The Chief Minister Chandra Babu Naidu is going to announce a huge notification with vast number of posts On the occasion of successfully completed 1500 days of his government. The notification includes APPSC Group 2 Notification,AP-DSC, Group-1,Group-2,Group-3 and Group-4 posts. The detailed updates will be announced soon on the official site https://www.psc.ap.gov.in .
Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission is going to recruit 337 candidates for Group 2 Posts. Applications are invited against APPSC Group 2 Notification through online mode from willing personnel.
A.P. State Government Employees (Employees of APSEB, APSRTC, Corporations, Municipalities etc. are not eligible). 5 Years based on the length of regular service.
Ex-serviceman and Serving persons of the Armed Forces of the Union, who are seeking re- employment one year before the completion of the specified terms of engagement covered under Rule 12(c)(i) & explanation to Rule 2(16) of AP State and Subordinate Service Rules, 1996 3 years & length of service rendered in the armed forces.
After successfully completion of APPSC Group II Recruitment Exam, the commission will issue the answer key for all sets within 15 days. Applicants can download APPSC Group 2 Exam Answer Key via online mode according to paper set and cross checks the answers.
The acknowledgment of the application will be sent by the organization.
Take a printout of the acknowledgment and keep it safe for further usage.


text:
Home > News > The Role of Mud Tank for Solids ControlNews
A mud tank is an open-top container that is made of square-shaped steel tubes and plates with a cone-shaped bottom. These are used to mix and store drilling fluid on a drilling rig or for boring operations. The earliest concept of a mud tank...
What Are Mud Tanks
A mud tank is an open-top container that is made of square-shaped steel tubes and plates with a cone-shaped bottom. These are used to mix and store drilling fluid on a drilling rig or for boring operations. The earliest concept of a mud tank was made by digging pits into the earth and using them to store products. For that reason, they can also be referred to as mud pits.
The Role of Mud Tanks in the Oil and Gas Industry
Mud tanks are able to mix, treat, and store drilling fluids, which makes them extremely important to the oil and gas industries. They are also used in applications to remove unwanted solids and sediments from the drilling and boring systems.
Mud tanks have different capacities for different storage functions attached to the oil and gas industries. For land rigs, mud tanks have an estimated capacity of 240 barrels.
The Role of Mud Tanks in Solids Control
Solids control is a method of separating the solids and sediments from the drilling fluid. The solid substances are carried out of the drilling fluid with the help of drill bits. Generally, a solids control system consists of the following components:
Vertical slurry pump
The shale shaker is used to separate big solids while the desander separates relatively smaller solids. The desilter also segregates smaller kinds of solids from the drilling fluid. The vacuum degasser separates air from the drilling fluid. The centrifugal pump is used to move this drilling fluid from one component into another for further purification. The vertical slurry pump is used to pump the drilling fluid up to the centrifuge. The mud pump is used to pump the drilling fluids from the mud tank into the borehole after it is treated by centrifuge.
This circulation process repeats as a cycle. Normally the shale shaker, the vacuum degasser, and the desander are mounted together on the same mud tank. The desilter and the centrifuge are mounted on the second tank.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Letter from Francis Hillary to a Mr. Lacey regarding Hilliary's son and Lacey's assistance. August 28, 1837. Special Collections, University of Houston Libraries. University of Houston Digital Library. Web. April 21, 2019. https://digital.lib.uh.edu/collection/earlytex/item/4654.
Letter from Francis Hillary to a Mr. Lacey regarding Hilliary's son and Lacey's assistance, August 28, 1837, Early Texas Documents, Special Collections, University of Houston Libraries, accessed April 21, 2019, https://digital.lib.uh.edu/collection/earlytex/item/4654.
Description Letter from Francis Hillary to a Mr. Lacey regarding Hilliary's son and Lacey's assistance.


text:
Q: C++ average letters debug assertion First let me start by saying I have read and searched the other topics and am still having an issue figuring out my problem. The program here uses a class and should take a string in and display the total number of characters and the average amount of characters per word. I am getting the Debug assertion failed error and am unable to debug it at that point. From what I have read, if I am calling ispunct or isalnum with an integer that is not a single byte I will throw this error, but I don't see why my program is getting this. It builds fine in VS, but once I enter my string, crash. Could anyone be so kind as to point out my error? I'm still pretty new at this so be gentle if my code is whack.
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cctype>
#include <cstdlib>

using namespace std;

class Cstring
{
private:
    int word;
    int punct;
    double allChars;
    double avg;
    char cstring[100];
    int index;
public:
    Cstring();
    void wordCount(char[], int&, double&, int&);
    double getAvg(int, int, double);
    void getInput();
    void setInput();
    void display();

};

Cstring::Cstring()
{
    word = 0;
    punct = 0;
    allChars = 0.0;
    avg = 0.0;
    index = 0;
}

void Cstring::getInput()
{
    char cstring[100];
    cout << "Enter your string: " << endl;
    cin.getline(cstring, 100);
    return;
}

void Cstring::setInput()
{
    getInput();
    wordCount(cstring, word, allChars, punct);
    avg = getAvg(word, punct, allChars);
    display();
}

void Cstring::display()
{
    cout << "\nThe number of words in that string: " << word << endl;
    cout << "\nAverage number of characters per word: " << fixed <<
        setprecision(2) << avg << "\n" << endl;
}

void Cstring::wordCount(char[], int&, double&, int&)
{
    while (cstring[index] != '\0')
    {
        if ((isspace(cstring[index])) || (ispunct(cstring[index]))) {
            while ((isspace(cstring[index])) || (ispunct(cstring[index]))) {
                index++;
            }
        }
        if ((isalnum(cstring[index])) || (ispunct(cstring[index]))) {
            word++;
            while ((isalnum(cstring[index])) || (ispunct(cstring[index]))) {
                index++;
                allChars++;
                if ((ispunct(cstring[index]))){
                    punct++;
                }
            }
        }
        index++;
    }
}

double Cstring::getAvg(int, int, double)
{
    allChars = allChars - punct;
    avg = (allChars / word);
    return avg;
}

int main()
{
    Cstring s1;

    s1.setInput();

    return 0;
}

A: Let us take one method to show common issues: wordCount.
Don't pass member variables to member functions:
void Cstring::wordCount(char[], int&, double&, int&)

Also, if you need to pass parameters, they need names:
void Cstring::wordCount(char[] the_string,
                        int &word_count,
                        double &average,
                        int & whatever)

Accessing Class Members directly:
In the code below, you are accessing the variables in the class from the method functions.  No need for them to be passed.
{
    while (cstring[index] != '\0')
    {

Scanning for word characters:
The mechanics of the outer while loop is to increment the index and point to the character to test.
If the character is a word character, the perform the actions necessary, otherwise ignore it:
        if ((isalnum(cstring[index])) || (ispunct(cstring[index]))) {
            word++;
            allChars++;
            if ((ispunct(cstring[index]))){
                punct++;
            }
        }
        index++;
    }
}

Return Statement Confusion
The return statement is only required when your function returns an object or value.  If your function declaration says void function, that means it returns nothing, so no return statement is necessary.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Born: (1947-11-26) November 26, 1947
Joliet, Illinois
Batted: Switch Threw: Left
April 30, 1970, for the Chicago Cubs
Last MLB appearance
July 27, 1985, for the Chicago Cubs
MLB statistics
Win–loss record
Earned run average
Strikeouts
Chicago Cubs (1970–1973)
New York Yankees (1974–1975)
Kansas City Royals (1976–1985)
Chicago Cubs (1985)
All-Star (1980)
Lawrence Cyril Gura (; born November 26, 1947, in Joliet, Illinois) is a former left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball from to . He won a national championship at Arizona State University and spent 16 years in the Major Leagues. He played for the Chicago Cubs (1970–1973, 1985) of the National League, and the New York Yankees (1974–1975) and Kansas City Royals (1976–1985), both of the American League. He was inducted into the inaugural Joliet Hall of Fame in Joliet, Illinois.
He was elected to the American League All-Star team in 1980 when he had his finest season, finishing with an 18–10 record and a 2.95 ERA. Gura won in double figures for seven consecutive seasons for the Royals (1978–1984) compiling 99 wins over that span. He particularly pestered his former team, the Yankees, against whom he went 11–6 in the regular season as a Royal. Gura was 3–0 against them in both 1979 and 1980, with five complete games, and tossed another complete-game victory against the Bronx Bombers in the 1980 American League Championship Series.
Gura finished with a 126–97 career record, 24 saves and an earned run average of 3.76.
led the American Association with a .733 winning percentage while playing for the Wichita Aeros in 1972
led the International League with a 2.14 ERA while playing for the Syracuse Chiefs in 1974
led the American League in wins (18) and batters faced (1,175) in 1980
Kansas City Royals players
Chicago Cubs players
New York Yankees players
American League All-Stars
All-American college baseball players
Arizona State Sun Devils baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Illinois
Sportspeople from Joliet, Illinois
Tacoma Cubs players
Wichita Aeros players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Spokane Indians players
Iowa Cubs players
Illinois, Will County, Illinois, Kendall County, Illinois, Chicago, Aurora, Illinois


text:
Preview: Men's hockey looks to sting Yellow Jackets
Photo credit: David Auth
Jonathan Hanna, Contributor
SPRINGFIELD, Ma. — After a three-week holiday vacation, the Robert Morris men's hockey team (7-8-1, 6-5-1 AHC) restarts their season this weekend as they visit the AIC Yellow Jackets (7-7-1, 7-4-1 AHC).
The first game is Saturday, December 29 at 7:05 p.m., while the second game is Sunday, December 30 at 3:05 p.m. Both games are at the MassMutual Center in Springfield, Massachusetts.
Recapping RMU
The Colonials last saw action three weeks ago, as they took on the lowly Holy Cross Crusaders (2-11-2, 2-7-1 AHC) at Colonials Arena. In the first game, Francis Marotte earned a 36 save shutout for Robert Morris, while both Michael Coyne and Luke Lynch scored for a 2-0 Colonials win.
However, in game two of the weekend series, Holy Cross got only their second win of the year, shutting the Colonials out 2-0. Michael Laffin scored twice in the game for the Crusaders, and Erik Gordon made 26 saves in the win. After the loss, defenseman Nick Jenny said that "We're pretty banged up right now so it's nice to have a good long break"
Special teams wise, the Colonials are currently operating at a .169 power play percentage, which places them 35th in the NCAA. Whereas the penalty kill is ranked 16th, with a .848 kill rate.
Defensively, the Colonials are allowing 2.94 goals per game, which places them in a tie for 36th in the NCAA with perennial powerhouse, Boston University (6-8-2, 5-5-2 Hockey East).
Scouting AIC
Coming into this weekend's matchup against Robert Morris, the Yellow Jackets have been on a roll, winning four in a row, and showing why they are in a three-way tie for second place in Atlantic Hockey. In AIC's last series, also against Holy Cross, the Jackets swept the series.
American International won the first game 4-2, with Kyle Stephan, Luka Maver, Blake Christiansen, and Jared Pike each scoring. In the second game, Tobias Fladeby scored twice, and both Joel Kocur and Hugo Reinhardt scored to give AIC a 4-3 win.
For AIC's special teams, the power play is currently operating at a paltry 8/56, or .143%, No. 49 in the NCAA. The penalty kill is 46/60 on the year, which is a .767 kill rate.
On average, the Yellow Jackets are outshooting their opponents, 26.7 shots per game compared to 25.9 shots allowed.
Players to watch
Francis Marotte (RMU): A solid presence in between the pipes for the Colonials, the junior from Longueuil, Quebec has allowed only seven goals in his past six games, and currently holds the school's all-time record for goals against average with a career 2.42 GAA.
Eric Israel (RMU): A long-time defensive stalwart for the Colonials defensive corps, Israel is currently third on the team with 12 points in 11 games, and leads the team with 27 blocked shots.
Justin Addamo (RMU): Although currently on a bit of a cold streak, with only one point in his last four games, the French freshman has had a decent first season, scoring eight points on the year. Where it doesn't show on the scoresheet is when Addamo uses his 6'6" frame to screen the opposing goaltender.
Blake Christiansen (AIC): Currently sitting at 15 points in 15 games, Christiansen is the leading scorer on the Yellow Jackets by three points, and has had at least a point in each of American International's last five games.
Robert Morris will work their way back up the conference standings this weekend by winning both games. Francis Marotte will let up one goal the entire weekend, while Eric Israel gets late holiday presents, four points in the weekends two games.
Jonathan Hanna, Sports Editor
Jonathan Hanna is a Communication major with a focus in Sports Communication from Rochester, New York. He is in his second year at Robert Morris. Jonathan...
Top 10 Electronic albums of the 2010s


text:
Fertilizer Likely Behind the Beirut Explosion Is Unevenly Regulated Across US
Trump and agribusiness have pushed back against federal rules that would strengthen the regulation of ammonium nitrate.
Joe Wertz ,
TheCenterforPublicIntegrity
A military helicopter tries to put out a fire at the port after the explosion on August 4, 2020, in Beirut, Lebanon.
Fadel Itani / NurPhoto via Getty Images
This article about the Beirut explosion was originally published by the Center for Public Integrity, a nonprofit newsroom based in Washington, D.C.
A powerful explosion that ripped through Beirut on Tuesday and killed more than 130 people may be the latest example of the danger posed by a common fertilizer stored in communities throughout the U.S.
As investigators work to find the official cause of the blast, Lebanon President Michel Aoun said it was fueled by an estimated 2,750 metric tons of ammonium nitrate that was stored unsafely in a warehouse.
Ammonium nitrate, used by farmers as fertilizer, has been a key component of catastrophic industrial accidents and terrorism, including the 2013 blast at an agricultural-products retailer that killed 15 and injured 260 people in Texas, and the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City that killed 168.
A 2020 Center for Public Integrity investigation found uneven oversight of the chemical in the United States, even after efforts to strengthen federal rules.
In Beirut this week, the explosion touched off a towering mushroom cloud and injured about 5,000. The death toll may rise: Emergency responders are still scouring the rubble for survivors.
Trump's EPA Is Undermining New Law to Regulate Chemicals
The EPA has taken steps that undermine almost everything the Toxic Substance Control Act was meant to achieve.
Daniel Ross ,
"I lost my hearing for a few seconds, I knew something was wrong, and then suddenly the glass just shattered all over the car, the cars around us, the shops, the stores, the buildings. Just glass going down from all over the building," eyewitness Hadi Nasrallah told the BBC.
The 2013 explosion in Texas forced U.S. authorities to re-examine federal rules meant to prevent such accidents. Then-President Barack Obama released an executive order that pushed officials to reduce the risks of hazardous chemicals, but agricultural businesses lobbied to block broad amendments to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's risk management program.
When the EPA finally released its Chemical Disaster Rule, it didn't add ammonium nitrate to the list of "highly hazardous" chemicals. Many safety advocates said the regulations were too soft on chemical manufacturers and users, but conceded the changes were at least a slight improvement from previous rules.
When President Donald Trump took office, his administration weakened the oversight with a "reconsideration rule" that removed third-party audits and safer-technologies assessments — a move the EPA said would save industry $88 million.
The estimated damage from the Texas explosion: $200 million.
The Trump administration has also tried to eliminate the agency that investigates industrial accidents like that one. Though President Donald Trump has not been able to persuade Congress to defund the Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, he's kept it from releasing its reports by not filling the board's four vacant seats, Public Integrity reported.
Federal laws say the public has a "right to know" if ammonium nitrate and other dangerous chemicals are stored in their community. But exercising that right is sometimes impossible, complicated by a wildly inconsistent patchwork of state laws.
The same information that's publicly available in Nebraska is a state secret in Texas. In Iowa, the public can get a list of ammonium nitrate facilities on a government website. In Kentucky? Nothing.
In states withholding the information, the rationale is to keep terrorists from finding out where the operations are located. But that means firefighters and other members of the public are also in the dark.
Tired of reading the same old news from the same old sources?
So are we! That's why we're on a mission to shake things up and bring you the stories and perspectives that often go untold in mainstream media. But being a radically, unapologetically independent news site isn't easy (or cheap), and we rely on reader donations to keep the lights on.
We have hours left to raise $12,000 and we need your support before time runs out. We're not asking for a handout, we're asking for an investment: Invest in a nonprofit news site that's not afraid to ruffle a few feathers, not afraid to stand up for what's right, and not afraid to tell it like it is.
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This piece was reprinted by Truthout with permission or license. It may not be reproduced in any form without permission or license from the source.
Joe Wertz
Joe Wertz joined the Center for Public Integrity's environment and labor team in 2019. He previously worked as a managing editor and senior reporter at StateImpact Oklahoma, a journalism collaboration of public radio stations in Oklahoma, where he covered environment and energy for NPR audiences and other national outlets.
Bitcoin ATM Companies Are Preying on the Poor
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Plea Bargains Are a Tool of Racist Mass Incarceration
Ron DeSantis's Attack on Black Studies Is Textbook Proto-Fascism
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On 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War's End, We Must Not Forget Its Brutality
Trump Wants to End Regulation That Cut Mercury Pollution by 81 Percent
We have until April 17 to submit a public comment to the EPA against this misguided and dangerous rule change.
Daniel Wolk ,
Why Can't EPA Tighten Safety Regulations at Chemical Facilities Like West Fertilizer?
On Capitol Hill, industry has repeatedly lobbied to death labor and environmental groups' demands for tighter regs. And as long as the McCarthy confirmation standoff continues, an executive order …
Mike Ludwig ,
Chevron More Than Doubled Its Profits Last Year as Gas Prices Squeezed Wallets
The profits report comes just two days after Chevron announced it's tripling its stock buyback budget to $75 billion.
Sharon Zhang ,
National Guard Wants to Expand Its Training Site to Twice the Size of Chicago
The proposed expansion would allow for increased use and testing of new technologies, particularly electronic warfare.
Joe Garofalo ,
LeftVoice
The US Finally Removes a Major Barrier to Opioid Addiction Treatment
Advocates say deregulating buprenorphine is a long overdue step toward ending the overdose crisis.
Pentagon's Report on China Doesn't Say a Word About Threat of Climate Crisis
It's time the U.S. and China move toward collaborative efforts aimed at reducing our mutual climate vulnerabilities.
Michael T. Klare ,
White House Refuses to Shield Endangered Right Whales From Lethal Vessel Strikes
North Atlantic right whales are facing "an extinction-level emergency," said one campaigner.
Kenny Stancil ,
Greta Thunberg's Arrest Demonstrates Why Energy Charter Treaty Must Be Abolished
The treaty allows fossil fuel companies to sue governments for taking action to combat climate change.
Theresa Kofler &
Niels Jongerius ,
Report Shows "Vicious Cycle" Between Pesticide Dependence and Climate Crisis
The report suggests combating the dangerous effects of pesticides through sustainable farming.
Shannon Kelleher ,
TheNewLede
White Communities More Likely to Receive Funds to Fix Aging Water Infrastructure
A new report blames systemic racism and disinvestment for the rise in inequities in water infrastructure.
Maria Ines Zamudio ,
JPMorgan Chase Pledged Carbon Reduction. Weeks Later It Financed Coal Mining.
A new report documents how investment capital continues to threaten the well-being of billions of people.
Sam Knight ,
This Scientist Was Fired by the US Government After Engaging in Climate Protests
Rose Abramoff plans to continue with both research and activism, and hopes to mobilize many more scientists to action.
Amy Goodman &
Nermeen Shaikh ,
DemocracyNow!
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text:
Eddie W. Presley
Eddie W. Presley lives on the Space Coast of Florida amongst the oranges, sunshine, and beaches. When not writing, he indulges in making and collecting music, creating and trading art, and as many Disney visits as he can work in between. He is a long-time bookseller and retail worker, and now, at long last, he is writing the types of stories that he would love to read in the modern fantasy genre. Bully The Bear is his first novel.
January 09, 2017 by Eddie Presley
3. Annie Proulx - Barkskins
'...From Annie Proulx, the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award-winning author of The Shipping News and Brokeback Mountain, comes her masterwork: an epic, dazzling, violent, magnificently, dramatic novel about the taking down of the world's forests...' She could stop after this one, but you can always hope for one more.
2. Ethan Canin - The Doubter's Almanac
'...In this mesmerizing novel, Ethan Canin, the author of "America America" and "The Palace Thief," explores the nature of genius, rivalry, ambition, and love among multiple generations of a gifted family...' This book is also a joy to read from a writing standpoint as much as it is from a plot standpoint.
1. Michael Chabon - Moonglow
I'm going to drop this one in at the top because it's Michael Chabon and that means it's probably better than anything else out this year, and that can be said because David Mitchell didn't release a book this year. It's part novel, part autobiography, part memoir, part biography, and it's all good. It's to savor from the characters and story to the literary work on display.
Amazon.com: https://goo.gl/JjlRhv
Amazon.com: https://goo.gl/46dPYM
Amazon.com: https://goo.gl/09mKvC
January 09, 2017 /Eddie Presley


text:
THIS IS THE NODE AOD FULL TEMPLATE
Vision Thing
For 1990's VISION THING, Sisters of Mercy served up a critique of contemporary politics, drawing its title from one of President George H. W. Bush's remarks. The U.K. band's sardonic take on the subject is perfectly matched by the music here, a dark but danceable mix of goth, industrial and metal. With group mainstay Andrew Eldritch's deep vocals couched in heavy guitar riffs and insistent beats (from drum machine "Doktor Avalanche"), songs like "Ribbons," "More" and the title track become instant Sisters classics. Recorded with the lineup in flux, the outstanding VISION THING is the group's last studio set to date, and has just been given a vinyl boxed set reissue with the original album joined by three 12" singles from the era.
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Past Album of the Days
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Double Dynamite
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OU812


text:
Fisheries of the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and South Atlantic; Reef Fish Fishery of the Gulf of Mexico; Vermilion Snapper Management Measures; Amendment 47
A Rule by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on 05/14/2018
This final rule is effective June 13, 2018.
Agency/Docket Number:
Docket No. 170720688-8385-02
0648-BH07
Docket Name:
Amendment 47 to the Fishery Management Plan for the Reef Fish Resources of the Gulf of Mexico
Docket RIN
Final Amendment 47 - Vermilion snapper ACL and MSY proxy
Management Measure Contained in This Final Rule
Measures in Amendment 47 Not Codified Through This Final Rule
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 622
PART 622—FISHERIES OF THE CARIBBEAN, GULF OF MEXICO, AND SOUTH ATLANTIC
Final rule.
NMFS hereby issues regulations to implement management measures described in Amendment 47 to the Fishery Management Plan for the Reef Fish Resources of the Gulf of Mexico (FMP), as prepared by the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council (Council) (Amendment 47). This final rule revises the stock annual catch limit (ACL) for vermilion snapper. Additionally, Amendment 47 establishes a proxy for the estimate of the stock maximum sustainable yield (MSY). The purpose of this final rule is to revise the stock ACL for vermilion snapper in the Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) consistent with the most recent stock assessment.
Electronic copies of Amendment 47, which includes an environmental assessment, a fishery impact statement, a Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) analysis, and a regulatory impact review, may be obtained from the Southeast Regional Office website at http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/sustainable_fisheries/gulf_fisheries/reef_fish/2017/am47/docs/PDFs/gulf_reef_am47_vermilion_final.pdf.
Lauren Waters, Southeast Regional Office, NMFS, telephone: 727-824-5305; email: Lauren.Waters@noaa.gov.
NMFS and the Council manage the Gulf reef fish fishery, which includes vermilion snapper, under the FMP. The Council prepared the FMP and NMFS implements the FMP through regulations at 50 CFR part 622 under the authority of the Magnuson Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act).
On December 19, 2017, NMFS published a notice of availability for Amendment 47 and requested public comment (82 FR 60168). On December 27, 2017, NMFS published a proposed rule for Amendment 47 and requested public comment (82 FR 61241). The proposed rule and Amendment 47 outline the rationale for the actions contained in this final rule. Unless noted, all weights described in this final rule are in round weight. A summary of the management measure described in Amendment 47 and implemented by this final rule is provided below.
In 2016, a Southeast Data, Assessment, and Review (SEDAR) standard assessment for vermilion snapper was conducted (SEDAR 45) and the stock status was evaluated using several MSY proxies. Under all proxies evaluated in SEDAR 45, overfishing was not occurring and the stock was not overfished. The Council's Scientific and Statistical Committee (SSC) determined that the most appropriate proxy for MSY is the yield when fishing at a mortality rate corresponding to 30 percent spawning potential ratio (F30% SPR).
SEDAR 45 also included projections for the overfishing limit and the acceptable biological catch (ABC). The SSC provided the Council two recommendations for ABC: One that is derived from fishing at 75 percent of the MSY proxy and results in a declining ABC from 2017 through 2021, and one that is derived using the average of 2017-2021 ABCs and results in a constant ABC. The two ABC recommendations are equivalent in terms of maintaining the stock status and the Council selected the constant catch scenario that yielded an ABC of 3.11 million lb (1.41 million kg).
This final rule revises the stock ACL for Gulf vermilion snapper consistent with the results of SEDAR 45 and the SSC's new ABC recommendation. The current ACL of 3.42 million lb (1.55 million kg), exceeds the ABCs recommended by the Council's SSC. Therefore, the Council determined that the ACL for vermilion snapper should be decreased to equal the constant catch ABC and this final rule will set the stock ACL at 3.11 million lb (1.41 million kg).
In addition to the measure implemented through this final rule, Amendment 47 establishes a proxy for vermilion snapper MSY.
For vermilion snapper, the Council's SSC recommended that a proxy be used Start Printed Page 22211for MSY. The Council's SSC recommended F30% SPR as the MSY proxy from SEDAR 45, and the Council agreed. Under this proxy, the stock is not overfished or undergoing overfishing.
NMFS received 19 comments from individuals on the notice of availability and proposed rule for Amendment 47. Some comments addressed issues beyond the scope of Amendment 47 or the proposed rule and, therefore, are not responded to here. Specific comments related to Amendment 47 and the proposed rule are grouped by topic and are summarized and responded to below.
Comment 1: Several commenters stated that the vermilion snapper stock ACL should not be reduced. One noted that the vermilion snapper stock is not overfished or undergoing overfishing and another stated the ACL should not be reduced just because the annual vermilion snapper harvest has been less than the current ACL. One commenter expressed concern that reducing the ACL would lead the stock to become overfished.
Response: NMFS disagrees that the vermilion snapper stock ACL should not be reduced. Regardless of a stock's overfished or overfishing status, or its prior landings history, the Council is required to set the ACL equal to or less than the ABC recommended by the SSC. The current ACL of 3.42 million lb (1.55 million kg) was established in 2012 using mean landings during 1999-2008, plus one standard deviation (76 FR 82044; December 29, 2011). In 2016, the SEDAR 45 assessment for vermilion snapper was conducted. Based on the assessment results and the recommended MSY proxy, the SSC provided two ABC recommendations: An ABC that declined from 3.21 million lb (1.46 million kg) to 3.03 million lb (1.37 million kg) by 2021, or a constant catch ABC of 3.11 million lb (1.41. million kg). Setting the catch level consistent with either recommendation is expected to prevent overfishing and prevent the stock from becoming overfished. The Council chose to set the ACL equal to the constant catch ABC to maintain stability for fishery participants while providing the maximum allowable harvest.
Comment 2: Reducing the stock ACL will result in an in-season closure for vermilion snapper, or at least, increase the likelihood of such a closure.
Response: The revised stock ACL may increase the likelihood of a closure. The current AM for vermilion snapper requires NMFS to close the commercial and recreational fishing seasons if the combined commercial and recreational landings reach or are projected to reach the stock ACL. From 2012 to 2016, annual vermilion snapper landings were less than the previous ACL of 3.42 million lb (1.55 million kg), with no definitive trend in landings. Preliminary total landings for 2017 are 3.22 million lb (1.46 million kg). Therefore, if the stock ACL of 3.11 million lb (1.41 million kg), implemented in this final rule had been effective in 2017, an in-season closure may have occurred in December 2017. However, as explained in the response to Comment 1, the reduction in the ACL is required as a result of the most recent stock assessment results and ABC recommendation from the Council's SSC regardless of the possibility of an in-season closure.
Comment 3: Reducing the ACL could negatively impact small businesses in the charter vessel/headboat (for-hire) industry.
Response: NMFS acknowledges that there is the potential for a vermilion snapper closure prior to the end of the fishing year as a result of the revised stock ACL, and that such a closure could result in some negative impacts on for-hire businesses. However, based on landings since 2012, NMFS expects that any closure would occur very late in the fishing year. Additionally, vermilion snapper is only one species within the reef fishery management unit and, therefore, any closure will not impact the ability to harvest the other reef fish species targeted on for-hire trips. For these reasons, NMFS does not expect this final rule to result in any substantial effects on for-hire trips.
The Regional Administrator, Southeast Region, NMFS has determined that this final rule is consistent with Amendment 47, the FMP, the Magnuson-Stevens Act, and other applicable law.
This final rule has been determined to be not significant for purposes of Executive Order 12866.
The Magnuson-Stevens Act provides the statutory basis for this rule. No duplicative, overlapping, or conflicting Federal rules have been identified. In addition, no new reporting, record-keeping, or other compliance requirements are introduced by this final rule.
The Chief Counsel for Regulation of the Department of Commerce certified to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration during the proposed rule stage that this rule would not have a significant adverse economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The factual basis for that determination was published in the proposed rule.
One public comment (Comment 3) stated that the charter vessel and head boat industry is very important to the Panama City Beach area of Florida, and that the action of reducing the ACL could affect many small businesses there. The RFA requires evaluating the direct economic impacts of a rule on small entities. Only recreational fishers and commercial fishing businesses would be directly affected by the rule and as explained in the classification summary, anglers (recreational fishers) are not considered small entities as that term is defined in 5 U.S.C. 601(6).
The determination that this rule would not have a significant adverse economic impact on a substantial number of small entities relied, in part, on the expectation that landings of vermilion snapper would continue to be less than the stock ACL of 3.11 million lb (1.41 million kg), implemented through this final rule. After publication of the proposed rule, preliminary landings of the stock for 2017 were released, which exceed the proposed reduced ACL of 3.11 million lb (1.41 million kg). Consequently, an updated analysis was performed to reassess the economic impacts on small businesses. The updated analysis reaffirmed the conclusion that the rule will not have a significant adverse economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Its factual basis is as follows.
Any business that operates a commercial fishing vessel that harvests vermilion snapper in the Gulf exclusive economic zone (EEZ) must have a valid Federal Gulf commercial reef fish permit that is specifically assigned to that vessel. The permit is a limited access permit. From 2012 through 2016, an annual average of 347 permitted vessels landed vermilion snapper. It is estimated that those vessels are operated by 248 to 252 businesses in the commercial fishing industry.
Many businesses with vessels with a Gulf reef fish permit operate in multiple industries. For example, 10 percent of the businesses have Federal dealer permits indicating they are also in the fish/seafood merchant wholesalers (NAICS 424460) industry. Also, approximately 26 percent of the businesses have at least one vessel with a for-hire Gulf reef fish permit, which indicates they also operate in the for-hire fishing industry (NAICS 487210).
For RFA purposes, NMFS has established a small business size standard for businesses, including their affiliates, whose primary industry is Start Printed Page 22212commercial fishing. A business primarily involved in commercial fishing (NAICS 11411) is classified as a small business if it is independently owned and operated, is not dominant in its field of operation (including its affiliates), and its combined annual receipts are not in excess of $11 million for all of its affiliated operations worldwide. The average federally permitted vessel that landed vermilion snapper from 2012 through 2016 had annual dockside revenue from landings of all species that varied by gear from $24,399 to $323.916 (2016 $). Based on those averages and the estimates of individual fleet sizes that range from one to 16, it is concluded that most to all of the businesses that harvest vermilion snapper from the Gulf EEZ are small businesses.
Amendment 47 will establish an MSY proxy for vermilion snapper and that has no direct impact on any small business.
This final rule will also decrease the stock ACL of vermilion snapper. The stock ACL is and has been 3.42 million lb (1.55 million kg) since 2012. This final rule decreases the stock ACL to 3.11 million lb (1.41 million kg).
The fishing year for vermilion snapper begins January 1 and ends on December 31 each year. If combined commercial and recreational landings reach or are projected to reach the stock ACL, the fishing season is closed early. Since 2012, when this in-season closure provision was put in place, there have been no early closures because combined annual commercial and recreational landings have been less than the stock ACL. However, 2012 and 2017 landings exceeded 3.11 million lb (1.41 million kg).
Although there is expected to be no early closure, this analysis includes consideration for what could be the impact on small businesses if the season closed by the middle of December. A mid-December closure could reduce vermilion snapper landings by up to 4.5 percent. The average vessel from 2012 through 2016 would lose approximately 186 lb (84 kg), gutted weight, of vermilion snapper with a dockside value of $588 (2016 $) annually. That $588 represents 0.4 percent of annual dockside revenue from all species landed by that average vessel. When evaluated by gear type, the average annual loss of dockside revenue would vary from $6 to $861 per vessel (in 2016 dollars), with the largest loss by the average vessel that harvests vermilion snapper using bandit gear. The percentage annual loss would range from 0.01 percent to 0.62 percent of average annual dockside revenue per vessel, with the largest loss to vessels using bandit gear.
From those percentages, it is concluded that there would not be a significant adverse economic impact on a substantial number of small businesses and, hence, the prior certification still stands.
Start List of Subjects
Vermilion snapper
End List of Subjects Start Signature
Dated: May 8, 2018.
Samuel D. Rauch III,
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Regulatory Programs, National Marine Fisheries Service.
End Signature
For the reasons set out in the preamble, 50 CFR part 622 is amended as follows:
Start Part
End Part Start Amendment Part
1. The authority citation for part 622 continues to read as follows:
End Amendment Part Start Authority
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.
End Authority Start Amendment Part
2. In § 622.41, revise the last sentence of paragraph (j) to read as follows:
End Amendment Part
§ 622.41
Annual catch limits (ACLs), annual catch targets (ACTs), and accountability measures (AMs).
(j) * * * The stock ACL for vermilion snapper is 3.11 million lb (1.41 million kg), round weight.
End Supplemental Information


text:
Q: length of slice vary while already using waitgroup I have a hard time understanding concurrency/paralel. in my code I made a loop of 5 cycle. Inside of the loop I added the wg.Add(1), in total I have 5 Adds. Here's the code:
package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "sync"
)

func main() {
    var list []int
    wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
    for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
        wg.Add(1)
        go func(c *[]int, i int) {
            *c = append(*c, i)
            wg.Done()
        }(&list, i)
    }
    wg.Wait()
    fmt.Println(len(list))
}

The main func waits until all the goroutines finish but when I tried to print the length of slice I get random results. ex (1,3,etc) is there something that is missing for it to get the expected result ie 5 ?

A:
is there something that is missing for it to get the expected result ie 5 ?

Yes, proper synchronization. If multiple goroutines access the same variable where at least one of them is a write, you need explicit synchronization.
Your example can be "secured" with a single mutex:
var list []int
wg := sync.WaitGroup{}

mu := &sync.Mutex{} // A mutex

for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
    wg.Add(1)
    go func(c *[]int, i int) {
        mu.Lock() // Must lock before accessing shared resource
        *c = append(*c, i)
        mu.Unlock() // Unlock when we're done with it
        wg.Done()
    }(&list, i)
}
wg.Wait()

fmt.Println(len(list))

This will always print 5.
Note: the same slice is read at the end to prints its length, yet we are not using the mutex there. This is because the use of waitgroup ensures that we can only get to that point after all goroutines that modify it have completed their job, so data race cannot occur there. But in general both reads and writes have to be synchronized.
See possible duplicates:
go routine not collecting all objects from channel
Server instances with multiple users
Why does this code cause data race?
How safe are Golang maps for concurrent Read/Write operations?
golang struct concurrent read and write without Lock is also running ok?
See related questions:
Can I concurrently write different slice elements
If I am using channels properly should I need to use mutexes?
Is it safe to read a function pointer concurrently without a lock?
Concurrent access to maps with 'range' in Go


Motherwell continued their pre-season preparations with a 0-2 win over Livingston this evening.
The Steelmen went ahead shortly before half-time when Gaël Bigirimana slotted home from close range.
It stayed that way until the 86th minute when substitute Ryan Bowman rounded the goalkeeper and finished to confirm the win.
It was a cold, wet and damp Tony Macaroni Arena that greeted both teams. Sadly, there was little in the early exchanges to warm the 824 punters inside the ground, with both teams enjoying spells of possession, but nothing of note in the final third.
The first chance came on twelve minutes when Danny Mullen's low shot was blocked by Charles Dunne at the expense of a corner.
Motherwell's first real chance came five minutes later when a lovely little reverse ball from Craig Tanner played in Bigirimana whose square ball looked perfect for Alex Fisher, but the former Inverness man blazed over from eight yards.
'Well continued to create and Fisher was the creator for Andy Rose shortly after, but the midfielder's shot from distance took a slight deflection en route and bounced inches wide of target.
Matthew Knox had a free-kick sail high over the bar on 26 minutes before going within an inch of putting his side in front, when his looping shot from distance was brilliantly tipped over by Griffiths in the visitor's goal.
That was to prove an important stop from the young stopper as with their next attack, the Steelmen took the lead. Burundi International Bigirimana broke up a Livi counter before playing a neat one-two with Tanner and slid the ball past Maley to put 'Well a goal up at the break.
Stephen Robinson introduced the impressive Cédric Kipré at the interval, alongside Stevie Hammell and Richard Tait who replaced Charles Dunne, Bira Dembélé and goal scorer Bigiramana.
The Fir Parkers made a positive start to the second period and Rose had a shot wide before Chris Cadden looked set to score, but for a goal-saving challenge by Livi sub Rafa De Vita. Then, shortly after, Tanner had a low free-kick that was comfortably held by Maley.
As the hour mark approached, both teams started to change things with substitute every few minutes intrupting any real flow to the game.
One sub, Ross MacLean, almost grabbed a goal himself with a driving shot from distance, but Livi's trialist keeper, introduced for Maley shortly before, held on well.
However, he was powerless to stop Ryan Bowman just four minutes later, when the big striker got on the end of a tantalising Hammell pass, rounded the goalkeeper and slotted home from an acute angle.
Bowman almost had a third in the dying seconds, when he got on the end of a Tuton cross, but his header was somehow bundled off the line. When it broke out to young sub Jack McMillan, he blazed over.
It was the last action of the game. The Steelmen will now travel south to Gateshead on Saturday for game three of four in the pre-season schedule.
With the opening home game of the 2017/18 campaign less than three weeks away, you can now book in to our newly revamped centenary suite for when we face Greenock Morton on July 22 in the Betfred Cup.
If you are interested in our McEwan Fraser Legal box suites, which offer a free bar before and after the game, a hot one course buffet, half time pies and the comfort of a padded seat during the game for just £75, give our team a call now.
We also have places available in our Millennium Suite. This gives you the ultimate match view from our directors box, complimentary food and drink on arrival and at half time plus a match programme and team sheets. Adults tickets are £60 with concessions just £50.
Motherwell Football Club Community Trust's Summer Soccer Camps are underway!
The trust will be running the camps for 7 weeks at the Fir Park astro turf for children aged 5-12.
Camps will run from Monday 3 July through to Wednesday 16 August and will boast fun football sessions and mini games.
As well as the fun activities, the youngsters will have a chance to win competitions and family tickets for League Cup fixtures.
Themed days will include tournaments, skills challenges and World Cup Wednesdays.
Community Trust General Manager Dawn Middleton said: "Our camps have been going from strength-to-strength over the past year and we're looking forward to providing a summer of fun for youngsters in North Lanarkshire.
There was some transfer activity undertaken by Alex McLeish whilst in charge of Motherwell that makes fans of a certain vintage still shudder to this very day.
Without question, however, the capture of Simo Valakari was one of his best pieces of business as 'Well boss.
The first half of the 1996'97 season had been very up and down for the Steelmen. Losing the likes of Coyne, Van der Gaag and Arnott for extended spells contributed to some erratic results and performances and McLeish looked to freshen his side up for the latter part of the campaign.
A swap deal that saw Jamie Dolan move to Tannadice to secure the services of Owen Coyle meant that 'Well were in the market for a central midfielder and McLeish turned his attentions north.
With the perception that signings from Scandinavian leagues offered better value, the 1990's saw an influx of players into Scottish football from Europe's northern leagues. Motherwell were no different and Valakari's countryman Johni Lehtonen was already at the club when McLeish made his move for Simo.
Making his debut in a 2-2 draw with Aberdeen on 8th February 1997, Simo quickly became a favourite with the Motherwell support. Without perhaps possessing the tigerish tenacity of say a Colin O'Neill, the artistry of a Bobby Russell or the box-to-box pace of a Phil O'Donnell, the Finn still proved to be a perfect all-rounder in the centre of the Motherwell midfield.
Comfortable in possession with an intelligent range of passing, Valakari quickly became one of the first names on McLeish's team-sheet and latterly a mainstay under both compatriot Harri Kampman and Billy Davies thereafter.
It was no coincidence that after Valakari's signing the Steelmen became a more resolute outfit losing only three of the last eleven games of the season culminating in avoiding relegation on the final day of the season after a late equaliser against Dunfermline.
Valakari developed his game considerably during his time at Fir Park becoming established in the Finnish national side. For a time, until he was surpassed by Stephen Craigan, he held the honour of being club's most capped player.
In the summer of 2000, after four seasons in Lanarkshire and 104 league appearances, Simo took up an opportunity with Derby County in the English top flight.
If there was one element of Simo's game that was lacking throughout his Motherwell career it was that inability to find the net. No matter how hard he tried and how desperate the 'Well support were to see him break his duck it sadly never happened.
There would be wry smiles aplenty however when less than a month into his Derby career Valakari tucked home with aplomb from the edge of the box against Charlton Athletic.
Moving into coaching, Simo has been successful in his native Finland prompting links with a return to Fir Park on more than one occasion.
Highlights from Forthbank as a goal in each half gives Motherwell a 0-2 pre-season win over League 2 Stirling Albion.
Apologies that. due to a technical/cabeling fault, there is no audio on this afternoon's highlights.
'Well boss Stephen Robinson was content with the run-out his side got against Stirling Albion this afternoon.
A goal in each half was enough to give Motherwell a fairly comfortable win over the League 2 side, albeit there were some scares in the opening half hour.
However, Robinson was happy to focus on players getting game time, particularly when a large slice of his squad haven't had much in the way of games in 2017.
Speaking to MFC TV, the Northern Irishman said: "We looked a bit short and a bit jaded in the opening exchanges as we had a very hard week with double and treble sessions.
"Bear in mind, a lot of the lads who played today haven't played football in a long time; Stephen McManus, Richard Tait, Charles Dunne and Andy Rose have barely kicked a ball in six months so it will take a bit of time for them.


The Fund seeks long-term growth of capital. The Fund pursues its objective by investing approximately 50% of its total assets according to a long/short strategy and 50% in a portfolio of equity securities, equity derivatives and fixed income securities.
Do Long-Short Equity Mutual Funds Pass The Smell Test?


The belt straineris used to clarify the water and isolate solid inclusions from it. Filtering is done through a filter cloth. All parts in contact with the working medium are made of stainless steel.
The treated water is fed to the top of the filter and evenly distributed over the entire width of the filter belt. During filtering, the belt accumulates the suspended solids and an increase in hydraulic resistance occurs. In this case, the water level in the upper chamber begins to increase. If a certain level of water is exceeded, the gear motor is activated and the filter belt, together with the retained impurities, moves out of the container and is then cleaned by blowing.
The presented unit can be completed with the device of compulsory filtration (vacuum unit), and a screw thickener.
lower operating costs (no chemicals required).


Our feet put up with a lot. We're on them all day. They take all the pressure and strain of our day to day lives without issue, and usually without complaint.
But sometimes your feet need a little bit of TLC. One of the best ways you can treat your feet is with a vinegar soak. But is vinegar good for your feet, really? And what exactly are the benefits?
What does vinegar do for the feet?
Vinegar is a mild form of acetic acid that has been used for hundreds of years to clean and preserve almost anything, because of its antifungal and antiviral properties.
It has huge healthcare properties that are only now really being explored, including fighting cold and flu symptoms, weight and cholesterol problems, and sometimes even heart issues. But this article focuses on the feet, and all the benefits that vinegar can have for your cute little tootsies.
Here are X reasons you should be using vinegar to treat your feet.
Athletes foot is a fungal infection that tends to occur in the nooks and crannies of your feet, generally around the toes. It is sometimes caused by old shoes, bacteria-ridden areas, and exposure to the fungus that causes it. It's normally heralded by itching and redness but can have other symptoms.
A vinegar foot soak can be an effective treatment for athletes foot, because of its antifungal properties. To make a vinegar foot soak, add one-quarter cup of white vinegar to a bowl of lukewarm water, then soak your feet for 15 to 20 minutes per day.
Make sure that you completely dry your feet when you're finished, as leaving them damp can actually make the issue worse.
It can take a couple of weeks for this treatment to have an effect, so don't worry if it takes a little while for the positives to show. If your athlete's foot gets worse, or you notice any adverse effects, slow down the treatment, only soaking your feet once or twice per week.
Soaking feet in vinegar can also be an effective treatment for toenail fungus. In this case, you want a slightly stronger solution of around one part vinegar to three parts water.
Soak your feet for around 15 or 20 minutes, three times a week. As above, make sure that your feet are completely dry after you're done because fungus thrives in wet, damp environments.
We all suffer from this at one time or another. Thankfully, it's simple to remedy. You guessed it, vinegar soak.
Vinegar works on smelly feet not by dealing with the smell itself, but by eliminating the bacteria that actually cause the smell in the first place.
A more mild solution is good for foot odor. Soak your feet once or twice a week in normal circumstances, increasing the amount you soak for particularly hard cases.
Vinegar acts as a mild exfoliator and can kill the viruses that cause warts, as well as softening the skin around existing warts. You can apply vinegar directly to warts with a cotton swab or ball as well as using a vinegar soak.
After applying the vinegar, the wart will be softer, meaning that this is also an ideal time to file it down with pumice or a foot file.
A vinegar soak is an effective treatment for dry, cracked skin. Vinegar can act as a mild exfoliator and soothes dry, damaged skin.
When soaking your feet for dry skin, use cool water, because hot water can actually dry your feet out more.
Once done, moisturize your feet fully, then leave to rest.
Is vinegar good for your feet? Yes or No?
So, is vinegar good for your feet? Of course, it is. Everyone has vinegar in the cupboard. It's a cheap, effective remedy for an awful lot of things, and can be used for so much. Plus, relaxing into a foot bath after a long day can be incredibly relaxing. It might even be something you start to do regularly.


text:
Q: Parse Email Body with Multiple Lines How would I go about parsing a email body with multiple lines in javascript?
Example
Employee:

123456789

Name:

John Doe

This is what I'm using right now.
var emailObj = {};

var body_text = inputs.email.replace(/<\/?[^>]+(>|$)/g, "");
var regEx = /^(.+):(.+)$/;

for (var i = 0; i < valPairs.length; i++) {
  matches = valPairs[i].match(regEx);
  emailObj[matches[1].toString().trim()] = matches[2].toString().trim();
}

outputs.email_var = emailObj;

Thank you.

A: You can first filter out the empty lines by splitting by a newline and using Array.filter.
The object can be constructed by using Array.reduce and checking whether the index is even or not. If it is, set the property name and value to the according items in the array.

const str = `Employee:

123456789

Name:

John Doe`;

const lines = str.split("\n").filter(e => e != "");

const obj = lines.reduce((a, b, i) => {
  if (i % 2 != 0) {
    a[lines[i - 1]] = lines[i]
  }
  return a;
}, {})

console.log(obj)


Seseh Beach Villas as the name suggest is located near Seseh beach in serene Canggu which is known for its running fields of rice and surf breaks at Echo beach. The two-villa property is home to five-bedroom Seseh Beach Villa I and six-bedroom Seseh Beach Villa II; well-suited for weddings, get-togethers, parties, or corporate events as it can cater a gathering of up to 200 guests. The villas can be booked in conjunction or separately as they have private entrances but also connect via the garden. You will find everything to your taste with living and dining areas, outdoor BBQ, swimming pools, and proximity to the beach.
Expansive lawns suitable for parties are found at Seseh Beach Villas where the architecture supports a traditional Balinese design with thatched-roofs and open-plan living. Each villa boasts its private swimming pool that overlooks a splendid of tropical flora as well as the ocean peeking out from between the plants and trees. One of the pools is 15-metres while the other is 14-metres in length.
Along the swimming pools runs the wooden deck which houses several sun chairs and parasols for sunbathing. Thatched-roof bales find their way overlooking the ocean with comfortable daybeds. Any beach villa is incomplete without an alfresco dining area thus, you have not one but two in both villas.
Seseh Beach Villas are a dream materialised into spectacular homes that celebrate open-plan living to ensure guests truly get the feel of living beside the ocean. The two living areas are designed either with folding glass doors or are open-sided to allow in bouts of fresh air and a constant stream of sunlight during the day. The modern living rooms are complemented by traditional décor that shine through in a wonderful display of pleasing colours, wooden furniture, and a soothing vibe. There is comfortable seating available along with media corners that offer plush couches and a flat-screen TV.
Although, you can choose to eat outdoors or even enjoy a lip-smacking BBQ, there are dining areas found indoors as well with dining table that can accommodate all guests with ease. Dining together with family and friends is one of the memorable treats that you will definitely take away with you. You have access to fully-equipped kitchens with state of the art facilities, a breakfast bar with stools, and amenities for your use.
Luscious gardens, stone statues, and spectacular ocean views form the panoramas that greet the eleven bedrooms at Seseh Beach Villas. Seseh Beach Villa I has five bedrooms that are furnished with king-sized beds that can be converted into twin beds upon request. They are equipped with balconies or lead to the garden directly with heady aromas and calming views.
Seseh Beach Villa II is home to five bedrooms and one kids' bunk-bed room found in the rear ideal for families travelling with kids. The bedrooms have a combination of king-sized and queen-sized beds so you can take your pick.
Each of these eleven bedrooms comes with an air-conditioner, TV, and other amenities. There are en-suite bathrooms fitted with modern necessaties and conveniences.
While at Seseh Beach Villas, as guests all you need to do is look forward to having a good time as everything from cleaning and maintenance, security to management is catered for. The staff is exceptional when it comes to catering big events so do make sure to reach out if you require. Transportation, BBQ, massages, personal chef are some of the additional services on offer at an extra cost.
The villa is located near Seseh beach which features volcanic black-sand and also offers guests a chance to enjoy a magical horse-riding experience along its shores. There is so much serenity that you will love spending time cycling or walking around exploring town. There is Seminyak not far from the villa inviting you to enjoy its bustling streets and even more exciting nightlife.


Some of the more keen eyed amongst you may have noticed that over the last few months I have been referring to myself as Betty Pamper rather than Betty Bee.
I had hoped to just make a change without comment but recent events have made me realise I need to publicly declare that I will no longer be known professionally as Betty Bee but will instead be Betty Pamper.
The short version of the story is that another author has trademarked the name Betty Bee for a children's book character and I can no longer use it.
It would serve absolutely no purpose for me to rail at the unfairness of things (I did take some legal advice as this was flagged a while ago) so instead am seeing it as an opportunity to rebrand, regroup and become a brighter better Betty!
I haven't felt this positive about the name change from the start and have cried many tears over this but I am genuinely excited at this new chapter. Also keeping things in perspective, I'm not famous so no one really gives a ding dang anyway, its important to keep things real.
Like Marathon becoming Snickers, I will still be the same just with a different surname.
"They can take your name but they can never take your FABULOUSNESS!"
If you would all help me by ensuring any recent blog posts you may have written about me refer to me as Betty Pamper that would be fantastic. Onwards and onwards my lovely freinds.


text:
\section{Introduction}~\label{introduction}

\noindent
Atmospheric models are essential in the interpretation of complex brown dwarfs spectra, which are dominated by strong molecular
absorption lines.
The physics and chemistry of substellar objects (brown dwarf and giant planets) are more complicated than anticipated because of
non-equilibrium processes (dust formation, convective mixing) and their non-linear feedbacks on the radiative
transfer. Consequently, parametrisations of processes like dust formation and convection were applied in atmospheric models so far.
Current model atmospheres provide extensive solutions of the radiative transfer problem for the gas phase in hydrostatic equilibrium \citep{Tsuji1996A&A...308L..29T,Marley1996Sci...272.1919M,Burrows1997ApJ...491..856B,Allard2001ApJ...556..357A}.
However, the presence of dust is at present only inferred from classical models, where the dust composition is
derived from gas/solid phase equilibrium considerations and time-scale arguments, and their comparison to  observed spectra
\citep{Lunine1989ApJ...338..314L,Tsuji1996A&A...308L..29T,Tsuji2002ApJ...575..264T,Ackerman2001ApJ...556..872A,Allard2001ApJ...556..357A,Cooper2003ApJ...586.1320C}.
Such equilibrium chemistry results in grains with a homogeneous composition.

Considering the non-equilibrium character of phase transitions (supersaturation $\!\!\gg\!\!1$), \cite{Woitke2003A&A...399..297W,Woitke2004A&A...414..335W} and
\cite{Helling2005} proposed a theoretical approach to consistently model the formation of dust grains by nucleation (seed
formation), growth, evaporation and drift (gravitational settling).  In contrast to the phase-equilibrium calculation, Woitke \&
Helling argue that grains in the oxygen-rich environment of a brown dwarf are heterogeneous in chemical composition and in
size. Moreover, precipitating into the denser inner atmospheres, these particles can reach sizes of several $100$~$\mu$m. In
Helling \& Woitke (2006), the inferred dust composition differs markedly from that predicted by equilibrium chemistry. These
differences manifest in the intrinsic absorption signatures of the solids in the mid-infrared range.

This {\em letter} suggests a potential observational test for the presence of dust. The dust may be present in form of cloud-like
structures. We will focus on the main characteristics of the theory, where the predictions in terms of dust spectral features can
be tested with current and future instruments. In Sect.~\ref{approach}, we report on recent progress in modeling the formation of
chemically non-homogeneous cloud layers made of dirty (i.e. a variety of compounds) grains in brown dwarf atmospheres. A detailed Mie theory treatment combined
with effective medium theory allows us to suggest possible spectral features of such a dust layer for both approaches. The result
of the modeling is described and discussed in Sect.~\ref{results}

\section{Approach}~\label{approach}

\vspace*{-0.3cm}
\noindent We model nucleation, heterogeneous growth, evaporation, and drift (gravitational settling) of dirty dust particles in a
quasi-static atmosphere by the moment method \citep{Helling2005}. Our prescription considers the formation of compact
spherical grains in an oxygen-rich gas by the initial nucleation of TiO$_2$ seed particles followed by the  growth of
a dirty mantle made of various solids. We consider amorphous TiO$_2$${\rm [s]}$, SiO$_2$${\rm [s]}$,
MgO[s], MgSiO$_3$[s], Mg$_2$SiO$_4$${\rm [s]}$, Al$_2$O$_3$${\rm [s]}$, and metallic iron Fe${\rm [s]}$, assuming that silica and
silicates have approximately the same sticking probability. The moment and elemental conservation equations
for Ti, Si, Mg, Fe, Al, and O are evaluated on top of a prescribed static model atmosphere structure (Allard et
al.~\footnote{adopted from ftp.ens-lyon.fr/pub/users/CRAL/fallard/}) without further iteration on the temperature profile.  The model calculates the amount of condensates, the mean grain size
$\langle a \rangle$, and the volume fractions $V_{\rm s}$ of each material as function of height $z$ in the brown dwarf atmosphere
for given model structures.  At each depth in the atmosphere, the volumes fractions are used to compute mean dust optical
constants using the Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory \citep{Bohren1983asls.book.....B}, which is a valid method because the
grains generally have one main volume component.
The main dust component is the matrix in which the spherical
inclusions made of the minor components are embedded. Dust extinction coefficients are subsequently computed using a Mie theory
code for compact spherical grains.  The different components are assumed in an amorphous state, consistent with laboratory
experiments of heterogeneous dust formation (e.g., \citealt{Rietmeijer1999ApJ...527..395R}).  The optical constants for the
amorphous solids are obtained from laboratory measurements (TiO$_2$${\rm [s]}$: \cite{Ribarsky85}, SiO$2$$_{\rm [s]}$:
\cite{Henning1997A&A...327..743H}, MgO: \cite{Hofmeister2003MNRAS.345...16H}, MgSiO$_3$[s]/Mg$_2$SiO$_4$${\rm [s]}$: \cite{Jager2003A&A...408..193J}, Al$_2$O$_3$${\rm [s]}$:
\cite{Begemann1997ApJ...476..199B}, and Fe${\rm [s]}$: \cite{Ordal1985ApOpt..24.4493O}).  Absorption cross sections and optical
depth are then derived using the dust density profiles assuming a grain size distribution $f(a,z)=\langle a(z)
\rangle\,\delta(a-\langle a(z) \rangle)$. For comparison, similar computations were performed assuming that no SiO$_2{\rm [s]}$
can form by setting the formation rate to zero. We also estimate the possible absorption depth in observed spectra. The contrast
between the depth of the features and the continuum is an important parameter for predicting the detectability of the dust
features.

\section{Results}~\label{results}

\noindent
We first show the grain size and dust composition profile of a AMES (cond) model with T$_{\rm eff}=1500\,$K, $\log$ g$=5.0$
($^1$) and solar element composition. This can be considered a typical
late L-dwarf atmosphere model. The outputs are then used to compute the dust extinction coefficient in the mid-infrared.

\subsection{Global grain size distribution and material composition}

The results depicted in Fig.~\ref{meanSize} show the same global dust cloud structure as presented in
\cite{Woitke2004A&A...414..335W}. The formation of the cloud is governed by the hierarchical dominance of nucleation (upper most
layers), growth \& drift (intermediate layers), and evaporation \& drift (deepest layers).  The uppermost cloud layers are
predominantly filled with small grains of a mean size of $10^{-2}\mu$m which grow on their way into the atmosphere to
$200\,\dots 300\,\mu$m (l.h.s. Fig.~\ref{meanSize}). Eventually they enter even hotter atmospheric layers where they are no
longer thermally stable.  Hence, the grains shrink in size and finally dissolve into the surrounding hot and convective gas. This
picture reflects the stationary character of the grain component forming the brown dwarf's dust cloud where dusty material
constantly fall inward and fresh, dust-free material is mixed upward.

\begin{table}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\caption{Dust grain's mean size and material composition.}
~\label{table_summary}
\vspace*{-0.4cm}
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\hline
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
local             & mean grain & material\\
temperature  & size  & composition\\
T [K] & $\langle a\rangle$ [$\mu$m] & [volume frac.]\\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
$\lesssim 1000$& $10^{-2}\,\ldots\,10^{-1}$ &  $25 - 35\%$ SiO$_2$[s]\\
  & & $20 - 25\%$ Mg$_2$SiO$_4$[s]\\
  & & $10 - 25\%$ MgSiO$_3$[s]\\
  & & $15\%$ Fe[s], $10\%$ MgO[s]\\[0.1cm]
$1000\,\ldots\, 1700$& $10^{-1}\,\ldots\,30$ & $25 - 30\%$ Mg$_2$SiO$_4$[s]\\
  & & $20 - 30\%$ MgSiO$_3$[s] \& SiO$_2$[s]\\
  & & $15\%$ Fe[s],  $10\%$ MgO[s]\\[0.1cm]
$1700\,\ldots\,2000$ & $30\,\ldots\,200$ & strongly changing composition\\[0.1cm]
$2000\,\ldots\,2300$ & $200\,\ldots\,300$ & $80\%$Fe[s], $\sim 18\%$ Al$_2$O$_3$\\
\noalign{\smallskip}
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}
   \vspace*{-0.3cm}

\begin{figure*}[!ht]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=8.6cm, height=7cm]{MeanSize_T_1500.eps}
   \includegraphics[width=8.6cm, height=7cm]{VolFrac_T_1500.eps}
   \vspace*{-0.1cm}
      \caption{{\bf Left:} Mean grain size  stratification for a
    plan-parallel AMES (cond) late L-type brown dwarf model atmosphere of T$_{\rm eff}=1500\,$K, $\log$\,g$=5.0$ of original solar
    abundance. {\bf Right:} Chemical material composition of the grains in volume fractions of
   the solids for the same model ($V_{\rm tot}^{\rm dust}=\sum_{\rm s} V_{\rm s}$, s -- contributing solid materials). Note the upside-down scale of the local temperature T [100\,K].
              }
  \label{meanSize}
   \vspace*{-0.3cm}
   \end{figure*}

The r.h.s. of Fig.~\ref{meanSize} demonstrates the chemical composition of the dust grains.  The grains are not of a single,
homogeneous material composition and their material composition changes on their descent into the atmosphere.  Since gas and dust
thermalise faster than the dust growth/evaporation processes take place (\citealt{Woitke2003A&A...399..297W}), the chemical
composition is determined by the local temperature and the reaction kinetics.  Therefore, the upper atmosphere is populated by
small, silica- and silicate-like grains until these materials become thermally unstable. Therefore in the lower and hotter part of the
atmosphere big grains appear which are merely made of iron and some impurities of Al$_2$O$_3$${\rm [s]}$ and TiO$_2$${\rm
[s]}$. The main dust component in the upper part of the dust layer is amorphous SiO$_2$${\rm [s]}$ followed by Mg$_2$SiO$_4$${\rm
[s]}$/MgSiO$_3$[s] (see Table~\ref{table_summary}).  The prediction contrasts with those from equilibrium dust formation
models where metastable species such as SiO$_2$${\rm [s]}$ cannot exist (e.g Lodders \& Fegley 2005).

\subsection{Spectral dust cloud features}

Figure~\ref{Spec} depicts the resulting spectral features from   6 $\mu$m $\ldots$ 15
 $\mu$m for a brown dwarf dust cloud layer with the mean grain size and chemical dust material composition shown in Fig.~\ref{meanSize}.

For grain composition predicted by heterogeneous dust formation, the only dust features with an appreciable contrast are those of
SiO$_2$${\rm [s]}$ centered at 8.7~$\mu$m and of Mg$_2$SiO$_4$${\rm [s]}$/MgSiO$_3$[s] at 9.7~$\mu$m, with weaker absorption
features around 20~$\mu$m and ~32~$\mu$m (not shown). The features are broad ($\sim$~1 -- 1.5 ~$\mu$m) and lack substructures
because the grains are amorphous. The abundance of metallic iron is high ($\sim$~15\%) but metals absorb photons continuously and
do not show spectral features. The abundance of Al$_2$O$_3$${\rm [s]}$ and TiO$_2$${\rm [s]}$ in grains are too small to
significantly affect the overall extinction coefficient. In models where SiO$_2$${\rm [s]}$ is disregarded (dashed line,
l.h.s. Fig.~\ref{Spec}), the dust extinction is dominated by Mg$_2$SiO$_4$${\rm [s]}$/MgSiO$_3$[s] at 9.7~$\mu$m.  The mean grain radius
remains smaller than 0.2~$\mu$m in the $\tau_{\rm dust}<$~1 region in the model. Therefore, the grain absorption features
remain. In contrast, if grains were a large as $10~\mu$m, the resonance features would disappear \citep{Min2004A&A...413L..35M}.
The region where $\tau_{\rm dust}<$~1 in the wavelength range 5 -- 25 $\mu$m has pressure below 10$^{-2}$ bar in the model
atmosphere considered.

In phase-equilibrium, the condensates are formed locally and retain the energetically most favorable composition at the
temperature and pressure of the given depth in the atmosphere \citep{Lodders2005}. Further condensation is not possible because
the grains remain in relative thin discrete cloud layers and, hence,  can not move into regions with still favorable
growth conditions. Individual cloud layers are composed of different solid species
depending on the temperature of the layer.
Above the silicate clouds,  the gas phase is strongly depleted and thus
the absence of gas-phase species in L and T dwarf atmosphere has been used as an evidence for the presence of clouds.
The
prediction of equilibrium theory is the absence of solid SiO$_2$, hence equilibrium-dust is predominately composed of
silicates. We modeled the absence of SiO$_2$${\rm [s]}$ and the spectral result is shown in Fig.~\ref{Spec} (l.h.s.). Beside moving
the peak of the absorption to 9.7~$\mu$m, the absence of amorphous SiO$_2$$_{\rm [s]}$ decreases substantially the absorption
contrast.

   \begin{figure}[!ht]
   \vspace*{-0.4cm}
   \hspace*{-0.3cm}
   \includegraphics[width=7.6cm, height=9.4cm,angle=90]{bd_transmission_noSiO2_comparison_feb06.ps}\\[-0.7cm]
   \caption{Absorption transmission spectrum ($=F_{\nu}/F_{\rm cont}$ with $F_{\rm cont}$ the local continuum flux with respect to the
   feature) for the model in Fig.~\ref{meanSize} with (solid line) and without (dashed line) formation of SiO$_2$${\rm
   [s]}$. The absorption feature of
   SiO$_2$${\rm [s]}$ centered at $\sim$8.7 $\mu$m.
         \label{Spec}}
   \vspace*{-0.3cm}
   \end{figure}

\subsection{Discussion of detectability}~\label{detectability}

\vspace*{-0.4cm}
\noindent We now discuss the detectability of infrared dust features in brown dwarf atmospheres. From Fig.~\ref{Spec} (r.h.s.), we
can see that the absorption over continuum contrast varies from 10$\,\ldots\,$ 20\% with the maximum obtained for cold brown
dwarfs if SiO$_2$${\rm [s]}$ is present. This contrast is achieved because the grains are small ($<$~0.2~$\mu$m). In the absence
of SiO$_2$${\rm [s]}$, Mg$_2$SiO$_4$${\rm [s]}$/MgSiO$_3$[s] will absorb weakly at 9.7~$\mu$m. In the case of large grains, no
feature can be detected and it will not be possible to determine the composition of these grains. The presence or absence of
SiO$_2$${\rm [s]}$ can be tested observationally. Recently, \cite{Cushing2006ApJ} presented {\it Spitzer}
IRS\footnote{$R=90$ for $\lambda = 5.3\mu$m$\,\ldots\,15.3~\mu$m} results showing L-dwarf spectra with a $1 - 1.5~\mu$m broad
absorption centered at
$\lambda\approx 9~\mu$m.  However, we have treated an
idealized situation where dust grains are the main sources of opacity. In reality, the feature will appear on the top of
gas absorption lines.
The gas phase absorption proceeds by
lines whose width is determined by the pressure at the height of the absorption layer. Typical molecular band widths are
$\sim$~0.1~$\mu$m.

Another limitation of our treatment is the assumption of spherical grains which may introduce spurious effects during
the opacity calculation.  Grains are most likely non-spherical and their absorption coefficients should be computed with, for
example, the hollow sphere model \citep{Min2005A&A...432..909M} which successfully models asphericity by applying a distribution
of hollow spheres. However, the use of hollow spheres will introduce minor changes in the shape of the absorption feature and will
not change significantly the wavelength-position of the dust features and hence the conclusion of this paper.  Finally, the
heterogeneous formation model does not compute the exact grain size distribution but only its moments from which the mean size can
be computed. Future work is needed to calculate better analytical representations of the size distribution function from the dust
moments.

\section{Conclusions}~\label{conclusions}

\vspace*{-0.3cm}
\noindent
We have studied the dust spectral signatures predicted by the Helling \& Woitke (2006) models which make specific observational
predictions in terms of grain composition and size at different altitudes.  Heterogeneous dust formation in brown dwarf atmosphere
results in dusty grains composed mainly of amorphous SiO$_2$${\rm [s]}$ and amorphous Mg$_2$SiO$_4$${\rm [s]}$/MgSiO$_3$[s] with
impurities of Fe and Al oxides, TiO$_2$ and MgO. The dust forms one continuous layer in which the grains gradually change
composition and size. The grains are sufficiently small in the upper atmosphere to produce solid resonance features in the
infrared, a conclusion reached also by  \cite{Cushing2006ApJ}. In contrast, grain composition derived from chemical equilibrium models is dominated by Mg$_2$SiO$_4$${\rm [s]}$ with
the noticeable absence of amorphous SiO$_2$${\rm [s]}$, which is a metastable species.  The difference in dust composition allows
us to make predictions in dust spectral features in the infrared for the two types of grains. Amorphous SiO$_2$${\rm [s]}$ moves
the peak of the absorption to 8.7$\mu$m while a nearly pure Mg$_2$SiO$_4$${\rm [s]}$/MgSiO$_3$[s] absorbs at 9.7$\mu$m with
a much smaller contrast. Therefore,
infrared features of dust grains could be used to directly detect the presence of dust  in
brown dwarf atmospheres.  The detection of dust absorption features supports the prediction that grains have small size
$<$~0.5~$\mu$m and is present in the $\tau_{\rm dust}<$~1 upper atmosphere.

\begin{acknowledgements} We thank the anonymous referee for her/his suggestion. We thank A.~Heras for commends on the manuscript,
F.~Allard and P.~Hauschildt for making their model results freely available. ChH and WFT are/were supported by ESA internal fellowships
at ESTEC. PW was supported by the NWO Computational Physics program, grant 614.031.017, in the frame of the {\sc AstroHydro3D}
initiative. The computer support by the ESTEC RSSD computer team is highly appreciated.  Most of the literature search was done
with ADS.  \end{acknowledgements}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Welcome to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, an annotated linguistic resource for the Holy Quran. This page shows seven parallel translations in English for the fifteenth verse of chapter 47 (sūrat muḥammad). Click on the Arabic text to below to see word by word details of the verse's morphology.
Verse (47:1)Verse (47:2)Verse (47:3)Verse (47:4)Verse (47:5)Verse (47:6)Verse (47:7)Verse (47:8)Verse (47:9)Verse (47:10)Verse (47:11)Verse (47:12)Verse (47:13)Verse (47:14)Verse (47:15)Verse (47:16)Verse (47:17)Verse (47:18)Verse (47:19)Verse (47:20)Verse (47:21)Verse (47:22)Verse (47:23)Verse (47:24)Verse (47:25)Verse (47:26)Verse (47:27)Verse (47:28)Verse (47:29)Verse (47:30)Verse (47:31)Verse (47:32)Verse (47:33)Verse (47:34)Verse (47:35)Verse (47:36)Verse (47:37)Verse (47:38)
Chapter (47) sūrat muḥammad
Sahih International: Is the description of Paradise, which the righteous are promised, wherein are rivers of water unaltered, rivers of milk the taste of which never changes, rivers of wine delicious to those who drink, and rivers of purified honey, in which they will have from all [kinds of] fruits and forgiveness from their Lord, like [that of] those who abide eternally in the Fire and are given to drink scalding water that will sever their intestines?
Pickthall: A similitude of the Garden which those who keep their duty (to Allah) are promised: Therein are rivers of water unpolluted, and rivers of milk whereof the flavour changeth not, and rivers of wine delicious to the drinkers, and rivers of clear-run honey; therein for them is every kind of fruit, with pardon from their Lord. (Are those who enjoy all this) like those who are immortal in the Fire and are given boiling water to drink so that it teareth their bowels?
Yusuf Ali: (Here is) a Parable of the Garden which the righteous are promised: in it are rivers of water incorruptible; rivers of milk of which the taste never changes; rivers of wine, a joy to those who drink; and rivers of honey pure and clear. In it there are for them all kinds of fruits; and Grace from their Lord. (Can those in such Bliss) be compared to such as shall dwell for ever in the Fire, and be given, to drink, boiling water, so that it cuts up their bowels (to pieces)?
Shakir: A parable of the garden which those guarding (against evil) are promised: Therein are rivers of water that does not alter, and rivers of milk the taste whereof does not change, and rivers of drink delicious to those who drink, and rivers of honey clarified and for them therein are all fruits and protection from their Lord. (Are these) like those who abide in the fire and who are made to drink boiling water so it rends their bowels asunder.
Muhammad Sarwar: The garden, which is promised to the pious, is like one in which there are streams of unpolluted water, streams of milk of unchangeable taste, streams of delicious wine, and streams of crystal clear honey. Therein they will have all kinds of fruits and forgiveness from their Lord. On the other hand (can these people be considered like), those who will live forever in hell fire and will drink boiling water which will rip their intestines to bits?
Mohsin Khan: The description of Paradise which the Muttaqun (pious - see V.2:2) have been promised is that in it are rivers of water the taste and smell of which are not changed; rivers of milk of which the taste never changes; rivers of wine delicious to those who drink; and rivers of clarified honey (clear and pure) therein for them is every kind of fruit; and forgiveness from their Lord. (Are these) like those who shall dwell for ever in the Fire, and be given, to drink, boiling water, so that it cuts up their bowels?
Arberry: This is the similitude of Paradise which the godfearing have been promised: therein are rivers of water unstaling, rivers of milk unchanging in flavour, and rivers of wine -- a delight to the drinkers, rivers, too, of honey purified; and therein for them is every fruit, and forgiveness from their Lord -- Are they as he who dwells forever in the Fire, such as are given to drink boiling water, that tears their bowels asunder?


text:
237187 Zhonglihe este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
237187 Zhonglihe este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Lulin de Hsiao Xiang-Yao și Ye Quan-Zhi. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,73 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 4,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 237001-238000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2008
Centura de asteroizi

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Q: Why do we need the polarization identity to show the simple relation $U:H\to H$ is unitary if and only if $||Ux|| = ||x||$ for all $x \in H$ An operator $U:H\to H$ is unitary if and only if $\|Ux\| = \|x\|$ for all $x \in H$. I read that the proof that $\|Ux\| = \|x\|$ implies $U$ is unitary depends on the polarization identity. But it seems more elementary than that; can we not just say that
$$
\|Ux\| = \|x\| \Longleftrightarrow (Ux,Ux)^\frac{1}{2} = (x,x)^\frac{1}{2} \Longleftrightarrow (Ux,Ux) = (x,x),
$$
and therefore $U$ is a unitary operator. Why do we need the polarization identity?

A: I hope this theorem helps:

Theorem: If $T \in L(H)$ where $H$ is a Hilbert space then the following are equivalent:
$1)T^*T=I$
$2)<Tx,Ty>=<x,y>$ forall $x,y \in H$
$2)||Tx||=||x||$ forall $x \in H$

$Proof$
$1) \Rightarrow 2)$
If $T^*T=I$ then $<T^*Tx,y>=<x,y>, \forall x,y \in H \Rightarrow <Tx,Ty>=<x,y>, \forall x,y \in H$
$2) \Rightarrow 3)$
For $y=x$ we have that $||Tx||^2=||x||^2 \Rightarrow ||Tx||=||x||$
$3) \Rightarrow 1)$
Forall $x \in H$
$<Tx,Tx>=<x,x> \Rightarrow <T^*Tx,x>=<x,x>=<Ix,x> \Rightarrow <(T^*T-I)x,x>=0 \Rightarrow T^*T-I=0 \Rightarrow T^*T=I$