence of more than 12 months," Mr Coleman said.
"A conviction is sufficient grounds to consider cancellation as long as the offence carries a maximum sentence of two or more years' imprisonment."
The new rule will come into effect one day after the Bill receives the Royal Assent from the Governor-General.
Tribunal grants reprieve to Indian sexual offender denied partner visa
Mr Singh sexually assaulted and forced himself on a 15-year-old school girl who had come to the shop where he was employed.
What are the designated offences?
The list (below) of designated offences will be inserted into s501 of the Migration Act 1958, making it clear that anyone convicted of these crimes, whether in Australia or overseas, will be at risk of having their visa cancelled or refused.
violence against a person, including (without limitation) murder, manslaughter, kidnapping, assault, aggravated burglary and the threat of violence; or
non-consensual conduct of a sexual nature, including (without limitation) sexual assault and the non-consensual commission of an act of indecency or sharing of an intimate image; or
breaching an order made by a court or tribunal for the personal protection of another person; or
using or possessing a weapon; or
procuring, or assisting in any way with one of these designated crimes; and
the offence carries a maximum sentence of two or more years imprisonment.
Children who commit serious crimes would also be included in the crackdown.
*Names changed.
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Permanent resident with DV conviction denied Australian citizenship
A permanent resident of Australia convicted of a domestic violence offence around three years ago has been denied Australian citizenship.
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Q: GRUB dual boot menu fails to load specifically after shutting down from Windows 10 I am dual booting Ubuntu 16.04 and Windows 10 but am having a sporadic issue.
GRUB will show up, and if I boot into Ubuntu, it works fine. If I shut down from Ubuntu and restart, everything works great.
However, after I boot into Windows 10, shut down, and reboot, the GRUB menu does NOT appear. Instead I am greeted with the Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported message:
Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the first word, TAB
lists possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible
completions of a device/filename.

The only way for me to temporarily fix this issue is if I boot Ubuntu from my USB stick and run the boot repair. It claims it has fixed the boot menu/GRUB, but the process above continuously repeats. Booting into either OS works, but specifically after shutting down from Windows 10, the Minimal Bash message appears.
I tried this command from Windows 10 but it does not appear to have changed anything:
bcdedit /set {bootmgr} path \EFI\ubuntu\grubx64.efi

I am booting in UEFI mode with SecureBoot mode disabled and have an Acer Aspire V7-582P-6673 if that helps.

A: Try with the live session, on the USB or cd, to reinstall grub-efi. Open a terminal and enter the following commands:
sudo mount /dev/sda# /mnt

Replace the hashtag in /dev/sda# with the number representing the partition where you had Ubuntu 16.04 installed. You can use gparted to do it.
sudo mount /dev/sda# /mnt/boot/efi

Replace the hashtag in /dev/sda# with the number representing the efi partition. It's usually /dev/sda2.
sudo mount -o bind /dev /mnt/dev

sudo mount -o bind /proc /mnt/proc

sudo mount -o bind /sys /mnt/sys

sudo mount -o bind /run /mnt/run

sudo chroot /mnt/

sudo apt-get install --reinstall grub-efi

sudo update-grub

reboot, to realize if it works.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Acekard 2i writes directly to the save file on your MicroSD card. No need to manually select save types nor battery. Save files are compatible with other flash carts. All you need to do is make sure the save file has the same prefix name and put it at the same directory of file. Then you can just run the software to use new save file.
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*On first boot it takes some time to create save file. The loader time after save file is created is very fast.
The Acekard 2i is compatible with all homebrew because of the DLDI auto-patcher. You can just copy the homebrews to the MicroSD card and run it. You can use Moonshell, one of the most well known homebrew software on DS, for multi media. Watching movie, listening MP3, reading TXT novel on DS is so easy! Please [download moonshell for AK 2 here].
*Some homebrews need to be put at the root of MicroSD card for best compatibility.
Acekard 2i support SDHC and offer unlimited space for you. You can copy all you favorite software, songs and movie to one MicroSD card.
Acekard 2i can be meet with any brand of MicroSD card. Do not need to worry about the speed of MicroSD card.
Acekard 2i support Action Replay cheats in .dat, .xml and .cc format.
You can select how to use AR cheats by using the build-in editor.
If you have the cheat code of the software then a list window will be shown. You can use "X" and "Y" to enable or disnable them.
Press "A" to save your changes and enter software for fun.
The Acekard 2i has a "Trimming" Function built in. When you copy a file in the Micro SD , the Acekard 2i. will automatically trim any un-necessary data in a file.
The Acekard R.P.G. utilizes the idea of the iPhone which gives the customer a totally new control experience.
* You are able to use "Button Control" as well.
You can use copy, paste and delete at the files in MicroSD card.
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*You need insert MicroSD card with OSMenu to use Passme function.
*There is no Slot2 in DSi.
You can easily change the language within Acekard 2i. There are 8 languages in the firmware, Which are Simple Chinese, Traditional Chinese, English, French, Italy, Spanish , Japanese and German. You can modify and replace these languages' text as you wish. They are all in /__ak2/language/.
Acekard 2i use the same skin system of AK RPG. You can easily DIY Acekard 2i skin, and change it at anytime. All the pictures, buttons, text, even their coordinate can be customized. You also can add your own customer text and customer pictures. Same skin different style! You can find [more skins here]. And you can find skin editor at [at here]. You can just copy the folder of skins to "/__ak2/ui/" and enable it from "System Options" at start menu.
AK 2 will start in the folder you last ran software from.
Every file and folder has an icon in front of the name. Softwares will display their icon directly.
Using the simple list view more files will be shown on screen.
You can config the scrolling speed and whether to show the hidden files.
AK 2 support soft-reset whenever you running a software. You can return to AK 2 menu when you're running software by just pressing L+R+A+B+Down. You do not need turn off DS to change softwares. You can disable this function in menu.


text:
Author Response to Letter | August 2013
Regarding the benefit of zero-dimensional noise
Daniel H. Baker; Tim S. Meese
Daniel H. Baker
Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK
daniel.baker@york.ac.ukhttp://www.http://www.york.ac.uk/psychology/staff/faculty/daniel/
Tim S. Meese
School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
t.s.meese@aston.ac.ukhttp://www1.aston.ac.uk/lhs/staff/az-index/meesets/
Journal of Vision August 2013, Vol.13, 26. doi:10.1167/13.10.26
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Daniel H. Baker, Tim S. Meese; Regarding the benefit of zero-dimensional noise. Journal of Vision 2013;13(10):26. doi: 10.1167/13.10.26.
© ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)
Baker and Meese (2012) (B&M) provided an empirically driven criticism of the use of two-dimensional (2D) pixel noise in equivalent noise (EN) experiments. Their main objection was that in addition to injecting variability into the contrast detecting mechanisms, 2D noise also invokes gain control processes from a widely tuned contrast gain pool (e.g., Foley, 1994). B&M also developed a zero-dimensional (0D) noise paradigm in which all of the variance is concentrated in the mechanisms involved in the detection process. They showed that this form of noise conformed much more closely to expectations than did a 2D variant.
Allard and Faubert (2013) (A&F) criticized this work on several grounds. There are several aims to our reply:
To reinforce our point that masking from 2D noise does not derive purely from the influence of variability: Suppression is also involved. This means that 2D noise masking experiments might not be revealing the processes that their designers intended. This is a valuable conclusion from our original work using 0D noise and receives further experimental support here (Appendix A).
To point out the shortcomings in several of A&F's arguments and address several errors and misunderstandings that emerge.
To present our own critique of the 0D noise masking paradigm.
To further illustrate the value of the 0D noise-masking paradigm in an experimental context (Appendix A).
We begin by correcting a mistake in the second sentence of A&F's critique, where they mischaracterize the concept of 0D noise. It does not involve jittering just the target contrast, as they state. Instead, it involves adding a pedestal to both intervals of two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) trial with zero mean contrast (negative contrasts are carried by a 180° switch in phase). This means there is an independent source of noise in each of the 2AFC intervals. It seems that this mischaracterization of our stimulus does not lead them to further misunderstandings, but we feel bound to alert readers to this error.
In 2AFC, the responses from two intervals can be compared within the framework of signal detection theory (SDT). One contains noise alone; the other contains signal plus noise. This is true for 0D external noise, regardless of the noise level. Thus when the external noise level is zero, the limiting noise is entirely internal. When the external 0D noise is sufficiently high, it dominates the internal noise, which becomes irrelevant. Determining the external noise level at which this transition occurs is the basis of the EN paradigm (Pelli, 1990). But regardless of either noise level, the observer compares a signed response from each interval, each of which contains noise and only one of which contains signal. Operationally, the task is exactly the same in each case (compare two responses and choose the interval that contains the target), and the mathematics and application of SDT are identical. Thus, 0D noise has exactly the characteristics we want from it and the general processing strategy is the same, regardless of the level of the noise.
We wondered whether some of A&Fs misgivings on this point had been driven by the intuitive concern that the 0D noise task "feels" more like a contrast discrimination task than a contrast detection task. We accept that this might be the case, so long as we keep in mind that the discrimination is not based on absolute contrast, but signed (i.e., phase dependent) contrast (where negative phase counts as negative contrast). Nevertheless, their point is of little relevance. Whilst it is obvious that for 0D noise there is typically nonzero stimulus contrast in each of the two intervals, exactly the same is true of 2D noise so long as the noise level is above its own detection threshold. Furthermore, even for 2D noise it must also be the case that there is typically nonzero activity within the detecting mechanism(s) in each interval, otherwise masking could not be attributed to the direct effects of noise in that paradigm at all! Essentially, detection in any type of noise (and hence all detection) is discrimination, even when the noise is purely internal. This is because there are nonzero responses in each interval, not deterministic "detect" versus "not-detect" states as implied by long-discredited high-threshold assumptions (e.g., Nachmias, 1981). Note that the instruction to our experienced observers was: "Indicate whether the target was presented in the first or second interval," with the caveat that targets were always in positive cosine phase relative to fixation. As pointed out by a reviewer, this is equivalent to saying: "Select the interval with the brightest horizontal bar at fixation." These instructions were clearly sufficient for observers to perform the 0D noise task in the fovea. Whether the same is true for peripheral presentation, where phase information is often lost (e.g., Solomon, 2002) remains to be determined.
On a related tack, A&F complained that 0D noise masking does not lend itself to being used in a yes/no (y/n) detection task and used this to try and claim that unlike the 2D case, the task is no longer one of detection in the 0D case. Their position on this is wrong. In a suitably designed y/n experiment, including catch trials to assess false alarms, the tenets of SDT can be brought to bear in the analysis of the 0D noise mask in exactly the same way as for the 2D noise mask. We do not see that the 0D noise experiment would be impractical, as A&F claim. A&F's objection seems to be that in a y/n task, "… the observer almost always perceives a target." This statement is wrong. It should say, "… there is almost always external drive to the detecting mechanism." Whether the observer judges that response to derive from a target or not will depend on how they set their internal criterion for detection in the task. This is no different from when 2D noise is used, or when there is no noise. In all cases, when the response is much higher than the criterion for detection, the observer will typically say "yes," and there is a high probability that there was a target, in which case the observer scores a hit. When the response is only just above the criterion then the observer still says "yes," but if the target contrast was zero, then that is a false positive. It should be clear that observers would be wise to set their criterion high if the noise level is high (regardless of whether that noise is internal or external, or 0D or 2D).
Of course, one problem with high levels of 0D noise (and 2D noise) is that the combination of signal and noise in the detecting mechanism can result in the response of the detecting mechanism being driven into a different part of its operating characteristic. If sufficiently high, this might involve response compression, equivalent to self-suppression from contrast gain control (Foley, 1994). We refer readers back to our original paper for further discussion of this point.
The treatment above considers only a single detecting mechanism. Although A&F don't spell this out, one argument might be that contrast detection involves multiple mechanisms with receptive fields in different positions across the image, for example. Then we must ask how these mechanisms might be combined. One widely used approach is to suppose that the observer constructs a template of the target, and this is used to weight the filtered signal and noise at each location in the image. The contributions from each mechanism "beneath" the template are then summed to construct the decision variable (see Meese & Summers, 2012 for a recent example of this). In this case, when the external noise is zero, performance is limited by multiple sources of independent internal noise, the summation of which results in a single noise source. When the external noise is high enough to be the limiting noise, then for the 2D case, we have the same situation as before. The situation in the 0D case is slightly different, in that the multiple noise sources are 100% correlated. This means there is no longer any benefit in combining information from multiple mechanisms. Nevertheless, in all cases, the observer's decision variable is constructed from a comparison of signal and noise with noise alone.
A&F commented that, "… if different processing strategies underlie contrast detection in no and 0D noise, then this compromises the application of the EN paradigm." However, our contention is that this is exactly the problem with 2D noise—it invokes suppression from the broadly tuned gain control mechanism. 0D noise, on the other hand does not, other than the caveat about self-suppression mentioned above. Thus, 0D noise addresses the noise in only a single detector. If 2D noise is used in an attempt to try and estimate the EN for multiple mechanisms then it will be confounded by the suppressive effects from the contrast gain pool. This illustrates clear practical limitations to the EN paradigm.
There are other criticisms that might be levelled at the use of 0D noise. For example, it is possible that 0D noise reduces uncertainty, whereas this is less likely for 2D noise. However, A&Fs criticisms do not appear to have this type of detail in mind.
A&F complain that 0D noise is not suitable for measuring the tuning properties of the detecting mechanism. The fact that it cannot was so obvious we saw no need to mention it. However, we might add that we are skeptical about the general approach of using external noise to assess the excitatory tuning properties of visual mechanisms. The problem is not specific to noise, but to masking in general. The logic behind most masking studies is that performance is disturbed when the mask stimulus excites the detecting mechanism. In the noise-masking paradigm, the disturbance is an increase in response variance, in the pattern-masking paradigm, the disturbance is a result of response compression (Wilson, McFarlane, & Phillips, 1983). However, the central difficulty is that there are (at least) two critical degrees of freedom in a well-constructed model of the process: the tuning of the detecting mechanism and the tuning of the suppressive gain pool. It is difficult to design experiments that provide suitable constraints on these two parameters (though see Foley, 1994) and many studies don't even attempt to, ignoring the suppressive effects of the contrast gain pool altogether. We consider this risky at best (see Meese & Holmes, 2010). As the same criticisms are likely to apply to 2D noise masking when used as A&F propose, we advise that it be done with caution, at the very least.
A further criticism of 0D noise advanced by A&F is that it cannot reveal any properties of the detection process because thresholds in high-variance 0D noise correspond to those expected for the ideal observer (they show this for their one subject, RA). Figure 1 shows data from two experiments measuring detection in 0D noise (those in Panel A are replotted from B&M as absolute detection thresholds, having been refitted using a cumulative Gaussian instead of a Weibull function). The prediction of the ideal observer is given by the oblique dashed line x = y for thresholds at d′ = 1. Our data confirm that human observers approach the ideal prediction in this task, within the range of experimental error.
View OriginalDownload Slide
0D noise masking functions from (a) Baker & Meese (2012) and (b) the experiment described in Appendix A. The oblique dashed line represents the prediction of the ideal observer.
The observation above tends to reinforce A&F's claim that 0D noise is of no value because it conforms to the behaviour of the ideal observer. For example, this means that the EN can be estimated from the unmasked detection threshold and the ideal prediction without having to gather any noise-masking results at all. However, this misses an important point about the role of 0D noise experiments. For example, the main aim of our earlier paper (Baker & Meese, 2012) was to demonstrate the shortcomings of 2D pixel noise: that it is not the research tool it is often assumed to be. A&F do not dispute our position on 2D noise, and we consider our claims to be safe. That study involved comparing results from 2D noise experiments with those from 0D noise. We found that 2D noise failed to meet predictions for noise masking in four independent experimental tests. In stark contrast, 0D noise did meet those predictions, illustrating that the limitations were not simply attributable to experimental protocol or other difficulties in linking a paradigm that originates from the study of electrical hardware with neural wetware (Pelli, 1981).
Regardless of the value of 0D noise within the equivalent noise paradigm, it has wider applicability as a method for introducing variance into an observer's responses. If participants behave like noisy ideal observers (as A&F propose), the double-pass procedure (Burgess & Colborne, 1988) offers an alternative method for estimating the ratio of internal to external noise. Yet previous studies had always found that double-pass data produced different estimates of internal noise to the equivalent noise method (e.g., Lu & Dosher, 2008), necessitating additional model parameters or mechanisms (such as induced internal noise) to explain this. The discrepancy is easily understood when the suppressive effects of noise masks are taken into account. (This also requires additional degrees of freedom in the model of course, but ones well supported by independent studies such as Foley, 1994, and Meese & Holmes, 2007.) The 0D noise stimulus produces much stronger double pass consistency than 2D noise, even when the two noise types are equated for the level of threshold elevation that they produce (experiment 2 of B&M). Thus, it is a useful tool for assessing internal noise levels in a range of situations which would otherwise be difficult to compare, e.g., across sensory modalities (Neri, 2010).
In other work, described in Appendix A, we have found 0D noise masking to be a valuable tool for investigating combined influences of pattern masking (suppression from gain control) and noise masking. We did this by performing masking experiments that contained a pure noise mask component (0D noise) in addition to a pattern mask. Our aim was to determine whether pattern masking includes a component of noise masking (from induced noise; e.g., Burgess & Colborne, 1988) or whether it is purely suppressive. To do this, we needed a noise mask for which we were confident there was little or no effect from suppression. 0D noise is the only noise mask to meet this criterion. By measuring and modelling 0D noise masking in the presence of a pattern mask we were able to determine that (a) pattern masking does not involve induced noise and (b) the two forms of masking are not additive. Neither of these conclusions could have been reached using traditional noise masks which themselves contribute suppression. Thus, far from being the irrelevant stimulus for characterizing the processing properties of detection mechanisms that A&F claim, we have found it to be a useful tool in furthering our understanding of exactly that.
In sum, we agree with A&F that 0D noise is not suitable for measuring mechanism selectivity, but this observation is so plainly true we consider it trivial. Furthermore, this does not mean that 0D noise is of no value, as pointed out above and in Appendix A. Nevertheless, we are grateful to A&F for replicating our finding about the reduction of the slope of the psychometric function in 0D noise, and for providing us the opportunity to discuss the issues they raise, since we think it is possible that other readers might share their misgivings and misunderstandings.
Supported by EPSRC Grant EP/H000038/1, awarded to Tim Meese and Mark Georgeson.
Commercial relationships: none.
Corresponding author: Daniel Hart Baker.
Email: daniel.baker@york.ac.uk.
Address: Department of Psychology, University of York, UK.
Allard R. Faubert J. (2013). Zero-dimensional noise is not suitable for characterizing processing properties of detection mechanisms. Journal of Vision, 13 (10): 26, 1–3, http://www.journalofvision.org/content/13/10/26, doi:10.1167/13.10.26. [CrossRef]
Baker D. H. Meese T. S. (2012). Zero-dimensional noise: The best mask you never saw. Journal of Vision, 12 (10): 20, 1–12, http://www.journalofvision.org/content/12/10/20, doi:10.1167/12.10.20. [PubMed] [Article] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Burgess A. E. Colborne B. (1988). Visual signal detection. IV. Observer inconsistency. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 617–627. [CrossRef]
Foley J. M. (1994). Human luminance pattern-vision mechanisms: Masking experiments require a new model. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 11, 1710–1719. [CrossRef]
Holmes D. J. Meese T. S. (2004). Grating and plaid masks indicate linear summation in a contrast gain pool. Journal of Vision, 4 (12): 7, 1080–1089, http://www.journalofvision.org/content/4/12/7, doi:10.1167/4.12.7. [PubMed] [Article] [CrossRef]
Klein S. A. Levi D. M. (2009). Stochastic model for detection of signals in noise. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 26, B110–B126. [CrossRef]
Lu Z.-L. Dosher B. A. (2008). Characterizing observers using external noise and observer models: Assessing internal representations with external noise. Psychological Review, 115, 44–82. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Meese T. S. Holmes D. J. (2007). Spatial and temporal dependencies of cross-orientation suppression in human vision. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 274, 127–136. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Meese T. S. Holmes D. J. (2010). Orientation masking and cross-orientation suppression (XOS): Implications for estimates of filter bandwidth. Journal of Vision, 10 (12): 9, 1–20, http://www.journalofvision.org/content/10/12/9, doi:10.1167/10.12.9. [PubMed] [Article] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Meese T. S. Summers R. J. (2012). Theory and data for area summation of contrast with and without uncertainty: Evidence for a noisy energy model. Journal of Vision, 12 (11): 9, 1–28, http://www.journalofvision.org/content/12/11/9, doi:10.1167/12.11.9. [PubMed] [Article] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nachmias J. (1981). On the psychometric function for contrast detection. Vision Research, 21, 215–223. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nachmias J. (1993). Masked detection of gratings: The standard model revisited. Vision Research, 33, 1359–1365. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Neri P. (2010). How inherently noisy is human sensory processing? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 802–808. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Pelli D. G. (1981). Effects of visual noise (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Retrieved from http://psych.nyu.edu/pelli/pubs/pelli1981thesis.pdf.
Pelli D. G. (1990). The quantum efficiency of vision. In Blakemore C. (Ed.), Vision: Coding and efficiency (pp. 1–24). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Solomon J. A. (2002). Noise reveals visual mechanisms of detection and discrimination. Journal of Vision, 2 (1): 7, 105–120, http://www.journalofvision.org/content/2/1/7, doi:10.1167/2.1.7. [PubMed] [Article] [CrossRef]
Wilson H. R. McFarlane D. K. Phillips G. C. (1983). Spatial tuning of orientation selective units estimated by oblique masking. Vision Research, 23, 873–882. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nonadditivity of stochastic and deterministic masks
To illustrate the benefit of 0D noise, we considered how suppression from cross-channel grating masks combines with threshold elevation due to external noise. We measured noise masking functions for 0D noise masks in three observers, using the procedures described in B&M. Stimuli (horizontal 1 c/° log-Gabor patches) were displayed using a Bits++ on a gamma corrected NEC MultiSync P1150 monitor. The results are shown for each observer separately in Figure 1b, and the average is given by the blue function in Figure A1a. The 0D masking function closely resembles those described previously.
We then repeated the experiment with an additional superimposed grating mask at three times the target frequency (3F), with an orientation of −45° from vertical and a contrast of 32% (30 dB). The 3F grating mask elevated detection thresholds in weak 0D noise by around a factor of four (12 dB), consistent with previous work (Holmes & Meese, 2004). But for strong 0D noise (18 & 24 dB), thresholds converged with those in the absence of the 3F mask. This demonstrates the nonadditivity of these two forms of masking—a very different phenomenon from the linear combination of two grating masks (Holmes & Meese, 2004).
Figure A1
Data and model predictions for 0D noise masking with and without a cross-channel mask. (a) Masking functions averaged across three observers. (d) PCPA data from a double pass experiment using the same stimuli, comprising 400 MCS trials per observer. The gray curve shows the expected agreement in the absence of external noise (Klein & Levi, 2009). (b), (c), (e), (f) Predictions of two models for the same conditions, as described in the text. Error bars give ±1 SEM across observers.
Cross-channel masking is typically attributed to suppression from a gain pool (cf. Nachmias, 1993). In Figure A1b, we show that a standard divisive suppression model (Foley, 1994) predicts the arrangement of both masking functions, including their convergence. But an alternative explanation is that the 3F mask increases the level of internal noise in the system. This "induced noise" (e.g., Lu & Dosher, 2008) can produce masking resembling that from divisive suppression (Figure A1c; details of model simulations are given in Appendix B).
Although both models make similar predictions regarding the masking functions, they differ in one critical way. Because internal noise remains constant in the gain control model, it predicts that the consistency of observer responses in a double pass experiment (see Burgess & Colborne, 1988) will be unchanged when a 3F mask is added (red and blue functions superimpose in Figure A1e). In contrast, if the 3F mask increases the level of internal noise, then it should reduce observer response consistency dramatically (red and blue functions diverge in Figure A1f).
We collected double pass data for two target contrast levels (0% and 22%) at a jitter standard deviation of 16% (24dB), both with and without the 32% contrast 3F mask. The results (Figure A1d) show unambiguously that response consistency is not affected by the 3F mask. This allows us to reject induced noise as a source of cross-channel masking. Note that the use of 0D noise was critical for reaching this conclusion, as any variety of noise that itself introduced suppression would have combined differently with the 3F mask and affected the results.
The standard gain control model is given by the equation:
where C is the contrast in the detecting mechanism tuned to the target, X is the summed contrast of a gain pool with weight w = 0.05, Z is a saturation constant with a value of two, and G represents internal noise with standard deviation σ = 0.5 (parameter values were chosen to produce illustrative behavior approximating that of the human data and are consistent with values obtained elsewhere by fitting). The induced noise model is similar, except that the cross-channel mask produces additional internal noise proportional to its contrast:
with all terms retaining their previous meanings and values. The induced internal noise term (GwX) is equivalent to that proposed in previous studies (e.g., Burgess & Colborne, 1988; Lu & Dosher, 2008) in that it is summed with the additive internal noise following the transducer. Although previous implementations have made the induced noise proportional to the noise contrast, the purpose of induced noise is to account for the mask effects outside of the detecting channel (Lu & Dosher, 2008, point out the similarity to contrast gain control). So, in Equation 2 the induced variance (GwX) is proportional to the activity in nontarget mechanisms (e.g., the mask contrast) but not to that within the detecting channel.
We simulated 5,000 trials per target contrast level to produce a full psychometric function at each mask level. An independent sample of external noise was added to the target contrast on each interval of every trial (in the null interval the target contrast was zero). Thresholds were estimated from these simulated data using Probit analysis. To produce the double pass predictions, the first half of the simulated trials used the same samples of external noise as the second half, but different samples of internal noise.
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Best oysters in town! Small, quaint – you will like everything about the Boathouse Oyster Bar. In my view, it is hard to find any other place that beats the Boathouse Gumbo. Recently they expanded the menu and the seating area, but you will still get the usual bowl of Gumbo and a couple dozen raw oysters.
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By RE Sports on Jan 26, 2018 at 9:46 p.m.
Jack Maroushek scored twice for Red Wing, and Nick Hackman scored twice for Rochester John Marshall, but neither team could score in overtime in Thursday's 2-2 tie.
Maroushek scored 4 minutes, 37 seconds into the second period, on an assist from Derek Gielau, to put the Wingers up 1-0. Hackman scored nine minutes later to tie the game, then Maroushek made it 2-1 on assists from Dylan Hadler and Teddy Lillico.
Hackman's equalizer came at 2:00 of the third period. Shots were 7-4 in favor of the Rockets in overtime.
Red Wing put 33 shots on Carson Arthur, who made 31 saves. Winger goalie Zach Harding stopped 30 of 32 shots.
Red Wing (3-13-1) hosts Mankato West on Saturday and Albert Lea on Tuesday.


Misha Merrill gave the fourth talk in a speaker series titled "Preparing the Mind for Awakening: Cultivating the Seven Factors of Awakening." She explained that joy and happiness are not the same thing, because we can find joy even in the midst of difficulties. We can't put off practicing and experiencing joy until everything is just exactly the way we want it to be. In fact, to be able to experience joy at this moment, right here, right now, even when things are difficult, is the core of our practice. Misha then offered practices that can increase the possibility of joy in our lives.
Chris Clifford gave the first talk in a speaker series titled "Preparing the Mind for Awakening: Cultivating the Seven Factors of Awakening." In this talk, Chris explored the Buddha's teachings on Mindfulness in order to understand how this mental factor differs from ordinary untrained consciousness, and how it supports the unfolding of the Seven Factors of Awakening.
Janetti Marotta gave the first talk in a eight-week series titled "Seven Factors of Awakening". This talk focuses on what mindfulness is, and how it is considered one of the seven factors of awakening. Three central factors of mindfulness that cultivate the mind are explored: the particular way of paying attention to the present moment, the ability to investigate experience through seeing clearly, and the development of insight into freedom from suffering.
Sharon Allen gave the second talk in a eight-week series titled "Seven Factors of Awakening". She discussed how the power of investigation is essential to letting go of harmful states of mind and to nurturing beneficial states of mind. When we know this for ourselves, we attain increased confidence in the path and are prompted to put more energy into our practice and understanding. This puts us on the path to liberation.
Fa Jun gave the fourth talk in a eight-week series titled "Seven Factors of Awakening". This very informative talk explores the four stages of meditation and the two main hindrances to meditation, torpidity and excitation, and how we can overcome these hindrances by learning to cultivate joy.
Margaret Gainer gave the sixth talk in a eight-week series titled "Seven Factors of Awakening." She compares and contrasts meditation techniques that lead to insight and concentration, and focuses on applying concentration to develop one-pointedness.
Shaila Catherine gave the seventh talk in a eight-week series titled "Seven Factors of Awakening." This talk explores how the stability and the balance provided by equanimity can make our mind our friend, something that we can trust. When equanimity is strong, if there is pain we won't tend to react with aversion; if there is pleasure, we won't tend to react with grasping and clinging. The mind will be balanced, present, and aware of experience as it unfolds.
Daniel Bowling discusses the Seven Factors of Awakening, with an emphasis on the tranquility factor. The talk, the 7th in the series on the awakening factors, encourages us to mindfully, and with curiosity and joy, develop tranquility so that we can employ its benefits both on the cushion and in everyday situations.
Sean Feit Oakes speaks about the quality of samadhi as an awakening factor. This talk, the 8th in the series, examines samadhi as the framework of what must be cultivated in practice in order to ultimately aim for liberation. Because concentration arises when conditions ripen, this talk explores ways to develop these conditions so that samadhi and its benefits can manifest.


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Welcome to the Key Largo restaurant dining guide! Here you'll find the best Key Largo restaurants, as well as the newest and most recently reviewed Key Largo-area restaurants.
Dine out using the Key Largo restaurant reservations list or order in from Key Largo food delivery restaurants.
A dining patron from Key Largo, FL tried Cheng Garden Chinese Restaurant.
A Sushi food lover from Islamorada, FL tried Sushi NAMI Japanese Restaurant.
A diner from Key Largo, FL tried Cheng Garden Chinese Restaurant.
A Thai food lover from US tried Num-Thai & Sushi Bar Restaurant.
A diner from Key Largo, FL tried Num-Thai & Sushi Bar Restaurant.
A Thai food lover from Key Largo, FL tried Num-Thai & Sushi Bar Restaurant, liked it, and rated it . They liked the food, liked the service, and liked the ambiance.
A Thai chowhound from Lawrenceville, GA tried Num-Thai & Sushi Bar Restaurant and liked it.
A Fast Food food lover from US tried KFC - Kentucky Fried Chicken and liked it. They liked the food.
A dining patron from Hollywood, FL tried Num-Thai & Sushi Bar Restaurant.
A diner from US tried Num-Thai & Sushi Bar Restaurant, liked it, and rated it . They liked the food, liked the service, and liked the ambiance.
A Thai chowhound from US tried Num-Thai & Sushi Bar Restaurant, liked it, and rated it . They liked the food, liked the service, and liked the ambiance.
A Thai food lover from Fort Lauderdale, FL tried Num-Thai & Sushi Bar Restaurant, liked it, and rated it . They liked the food, liked the service, and liked the ambiance.
A dining patron from Islamorada, FL tried Sushi NAMI Japanese Restaurant.
A Thai chowhound from Fort Lauderdale, FL tried Num-Thai & Sushi Bar Restaurant, liked it, and rated it . They liked the food, liked the service, and liked the ambiance.
A Thai chowhound from Key Largo, FL tried Num-Thai & Sushi Bar Restaurant.
A diner from FL tried Num-Thai & Sushi Bar Restaurant.
A Sushi food lover from Key Largo, FL tried Sushi NAMI Japanese Restaurant.
A Fast Food chowhound from Tavernier, FL tried KFC - Kentucky Fried Chicken.
Do you blog about dining in Key Largo? Share your experiences with Menuism users!
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text:
The action of 1 March 1968 was a co-ordinated attempt by four North Vietnamese trawlers to resupply the Viet Cong and the efforts of Operation Market Time elements to stop them during the Vietnam War. On 28 February 1968, United States Navy SP-2H Neptune aircraft on routine patrol detected a North Vietnamese SL class naval trawler heading towards the South Vietnamese coast from north of the DMZ. By the next morning, three more trawlers were discovered and units of Operation Market Time were deployed for a surprise interception. The suspect trawlers did not fly flags so it was not until the start of the engagement that their origin was discovered. The trawlers were steel-hulled vessels, 100 feet long and armed with 57-millimeter recoilless rifles and machine guns. All four vessels were loaded with weapons and ammunition intended to be delivered to the Viet Cong. American and South Vietnamese forces that engaged in action included the United States Coast Guard cutters , , , , , , , the swift boats , , , , ,  and , two South Vietnamese navy junks and one patrol boat. Two U.S. Army helicopter gunships also participated in combat as well as aircraft used to fire flares.

Background
The United States Navy, South Vietnamese navy, and the U.S. Coast Guard, operating under the authority of the South Vietnamese government, established a blockade of South Vietnam designated Operation Market Time to prevent infiltrations of personnel, munitions and equipment by the North Vietnamese government. A twelve mile wide restricted zone existed along the entire South Vietnamese coast and ships assigned to Market Time had the authority to stop and search any vessel within the zone for contraband material and check the identity papers of any person on a detained vessel.

Action

Action off Bo De River
The trawler designated in U.S. Navy records as An Xuyen Province Trawler (map reference #1) was first sighted on 28 February approximately 150 miles east southeast of Vũng Tàu holding a southeasterly course. On the evening of the 29th she changed to a westerly course and USCGC Winona started a covert surveillance. The trawler crossed the 12-mile limit at 0120 1 March and began a run for the beach near the mouth of the Bo De River at 0200. A blocking force placed near the mouth of the river consisted of several Navy PCF's and the Coast Guard cutters Point Hudson, Point Grace, and Point Marone. Winona fired warning shots eight miles off the coast which were ignored so she opened up with her 5-inch/38 caliber gun after receiving return fire from the trawler. The trawler exploded in a huge fireball after taking several direct hits and sank approximately seven miles off the beach. Winona was struck by several pieces of debris from the explosion, however only minor injuries were sustained by the crew during the action.

Action off Nha Trang
The trawler designated Khánh Hòa Province Trawler (map reference #2) was first sighted by Market Time aircraft on 29 February approximately 90 miles east northeast of Nha Trang with a southwesterly course. Surveillance was continued by Market Time vessels until she crossed the 12-mile limit 28 miles northeast of Nha Trang. Ignoring warning to heave to for boarding, the trawler continued on towards the beach. A South Vietnamese Navy patrol boat opened fire on the trawler and it quickly changed course and returned fire. Assisted by a U.S. Air Force AC-47 gunship, swift boats PCF-42, PCF-43, PCF-46, PCF-47, PCF-48 and two SVN junks sortied to help the patrol craft chase the trawler to a cove where it ran aground in the Hon Heo Secret Zone At 0230, 1 March, five 81-millimeter mortar rounds from PCF-47 were direct hits and the trawler exploded with a massive explosion due to the munitions aboard. Fourteen dead North Vietnamese sailors were recovered the following morning. Rifles, machine guns and rocket launchers; along with considerable ammunition and explosives were recovered from the sunken trawler. The salvage operations extended over 12 days and included the recovery of a 14.5 millimeter antiaircraft gun and 68 cases of ammunition.

Action off Tha Cau River

Forty miles from Chu Lai and six miles off the coast, (map reference #3) USCGC Androscoggin intercepted a third trawler designated in U.S. Navy records as the Quảng Ngãi Province Trawler. Androscoggin signaled the trawler to identify itself at 0112 but there was no response so Androscoggin shot 5-inch star shells into the air to illuminate the trawler. It was then that the trawler was positively identified as an SL class North Vietnamese trawler so the Androscoggin opened fire at 0120 with 5-inch high explosive naval gunfire and .50 caliber machine guns. The trawler returned fire with a recoilless rifle, laid a smoke screen and turned into Androscoggin'''s direction but one of the cutter's shells hit the after starboard side, so the trawler turned reversed course and headed for the shore.Scotti, p 75 As a result of a civilian junk passing through the battle area the Market Time ships had to cease fire. Two United States Army helicopters were directed to engage the trawler with rockets and miniguns at 0129 and after their attack a reduction in the amount of fire coming from the trawler was noticed. At 0140 Point Grey, Point Welcome, PCF-18 and PCF-20 were ordered to take the trawler under fire with mortars and machine guns at close range because the trawler had moved too close to shore for Androscoggin to maneuver.Johnson, p 336 Point Welcome struck the trawler twice with 81-millimeter rounds. The trawler then grounded 50 yards off the mouth of the Tha Cau River at 0210. At 0220, the North Vietnamese tried to scuttle their ship and failed but a second attempt at 0235 succeeded in destroying the vessel in a 500-foot fireball. The explosion caused some damage to the pilothouse of Point Welcome and the deck was littered with debris but no casualties were reported.

Other action on 1 March
 shadowed the trawler designated as the Bình Định Province Trawler (map reference #4) but soon after being detected, the trawler turned around and headed back out to sea without being engaged. It was apparently headed for the Lo Dien area 42 miles north of Qui Nhơn.Kelley, p 5-430 The trawler never got any closer to the coast than 30 miles and after she reversed course was monitored by aircraft until she approached the coast of the People's Republic of China.

While on Market Time patrol duties on 1 March,  discovered an abandoned junk at anchor 52 miles southeast of Da Nang. After a search of the area failed to locate persons in the water, the junk was boarded and items were found of a Communist Chinese origin including a Communist Chinese flag. The junk was hoisted on board Persistent'' and delivered to Da Nang for further inspection.

Aftermath
The destruction of three of the four trawlers and the turning back of the fourth demonstrated that Operation Market Time was an effective net for the interception of supplies destined for resupply of the Viet Cong. Except for the 1 March trawlers and one other instance in the days after Tet 1968 no other trawlers were spotted between July 1967 and August 1969. The North Vietnamese were forced to use the Ho Chi Minh trail through Laos or the neutral port of Sihanoukville in Cambodia to ship supplies to the Viet Cong. With the closing of the port at Sihanoukville to Communist shipping in August 1969, attempted North Vietnamese trawler traffic into South Vietnam resumed. Of 15 trawlers detected by Market Time assets from August 1969 to late 1970, one was sunk, 13 were turned back and only one got through. In 1970, ten out of eleven trawlers were either sunk or were turned back.

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References cited

United States Coast Guard
Conflicts in 1968
1968 in Vietnam
Naval battles of the Vietnam War
History of Vietnam (1945–present)
Naval battles of the Vietnam War involving the United States
Battles involving Vietnam
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1968
March 1968 events in Asia