text:
MoosePOPd: Population Dynamics in the Presence of Lethal Parasites
We integrate information from veterinary science to discover interesting facts where mathematics, computer science, biology, and resource management converge.
Life history of moose (Alces alces)
We used the life cycles of cow and bull moose in conjunction with a projection matrix to identify the population dynamics in the Adirondacks of New York state between 2015-2019. We assumed that the life history of moose was by sex, then further subdivided into segments of individuals that share common transition probabilities during the spring and the rut. The resulting 3-stage matrices modeled calves, young adults and mature adults across the spring and rut of each calendar year. The semi-annual spring and rut matrices for each sex were then folded into a single annual matrix.
Annual Matrix for Cows
Female Moose Life History.png
a. Average annual fertility of young cows
b. Average annual fertility of mature cows
f. Average semi-annual survival of young cows
g. Average semi-annual survival of mature cows
h. Average semi-annual survival of cow calves
Annual Matrix for Bulls
male life history.png
b. Average annual fertility of mature bulls
d. Average spring survival of young bulls (without transition into a breeder)
f. Average spring survival of young bulls (with transition into a breeder)
g. Average spring survival of breeding bulls
h. Average rut survival of bull calves
i. Average rut survival of young bulls (without transition into a breeder)
m. Average rut survival of breeding bulls
Two moose drinking from a stream
Population dynamics of moose in New York
We integrated time series data into each annual matrix, then initiated a combinatorial optimization algorithm to estimate the survival and fertility rates of the moose population in Adirondack Park. The algorithm-predicted matrices were then used to calculate 17 asymptotic and transient demographic properties, which may be accessed by clicking the buttons below.
Explore the preliminary 2015-2019 demographic results in NY1:
Population Dynamics of Cows
Population Dynamics of Bulls
Sensitivity analysis of the life cycle
Population matrix models are used to assess population growth and extinction risk, while sensitivity analyses are conducted to identify management actions that propel population responses (Morris & Doak 2002; Saltelli et al. 2004). The button below allow you to explore how alterations to vital rates will influence the population growth rate. For further information please read Hanley, Connelly, & Dennis (2019).
Conduct your own sensitivity analysis using the peer-reviewed software2:
Explore the Nature of the Growth Rate
The population scale impact of lethal parasites on moose
Necropsies of moose in New York have revealed the presence of two lethal parasites: brain worm (P. tenuis) and liver flukes (Fasciola sp.), lending questions regarding the population scale impact of associated mortalities. We compared the population dynamics of moose in the Adirondacks to those dynamics that would have ensued had mortalities from liver fluke or brain worm not occurred.
Compare the preliminary results for comparisons among the current and parasite-free dynamics in NY3:
Parasite-Free Dynamics for Cows
Parasite-Free Dynamics for Bulls
We assessed the population-scale impacts of lethal parasites on moose in Adirondack Park.
A bull moose
Further details of this research
Questions can be directed to Drs. Krysten Schuler (ks833@cornell.edu) or Jacqui Frair (jfrair@esf.edu).
Funding provided by the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. The contents of this web site, the links, the interactive apps, cited literature, and the narratives have not been reviewed nor endorsed by the NYSDEC, and the views expressed in this content do not necessarily reflect the views of the NYSDEC, its officers, directors, affiliates or agents.
Acknowledgements of project participation
This interdisciplinary research contains data contributions from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and academic contributions from our collaborators at the Cornell Wildlife Health Lab at Cornell University and at the State University of New York Environmental Science and Forestry. Contributions may have provided intellectual property, knowledge, data, software code, time, suggestions, comments, and extension and communication products to one or more research products. Contributors, we thank you.
Additional thanks to:
Niki Keith, who aided the project while at the Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, but has since moved on to Hamilton College of New York
Citations for the research and the accompanying software
Connelly, P, Hanley, B, Friar, J, Hurst, J, Stickles, J, Kramer, D, & Schuler, K. 201X. The effect of disease on Moose in New York, USA from 2015-2019. In preparation.
Hanley, B, Dennis, B, Kramer, D, & Schuler, K. Estimating parameters from adult time series data for population matrix models. In peer revision.
Hanley B, Connelly P, & Dennis B. 2019. Another look at the eigenvalues of a population matrix model. PeerJ 7:e8018. doi: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8018
Interactive software:
1 Connelly, P., Hanley, B., Frair, J., & Schuler, K. 2020. MoosePOPd Web Interactive: Software to investigate the demography of Moose in New York, USA from 2015-2019 [Software]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi: https://doi.org/10.7298/k033-va79
2 Hanley, B, Connelly, P, & Dennis, B. 2019. IsoPOPd: Interactive software to understand how elements in a population matrix model influence the asymptotic population growth rate [Software]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi: https://doi.org/10.7298/bcmg-7w08
3 Connelly, P., Hanley, B., Frair, J., & Schuler, K. 2020. MooseCounterPOPd Web Interactive: Software to investigate the population scale impact of Brain Worm and Liver Fluke in Moose in New York, USA from 2015-2019 [Software]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi: https://doi.org/10.7298/kxme-kq04
Aalto, S, & Newsome, G (1980) Some methods of estimating the parameters of the Leslie Matrix using incomplete population data. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37, 1140-1148.
Abadi F, Gimenez, O, Arlettaz, R, & Schaub M (2010) An assessment of integrated population models: bias, accuracy, and violation of the assumption of independence. Ecology, 91(1): 7-14.
Alberts, S, & Altmann, J (2003) Matrix models for primate life history analysis. In - Primate life history and socioecology. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Anderson, D, Burnham, K, White, G (1994) AIC model selection in overdispersed capture-recapture data. Ecology, 75, 1780–1793.
Arnold, T (2010) Uninformative parameters and model selection using Akaike's Information Criterion. Journal of Wildlife Management, 74, 1175–1178.
Arthur, W (1982) The ergodic theorems of demography; a simple proof. Demography, 19:4, 439-445.
Bartlett, M (1990) Chance or chaos? (with discussion) Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, A52, 321–347.
Basu, A, H Shioya, and C Park. 2011. Statistical Inference: The Minimum Distance Approach. Chapman & Hall (CRC Press)
Bernardelli, H (1941) Population waves. Journal of Burma Research Society, 31, 1-18.
Beyer, W (ed.) 1978. Algebra. – In: CRC handbook of mathematical sciences. CRC Press, 69-72. Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
Bolen, E, & Robinson, W (1999) - In: Wildlife Ecology and Management. 5th Ed. Pearson, London, United Kingdom.
Box, G (1979), "Robustness in the strategy of scientific model building", in Launer, R. L.; Wilkinson, G. N, Robustness in Statistics, Academic Press, pp. 201–236.
Box, G and Tiao, G (1973) Bayesian Inference in Statistical Analysis. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.
Bowyer R, Van Ballenberghe, V, & Kie, J (2003) Moose (Alces alces).
Bozdogan, H (1987) Model selection and Akaike's information criterion (AIC): the general theory and its analytical extensions. Psychometrika 52, 345-370.
Burgman M, Ferson S, & Akcakaya H (1993) Risk assessment in conservation biology. Chapman and Hall. London, United Kingdom.
Burnham K, Anderson D (2002) Model Selection & Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, 2nd Edn. Springer, New York
Cade, B (2015) Model averaging and muddled multimodel inferences. Ecology, 96, 2370‑2382.
Case, T (2000) – In: An illustrated guide to theoretical ecology. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.
Caswell, H, Brault, S, Read, A, & Smith, T (1998) Harbor porpoise and fisheries: an uncertainty analysis of incidental mortality. Ecological Applications, 8:4, 1226-1238.
Caswell, H (2001) Matrix population models: Construction, analysis, and interpretation. 2nd edition. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
Caswell, H, & Neubert, M (2007) Reactivity and transient dynamics of discrete-time ecological systems. Journal of Difference Equations and Applications, 2, pgs. 295-310.
Caswell, H (2007) Sensitivity analysis of transient population dynamics. Ecology Letters, 10:1, 1-15.
Caswell, H (ed.) 2009. -In: Advances in Ecological Research. Vol. 41. Elsevier. Academic Press. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Charlesworth, B (2009) Effective population size and patterns of molecular evolution and variation. Genetics, 10, pgs. 195-205.
Chatfield, C (1995) Model Uncertainty, Data Mining and statistical Inference. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 158:419-466.
Claeskens, G & Hjort, N (2008) Model Selection and Model Averaging. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Edwards, A. W. F. 1972. Likelihood. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Costantino, R, & Desharnais, R (1981) Gamma distributions of adult numbers for Tribolium populations in the region of their steady states. Journal of Animal Ecology, 50, 667–681.
Coulson, T, Catchpole, E, Albon, S, Morgan, B, Pemberton, J, Clutton-Brock, T. et al (2001) Age, sex, density, winter weather, and population crashes in Soay sheep. Science, 292, 1528–1531.
Crone E, Ellis M, Morris W, Stanley A, Bell T, Bierzychudek P, Ehrlen J, Kaye T, Knight T, Lesica P, Oostermeijer G, Quintana-Ascencio P, Ticktin T, Valverde T, Williams J, Doak D, Ganesan R, McEachern K, Thorpe A, & Menges E (2012) Ability of matrix models to explain the past and predict the future of plant populations. Conservation Biology, 27(5), 968-978.
Cross, M, Oakes, L, & Kretser, H (2018) Summary report: Climate change and moose management in New York state. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.
Cull, P, & Vogt, A (1973) Mathematical analysis of the asymptotic behavior of the Leslie population matrix model. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 35, 645-661.
Dalal, S and Hall, W. (1983) "Approximating Priors by Mixtures of Natural Conjugate Priors" J. R. Statist. Soc, B, 45, 278-286.
de Kroon, H, van Groenendael, J, & Ehrlen, J (2000) Elasticities: a review of methods and model limitations. Ecology, 81, 607-618.
Deevey, E (1947) Life tables for natural populations of animals. Quarterly Review of Biology, 22, 283-314.
Dennis, B (2013) – In: The R student companion. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
Dennis, B, & Costantino, R (1988) Analysis of steady-state populations with the gamma abundance model: application to Tribolium. Ecology, 69, 1200-1213.
Dennis, B, & Taper, M (1994) Density dependence in time series observations of natural populations: estimation and testing. Ecological Monographs, 64, 205-224.
Dennis, B, Desharnais, R, Cushing, J, & Costantino, R (1995) Nonlinear demographic dynamics: mathematical models, statistical methods, and biological experiments. Ecological Monographs, 65, 261–281.
Dennis, B, Desharnais, R, Cushing, J, Hensen, S, & Costantino R (2001) Estimating chaos and complex dynamics in an insect population. Ecological Monographs, 71, 277-303.
Devenish-Nelson, E, Harris, S, Soulsbury, C, Richards, S, & Stephens, P (2010) Uncertainty in population growth rates. Determining confidence intervals from point estimates of parameters. PlosOne, 5:10, e13628.
Ding, H, Trajcevski, G, Scheuermann, P, Wang, X, & Keogh, E (2008) Querying and mining of time series data: Experimental comparison of representations and distance measures. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 1, 1542-1552.
Dinsmore, S, & Johnson, D (2012) In - Silvy (Ed.), The wildlife techniques manual. Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Doak, D, Kareiva, P, & Klepetka, B (1994) Modeling population viability for the desert tortoise in the western Mojave Desert. Ecological Applications, 4, 446-460.
Dohoo, I (2014) Bias – Is it a problem, and what should we do? Preventative Veterinary Medicine, Vol 113, pgs. 331-337.
Elandt, R, & Johnson, N (1980) - In: Survival models and data analysis. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, USA.
Ersoy, Y, & Moscardini, A (1994) In – Mathematical modelling courses for engineering education. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany.
Ezard, T, Bullock, J, Dalgleish, H, Million, A, Pelletier, F, Ozgul, A, & Koons, D (2010) Matrix models for a changeable world: the importance of transient dynamics in population management. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47, 515-523.
Forrester, S, Lankester, M (1997) Extracting protostronglyid nematode larvae from ungulate feces. Wildlife Disease Association, 33(3): 511-516.
Fox, G, & Gurevitch, J (2000) Population numbers count: tools for near-term demographic analysis. American Naturalist, 156, 242–256.
Fox, J (2016) Applied regression analysis and generalized linear models. 2nd edition. Sage Publications Inc. Los Angeles, California, USA.
Frankham, R (2005) Genetics and extinction. Biological Conservation, 126, 131-140.
Friend M, Franson J, Ciganovich E (1999) Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases. Chapter 43. U.S. Department of The Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C
Friend M, Franson J, Anderson W (2009) Biological & Societal Dimensions of Lead Poisoning in Birds in the USA. In: Watson RT, Fuller M, Pokras M, Hunt WG (Eds) Ingestion of Lead from Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife & Humans. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Pp 34–60.
Friend, M (1987) Field Guide to Wildlife Diseases. United States Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, USA.
Fryxell, J, Sinclair, A, & Caughley, G (2014) In - Wildlife ecology, conservation, and management. 3rd edition. Johns Wiley & Sons. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
Fujiwara, M, & Caswell, H (2002) Estimating population projection matrices from multi-stage mark-recapture data. Ecology, 83, 3257-3265.
Futuyma, D (2009) Evolution. 2nd ed. Sinuaer and Associates. Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
Gallardo, J, Vilella, F, & Colvin, M (2019) A seasonal population matrix model of the Caribbean Red-tailed Hawk Bueo jamaicensis jamaicensis in eastern Puerto Rico. Ibis, 161, 459-466.
Gelman, A, Hill, J, & Yajima, M (2012) Why we (usually) don't have to worry about multiple comparisons. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 5, 189-211.
Gerber, B, & Kendall, W (2016) Considering transient population dynamics in the conservation of slow life-history species: An application to the sandhill crane. Biological Conservation, 200, 228.
Gerrodette, T (2011) Inference without significance: measuring support for hypotheses rather than rejecting them. Marine Ecology: An Evolutionary Perspective, 32, 404–418.
Gilroy, J, Virzi, T, Boulton, R, & Lockwood, J (2012) A new approach to the "apparent survival" problem: Estimating true survival rates from mark-recapture studies. Ecology, 93:7, 509-1516.
Goodman D (2004) Methods for joint inference from multiple data sources for improved estimates of population size and survival rates. Mar Mam Sci 20:401–423.
Gotelli, N (2004) - In: A Primer of ecology. Sinuaer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
Graur, D, & Li, W (2000) Dynamics of genes in populations. In – Fundamentals of molecular evolution. 2nd edition. Sinuaer Associates Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
Grueber, C, Nakagawa, S, Laws, R, & Jamieson, I (2011) Multimodel inference in ecology and evolution: challenges and solutions. J. Evolutionary Biology, 24, 699-711.
Guthery, F, Brennan, L, Peterson, M & Lusk, J (2005) Information theory in wildlife science: critique and viewpoint. J. Wildlife Manage, 69, 457-465.
Guttorp, Peter and Lockhart, Richard A (1988) "Finding the Location of a Signal: A Bayesian Approach", Journal of the American Statistical Association 83, 322-330.
Hacking, I (1965) Logic of statistical inference. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hanley, B, & B. Dennis (2019) Analytical expressions for the eigenvalues, demographic quantities, and extinction criteria arising from a three-stage wildlife population matrix. Natural Resource Modeling.
Hartl, D. L, & Clark, A. G (1999) In - Principles of population genetics 4th edition. Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers. Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
Hazewinkel, M (ed.) (1988) "Cardano formula" In - Encyclopedia of mathematics. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Hegarty, M, & Kozhevnikov, M (1999) Types of visual-spatial representations and mathematical problem solving. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 4, pgs. 684-689.
Heppell, S, Caswell, H, & Crowder, L (2000) Life histories and elasticity patterns: perturbation analysis for species with minimal demographic data. Ecology, 81, 654-665.
Hodgson, D, & Townley, S (2004) Methodological insight: Linking management changes to population dynamic responses: the transfer function of a projection matrix perturbation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41:6, 1155-1161.
Hooten, M, Garlick, M, & Powell, J (2013) Computational efficient spatial differential equation modeling using homogenization. Journal of Agriculture, Biological, and Environmental Statistics. 18, 3, pgs. 405-428.
Hosmer D, Lemeshow S (2000) Applied Logistic Regression, 2nd Edn. Wiley, New York
Hurlbert, S, & Lombardi, C (2009) Final collapse of the Neyman-Pearson decision theoretic framework and rise of the neoFisherian. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 46, 311–349.
Jeffreys, H (1961) Theory of Probability, 3rd ed. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1st. ed , 1939)
Johnson, D (1999) The insignificance of statistical significance testing. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:763–772.
Johnson, J & Omland, K (2004) Model selection in ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19, 101-108.
Keyfitz, N & Caswell, H (2005) – In: Applied mathematical demography. 3rd Ed. Springer Science. New York, New York, USA.
Keyfitz, N (1964) The population projection as a matrix operator. Demography, 1, 56-73.
Keyfitz, N (1971) On the momentum of population growth. Demography, 8, 71-80.
Kissel, A, Palen, W, Govindarajulu, P, and Bishop, C (2014) Quantifying ecological life support: The biological efficacy of alternative supplementation strategies for imperiled amphibian populations. Conservation Letters, 7:5, 441-450.
Kliman, R, Sheehy, B, & Schultz, J (2008) Genetic drift and effective population size. Nature Education, 1:3, 3.
Klimko, L, & Nelson, P (1978) On conditional least squares estimation for stochastic processes. The Annals of Statistics, 6, 629-642.
Knight, K (2000) In - Mathematical statistics. Chapman & Hall, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
Koons, D, Grand, J, Zinner, B, & Rockwell, R (2005) Transient population dynamics: relations to life history and initial population state. Ecological Modeling, 185, 283-297.
Koons, D, Rockwell, R, & Grand, J (2006) Population momentum: implications for wildlife management. Journal of Wildlife Management, 70, 19-26.
Koons, D, Grand, J, & Arnold, J (2006) Population momentum across vertebrate life histories. Ecological Modeling, 197, 418-430.
Koons, D, Holmes, R, & Grand, J (2007) Population inertia and its sensitivity to changes in vital rates and population structure. Ecology, 88, 2857-2867.
Koopman, B (1936) "On distributions admitting a sufficient statistic", Trans. Am. Math. Soc, 39, 399-409.
Korte, B, & Vygen J (2018) Combinatorial Optimization: Theory and Algorithms. 6th edition. New York: Springer Publishing.
Kot, M (2001) An overview of linear age structured models. In - Elements of mathematical ecology. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Kruschke, J and Vanpaemel, W (2015) Bayesian estimation in hierarchical models. In: J. R. Busemeyer, Z. Wang, J. T. Townsend, and A. Eidels (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Computational and Mathematical Psychology, pp. 279-299. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Kuehl, R (2000) In - Design of experiments: Statistical principles of research design and analysis. 2nd Edition. Brooks Cole, Belmont, California, USA.
Kullback, S & Leibler, R (1951) On information and sufficiency. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 22, 79-86.
Lande, R (1982) A quantitative genetic theory of life history evolution. Ecology, 63:3, 607-615.
Lankester, M (2010) Understanding the impact of meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) on moose populations. ALCES 46: 53-70.
Lax, P (1997) Positive matrices. - In: Linear algebra. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
Lay, D, Lay, S, & MacDonald, J (2016) – In: Linear algebra and its applications. Pearson. London, England.
Lebreton, J et al (1992) Modeling survival and testing biological hypotheses using marked animals: a unified approach with case studies. Ecol. Monogr. 62, 67-118.
Lebreton, J (2005) Age, stages, and the role of generation time in matrix models. Ecological Modelling, 188, 22-29.
Lebreton, J, Nichols, J, Barker, J, Pradel, R, & Spendelow, J (2009) Modeling individual animal histories with multistate capture-recapture models. In - Advances in Ecological Research. Vol. 41. Elsevier. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Lee, C (2017) Elasticity of population growth with respect to the intensity of biotic or abiotic driving factors. Ecology, 98:4, 1016-1025.
Lefkovitch, L (1965) The study of population growth in organism groups by stages. Biometrics, 21, 1-18.
Leirs, H, Stenseth, N, Nichols, J, Hines, J, Verhagen, R. & Verheyen, W (1997) Stochastic seasonality and nonlinear density-dependent factors regulate population size in an African rodent. Nature, 389, 176–180.
Leslie, P (1945) On the use of matrices in certain population mathematics. Biometrika, 35, 213-245.
Lewis, E (1941) On the generation and growth of a population. Sankhya, Indian Journal of Statistics, 6, 93-96.
Lindsay, B (1995) Mixture Models: Theory, Geometry and Applications. NSF-CBMS Regional Conference Series in Probability and Statistics, 5, I-163.
Loehle, C (1987) Hypothesis testing in ecology: psychological aspects and the importance of theory maturation. Quarterly Review of Biology, 62, 397–409.
Lomnicki, A (2011) Individual-based Models in Population Ecology. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester.
Lopez, A (1961) – In: Problems in stable population theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
Lotka, A (1925) Elements of Physical Biology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Mallows, C (1972) A Note on Asymptotic Joint Normality. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 43:2, 508-515.
Manly, B (2007) – In: Randomization, bootstrap, and Monte Carlo methods in biology. Chapman and Hall. New York, New York, USA.
Marescot, L, Forrester, T, Casady, D, & Wittmer, H (2014) Using multistate capture–mark–recapture models to quantify effects of predation on age-specific survival and population growth in black-tailed deer. Population Ecology, 57, 185-197.
Martin, W (2014) Making valid causal inferences from observational data. Preventative Veterinary Medicine, 13: 281-297.
Matsuda, H (2003) Challenges Posed by The Precautionary Principle & Accountability in Ecological Risk Assessment. Environmetrics 14: 245–254.
May, R (1974) - In: Stability and complexity in model ecosystems. 2nd edition. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
Mayo, D, and A. Spanos (2006) Severe testing as a basic concept in a Neyman-Pearson philosophy of induction. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 57:323-357.
McDonald J, Stott I, Townley S, & Hodgson D (2016) Transients drive the demographics of plant populations in variable environments. Journal of Ecology, 104, 306-314.
McGowan, C, Allan, N, Servoss, J, Hedwall, S, & Wooldridge, B (2017) Incorporating population viability models into species status assessment and listing decisions under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Global Ecology and Conservation, 12, 119-130.
Mertz, D (1971) The Mathematical Demography of The California Condor Population. American Naturalist 105:437– 453.
Meyer, J, Ingersoll, C, McDonald, L, & Boyce, M, (1986) Estimating uncertainty in population growth rates: jackknife vs. bootstrap techniques. Ecology, 67, 1156-1166.
Meyer, K, & Houle, D (2013) Sampling based approximation of confidence intervals for functions of genetic covariance matrices. 20th Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics. Napier, New Zealand.
Mills, L, & Lindberg, M (2002) Sensitivity analysis to evaluate the consequences of conservation actions. In: S.R. Beissinger, D.R. McCullough (Eds.), Population viability analysis. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Monte, L (2012) Characterization of a nonlinear Leslie matrix model for predicting the dynamics of biological population in polluted environments: Applications to radioecology. Ecological Modelling, 248, 174-183.
Morris, W & Doak, D (2002) Demographic PVAs: Using projection matrices to assess population growth and viability. – In: Quantitative conservation biology: theory and practice of population viability analysis. Sinauer Associates Inc, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
Murtaugh, P (2009) Performance of several variable-selection methods applied to real ecological data. Ecology Letters, 12, 1061-1068.
Murtaugh, P (2014) In defense of P-values. Ecology, 95, 611-617.
Nishii, R 1988. Maximum-likelihood principle and model selection when the true model is unspecified. Journal of Multivariate Analysis 27, 392-403.
O'Connor, A and Sargeant, J (2014) Meta-analysis including data from observational studies. Preventative Veterinary Medicine. Vol. 113, pgs. 313-322.
Oehlert, G (1992) A note on the delta method. The American Statistician. 46,1, pgs. 2729.
Ott, R (2010) In: An introduction to statistical methods and data analysis. 6th Ed. Brooks and Cole Publishing. Belmont, California, USA.
Pawitan, Y (2001) In all likelihood: statistical modelling and inference using likelihood. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Picard, N, Chagneau, P, Mortier, F, & Bar-Hen, A (2009) Finding confidence limits on population growth rates: Bootstrap and analytic methods. Mathematical Biosciences, 219, 23-31.
Pickett, S, & White, P (1985) In- The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press. Orlando, Florida, USA.
Pike, D, Pizzatto, L, Pike, B, & Shine, R (2008) Estimating survival rates of uncatchable animals: the myth of high juvenile mortality in reptiles. Ecology, 89:3, 607-611.
Pinero, D, Martínez-Ramos, M, & Sarukhan, J (1984) A Population model of Astrocaryum mexicanum and a sensitivity analysis of its finite rate of increase. Journal of Ecology, 72, 3, pgs. 977-991.
Pruvot, M, Lejeune, M, Kutz, S, Hutchins, W, Musiani, M, Massolo, A, & Orsel, K (2016) Better alone or in ill company? The effect of migration and inter-species comingling on Fascioloides magna infection in elk. PlosOne 11(7).
Quinn, J & Dunham, A 1983. On hypothesis testing in ecology and evolution. Am. Nat. 122, 602-617.
R Core Team (2019) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. R version 3.5.3 (2019-03-11)
R Shiny. (2018) Shiny. Web Application Framework for R.
Regehr, E, Hunter, C, Caswell, H, Amstrup, S & Stirling, I (2010) Survival and breeding of polar bears in the southern Beauford Sea in relation to sea ice. Journal of Animal Ecology, 79, 117-127.
Rencher, A (2002) -In: Methods of multivariate analysis. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York, New York, USA.
Renshaw, E (1994) Chaos in biometry. IMA Journal of Mathematics Applied in Medicine & Biology, 1, 17-44.
Rice, J (2007) Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition. Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California.
Richards, S (2005) Testing ecological theory using the information-theoretic approach: examples and cautionary results. Ecology, 86, 2805–2814.
Rogers, A (1966) The multiregional matrix growth operator and the stable interregional age structure. Demography, 3, 537-544.
Royall, R (2000) On the probability of observing misleading statistical evidence, with commentary. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 95, 760-780.
Royall, R (1997) Statistical Evidence: A Likelihood Paradigm. Chapman and Hall, London.
Royama, T (1992) In - Analytical Population Dynamics. Chapman, Hall, London, United Kingdom.
RStudio Team (2015) RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, Inc, Boston, MA
Samaniego, F (2014) Stochastic Modeling and Mathematical Statistics: A Text for Statisticians and Quantitative Scientists. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Samuelson, P (1941) Conditions that the roots of a polynomial be less than unity in absolute value. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 12, 360-364.
Schaub M & Fletcher D (2015) Estimating immigration using a Bayesian integrated population model: choice of parametrization and priors. Environ Ecol Stat, 22: 535-549.
Schaub M, Abadi F (2011) Integrated population models: a novel analysis framework for deeper insights into population dynamics. Journal of Ornithology, 152: S2:27-S2:37.
Scheaffer, R, Mendenhall II, W, & Ott, R (2006) In - Elementary survey sampling. 6th Ed. Thomson, Brooks & Cole. Belmont, California, USA.
Seber, G (1984) - In: Multivariate observations. John Wiley & Sons. New York, New York, USA.
Severini,T (2000) Likelihood Methods in Statistics. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Shea, K, & Kelly, D (1998) Estimating biocontrol agent impact with matrix models: Catrduuts nutans in New Zealand. Ecological Applications, 8, 824-832.
Shyu, E, & Caswell, H (2014) Calculating second derivatives of population growth rates for ecology and evolution. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5, 473-482.
Sibly, R, Hansen, F & Forbes, V (2000) Confidence intervals for population growth rate of organisms with two-stage life histories. Oikos, 88, 335-340.
Silvertown, J, Franco, M, & Menges, E (1996) Interpretation of elasticity matrices as an aid to the management of plant populations for conservation. Conservation Biology, 10, 591-597.
Skalski, J, Millspaugh, J, Dillingham, P & Buchanan, R (2007) Calculating the variance of the finite rate of population change from a matrix model in Mathematica. Environmental Modelling and Software, 22, 359-364.
Slomke, A, Lankester, M, & Peterson, W (1995) Infrapopulation dynamics of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 32(2): 125-135.
Smith, G, Murillo-Garcia, O, Hostetler, J, Mearns, R, Rollie, C, Newton, I, McGrady, M, & Oli, M (2015) Demography of population recovery: survival and fidelity of peregrine falcons at various stages of population recovery. Oecologia, 178, 391-401.
Spanos, A (2010) Akaike-type criteria and the reliability of inference: Model selection versus statistical model specification. Journal of Econometrics 158:204-220.
Spanos, A (2014) Recurring controversies about P-values and confidence intervals revisited. Ecology, 95, 645-651.
Stahl, J, & Oli, M (2006) Relative importance of avian life-history variables to population growth rate. Ecological Modelling, 198, 22–39,
Starfield, A (1997) A pragmatic approach to modeling for wildlife management. Journal of Wildlife Management, 61:2, 261-270.
Stenseth, N, Viljugrein, H, Saitoh, T, Hansen, T, Kittilsen, M, Bølviken, E. et al (2003) Seasonality, density dependence, and population cycles in Hokkaido voles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 11478–11483.
Stephens, P, Buskirk, S, Hayward, G, & Martinez del Rio, C (2005) Information theory and hypothesis testing: a call for pluralism. J. Applied Ecol, 42, 4-12.
Stott I (2016) Perturbation analysis of transient population dynamics using matrix projection models. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 666-678.
Stott I, Hodgson D, & Townley S (2012) Popdemo: an R package for population demography using projection matrix analysis. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 3, 797-802.
Stott, I, Franco, M, Carslake, D, Townley, S, & Hodgson, D (2010) Boom or bust? A comparative analysis of transient population dynamics in plants. Journal of Ecology, 98:2, 302-311.
Stott, I, Hodgson, D, & Townley, S (2012) Popdemo: An R package for population demography using projection matrix analysis. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 3, 797-802.
Stott, I, Townley, S, & Hodgson, D (2011) A framework for studying transient dynamics of population projection matrix models. Ecology Letters, 14, 959-970.
Strong, D (1980) Null hypotheses in ecology. Synthese, 43, 271–285.
Strong, D, A Whipple, A. L. Child, L, & Dennis, B (1999) Model selection for a subterranean trophic cascade: root-feeding caterpillars and entomopathogenic nematodes. Ecology, 80, 2750-2761.
Stuart, A, & Ord, K (1998) In - Kendall's Advanced Theory of Statistics. 6th Edition, Volume 1, Wiley. London, United Kingdom.
Sturtz S, Ligges U, Gelman A (2005) R2winbugs: A Package for Running Winbugs From R. J Stat Software 12:1–16
Symonds, M & Moussalli, A (2011) A brief guide to model selection, multimodel inference and model averaging in behavioural ecology using Akaike's information criterion. Behav Ecol Sociobiol, 65, 13–21.
Takeuchi, K. 1976. Distribution of informational statistics and a criterion for model fitting. Suri-Kagaku (Mathematical Sciences) 153:12-18 (In Japanese)
Taper, M & S Lele eds (2004) The nature of scientific evidence: statistical, philosophical and empirical considerations. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Taper, M and J Ponciano. 2016. Evidential statistics as a statistical modern synthesis to support 21st century science. Population Ecology 58:9-29.
Tong, H (1990) -In: Nonlinear time series: a dynamical systems approach. Oxford University Press, London, United Kingdom.
Townley, S, & Hodgson, D (2008) Erratum et addendum: transient amplification and attenuation in stage-structured population dynamics. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45:6, 1836-1839.
Tuljapurkar, S (1989) An uncertain life: demography in random environments. Theoretical Population Biology, 35, 227-294.
Tuljapurkar, S (1990) Population dynamics in variable environments. Lecture notes in Biomathematics Vol. 85. Springer, New York, New York, USA.
Tuljapurkar, S (1994) Stochastic demography and life histories. In - Frontiers in Mathematical Biology, S.A. Levin (ed.), Springer Verlag, 254-262.
Tuljapurkar, S (1997) Demographic uncertainty and the stable equivalent population. Mathematical Computational Modeling, 26, 39-56.
Tuljapurkar, S (2002) Population Biology. In - Encyclopedia of Population, Paul Demeny and Geoff McNicol (Eds.), Macmillan, New York, New York, USA.
Tuljapurkar, S (2003) The Emergence of Modern Human Mortality Patterns. In: The Evolution of Population Biology - Modern Synthesis. Editors: Rama Singh, Marcy Uyenoyama, and Subodh Jain. Cambridge University Press.
Tuljapurkar, S (2008) Stable population theory. In - The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd Edition (eds) Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume. Palgrave Macmillan, London, United Kingdom.
Turchin, P (1995) Population regulation: old arguments and a new synthesis. In: Population Dynamics: new approaches and synthesis (eds Cappucino, N. & Price, P.W.) Academic Press San Diego, California, USA.
Ueta, M, & V Masterov (2000) Estimation by A Computer Simulation of Population Trend of Steller's Sea Eagles. Pages 111–116 In M. Ueta & M. J. Mcgrady (Eds.) First Symposium on Steller's & White-Tailed Sea Eagles in East Asia. Wild Bird Society of Japan, Tokyo, Japan.
van Groenendael, J, de Kroon, H, & Caswell, H (1988) Projection matrices in population biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 3, 264-269.
Van Sickle, J, Attwell, C, & Craig, G (1987) Estimating population growth rate from an age distribution of natural deaths. Journal of Wildlife Management, 51, 941-948.
Vaughan, D, & Saila, S (1976) A method for determining mortality rates using the Leslie matrix. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 105, 380-383.
Walker, G (2007) Public Participation as Participatory Communication in Environmental Policy Decision-Making: From Concepts to Structured Conversations. Environmental Communication 1:99–110.
Ward, E (2008) A review and comparison of four commonly used Bayesian and maximum likelihood model selection tools. Ecological Modelling, 211, 1-10.
Whittingham, M, P. Stephens, R. Bradbury, & R. Freckleton (2006) Why do we still use stepwise modelling in ecology and behavior? Journal of Animal Ecology 75, 1182-1189.
Wiedenmann J, Fujiwara M, & Mangel M (2009) Transient population dynamics and viable stage or age distributions for effective conservation and recovery. Biological Conservation, 142, 2990-2996.
Wilks, S (1938) The large-sample distribution of the likelihood ratio for testing composite hypotheses. Ann. Math. Statist. 9, 60-62.
Woiwod, I, & Hanski, I (1992) Patterns of density dependence in moths and aphids. Journal of Animal Ecology, 61, 619–629.
Wood, P (1992) Habitat use, movements, migration patterns, and survival rates of subadult Bald Eagles in north Florida. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL U.S.A.
Wootton, J, & Bell, D (1992) A metapopulation model of the peregrine falcon in California: viability and management strategies. Ecological Applications, 2, 307–321
Wyllie, I & Newton, I (1991) Demography of an increasing population of sparrowhawks. Journal of Animal Ecology, 60, 749-766.
Xu, C, & Gertner, G (2009) Uncertainty analysis of transient population dynamics. Ecological Modelling, 220, 283-293.
Yaw, T, Neumann, K, Bernard, L, Cancilla, J, Evans, T, Martin-Schwarze, A, & Zaffarano, B (2017) Lead poisoning in bald eagles admitted to wildlife rehabilitation facilities in Iowa, 2004-2014. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 8(2): 465-473.
Yearsley, J (2004) Transient population dynamics and short-term sensitivity analysis of matrix population models. Ecological Modelling, 177, 245-258.
Yoccoz, N (1991) Use, overuse, and misuse of significance tests in evolutionary biology and ecology. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 72, 106–111.


text:
Table of Contents - Year : 2018 | Month : November | Volume : 12 | Issue : 11 | Page : OC20 - OC23
Pneumococcal Vaccination among Adults with Respiratory Diseases-Indications, Adherence and Roadblocks OC20-OC23
Divya Ramachandran, Rajesh Venkitakrishnan, Jolsana Augustine, Melcy Cletus
Dr. Jolsana Augustine,
Consultant Pulmonologist, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Rajagiri Hospital, Kochi-683112, Kerala, India.
E-mail: j_augustine08@ymail.com
Introduction: Globally, invasive pneumococcal disease poses a major challenge to the health system and causes significant economic burden. Pneumococcal vaccination is a recommended and well adhered practice among paediatric age groups as opposed to adult population, where it is often overlooked or ignored. CDC recommends pneumococcal vaccination in all subjects more than 65 years. In subjects less than 65 years, those with certain associated medical conditions are targets to pneumococcal vaccination strategy.
Aim: To evaluate the indications for pneumococcal vaccination in adult subjects admitted with respiratory diseases to a tertiary care facility, as well as to examine the adherence to pneumococcal vaccination protocols. In those who were not vaccinated as per guidelines, to determine the reasons for non-compliance to vaccination guidelines.
Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study, which was carried out in the pulmonary medicine unit of a tertiary care hospital in Kerala, Southern India. Subjects admitted to the respiratory unit with various diseases over a three month period from January 2018 to March 2018 were included in the study. The demographic data, primary disease and medical comorbidities were noted. The indications to pneumococcal vaccination as per the CDC recommendations were evaluated. The actual subjects who underwent vaccine administration were noted down and reasons for non-compliance were recorded. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistical methods, in which categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentage, and continuous variables were analysed using mean and standard deviation with the Word excel software.
Results: A total of 284 patients were admitted to the respiratory unit in the study period due to varying primary respiratory diseases and comorbidities. Of these 268 patients were eligible for pneumococcal vaccination as per CDC criteria. Of these 268 patients 216 patients (80.59%) were vaccinated with either PPV or PCV depending on patient preference. A total of 52 patients were not vaccinated (19.4%). The reason for non-adherence to vaccination in these patients was variable. Sixteen patients (30.77%) received vaccination from another health care centre outside our hospital prior to admission. Three patients (5.77%) were transferred to another department for further care, but vaccination was not done at either units. A total of 26 patients (50%) with suspected Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), who were admitted for overnight polysomnography, were not given vaccination although all of them had indications. One patient expired and two patients (3.84%) refused due to social reasons. Active counselling and vaccine recommendation was found to be missing in the case records of four patients, (7.69%) probably due to overlooking on the part of medical team.
Conclusion: A pneumococcal vaccination adherence rate of 81% was noted in the present study. Indications for pneumococcal vaccination were overlooked in a sizeable inpatient population being admitted for overnight polysomnography. Active counselling and vaccination recommendation was also missing in a small number of subjects.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Load 40 image formats into Flash. Oh, and it's open source.
For for those who don't know, I'm one of two people behind ZaaLabs (the other being Aaron Boushley). Today we released ZaaIL, an Adobe Alchemy port of DevIL an open source C image library.
Built in image support of Adobe Flash Player limits you to 3 image formats: gif, jpg and png. While this has worked well for many, many years… I recently have needed to expand the types of formats that I could use in Flash Player. I should also note that you can absolutely add support for these formats directly in ActionScript using ByteArray. For example Mike Chambers blogged about an AS3 BMP parser.
I was originally looking for support for TGA, BMP and PSD, when my friend Ben pointed me to DevIL and challenged me to port it using Alchemy.
Porting C code using Alchemy is not a very straight forward process, but between Aaron and I… and with help from Ben Garney and Branden Hall… worked our way through it. We plan on a series of blog posts discussing the process of using Alchemy in detail. Hopefully we can garner enough interest in the community around Alchemy to get Adobe to continue work on it.
ZaaIL is being released as open source software (MIT if you're interested). We will post it all on GitHub when we get the chance.
More information can be found over at ZaaLabs.
So I know I haven't posted in quite some time. Between work, BugQuash, MAX, contributing to PushButton Engine, my country's 500th anniversary to plan, my wedding to arrange, my wife to murder and Guilder to frame for it, I've been swamped.
But tonight… I break my blog silence. As I just mentioned, I've been contributing to the PushButton Flash Game Engine. I'm now going to show you how to set up Flex Builder 3 or Flash Builder 4 in a way that allows you to develop games on PushButton Engine, as well as how to work on the core engine itself. I'm breaking this down into very small pieces so that everyone can follow along. So it's going to be a long post with lots of pretty pictures.
Step 1 : Download the PushButton Engine source code.
If you are not familiar with Subversion or you need a primer to the basics of contributing to or working with open source projects please check out my "Getting Dirty with the Flex SDK" post, more specifically the TechWed Presentation.
WARNING!! For these steps to work, you must use at least revision 602 of the PushButton Engine.
Download the PushButton Engine core from Google Code. Since I am a developer in the engine, I have checked out trunk and all of the branches. My working copy is located in /pbe (or C:/pbe on Windows). I will use that location throughout the rest of this post. Make sure that if you choose a different location that you sub it in wherever I use "/pbe".
Step 2 : Import the PBEngine Library project within Flex/Flash Builder.
Open up Flex Builder (or Flash Builder), right click in the Flex Navigator and choose Import. (You can also use File > Import > Other).
Open up the "General" folder and choose "Existing Projects into Workspace" and click "Next".
Click the "Browse" button next to "Select root directory".
In revision 600 of the PushButton Engine I added "FB3″ and "FB4″ directories underneath "trunk/development". These directories have a Flex Library project skeleton within them that can be imported directly into Flex Builder.
If you are using Flex Builder 3, use the FB3 directory, and if you're using Flash Builder 4, use the FB4 directory.
You will see a Flex Library project in the Flex Navigator now. You will also have an error, don't worry, we'll fix that in the next step.
Open up Flex Builder's preferences.
Click on the "Folder…" button and navigate to the PushButton Engine "trunk" folder, "/pbe/trunk" (C:/pbe/trunk on Windows).
Hit "OK" and you should see PBE listed in the Linked Resources now.
Clean the project to incorporate and rebuild all of the changes.
If you see PBEngine.swc underneath the bin folder, you are good to go! Nice work!
There have been file renames and other changes in the PushButton engine since this post. If your SWC is failing to build do the following.
In the Flex Navigator, right click on the PBEngine Flex Library project. Click Properties. Go to "Flex Build Library Path", under "Classes" uncheck [source path] src and recheck it. If you are using Flash Builder 4, you can simply select "Include all classes from all source paths". Any other questions… post a comment and I'll answer them.
Step 4 : Create your game!
For this example I'm going to create a VERY simple Hello World game to show that we have everything working correctly.
Right-click in Flex Navigator and choose "New" > "ActionScript Project".
Give it a name of "HelloGame", and click Finish.
Now, to use the PBEngine Library within our HelloGame project, we need to create a link between the two.
To do this, right click on the "HelloGame" project and choose "Properties".
You should see "PBEngine" in the list.
If you don't see PBEngine, or you get a message that tells you, "There are no Flex Library projects in your workspace", make sure that a) you have created a PBEngine Library by following the previous steps and b) the project is not closed.
Select "PBEngine" and click "OK". You will now see PBEngine listed in the Build path libraries box.
Now that the two projects are linked, you can start using classes right out of the PushButton Engine. Code completion works, and everything compiles. Woot!
Great, now let's write our impressive Hello World game.
Run or Debug the game. At first you will see a blank screen, that is expected… Press the ~ (tilde or `) key, and the PushButton Console should come up.
You can add your own custom commands to the console to assist you while developing your games… but that is a post for another time.
Any questions, be sure to hit us up over on the PushButton Engine Forums or in the freenode IRC channel: #pbengine.


text:
Global Newsletter FeatureMe
LET'S WORK TOGETHER FOR A BETTER WORLD Subscribe today to our Global Newsletter to get the best of Sublime in your in-box every month or FeatureME If you want your positive brand to be feature in Sublime. SUBMIT NOW
Jan 18, 2021 | Welcome. Login or
Good Brands Badge
Econic Awards
Ethical shopping
Good Brands
Sublime Magazine
The First International Sustainable Lifestyle Magazine
One Small Step for Womankind
Written by Sublime Team Published in Entrepreneurs
Jayn Sterland, Weleda's Managing Director
Weleda Reception
Continuing our series of articles featuring trailblazing eco entrepreneurs who are leading the way in sustainable business practice, we chat to Jayn Sterland, managing director for UK and Ireland for green beauty pioneer Weleda. Jayn recently retained her top spot in the latest 'Top 25 Who's Who in Natural Beauty', published by Natural Beauty News.
The Top 25 Who's Who In Natural Beauty provides an overview of the prominent figures and innovators who are shaping and leading the British natural beauty sector, all voted for by their industry peers. The list includes founders of beauty brands, manufacturers, bloggers and influencers, writers, distributors and make-up artists, who all champion natural and organic cosmetics on a daily basis.
Jayn Sterland joined Weleda UK ten years ago and set about transforming it into a truly customer-focused business. Jayn speaks regularly at national and global events about 'conscious beauty', helping to drive the beauty industry towards social and environmental responsibility – a mission she continues as a public speaker and columnist. Jayn speaks passionately about greener, cleaner beauty – advocating a balanced and holistic lifestyle and promoting the idea that authentic beauty comes from within. Jayn has regularly appeared in the Top 25 since its launch in 2007, and has been voted into No.1 position for three consecutive years.
Weleda's history began in 1921 with a hospital and a pharmaceutical laboratory founded by a Dutch doctor Ita Wegman, a pharmacist from Germany Oskar Schmiedel, and an Austrian scientist and philosopher Rudolf Steiner. Initially when Weleda was founded in 1921 the company was called 'Futurum', but was renamed 'Weleda' in the 1920s after the wise women and healers from the ancient Celtic tribes. These revered tribeswomen had great knowledge of plants and natural remedies rather like an early apothecary.
Jayn expresses, "It is very exciting to be leading Weleda at such a pivotal point in our history. In just two years time we will celebrate our 100th anniversary and we have been reflecting on how little about our company ethos has changed at Weleda over this time despite the radical changes in society – we have always farmed organically, putting the planet before profit, looking at the long-term sustainable benefits our business can deliver to help support people, wildlife and biodiversity. What has changed is that others are now catching up with Steiner's insights. He clearly was a visionary, born well ahead of his time."
Weleda is now very much a business of women, and was significantly influenced by one of its founders – the inspirational female gynaecologist Dr Ita Wegman. With a British customer base that is over 94% female it is perhaps not surprising that 76% of the staff at Weleda's Derbyshire offices is also female. What is nevertheless remarkable is that Weleda's team includes 70% female managers right across the business – from managing director to operations director, sales director, marketing director through to head gardener.
As a company, Weleda has always had a very clear sense of direction, working sustainably using only natural ingredients from day one. So does sustainability cost the business more?
"At Weleda a conscious approach to sustainability underpins all our actions – I would say it goes beyond values, and aligns to our purpose in the world. We don't have a set of instructions – just clearly defined goals to become a force for good in all aspects of our business. A simple way of saying this is 'being sustainable' is built into our DNA."
Weleda is one of two leading beauty brands worldwide to be the first to obtain the new UEBT certification for sourcing with respect. The Union for Ethical Bio Trade is a non-profit organisation that provides a globally recognised standard for sustainable sourcing and the use of raw materials. UEBT values such as conservation, the sustainable use of biodiversity and the fair compensation of all partners in the supply chain, correspond with Weleda's own long-held principles.
UEBT certification will help consumers tell that they are buying products from a company that treats people and biodiversity with respect. In order for a brand to be certified, UEBT looks at a company's entire sourcing system. The new certification label will start to appear on packs this year.
"Truly sustainable business practice is something which takes vision, dedication and daily commitment from everyone in the business and is only lived when it is delivered through every co-worker with each action we take becoming a conscious one."
SUSTAINABILITY SNAPSHOT
* Weleda manages approximately 248 square km worldwide organically.
* Weleda has over 50 long-term organic farming partnerships around the world.
* Weleda has the largest medicinal plant gardens in Europe, home to over 1,000 different species of plant growing on 23 hectares, around 50 different types of bird and more than 30 species of wild bee.
* Around 81% of all the plant ingredients Weleda uses are organic (over 2,000 tonnes).
* 97% of the company's electricity used for manufacture of the Weleda range comes from renewable energy and continues to rise year on year.
* Approximately 98% of all waste produced during the manufacturing process is reused – either composted, repurposed, recycled or recovered (including thermal recovery).
* 85% of the glass in Weleda's 100% recyclable glass bottles comes from recycled glass – the highest share of recycled glass possible.
(Taken from Weleda's annual Sustainability Report which can be downloaded as a PDF here )
weleda.co.uk
Join our international campaign #100sublimebrands and buy from the best sustainable companies. T: @SublimeMagazine Fb: @Sublimelifestyle
©Sublime Magazine. All rights reserved.
Visiting Worton Kitchen Garden
Coffee, Caffeine & Beauty
Growing For Wellbeing
Eating Seasonal and Local
A Place Like Home
Search Sublime
Sublime is the first international sustainable lifestyle magazine. Inspiring people since 2004 to advance social and environmental sustainability.
We are changing the media.
Join us to change the world!
Teen Sublime
Let's Work Together for a Better World
Subscribe today to our Global Newsletter to get the best of Sublime in your in-box every month or FeatureME If you want your positive brand to be feature in Sublime.
Global Newsletter
FeatureMe
Copyright © 2021 Sublime Magazine. All Rights Reserved.


Address Changes: If you move or change addresses, please make sure to submit a change request through Skyward Family Access or contact your child's school to update.
Change in Bus Route: If you need to make a permanent change to your student's bus route, please email Cindy Rollins.
Temporary Transportation Change: If your student needs to change transportation for one day, please contact your student's office by calling 765-395-3341.


We attend law fairs in Hong Kong and overseas. Another good way to know more about Deacons and get your questions answered.
We usually organise recruitment talks for law students and invite suitable candidates for interviews during our overseas recruitment trip. Check below to see the recruitment talk and law fair schedule, as well as how to secure an interview during our overseas visit.
The recruitment talk will provide you with an overview of Deacons, our culture and our graduate recruitment opportunities. You will have the opportunity to hear from our partner, ask questions and chat with trainees and former vacation students who were once in your position.
We welcome penultimate year law students with a view to working in Hong Kong to apply. Interviews will be conducted in the UK during the week of 13 November 2017.
Shortlisted candidates will be notified individually.


text:
#IRAQ#TURKEY 24.05.2021 - 5 views
Another Turkish Officer Killed In Iraqi Kurdistan 3.8 out of 5 based on 10 ratings. 10 user reviews.
Another Turkish Officer Killed In Iraqi Kurdistan
On May 24, the Turkish Defense Ministry reported that a 25-year-old serviceman of the Turkish Armed Forces had died during the operation in northern Iraq. He was injured during the landing and died of wounds in the hospital.
The same day, the Turkish Defense Ministry has published a video of the elimination of four Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) fighters in the Iraqi province of Dakuk. According to the Turkish special services, two pickup trucks loaded with weapons, which arrived from the territories controlled by the Kurds in Syria.
https://southfront.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/crash.mp4
On the other side, the press center of the People's Defense Forces (HPG) reported that at least seven Turkish soldiers were killed in the most recent Kurdish actions in the attacked regions of Zap, Avashin and Metina. Two other military personnel were injured, according to HPG figures.
The Turkish military launched the joint Claw-Lightning and Claw-Thunderbolt operations against PKK cells in Kurdistan on April 23th. They are still ongoing in the areas of Metina, Zap and Avashin-Basyan. At the same time, Ankara carries out security operations against PKK members within the country's borders. On May 24, at least 47 suspects allegedly linked to the PKK terror group have been arrested across Turkey, according to security sources. A total of 18 suspects allegedly linked to the PKK/KCK terror group have been arrested in Adana, Sirnak, and Tunceli provinces during simultaneous anti-terror operations.
Poland Confirms Purchase Of Bayraktar TB2 Combat Drones From Turkey
Mysterious Drones Attacked Turkey's Diyarbakir Air Base (Photos)
as turk economy unravels and CIA funds Kurd proxies they become more emboldened


Favorite memory competing in sports: The last night of our training trip, each grade performed skits about the team.
Most embarrassing/funniest thing that has happened while competing in sports: Sometimes my coach puts divers in our exhibition relays for fun, and one of my friends, who is not the strongest swimmer, could not get out of the pool after her leg of the relay. The other girls in the relay tried to pull her out so that the final girl could finish.
Words to live by: "I am sure what we are suffering now cannot compare with the glory that will be shown to us."
As a freshman, it's imperative to make a good impression. That means always giving your best efforts, and never missing practice.
Of course, maintaining perfect attendance can present its fair share of issues when you're not old enough to drive and swim practices start early in the mornings.
So on mornings when then-frosh Liz Medvedev couldn't get a ride into school for practice, she'd find other options. Most of the time, that meant biking to practice … often before sunrise … occasionally in sub-freezing temperatures (and then biking home from weekend practices).
"I had never had practices in the mornings before," Medvedev said. "I knew I wanted to get better and I knew that meant getting to every practice, no matter what it took. There wasn't always someone available to take me, and most of my friends were also freshmen and I didn't want to burden their parents in the mornings to pick me up that often, so I took matters into my own hands.
The same drive to improve and passion for the sport that pushed her as a freshman is also part of what makes her an ideal leader as a senior and captain of this year's Upper Dublin girls' swim team.
But that's an apt metaphor as well. Few others represent the heart and soul of a team that has dominated the Suburban One American Conference for the past three decades as well as Medvedev does.
"She really is a determined young lady," Redican said. "She's had her share of close calls. She's dealt with things that might have made other kids give up. Missing districts by one place twice in a row by tenths of a second, that's a killer, especially in the 500 free. But she's never given up. She refocuses, she bounces back every time. And she has such a big heart. That's what makes her stand out to me.
Medvedev admits she's had to bounce back more often than she'd care to count. She's always had a tendency to set extremely lofty goals for herself. When she achieves them, that's a fantastic accomplishment. When she doesn't, Medvedev is level-headed enough to learn from them and use them to motivate her the next time.
"I think somewhere around 11 years old, it was like a switch turned on in me," she said. "Since then, I've been like that in every aspect of my life.
In fact, it was the loftiest of goals that ignited Medvedev's passion for swimming in the first place.
While a trip to Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Games may not be in her future, Medvedev is hardly looking that far ahead. She's too focused on this season as she and her Cardinal teammates seek a remarkable 30th consecutive Suburban One American Conference Championship and prepare to make another strong showing at Districts and States.
Being named a captain on this year's team was "natural," according to Redican. According to Medvedev, however, it ranks among her most prized achievements.
"On college essays, I often write it down as one of my biggest accomplishments," she said. "Swimming is very important to me and being elected captain means I'm doing things the right way as a person and as an athlete.
It's also pushed Medvedev to up her game higher than she thought possible.
"Part of what makes Liz such a natural captain is that everyone is comfortable approaching her, and vice versa," Redican said. "I can go to her and say, 'How do you think the team would feel about this?' And she's usually right, because she has a great sense of how her peers work.
In addition to her new role as a captain, Medvedev has also had to adapt to a new primary event this year. Having focused on middle distance in the past, Medvedev has already qualified for Districts in the 100 breaststroke, and has her sights set on qualifying for a second event, possibly in the 200 free or 200 IM.
Medvedev's high school swimming career could have ended in yellow and blue rather than red and white. Medvedev was a part of Cheltenham School District's swim program in middle school, as her home district of Jenkintown did not have a swim team. Her family (Medvedev is the eldest of four siblings) moved to Upper Dublin in the middle of eighth grade.
It should come as no surprise that Medvedev attacks her schoolwork with the same tenacity she possesses in the pool. She's taking five Advanced Placement classes in her senior year, including AP Art, a class in which she gets to combine two of her passions.
A member of the school's National Honor Society, Medvedev is looking at studying biomedical engineering in college. Unlike her Olympic aspirations, however, her career path was not something she set at an early age. It's not something she really even thought about until last year.
"I've always been pretty good at math and science, but nothing I saw in school really challenged or interested me enough to think about pursuing it," she said. "Last year I took an Honors Physics course and the teacher was amazing. It was a really challenging course and I started feeling the way about that class as I do about swimming.
Medvedev is still considering her college options, which include finding a school with a strong biomedical engineering program as well as emailing swim coaches to find out what she would need to do in order to walk onto the school's swim team.
Medvedev is determined to do everything in her power to swim in college. While academics take precedent, Medvedev firmly believes that swimming has helped make her a better student, and she can't envision a future where the two don't complement each other.
"I would really like to be on a college team, I don't think club swimming would do it for me," she said. "I don't think I'd be as successful a student without swimming, so I'm trying to impose my will and swim no matter what. For me, schoolwork and swimming go hand in hand. I feel like if I don't swim in the morning, my whole school day is thrown off. And I'm definitely much more focused on my schoolwork after a hard practice.
For now, however, she is staying focused on making her final months of Upper Dublin swimming as enjoyable and as successful as possible.
"This year feels special, not just because it's my senior year, but I feel like the team is a lot closer," she said. "There's a lot of potential on the team, I feel like we've never been better than this year. We're very confident in the abilities of everyone on the team, from the seniors down to some really fast freshmen.
And once Medvedev hangs up her cap and goggles, there's no doubt that the team will lose a tremendous presence. Fortunately, whether she knows it or not, Medvedev is helping the team prepare to fill the hole she will leave behind.
"Wherever Liz ends up, they get an incredibly dedicated kid who will do whatever is needed to be successful," Redican said. "She's a pretty serious kid, but she's really learned how to laugh and have fun, too. She's a great kid to have around.
As to what Medvedev believes her legacy will be, she simply hopes people remember her passion for the sport and for her team, and can look at her as an example of the old saying that it doesn't matter how many times you get knocked down, it matters how many time you get back up.


The Historic Downtown Chelan Association is proud to announce the launch of our 2nd fundraising event.
On Saturday, March 17th from 1pm-4pm, we are inviting guests to join us on the 1st annual Lake Chelan Taste of the Irish through historic downtown Chelan. The event is similar to the Sip & Stroll; however, because it's St. Patrick's Day – guests will be enjoying tastes of Ales & Whiskey! We are looking for up to nine locations to host a brewery and one larger location for the whiskey tasting.
Guests will receive (6) 5oz ale tastes and if they choose to add on the whiskey tasting, (4-5) .25oz tastes of whiskey.
We will also be highlighting the downtown restaurants or businesses who have special Irish dishes or activities – so let us know what you've got planned!
How Do You Become A Tasting Location?
Fee of $60/members and $80 non-members (members have first priority) – to cover cost of liquor permit.
Provide 2 volunteers to staff your store (one to stamp tickets and one guard for the exit) – let us know if you need help recruiting volunteers!
Includes: a 2-3 piece Irish band will stop by your location and play for 15-20 minutes on Saturday after the Top Dog parade.


text:
Onkocytoma –  guz zbudowany z komórek nabłonkowych lub mioepitelialnych zwanych onkocytami.

Onkocyty
Onkocyty są to komórki nabłonkowe lub mioepitelialne o ziarnistej eozynochłonnej (kwasochłonnej) cytoplazmie. Komórki te charakteryzują się obecnością dużej liczby mitochondriów w cytoplazmie bez ziarnistości mitochondrialnych. Wykazują dużą aktywność enzymów oksydacyjnych. Prawidłowo występują pojedynczo lub w niewielkich grupach nabłonka gruczołów ślinowych, tarczycy (komórki Hürthla), przysadki, przytarczyc (komórki oksyfilne), nerek, trzustki, nadnerczy, jajowodu i wątroby.

Onkocytoma nerki

Onkocytoma ślinianki

W śliniankach wyróżnia się trzy patologie związane z onkocytami: onkocytozę, onkocytomę ślinianki oraz raka onkocytarnego ślinianki. Nowotwory zbudowane z onkocytów stanowią 1% nowotworów ślinianki.

Onkocytoma ślinianki jest rzadkim nowotworem łagodnym, stanowi około 0,4-1% wszystkich nowotworów ślinianek. Występuje głównie w śliniance przyusznej (80% przypadków), znacznie rzadziej w innych gruczołach ślinowych. Najczęściej dotyczy pacjentów po 50 roku życia, równie często kobiet i mężczyzn. Onkocyty w śliniankach powstają w wyniku metaplazji oksyfilnej z komórek nabłonkowych zrazików i przewodów. Makroskopowo jest to dobrze odgraniczony lity guz, otorbiony w większych gruczołach ślinowych i nieotorbiony w mniejszych, na przekroju różowy.

Sytuację, w której pośród prawidłowego utkania ślinianki występują drobne, nie większe od 1 cm, nieotorbione skupiska onkocytów, określa się jako wieloogniskową guzkową hiperplazję onkocytarną. Rozlaną metaplazję onkocytarną bez wytworzenia guza nazywa się onkocytozą. Jest to zmiana pojawiająca się między 50 a 70 rokiem życia, po 70 roku życia jest zwykle obecna.

Trzecią patologią związaną z onkocytami jest rak onkocytarny (gruczolakorak onkocytarny, złośliwa onkocytoma). Jest to rzadki nowotwór, stanowi około 5% wszystkich nowotworów ślinianki związanych z onkocytami i tylko 0,18% wszystkich nowotworów nabłonkowych ślinianek. Podobnie jak łagodna onkocytoma w 80% przypadków występuje w śliniance przyusznej. Rak nacieka sąsiednie struktury, w tym również naczynia i nerwy, oraz tworzy przerzuty głównie do lokalnych węzłów chłonnych. Przerzuty odległe nie są częste.

Diagnostyka nowotworów onkocytarnych ślinianek jest trudna. Standardem diagnostycznym jest badanie histopatologiczne. Badanie pozwala odróżnić zmiany łagodne od złośliwych poprzez wykazanie ich nieprawidłowej morfologii i naciekającego wzrostu. Biopsja cienkoigłowa wykazuje małą czułość w wykrywaniu raka.

Leczenie polega na powierzchniowej lub całkowitej parotidektomii, w przypadku raka należy dążyć do radykalnej resekcji. Po zabiegu chirurgicznym często (20% przypadków) są obserwowane nawroty. W przypadku naciekania przez guz nerwu twarzowego może być konieczna jego resekcja z ewentualnym rekonstrukcyjnym przeszczepem. Radioterapia nie jest zalecana.

Onkocytoma tarczycy (guz oksyfilny)

Nowotwory z komórek Hürthla (onkocyty) są rzadkimi nowotworami, stanowią mniej niż 5% nowotworów tarczycy.
Komórki Hürthla często towarzyszą zapaleniu tarczycy typu Hashimoto, wolu guzkowemu, ale również dobrze zróżnicowanym rakom tarczycy. Guzy zbudowane z onkocytów zwykle są łagodne, część (do 35%) może być złośliwa. Onkocytoma tarczycy jest dużym problemem diagnostycznym w przedoperacyjnym oraz pooperacyjnym różnicowaniu pomiędzy łagodnym gruczolakiem i nowotworem złośliwym. Ponadto również przebieg kliniczny jest trudny do przewidzenia. Prawdopodobnie wielkość guza ma znaczenie predykcyjne dla złośliwości zmiany. Zmiany powyżej 4 cm wykazują zwiększone ryzyko złośliwości. Rak z komórek Hürthla jest bardziej agresywnym nowotworem od innych dobrze zróżnicowanych nowotworów tarczycy, częściej daje przerzuty odległe oraz wykazuje mniejszą wrażliwość na 131I, a związku z tym również gorzej rokuje.

Komórki Hürthla można rozpoznać w biopsji cienkoigłowej, jednak badanie to nie pozwala wiarygodnie odróżnić gruczolaka od raka. Badanie histopatologiczne umożliwia w sposób pewny odróżnić zmiany łagodne od złośliwych, jednak jego morfologia nie pozwala przewidzieć klinicznego zachowania się guza.
Nowotwory zbudowane z komórek oksyfilnych nie wykazują żadnych cech pozwalających rozpoznać je za pomocą USG. Cechy morfologiczne pozwalające na odróżnienie zmian łagodnych od złośliwych pozostają poza rozdzielczością dostępnego sprzętu. W efekcie problemów diagnostycznych i trudności z wykluczeniem raka w przypadku rozpoznania guza oksyfilnego należy rozważyć operację.

Leczenie zmian łagodnych polega na całkowitym wycięciu płata ze zmianą oraz subtotalnym wycięciu drugiego płata tarczycy. Z kolei w przypadku zmian złośliwych wykonuje się całkowite wycięcie tarczycy. Stwierdzenie komórek onkocytarnych w przypadku zapalenia typu Hashimoto nie jest wskazaniem do zabiegu.

Uwagi

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Nowotwory gruczołów wydzielania wewnętrznego
Nowotwory głowy i szyi
Nowotwory nerki

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Construction of the Severn Valley Railway
From SVR Wiki
Chief Engineer Sir John Fowler oversaw the construction of the Severn Valley Railway, with Henry Orlando Bridgeman responsible for day to day matters as Resident Engineer. The Contractors Peto, Brassey and Betts employed a workforce of some 900 navvies to build the Railway[1].
Some contemporary newspaper reports refer to Thomas Brassey's own company Messrs. Brassey & Co as the Contractor,[2][3] while other contemporary newspaper reports refer to Brassey and Field as Contractors.[4][5] Brassey appears to have been the most active of the three main contractors once construction began; at the half-yearly shareholders meeting on 1 August 1860 the Chairman noted that "...by their arrangement with Mr Brassey some delay might arise in opening the line." William Field worked in partnership with Brassey on a number of other railway projects including Albert Edward Bridge at Buildwas and other sections of the Wellington to Craven Arms Railway on which it lay[6].
The contract between the Severn Valley Railway Company and the appointed Contractors Peto, Brassey and Betts for construction of the 40 miles of railway between Hartlebury and Shrewsbury was completed on 26 May 1858. The contract stated that the line was to be built on the pattern of the Mid Kent Railway. FowlerHenry Fowler, Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the Midland Railway 1909-1923, and of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1923-1933's specification, attached to the contract, specified that cuttings and embankments were to be 30ft wide at formation level. For an additional payment of £20,000, all earthworks were to be built for double track. Tunnels were to be 24ft wide and not less than 16ft high at the centre and brick lined if the Engineer specified this was necessary. Bridgnorth Tunnel was to be built without shafts and without disturbing any buildings.[7]
On 23 July 1868 an Act of Parliament was passed extending the deadline for completion to 23 July 1861. Following the passing of that Act, construction work began in August 1858.[8] On 9 August FowlerHenry Fowler, Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the Midland Railway 1909-1923, and of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1923-1933 reported to the half-yearly shareholders' meeting that:[9]
"...the works on some of the heaviest portions of the line are now in progress. The Contractors have been put into possession of land for a length of nearly two and a half miles at Stourport, Highley, Chelmarsh, Bridgnorth and Broseley, and are prosecuting the works with energy; and having sent materials to Ironbridge, Bridgnorth, Arley, Bewdley and Stourport, they are prepared to enter on any portion of the line as soon as the arrangements for the purchase of the land are in a sufficiently forward state. The viaduct across the valley of the Stour will be commenced immediately and several other large bridges; and the cutting through the sandstone rock at the entrance to the tunnel under the town of Bridgnorth is begun."
On 31 December a clause in the contract between the Company and the Contractors that the railway should be built as a single line but with earthworks for double track for a consideration of an additional £20,000 was confirmed. It was subsequently decided to defer the additional expenditure until traffic made doubling of the track necessary, although in the event almost all bridges were built to double track capacity. However the two tunnels at Mount Pleasant and Bridgnorth were only built to single track width (Knowlesands Tunnel was classified as an overbridge)[10].
At the next shareholders' meeting on 23 February, FowlerHenry Fowler, Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the Midland Railway 1909-1923, and of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1923-1933 reported that;[1]
"...the acquisition of land for the purposes of the most important works on the line has been steadily attended to and the Contractors have placed men and materials on the ground as soon as they have had permission to do so. At the present time seven of the cuttings on the line have been completed and fourteen more are in progress. Ten of the bridges are also in progress, including the viaduct across the Stour at Stourport. A considerable number of rails and permanent way materials have been delivered."
"The quantity of land actually in the hands of the Contractors at the present time is eleven miles and sixty chainsAs a unit of measurement, 22 yards or 1/80th of a mile but I am informed that a large additional quantity will be ready in a very short time. I see no reason to doubt that the line may be opened throughout on 1st October, 1860."
(FowlerHenry Fowler, Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the Midland Railway 1909-1923, and of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1923-1933's estimates of the completion date were always optimistic, although he emphasised that they were dependent on the availability of land.)
In May 1859 Henry Orlando Bridgeman made a special trip to Liverpool to recruit additional navvies to strengthen the labour force.[1]
On 25 June 1859 Berrows Worcester Journal reported on the construction of Wribbenhall Viaduct:
"Bewdley - Works on the Severn Valley Railway are proceeding with almost unparalleled rapidity in this neighbourhood. For some time past the destruction of the houses in Wribbenhall has given the place an appearance somewhat resembling a town that has been sacked by an invading army. Out of this seeming destruction, however, may be expected shortly to arise as beautiful a structure as any on the whole line of the railway. On Saturday last (18 June) the first stones of the viaduct that crosses the main turnpike road were laid, the one by the mayor of Bewdley, John Nicholls Esq, and the other by John Montgomery Esq MD. From the designs of the bridge, which will be on a skew arch, and the elaborate workmanship of the entire structure, it cannot fail of being a great ornament to this place in an artistic point of view."
Work on installing the large sandstone blocks from which the viaduct was built continued over the next few months, with the keystones of the main arch being laid on Saturday 10 December.
By the next general meeting on 8 August 1859, Foster was able to report that over 350,000 cubic yards of excavation had been removed and 20 large bridges and viaducts were in hand or completed. Work on the tunnels at Mount Pleasant and Bridgnorth had begun. However he noted that;
"Considerable difficulty has been experienced in several places on the line, from the slippery nature of the ground, and at one point, especially, between Bewdley and Bridgnorth, it has been found necessary to make a deviation from the original direction of the railway to an extent which involves considerable alteration in the character of the works to be executed. "
The most significant landslip, north of Highley, resulted in a change to the line's route and an expected delay in opening to the end of 1860.[11]
On 24 November 1859 the foundation stone for Victoria Bridge at Arley was laid by Henry Orlando Bridgeman[12].
On 8 February FowlerHenry Fowler, Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the Midland Railway 1909-1923, and of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1923-1933 reported that the contractors were in possession of 34½ miles of land and that work was continuing despite the weather which had caused numerous slips. Between Hartlebury and Bridgnorth over 9 miles of formation was ready for the permanent way, the main cuttings remaining unfinished being at Wilden, Arley and north of Highley where the landslip had caused a deviation in the planned route. North of Bridgnorth the works were lighter. Over 800,000 cubic yards of excavation has been carried out, while Mount Pleasant and Bridgnorth tunnels were in an advanced state. Six public road bridges and three viaducts were complete and 18 stream and occupation bridges were in hand. Of Victoria Bridge he reported;
"the foundations are well advanced and the Coalbrookdale Company have been entrusted by Messrs. Brassey, Peto and Betts with the execution of the castings and wrought ironwork for the superstructure."
Plans for the stations were complete and work on the buildings was about to begin. These were built by Messrs Eassie & Sons of Gloucester, mainly using brick made by Messrs Matthews & Co of Stourbridge.[13][14]
On 29 March the Law Clerk reported that all of Thomas Whitmore's land was now in possession of the contractors.[14]
Despite several months of continuous wet weather, FowlerHenry Fowler, Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the Midland Railway 1909-1923, and of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1923-1933 was able to report on 1 August 1860 that about 12 miles of permanent way had been laid. Hartlebury to Bewdley was expected to be open by 1 November and the rest of the line by May 1861. Station buildings were in hand and would be complete by opening.[15]
Contemporary newspaper reports suggest that as well as the wet weather, the tunnel collapse in 1860 also contributed to the delay. The newspaper reports also gave details of some of the many accidents which took place during construction between 1859 and 1861.
On 2 February 1861 FowlerHenry Fowler, Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the Midland Railway 1909-1923, and of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1923-1933 reported that 35 miles of cuttings and embankments were complete with 21 miles of permanent way laid and ballasted. Work on buildings had been delayed by the bad weather but would be complete by the anticipated opening date which would now be by August 1861. Most of the bridges were finished and the tunnels were substantially complete apart from the fronts.[15]
In February 1861, positioning of the four cast iron ribs of Victoria Bridge began. While work on the bridge was still in progress, the first steam working on the line took place between Stourport and Bewdley on 5 May, watched by large crowds which had gathered for the occasion. Victoria Bridge was completed 5 days later.[15]
Problems with the wet weather continued. In early 1861 the stone wall near Wribbenhall Viaduct collapsed. At Folly Point, two acres of woodland slipped into the river, while several acres of land near Linley also began to slip. Another slip occurred at Chestnut Coppice opposite Apley.[15]
On 5 August 1861, FowlerHenry Fowler, Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the Midland Railway 1909-1923, and of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1923-1933 reported that earthworks were almost complete apart from places where the slips had occurred. Station buildings were complete apart from fittings, and signalling (rudimentary at that time) was in a forward state. He thought it should be possible to open in October 1861.[16]
After further delays due to slips, a first inspection of the line was carried out by Col. Yolland of the Board of Trade's Railway Inspectorate during December. His report, dated 30 December 1861, listed a number of matters to be addressed before he could recommend opening, including installation of a turntable at Hartlebury, adjustment to the layout at Buildwas station and re-positioning of signals[16].
A second inspection was carried out by Col. Yolland on 15 January 1862; two days later two trains ran over the still incomplete railway calling at stations to deliver apparatus for working it. On 23 January Colonel Yolland's report recommended that the Board of Trade should approve the opening of the railway.[17] The formal opening ceremony with a special train took place on 31 January 1862, with passenger services operated by the West Midland Railway beginning on 1 February.
FowlerHenry Fowler, Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the Midland Railway 1909-1923, and of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1923-1933's final report dated 1 February noted that the opening had been delayed by numerous and large slips in various locations, but that by means of proper drainage and continued attention the works were in a safe and satisfactory condition. He ended;
"It is due to Mr Brassey to state, that through great difficulties and at considerable expense to himself, he has finished the works and permanent way to my entire satisfaction, and the trains of the West Midland Co have been run with great regularity."[17]
At the half-yearly meeting on 15 March 1862 it was reported that total expenditure incurred by the Company was £521,098. Payments to the Contractors Peto, Brassey and Betts in accordance with the Contract totalled £325,398, of which £240,000 was paid in the form of shares in the Severn Valley Railway Company and the balance in cash[17].
The Severn Valley Railway under GWR/BR ownership
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nabarro (1971) p. 36.
↑ Shrewsbury Chronicle, 29 June 1859 via the British Newspaper Archive
↑ Derbyshire Courier, 3 September 1859 via the British Newspaper Archive
↑ Eddowes's Journal and General Advertiser for Shropshire and the Principality of Wales, 9 March 1859 via the British Newspaper Archive
↑ Hereford Times, 28 May 1859 via the British Newspaper Archive
↑ Presthope tunnel on ForgottenRelics.co.uk
↑ Marshall (1989) pp. 37-38.
↑ Nabarro (1971), p. 34.
↑ Marshall (1989), p. 40.
↑ Nabarro (1971, p. 38.
↑ 14.0 14.1 Marshall (1989), p. 44.
↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Marshall (1989), pp. 45-46.
↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Marshall (1989) pp. 48-50.
Retrieved from 'https://www.svrwiki.com/mediawiki-1.28.2/index.php?title=Construction_of_the_Severn_Valley_Railway&oldid=23861'


text:
Q: Fixing StackOverflowError in Java I'm a bit new at stacks so I'm not quite sure I fully understand what the StackOverflowError entails. I did read that it mostly occurs in recursion that never ends.
public double calculateLeibniz(double pi, double x, long l) {
    if (l == 10000) {
        return pi;
    }
    if (l % 2 == 0) {
        pi -= (1.0/x);
        return calculateLeibniz(pi, x + 2.0, l + 1);
    } else {
        pi += (1.0/x);
        return calculateLeibniz(pi, x + 2.0, l + 1);
    }
}

I'm trying to calculate PI using the Leibniz method and figured I'd try to flex my recursion muscles. I'm not sure why it returns the error as the method is set to terminate after 10000 iterations. Is there an error in that itself where using a loop would be more efficient?

A: 10000 is a pretty deep stack! The JVM is undoubtedly bombing out before you reach your "limit". I propose that you re-implement your method iteratively rather than recursively. Something like this...
public double calculateLeibniz(double pi, double x, int l) {
    while (l < 10000) {
        if (l % 2 == 0) {
            pi -= 1.0/x;
        } else {
            pi += 1.0/x;
        }
        x += 2.0;
        ++l;
    }
    return pi;
}

In this case, your algorithm's stack depth is very shallow: 1 stack frame deep, to be specific.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Executive Committee/Advisory Board/Honorary Members
Home Conferences Journal Book Series Announcements Request for Membership
Executive Committee /
Minutes / Agreements Links Imprint / Contact Only for members
President Prof. Dr. Axel Mayer RWTH Aachen University (Germany)
Vice-President Prof. Dr. Albert Sesé Universitat de les Illes Balears (Spain)
General Secretary Prof. Dr. Mirjam Moerbeek Utrecht University (The Netherlands)
Deputy General Secretary Prof. Dr. Ana Hernández Baeza Universitat de València (Spain)
Treasurer Prof. Dr. Johannes Hartig German Institute for International Educational Research Frankfurt (Germany)
Prof. Dr. Noémi Schuurman Tilburg University (Netherlands)
Prof. Dr. Steffi Pohl Freie Universität Berlin (Germany)
Prof. Dr. Salvador Chacón Moscoso Universidad de Sevilla (Spain)
Prof. Dr. María-José Blanca Universidad de Málaga (Spain)
Advisory Board Prof. Dr. Rolf Steyer (Chair) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena (Germany)
Prof. Dr. Joop Hox Utrecht University (The Netherlands)
Prof. Dr. José Muñiz Universidad de Oviedo (Spain)
Prof. Dr. Tamás Rudas Eötvös Loránd University Budapest (Hungary)
Honorary Members Prof. Dr. Karl Gustav Jöreskog Uppsala University (Sweden)
Prof. Dr. Donald B. Rubin Harvard University (USA)
Prof. Dr. Ronald Hambleton University of Massachusetts Amherst (USA)
Prof. Dr. Jacques Hagenaars Tilburg University (The Netherlands)
Prof. Dr. Sophia Rabe-Hesketh University of California, Berkeley (USA)


The Orb is a podcast dedicated entirely to Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Not an episode review show, The Orb explores specific elements of DS9 each week with hosts Christopher Jones and Matthew Rushing. Known as the most serious of our series-focused shows, The Orb focuses on the character relationships, spirituality, and complex tapestry of socio-political events that shaped this unique chapter of Star Trek. And after you listen, share your thoughts with us and fellow listeners in The Babel Conference on Facebook!


text:
Jacco de Kluijver joins IPAF board
By Euan Youdale14 January 2022
Genie's Jacco de Kluijver has been seconded to the board of the International Powered Access Federation (IPAF), ahead of its AGM in London on 10 March 2022.
Jacco de Kluijver
De Kluijver, who is Vice President of Sales and Marketing EMEARI at Terex Aerial Work Platforms, has a wealth of experience in powered access, having made his entry to the industry with HDW Nederland, Genie's importer for the Netherlands, in 2000.
After a short stint outside the industry, he returned to work for Genie in 2007, as Territory Sales Manager for the Benelux region, shortly thereafter combining this with the role of Sales Director for the UK & Ireland, adding overall responsibility for Benelux in 2008.
In December 2015 his remit at Genie was expanded again, taking on the role of Vice President Sales & Marketing for the EMEAR region, based at the Terex Headquarters in Schaffhausen, Switzerland. In 2020, the responsibility for India was added to his region, making it the largest sales territory within the whole Genie organisation.
Norty Turner, IPAF's President, commented, "Jacco has served as a representative for Genie on the IPAF Council since 2014, being confirmed as the company's full-time representative in 2015, so his move to join the IPAF board is a natural progression.
"With more than 1,500 members around the world now, IPAF is a truly global organisation. We welcome Jacco to the board and, as we have seen during his time as a member of the IPAF Council for the past eight years, he offers extensive knowledge and acumen.
"His experience working for one of the world's leading equipment manufacturers will greatly benefit the Federation as we look to sustain and support our members and the wider industry as it continues to build back from the coronavirus pandemic."
Jacco de Kluijver added, "For me, the work that IPAF does connects seamlessly with the objective every MEWP user around the world has – and the objective that every manufacturer of MEWPs should have – helping people to work at height safely and allowing them to go home to their families at the end of every shift.
"I am honoured to be asked to join the IPAF board; my objective will be to increase IPAF's penetration as the leading training standard for safe work at height outside of established markets, as well as engaging with equipment manufacturers in terms of development and implementation of new standards and processes for safe use of MEWPs, MCWPs and construction hoists."
Europe Access Rental
IPAF Summit to focus on safety
Summit takes place same day as IAPAs, 10 March, and promises expert presentations on safety in the access industry
IPAF webinar to focus on electrification
Webinar will cover the challenges and opportunities for the access industry as demands grow


Is organic food for the elite? I don't think so.
Organic food consumption is on the rise despite hard times for many. I share why and how my family buys organic food on a strict budget.
November 14, 2011, 11:32 a.m.
I am no stranger to the difficulties of buying organic and high-quality food. I place a high importance on feeding my growing family — and myself — good food. However, I have a husband in college and we are attempting to get him through without going into debt. This is a challenge to say the least.
But I am all for challenges and it seems that I am not the only one taking on the challenge of eating organic food in financially hard times. Two recently released studies show that organic food consumption is actually on the rise. The 2011 U.S. Families' Organic Attitudes and Beliefs Study found that 78 percent of U.S. families buy organic food. The organic food market is growing, despite a sluggish economy.
While we can't naively assume that eating an organic diet is in reach for everyone in the U.S., a growing number of people choose to buy organic food. I can only speak for myself. Why does someone choose to eat an organic diet when following a strict budget, and how do you make it work?
Because I am concerned about my children.
In some ways I hate to admit this, but if I didn't have children, I might not care so much. I have a deep sense of responsibility to my children, and while I don't want to be the food police, I do want to be filling their bellies with nutritious, toxin-free food as much as possible.
Because it has helped me heal and have a better life.
Eating organic, high-quality food helped me recover from adrenal fatigue. I was so tired I had a hard time functioning with everyday life. While I can still get tired out, I would say I am 75 percent healed. If I can't function when eating an inferior diet, I am willing to make the necessary sacrifices to eat better.
We make it possible by switching our priorities.
My husband and I don't own a TV. We just recently bought the newest car we've ever owned; it's still 10 years old. We don't own a house, and don't plan on buying one until he is finished with school. We love our children and love to buy them playthings, but we don't feel obligated to spend huge amounts on new toys and books. We use our library a lot. We have never had an expensive vacation in seven years of marriage. We also have spent very little on furniture. But we don't feel deprived. Sure, there are things we want to buy and places we want to go, and maybe someday we will get those things. Meanwhile, we eat well, love much and concentrate on having healthy bodies and minds so that we can enjoy what we do have.
We make it possible by cooking at home.
Let's face it; cooking at home is the best possible way to eat frugal, healthy food. So while we love to eat out, we keep it to a minimum and I cook simple, frugal-but-healthy foods at home. I make my own pots of broth, soak and cook beans, stretch out my organic meats, and fill in the gaps with produce and grains. Sometimes it seems like a lot of work; other times I have such a rhythm going I don't even notice or think about it. But regardless, I have found it a beautiful thing to cook many of our meals at home to nourish my children.
Do I consider myself an elitist because I buy 95 percent organic foods? Hardly. Do I feel that I am very blessed to be able to afford what I can? Definitely. I am well aware that there is poverty and starvation around the world, and I am so thankful that I can afford to fill my babies' tummies with good food. So while I don't think you need to make an extraordinary amount of money to buy organic food, sometimes it does take sacrificing other things to make it happen.
Organic food consumption is on the rise despite hard times for many. I share why and how we buy organic food while on a strict budget.


Sweet peas! My favorite flower in the whole world!
Glad I could "share." Every spring I am reminded how very fond of them I am.
So envious! Our regular peas are just poking their heads out now. Beautiful!
While yours are just poking through, I am ripping mine out. All of our shell peas are already gone. The sweet peas are near the end too, maybe another week, two if I am very lucky. They kind of have a short life here. The heat gets to them quickly!


I have had many monthly gift box subscriptions in the past and some just didn't live up to what I thought it would be. I would get one great box and then the next 3 months were complete duds. So now I only have a few that I absolutely adore and cannot say enough amazing things about. However there was always one thing missing….there are the sample boxes, clothing boxes, jewelry boxes, beauty boxes, and even food boxes! But nothing for making my house smell incredible.
I have always loved my home to smell amazing. I could have a mound of laundry to do and a sink for of dishes, completely overwhelmed by it all but as long as there is a lovely candle burning or the house smelling on point like a fresh batch of maple pancakes covered in hazelnut coffee and pumpkins lol its all good I can deal with the never-ending house chores knowing at least my house smells great. Now the second I get a whiff of something smelly oh….no where is the air freshener! Turn on the diffuser!! Light all the candles!!!!
Back on track here so with the subscription boxes one thing was missing A CANDEL BOX!! whaaaat! could you imagine a subscription box that delivered wonderful candles to you each month because it takes about a month or two before I need a new one anyways so it would be genius! Now think about this, some of the best candles are a little pricey ( you get what you pay for ) just to name one of my ultimate fav brand of luxury candle is Diptyque. The more expensive ones last longer and smell truly incredible. With inexpensive candles sometime after 30 min or so burning you can smell the soot. Those types of candles literally smell better when they aren't lit.
I recently found WICKBOX. As soon as I saw it I knew exactly what I was getting myself into, the most amazing subscription EVER! Wickbox sends you luxury candles each month and the best part is you can sign up for a 1 month, 3 month, 6 month, or 12 month subscription and actually affordable! Once I got the news that Wickbox launched I was giddy to say the least. I had no idea that the adorable pink box in my mail box was going to make me so darn happy hehe.
The packaging alone had me in awe. But not until I opened it did I know for a fact that I was hooked! The care and details put into the packaging speaks volumes about a company and how they care for their customers. At this point I didn't feel like just a customer I felt like we were friends haha. The pretty box was packed to perfection like a present just for me!
I got a medium candle and could smell one of my all time favorite smells through the box! PEONY! I am an old lady at heart sometimes. I adore just about everything vintage floral, garden scents, and a secret love for Billie Holiday.
My luxury candle surpassed any and every expectation I had for it. I sniffed it for about an hour, unlit of course.
The candle was by Red Flower. I got one of their petal toped candles in Japanese Peony. You drop the lose petals into a warm relaxing bath and its like heaven.
Not only is this subscription fabulous for me! A work at home mom that needs luxury things to look forward to like pretty pink boxes and relaxing aromas once the kids go to bed to enjoy with a glass of wine….that was a breath full hehe. But its also the perfect gift, especially since its packed so beautifully. I've got one ready to send out to my mother and bestie in Canada…yes they ship outside of the US too!
I can't wait to share my next box with you!
You can order your Luxury Candle from Wickbox here!