text:
Q: Every app in my Xubuntu 18.04 deleted by Tasksel. Please Help I tried to remove samba-server with this command (sudo tasksel remove samba-server) and every app even the system apps are deleted and now xubuntu is stuck at boot, just showing loading. What should I do?
Did tasksel deleted my files too?

A: TL;DR - it is a serious bug, do not use tasksel for removing things!
Analysis
Below is available options of tasksel:
$ tasksel --help
Unknown option: help
Usage:
tasksel install <task>...
tasksel remove <task>...
tasksel [options]
    -t, --test          test mode; don't really do anything
        --new-install   automatically install some tasks
        --list-tasks    list tasks that would be displayed and exit
        --task-packages list available packages in a task
        --task-desc     returns the description of a task

Samba task is named as samba-server as you wrote:
$ tasksel --list-tasks | grep -i Samba
u samba-server  Samba file server

It consists of only one package:
$ tasksel --task-packages samba-server
samba-server^

If we try to simulate uninstall - we get the following line:
$ sudo tasksel --test remove samba-server
debconf-apt-progress -- apt-get -q -y \
-o APT::Install-Recommends=true \
-o APT::Get::AutomaticRemove=true -o APT::Acquire::Retries=3 \
install samba-server^-

(in the line above the last hyphen - cause problems).
What I did:

*

*Booted Ubuntu 18.04 LTS clean VM, installed tasksel with sudo apt-get install tasksel

*Installed Samba with sudo tasksel install samba-server

*Ran sudo tasksel remove samba-server

*Rebooted and got broken system on next boot

Fix the system
Then I tried to repair the system:

*

*We need to boot in Recovery mode (click Shift on boot, in GRUB select Advanced options for Ubuntu, select Ubuntu, with Linux ... (recovery mode))

*Select resume     Resume normal boot to access login shell

*Open first console #1 with Ctrl+Alt+1 then login

*If you do not have internet - check Ethernet interface name and run DHCP-client manually on it:
ifconfig -a # got enp0s3
sudo dhclient enp0s3

*Reinstall xubuntu-desktop meta-package to the system:
sudo apt-get install xubuntu-desktop

*After reboot I can access the system.
Conclusion
So it seems that it is a serious bug - I have found some with almost same symptoms:

*

*bug 574287 reported on on 2010-05-03 - "tasksel: forcefully removes packages when tasks overlap"

*bug 1338223 reported on 2014-07-06 - "Tasksel has deleted all my data!".

Also I have filed new bug 1779645 "Critical bug in tasksel: tasksel remove task-name removes whole system"
What to do?
Do not use tasksel for removing things at least on 16.04 LTS,  18.04 LTS and 20.04 LTS.


Malcolm Palmer is a respected local artist, based in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England.
He works in situ, using watercolours, oil and pencil.
Malcolm regularly exhibits, and has paintings in private collections, in the UK, Spain and Germany.
" So, you can't draw "


VanDerGinst Law is pleased to announce that G. Trent Marquis has joined the firm. Trent brings a wealth of experience to the firm, having been in practice for over 40 years. His focus is on personal injury and a number of general practice areas of law.


text:
SubTopic Data breaches
tadamichi - Fotolia
Equifax breach worsens, additional consumer data exposed
The Equifax breach compromised even more consumer data, including tax identification numbers, than originally reported. But the credit rating agency didn't disclose the update.
Madelyn Bacon, Associate Site Editor
Equifax acknowledged its 2017 breach exposed more consumer data than it previously claimed, raising questions about why it didn't inform the public of the expanded scope of the incident.
The Equifax breach, which was first disclosed in September, exposed the personal information of over 145 million consumers. The credit-reporting giant said then that the compromised data included customers' names, Social Security numbers, birthdates, addresses, and some driver's license and credit card numbers.
But according to a report from the Wall Street Journal, a document Equifax submitted to the Senate Banking Committee revealed even more types of data were compromised. Most notably, the document said consumers' tax identification numbers, email addresses and driver's license information beyond the numbers were also exposed.
The original Equifax breach disclosure also said 143 million U.S.-based consumers were affected, but later revised that and said an additional 2.5 million consumers were affected, not including the hundreds of thousands of consumers affected in the U.K.
The revised number was made public in October after Equifax completed its internal investigation into the data breach, which was led by security vendor Mandiant. Equifax spokesperson Meredith Griffanti told SearchSecurity the investigation "uncovered everything," including the exposed tax identification numbers.
However, the full extent of the consumer data compromised in the Equifax breach was never directly disclosed by the company and wasn't made public until the Wall Street Journal's report last week. Griffanti told SearchSecurity that the number of affected consumers has not risen -- it remains at 145.5 million. "We're not trying to downplay anything," Griffanti said, adding that media coverage of this discovery has been "misleading."
Griffanti emphasized the original press release put out by Equifax said "information accessed primarily includes" Social Security numbers, birthdates and addresses.
"The information we've given to the public has stayed consistent," Griffanti said. "We had no intention of being inconsistent."
The full list of exposed data was only provided to the Senate Banking Committee. The exact date the document was submitted to the Senate Banking Committee is unclear, though a letter from Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) said it was submitted in "early 2018."
Warren also recently released a scathing report following her five-month investigation into the Equifax breach response. In the report, Warren criticized Equifax's handling of earlier disclosures about the breach, including the original notification process.
The breach occurred in May 2017, but Equifax didn't notice until July, and then didn't publicly disclose it until September.
"By failing to provide adequate information in a timely fashion, Equifax robbed consumers of the ability to take precautionary measures to protect themselves, materially injured investors and withheld market-moving information, and prevented federal and state governments from taking action to mitigate the impacts of the breach," Warren wrote in the report.
Equifax came under widespread criticism for its handling of the data breach. Beyond the time it took to alert the public to the security incident, the company also came under fire for what happened after the breach. For example, a website Equifax set up to help worried consumers figure out if their data was exposed in the breach was itself targeted by drive-by download attacks.
In addition, lawmakers criticized Equifax's breach response during a hearing for the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation in which interim CEO Paulino do Rego Barros Jr. admitted he didn't know if the company was currently encrypting consumer data.
Griffanti said the website was, and still is, the most secure way for consumers to check to see if their information has been compromised, though it hasn't been updated since October 2017 and doesn't include information about consumers' tax identification numbers and email addresses being exposed.
Dig Deeper on Data security breaches
Equifax to pay up to $700 million in data breach settlement
Data breach legislation proposes jail time for CIO, HR execs
By: Patrick Thibodeau
Equifax defends against scathing Senate report
Risk & Repeat: Lessons from the Equifax breach report
Madelyn Bacon asks:
What do you think about these new reports regarding the Equifax breach? Are you worried about your data?
Choose the right cloud platform for each workload –DellEMC
Heads roll as Equifax reveals 400,000 Britons ... – ComputerWeekly.com
Data breach legislation proposes jail time for CIO, ... – SearchHRSoftware
Equifax defends against scathing Senate report – ComputerWeekly.com
Madelyn Bacon - 14 Feb 2018 1:57 PM
mbuser1 - 16 Feb 2018 4:49 PM
SHOW CAN CONSUMERS BAR EQUIFAX FROM GATHERING/COLLECTING OUR PERSONAL INFORMATION?
HOW CAN WE FORCE EQUIFAX TO PERMANENTLY DELETE OUR INFORMATION?hare your comment
Madelyn Bacon - 2 Mar 2018 3:03 PM
These are good questions. Hopefully, there will be some legislation in the future to control this type of data collection, or at least to secure it better.
CGadda - 20 Feb 2018 3:39 PM
Quite worried. But I am even more worried about why it is that these companies have this extra-legal power to even gather our personal information in the first place, without our consent. Ditto for the use of the SSN as a UID.
Equifax, TransUnion, Innovas, and Experian should frankly be put out of business altogether. The data they have is far too dangerous and the companies provably far too irresponsible to be trusted with it - especially since I never authorized them to have my personal data in the first place!
As for the a**-clowns responsible for leaving the Equifax servers unguarded, at minimum they should spend 10 years in a SuperMax and pay $10Million fine. Were it up to me, they'd be lined up against a wall and executed for their incompetence.
Rob Wright - 2 Mar 2018 1:50 PM
Like, "executed" as in shot and killed? That's a tad harsh. I'm in favorite of the corporate death penalty for egregious actions, but not, like the ACTUAL death penalty.
EntDim - 14 Feb 2018 4:03 PM
The earlier data loss is a death sentence for most security process. The new revelations only have a modest impact and include a few additional unlucky people. For those 145.5 million people, you are at constant risk of your taxes, credit, financial accounts being hijacked with little recourse back to source of incompetence.
Sadly, this is very true. Equifax should at least take responsibility for leaving that many people at such a high level of risk that will last their entire lives.
Bearvarine - 15 Feb 2018 8:36 AM
Credit information are the crown jewels of the US consumer. With it, one could imagine a thief easily committing fraud against a consumer, from opening bogus credit accounts to filing false tax returns. Credit companies have known they are likely targets for sophisticated, ongoing hacking attempts. Clearly we are now living in an era where there is no longer any excuse for keeping customer data in an unencrypted format.
Good point. Encryption is of the utmost importance, though it should be only one part of a multifaceted security program.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
St. Mary's College is a national school in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka.

History
The school was founded in 1864. In 1922 the college began to function under the apostolic carmel sisters. At that time there were three assistants with 43 students under the head mistress. in 1963 the Tamil school was amalgamated with the English school. The college celebrated the golden jubilee of the arrival of A.C. sisters in Trincomalee in 1972-September.

See also
 List of schools in Eastern Province, Sri Lanka

References

Educational institutions established in 1864
National schools in Sri Lanka
Schools in Trincomalee
1864 establishments in Ceylon

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Peugeot family aims to quickly raise PSA-Fiat Chrysler stake - newspaper interview
PARIS (Reuters) - The Peugeot family, which will own a 6.2% stake in the new carmaker resulting from PSA and Fiat Chrysler's merger, aims to increase its holding as soon as possible, a representative said in a newspaper interview.PSA and Fiat Chrysler reached a binding agreement last month on a $50 billion (£38.29 billion) tie-up that will create the world's No. 4 carmaker after the deal is..
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text:
Crosscut: Plastic Bag Backers May Bypass Seattle to Seek Legislature's Help
Posted on November 30, 2011 by Tom Ranken
Source: Matt Fikse, Crosscut, November 29, 2011. The chemical industry people who beat Seattle's last attempt to limit waste look ready to go straight to the state. City Council, meanwhile, seems united on a ban.
As the Seattle City Council moves to follow Bellingham's lead and ban single-use plastic bags, the American Chemistry Council affiliates that defeated Seattle's 2009 plastic bag fee are organizing to defeat or fend off municipal bans at the state level in the upcoming legislative session.
Seattle City Councilmember Mike O'Brien is the primary sponsor of Seattle's proposed ban and was joined by a council majority at the Seattle Aquarium Nov. 21 to launch the proposed new law, which also includes a mandate to charge a 5-cent fee for paper bags. With at least seven supporters on the Council and the support of Mayor Mike McGinn, the ban is expected to pass without difficulty in the coming weeks.
The draft legislation had its first hearing for public comment last week. All of the public comments were in support of the ban. During that meeting of the Utilities and Neighborhoods committee, which O'Brien chairs, Bellingham City Councilmember Seth Fleetwood noted that Bellingham's bag ban grew out of the larger "Bag It" movement that works to mobilize municipalities to stop the use of plastic bags.
For its part, the bag industry, which defeated an earlier measure requiring a 20-cent charge for disposable plastic and paper bags, appears to be punting on the matter at the city level while preparing to take it on aggressively at the state level. On Nov. 21, Seattle council members received a letter from Mark Daniels, an executive at South Carolina-based Hilex Poly Co., a manufacturer of plastic bags, opposing the ban but conceding on Seattle's ban, saying, "we expect the proposed ban to unfortunately be approved."
But Daniels' and Hilex Poly's role in the bag debate doesn't stop there. Not mentioned in his letter is the fact that Daniels is also the chairman of The Progressive Bag Affiliates, which is "an entity within the American Chemistry Council that is dedicated to promoting the recycling of plastic bags and to advocating on behalf of plastic bags," according to Jennifer Killinger of the Chemistry Council. The members of the affiliate group include Advance Polybag, Inc., The Dow Chemical Company, ExxonMobil Corporation, Superbag Corporation, Total Petrochemicals USA, Inc., and others.
The bag industry group is preparing to take the issue to the state level in the upcoming legislative session. According to Daniels, "We believe it would be better if there were a state solution for Washington, and we would rather see all stakeholders focus resources on fighting litter and increasing recycling in reasonable ways."
Read complete article.
Posted in Industry News
San Francisco taps EnergySavvy to help Homeowners Cut Through the Fog of Energy Bills
Choosing Alternative Fuel


33 Terrible Christmas Decorations That'll Make Santa Cry. 33 horrible Christmas fails to get you in the holiday spirit! Because if it's not worth decorating terribly, then it's not worth decorating at all.
Love The '80s? These Terrible Christmas Decorations Will. Remember those awful ornaments your mother used to make you hang on the Christmas tree? Or the overwhelming amount of silver tinsel strewn about the house?
The Best Of The Absolute Worst Christmas Decorations. Tomorrow is the first day of December, and we're already being inundated with Christmas crap! Here's a handy buyers guide.
Terrible Christmas Decorations. Terrible Christmas Decorations - If you are looking for the perfect gift for everyone on your Christmas list, no matter your budget, then visit our site and order right now.
The Best And Worst Christmas Decorations Ever 2019. Christmas is a time to be happy, to feel good about life and to put up some exciting Christmas decorations. Of course, we don't all have the same taste in festive decorations.
Terrible Christmas Decorations orations. Show holiday spirit in style with Terrible Claw Christmas décor at Zazzle! Christmas decorations, stockings & more. Choose from a huge range of designs today!


text:
\section{introduction}
The search for dark matter is a central priority of modern high energy physics. Understanding the nature of the $\sim$24\% of the universe composed of dark matter would give insight into the origin of galaxies and cosmic structures, the universe at high temperatures and a broader particle physics context for the Standard Model. To this end, a wide range of underground detectors have been and will be deployed to search for it (e.g., \cite{Behnke:2008zza,Angloher:2008jj,Lebedenko:2008gb,Ahmed:2009zw,Sanglard:2009qp,Bernabei:2010mq,Aalseth:2010vx,Aprile:2010um,Piro:2010qd}). These programs utilize many different technologies and targets, and have sensitivities to a number of different WIMP scenarios, as well as mass ranges and interaction properties.

These rare-event searches are some of the most sensitive detectors ever built, seeking a signal that may be as small as a few events per year. Consequently, they are sensitive to new and unexpected backgrounds as well.  Any claim of dark matter discovery must be confirmed with multiple technologies before it can be believed. At the same time, comparing different experiments is a great challenge, with uncertainties from particle physics, nuclear physics, atomic physics and astrophysics compounding one another.

Particle physics uncertainties can be explored by considering phenomenologically varied models, such as spin-dependent \cite{Jungman:1995df} or momentum-dependent \cite{Feldstein:2009tr,Chang:2009yt} couplings, inelastic \cite{TuckerSmith:2001hy,TuckerSmith:2004jv} scattering, electromagnetic charge radius or dipole interactions \cite{Bagnasco:1993st,Pospelov:2000bq,Sigurdson:2004zp,Barger:2010gv,Chang:2010en,Fitzpatrick:2010br,Banks:2010eh}, resonant dark matter \cite{Bai:2009cd}, mirror matter \cite{Foot:2003iv,Foot:2010hu} among others. Atomic and nuclear physics uncertainties can be better understood through theory and careful experiment (e.g., \cite{Duda:2006uk,Sorensen:2008ec,Manzur:2009hp}).  Astrophysical uncertainties are a challenge, however, for a number of reasons.

High resolution numerical studies \cite{Vogelsberger:2008qb,Kuhlen:2009vh,Ling:2009eh} have confirmed that Maxwellian distributions are generally good approximations to the phase space structure of dark matter halos. Nonetheless, significant deviations are found at high velocities that can be relevant for some scenarios, such as light WIMPs or inelastic WIMPs \cite{MarchRussell:2008dy,Kuhlen:2009vh,McCabe:2010zh}, and in analytic solutions to NFW profiles such deviations are calculable \cite{Lisanti:2010qx}. Although the resolution of the numerical studies is not adequate to study small-scales accurately, variations from place to place within a halo can be important \cite{Kuhlen:2009vh}. Pronounced structures such as streams or subhalos can dramatically alter expectations \cite{Freese:2003tt,Savage:2006qr,Lang:2010cd,Alves:2010pt}. And of course, the ``unknown unknowns'' are impossible to quantify.

It is important therefore to find methods that constrain scenarios without appealing to {\em any} model of the dark matter distribution. Some efforts at this have been studied already. For instance, \cite{Chang:2008xa} argued that an independent comparison for the iodine spin-independent explanation of DAMA could be made by studying the comparable range of energy at a Xenon target, given their kinematical similarity. It was pointed out in \cite{Chang:2010yk} that there is an overlap in velocity space between the $\sim 1$keVee signal at CoGeNT and the 7 keVr threshold at CDMS-Si. With positive results at two experiments, a measurement of the WIMP mass can be done without assuming a halo model \cite{Drees:2008bv}. Finally, \cite{Fox:2010bu} studied the possibility of extracting $f(v)$ from dark matter experiments in the future when large signals have been found.

In this paper, we take a different approach. Rather than attempt to find the physical function $f(v)$, or study variations in it, we attempt to directly map experimental signals from one detector to another. We do this by focusing on {\em integral} quantities, namely $g(v_{min}) = \int_{v_{min}}dv f(v)/v$ and $\int  dv\, v g(v)$. We determine the robustness of constraints by considering the relationship between recoil energy and $v_{min}$ space, rather than actual velocity space.  Although in our approaches we will gain less information about astrophysics, we can compare experiments even when $f(v)$ cannot be reliably extracted.

\section{$v_{min}$ ranges and astrophysics-independent scattering rates}
\label{sec:formalism}
Our approach will be simple: we will endeavor to map an energy range in a given experiment into the halo velocity space, and from there into any other experiment we wish to compare to. In this way, we can determine what energy ranges of experiments can be directly compared. In optimal situations, we will be able to extract $g(v)$, while in less optimal situations we will only be able to discuss total rates.

We begin with the differential rate at a direct detection experiment, which for elastically scattering DM is given by,
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{dR}{dE_R} = \frac{N_T M_T \rho}{2 m_\chi\mu^2}  \sigma(E_R)\, g(v_{min})~,
\label{eq:rate}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mu$ is the DM-nucleus reduced mass, and $N_T=\kappa N_A m_p/M_T$ is the number of target scattering sites per kg with $N_A$ Avogadro's number and $\kappa$ the mass fraction of the detector that is scattering DM.  The function $g(v_{min})$ is related to the integral of the DM speed distribution\footnote{It is usually assumed that the DM follows a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution (in the galactic frame), with characteristic speed $v_0$, in which case (again in the galactic frame) $f(v)\propto v^2 e^{-v^2/v_0^2}$.}, $f(v,t)$, by,
\begin{eqnarray}
g(v_{min},t)=\int_{v_{min}}^\infty dv\,\frac{f(v,t)}{v}~.
\label{eq:defgofv}
\end{eqnarray}
There is a minimum speed that the DM must have in order to deposit recoil energy $E_R$ in the detector.  For elastically scattering WIMPs this minimum velocity is
\begin{eqnarray}
v_{min} = \sqrt{\frac{M_T E_R}{2 \mu^2}}~.
\label{eq:vmin}
\end{eqnarray}

Making a comparison between different experiments is confused by the fact that it is not a single velocity that contributes to the scattering rate at a particular $E_R$. Rather, {\em all} particles with velocities greater than $v_{min}$ will contribute, making it impossible to map rates into velocity space.

However, we can consider a related space -- $v_{min}$-space, whose elements are the sets of all particles with velocities greater than $v_{min}$. Because all particles with adequately high velocities contribute, it {\em is} reasonable to consider a mapping between $E_R$ and $v_{min}$ through  (\ref{eq:vmin}).

This simple relationship allows us to compare results from different direct detection experiments without making an assumption about the distribution of DM velocities in the Milky Way's halo, provided one can relate the scattering cross sections at the various experiments.  In the standard cases of SI or SD DM the nuclear scattering cross section can be related to the nucleonic (in this case the proton) cross section as
\begin{eqnarray}
\sigma_{SI}(E_R)&=&\sigma_p \frac{\mu^2}{\mu_{n\chi}^2}\frac{\left(f_p\, Z+f_n\, (A-Z)\right)^2}{f_p^2} F^2(E_R) \label{eq:xsecSI}\\
\sigma_{SD}(E_R)&=& \frac{\sigma_p}{2J+1} \frac{\mu^2}{\mu_{n\chi}^2} \frac{\left(a_p^2\, S_{pp}(E_R)+a_p\,a_nS_{pn}(E_R)+a_n^2 S_{nn}(E_R)\right)^2}{a_p^2}  ~,
\label{eq:xsecSD}
\end{eqnarray}
allowing comparison of different experiments, we have defined $\mu_{n\chi}$ as the DM-nucleon reduced mass.

Let us suppose we have two experiments to compare, with targets $T_{1,2}$ with masses $M_{1,2}$. We assume the first has a signal which appears over an energy range $[E^{(1)}_{low},E^{(1)}_{high}]$.  This energy range correspond to $v_{min}$ ranges $[v^{low}_{min},v_{min}^{high}]$, using (\ref{eq:vmin}).

This brings us to the central point of our efforts: to make a comparison between two experiments one must first determine whether the {\em $v_{min}$} space probed by the two experiments overlaps. As a matter of practical course, a given experiment has a lower energy threshold $E_{min}$, which can be translated into a lower bound on the $v_{min}$ range.  If experiment 1 has data for the differential rate of DM scattering in their experiment, $dR_1/dE_R$ at energies $E_i^{(1)}$ this can be used to predict a rate at energy $E_i^{(2)}$ at experiment 2, $dR_2/dE_R$, or \emph{vice versa} if experiment 2 has the signal.  Thus, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
[E_{low}^{(1)},E_{high}^{(1)}] \Longleftrightarrow [v^{low}_{min},v^{high}_{min}] \Longleftrightarrow [E_{low}^{(2)},E_{high}^{(2)}],
\label{eq:eminrangemap}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
[E_{low}^{(2)},E_{high}^{(2)}] = \frac{\mu_2^2 M_T^{(1)}}{\mu_1^2 M_T^{(2)}}[E_{low}^{(1)},E_{high}^{(1)}].
\label{eq:emap}
\end{eqnarray}

We can invert (\ref{eq:rate}) to solve for $g(v_{min})$ \emph{limited to the range}
$v_{min} \in [v^{low}_{min,1},v^{high}_{min,1}]$
\begin{eqnarray}
g(v_{min}) = \frac{2 m_\chi\mu^2} {N_A\kappa\, m_p\,\rho\,  \sigma(E_R)}\frac{dR_1}{dE_1}
\label{eq:geq}
\end{eqnarray}
This then allows us to explicitly state the expected rate for experiment two, again\footnote{Since $g(v)$, by its definition, is a monotonically decreasing function of $v_{min}$, one can in principle go to lower energies as well, but one may only place a lower bound on the predicted rate, rather than make a true prediction.} \emph{restricted to the energy range dictated by the appropriate velocity range} \emph{i.e.} $E\in [E^{(2)}_{low},E^{(2)}_{high}]$.
Analogous to the energy mapping above, we have a rate mapping,
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{dR_1}{dE_1} \Longleftrightarrow g(v_{min}) \Longleftrightarrow \frac{dR_2}{dE_2},
\end{eqnarray}
with
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{dR_2}{dE_R}\left(E_2 \right) =
\frac{\kappa^{(2)}\mu_1^2}{\kappa^{(1)}\mu_2^2}
\frac{\sigma_2(E_2)}{\sigma_1\left(\frac{\mu_1^2\, M_T^{(2)}}{\mu_2^2 M_T^{(1)}} E_2\right)}
\frac{dR_1}{dE_R}\left(\frac{\mu_1^2\, M_T^{(2)}} {\mu_2^2\, M_T^{(1)}}E_2\right)~.
\label{eq:ratequal}
\end{eqnarray}
Equations (\ref{eq:emap}), (\ref{eq:geq}) and (\ref{eq:ratequal}) are the central results of this paper. They make no astrophysical assumptions, but only rely upon the assumption that an actual signal has been observed.

We now focus on the SI case, since there are a greater number of experiments probing this scenario, but the analysis for SD is similar. In this (SI) case we can use (\ref{eq:xsecSI}) to rewrite (\ref{eq:ratequal}) in a simple form
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{dR_2}{dE_R}\left(E_2 \right) =
\frac{C_T^{(2)}}{C_T^{(1)}} \frac{F_2^2(E_2)}{F_1^2\left(\frac{\mu_1^2\, M_T^{(2)}}{\mu_2^2 M_T^{(1)}} E_2\right)}
\frac{dR_1}{dE_R}\left(\frac{\mu_1^2\, M_T^{(2)}} {\mu_2^2\, M_T^{(1)}}E_2\right)~,
\label{eq:ratequalSI}
\end{eqnarray}
where we have introduced a target specific coefficient
\begin{eqnarray}
C_T^{(i)}=\kappa^{(i)}\left(f_p\, Z^{(i)}+f_n\, (A^{(i)}-Z^{(i)})\right)^2~.
\label{eq:CTdefn}
\end{eqnarray}

In certain situations differential rates may not be available and instead it is only possible to compare total rates, this is the situation at present with CRESST.  In general the total rate at a particular experiment with energy --- and corresponding velocity --- thresholds of $(E_{low},v_{min}^{low})$ and $(E_{high},v_{min}^{high})$, can be expressed as,
\begin{eqnarray}
R = \frac{2 N_A \rho\, m_p}{m_\chi} \frac{\kappa}{M_T} \int_{v_{low}}^{v_{high}}dv\, \epsilon(E_R) \sigma(E_R(v)) v g(v)~.
\label{eq:integratedrate}
\end{eqnarray}
For the particular case of SI on which we are focused this becomes,
\begin{eqnarray}
R = \left(  \frac{2N_A \rho\, \sigma_p m_p}{m_\chi\,\mu_{n\chi}^2\, f_p^2} \right) \left(\frac{ \mu^2 C_T\, }{M_T} \right)  \int_{v_{low}}^{v_{high}}dv\, \epsilon(E_R) F^2(E_R(v)) v g(v)~,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\epsilon(E_R)$ an an energy-dependent efficiency. To compare two experiments, we must extract the energy dependent terms from the integral. So while we make no assumptions about $g(v)$, we evaluate the form factor at a value $\bar E_2= \bar E_1 \mu_2^2 M_T^{(1)}/\mu_1^2 M_T^{(2)}$ where the ratio $\epsilon_2(\bar E_2) F_2^2(\bar E_2)/\epsilon_1(\bar E_1) F_1^2(\bar E_1)$ is minimized or maximized, depending on whether we are considering a putative signal or constraint.  Thus comparisons of rates at two experiments may then be simply compared by taking ratios of $C_T$ with the form factor evaluated at the conservative value $\bar E$,
\begin{eqnarray}
R_2 \le \frac{\epsilon_2 (\bar E_2) F_2^2(\bar E_2)}{\epsilon_1 (\bar E_1) F_1^2(\bar E_1)} \frac{C^{(2)}_T}{C^{(1)}_T}\frac{M_T^{(1)}}{M_T^{(2)}}\frac{\mu^2_{2}}{\mu^2_{1}}R_1~.
\label{eq:CTeqn}
\end{eqnarray}
In order to determine what comparisons can be made between experiments, we must examine the relevant velocity space they probe. We re-emphasize that the signal at energy $E_{low}<E<E_{high}$ is sensitive to {\em all} particles with velocity greater than $v_{min}(E,M_N, M_\chi)$ through the integral $g(v_{min})$. A separate experiment with threshold $\tilde E$ will offer constraints independent of astrophysics if the resulting minimum velocity $\tilde v < v^{high}_{min,1}$. The optimal limits are reached when $\tilde v < v^{low}_{min,1}$. We illustrate this in Fig.~\ref{fig:velocityplot} for an ensemble of experiments, some with signals, some without.  The possible comparisons between these various experiments will be the subject of the subsequent sections.  Using (\ref{eq:ratequalSI}) scattering rates can be compared between experiments.  However, to compare to actual experimental data the relative exposures, efficiencies and other detector-specific factors must be correctly taken into account.  In the next section we describe in detail the experimental parameters necessary for the comparisons in the rest of the paper.

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.7 \textwidth]{plots/velocityplot2.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{
$v_{min}$ thresholds for various experiments. Solid bands are CRESST Oxygen band, 15-40 keV ({\em red, top}), DAMA Na band 6.7-13.3 keV ({\em green, middle}), CoGeNT Ge 1.9-3.9 keV ({\em blue, bottom}). Constraints are Xenon 1, 2 and 5 keV ({\em dashed, dotted, and dot-dashed, thick blue}), and CDMS-Si 7 and 10 keV, ({\em dot-dashed and dashed, thin red}).}
\label{fig:velocityplot}
\end{figure*}

\section{Applications: a comparison of existing experiments}
The important consequences of (\ref{eq:ratequal}) are immediately obvious. In principle, one can compare a positive signal at one experiment with one at another, or test the compatibility of a null result with a positive one. Unfortunately, ideal circumstances will rarely present themselves: additional backgrounds can complicate the extraction of $g(v)$, resolution can smear signals, or uncertainties in atomic physics (such as quenching factors) can complicate issues, making a precise extraction of the true $E_{NR}$ and hence $v_{min}$ impossible.  Furthermore, the signal may appear as a modulation (as in DAMA) limiting access to $g(v)$ to a summer/winter difference, or a lower bound on its mean.  Finally the signal may be of such low statistics that a reliable inference on the shape of $g(v)$ will be impossible, as is expected in many experiments before scaling to larger targets or running for longer exposures.

Nonetheless, in light of these challenging issues, there remain meaningful comparisons that can be made between experiments. Especially since these transformations preserve all information in the signal, we should be able to make the strongest possible relative statements without invoking additional assumptions about the halo. Such results are especially interesting in view of recent results that may pertain to light WIMPs. Since light WIMPs probe the highest part of the velocity distribution, where deviations from Maxwellian properties are the most likely, our approach is especially relevant.

We consider three potential signals: the CoGeNT low-energy excess \cite{Aalseth:2010vx}, the DAMA annual modulation signal \cite{Bernabei:2000qi} and the recently reported Oxygen-band events at CRESST \cite{idmtalkcresst} and for constraints: XENON10 (both conventional analyses and S2-only) and CDMS-Si; we describe the relevant parameters necessary for comparison between the various experiments below.

\subsection*{CoGeNT}

The CoGeNT experiment \cite{Aalseth:2010vx} consists of a low noise germanium detector with 330 g of fiducial mass which has reported data for 56 days of exposure.  CoGeNT reports recoil energies that range from $\sim 0.4$ keVee to $\sim 12$ keVee, but we focus here on the events between 0.4 keVee and 3.2 keVee.  The observed electron equivalent energy is related to the nuclear recoil energy by, $E_{obs} = 0.2 (E_r/{\rm keV})^{1.12}$,
so that the range of nuclear recoils of interest is $1.9-12\, {\rm keV}$.  In this range there are two cosmogenic peaks whose position and width are well understood, a relatively flat spectrum above these peaks and a clear excess at energies below the peaks.  It is this low energy excess that may be due to a DM signal and, rather than assume a particular functional form and fit, we extract it from the data by taking the data below the first peak ($E_{ee}<1$ keVee) subtracting from it the average of the high bins ($E_{ee}>1.6$ keVee).  Thus our ``signal" region, shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:velocityplot}, is $ 0.42\, {\rm keVee}\, (1.9\, {\rm keV})< E_{ee} (E_r) < 0.92\,{\rm keVee}\, (3.9\,{\rm keV})$.  Finally, we take into account the detector efficiency \cite{Aalseth:2010vx}.

\subsection*{DAMA}

DAMA, which has a NaI target, has accumulated a total of 1.17 ton-years of data, from both DAMA/NaI~\cite{Bernabei:2000qi} and DAMA/LIBRA \cite{Bernabei:2008yi,Bernabei:2010mq}.  They have observed, at the 8.9 $\sigma$ C.L., an annually modulating signal, in the 2-6 keVee energy range, whose phase is consistent with that expected from DM.  For low DM mass, recoils off the sodium dominate the spectrum, we take the quenching factor to be $q_{Na}=0.3$, although we will discuss the effects of varying this.  We concentrate here on the low energy range of recoil energies, 2-4 keVee, and in Fig.~\ref{fig:velocityplot} we show the $v_{min}$-space for this range of energies, assuming a quenching factor $q_{Na}=0.3$.  A lower (higher) $q_{Na}$ will result in the band moving higher (lower) in the plot. Specifically, for $q_{Na} \approx 0.45$ CoGeNT and DAMA are probing nearly identical ranges of velocity space.

In addition to the modulated rate DAMA has measured the total rate of recoil events and, as emphasized in \cite{Chang:2008xa}, the DAMA unmodulated rate may also provide non-trivial constraints on models of DM.  We do not consider the effects of channelling, which are believed to be small \cite{Bozorgnia:2010xy}.  We take into account the energy resolution at DAMA, by smearing with a Gaussian distribution of width $\sigma(E)/E = 0.448/\sqrt{E} + 0.0091$, with $E$ in keVee.

\subsection*{CRESST}
\label{sec:cresstvals}
CRESST consists of 9 CaWO$_4$ crystals (and 1 ZnWO$_4$ crystal).  They recently reported \cite{idmtalkcresst} an excess of O-band events in approximately 400 kg days of exposure.  Although they have not yet reported a detailed spectrum for each crystal it is still possible to gain some spectral information from Ref.~\cite{idmtalkcresst}.

The upper bound on the energy of the events is set by their 40 keV upper limit on their search box. For the lower bound we use a threshold of 15 keV. In reality, the threshold in each of the nine detectors is determined by the value where the leakage is expected to be 0.1 events, which ranges from 9.65 to 22.65 keV.  In this total range 32 events are seen with an expected background of 8.7. In Ref.~\cite{idmtalkcresst} individual detectors are listed and two detectors are explicitly plotted,  and consequently we can determine that for seven detectors, there are 22 of 27 events above 15 keV, with an expected background (in these detectors) of 7.2 events, where to be conservative we have attributed all neutron and gamma backgrounds to these seven detectors.  Thus, since we only use data from 7 detectors, and taking into account an efficiency of 90\% (as used in the commissioning run), the data considered here has total exposure 280 kg days, and 22 events between 15-40 keV, with an expected background of 7.2.  In the future, when all thresholds, exposures, and events are reported by the CRESST collaboration, these results can be refined, but for the moment, we make these conservative assumptions.  The range of threshold velocities (i.e., $v_{min}$ values) corresponding to CRESST O-band events between 15-40 keV is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:velocityplot}.

For constraints, we consider those experiments that are particularly sensitive to light WIMPs: XENON10 (both a conventional analysis \cite{Angle:2009xb} with a range of scintillation efficiencies, as we shall describe, as well as S2 only) and CDMS-Si.

\subsection*{XENON10}
We use the unblind XENON10 analysis \cite{Angle:2009xb} on a 5.4 kg active target of Xenon taken over 58.6 days between October 2006 and February 2007.  This analysis found 13 events between 16 keV and their upper threshold of 75 keV.  Their lower threshold is set by requiring a minimum of $\sim 12$ ionization electrons in the S2 signal, which for a constant $\mathcal{L}_{eff}=0.19$ corresponds to a threshold of $\sim 2\,{\rm keV}$, in addition there is an analysis threshold on the S1 signal of $\sim 5\ {\rm keV}$, with the same assumption on $\mathcal{L}_{eff}$.  We will also consider a potential S2-only low-threshold (7 drift electron $\sim$ 1 keV) experiment as recently discussed by \cite{sorensentalk}, we consider the efficiency adjusted exposure to be 5.1 kg days. For the charge yield considered in \cite{sorensentalk}, this would correspond to a threshold of 1 keV. In Figure~\ref{fig:velocityplot} we show limits for a Xenon experiment (thick blue lines) with a 5 keV threshold (upper line), as well as a what sensitivities 1 and 2 keV (lowest line and middle line, respective) thresholds would achieve.

There is considerable uncertainty in the behavior of $\mathcal{L}_{eff}$, especially at low energies, and here we will consider the three cases discussed in \cite{Sorensen:2010hq} which we denote by MIN, MED and MAX ordered by increasing value of $\mathcal{L}_{eff}$ at recoil energies of 2 keV.  The corresponding detector resolutions and efficiencies are taken from \cite{Sorensen:2010hq}.

\subsection*{CDMS-Si}

The CDMS experiment contains both germanium and silicon detectors, we focus here on Si since it is sensitive to lighter WIMPs due to smaller mass and lower thresholds.  There have been several analyses of silicon data taken at the Soudan mine \cite{Akerib:2005zy,Akerib:2005kh,Filippini:2009zz} which combined have a raw exposure of 88.6 kg days.  For these analyses we use the efficiency presented in \cite{Filippini:2009zz} which has a threshold for nuclear recoils of 7 keV.
In all data there are no signal events observed below 50 keV.  We do not consider here the recent low threshold analysis of CDMS-SUF~\cite{Akerib:2010pv}.

\vspace{0.2in}

In Fig.~\ref{fig:velocityplot} we show the regions of velocity space associated with the experiments discussed above, the bands denote the range of $v_{min}$ necessary to see events in the experiments with possible DM signals and the region between the curves are the same quantity at various null experiments.  We show both 7 and 10 keV thresholds for a silicon experiment, we choose these limits as at 7 keV the CDMS efficiency is going to zero, making limits that are reliant on that threshold more sensitive to uncertainties, while at 10 keV it is stable at $\sim$ 20\%.  For a Xenon target we consider 1, 2 and 5 keV thresholds, which may be reachable for different assumptions regarding $\mathcal{L}_{eff}$ and $Q_y$.  In Table~\ref{tab:ranges} we show, for fixed $m_\chi=10\, {\rm GeV}$, how the energy ranges probed at CoGeNT, DAMA and CRESST translate to various elements used in other experiments.

A careful examination of Fig.~\ref{fig:velocityplot} shows a number of things: first, CoGeNT can be tested only by the 7 keV threshold of CDMS-Si, as well as a Xenon analysis sensitive to low energies. The first two have sensitivity below 10 keV, while Xenon can only make astrophysics-independent statements if the threshold is lower than 2.5 keV. This demonstrates, explicitly, that a model-independent comparison involves reaching signals present at 2 keV, and clarifying the scale to which $\mathcal{L}_{eff}$ must be measured. The CDMS-Si analysis is only sensitive right at its threshold to CoGeNT. As questions have been raised \cite{Hooper:2010uy} about the precise value of the Si threshold, if one restricts oneself to the higher threshold, no limits are possible.

Similarly, DAMA is tested well by CDMS-Si with a 7 keV threshold, but only marginally at 10 keV. Low-threshold Xenon analyses can give robust limits of DAMA, while higher thresholds are generally limited to heavier masses.

Finally, we see that the CRESST results are completely tested by the low-threshold XENON10 analysis, CDMS-Si (even with a 10 keV) threshold. While the nominal threshold, depending on the details of $\mathcal{L}_{eff}$, of XENON10 ($\sim$ 5 keV) and XENON100 ($\sim$ 6 keV) is too high, both experiments can probe down to 4 keV with moderately reduced sensitivity, and energy smearing will given XENON sensitivity to the CRESST signal.

With these ranges in hand, we can proceed to compare the experiments directly. We shall see that if the potential signal is large enough, $g(v)$ can be extracted directly, even if $f(v)$ cannot be extracted with any reliability. In such cases, we can make slightly stronger statements involving the spectra. However, even if $g(v)$ cannot be reconstructed, we can still make significant statements by integrating over the relevant velocity range.

\begin{table}[t]
   \centering
   \begin{tabular}{c|cccccc}
    Approx. range & O & Na & Si & Ar & Ge & Xe \\
   \hline
   CoGeNT (Ge): 2 - 4   & 4.3 - 8.6 & 3.9 - 7.8 & 3.6 - 7.2 &  3.0 -  6.0 & 2 - 4       & 1.3 - 2.5  \\
   DAMA (Na): 6 - 13     & 6.6 - 14  & 6 - 13     & 5.5 - 12  & 4.6 - 10    & 3.1 - 6.7  & 1.9 - 4.2 \\
   CRESST (O): 15 - 40 &15 - 40   & 14 - 36    & 12 - 33  & 10 - 28     & 6.9 - 19   & 4.3 - 12
   \end{tabular}
   \caption{Conversion of energy ranges (all in keV) between various experiments/targets for a 10 GeV DM particle, using the expression in (\ref{eq:emap}).}
   \label{tab:ranges}
\end{table}

\subsection{Application I: Employing Spectra in Near-Ideal Situations (CoGeNT)}

We consider first the situation when there is sufficient data to be able to extract a recoil spectrum,
CoGeNT is a example of such an experiment, because the putative signal is quite large.   We concentrate on the events below 3.2 keVee where the DM signal should be largest and there are few cosmogenic backgrounds.  In this range, in addition to the possible DM signal at low energies, the data contains several clear cosmogenic peaks and a constant background above the peaks.  We average the [1.62-3.16 keVee] bins as an estimate of the constant background and subtract this from the bins in the [0.42-0.92 keVee] range, which we then consider as the DM signal, after this subtraction there are 92 signal events before efficiency correction. This allows us to determine $g(v)$ or, equivalently, predict the rate at any other experiment in the equivalent energy range. One can easily observe from its definition that $g(v)$ is monotonically decreasing as a function of $v$ (see, for instance the discussion in~\cite{Fox:2010bu}), and thus the value at the low end of this range is a lower bound for lower values of $v$. This is not especially relevant for our analysis here, but would be likely relevant in situations where the other experiments could probe lower energies as well.

\begin{figure}[t]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{plots/mappedcogent}
   \caption{The extracted CoGeNT signal (left and bottom axes) and the rate it is mapped to on a Xenon target (top and right axes) for $m_\chi = 10\, {\rm GeV}$ (rescaled by form factors at the corresponding energies $F^2_{Xe}(E_R^{Xe}),F^2_{Ge}(E_R^{Ge}) \sim 1$). The dashed line is the lower bound on the rate at low energies, using the monotonically falling nature of $g(v_{min})$.}
   \label{fig:mappedcogent}
\end{figure}

Since we will compare this with the XENON10 experiment, we choose $f_p=1$ and $f_n=0$, which is motivated from light mediators mixing with the photon, since it will give the most lenient bounds.  Using (\ref{eq:ratequalSI}) we can map the CoGeNT signal onto a Xenon target, and study the signal that would arise at XENON10.  We show this in figure \ref{fig:mappedcogent}.

What is remarkable about this figure is that -- once the CoGeNT signal is specified -- the expected rate on a Xenon target is completely unambiguous (and similarly on any other target). This involves no assumptions about the halo escape velocity, velocity dispersion, or even the assumption that the velocity distribution is Maxwellian, but requires only an input of the WIMP mass.

After taking into account exposure and the detector efficiencies (MIN, MED and MAX cases described above) we can predict the total number of events predicted by the CoGeNT events (if they are indeed coming from elastically scattering DM), we show this in Fig.~\ref{fig:cogenttoxenon}.  Since there were no events at XENON10 in the energy range corresponding to the CoGeNT range we see that \emph{independent of all astrophysical assumptions}, only for $L^{MIN}_{eff}$ are CoGeNT and XENON10 are consistent at the 90\% C.L.  In the MIN case, $m_\chi < 11\ {\rm GeV}$ allows CoGeNT to evade XENON10. For MED and MAX cases the predicted signal at XENON10 would be too large by a significant amount, excluding the elastic SI WIMP scattering interpretation by more than an order of magnitude.

\begin{figure}[t]
   \centering
   \includegraphics{plots/cogenttoxenon}
   \caption{The number of events predicted at XENON10 by the possible DM signal at CoGeNT for 3 cases of $\mathcal{L}_{eff}$, MIN (dashed red), MED (solid green) and MAX (dotted blue).  The black line is the 90\% C.L. upper limit on the number of events allowed by XENON10 data, the region above this line is excluded at 90\% confidence.}
   \label{fig:cogenttoxenon}
\end{figure}

Because of the uncertainties associated with extraction of the value of $\mathcal{L}_{eff}$ at low energies, additional attempts have been made to probe the low energy region with Xenon experiments. In particular, \cite{sorensentalk,inprogresspeter} examined data from XENON10, and used only the ionization signal (S2), which is typically larger than S1 and can allow a more reliable signal at low energies. The value of the charge yield (drift electrons per keV) was extracted from Monte Carlo. Using the values there, the equivalent energy range for CoGeNT is approximately $8\sim13$ electrons, above the 7 electron threshold. Assuming a value of $Q_y = 4\ {\rm electrons/keV}$ for instance, the threshold of 7 electrons at XENON10 only captures a portion of the signal predicted by CoGeNT.

While the 7 electron cutoff corresponds to a particular value of energy in principle, Poisson fluctuations smear this. Nonetheless, an interesting question is the expected rate on the target used by \cite{sorensentalk,inprogresspeter}, with 5.1 kg d of effective exposure.
This is most easily phrased in terms of the question of what charge yield can make these experiments consistent. Assuming a constant charge yield over the energies in question, we can calculate the likelihood based on Poisson fluctuations of events appearing in the XENON10 experiment, which we show in Figure~\ref{fig:cogenttoxenons2}. One sees that one would require a charge yield of roughly $Q_y \ \raise.3ex\hbox{$<$\kern-.75em\lower1ex\hbox{$\sim$}}\  2.4\, {\rm electrons/keV}$ for consistency, much lower than the value of $Q_y \approx 7$ extracted by \cite{sorensentalk,inprogresspeter}. Whether such a significant difference is reasonable will no doubt be subject to a great deal of discussion \cite{Collar:2010ht}.

\begin{figure}[t]
  \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{plots/s2varythreshold}
  \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{plots/cogents2_qy}
   \caption{({\em left}) The number of events predicted (labels on contours), by CoGeNT, at XENON10 for an S2 only analysis \cite{sorensentalk,inprogresspeter} for various S2 thresholds, assuming a constant value $Q_y = 4 {\, \rm electrons/keV}$. ({\em right}) The signal above threshold of 7 electrons, but assuming different constant values of charge yield, $Q_y$.}
   \label{fig:cogenttoxenons2}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Application II: Total Rate Comparisons in Sub-Optimal Situations (CRESST)}
The above situation with CoGeNT is close to ideal: low backgrounds, high statistics, good energy resolution and calibration. In contrast, there are often situations with significantly less ideal characteristics. In particular, it may be that not enough is known about the backgrounds, or the data itself, to be able to extract a recoil spectrum for DM, but we shall see it is nonetheless possible to say something about the total number of DM scatters.  This is the case for the CRESST data, which we estimate has 15 events above background between 15 and 40 keV (see the discussion in \ref{sec:cresstvals}).  We use (\ref{eq:CTeqn}) to compare the CRESST integrated rate to the null results of both CDMS-Si and XENON10, Fig.~\ref{fig:cresstcomparisons}.  When comparing the two experiments we take into account efficiencies and form factors so as to be as conservative as possible, as explained after (\ref{eq:CTeqn}).

\begin{figure}[t]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{plots/cresstprediction}
   \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{plots/predictionatcresst}
   \caption{LH plot: the CRESST prediction for the total number of events at CDMS-Si (solid red) and XENON10, for $\mathcal{L}_{eff}^{MIN}$ (dashed black) and $\mathcal{L}_{eff}^{MED}$ (dotted black), the dotted (horizontal blue) line is the 90\% C.L. upper limit on the number of events allowed by CDMS-Si, the region above this line is excluded at 90\% confidence.  RH plot: the 90\% C.L. upper limit on the number of events at CRESST as predicted by CDMS-Si (solid red) and XENON10, again for $\mathcal{L}_{eff}^{MIN}$ (dashed black) and $\mathcal{L}_{eff}^{MED}$ (dotted black), the dotted (blue) line is the number of events we estimate above background in CRESST.}
   \label{fig:cresstcomparisons}
\end{figure}

As is clear from Fig.~\ref{fig:cresstcomparisons} any sizeable signal in this range is highly incompatible with both the XENON10 and CDMS-Si results. While some have criticized the calibration at the lowest energies for CDMS-Si \cite{Hooper:2010uy}, the lowest energy relevant for 15 keV Oxygen recoils is above 10 and typically 11 keV on Silicon, depending on the WIMP mass. Thus, these constraints are likely quite stable to future modifications, making elastic WIMP scattering very unlikely to be the explanation of the CRESST anomalous events.

\section{Other Applications and Future Results}

DAMA also has extracted a recoil spectrum, possibly associated with DM, but in this case it is for the modulating part of the DM signal, i.e. DAMA allows extraction of $g(v,t)$.  We can repeat the exercise of translating from one experiment to another to get a prediction for the size of the modulating signal at XENON10.  Since XENON10 took its data in the winter and saw no events in the region corresponding to DAMA's 2-6 keVee, this places an upper limit of 2.3 events in the winter which in turn places a lower bound on the amount of modulation the DM signal must have in order not be ruled out by XENON10's null result.  We present this lower bound on the modulation fraction\footnote{We define the modulation fraction as $\frac{S-W}{S+W}$ where $S,W$ denote the summer and winter event rate respectively.} in Fig.~\ref{fig:damatoxenon} for two choices of the quench factor in sodium, $q_{Na}=0.3, 0.45$.  Thus, irrespective of astrophysics, in order for DAMA to be consistent with XENON10 the modulation fraction has to be larger than 20\% and in most cases almost 100\% for the standard assumption of $q_{Na}=0.3$.  For the more extreme choice of $q_{Na}=0.45$ the modulation may be smaller but for DM heavier than 10 GeV it again has to be above 20\%.

\begin{figure}[t]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{plots/modulation_03}
   \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{plots/modulation_045}
   \caption{The 90\% C.L. lower limit on the modulation fraction allowed by XENON10 data, for a quench factor in sodium of 0.3 (LH plot) and 0.45 (RH plot) and for 3 cases of $\mathcal{L}_{eff}$, MIN (dashed red), MED (solid green) and MAX (dotted blue).  A modulation fraction below the curves is ruled out at 90\% confidence.}
   \label{fig:damatoxenon}
\end{figure}

An interesting relationship between CoGeNT and DAMA can be made here. The modulation at DAMA can be applied to CoGeNT through (\ref{eq:CTeqn}). In doing so, one finds a modulation $O(0.8 - 0.9 {\rm cpd/kg})$ expected at CoGeNT. With a quenching factor $q_{Na} = 0.3$, this is expected to overlap the L-shell peaks, which, in decaying away, would make a rising signal difficult to extract. The modulation in the signal range we cannot predict.

On the other hand, if $q_{Na} = 0.45$, then the energy range of CoGeNT overlaps that of DAMA. The $0.8 - 0.9 {\rm cpd/kg}$ modulation amplitude would then be visible over the $\sim 5 {\rm cpd/kg}$ in that range (i.e., a modulated amplitude of $\sim 20$ \%, or $\sim 40$\% peak-to-peak), which should be detectable over an annual cycle.

Finally, it is intriguing to employ this technique to study what sensitivities future experiments will have to existing signals. In particular, we can consider the COUPP experiment, with a ${\rm CF_3I}$ target. Focusing on scattering off of Fluorine, the CoGeNT events would be visible in a range 4.7 -- 9.4 keVr, while the DAMA modulation would be present in the range 7.3 -- 14.6 (4.8 -- 9.7) keVr for $q_{Na} = 0.3 (0.45)$, for $m_\chi = 7$ GeV. Thus, a threshold in the 5 -- 9 keVr range should allow astrophysics independent tests of these signals.

\section{Discussion}
The search for WIMP dark matter has as its elements three central goals: to discover the WIMP, and to measure its mass and interaction cross section with matter. Although we have proceeded for years without a confirmed discovery, the focus has been on what ranges of mass and cross section are excluded. Regrettably, this thinking has crept into our whole approach to discussing a comparison of WIMP searches --- we compare compatibility within the confines of $m_\chi - \sigma$ plots, confusing the answer to the latter two questions (the WIMP mass and properties) with the central first question: has dark matter been discovered? To do so necessarily entangles our astrophysical uncertainties into our results, and even worse, makes it difficult, if not impossible, to determine how sensitive the conclusions are to variations in the halo model.

To this end, we have explored a new technique to compare experiments in the presence of a positive signal, and importantly, to do so without invoking {\em any} astrophysical model whatsoever. The energy range of a given experiment can, for a given WIMP mass, be mapped unambiguously into an equivalent energy range at another using the expression in (\ref{eq:emap}), allowing an apples-to-apples comparison of signals and limits. Moreover, the measured rate at one experiment can be mapped into a rate at the other experiment with the expression in (\ref{eq:ratequal}), once the particle physics model is specified, yielding a completely unambiguous prediction for the second experiment.

This is done by implicitly solving for the function $g(v)$. In a sense, each experiment is actually a measurement or upper limit of the function $g(v)$. This motivates a new and simple comparison of experimental results by simply showing the different values and limits extracted for this function from different results, which we do in Fig.~\ref{fig:gofv}.
\begin{figure}[t]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{plots/gofvplot}
   \caption{A comparison of measurements and constraints of the astrophysical observable $g(v)$ [see relevant expressions in (\ref{eq:rate}),(\ref{eq:defgofv}),(\ref{eq:geq})] for $m_\chi = 10\ {\rm GeV}$: CoGeNT (blue), CDMS-Si (red, solid), CDMS-Ge (green, dot-dashed), XENON10 - MIN $\mathcal{L}_{eff}$ (purple, dashed), and XENON10 - MED $\mathcal{L}_{eff}$ (gray, dotted). CoGeNT values assume the events arise from elastically scattering dark matter, while for other experiments, regions above and to the right of the lines are excluded at 90\% confidence. The jagged features  of the CDMS-Ge curve arise from the presence of the two detected events.}
   \label{fig:gofv}
\end{figure}

To determine this plot, in the presence of a positive signal, one needs merely to read off $g(v)$ from (\ref{eq:geq}). In the absence of a (clear) signal, there is always a certain element of choice in how one quantifies a constraint. However, one can exploit the fact that $g$ is a monotonically decreasing function, so for our constraints, we simply assume that $g(v)$ is constant below $v$, and assume a Poisson limit on the integral of (\ref{eq:geq}) from the experimental threshold to $v$. However, other techniques could also be used, see the Appendix for more details.

This approach with a $g-v$ plot has numerous advantages over the traditional $m_\chi-\sigma$ plots. It makes manifest what the relationships between the different experiments are in terms of what $v_{min}$-space is probed, and shows (for a given mass) whether tensions exist. Moreover, the quantity $g(v)$ is extremely tightly linked to the data, with only a rescaling by form factor as in (\ref{eq:geq}). Thus, unlike $m_\chi-\sigma$ plots, which have a tremendous amount of processing in them, this provides a direct comparison of experimental results on the same plot.

In light of this, we would propose that all future results take a three-tiered approach to data comparison and presentation
\begin{itemize}
\item{{\em $m_\chi - \sigma$ plots:} the current standard presentation is extremely useful for understanding implications for models irrespective of other experiments, and for making model-dependent comparisons of different results. We emphasize that our new techniques are {\em complementary} to this, and not a replacement for it.}
\item{{\em A mapping of contested or compared results:} by employing (\ref{eq:ratequal}) an experiment can state in a completely astrophysics-independent fashion whether two results are compatible or not. The use of these tools would remove any discussion as to whether different assumptions about escape velocities would impact the question of consistency of conclusions.}
\item{{\em A measurement of $g(v)$:} By presenting results in a $g-v$ plot as in Fig.~\ref{fig:gofv}, the astrophysical dependences of results become more obvious, and relative (in)consistencies clear. For experiments with only a single nuclear target, the plot can be made for a single value of $m_\chi$, and can be unambiguously mapped to any other value. For experiments with multiple targets, this will be slightly more involved, but still will likely require plotting the result for only a few values of $m_\chi$.}
\end{itemize}

In the asymptotic future, we certainly hope for a large number of experiments, with different targets and technologies, all seeing results with high statistics. In the meantime, the question of whether dark matter has been discovered prompts the need for new techniques that do not rely on outside assumptions, but at the same time, keep the maximal amount of information possible. We have proposed such a technique, by mapping signals from one experiment to another via (\ref{eq:ratequal}), comparable energy ranges through (\ref{eq:emap}), and by extracting the {\em physical} astrophysical quantity $g(v)$ through (\ref{eq:geq}).

We have shown numerous applications of this to existing results from CoGeNT, DAMA and CRESST. In particular, we have found that only for low values of $\mathcal{L}_{eff}$, a positive signal at CoGeNT can coexist with null results from the conventional XENON10 analyses. For S2-only analyses, however, we have seen that consistency requires a charge yield of $Q_y < 2.4\ {\rm electrons/keV}$, well below most current assumptions. By comparing DAMA and XENON10, for $q_{Na} = 0.3$, we have shown the modulation rate is typically higher than $80\%$, which would be difficult to achieve for elastically scattering WIMPs over a large range of $2-4$ keVee, even with non-standard halo models. On the other hand, for $q_{Na} = 0.45$, the modulation can be lower, $\sim 10\%$. However, in this case, the DAMA modulation maps into the CoGeNT energy range, predicting a clear modulation amplitude of $\sim 20 \%$ in the low-energy range. Finally, we have seen how even in situations with large backgrounds and unclear spectra, as is the case of the excess events reported by the CRESST collaboration, constraints by CDMS-Si and XENON10 unambiguously test this, making the elastic WIMP scattering explanation of them very unlikely.

While it remains to be seen which if any of these signals will turn out to be genuine signals of dark matter, these tools will provide a means to remove one of the important uncertainties in their comparison. Perhaps, with higher statistics, this can be inverted, and by requiring the consistency from different measurements of $g(v)$, dark matter will yield information on astrophysics, as well.

\section*{Acknowledgements}  We thank Juan Collar, Rafael Lang, David Moore and Peter Sorensen for useful comments on the manuscript. NW is supported by NSF grant PHY-0449818 and DOE OJI grant \# DE-FG02-06ER41417, as well as by the Amborse Monell Foundation.  Fermilab is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States
Department of Energy. PF and NW would like to thank Aspen Center for Physics where this work was initiated.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


* Can also be connected with UMA-series Safety Mats.
Refer to the SCC-1224A Safety Mat/Edge Controller User Manual (Cat. No. Z394) for details.
*1. For dimensions including L-shaped base, refer to "Dimensions/Terminal Arrangement" on Catalog.
mm and actuating point C3 under a test temperature of 20°C and test speed v = 10 mm/s. Refer to "Characteristics"


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Home / WORLD / Off the coast of Malta rescued a group of migrants
Off the coast of Malta rescued a group of migrants
14.05.2019	WORLD 33 Views
On the boat were 85 migrants
Reportedly, a Maltese patrol boat rescued a group of 85 migrants who were on a sinking wooden boat off the coast of the country.
The army said that the rescued migrants were predominantly from North and East Africa.
At the moment, all the rescued were taken ashore.
We will remind, earlier off the coast of Tunisia sank a boat with migrants heading towards Italy. The incident killed at least 50 people. Managed to save only 16 of the 70 passengers of the boat.
According to estimates of the International organization for migration, in 2018 in the waters of the Mediterranean sea has killed about 2,300 people, about 120 thousand people managed to cross into Europe.
Tags coast group malta migrants rescued
In Canada found the head of the monument to Volodymyr the Great
In Russia the successful launch of the carrier rocket Soyuz-2
In Russia there was a pipeline rupture
In the United States, will exhibit paintings of the Roman Sushchenko
In new York held an exhibition of paintings Sushchenko On Tuesday, may 28, at the …


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US Lacrosse Initiative Bolsters National Team Pipeline
SPARKS, Md. — There's no higher honor in the sport than playing for the U.S. National Team and US Lacrosse is expanding the opportunities for elite level players to gain access to the Team USA experience.
The US Lacrosse National Team Development Program (NTDP) is a three-phased process for high school-aged boys' and girls' players that leads to USA Select teams. The goal of the NTDP is to provide high-level training for the nation's top young players that will ultimately expand the talent pool for the U.S. national teams that participate in Federation of International Lacrosse competitions.
"The chance to be inspired and coached by those that have worn the red white and blue is a significant opportunity for any young boy or girl out there," said Nick Myers, head coach of the U.S. Men's U19 team. "The game is growing and we're looking to put a bigger net out there to find young players that want to be mentored and challenged. Learning from some of the best minds that are invested in the national teams is a tremendous opportunity for improvement."
"This development program allows young players the opportunity to start to play at an elite level earlier, and to start to understand what it's like to represent your country," said Kayla Treanor, a current U.S. national team member who has won gold at the U19 (2011) and senior team (2017) levels. "It's a really difficult thing to make the national team, and I think the earlier you can start playing amongst other elite athletes, it will help the process."
Earlier this month, US Lacrosse announced a partnership with the Premier Lacrosse League (PLL) and the Women's Professional Lacrosse League (WPLL) for the first phase of the program. The PLL and WPLL, in conjunction with US Lacrosse, will hold regional trials around the country with instruction provided by current and former U.S. national team players and coaches. These one-day events will have a high focus on technical and tactical development.
There will be approximately 10-12 locations per gender for the regional trials with events running from April through July. Event sites will be announced in the coming weeks.
From the regional trials, the top players will be selected to advance to phase two of the process, a national combine in Maryland this coming August. Because the regional trials won't hit every geographic area in the country, there will be an option for players unable to attend a regional trial to apply "virtually" to be selected for the national combine.
The national combine will be an intense three-day camp with athletes taken through elite level training in both individual and team skill development as well as sessions on nutrition, strength and conditioning, social media, recruiting, social emotional learning and leadership.
Following the combine, a total of 88 players will be named to USA Select teams at the U15 and U17 levels for boys' and girls' lacrosse.
Phase three of the NTDP is a showcase event that will feature the USA Select teams playing against international competition this fall. Players will be outfitted with sponsored gear and equipment and at this stage, all travel, lodging and meal expenses will be covered.
Any players from the 2019 USA Select teams that retain age-eligibility for 2020 will automatically bypass the 2020 regional trials and be invited to the national combine.
Stay tuned to uslacrosse.org for additional details on the NTDP over the next several weeks.


Welcome to the site. On the left hand side you will see the broad categories of razors I refurbish, sharpen and sell. New kamisori are also available in the 'new' section. Razors are organised by price, low to high. If you would like a natural rattan/cane over red felt handle wrap applied to your kamisori please let me know during purchase (note to seller) - this is free of charge.
Why buy a beautiful hand-made steel unique razor which will last you your life time, ease your razor burn and differentiate you from just about every other person who shaves...from me?
'Japanese Western straight razor section'.
Unless stated, please note that the Kamisori will be for right handed use.
I also provide kamisori razor services which include re-sharpening and sourcing of razors. For the kamisori razor Service of re-sharpening, please contact me first to confirm my availability, thank you.
When placing your order, please note that payment is processed through PayPal but you do not require a PayPal account to complete the transaction as through this method you may still pay by credit or debit card. Each razor will be supplied shave ready, with its own presentation box and includes basic instructions for care and maintenance.


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Q: Need a non-Mac keyboard alternative for Mac users I'm a Macbook Pro user. I like Apple products in general, but I hate their keyboards.
I work on my computer/laptop 10+ hours a day, so I would like to have a keyboard that is Mac-compatible and ergonomic.
I found this one on Amazon. It is specifically made for Mac. However, I would like to get some suggestions from people who found good keyboards for Mac.

A: I've got a bunch of Kinesis ergonomic keyboards and am currently typing this (on my iMac) on a Kinesis Advantage. Great keyboard, especially if you're suffering from RSI or similar, works fine with my Mac and even comes with Mac key caps.

A: I've not seen any USB keyboard not work with OS X..
The only "problem" is the Windows(/Command) and Alt(/Option) key are swapped in location from the regular Apple keyboards... but you can easily fix this by going to System Preferences > Keyboard & Mouse > Keyboard > Modifier Keys:

..then swapping Option and Command keys

A: Try the Matias Tactile Pro series of keyboards. Available in Windows and Mac flavors. Wonderful old-school mechanical actions.
I've got a Tactile Pro 2 which is an absolute delight - apart from some key ghosting. Hopefully the Pro 3.0 will resolve those issues.

A: I've used a PC keyboard on a mac for years. At first, I used DoubleCommand to swap the windows and alt keys to be in the same position as mac keyboards. Now I just use the keyboard preferences. Recently they updated it to remember devices. Before, I'd have to go to Prefs->Keyboard & Mouse -> Modifier Keys each time I wanted to change from using my pc keyboard to the laptop keyboard. Now, the preferences remembers devices I plug in and lets me set up my modifier keys.
The main difference is going to be the lack of an eject key, but you can press and hold F12. For power off, press ctrl-F12. You might miss the media keys (volume up, pause itunes etc) but I live without them.
The keyboard I use all the time isn't ergonomic, but has a very nice key action. It uses brown cherry switches to make a less mushy response than the apple pro keyboard. It's called a Filco Majestouch Linear.

A: Nobody's recommended the Microsoft Natural line yet?  The MS Natural 4000 is truly the Cadillac of keyboards... pleather palmrests, good key action, extremely sturdy and well-built.  There is also a native Mac driver for mapping command/ctrl/alt, hotkeys, etc., but the keyboard will still work as a standard USB device without it.
If you are a serious typist, it's well worth the investment.

A: Any keyboard (for the most part) will work in a Mac thats USB. The only difference is that the Windows key becomes the Command key, Alt becomes Option and are reversed from the Mac standard. If this isn't a problem, then go for any keyboard you would want.
Logitech makes great stuff.
http://www.logitech.com/index.cfm/keyboards/keyboard/devices/3071&cl=us,en

A: The Model M class of keyboards, historically made by IBM and now by Unicomp, are incredible from an ergonomy point of view.
Unicomp now makes them with USB interface.  They have a PC layout, so you'll need to swap Option and Command in System Preferences on the Mac.  They may be able to customize what's printed on the keys for you if you ask.

A: If you're running Snow Leopard, don't get the Microsoft Natural Ergonomic 4000.
It's certainly a pleasure to type on, but has caused my Mac to crash so often now that it's impractical to use if I want to get any work done at all.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Definition of Aten The solar disk, or more specifically the light that proceeds from the sun, as defined by Akhenaten, or Amenhotep IV (obit. circa 1397 B.C.), father-in-law of King Tutankamen, who promulgated a religion largely based on astrological teachings.


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One ticketed, one hospitalized following Verona crash
One driver was hospitalized, one was ticketed after a U-turn in front of the Thruway interchange in Verona on Sunday night, according to the Oneida County Sheriff's Office.
Posted Monday, November 28, 2022 1:43 pm
VERONA — One driver was hospitalized, one was ticketed after a U-turn in front of the Thruway interchange in Verona on Sunday night, according to the Oneida County Sheriff's Office.
Sheriff's deputies said John A. Girolamo, 72, of Canastota, Madison County, was driving on Route 365 at about 10 p.m. when he attempted to make a U-turn in front of the Thruway entrance. Deputies said Girolamo cut off 21-year-old Logan J. Joyner, of Williamstown, Oswego County, causing their vehicles to collide.
Joyner suffered minor injuries and was treated at Oneida Health, authorities said. Girolamo also suffered minor injuries and he was treated at the scene, deputies stated. Girolamo was ticketed for the crash and he is scheduled to appear in Verona Town Court.
Here's a collection of what's arriving on TV, streaming services, music and video game platforms this week.


Cancelled flight? Overbooked or delayed? Read this handy guide which tells you what to do when things go wrong.
It's no secret that travelling isn't always plain sailing and passengers are often faces with delays, cancellations and, as we've seen in the news recently– not enough seats! Skyscanner.ie has pulled together a handy what to do when things go wrong guide, highlighting exactly what your rights are should one of these inconveniences happen to you, as well as some top tips to ensure you are as prepared as possible.
My flight has been delayed or cancelled – what are my rights?
They key thing to know here is that-if your flight has been cancelled at extremely short notice, it is the airline's responsibility to ensure that you have an alternative way home or to your destination. There are varying laws within and outside of EU which can cause confusion, especially in amongst the chaos of cancellations. Within the EU – if your flight is delayed for more than three hours you are within your rights to get the same compensation as those who have suffered entirely cancelled flights. However outside the EU – these laws differ and flying home from a non-EU country will result in an alternative route home but you are not entitled to food or accommodation during the wait. For more details click here. For live updates if your flight has been cancelled or delayed, click here.
As with most things, policies vary depending on the airline or travel provider you have book with when it comes to paying up due to a delayed or cancelled flight. With delays, which are considered two hours for short haul flights and four for long haul flights, airlines should compensate you with meal vouchers and accommodation should the delay be longer. A key point to remember is that bad weather, strikes or reasons the airline deems not their fault- meaning compensation would only be available through your travel insurance.
As you know when you're purchasing your travel insurance, different providers come with different policies and it's important you triple check that the one you decide to go with covers for delays or cancellations. Multitrip.com offer travel disruption cover which will cover you in the event of strikes and adverse weather conditions. Read more about why you need to add travel disruption cover to your insurance policy here.
Connecting flights add to the headache if a flight has been cancelled or delayed, so what happens when you miss it? If missing the flight has been no fault of your own and you are connecting with the same airline, then they will be able to organise another flight for you, assuming that you have purchased one ticket from your origin to your destination. However, there is a grey area when you are flying with different airlines and have bought separate tickets, it is likely you will have to foot the bill of the connecting flight. We can hold on to hope that some may offer you a seat on the next available flight for free but it is unlikely! Car hire and hotels affected by cancellations or delays will all come down to the conditions of the booking and this is another good example of how a good travel insurance policy will avoid any nasty surprises.
1. Accept compensation, usually ranging between €200 and €400. There is often an opportunity to haggle here if no one is volunteering to take the boot. The airline will almost certainly offer accommodation and a new flight on top of compensation, but this isn't always guaranteed so be sure to check before you step off that plane. If you don't receive compensation you can complain to the Aviation Regulation Authority here.
2. DON'T volunteer. You are entitled to refuse an airline's offer to compensation in return for giving up your seat. If they insist that you cannot fly although you have paid for a ticket, this is considered being involuntarily denied boarding and can result in much higher compensation. If you don't volunteer and are removed from the flight, you are also entitled to compensation during the wait between your initial flight and new flight.
Previous article4 Star City Breaks in July and August for Less Than €299!


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Q: What is periodic solution to a PDE? If I have a PDE $$u_t = Au + f$$ with conditions $$u(0,x) = u(T,x)$$
then if it has a solution, why is the solution called periodic? Isn't it only true that $u(0) = u(T)$? It does not follow that $u(0+\epsilon) = u(T+\epsilon)$, which I would have thought is what periodic should be.
Is that all that is required for the solution to be called that?
Finally, is there any literature that address weak periodic solutions of parabolic PDE via Galerkin method?

A: The implicit assumption is that your PDE has a well-posed Cauchy problem, and that $A,f$ are either independent of time $t$ or periodic with period $T$.
Under the above two assumptions, the uniqueness of solutions for the Cauchy problem will mean that
$$ u(0,x) = u(T,x) \implies u(t,x) = u(T+t,x) $$


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Death penalty removed from Hate Speech bill
The death penalty punishment has been removed from the controversial Hate Speech Bill, sponsored by Senator Sabi Abdullahi.
According to Abdullahi, who is the Deputy Chief Whip of the Senate, in a statement in Abuja explained that the death (by hanging) penalty proposed for anyone found culpable of hate speech which leads to the death of another, would be amended by the Senate when the bill is subjected to legislative input by the National Assembly.
The former spokesperson for the Senate said the bill would undergo some fine-tuning to ensure that the clauses contained in its provisions to be passed into law, reflect the views of Nigerians, The Punch reports.
He added that the Senate welcomes contributions and inputs by critics and supporters of the bill.
He said such contributions would go a long way towards giving Nigerians the much-awaited law to address the disturbing trend of hate speech.
He insisted that hate speech had led to the death of many people and argued that the concept remained a major factor behind depression and suicide in Nigeria.
Abdullahi said,
"We have followed closely arguments for and against the hate speech bill, and seen the reason why some kicked against it.
"Given the high respect which we have for Nigerians, we will make amendment to the death penalty aspect that most Nigerians objected to, so that a bill that meets their expectations is passed into law.
"Clearly from the conversations, Nigerians agree that we have a problem in the society today as a result of hate speech which has fueled so many killings and violence, and is responsible for cases of depression and suicides."
Culled From The Punch
MC Galaxy calls out Miracle for not appreciating E-Money's support
Photos of President Buhari at the Inauguration of Ghanaian president
(Photo) See What Cristiano Ronaldo And His Son Did With Spanish Super Cup
3 Students Got Arrested For Smoking Hemp And Using Codeine In Lagos
Woman kills 2-day-old granddaughter in Ogun – See shocking reason
Ogenyi Onazi pays N1.5million for Sani Emmanuel surgery
My boyfriend threatens to leak my sex tape – Lady cries out
Nigerian doctor buys house 3 years after migrating to UK – How he did it!
Man attempting to commit suicide rescued by Police in Lagos
Lady and her friends denied entry into Abuja Lounge – See reason
Full list of winners at the Future Awards 2019
Give me the car I won at 2016 Headies – Mr Eazi reminds Hip TV
How stroke patient ran away without paying hospital bill – Doctor narrates


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Q: change Angular Filter Comparator boolean on runtime Is it possible to change the angular comparator boolean on runtime? Like having a checkbox which changes the comparator to true or false.
<input id="strictSearch" ng-value="strictSearch" type="checkbox">
<tr data-ng-repeat="item in (filteredList = (allSerialNumbers | filter:search:strictSearch)) | orderBy: sortType :sortReverse track by $index"
                         class="table-row" ng-if="item.serialNumber != ''" id="{{item.appointmentId}}">

This example does not work. So I'm looking for a solution. Is there a simple way to do it? Or do I have to write my own filter?

A: Just had a stupid syntax error using ng-value instead of ng-model on the checkbox.


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Q: Scrolled event is not firing properly for angular2-infinite-scroll

I am trying to use angular2-infinite-scroll as its described, currently I am using 0.2+ version, and previously I was using 0.1.95 version which was working fine, but then I upgraded it & this is causing some issues. scrolled event is not being called every time I scroll, to make it work I need to scroll back to the top and then scroll to the bottom. Since I have given infiniteScrollDistance = 2 it should be called on half way around of the page.
Here is the code:
<table class="table table-hover inline-edit"
    infinite-scroll
    [infiniteScrollDistance]="2"
    [infiniteScrollThrottle]="400"
    (scrolled)="onScrollDown()">

// Function from component
onScrollDown() {
    this.contactService.pagination.currentPageNumber += 1;
    this.contactService.getContactList();
}

I have already posted this on there GitHub but no response


TV Everywhere (TVE) has been touted as the cable industry's savoir, helping it win back customers from over-the-top (OTT) providers such as Netflix and Hulu. In fact, a recent IHS study found that TVE is starting to expand beyond iOS and Android smartphones and tablets into high-growth platforms such as smart and connected TVs and video game consoles like Xbox. Yet, service providers are still hitting several road blocks.In continuation of our three-part series on the TVE's top three biggest hurdles, let's take a look at the third and final challenge below.
Advertising has been the preverbal thorn in TVE's back, deterring it from reaching its full potential. During a recent panel at the Cable Show industry summit, TV executives voiced their concerns about online audience measurement, stating that unreliable ratings standards for mobile viewing is deterring them from paying for commercials on smartphones and tablets.
Marketing, or rather a lack there of, is another major challenge facing service providers. Providers are increasingly reluctant to spend marketing dollars on "free services." Many big time providers, such as DirecTV, Verizon and Dish Network, are choosing not to invest in marketing their TVE services, instead focusing heavily on their products that drive revenue.
Although TVE is slowly cementing itself within the industry, these challenges will remain a road block until a viable solution is reached.


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President Obama Lifts Restrictions on Cuban Rum and Cigars
Laine Doss
Havana Club Rum without restrictions.
Photo by Richard Karshna
Laine Doss | October 14, 2016 | 11:51am
Over the past two years, President Barack Obama has made history by softening restrictions on trade and travel with Cuba. This is especially important for Miamians with Cuban roots — allowing them to travel more freely to visit family and friends or simply to discover their history firsthand.
Today the Obama administration went one step further in the United States' relationship with Cuba by lifting restrictions on the purchase of Cuban cigars and rum.
U.S. travelers to the island nation can now return with an unlimited amount of booze and cigars, according to the Treasury Department.
Obama's Historic Speech in Havana Credits Miami's Creation to the Cuban People
Commercial Flights Between Miami and Cuba (but Not Havana) Will Begin Within 90 Days
Airlines Will Offer $60 Flights From Fort Lauderdale to Havana Next Month
According to an amended Cuba Fact Sheet issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury:
Importation of Cuban-origin merchandise as accompanied baggage for personal use. OFAC is removing the monetary value limitations on what authorized travelers may import from Cuba into the United States as accompanied baggage. This includes the value limitation on alcohol and tobacco products. Persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction will be further authorized to import Cuban-origin merchandise acquired in third countries into the United States as accompanied baggage, again without value limitations. OFAC is also removing the prohibition on foreign travelers importing Cuban-origin alcohol and tobacco products into the United States as accompanied baggage. In all cases, the Cuban origin goods must be imported for personal use, and normal limits on duty and tax exemptions will apply.
That means all Cuban goods — including tobacco products and alcohol — can be brought back in unlimited amounts. Previously, U.S. travelers could bring back no more than $100 worth of items.
In a statement, U.S. Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker said, "These amendments will create more opportunities for Cuban citizens to access American goods and services, further strengthening the ties between our two countries."
Even though flights from Miami International Airport to Havana are now a common sight, restrictions on travel to Cuba still exist. U.S. citizens must obtain a visa and can travel only for educational, journalistic, or humanitarian purposes or to visit family. Tour operators set up trips with various cultural themes, such as food or music, to circumvent the restrictions. Looks like an educational rum-tasting journey might be the new trend this fall.
Laine Doss is the food and spirits editor for Miami New Times. She has been featured on Cooking Channel's Eat Street and Food Network's Great Food Truck Race. She won an Alternative Weekly award for her feature about what it's like to wait tables.
Facebook: Laine Doss
Twitter: @lainedoss


There are various stories associated with the origin of the pretzel. One of the most frequently related accounts is that they came into being in A.D. 610 when Italian monks made them and gave them to their young students as a reward for learning their prayers. The stories also vary concerning the symbolism of the unique shape of the pretzel. In connection with the story about the monks giving pretzels as rewards, the shape is believed to symbolize the crossing of the arms, which was their traditional posture for prayer. Some believe that the three holes in the pretzel design represent the Holy Trinity, which is the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.
Some stories indicate that the pretzel was invented by European monks. Some say that pretzels originated in southern France. One story regarding the pretzel shape claims that the loop design is similar to the communion bread used in monasteries. On a more practical level, some say that the pretzel was made with loops so that bakers could hang them on sticks. A painting by Job Berckheyde dating back to 1681 supports the practicality of the loop design.
While no one may know for sure why there are loops in the pretzel design, that unique shape has made the pretzel useful in many ways. In Austria, pretzels are hung on Christmas trees. In Germany, children used to hang pretzels around their neck on New Year's Day. This tradition is likely connected to the belief that pretzels are a symbol of good fortune.
The simplicity of ingredients in pretzels, flour and water, meant that they could be eaten during Lent. Pretzels became associated with fasting and prayer. Pretzels were at one time hidden on Easter morning just as eggs are hidden on Easter today.
The texture of pretzels was soft until 1861 when Julius Sturgis began making hard pretzels in the first commercial pretzel bakery. The factory was located in Lititz, Pennsylvania. The hard pretzel had a longer shelf life than the soft pretzel. It also had the durability to be sold in locations that were a greater distance away. This led to an increase in the availability and popularity of the pretzel. In 1935, the first automated pretzel maker was introduced by the Reading Pretzel Machinery Company. That invention greatly increased the productivity of pretzels. Today, more than $500 million worth of pretzels are sold each year in the United States. Of those pretzels sold, 80% are made in Pennsylvania where the hard pretzel originated. While pretzels in their original form remain a popular snack choice, coated pretzels have also become a desirable snack and party food. Covered pretzels include coatings such as chocolate, yogurt and peanut butter.
Pretzels are a good snack option for people who are watching their calories. They have 130 to 160 fewer calories per 100-gram serving than potato chips or tortilla chips. They also have a much lower fat content than either of these chips. Pretzels are a cholesterol-free food. If you buy bulk pretzels and add them to your trail mix or make them a consistent part of your snack routine, you can increase your fiber intake. A one cup serving of pretzels provides 6% of your daily fiber requirement. Sometimes, it's difficult to get all of the vitamins and minerals you need each day. Choosing a snack such as pretzels or covered pretzels can be a good way to increase your intake of various vitamins and minerals. The nutritional value of pretzels is derived from the enriched flour, which is their key ingredient. In a serving of pretzels, you can acquire 20% to 40% of the daily requirement of riboflavin, niacin and thiamin. Folate helps build red blood cells. By enjoying a serving of pretzels for a snack, you can get 71% of your daily requirement of folate. You may want to buy wholesale pretzels as a budget-friendly way to include them in your diet. They're a good source of iron and zinc. In addition to that, they're a source of any other minerals that your body needs.
Hard pretzels are a tasty snack in their original form. However, coated pretzels have become a very popular snack choice. They also appear frequently on party tables, in trail mixes and in snack mixes that are prepared for personal use or as gifts for various occasions. Chocolate covered pretzels can satisfy a mix of snack time cravings. They are crispy, sweet and salty. It's recommended that dark chocolate be included in a health-conscious diet. Dark chocolate coated pretzels are a luxurious, nutritionally beneficial snack. Covered pretzels are appealing to kids and adults. Pretzels with a peanut butter covering are a fun treat for kids You might even want to use pretzels as a reward, just like they were originally used. They could be given to children as a reward for completing chores or accomplishing small goals. Covered pretzels make an attractive party table food. Yogurt covered pretzels are decoratively diverse. They can be used in an elegant party setting or mingled into the decorations on a festive, colorful holiday table. A gift tin filled with covered pretzels would be a fantastic gift for any occasion. Keeping a supply of various types of pretzels on hand can help you avoid the temptation to indulge in a less healthy, higher calorie snack.


Hello everyone we are back with a new recruitment notification, with ASSAM POLICE RECRUITMENT NOTIFICATION then here is an opportunity for you. An organization has issued a fresh notification for ASSAM POLICE Recruitment Notification has invited applications through an mode so guys if you are interested in ASSAM POLICE job alert then visit.
Educational qualification– Candidate who has successfully completed Diploma in Engineering/ B.Sc. (Electronics Science/ IT/ CS) in from any recognized an institution or boards are eligible to apply these vacancies.
Age criteria– Candidates upper age limit 20 to 24 Years As on 01-01-2019. is age limit for these posts and candidates who are from reserved category will get age relaxation on an upper age limit as per state government rules and regulations.
Fee – For General Candidates Application Fee is – 250/- & For All Other Candidates (ST/SC/OBC/MOBC) Application Fee is – 150/-.
Pay Scale– After completion of selection rounds, those who will be selected for a job will get a pay Scale Rs. 14,000 – 49,000/- With 8700/- Grade Pay from department.
Selection Process– All form submitted Candidates will Be Selected through Based on Their Performance in Written Exam and Physical Standard Test, Physical Efficiency Test.
How to Apply– All candidate & interested are advised to submit their form through official website http://www.slprbassam.in. before or on 28-February-2019 Also must read the official advertisement in detail before applying.
All candidate can ask us questions relating to (ASSAM POLICE RECRUITMENT NOTIFICATION) by writing in a comment box provided below. We will try to respond as soon as possible.
Age criteria– Candidates upper age limit 18 to 40 Years As on 01-July-2017.(The contestants applying for the posts should be born between 01-July-1999 and 01-July-1977) is age limit for these posts and candidates who are from reserved category will get age relaxation on an upper age limit as per state government rules and regulations.
Pay Scale– After completion of selection rounds, those who will be selected for a job will get a pay Scale Rs. 14,000 – 49,000/- With 5600/- Grade Pay from department.
Important Dates – Desirable Candidates are advised to apply through Offline mode as soon as before 26-December-2017.
Hello, Nisha kumari We are provide all govt jobs in govt jobs 10th or 12th jobs are available in this side.
Hello, Kripashankar kushawaha We are provide all govt jobs in govt jobs 10th or 12th jobs are available in this side.


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Schurman's Barber Service on Far Hills Avenue in Oakwood shut down at the end of the day last Friday. The long running business is apparently closing due to a landlord/tenant dispute.
Photo: WAYNE BAKER/STAFF
Longtime Oakwood business closes as owner searches for next step
Wayne Baker, Staff Writer
OAKWOOD —
Schurman's Barber Service, 2533 Far Hills Avenue in Oakwood, shut down at the end of the day last Friday. The business was a staple in the community and apparently is closing due to a landlord/tenant dispute.
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After a lease agreement with the building's new owner, Washington Twp.-based Miami Valley Commercial Group, could not be reached, shop owner Steve Toller decided to shutter the business for good, Toller said.
"Sorry we had to close unexpectedly, our lease ran out and the new price was unacceptable," Toller announced in a message to his longtime customers. "We are looking for a place to set-up a new shop and that will take some time. In the meantime, I am looking for a chair to rent to get into and start cutting some hair again. Bear with us we are working as quick as we can to get something resolved. Check back later and hopefully I will have a place set-up by then."
Barber Myra Williams has been cutting hair for 38 years, and has a long history of working at Schurman's. She says she was surprised that the business closed its doors.
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"I really have never seen anything like this happen before," she said. "Steve called me last week and said he was closing the business and had packed all of my stuff up. I met him in the parking lot of Meijer and he handed me my stuff and said, 'good luck.'"
Williams has been part of the shop's history as she was cutting hair in the establishment shortly after Paul Shurman bought it in the early 1970s from Chet Guenther, who ran Guenther's barbershop, a family business that had operated for more than 20 years. Tony Toller bought the business in the late 1980s from Shurman and later sold it to his son, Steve.
A large 50th anniversary celebration was held in 2008 to recognize the small business' accomplishments.
"You really don't see a lot of these mom and pop type shops survive anymore," Williams said. "Schurmans was the only barbershop in Oakwood and it is sad to see it closed, but all of the chains seem to be taking over. There was a time at Schurman's that we had almost six barbers working."
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She said she has found work cutting hair at AJ's Barbershop, 5543 Far Hills Avenue. That has kept some of her longtime customers happy.
"I'm not sure that I was included in any future plans for Schurman's if they do reopen, but I was fortunate to be able to get some hours at A'J's," she said. "I was working 40 hours plus a week at Schurman's but now just a few hours a week, but am thankful for that."
A representative from the Kettering-Moraine-Oakwood Chamber of Commerce said "it was the first I've heard of it," regarding Schurman's closing.
This news organization attempted to contact Heather Murphy-Zahora, the vice president of the Miami Valley Commercial Group, seeking additional information regarding the closing of Schurman's. The message for a comment was not returned.