text:
package blade.migrate.core;

import blade.migrate.api.AutoMigrateException;
import blade.migrate.api.AutoMigrator;
import blade.migrate.api.Problem;

import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

import org.eclipse.core.resources.IFile;
import org.eclipse.core.resources.IResource;
import org.eclipse.core.runtime.CoreException;
import org.eclipse.core.runtime.NullProgressMonitor;
import org.eclipse.jdt.core.ICompilationUnit;
import org.eclipse.jdt.core.JavaCore;
import org.eclipse.jdt.core.JavaModelException;
import org.eclipse.jdt.core.dom.rewrite.ImportRewrite;
import org.eclipse.jdt.internal.core.util.Util;
import org.eclipse.text.edits.TextEdit;

public abstract class ImportStatementMigrator extends JavaFileMigrator implements AutoMigrator {

	private static final String PREFIX = "import:";
	private final Map<String, String> _imports = new HashMap<>();

	public ImportStatementMigrator(String[] imports, String[] fixedImports) {
		for(int i = 0; i < imports.length; i++) {
			_imports.put(imports[i], fixedImports[i]);
		}
	}

	@Override
	public void correctProblems(File file, List<Problem> problems) throws AutoMigrateException {
		final List<String> importsToRewrite = new ArrayList<>();

		for (Problem problem : problems) {
			if (problem.autoCorrectContext instanceof String) {
				final String importData = problem.autoCorrectContext;

				if (importData != null && importData.startsWith(PREFIX)) {
					final String importValue = importData.substring(PREFIX.length());

					if (_imports.containsKey(importValue)) {
						importsToRewrite.add(importValue);
					}
				}
			}
		}

		if (importsToRewrite.size() > 0) {
			ICompilationUnit source = null;
			final FileHelper fileHelper = new FileHelper();
			final IFile javaFile;

			try {
				javaFile = WorkspaceUtil.getFileFromWorkspace(file, new WorkspaceHelper());
			} catch (CoreException | IOException e1) {
				throw new AutoMigrateException("Unable to get java file as IFile, is project a java project?", e1);
			}

			try {
				source = JavaCore.createCompilationUnitFrom(javaFile);
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				throw new AutoMigrateException("Could not get compilation unit for file: " + file.getName(), e);
			}

			final ImportRewrite importRewrite;

			try {
				importRewrite = ImportRewrite.create(source, true);
			} catch (JavaModelException e1) {
				e1.printStackTrace();
				throw new AutoMigrateException("Unable to create import rewrite action: " + file.getName(), e1);
			}

			for (String importToRewrite : importsToRewrite) {
				importRewrite.removeImport(importToRewrite);

				final String newImport = _imports.get(importToRewrite);

				importRewrite.addImport(newImport);
			}

			if (importRewrite.hasRecordedChanges()) {
				try {
					final TextEdit textEdit = importRewrite.rewriteImports(new NullProgressMonitor());
					final String newSource = Util.editedString(source.getSource(), textEdit);

					javaFile.setContents(new ByteArrayInputStream(newSource.getBytes()), IResource.FORCE, null);
				} catch (CoreException e) {
					throw new AutoMigrateException("Auto correct failed to rewrite imports", e);
				}
			}
		}
	}

	@Override
	public List<SearchResult> searchJavaFile(File file, JavaFileChecker javaFileChecker) {
		final List<SearchResult> searchResults = new ArrayList<>();

		for (String importName : _imports.keySet()) {
			final SearchResult importResult = javaFileChecker.findImport(importName);

			if (importResult != null) {
				importResult.autoCorrectContext = PREFIX + importName;

				searchResults.add(importResult);
			}
		}

		return searchResults;
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Including Boost libraries into standard MinGW path how can I include Boost libraries (together with its includes files) in the standard search path of MinGW so that I can just do something like this;
#include <filesystem.hpp>
using boost::filesystem;

and avoiding adding -I, -l, and -L in Makefile, just like C++ standard library?
(I'm using compiled boost 1.51.0 on Windows 7)

A: The way I do it (for /usr/local) I add to my globally defined CXXFLAGS. I always use MinGW in conjunction with MSys. I changed the fstab (C:\MinGW\msys\1.0\etc\fstab) to map C:\Users to /home. (That should be the default anyway.) Then I define a .profile file in my user directory that contains my "default" CFLAGS, CXXFLAGS and LDFLAGS. So in my case:
export CFLAGS=-g -Wall -I/usr/local/include
export CXXFLAGS=-g -Wall -I/usr/local/include
export LDFLAGS=/usr/local/lib

In the makefile, I then only extend the variables as needed:
LDFLAGS += -lawsomelib

This works like a charm and has the advantage that I can locally redefine CXXFLAGS in special cases. Basically you should assume in a makefile that the variables CC, CXX, CXXFLAGS, CFLAGS and LDFLAGS are already defined and contain useful stuff. This is the portable and sort of standard way to do it.
(NOTE: /usr/local is not used as standard include location in vanilla MinGW + MSys.)

A: By default GCC looks for C_INCLUDE_PATH and CPP_INCLUDE_PATH environment variables.
Instead of doing -I, you can add the following to your .bashrc:
export CPP_INCLUDE_PATH=/path/to/your/boost/header

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Dexter Revival Will Pick Up 10 Years From The Final Season
Kimberley Bond in Entertainment
Published 4:07 PM, Thursday November 19 2020 GMT
The hotly-anticipated Dexter revival will be set 10 years after the show's final season, the showrunner has confirmed.
The cult-hit drama series, which followed Michael C Hall as the titular serial killer, concluded in 2013. The finale has caused major controversy amongst fans, as it saw Dexter go into exile following his murdering spree.
But the reboot, which was confirmed last month, won't see the show pick straight back up where it left off.
Instead, Dexter will be set a decade after the series finale.
A synopsis of the new series reads: "Set 10 years after Dexter Morgan went missing in the eye of Hurricane Laura, the revival sees the character now living under an assumed name in a world away from Miami."
Dexter ended in 2013 (Credit: Showtime)
Screenwriter Clyde Phillips, who has written for American series Suddenly Susan and Parker Lewis Can't Lose will be taking over as showrunner for the new series, which will air on American network Showtime.
Dexter Reboot Has Cast Flash Star Clancy Brown As Its Main Villain
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Speaking about the project, Clyde told the Hollywood Reporter: "So far as the ending of the show, this will have no resemblance to how the original finale was.
Michael C. Hall Hopes Dexter Revival Will Fix 'Unsatisfying' Finale
"It's a great opportunity to write a second finale."
Fans of the original series will also be happy to hear that the new series of Dexter will not so much be a continuation of the original, but a total reboot - which will hopefully "right the wrongs" of the last series.
Fans were disappointed with the show's conclusion (Credit: Showtime)
"In so far as the ending of the show, this will have no resemblance to how the original finale was. It's a great opportunity to write a second finale for our show, and Showtime was very gracious about that," he told the TV's Top 5 podcast.
"This is an opportunity to make that right, but that's not why we're doing it," he added. "We're doing this because there is such a hunger for Dexter out there.
"We're not undoing anything. We're not going to betray the audience and say, 'Whoops, that was all a dream.' What happened in the first eight years happened in the first eight years."
The Dexter reboot is scheduled to air in Autumn 2021.
Featured Image Credit: Showtime
Topics: Entertainment News, TV News, TV & Film
Kimberley Bond
Kim is a journalist at Tyla, and has previously worked at the Evening Standard, Radio Times as well as several national newspapers. A showbiz obsessive and a television fanatic, Kim is particularly interested in celebrity gossip, A-list events and the latest releases on either the big or small screen. Contact her at [email protected]
Follow @0xKimberley

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Q: hex(id()) returns alternating numbers for the same object, but id() returns a fixed number Python version: 3.6.9
I have discovered strange thing:

*

*hex(id(A.__dict__)) returns alternating numbers on multiple calls

*id(A.__dict__) returns a fixed number every time.

Demonstration
class A:
    pass

print("{:#^30s}".format("hex"))
print(hex(id(A.__dict__)))
print(hex(id(A.__dict__)))
print(hex(id(A.__dict__)))
print(hex(id(A.__dict__)))
print()

print("{:#^30s}".format("decimal"))
print(id(A.__dict__))
print(id(A.__dict__))
print(id(A.__dict__))
print(id(A.__dict__))
print()

print("{:#^30s}".format("both"))
print(id(A.__dict__), hex(id(A.__dict__)))
print(id(A.__dict__), hex(id(A.__dict__)))
print(id(A.__dict__), hex(id(A.__dict__)))
print(id(A.__dict__), hex(id(A.__dict__)))

Output
#############hex##############
0x7f4c06312558   <--- one
0x7f4c06312cd8   <--- two
0x7f4c06312558   <--- one
0x7f4c06312cd8   <--- two

###########decimal############
139964498126168   <--- all the same
139964498126168
139964498126168
139964498126168

#############both#############
139964498126168 0x7f4c06312558   <--- all the same
139964498126168 0x7f4c06312558
139964498126168 0x7f4c06312558
139964498126168 0x7f4c06312558

From my knowledge, the A is a type object and it is created at once at the source compiling stage. It has some attributes, the __dict__ is one of them and it should be the same object (mappingproxy) while whole lifetime of the A object. So its id should be fixed too and hex(id(A.__dict__)) should return the same number every time. But I see other behavior in the hex() case. And that is more strange, this behavior disappears when id() is nearby.
What happens here?
Similar question: Python reference to an new instance alternating

A: The underlying dict for a type's __dict__ isn't changing, but __dict__ itself is implemented much like a C-level @property, where the implementing function produces a new mappingproxy every time you access it (calling PyDictProxy_New(type->tp_dict);, where tp_dict is the actual underlying dict pointer).
So much like the other question, the issue here is an object being repeatedly created, with the precise allocation pattern of id() and hex changing the allocation interleaving in the allocator so you don't always get back the same memory.
This might seem inefficient, but it doesn't matter much in practice. Most use of the class uses tp_dict implicitly and directly, so no mapping proxy is created. It's fairly rare to actually access __dict__ explicitly at the Python layer, so the overhead of rewrapping is rarely paid at all.


Sophie Whittaker shared a terrifying secret. Hours later, she was dead.Detective Kay Hunter and her colleagues are shocked by the vicious murder of a teenage girl at a private party in the Kentish countryside.A tangled web of dark secrets is exposed as twisted motives point to a history of greed and corruption within the tight-knit community.Confronted by a growing number of suspects and her own enemies who are waging a vendetta against her, Kay makes a shocking discovery that will make her question her trust in everyone she knows.One to Watch is a gripping murder mystery thriller, and the third in the Detective Kay Hunter series. A page-turning whodunit for fans of Jeffery Deaver, Peter James, David Baldacci and James Patterson.
Note: This is Book 3 but it works fine as a stand alone. This series keeps getting better and better. I am impressed. Detective Kay Hunter continues to grow in depth and the plot is tighter and a little more complicated than the last book. There's also a bigger mystery that we get small pieces of in each book. Sophie Whittaker starts off dead so we only get to know her through the people she's left behind. It seems everyone loved her… or did they? She comes from a prominent family and the police are pushed to make an arrest right away. But our clever Kay questions whether they truly have their murderer. One of the things I really liked about this book was how Kay's team with their immediate boss Sharp really gel together. They have common goals and a very unreasonable manager. Kay has been missing that camaraderie that she had a few years ago before some evidence went missing and Kay was suspected of 'misplacing' it. This missing evidence continues to be part of this bigger mystery that stretches across all 3 books. Don't worry! If you haven't read the previous books, all the pertinent info is nicely repeated in this story. Kay finds some very disturbing things related to this and she decides she finally has to trust someone else besides her husband Adam. Yay! I love how this is developing. OK, back to Sophie. Her prominent family has agreed to an engagement to the son of a local wealthy businessman even though Sophie is only 16. Then there's this interesting Chastity Vow that has strong Christian undertones. Various characters react differently to this. I definitely agreed with Kay and Kariss. It was definitely an interesting wrinkle in the investigation. Toss in some black mail, plenty of hidden secrets, secret lovers, and a looming financial disaster, you have plenty of suspects. One to Watch is a thoroughly riveting tale! 5/5 stars. The Narration: Alison Campbell is a perfect Kay Hunter. She sounds analytical and hard when she needs to but can also be that loving wife and good friend. Campbell was great with all of Kay's emotions in this story. Most of the characters sounded distinct but some of the young men did sound like women from time to time. There were no technical issues with the recording. 4/5 stars.


Chef Aaron Lawson brings his extensive cooking background to the Renaissance Hotel and it's brand new restaurant, Brim House. Host Tim McMahon gets a lesson in how to navigate one of the most innovative kitchens in northwest Ohio.
Learn about how you can help the Toledo Zoo's conservation team—right in your own backyard!


It is usually a very stressful and traumatic experience to be involved in an auto collision and finding the best auto body shop is the best way to relieve that feeling of hopelessness. Having your car fixed back into its original state prior to the accident with a proper auto body repair and car painting job is a step back to normalcy and feeling comfortable in your wheels again. A professional auto body repair translates to a happy driver so you can get back to your life.
Best Deals Auto is indeed the best auto body shop in Etobicoke boasting 24 years in business and 16 years at the same Etobicoke location. From routine scratches or dents to serious auto body repairs, we are Toronto's most reliable choice for an independent auto body shop.
We offer affordable options for independent auto body repairs or deal directly with your insurance company for insurance claims. For most accidents, we can also waive your deductible up to $1000, depending on the claim which is great for no out of pocket expenses to cause you extra anxiety. We like to put our clients at ease knowing they have come to the best auto body shop in the GTA.
Nowadays, most drivers that get into a little fender bender repair their vehicles privately I..e. most claims under $1500 are usually settled privately. For most scratches, dents, or bumpers or fender repairs, we offer affordable auto body repair solutions to get you back on the road. We source aftermarket parts at reasonable rates and offer professional car painting with our computer paint match system to get you the exact precise paint colour according to the VIN number, paint code and year, make and model of the car you drive. This way, it's an exact match and will perfectly blend so the car is a uniform colour. Our body men have a 310B licence and are car painting experts. If in doubt, we also have a computer paint gun tool that we point to your colour car, and it can exact paint match according to the computer system to ensure the utmost precision in car painting expertise.
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Photo you using via the desert and out of the blue you listen to a sound emanating from your car or truck you by no means heard before. "What the heck is that sound?" you ask you about and about, or "Am I hearing it or imagining it?" Then you grapple with no matter if or not you ought to continue on to the nearest services station or cease the car or truck to prevent any more problems. With no the right information to make this essential selection, motorists may discover by themselves getting on a good deal of tension at a extremely inconvenient time.
One particular of the issues most car or truck house owners do not recognize is that autos, like individuals, can have lots of styles of troubles with them. As properly, they make lots of various styles of sounds, jogging properly or not so properly! The informed car or truck owner can make a improved selection on no matter if to find the aid of an automotive expert with simple diagnostic checks, applying simple instruments (or even no instruments) and a little bit of information to support them with this selection, lending them peace of mind together the way. In this report, I hope to offer you perception to some of this information. Soon after studying, you may discover you imagining on a additional simple amount when dealing with your car's troubles.
Autos have the potential to make a large vary of sounds: clicks, ticks, pings, bangs and pops. Some are additional serious than many others. If that sound is driving you batty and you are not in close proximity to a mechanic, pull the car or truck safely and securely to the facet, getting all security safety measures into account. Even though continue to in the car or truck and the car or truck jogging, listen to see if your car or truck is continue to building the sound. If it is, the audio is most probably related to the engine in some way. If not, then it is additional probably the rest of the car or truck. Possibly way, we have isolated the sound into two parts of value, moving or not moving.
Let us think we can continue to listen to the sound with the car or truck jogging but motionless. We can more isolate the sound by merely strolling around the car or truck after or 2 times listening for the audio and where by you can listen to it the loudest or most often.
Even while, in most autos, the engine is positioned in the front of the car or truck, the engine's exhaust travels the length of the car or truck so any place together that program, noises can be made via defect or vibration. The more to the rear you discover the sound, the much less serious the dilemma. A standard rule of thumb for present day front-wheel push motor vehicles is any sound from the driver's door to the back again of the car or truck (while the car or truck is motionless) would not hinder you from driving to a services station, or property.
The noises you could hope to listen to coming from an exhaust that has a hole or crack leaking exhaust someplace in the course of the program would audio equally minimal-pitched and higher pitched at the same time, sounding comparable to a snare-drum with a little bit of a thump at the exact time in a repetitive pulse (thanks to the opening and closing of the exhaust valves in the engine). If you looked beneath the car or truck where by the leak was emanating from it would be additional pronounced. You can push property, but get it mounted. Leaky exhausts only get even worse and can diminish your vehicle's gas performance and overall performance, dependent on the place of the leak.
If the sound is continue to in this place but is additional of an occasional sound with a pinging, clang, or pop, then it may well not be a leak. Clangs and pings are often related to neat or cooling tins that run together the exhaust program and among it and the floor of the car or truck to retain people parts of the car or truck from acquiring hot. They can ping just from the boost/lessen in temperature but a unfastened tin will also ping and/or bang. All over again, this is not an crisis but not a little something that ought to not be still left to more deterioration if you can aid it. A popping audio coming from your car's tailpipe is a signal that a little something just isn't just correct with the engine. It could necessarily mean the car or truck requires a tune-up a sensor may well not be doing the job thoroughly, and so on. Most of this is negligible and you can endure the push to a services station but once more, practically nothing to ignore. Allowing your engine to burn off gas improperly about a prolonged interval can induce problems to your engine's components which can direct to substantial repair service expenditures.
So, let us say that driving the front doors the audio diminishes and it seems most obvious towards the front. You'd move around and attempt to decide what facet of the car or truck as properly as no matter if the sound arrived from the extremely front of the car or truck or additional towards the windshield. Most front-wheel push autos have the engine belts and pulleys on the passenger facet of the car or truck with the transmission/transaxle on the driver's facet. Knowing this, you ought to listen to additional sound on the passenger facet even in a new car or truck, but it is a peculiar audio that you find.
With all that sound coming from these kinds of a crowded place, what can you do to pin it down? Initially, be harmless and totally specified you do not have hair, jewelry, or clothes dangling into the engine compartment while it is jogging, the risks are real when dealing with the belts and pulleys which generally are not coated extremely properly! Once you have made guaranteed you are crystal clear to peer in, do so listening carefully as you move together the engine compartment.
Even now having issues pinning it down? Do you have a newspaper handy, a folder maybe you have a funnel in your trunk? Maybe you are acquiring the plan…a little something you can roll up to make a cone or megaphone shape. This will make a terrific listening machine in a pinch. By pointing the large opening towards the place of the audio and listening at the modest stop your ear will direct you into a rough place of the audio. Once you have discovered it you can flip the megaphone around and trace the entirety of the roughly described place, with the modest opening, to pin-level the offending part or place. This will give you terrific satisfaction, if practically nothing else that you have a rough plan what is heading on with your car or truck. This would also greatly assist a mechanic in confirming the dilemma, so you could conserve you a significant repair service bill and, give you peace of mind.
-Ticking – Normally, minimal oil can final result in a continuous tick, tick, tick in fast succession – Locale: This sound is usually on the major of the engine unless your engine is a V-six or V8 in which circumstance, on front-wheel push motor vehicles, it would be front or back again of the engine. Trucks and rear-push autos with V-type engines would have the sound on the still left and correct sides. Diagnosis & Prognosis: Look at oil amount and exchange what is dropped, if it is minimal. If it persists, consult with your services experienced. The true ticking audio is from a absence of lubricant at the lifter/valve stem, rocker arm, thrust-rods (if outfitted) and camshaft creating a slight delay in the spring return or the true pushing movement resulting in a slight gap in the call of a couple of of these components creating them to faucet (or tick) towards just about every other. Other resources of "tick": Ordinary operation of A/C compressor (occasional tick or clack) Debris in electric powered lover, crystal clear particles with engine and lover off (let to neat prior to cleaning) Exhaust leak at engine, find experienced aid but you are Okay to push.
-Squealing – Motor belts are regarded as a have on product. This is since they are attached to moving components (pulleys) and experience a honest quantity of friction about time. They also dry out and crack beneath large use or being still left to the elements, notably in dry states like Arizona. Locale: Passenger facet of engine compartment on FWD autos and Front of engine compartment on RWD autos and trucks. Diagnosis & Prognosis: Harder to pin-level to a modest level with a makeshift megaphone. Shut off car or truck and look to see if there are certainly cracks on the belt(s)…you can check out by depressing the belt and searching for cracks as it flexes. If you can see cracks with or with out this motion then you ought to approach for a substitute straight away. Once confirmed, make an appointment with your services experienced. An unusually dry belt can squeal for no other reason, for this you can obtain a spray can of Belt Dressing to mitigate the sound. It helps to situation the belt for improved grip. Other resources of a squeal: Or squelching would be minimal electric power steering pump fluid amount, check out and fill as essential, PS pumps can fail and induce a terrific deal of squelching. Seek a experienced if you feel this is the induce H2o pumps have a bearing that can get worn and squeal, find a experienced Idler pulley or wheel bearing, find experienced.
-Pinging and knocking – This can have a couple of resources but generally have to do with your ignition and gas program. It could be as simple as the high quality of gas you pumped in the tank or an engine in require of a tune-up which is often referred to as pre-ignition. This can come about from weak upkeep schedules or filling up at the erroneous gas station. Diagnosis & Prognosis: Begin by fueling at an additional place. If the dilemma persists make an appointment for a tune-up (new spark plugs, air filters, and so forth.) and run a gas injection cleaner gas additive via your engine. In most situations, this will crystal clear it up. Other resources of pinging and/or knocking: Improperly working EGR or pc sensors, find a experienced. From time to time a clanging audio in the engine simply cannot be pin-pointed and this could be connecting rod bearings. This is substantial and ought to be noticed by a experienced before serious problems to your engine happens.
-Gurgling – 99 occasions out of one hundred this is thanks to the cooling program not doing its career. Boiling coolant could be heard from the coolant reservoir and even via the hoses. Diagnosis & Prognosis: Be harmless Never ever take away the radiator cap or reservoir cap when the engine is hot. Enable engine to neat and check out the reservoir's amount indicator to give you an plan if you require coolant. Insert as essential. If there appears to be plenty, then there is a higher likelihood that your thermostat is not working as it ought to. One particular noticeable indicator of this is that your heater may not warmth like it employed to or maybe not at all. An inoperable electric powered lover while in large site visitors can also induce the temperature to soar. Seek a experienced for any of these repairs as essential.
Are there other parts of odd noises? Certainly, maybe you listen to noises when you turn on your heater lover. A mouse could have stashed some particles in your auto's vent ducts. You may listen to a squelch which may be the blower belt slipping thanks maybe to a negative bearing attached to the blower/electric powered motor. And while we are in the car or truck, maybe you listen to a sound as you push, it could be a little something as simple as a door slightly ajar or a window open just a contact.
If the noises are heard only while the car or truck or truck is in motion then you could be dealing with suspension or steering abnormalities (clunks, banking companies and pops) or maybe push coach troubles these kinds of as bearings (grinding and vibration). Brakes will also make plenty of sound when they are heading negative (screeching = constructed-in pad have on indicator), now negative (grinding when brakes applied = pad amount substantial with steel to steel call) but also if brand name new (slight squeak or squeal when car or truck is in motion = metallic/semi-metallic brake pads are responsible of this and is a final result of a modest burr or fragment hanging absent from pads rubbing on the brake rotor. This is a defect of the style and design, not of the pads and is ordinary and not regarded as alarming. Even so, as with any sound you have any doubt about, check out with a experienced for information, primarily when it arrives to brakes, steering and suspension.
Although there are lots of noises a car or truck can make about its lifetime, ideally this will give you an plan of some of them, and aid you come to a decision no matter if you ought to continue your journey of a excursion to the shop or a working day absent organization commute.


The mess in Buenos Aires is nothing short of criminal. Citizens are rioting. The government is blocking depositors from tapping their bank accounts. Commercial banks have been forced to turn over dollars to the central bank. People are trying to sneak greenbacks out of the country.
When President Eduardo Duhalde ended the decade-old currency system, in which the peso and dollar both legally circulated at a 1-to-1 exchange rate, the peso was devalued. Okay, devaluations are one of life's risks. But this one was far more than a typical devaluation. It was legalized theft.
a dollar. This strong convertibility feature distinguished Argentina's setup from the typical fiat money system. Its demise also is distinctive, perversely so.
As part of Duhalde's Jan. 6 repeal of convertibility, he confiscated $17.8 billion of foreign reserves. Until his action, that was the property of peso holders.
Convertibility's detractors have a way of blaming Argentina's problems not on the breakdown of the rule of law but on the strong dollar, which supposedly led to an overvalued peso. This is said to have rendered Argentina uncompetitive, causing the economy to slump and forcing Argentina to default on its debt.
Argentinean exports during the first 11 months of 2001 were 3.2% ahead of the same period in 2000. Considering that the real growth in world trade was only an estimated 0.9% last year, Argentina's export performance was rather strong. Indeed, the export sector has been one of the few bright spots in the Argentinean economy. If the rest of the economy had been growing as fast as the exports during the last two years, Argentina would not be in a recession and the government would not be bankrupt.
Hell-bent on proving that the peso has been overvalued, convertibility's critics also point to purportedly high prices in Buenos Aires. More nonsense. A recent Union Bank of Switzerland survey of prices in 58 of the world's largest cities found that, for a basket of 111 goods and services, Buenos Aires ranked 22nd. That's about midway between the most expensive city, Tokyo, and the least, Bombay.
The biggest lie of all is that the peso devaluation will get the economy going again. Let's go through the arithmetic. To stimulate Argentina's exports by 1%, the real value of the peso (adjusted for inflation) would have to depreciate by 10%. Argentinean exports only accounted for one-tenth of gross domestic product last year. This implies that if the current devaluation of 50% doesn't pass through to any domestic inflation--in short, if the nominal devaluation is a real devaluation--exports will increase by around 5%. Even under these unrealistic assumptions, a 50% devaluation would only add a paltry 0.5% to a collapsed post-devaluation GDP.
Any way you cut this, there was no moral or factual justification for Argentina's devaluation and nullification of contracts. The Bush Administration should refuse to offer any direct aid and should veto any proposal for the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank or the Inter-American Development Bank to lend money to Argentina. There is a legal basis for refusing a bailout. Title 22, Section 2370 of the U.S. Code provides for suspending U.S. assistance to any country that seizes property owned by U.S. citizens or corporations or nullifies contracts with them. Americans with property in Argentina have been victimized just as much as Argentineans.
If that isn't enough, listen to President George Bush's first State of the Union address. "We have no intention of imposing our culture," Bush said. "But America will always stand firm for the nonnegotiable demands of human dignity: the rule of law; limits on the power of the state; respect for women; private property; free speech; equal justice; and religious tolerance."
The U.S. should not tolerate the plundering. It should pressure Argentina's rulers to restore people's property and the rule of law.
Steve H. Hanke is a professor of applied economics at The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and chairman of the Friedberg Mercantile Group, Inc. in New York. Visit his home page at www.forbes.com/hanke.


What does it mean today to "eat healthy"?
My adult lifetime has seen the many comings and goings of the Diets of Exclusion: No fat. No carbs. No sugar (but replaced with artificial sweeteners). No cholesterol.
The no-fat/low-fat diet, in particular, really resonated with me in its hay day — if you don't consume fat, surely it's impossible to add fat to your body. We believed that. We really did.
I cringe now to think how many bottles of fat-free salad dressing (loaded with all sorts of man-made chemical compounds) and packages of fat-free cookies (chocolate coated sugar bombs) I went through during those years. I was young and nimble and active — so of course didn't gain weight — but now I wonder what permanent effects that nutrient poor diet had on my inner workings.
I remember in grad school, guiltily snacking on apple slices dipped in peanut butter, while white rice simmered away on the stove, later to be topped with fat-free ranch dressing for lunch. Massive amounts of guilt over that peanut butter, the fat in that peanut butter. Not the goopy-globby dressing with an ingredient list taken straight from a chemist's supply cabinet, or the white rice (still, at that point, decades away from being ID'd as a nutritionally void, blood-glucose-spiking naughty grain).
Food science was grossly inadequate. We were clueless and gullible. Nutritionists who knew better didn't have a way to share their voice (this was pre-interwebs).
But now we know. The apple with peanut butter was probably the healthiest part of that lunch (although swapping white rice for brown and replacing the hideous ranch dressing with olive oil and lemon juice would've made a nutritious meal for a busy student on the go).
The questions and scientific back-pedaling keep coming, however.
Daily headlines announce yet another problem with our food system. Yesterday, it was canned soup. Before that, carrageenan. UTI-inducing chicken meat, tuna scrape, pink slime, GMOs, 2,4-D defoliant drift.
It's enough to paralyze one in the grocery aisle.
But for me, this mile-long list of problems is amazing. Wonderful.
Because at last, people are stopping to ask: Why is this in our food system, and should it be there? Should we really cut out sugar and grains? Is dairy bad for everyone, or just some? Should we reduce our intake of red meat? Should we give up meat entirely? Are self-proclaimed organic companies on the up-and-up in terms of authentic ingredients? Do GMO foods impact long-term health (or short-term, for that matter)? Is the USDA helping or hurting? How can we reign in Monsanto?
These questions have to be asked, and they are being asked. And publicized. And debated.
All in all, it's a really great time to be a home cook, gardener and foodie.
What's remained consistently true, thankfully, is the integrity of the home garden. I use only organic methods, so I know exactly what is going into the soil that is nourishing the food growing out of it. No dioxins. No pesticides. No chemistry-set fertilizer compounds. And absolutely no Round-Up (anywhere in the yard).
When you grow your own food — even if it's just a pot of tomatoes on the patio, or herbs in the kitchen window — you're taking back a little bit of control of your own food system, your own health.
And to that end, I have for you today a garden-fresh side dish. Super easy to pull together, and not a lick of artificial anything inside. Just loads of vegetable and quinoa goodness. True, you might not grow these veggies at home, in which case I hope you have access to ethical local growers who do.
I don't know for certain, but I'm optimistic that we're on the right track to finding out.
Use a sharp knife to carve out the zucchini flesh from the shell, taking care not to break through the wall. Discard any big clumps of seeds and chop the zucchini flesh into small dices.
Combine the zucchini, quinoa, tomatoes, cucumber, scallions and basil in a medium bowl. Drizzle with the olive oil and lemon juice, and toss to mix. Taste, and add salt as needed.
Spoon the mixture into the hallowed-out zucchini shells and serve.
I've never seen round zucchini, only the elongated variety which around here is referred to as green squash.
But I have a little zucchini plant growing like mad right now. It's in the dining room window.
I've made changes that attempt to cut back the refined sugars in my life and that includes HFCS. But fats, well, a lot of vitamins are fat soluble. And the human body needs a certain amount of fat to function properly.
And that's the other change, much more fruit and vegetable and not much white rice at all.
Re: fat – absolutely – and that was the complete absurdity of the low-fat diet. At one point, I'm sure it took a week for me to consume the recommended amount of [what we now know are] healthy fats for one, single day. And on the flip side, things like biscuit dough in a can, which had, say, 3g of saturated fat per serving – all of them transfats – well, I ate those. Low fat, right?
It's insane what we were told and, thanks, old food pyramid, we're unhealthier than ever. My garden may only have tomatoes, basil and rosemary today, but there are farmers' markets all week, local ranchers and butchers, egg producers–all of which mean I have a better choice. Thanks for another excellent recipe.
I couldn't agree more! I have come to the conclusion actually that I should trust my own instincts instead of what I read. It changes constantly, but the idea of fresh fruits and vegetables and clean meat to me just simply makes sense. I used to follow every diet that came along and dragged my poor kids along with me. It was insanity, but everyone I knew did the same thing. I truly believe that we are finally asking the right questions and going in the right direction….
This is the first time I have seen a zucchini like that – totally intrigued.
Frankly, I am not sure how any of us survived the 80's. Good post & lovely salad.
what a great post! so true — yay home gardens! that zucchini is incredible! it's round! and wow, those flavor combos sound so delicious!


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Home Essays Hamlet's Soliloquy Parody
Hamlet's Soliloquy Parody
Topics: Nutrition, Food, Eating Pages: 1 (297 words) Published: March 11, 2009
To eat or not to eat, that is the question
Whether it is better to eat in moderation
And stay healthy and fit
Or to indulge one's mouth and stomach
And eat that delicious red velvet cake. To eat; to bite;
No more dieting; and by partaking of food I mean to end
The heartache and thousand hunger pangs
That I am subject to in a diet.
The union of food and stomach is extremely desired. To eat; to bite; To bite—maybe even overindulge: oh what a dream!
For in those first few mouthfuls of delicious freedom how happy I will be In breaking the shackles of this dreadful diet
At the greatest of all buffets: souplantation. There's a discontent That makes me return yet again to the bar for more.
For who would just sit at the table
Talking to companions, digestion slowly,
And never to be truly full and satisfied,
When she might be able to eat another plateful
Of pasta? What consequences she must face,
Carbohydrates, Calories, and worst of all—weight,
But the diet that is my new year's resolution—
The Jenny Craig diet, from which such severe limits
No human should ever endure—starves my soul,
And makes me salivate at the sight of such heavenly sweets
At the price of shedding a few pounds?
I cannot endure the temptation any longer;
And pity my overweight-self, but I choose
That victuals are none other than vital, delicious, necessities Who's doomed fate leads them to my stomach.
With food, I will finally be appeased
And with a donut in one hand and a muffin in the other- I resume to my life Such scrumptious delights! I yield in their glory
Sacrificing my weight for such pleasures.
Hamlet's Soliloquys Essay
...play Hamlet there are soliloquys, these soliloquys enable the audience/reader to be able to know what the characters truly think and how they truly feel. Although many characters have their own soliloquys, Hamlet's are the most informative and advance the plot the greatest. In Hamlet's soliloquys we learn of events that speed his revenge, how he feels about his father's death and his mother's swift marriage to Hamlet's uncle Claudius. Hamlet's first soliloquy of the play reveals possibly the most about his character in one soliloquy. This soliloquy reveals that Hamlet longs for death by saying "O that this too too solid flesh would melt" (Shakespeare 14) but he cannot kill himself because it is a sin: "His canon 'gainst self-slaughter." (Shakespeare 14). Hamlet is considering suicide because he finds life and the world utterly tedious and foul, and overrun with "things rank and gross in nature" (Shakespeare 14). When Hamlet talks about his father he compares him to the sun god Hyperion and his uncle and new king Claudius to a satyr. "Hyperion to a satyr" (Shakespeare 14). Hamlet recalls how lovingly his father cared for his mother "so loving to my mother" (Shakespeare 14), and how passionately she loved him "she would hang on him As if increase of appetite had grown" (Shakespeare 14). When Hamlet thinks of his...
Hamlet's Soliloquy
...Hamlet's Soliloquy - To be, or not to be Hamlet's "To be, or not to be" soliloquy is arguably the most famous soliloquy in the history of the theatre. Even today, 400 years after it was written, most people are vaguely familiar with the soliloquy even though they may not know the play. What gives these 34 lines such universal appeal and recognition? What about Hamlet's introspection has prompted scholars and theatregoers alike to ask questions about their own existence over the centuries? In this soliloquy, Shakespeare strikes a chord with a fundamental human concern: the validity and worthiness of life. Would it not be easier for us to simply enter a never-ending sleep when we find ourselves facing the daunting problems of life than to "suffer / the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune"? However, it is perhaps because we do not know what this endless sleep entails that humans usually opt against suicide. "For in that sleep of death what dreams may come / When we have shuffled off this mortal coil / Must give us pause." Shakespeare seems to understand this dilemma through his character Hamlet, and thus the phrase "To be, or not to be" has been immortalized; indeed, it has pervaded our culture to such a remarkable extent that it has been referenced countless times in movies, television, and the media. Popular movies such as Billy Madison quote the...
Hamlet's to Be or Not to Be Parody Essay
...To eat or not to eat – that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the stomach to suffer [...] To eat, to indulge – No more – and by indulge to say we end The deprivation and the thousand natural shocks That the stomach is heir to - 'tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To eat, to indulge – To indulge, perchance to satisfy the soul. Ay, there's the rub, For in that surrender to food what regrets may come, When we have given in to a few mouthfuls of delicious freedom, Feed guilty desire to end the body's famine. There's the respect That makes calamity of so long life. For who would bear the whips and scorns of starvation, [...] Thus conscience does make us slaves of society's ideals, And thus prevents us all from sacrificing weight for such brief pleasures And the urge to stuff the face and fill the stomach to its full capacity With this regard, the stomach stops weeping, And loses the name of appetite. To eat or not to eat – that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the stomach to suffer [...] To eat, to indulge – No more – and by indulge to say we end The deprivation and the thousand natural shocks That the stomach is heir to - 'tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To eat, to indulge – To indulge, perchance to satisfy the soul. Ay, there's the rub, For in that surrender to food what regrets may come, When we have given in to a few mouthfuls of delicious freedom, Feed guilty desire to end the body's famine. There's the respect...
Hamlet's Second Soliloquy Essay
...HAMLET'S SECOND SOLILOQUY	Coming immediately after the meeting with the Ghost of Hamlet's father, Shakespeare uses his second soliloquy to present Hamlet's initial responses to his new role of revenger. Shakespeare is not hesitant in foreboding the religious and metaphysical implications of this role, something widely explored in Elizabethan revenge tragedy, doing so in the first lines as Hamlet makes an invocation to 'all you host of heaven' and 'earth'. Hamlet is shown to impulsively rationalize the ethical issues behind his task as he views it as a divine ordinance of justice, his fatalistic view reiterated at the end of scene 5 with the rhyming couplet 'O cursed spite,/That ever I was born to set it right'. These ideas are paralleled in Vindice's opening soliloquy in The Revenger's Tragedy, as he calls upon a personified 'Vengeance, thou murder's quit-rent' and asks 'Faith' to 'give Revenge her due'. This concept of acting as God's scourging agent identifies the hubristic nature of the two character's proposals, Shakespeare also introducing ideas of 'heaven', 'hell' and 'earth' that recur in the play's cosmic perspective on revenge. However, while this display of hamartia is particularly strong in Vindice, who therefore seems damned from the first scene, Shakespeare complexly introduces Hamlet's underlying morals concerning revenge as he asks whether he 'shall...
Hamlet's Soliloquy Essay
...HAMLET: To be, or not to be--that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing end them. To die, to sleep-- No more--and by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to. 'Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep-- To sleep--perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub, For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause. There's the respect That makes calamity of so long life. For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, Th' oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely The pangs of despised love, the law's delay, The insolence of office, and the spurns That patient merit of th' unworthy takes, When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin? Who would fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life, But that the dread of something after death, The undiscovered country, from whose bourn No traveller returns, puzzles the will, And makes us rather bear those ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of? Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought, And enterprise of great pitch and moment With this regard their currents turn awry And lose the name of action. -- Soft you now, The fair Ophelia! -- Nymph, in...
Essay on Hamlet's 1st Soliloquy Analysis
...What, in your opinion, are some of the purposes of this opening soliloquy? Provide at least three possibilities. Explain your answer by making specific references to the soliloquy and to the events from the play so far. (6) There are several purposes for this soliloquy. This soliloquy aids the audience in gaining a more accurate insight into the character of Hamlet and his thoughts and feelings. The opening lines showcase Hamlets lack of self-worth and that he is a religious man. He wishes to die, "…that this too too-solid flesh would melt…", but cannot do so because it is a sin. This is evident by him saying, "…the Everlasting had not fix'd His cannon 'gainst self-slaughter!" We also learn that Hamlet is depressed. He feels the world to be, "weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable". His comparison of the world to an "unweeded garden" is further proof that everything Hamlet sees is to his distaste. Furthermore, this soliloquy also aids the audience in understanding Hamlets feelings about other characters. Hamlet feels that Gertrude, his mom, married too suddenly. This is evident by him saying, "O God, a beast that wants discourse of reason would have mourned longer!". As a result, he feels his mom is foolish and weak by saying, "frailty thy name is woman!" This could also show his feelings for women in general. Hamlet also sees Gertrude's marriage to Claudius as incestuous as evident by...
Essay about Hamlet's Soliloquy to Be or Not to Be
...TO BE OR NOT TO BE An Analysis of Hamlet's Famous Soliloquy Hamlet's soliloquy begins with what must be the most famous line in the English canon: "To be or not to be." For the character at that moment, it is an important question, literally one of "life and death", but the general terms in which it is phrased gives it a resonance that reaches out past Hamlet. Hamlet poses the question on the most metaphysical level – not "shall I kill myself?", nor "can I live like this?" but "to be or not to be". It is existence itself that is up for debate in this speech. The form of words guarantees that Hamlet's question will be interpreted on a general level: the line uses one of the most basic verbs in the language, one without which English itself would surely be impossible to speak. The verb is then phrased in the infinitive, "to be", rather than attaching it to any specific noun or pronoun (not even Hamlet's own "I"). Balancing it on the other side of "or" is the simplest possible opposition, the same verb with a one syllable prefix: "not". Again, at the risk of labouring the point, "to be" is not opposed by "suicide", "death" or "non-existence" but its simple grammatical opposite. Shakespeare boils down the issue to its simplest and most abstract form, until it almost doesn't make sense – it would be interesting to know how many people who recognise the phrase "to be or not to be" could explain...
Hamlet's Soliloquies Reveal His Personality Essay
...Hamlet's Soliloquies Reveal His Personality "To be or not to be—that is the question (Hamlet, III, i, 64)" The previous quotation is the opening line from Hamlet's most famous soliloquy in which he is contemplating suicide as an end to all of his adversities. "Hamlet's world is bleak and cold because almost no one and nothing can be trusted ("Folger Shakespeare Library")." Hamlet allows his words to exhibit his emotions through the soliloquies in the play. While dealing with the sudden loss of his father, Hamlet must now face the reality of his mother's (Gertrude) marriage to his uncle, Claudius, only two months after his father's death. Hamlet learns that Claudius murdered his father to become the king of Denmark. These dilemmas in Hamlet's life are the cause of his depression and desire of revenge against his father's killer. Joanna Montgomery Byles states that "The concept of the superego, both individual and cultural, is important to our understanding of the dynamics of aggressive destruction in Shakespeare's tragedies involving revenge. (Tragic Alternatives 1)." "According to the psychoanalytic perspective on human development, the superego represents a person's conscience, incorporating distinctions between right and wrong; ("Saskatchewan Learning")" therefore, superego may justify the reasons for Hamlet's actions because both his father's death, and...
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Parents are the single biggest influence on a child's life, serving as caregiver, role model, teacher, and guide all rolled into one.
Our national parenting strategy: making a positive difference to children and young people through parenting, published in October 2012, was shaped by comments gathered from a diverse range of parents across Scotland. Some of the key messages received were published in bringing up children - your views.
The strategy promotes the importance of parenting and seeks to make it easier for parents to access high-quality support. Below are some of the resources we have produced to support parents.
Playing, talking and reading are vitally important to a child's wellbeing and mental development, particularly in the early years from birth to age five.
Through the Play, Talk, Read initiative, we are encouraging parents, grandparents and carers to interact with their young children in ways that will help them to be happier, learn more, and enjoy a better start in life.
Visit the Play, Talk, Read website.
Ready, Steady, Baby! and Ready, Steady, Toddler!
We worked with NHSScotland to develop both Ready, Steady, Baby!, for pregnant women and parents of children up to 12 months of age, and Ready, Steady, Toddler! for parents of children aged from 12 to 26 months.
These resources aim to improve the health and wellbeing of parents and their young children by providing information about pregnancy, childbirth, and early parenting.
Ready, Steady, Baby! is distributed free of charge to every pregnant woman in Scotland through midwives at their antenatal booking appointment, to build on the advice given by health professionals.
Ready, Steady, Toddler! is available to parents free of charge via their health visitor.
Email nhs.HealthScotland-Publications@nhs.net to order copies of either publication.


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TEENAGERS FEAT. FRANKIE LYMON, THE
"New York doo-wop group centered around the talent of its 13-year-old frontman and lead singer Frankie Lymon, the Teenagers exerted an enormous influence on the early rock and roll and doo-wop scene, and hits such as 'I'm Not a Juvenile Delinquent' or 'Why Do Fools Fall in Love?' clearly provided initial inspiration to Berry Gordy to model his entire Motown production approach. Though they only existed as a group for a brief 18-month period, they've been mentioned as source of inspiration by the likes of Diana Ross, Smokey Robinson and Michael Jackson over the years. Their self-titled first album originally issued on Gee, remained in print longer than any other album from the 1950s, thanks in part to one of the most distinctive looking album covers of its period."


How Much Do Interior Barn Doors Cost?
Home → Blog → How Much Do Interior Barn Doors Cost?
If you're searching for barn door installation cost, cost of a barn door, or how much does it cost to install barn doors in your home, this post will help you understand what the average costs are. MK Remodeling builds custom barn doors for homes and commercial locations in the Phoenix Valley.
To get your free barn door installation quote, please call 480-285-6443.
A sliding barn door can be built for just the cost of the lumber to build it, however, the track system itself will be an additional cost of $100 to $2,000 dollars, depending on the weight capacity, size, style, and materials needed.
The lightweight aluminum, in a plain track system and excluding the doors will begin with a cost of between $100 to $200 dollars and holds between 75lbs. to 125 lbs. If you are wanting a basic package that is going to include everything needed in one deal, depending on the intended weight capacity, materials, and how many tracks you are wanting, it will run between $300 and $2,000 dollars.
A standard size of lightweight sliding doors (on a track system) will run between $100 to $250 dollars. If you are wanting the appearance indoors of an exterior barn sliding door the cost will be between $300 to $700 dollars for custom and over-sized orders having glass inserts. For models that are entirely wood they run between $500 and $1,000 dollars.
These doors can generally be installed within a couple of hours by the use of a ladder, carpenter's level, and a power drill. This is a process requiring assistants in lifting the huge doors onto the tracks, which includes an additional cost for the handyman of around $100 to $300 dollars for the labor of installation, this will depend on the local going rates, size of doors, and the number of doors. If in an urban area, the cost of having them installed by a carpenter could be higher.
Bringing a total cost for your track and door, not including the cost of installation and labor to $200 and $1,000 dollars, and this is for the simplest interior barn sliding door, however, if you're interested in rugged exterior doors it is going to run between $500 and $2,500 dollars. Located in Washington, Uncle Howard's is selling the classic barn doors, which include the hardware needed, for around $1,100 and $1,400 dollars, plus additional for shipping.
Sliding barn doors leave one side of the entry way visible and the other side will not be. They are installed on a railing that slides across the opening of the entryway (similar to that of a pocket door). These doors can come in a size large enough to cover a barn or a garage door opening and also as small as an interior standard size door. They are generally more heavier and have sturdier hardware than your pocket doors, this keeps the door from being able to swing at the bottom.
It is fairly easy to install sliding barn doors, there is not any demolition needed to the walls like with pocket doors. However, the bracket that the hold the tracks does have to be mounted with wall studs, or else ceiling joists. Never install sliding barn doors in an area where they will be opening and closing across windows, electrical outlets, pictures, or any other kinds of things.
Sliding barn doors comes in a wide range of styles. You can check-out the examples given on the uses of interior and exterior barn style sliding doors online at Remodelista.com or Chic Coles Blog.
Barn doors aren't just for the farm, they offer homeowners great advantages. Chief among the advantages is making a bold and unique statement. Set you interior space apart from the rest by having a modern or rustic door designed and installed. They also save space, increase accessibility, make your home more versatile, and can even increase the value of your property. Read more about each advantage below.
One of the biggest advantages of a barn door in your home, business, or restaurant is making a unique impression. Regular doors are a dime a dozen. Stand out from the crowd and appoint your property with a unique custom barn door that helps tell your style story.
Doors swing out or in and the path needs to be kept clear. Hallways in your property can feel cramped in doors open out into them. Rooms don't have as much floor space with a regular door either. A barn door slides against the wall and leaves you more square footage for your furnishings.
Barn doors improve the accessibility of your home. Since a barn door doesn't need to be close every time you enter or exit a room you can leave them open. This makes doing a chore where you've got to keep going in and out of a room such as laundry a snap.
Whether your considering a barn door for your business, restaurant, or home installing barn doors improves versatility. In homes open floor plan layouts are popular. There are times where you'd like to section these ares off during gatherings and holidays. Barn doors make it easy to open and close to provide a barrier or create more space for your needs.
As with any home improvement a barn door can help increase the value of your property. The more refinements your home has that make it easier to use, more beautiful, and convenient the more your house will be worth. Premium features such as barn doors over regular doors sets homes apart in the market.
If you have a home, business, restaurant, or other commercial space where you'd like a custom barn door installed, MK Remodeling can help! We custom build interior barn doors to fit your space, your style, and your budget. Add some unique flair to your property and visual appeal with a barn door from MK Remodeling.


text:
Alternatives for the Internet: A Journey into Decentralised Network Architectures and Information Commons
Mélanie Dulong de Rosnay* and Francesca Musiani**
*Centre for Internet and Society, CNRS, Paris, France, melanie.dulong@cnrs.fr, https://cis.cnrs.fr/melanie-dulong/
**Centre for Internet and Society, CNRS, Paris, France, francesca.musiani@cnrs.fr, https://cis.cnrs.fr/francesca-musiani/
Abstract: For over twenty years, alternative forms of organising and networking – fuelled by the Internet but sometimes pre-dating it – have been discussed as possible responses to the dynamics of concentration, centralisation and capture exemplified in the current pervasively digital world by Internet giants such as Google and Facebook. This article takes stock of the lessons learned by the authors in over a decade of research on decentralised/P2P network architectures and on information commons, to suggest some 'ways forward' for these alternatives for the Internet.
Keywords: Internet, alternatives, peer-to-peer, P2P, decentralisation, information commons, digital commons, data commons, urban commons, intellectual property, capitalism, peer production
In a world dominated by Internet giants – such as Google, Facebook, Apple, Amazon and Microsoft, the infamous GAFAM – whose business models feed on the massive collection, retention and elaboration of our data and content, are there any alternatives to capitalism? For at least twenty years, from the beginnings of Napster[1] in 1999 (Ku 2002), decentralised network architectures, or peer-to-peer (P2P), have been discussed as a possible response to these dynamics of concentration, centralisation and capture (e.g. Schoder and Fischbach 2003). Indeed, the choice by engineers and designers to develop P2P architectures over centralised models has many implications for the design of the online services and media that we use on a daily basis, and for our lives as Internet users (Musiani 2015; Méadel and Musiani 2015).
In parallel, and also for more than two decades, new ways of producing and sharing information based on the commons, or commons-based peer production models (Benkler 2006), have also been emerging online, with the development of information and digital commons (Bollier and Pavlovich 2008; Stalder 2010; Dulong de Rosnay and Le Crosnier 2012). Free and Open Source software (F/OSS, which started as a movement in 1983), Free Culture, Wikipedia, and the open science and open data movements are providing content with more freedoms to users and authors. Information and digital commons have proved a noteworthy alternative to the business models of the entertainment and knowledge economy built on exclusive rights on software, scientific articles, and culture – all produced within the framework of a strong intellectual property system, crucial for commercial production models.
2. Maximising the Internet's Value for Society
Decentralised network architectures and information commons refer to a particular form of organisation: a network of peers, or equals, that allows several individuals to collaborate spontaneously (and, in the case of P2P architectures, without the need for a central coordinating entity: Schollmeier 2001). In such an architecture, the responsibility for exchanges or communications lies at the periphery of the system, and all of its resources are distributed among several machines. P2P architectures can enable the self-organised and decentralised coordination of previously under-utilised or limited resources, or the greater inclusion of users. P2P networks have three main features: each node of the network can act as both a supplier and a consumer of resources (information, bandwidth, storage and computing capacity, etc.); there is no central coordinating authority for the organisation of the network; and there is no entity that has a global vision of it – each node can determine autonomously how it makes its resources available to other nodes.
Indeed, some comparable principles exist in the arrangements that focus on the production of tangible and intangible commons. Commons-based peer production is based on the self-organisation of communities that take shared decisions to organise rights of use, share responsibilities in production, and enforce control or authority in case sanctions are needed; commons-based peer production is a model whose governance rules do not involve the state or the market (Benkler 2006). The commons are also based on decentralised coordination, even if research has shown that some centralised figures stand out and contribute more to particular tasks (O'Neil 2009).
On the basis of these technical and governance principles, philosophers and social scientists have explored the forms of organisation of both P2P and the commons as alternative ways not only to distribute software, files and cultural works among peers, but also to manage the Internet, and to develop alternative applications, platforms, knowledge, or creations. This ensemble of models can potentially form the basis of efficiency, security and "sustainable digital development" (Linkov et al. 2018) for P2P, and of agile sharing, open access and collaborative work within the digital commons.
Globally, at the level of individual and collective rights, both decentralised architectures and information commons intend to maximise the value of the Internet for society, to perform the common good (see Fuchs 2020 on the ethics of digital commons), and to offer more rights and freedom to users, based on democratic, privacy and access to knowledge principles. The idea of a better value for society grounded in decentralised arrangements is explored, in particular, by the philosopher Michel Bauwens, who advocates that P2P should be the foundation of a "general theory" of peer production for collaborative and direct human interaction – an emerging, pervasive and social phenomenon that may profoundly influence the ways in which society and human civilization itself is organised, and that intersects the two alternative approaches to the digital world: namely, decentralised architectures and the commons (Bauwens 2005a; Bauwens, Kostakis and Pazaitis 2019).
3. (De-)centralisation and Power: An Interdisciplinary Issue
Far from being a relatively recent development that only began with Napster, P2P is one of the oldest architectures in the world of telecommunications (Oram 2001); Usenet[2] (Paloque-Bergès 2017), with its newsgroups, and ARPANET[3] (Abbate 2000), the precursor of the Internet, can be classified as P2P networks. Some authors have successfully argued that P2P tools targeting the general public, emerging around the year 2000 with the sharing of music and video files, would have brought the Internet back to its origins, when every computer had equal rights in the network (Minar and Hedlund 2001). Lower costs on the one hand, and the increasing availability of computing capacity, bandwidth and storage on the other, paralleled by the growth of the Internet, have created new fields of application for P2P networks. Over the years, this has led to an increase in the variety and number of P2P applications, and to an increase in controversies concerning the limits and performance, as well as the economic, social, cultural and legal implications, of these applications.[4]
Similarly, while the development of peer production and governance models of the digital commons has been facilitated by the lowering costs of digitisation and networking since 2000, this alternative to the market and the State has been observed for centuries. Commons have been conceptualised by the work of Elinor Ostrom (1990) on the basis of case studies of local communities involved in the management of water, agricultural or fishery resources.
The choice of more or less (de-)centralisation in the technical development of networks, starting with the Internet, and more or less sharing and collaboration in the production and distribution of digital resources and services, touches upon a profoundly political, social, and philosophical issue. How are power, authority and control inscribed into our communication technologies, and how, at the same time, do these technologies re-shape power, authority and control? How can economic, creative and governance models other than capitalism be sustainable? This question has been examined by multiple disciplines, such as the sociology of science and technology, information and communication sciences, economics, political economy, law and network engineering. It touches on current issues such as the growing place occupied by the GAFAM Internet giants, the debates on surveillance and privacy within networks, marked in 2013 by Edward Snowden's revelations, the production of work and value outside of traditional labour and the debate over universal income.
In light of another consequence of the excesses of capitalism – the Uberisation of the sharing economy – the definition of alternative platform models such as platform cooperativism (Scholz 2017) emerges. The sharing economy is a misnamed concept as it does not bear any similarities with the sharing of computing resources in P2P architectures and the sharing of working arrangements and products as commons, besides the fact that a resource appears to be 'shared'. A more appropriate term would be 'short-term rental' (as with AirBnB) or 'short-term provision of services' (as with Uber), describing the integration of sources that were previously outside the market (e.g., a spare room) into the market, or the lowering of the transaction costs of commercial service providers (e.g., taxi drivers)(Schöpf 2015).
Today, an Internet architecture based on mandatory passage points, centralisation and hierarchisation is dominant but nevertheless questioned for its excesses of supervision, surveillance and hegemony (Tréguer 2019). Capitalism supported by strict intellectual property regimes can also hinder the sharing of knowledge and access to innovation in society. Unregulated capitalism is being questioned even by liberal politicians at a time of climate change crisis, when AI, with the centralised control of personal data, is dominated by US players at the expense of digital sovereignty: French President Macron called in March 2018 for a third way to US and Chinese approaches in order to "create an alternative model for data production and governance that is based on the public interest".
4. 'Reclaiming' Digital Services and Data?
In times such as these, as the world struggles with the Covid-19 pandemic and related economic and social upheavals, there seems to be momentum for action to take place. The production of a vaccine requires data to be shared and patents to be pooled as a common (on microbial research commons, see Reichman, Uhlir and Dedeurwaerdere 2016). As re-emphasised by recent Covid-19-related proposals[5], biomedical knowledge and medicine patents would be beneficial for public health, the main challenge being to define common-pool models able to accommodate both public and commercial interests. This challenge requires actors to gather all necessary tests, data, knowledge, technology and biological material covered by different areas of intellectual property protecting the pharmaceutical shareholders' monopoly and incentive to invest. And such pool members, despite diverging interests, should define governance rules allowing both access and innovation, similarly to the way that the human genome[6] had already been produced collaboratively and shared online.
In this context, the P2P option acquires novel meaning. What role can the decentralisation of technical network architectures play in this historical moment, when invasions of privacy and surveillance capitalism practices are very often pervasive and embedded in technology (Masutti 2020)? Are distributed and decentralised network architectures, as Philippe Aigrain (2010) has suggested, opportunities for the re-appropriation of Internet services – tools of governance likely to return to the original organisation of cyberspace[7]?
In the context of smart cities and algorithmic governance, citizen data could either be managed as a commons, or handed over to private companies developing applications and controlled by centralised "control points" (DeNardis 2014). Such a dynamic raises similar questions of control and opportunities for citizen re-appropriation and governance as data commons, without exclusive intellectual property. Data citizens produce when using municipal digital services can be governed democratically, as urban or data commons. Such policies are needed to avoid smart cities to turn into dystopian 'safe cities' based on surveillance capitalism. Open data on public transportation designed as commons (Teli et al. 2015), P2P energy production within decentralised networks (Giotitsas, Pazaitis and Kostakis 2015), data generated by applications such as participatory-science Internet of Things captors to measure street pollution rates, or Internet of Bodies-based smart devices to monitor our health signs (Matwyshyn 2019): all of these projects generate big data. If kept open, massively clustered and mined, such data can be useful for policy decision and scientific research; however, the data includes sensitive personal information, such as individual location or health status, which should be protected as such.
Privacy and commons may intuitively seem at odds, but proposals to apply the analytical framework of knowledge commons to private data, seen as contextualised personal information flow, have been made (Sanfilippo, Frischmann and Standburg 2018). Aufrère and Maurel (2018) propose the linking of privacy to labour law negotiation mechanisms and social protection, in order to develop a legal framework to protect social rights on data we generate as digital labour collective rights and to exploit them as a commons. The conceptualisation of theoretical alternatives to govern algorithmic decision-making systems and the data these systems currently collect and process within closed boxes is urgently needed. Springing from such collective, inclusive, participatory models, legal and licensing framework could be developed to accompany the urban and AI data flow, governed as a privacy-friendly commons flowing through P2P infrastructure based on post-capitalist, non-proprietary values of sharing, rather than controlled by centralised organisations.
5. The Way Forward: Challenges and Opportunities
Several factors complicate, or slow down, the widespread adoption of P2P technologies and commons-based models. These technologies and models are fragile, sometimes threatened by complex, unsustainable technical architecture, unsuitable legal frameworks, pollution, appropriation, or the disappearance of contributing peers. Indeed, decentralised organisational forms suffer from technical and governance complications inherent to systems where it is difficult to assign clear responsibility for actions, and also to monitor possible violations. This can make them more fragile in the face of the law, requiring communities to spend energy not only in producing and maintaining them, but also to ensure that they will not eventually be considered as illegal. A legal and political defence of the commons (Tréguer and Dulong de Rosnay 2020) is necessary to ensure that P2P file sharing remains authorised.
Another difficulty for P2P and the commons is to establish 'easy' and sustainable business models, making the former more fragile in the face of a digital market that tends towards near-monopoly by taking advantage of 'snowballing' effects and massive data mining. However, in a digital world that rapidly evolves and reconfigures itself, P2P remains an interesting alternative to respond to certain risks introduced by the centralisation of the Internet.
At the crossroads of decentralised architectures and digital or infrastructure commons are Internet community networks (CNs), developed and maintained by collectives of citizens as an alternative to commercial access providers, and based on values of personal data protection and freedoms. The willingness to 'technically' counter breakdowns, disruptions, surveillance, intrusions into privacy, content dispossession, exclusive appropriation and extraction of knowledge, exclusion on the basis of data mining, or to compensate for the lack of connection in isolated areas – all of these are practical and political reasons behind many alternative Internet projects based on P2P to create and maintain community networks (see the work of the netCommons project[8], 2016-2018, as well as Dulong de Rosnay and Tréguer 2019). The direct transmission of data between machines in a decentralised network can promote more efficient content exchange (Hales 2006), greater freedom and possibly the emergence of new organisational, social and legal principles. P2P systems can also provide innovative solutions to protect personal liberties and counter surveillance, or foster the emergence of alternative decision-making processes and participatory environments (Elkin-Koren and Salzberger 2004): this is made possible by the direct exchange of content, especially when combined with encryption (see the work of the Nextleap project[9], 2016-2018). The implications of the choice of decentralisation go beyond technical performance to redefine concepts such as security and confidentiality, and to reconfigure the locations of data and exchanges and the boundaries between user and network.
At a practical level, a wide range of models combining different social, political, technical and economic arrangements exist for platforms at the crossroads of decentralisation, commons and peer production. Thus, we have sought in a previous research article for the tripleC journal (Dulong de Rosnay and Musiani 2016) to systematise these models in a typology that includes features such as the ownership of means of production, technical architecture and design, social organisation and governance of work patterns, ownership of the peer-produced resource, and value of the output. Working on this typology has usefully reminded us that there is no 'ideal' mix of levels of decentralisation that constitutes a valid or successful alternative; however, it is appropriate to elaborate a comprehensive frame of reference for researchers and practitioners to "delve into which parameters may facilitate or impede dynamics tending towards profit and exclusion or, on the contrary, collective governance of commons-based peer production and redistribution of value" (2016, 203).
For these alternatives to digital capitalism to have a chance, at least three things are needed: a legal, political, economic and social environment that preserves the possibility of ethical and responsible innovation and a culture of sharing; a favourable context for research on these themes, where researchers can operate in a multi- and interdisciplinary approach with a variety of actors in 'civil society' including developers, other technologists, projects, policy-makers, public authorities and cooperatives; and finally, a detailed knowledge of the functioning of information systems and the history of technology and infrastructure, in order to influence the present and enable alternatives to emerge with sustainability for the future.
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Stalder, Felix. 2010. Digital Commons. In The Human Economy: A Citizen's Guide, edited by Keith Hart, Jean-Louis Laville and Antonio David Cattani, 313-324. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Teli, Maurizio, Silvia Bordin, María Menéndez Blanco, Giusi Orabona, and Antonella De Angeli. 2015. Public Design of Digital Commons in Urban Places: A Case Study. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 81: 17-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.02.003
Tréguer, Félix. 2019. L'utopie déchue. Une contre-histoire d'Internet, XV-XXI siècles. Paris: Fayard.
Tréguer, Félix and Mélanie Dulong de Rosnay. 2020. The Political Defence of the Commons: The Case of Community Networks. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique 18 (2): 560–574. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v18i2.1108
Mélanie Dulong de Rosnay
Mélanie Dulong de Rosnay has been associate research professor at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) since 2010 and is director of the CNRS Center for Internet and Society (CIS CNRS), which she co-founded in 2019.
Francesca Musiani
Francesca Musiani has been associate research professor at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) since 2014 and is deputy director of the CNRS Center for Internet and Society (CIS CNRS), which she co-founded in 2019.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
[4] See the work undertaken by the ADAM project (Architectures distribuées et applications multimédias, funded by the French National Agency for Research from 2010 to 2014: adam.hypotheses.org).
[5] https://www.commonsnetwork.org/news/costa-rica-is-right-we-need-a-global-coronavirus-knowledge-pool/
https://www.commonsnetwork.org/uncategorized/corona-private-medicine-vs-public-health/
https://www.commonsnetwork.org/news/the-medicines-patent-pool-a-remedy-for-the-anti-commons/
[6] https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project/What
[7] The same author had already worked on the sharing of culture through these same P2P networks and proposed economic models for financing culture (Aigrain 2012).
[8] https://netcommons.eu/
[9] http://nextleap.eu/


Lezabelle @ St Pius X School: Maths stratergy.
8x10 = 80 then take away not only one, but one from each group. So 80-8= is 72 so 8x9 =72.
7 x 10 = 70 so 70 take away not only two but two from each group. So 70 takeaway 14 is 56 so 7x8 = 56.
Fantastic work Lezabelle. I liked how you showed the examples at the bottom, what a great strategy. Maybe next time try to use different strategy's to figure out the problem.