Fill out our quick form. Enter your comments/questions and click Submit. You may attach a design drawing file for review. Thanks!
Magnetic Shield Corporation produces and designs fabricated shields for thousands of customers worldwide. MuMETAL® Stress Annealed Alloy is used for fabrication because of its soft nickel-iron alloy composition, and highest permeability properties - see more about material selection below. Our shop manufacturers custom shield prototypes, from fabrication to final anneal processing*. Using machine shop equipment and stock tooling, your hand-crafted sample is manufactured accurately to spec. Whether you need one prototype or hundreds for validation testing, send your sketch or drawings here so we may provide you with a timely quote. For production quantities, contact our Sales Department for annual or production volume pricing. Ask us about Design Reviews and Site Surveys. Let us assist you now with our Engineering expertise and support.
View our renewal certification ISO 9001:2015 here.
We've helped Electrical Engineers, Designers and other technical professionals to prototype, sample and fabricate custom magnetic shields for 75 years as of 2016. Using one of our "hands-on" Evaluation Test Kits, you can prototype your shield with everyday common hand-tools, or bench-top equipment. Once your prototype is complete, we can fabricate more accurate validation samples or pre-production parts to your specifications or drawings. With an extensive range of equipment and tooling, our quick-turn prototyping and annealing services are regularly used by customers for fit and functional testing, prior to production builds. All three of our Evaluation Lab Kits now contain MuMETAL® Foil and Sheet samples, in addition to Co-NETIC® alloy with high attenuation properties and NETIC® alloy for high saturation applications.
sizes. Using a laser provides clean cut edges without burr or dust formation.
With a LVD Easy-Form® press brake, our stress annealed sheet material can be formed with predetermined bends by clamping the work piece between a matching punch and die. The precision-ground tooling assures accurate bend angles along the entire bending length.
A metalworking process performed on a lathe. It is the forming of an axis-symmetric part over a rotating mandrel. Force is delivered by a tool with a rounded end or a roller. A flat, or possibly preformed, work piece is held between a mandrel and tail stock. As the apparatus rotates, the tool applies localized pressure to the work while it gradually moves up the mandrel. This causes the sheet metal work to be wrapped over the mandrel, taking its shape.
Magnetic Annealing or "Perfection Annealing" is a heat treatment process using a furnace chamber that produces the highest permeability shielding. Typically, a hydrogen atmospherically controlled annealing is required after stamping, machining, bending, rolling or welding to provide maximum attenuation and shielding performance.
MuMETAL® Deep Draw Coil is available for stamping and forming of MuMETAL® Shielding Cans which provide excellent low frequency magnetic field attenuation with low coercive forces and are used in many industries for protecting critical devices from magnetic interference, electromagnetic radiation and cross-talk signals. Products using MuMETAL® magnetic shielding cans include high-end audio amplifiers, current transformers, specialty transformers and other distinct electrical/electronic & printed circuit board (PCB) components. Our cans are easily integrated into circuits so this shielding method may be found in audio, automotive, automation, power supply and power generation sectors.
We also produce specific form tooling and custom size production cans for many of our clients. Manufacturing new tooling normally takes approximately six weeks before supply of the first prototypes for approval but we can produce hand-made prototypes of a new design in 2-3 weeks to verify the product prior to any tool cost being incurred.
All of our shielding enclosures can be supplied with either inside or outside tight fitting Lids, creating a 6-sided shielding enclosure. MuMETAL® Cans are not automatically supplied with Lids; if you require them for your application, please specify this at the time of placing your inquiry. All of our Lids and Cans may be further machined to include holes/slots configured for your wiring requirements. Typically, our high permeability (µ) 80% nickel-iron MuMETAL® Cans are shipped as is since our AA Perfection Annealing method provides a bright nickel appearance after anneal. We do offer other finishes including plating, electro-polish, powder coating and paint. Small order quantities of Cans, larger dimension sizes, or thicker material can be fabricated using traditional methods, including Spinning, CNC forming and TIG welding.
With our NEW MuMETAL® Round Bar in-stock, we can precision CNC Machine MuMETAL® Tubes or Pipes, producing hundreds of thousands of Tubular components. MuMETAL® Bar is typically specified for electrical and electronic technical applications requiring a magnetic shielding alloy with a high permeability property to reduce low field disturbances. Other uses of Mu Bar include production of precision machined or forged components such as current sensors, current transformer cores, or ground fault circuit breaker relay parts. CNC or computer controlled machines run automated processes that are highly precise and result in quality manufactured parts, components, or products. Tube bending, cutting, flaring, swaging, and shaping are some processes that may be selected in the design and production of MuMETAL® tubes. Rapid production runs, high volume parts, close tolerance, and cost efficiency are realized benefits of CNC technology.
Attach your design drawing specs for custom tubing fabrication when submitting a Request for Quote.
If your process or machines shear, plasma cut, water jet, punch, laser, or mill, there will be burrs. There are many manual machines and automatic machines that can remove burrs for ensuring the functionality of the machined part, as well as the safe handling of the part.
With a Fladder® Danmark A/S machine we can deburr or sand work pieces from all angles within the four parameters which are normally synchronized in pairs. If the RPM of the abrasive tools or the feed speed of work pieces is altered, the other parameters change automatically. Each function may also be 100% manually operated.
Also, with a metal vibratory finishing machine we can deburr products and remove sharp edges. Your parts are placed inside a drum filled with abrasive pellets and a substrate, then tumbling vibration is used to create a uniform random texture. The machine's cycle speed and magnitude of vibration are usually variable, allowing effective treatment for a range of small- to large-sized parts.
Aqua blasting also known as vapor blasting, is a wet blasting process utilizing 100/150 micron glass media suspended in a high pressure water system - unlike shot blasting this process is non-aggressive. Aqua/Vapor Blasting is both highly effective and gentle at the same time - the process cleans very effectively without removing any other underlying metal or substrate. This allows for the cleaning of delicate parts arnd soft metals like MuMETAL® and Co-NETIC® alloys.
Upon receipt of your custom design by drawing and/or specification, our technical team can review your design, provide valuable input, and fabricate your shield. As an ISO 9001:2015 certified supplier, we are prepared to manufacture to your specifications. We are a diverse company, offering a broad range of production capabilities and solutions.
Our engineers are available to perform site surveys under a consulting contract agreement, reporting our recommendations of how to mitigate EMI/EMF disturbances.
For fabricated shields, we use MuMETAL® Stress Annealed Alloy. Engineers and Buyers beware: MuMETAL® is a registered brand of Magnetic Shield Corporation.
exacting quality standards and material specifications. MuMETAL® is the most commonly used shielding alloy because of its reputation as a highest permeability shielding alloy available. MuMETAL® is generally available for fabrication and must be annealed after welding, forming or bending.
foot so you can purchase in small quantity for further evaluation and sampling.
You are invited to call our Engineering Department to discuss your design requirements and to send a sketch or drawing for a prompt quotation. And, with our decades of hands-on experience, you can be certain you are not wasting valuable time or funding.
Send quote requests with drawings or specifications to us, or contact our Engineering Department with any specific questions.


Agile methodologies have introduced a big shift in how teams approach business analysis activities. In this article I share my thoughts on business analysis when working agile.
This infographic summarises the characteristics of a Product Owner. Some of these tasks may be shared with the development team.


Yuck. Would you consider going to a different one that has a better reputation at least? One that'd already happened for a couple of years maybe? I went to LeakyCon last Summer and I don't think anything like that happened there.
Yes, I would consider going to another one as long as it had a better reputation.
If you could design your own video game, what would it look like?
That's a complex question. I wouldn't know where to start. It'd probably be based on an existing game but involve lots of Easter eggs.
What's your favorite Mario Paint song that you've done?
That anyone else has done?
Pokémon Platinum: Giratina Battle and Pokémon X/Y: Trainer Battle were both quite fun. The former was deemed impossible by many and was highly requested. The latter was my greatest entirely-by-ear work.
Last edited by Cat333Pokémon; November 8, 2014 at 01:20:11 PM.


The fashion industry is perceived as a liberating world that encourages people to express their personality through the means of clothes and accessories. From playful to professional, you can play a variety of characters depending on the outfits you choose to wear.
However, don't be fooled by the apparent freedom you can gain from fashion. Fashion is only liberating if you do it right. Otherwise, you might struggle to convey the right message through your outfit. Consequently, fashion faux-pas, mishaps, and mistakes are commonly pointed out. Many enthusiastic fashionistas feel somehow limited by the fear of criticism. The truth is that you don't want people to comment negatively on your look. Nevertheless, you shouldn't let your fear of fashion failure – the infamous FFF – hold you from exploring the infinite possibilities of clothes. Every mistake you make is a lesson you can learn to improve your style. Nobody knows what works for them without testing. Trial and error is the quickest path to creating a look that is unique and engaging.
However, you're not entirely on your own when it comes to experimenting with your clothes. This article highlights for you the most common mistakes and how to fix them.
Nowadays, eCommerce makes everything available in a matter of clicks. The digital technology has revolutionized fashion shopping, so much in fact that a large number of shoppers prefer to shop online instead of trying their outfits on in the store. Consequently, you need to rely entirely on what you see on the website or the app, a.k.a. pictures. This is where you're likely to encounter you first stumble. Indeed, most clothes never look quite the same than in the fashion photos, like the lighting, and screen resolution can dramatically affect the result. Additionally, many enthusiastic shoppers are convinced into purchasing an item on the basis of the photo. However, just because the outfit looks good on the model it doesn't mean that it will suit your figure. A great example of this typical faux-pas is when it comes to buying stripes. While vertical stripes might look good on a model – who's ultimately paid to achieve and maintain a thin figure – they're unflattering for a curvy body.
Creating your own sense of fashion means taking risks, and, more often than not, building it up as you go. When you're surrounded by DIY and craft articles that teach you how to personalize your clothes, it's fair to say that you might be tempted, one day, to give it a go. As a rule of the thumb, you should take time to familiarize yourself with the instructions and the products you've chosen to use. If you're sewing a skirt — you can find plenty of beginner-friendly patterns online –, for instance, it's a good idea to sew a first version using cheap fabric to make sure you can avoid costly mistakes. Similarly, if you've chosen to add a creative vinyl transfer to your top, it can be helpful to watch a few tutorial videos to avoid looking up how to remove iron-on vinyl because you've put it backwards on the fabric, for instance. The thing about DIY is that you will make mistakes as you go. But preparation can prevent many accidents.
On the coat-hanger, the dress looked fabulous. But on you, somehow, it doesn't quite meet your expectations. When the shape is right for your body, the next big issues that women need to learn to tackle effectively is understanding the power of colours. Indeed, dressing for your skin tone is a delicate art that can make or break your outfit. Picking the wrong colour for your skin can make you look tired or even sickeningly pale depending on the clothes you're wearing. Consequently, you need to define explicitly which skin tone category you fall into between warm, cool and neutral. This will guarantee you can pick shades that work for you and gives you an instant shot of radiance. Warm tones tend to have a golden or greenish – olive – skin complexion. Their hair ranges naturally from dark brown to dark blonde. Their go-to colours consist of orange, red, warm green and deep turquoise. However, if you're cool, you should avoid these shades and focus on bright blue, lavender and ruby.
Do beautiful shoes have to cause you pain? Despite the fashion statement that you need to suffer to be pretty, in reality, if your shoes are hurting your feet, then you're doing something wrong. Consequently, you need to focus your attention on important details to make sure you're avoiding unhealthy shoe mistakes. Start with the basics. Knowing your shoe size doesn't help. You need to get your feet measured regularly, especially because they can change over time. Additionally, you need to pick shoes that can support your arches – whether low or high – meaning that a chat with a podiatrist can significantly improve your shoe pains.
It might be tempting to buy tight-fitted garments, or even uncomfortably tight clothes if you're trying to lose weight. The idea is that your outfit is designed to act as motivation to keep you focused on your goal. However, wearing clothes that are too tight for you can lead to health issues. Additionally, your motivational purchase can backfire dramatically. Indeed, it's best to go with an outfit that works for your current body instead of punishing yourself without something painful.
Last, but not least, it's difficult to resist the urge to purchase every new fashion trend. However, you need to remember that fashion acts as an extension of your personality. When you follow the trends a little too closely, you risk losing your unique style for a ready-made outfit. Ultimately, following the trends can destroy who you are.
Don't be afraid to take risks and experiment with fashion. Your outfits are the expression of who you are. Consequently, you need to learn how to speak the fashion language first, and making mistakes is, after all, the best learning process.


text:
Q: Terraform: possible to use an enterprise github repo with sub-directories as module source? Is there a way to use an enterprise Github repo with sub-directories as a Terraform module source? Reading the Module source doc, I'm attempting to use the Generic Git repository type, however, it does not appear as though its possible to access sub-directories using this method. E.g.,
module "awesome" {
 source = "git::https://github.enterprise.com/org/repo.git//path//to//module"
 # Note: I've also tried without the "forced source type."
}

Unfortunately terraform get downloads the entire repository contents.
I can't say that I would expect this to work (given that its not explicitly supported) but perhaps someone out there has figured it out. If not, perhaps it could be a feature request.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"Backing onto a wonderful tropical reserve"
Portsea Crescent is absolutely wonderful. Huge wide road, stunning backdrop along one side of the tropical reserve with a fresh water Creek running through it. Some lovely houses with big blocks and stunning gardens.
"The best Street in Kewarra Brach"
Backing onto a reserve, Portsea Crescent is not only tranquil it is also just around the corner from shops including a grocer, butcher, chemist, GP, bottle shop, pool shop and more! Some beautiful gardens at number 22 and 24. Love walking past these houses.
The reserve behind also provides a shortcut to the beach as well as Trinity Beach.
Very wide Street too, old school that could fit 4 cars across easily. Big blocks too. A fantastic Street in high demand.
Also be weary of flood prone streets closer to the beach. Portsea is fine but other streets especially ones on the beaches are prone to bad flooding with cyclones.
"Less touritsts than the other beach suburbs"
"Lovely area, close to everything"
Are there a lot of students from the uni living in Kewarra?
Are there any drawbacks to living in Kewarra Beach?
Are sand flies an issue for homes close to the beach?


Clarion Inn hotel in Fredericksburg is situated in an ideal location close to downtown Fredericksburg. The hotel is close to numerous attractions including Kings Dominion, Marine Museum, Military parks and much more. Other attractions include many places to dine and shop, golf courses, museums, historic landmarks and monuments. Our hotel has a comfortable atmosphere with stylish furnishings. We have handicap accessible rooms, smoking rooms, and allow up to two pets. We offer complimentary hot breakfast and free high speed internet. We have a fitness center, business center, outdoor and indoor pool with Spa, guest laundry, restaurant bar and lounge. Each room is equipped with a flat screen TV, refrigerator, microwave, coffee maker, iron and board. We are a value priced hotel and can provide you with exceptional service.


There is a good old saying in the industry that birds are good for business!
The sad news is; there is practically no way to stop birds roosting on your TV antenna. They will find a way one way or another. There are dozens of fantastic ideas that creative people have come up with but none that are worth the time, effort or expense. What you really need is a bird proof antenna.
Solar Panel damage – solar panels are becoming more and more popular and if your TV antenna is in the wrong position the roosting birds will poo on and effect the performance of your solar panels.
What is this bird proof antenna you speak of?
The TV Magic Hybrid antenna is a bird proof antenna to an extend. IT completely stops birds breaking the elements effecting TV reception. It however does not stop them from sitting on the shaft of the antenna. The shaft is shift and strong and won't break even with the heavy big birds like cockatoos but the bird business is still and issue. If it's mounted off yoru fascia board and the bird business is going onto your footpath or clothesline, it can be moved and mounted elsewhere with what's called a tripod.
If its positioned where it may cause damage to your solar panels, once again it can be moved professionally. TV Magic can help you with both of these.
Approximate 3 hours is spent putting close to 1400 zipties around each and every single element the entire length so that there is no real comfort for the birds to sit. This does work but for 1. For 14 packets of 100 zipties is $140 and secondly the plastic of the zipties last only approximately 12 months in the sun before they become brittle and start to fall off. Now you have plastic rubbish in your gutters.
The 'Scary' Cat /Crow method.
This has the same effectiveness as the fake cat method. In fact we silicone a fake snaked onto the elements of an antenna we installed (as insisted by the customer who went out and bought one) and we were literally coming back down the ladder and a bird was on there before I had even finished the job!
TThere are some $100ish battery powered 'flower shaped' gadgets that are specifically designed to stop roosting birds. They have a small current (very small voltage) designed not to kill the bird but deter it from roosting or landing on the TV antenna. These are actually quite effective but we hear that the battery needs replacing every 2-3 months. So ifyou're prepared to get up on the roof every 2-3 months then go for it!
Not a practical solution in our eyes.
So there you have it. It's why the saying stands in the industry. Birds are good for business. You really do want to try the TV Magic Hybrid. It is designed and features no plastic joins that become britte and break from roosting birds. In fact the elements are deliberately designed to be too thin for birds claws to hold on to the elements preventing the large birds from breaking the elements of our antenna. It lives up to the claim of being a Bird Proof TV Antenna more than anything else on the market.


Feral Cat Focus, Second Chance Sheltering and Catt. County Cat Nippers is hosting a Kitten Shower this Saturday from noon to 4 at St. Matthias Church in East Aurora. Learn how you can become a kitten foster family. Meet the Chaffee barn cats. See bottle feeding demonstrations. Refreshments, theme baskets, kitten to snuggle. Admission is $5.00 or a donation of Purina Kitten Chow, Scoopable litter or canned kitten food. 374 Main Street in East Aurora.


text:
US places Chinese chipmakers on trade blacklist
The US export controls are aimed at restricting China's ability to buy and manufacture high-end chips with military applications
Washington (AFP) - The US Commerce Department on Thursday blacklisted 36 Chinese companies including top producers of advanced computer chips, severely restricting their access to American technology.
The move, which included semiconductor makers Cambricon and Yangtze Memory Technologies, aimed to limit China's "efforts to obtain and leverage advanced technologies including artificial intelligence for its military modernization efforts and human rights violations," the Commerce Department said.
The companies' placement on the so-called Entity List makes it nearly impossible for them to legally acquire directly or indirectly US semiconductor manufacturing technology, designs and other intellectual property, hampering their production potential.
Of the 36 names, 21 are identified as major firms involved in the research and design, marketing and sales of artificial intelligence chips with close ties to the Chinese defense sector.
Seven are linked to the Chinese military's efforts to develop hypersonic and ballistic missile systems.
One of the companies, Tianjin Tiandi Weiye Technologies, was placed on the Entity List for its alleged role in "China's campaign of repression, mass arbitrary detention, and high-technology surveillance" against Uyghurs and other minorities in the western Xinjiang region.
The Entity List additions Thursday further the Biden administration's efforts to deny China "access to advanced technologies for military modernization and human rights abuses," Assistant Secretary of Commerce Thea Rozman Kendler said in a statement.
The announcement, the most recent in a series of US actions seeking to limit China's access to sensitive US technologies, came just days after Beijing filed a dispute claim at the World Trade Organization against Washington's restrictive policies.
China commerce ministry on Monday accused the United States of "obstructing normal international trade in products including chips and threatening the stability of the global industrial supply chain," as well as violating international trade rules and engaging in "protectionist practices."
Speaking on Tuesday, Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin said the United States has "repeatedly used national security as an excuse to interfere in the normal operation of international trade."
"All countries should stand up and not let Washington's unilateralism and protectionism go unchecked," Wang said. "This concerns the stability of the global trade system and more importantly, international justice."
In October more than 30 Chinese high-tech companies were placed on the US Entity List, with officials saying they did not want American technology helping the Pentagon's top rival, the Chinese military.
The Commerce Department's rules require any US firm seeking to sell its technology to a Chinese company on the list to obtain a special permit, and getting those permits is almost impossible.
"With the latest rules, the US government is betting that it can so deeply undermine China's semiconductor fabrication capabilities that it won't matter how motivated or well-resourced China's efforts are to create its own semiconductor industry – they simply won't be able to catch up," wrote Matt Sheehan, a global technology specialist at the Carnegie endowment for International Peace.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/**
 *    @file
 *      Semaphores (binary and counting) implementation for the
 *      Netscape Portable Runtime (NSPR). All of the usual caveats
 *      surrounding the use of semaphores in general apply. Semaphores
 *      beget deadlocks. Use with care and avoid unless absolutely
 *      necessary.
 *
 */

#include <nlersemaphore.h>

#include <nspr/prcvar.h>
#include <nspr/prerr.h>

#include <nlerassert.h>
#include <nlererror.h>
#include <nlerlock.h>

int nlsemaphore_binary_create(nlsemaphore_t *aSemaphore)
{
    const size_t kMaxCount = 1;
    const size_t kInitialCount = 0;
    int          lRetval = NLER_SUCCESS;

    lRetval = nlsemaphore_counting_create(aSemaphore, kMaxCount, kInitialCount);

    return (lRetval);
}

static int nlsemaphore_nspr_cond_init(nlsemaphore_t *aSemaphore)
{
    PRCondVar *         lCond;
    int                 lRetval = NLER_SUCCESS;

    if ((aSemaphore == NULL) || ((PRLock *)(aSemaphore->mLock) == NULL))
    {
        lRetval = NLER_ERROR_BAD_INPUT;
        goto done;
    }

    lCond = PR_NewCondVar((PRLock *)(aSemaphore->mLock));
    if (lCond == NULL)
    {
        lRetval = NLER_ERROR_NO_RESOURCE;
        goto done;
    }

    aSemaphore->mCondition = lCond;

 done:
    return (lRetval);
}

static int nlsemaphore_nspr_cond_destroy(nlsemaphore_t *aSemaphore)
{
    int lRetval = NLER_SUCCESS;

    if ((aSemaphore == NULL) || (aSemaphore->mCondition == NULL))
    {
        lRetval = NLER_ERROR_BAD_INPUT;
        goto done;
    }

    PR_DestroyCondVar(aSemaphore->mCondition);

    aSemaphore->mCondition = NULL;

 done:
    return (lRetval);
}

static int nlsemaphore_nspr_cond_wait(PRCondVar *aCond, const nl_time_ms_t *aTimeoutMsec)
{
    PRIntervalTime lTimeout;
    PRStatus       lStatus;
    int            lRetval = NLER_SUCCESS;

    if (aTimeoutMsec != NULL)
    {
        lTimeout = PR_MillisecondsToInterval(*aTimeoutMsec);
    }
    else
    {
        lTimeout = PR_INTERVAL_NO_TIMEOUT;
    }

    // NOTE: NSPR does NOT explicitly report timeouts on
    // PR_WaitCondVar and, in cases such as POSIX threads for the
    // underlying implementation, explicitly and intentionally maps
    // ETIMEDOUT to 0.

    lStatus = PR_WaitCondVar(aCond, lTimeout);
    if (lStatus != PR_SUCCESS)
    {
        switch (lStatus)
        {

        case PR_INVALID_ARGUMENT_ERROR:
            lRetval = NLER_ERROR_BAD_INPUT;
            break;

        // Per above, this is unlikely to ever happen. However, if it
        // does, map it correctly.

        case PR_IO_TIMEOUT_ERROR:
            lRetval = NLER_ERROR_NO_RESOURCE;
            break;

        case PR_WOULD_BLOCK_ERROR:
        case PR_PENDING_INTERRUPT_ERROR:
        case PR_DEADLOCK_ERROR:
        case PR_FAILURE:
        default:
            lRetval = NLER_ERROR_FAILURE;
            break;

        }
    }

    return (lRetval);
}

static int nlsemaphore_nspr_cond_signal(PRCondVar *aCond)
{
    PRStatus lStatus;
    int      lRetval = NLER_SUCCESS;

    lStatus = PR_NotifyCondVar(aCond);
    if (lStatus != PR_SUCCESS)
    {
        switch (lStatus)
        {

        case PR_FAILURE:
        default:
            lRetval = NLER_ERROR_FAILURE;
            break;

        }
    }

    return (lRetval);
}

int nlsemaphore_counting_create(nlsemaphore_t *aSemaphore, size_t aMaxCount, size_t aInitialCount)
{
    int lRetval = NLER_SUCCESS;

    if (aSemaphore == NULL)
    {
        lRetval = NLER_ERROR_BAD_INPUT;
        goto done;
    }

    if (aMaxCount == 0)
    {
        lRetval = NLER_ERROR_BAD_INPUT;
        goto done;
    }

    if (aInitialCount > aMaxCount)
    {
        lRetval = NLER_ERROR_BAD_INPUT;
        goto done;
    }

    // The NSPR condition variable needs to be initialized with a
    // lock, so initialize the lock first.

    lRetval = nllock_create(&aSemaphore->mLock);
    if (lRetval != NLER_SUCCESS)
    {
        goto done;
    }

    // Now that the lock has been initialized, attempt to initialized
    // the condition variable.

    lRetval = nlsemaphore_nspr_cond_init(aSemaphore);
    if (lRetval != NLER_SUCCESS)
    {
        goto lock_destroy;
    }

    aSemaphore->mCurrentCount = aInitialCount;
    aSemaphore->mMaxCount = aMaxCount;

 done:
    return (lRetval);

 lock_destroy:
    nllock_destroy(&aSemaphore->mLock);

    return (lRetval);
}

void nlsemaphore_destroy(nlsemaphore_t *aSemaphore)
{
    int     lStatus;

    lStatus = nlsemaphore_nspr_cond_destroy(aSemaphore);
    NLER_ASSERT(lStatus == NLER_SUCCESS);

    nllock_destroy(&aSemaphore->mLock);

    aSemaphore->mCurrentCount = 0;
    aSemaphore->mMaxCount = 0;
}

static int nlsemaphore_take_with_timeout_internal(nlsemaphore_t *aSemaphore, const nl_time_ms_t *aTimeoutMsec)
{
    int     lStatus;
    int     lRetval = NLER_SUCCESS;

    if (aSemaphore == NULL)
    {
        lRetval = NLER_ERROR_BAD_INPUT;
        goto done;
    }

    lRetval = nllock_enter(&aSemaphore->mLock);
    if (lRetval != NLER_SUCCESS)
    {
        goto done;
    }

    if (--aSemaphore->mCurrentCount < 0)
    {
        lRetval = nlsemaphore_nspr_cond_wait(aSemaphore->mCondition, aTimeoutMsec);

        if (lRetval != NLER_SUCCESS)
        {
            aSemaphore->mCurrentCount++;
        }
    }

    lStatus = nllock_exit(&aSemaphore->mLock);
    NLER_ASSERT(lStatus == NLER_SUCCESS);

 done:
    return (lRetval);
}

int nlsemaphore_take(nlsemaphore_t *aSemaphore)
{
    const nl_time_ms_t *kNoTimeout = NULL;

    return (nlsemaphore_take_with_timeout_internal(aSemaphore, kNoTimeout));
}

int nlsemaphore_take_with_timeout(nlsemaphore_t *aSemaphore, nl_time_ms_t aTimeoutMsec)
{
    return (nlsemaphore_take_with_timeout_internal(aSemaphore, &aTimeoutMsec));
}

int nlsemaphore_give(nlsemaphore_t *aSemaphore)
{
    int     lStatus;
    int     lRetval = NLER_SUCCESS;

    if (aSemaphore == NULL)
    {
        lRetval = NLER_ERROR_BAD_INPUT;
        goto done;
    }

    lRetval = nllock_enter(&aSemaphore->mLock);
    if (lRetval != NLER_SUCCESS)
    {
        goto done;
    }

    if (aSemaphore->mCurrentCount == aSemaphore->mMaxCount)
    {
        lRetval = NLER_ERROR_BAD_STATE;
        goto unlock;
    }

    if (aSemaphore->mCurrentCount++ < 0)
    {
        lRetval = nlsemaphore_nspr_cond_signal(aSemaphore->mCondition);
        if (lRetval != NLER_SUCCESS)
        {
            --aSemaphore->mCurrentCount;
        }
    }

 unlock:
    lStatus = nllock_exit(&aSemaphore->mLock);
    NLER_ASSERT(lStatus == NLER_SUCCESS);

 done:
    return (lRetval);
}

int nlsemaphore_give_from_isr(nlsemaphore_t *aSemaphore)
{
    return (nlsemaphore_give(aSemaphore));
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


For many years we at Eurothai Service & Consulting have been helping our customers to ship their personal belongings from Italy and to dispatch the import-export paperwork.
On request and based on your specific needs, we can send you a quote to ship your personal assets if you wish to come and live in the Kingdom of Thailand, or if you want to import or export goods for your company.
Our many years of experience in this business and our network of relations with Thai shippers and carriers are a guarantee of maximum safety for the transport of your goods.


text:
Township of Wainfleet photo albums, c. 1890-1940 RG 797
SubjectWainfleet, Ontario (2)View More
The collection consists of two photo albums with photographs from the Township of Wainfleet. Some of the photos also include surrounding areas such as Niagara Falls and Queenston. The first photo album contains images c. 1905-1920, featuring the Fenwick Railway Station, Sutherland's Gingerette, Hewitt's Post Office and more. The second album, c. 1890-1940, contains larger photographs including the Canadian Niagara Power Plant, Central Roller Mills, and J. E. Chambers Store.
Please note: This collection contains imagery that reflects the time period when it was created and the view of its creator(s). This can include offensive and negative language, references, and stereotypes that are no longer used or appropriate today. The item(s) retain their original content to ensure that attitudes and viewpoints are not erased from the historical record. The Archives & Special Collections are actively working on including more respectful and representative language in our own descriptions now and into the future.
Click here to view the Township of Wainfleet photo albums, c. 1890-1940 RG 797 finding aid:
https://dr.library.brocku.ca/handle/10464/16598
Photo album, c. 1890-1940
A photo album, c. 1890-1940 containing 47 large photographs. Most of the photos are black and white but some have had colour added. Most of the photos are affixed to the album but there are also 12 loose photos included. Photos feature farm life; large family gatherings; houses; J.E. Chambers Store at Chambers Corners (1909); the Erie Apple Evaporator (Forks Rd.?); the Horseshoe Falls from the American side, showing the newly constructed Canadian Niagara Power Plant on the Canadian shore (c. 1905); the Whirlpool Rapids with the steel arch bridge and cantilever bridge over the gorge; Brock's Monument; Sutherland's Deering Machinery Shop; Central Roller Mills in Wainfleet Centre; O'Reilly's Bridge; the collapsed Falls View bridge (January 27, 1938); and a lumber yard in Fenwick (Chambers?).
Please note: This item contains imagery that reflects the time period when it was created and the view of its creator(s). This can include offensive and negative language, references, and stereotypes that are no longer used or appropriate today. The item(s) retain their original content to ensure that attitudes and viewpoints are not erased from the historical record. The Archives & Special Collections are actively working on including more respectful and representative language in our own descriptions now and into the future.


UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-ST. LOUIS, St. Louis, MO. Assistant Professor (tenure track), Department of Philosophy. Begins Fall Semester 2015. AOS: open. AOC: some subset of metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of science. Undergraduate and graduate teaching; four courses per academic year; thesis advising; usual service. Preferred: Teaching experience and a demonstrated ability to publish in major analytic journals. We seek people who show strong promise of being productive scholars. Salary competitive.
Send CV, at least three letters of recommendation, evidence of teaching excellence, and a writing sample. Apply online at http://umsl.jobs. Send letters of recommendation to PhilosophySearch@umsl.edu. The University of Missouri is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer committed to excellence through diversity. Minorities and women are encouraged to apply. Application review will begin October 13, 2014.


text:
Q: How to consume Cloudant NoSQL DB service instances in mobile project I have created a 'Mobile App' project in bluemix here: https//console.ng.bluemix.net/developer/create-project/?env_id=ibm:yp:us-south
And while following the steps for creating the project I have added 'Cloudant Sync' as a STARTER. After creating the project I have added the two capabilities i.e. 'Authentication' and 'Data'. For Authentication I chose login from 'Google' and 'Facebook' both and for 'Data' I selected an already existing Cloudant DB instance into the project.
Then I downloaded the project and ran the project in Android Studio, here I was able to login with 'Google' account.
But, after login nothing happens. I want to get cloudant data in the android application because I have already added 'Data' (by selecting cloudant DB service) capability to the project.
I don't know how to make use of cloudant DB service in this project.
What should I do next to get the cloudant data in this android application ?
Please refer the screenshot attached for the two things i.e. android application after login and the Mobile App that I created in bluemix.

A: There should be a button in the starter that lets you add data (as todos) to your project:

This should connect to your Cloudant NoSQL DB service instance (when you download the project, you should have your service instance creds in the credentials.xml) and update when you create/delete new todos.


text:
require "spec_helper"

describe Yarc::TemporaryStorage do
  let(:config) {create_config}
  let(:redis) {mock_redis}
  let(:storage) {Yarc::TemporaryStorage.new(config)}
  subject {storage}
  let(:item_ttl) {[100,200].sample}

  it {is_expected.to respond_to(:config)}
  it {is_expected.to respond_to(:keys)}

  def create_config
    Yarc::Config.new("Yarc").tap do |config|
      config.redis = redis
      config.temporary_item_ttl = item_ttl
    end
  end

  def mock_redis
    double("redis").tap do |redis|
      allow(redis).to receive(:multi).and_yield
      allow(redis).to receive(:expire)
    end
  end

  describe ".new" do
    it "rejects nil config" do
      expect{Yarc::TemporaryStorage.new(nil)}.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
    end

    it "assigns the config" do
      expect(storage.config).to eq config
    end
  end

  describe "#add" do
    let(:key) {%w(key1 key2).sample}
    let(:object) {{"key" => "value"}}
    let(:serialized_object) {config.serializer.serialize(object)}
    let(:redis_key) {"#{config.namespace}:Temporary:#{key}"}

    before(:each) do
      allow(redis).to receive(:hmset)
      allow(redis).to receive(:expire)
    end

    it "serializes data" do
      expect(config.serializer).to receive(:serialize).once.with(object).and_call_original
      storage.add(key, object)
    end

    it "adds data with expiration" do
      expect(redis).to receive(:hmset).ordered.with(redis_key, serialized_object)
      expect(redis).to receive(:expire).ordered.with(redis_key, item_ttl)

      storage.add(key, object)
    end
  end

  describe "#get" do
    let(:key) {%w(key1 key2).sample}
    let(:object) {{"key" => "value"}}
    let(:serialized_object) {Hash[*config.serializer.serialize(object)]}

    before(:each) do
      allow(redis).to receive(:hgetall)
      allow(redis).to receive(:multi).and_yield.and_return([Hash[serialized_object], 1])
    end

    it "deserializes redis data" do
      expect(config.serializer).to receive(:deserialize).once.with(serialized_object).and_call_original
      storage.get(key)
    end
  end

  describe "#delete" do
    let(:key) {%w(key1 key2).sample}
    let(:redis_key) {"#{config.namespace}:Temporary:#{key}"}

    it "deletes key from redis" do
      expect(redis).to receive(:del).once.with(redis_key)
      storage.delete(key)
    end
  end
end


The Lexmark CX860dte has a 1.6GHz quad core processor with 2GB of standard memory that helps the printer handle bulk jobs and has a print speed of up to 60ppm, allowing users in business environments to get fast colour output. The printer also has a 10in class e-Task colour with Smart Touch Technology touch-screen, which very responsive and is multi-touch capable, with pinch, zoom and flick options.
The dimensions of Lexmark CX860dte are 45.8in x 22in x 23.15in, and it weighs 289lb, making it a bulky printer. When idle, it has a noise level of 14 decibels and, when printing, 56 decibels.
It supports a wide variety of media, including number 10 envelopes, 7 3/4 envelopes, 9 envelopes, A4 paper, A5 paper, B5 envelopes, C4 envelopes, C5 envelopes, DL envelopes, index cards, executive, folios, JIS-B5, legal letters, statements, universal and A6.
The Lexmark CX-860dte has a high-resolution printing output, making it great to print colour images and graphs with. The printer can print up to 350 000 pages per month which makes it a fantastic printer to have in a working environment where bulk copying is needed. The touchscreen display means this state-of-the-art printer keeps pace with the digital world we now inhabit.
Although the touch screen is efficient, it can be activated by almost anything, including the slightest touch, which means buttons can accidentally be pushed without you noticing. The Lexmark CX860dte weighs a lot and can be difficult to move around, which can prove especially trying if you need to clear a paper jam. Replacement parts can be hard to find as they are only manufactured in international locations.


Mike Groth 56, rolled his 2nd career 800 series Wednesday 2/6/19 while bowling in the Castle Courtsmen 5-man league.
The right-hander who is averaging 221 was using a Lennie Boresch drilled STORM Intense Fire bowling ball when he shot games of 297, 267 & 237 for a 801 series.
Castle Lanes awarded Mike $100 Cash for his 801 series. Castle has paid over $9,500 CASH to it's 300 game & 800 series bowlers this 2018/19 season.


text:
Kylie Jenner Wants to Reduce Her Social Media Presence
Reality TV star, and owner of Kylie Cosmetics, Kylie Jenner will not be sharing personal posts on her official app anymore, after a post was put up on her app without her approval.
a post went up today quoting something that I NEVER EVER said or saw. A very personal post that I would never ever approve.
— Kylie Jenner (@KylieJenner) January 3, 2017
"[It was] a very personal post that I would never ever approve. And it's unfair to me and you to think that those were my words. I'm sorry and I know we will figure something out so we can all be satisfied. Love You" she shared on Twitter.
The post was taken down from her site immediately, but the Twitterati has been speculating that it was to do with her relationship with rapper Tyga.
Her app team also released a press release, apologising to her fans.
"This morning, a drafted article was inadvertently posted for a short period of time on Kylie's app. This was a draft that was not in Kylie's words, was not Kylie's idea…
We'd like to sincerely apologize to Kylie for this mistake and the fans because it was never our intention to misrepresent Kylie and Kylie's voice," it said.
Kylie Jenner is known for her social media presence. She has the fastest growing Facebook page on the Internet, and when she launched her Lip Kit, the number of users on the site even caused it to crashed and disable Google analytics.
Jenner obviously felt that her privacy had been violated. And she isn't the only one whose privacy has been infringed on. Cyber bulling has become a huge issue of late. Troll armies on Twitter feel free to attack and disparage people who just want to express themselves, and women are often blackmailed with pictures that have gone into the wrong hands.
Also Read: 'I Am a Troll' Makes Waves: Author Swati Chaturvedi in Conversation
Cyber bulling on Twitter has become so hurtful, that many women are leaving the platform because of it.
Yesterday Egyptian Feminist Mona Eltahawy called out trolls on Twitter, and said that she would stay on the platform just to make sure women's voices are heard.
Something quick about women & Twitter. It always angers & saddens me when I hear any woman decides to leave Twitter because of attacks.
— Mona Eltahawy (@monaeltahawy) January 4, 2017
I've been sent shit from men on every platform I've ever used-from back in the letters to the editor days till now.I've been at this a while
Kudos to Eltahawy and all the other brave women who have the courage to stand up against cyber bullying!
Also Watch: The Big Interview: Firebrand feminist Mona Eltahawy
twitter trolls
Digital Entrepreneurs Discuss Importance Of Social Media In Business
Are Relationships Becoming Performative For The Sake Of Social Media?
Protests Spread Across The Country In Support Of Jamia Millia Students
Tahira Kashyap: Family's support important for women with breast cancer
I Travelled Through Craft Clusters To Find My Muse: Anavila Misra


text:
Ола́во Луи́c Пименте́л ди Карва́лью (; 29 апреля 1947, Кампинас, штат Сан-Паулу, Бразилия — 24 января 2022, Ричмонд (Виргиния), штат Виргиния, США) — бразильский консервативный журналист и публицист, философ, политический эксперт, бывший астролог и крайне правый теоретик заговора, отстаивавший эзотерические и конспирологические идеологические позиции. Оказал большое влияние на бразильских крайне правых и семью бразильского президента Жаира Болсонару. С 2005 года и до своей смерти жил недалеко от Ричмонда (штат Вирджиния) в США.

Публикуя материалы о политике, литературе и философии с 1980-х годов, стал известен более широкой бразильской аудитории с 1990-х годов, в основном ведя колонки для некоторых крупных бразильских СМИ, таких как газета O Globo. В 2000-х годах начал использовать личные блоги и социальные сети для распространения своих консервативных и антикоммунистических идей. В конце 2010-х он стал известен в бразильских публичных дебатах, получив прозвище «интеллектуальный отец новых правых» и идеолог Жаира Болсонару, ярлык, который он сам отвергал.

Как полемист, Карвалью не соблюдал политкорректность и подвергался критике за то, что часто прибегал к непристойным нападкам ad hominem. Через свои книги и статьи он распространял теории заговора и ложную информацию, его обвиняли в разжигании ненависти и антиинтеллектуализме. Карвалью позиционировал себя как критик современности. Его интересы включали историю философию, историю революционных движений, традиционализм и сравнительное религиоведение. Его взгляды были отвергнуты философами.

Карьера
В феврале 1977 года начал сотрудничать с Фолья де С.Пауло (в литературной секции «Фольхетим»). В 1979 году вместе с Антонио Карлосом «Бола» Харресом и Мэри Лу Симонсен (дочерью бизнесмена Марио Уоллеса Симонсена) он основал Escola Jupiter в городе Сан-Паулу, школа организовывала семинары, мероприятия и лекции, такие как Семинар по астрологии Пекено. (февраль 1979 г.) и Второй астрологический семинар (сентябрь 1979 г.) Одной из выпускниц школы была астролог Барбара Абрамо.

Олаво де Карвальо вел курсы по астрологии и другим темам; на одном из этих курсов, продолжительностью восемь месяцев и еженедельным занятием, Олаво предложил «Профессиональное руководство в соответствии с астрологией». Как астролог он участвовал в первом университетском курсе повышения квалификации по астрологии в Папском католическом университете Сан-Паулу (PUC-SP), в 1979 г. предлагается стажерам психологии.

В 1980-х он стал членом Тариката, мусульманского мистического ордена, возглавляемого Фритьофом Шуоном. Признавая важность ислама в его формировании, сегодня он сожалеет о его экспансии на Запад.

Он учился в Conpefil (Группа философских исследований) Папского католического университета Рио-де-Жанейро в течение трех лет под руководством профессора и священника Станислава Ладусанса.

Он представил работы «Структура и смысл энциклопедии философских наук» Марио Феррейры душ Сантуша и «Аналитическое чтение «Кризиса западной философии»» Владимира Соловьева, но не закончил курс, оставив его после смерти Ладусанса (1993). ; поэтому не имеет официального ученого звания.

До 2016 года он писал для Diário do Comércio (структура, принадлежащая Коммерческой ассоциации Сан-Паулу) в колонке «Mundo Real».

В 1996 году он опубликовал книгу под названием «O imbecil colectivo:actualidades inculturais Brasileiras» (Коллективный идиот: текущие события бразильской культуры), в которой резко критиковал бразильскую культурную и интеллектуальную среду. Работа получила похвалу от журналиста Пауло Фрэнсиса и экономиста Роберто Кампоса, которые назвали Олаво «философом большой эрудиции».

Он дискутировал с россиянином Александром Дугиным (политологом, советником президента России Владимира Путина и главным идеологом евразийства) о Новом мировом порядке, создав в 2012 году книгу «США и новый мировой порядок». Дугин пришел к выводу, что позиция Олаво была «очень личной, своеобразной и неуместной». Румынский либертарианский эссеист Хориа-Роман Патапиевич высоко оценил позицию и аргументы Олаво в дебатах, посчитав его блестящую реплику.

В 2013 году он опубликовал «Меньшее, что нужно знать, чтобы не быть идиотом». Книга представляет собой сборник из 193 статей, написанных им с 1997 по 2013 год, когда она была выпущена, и было продано около 320 000 экземпляров, получив похвалу от журналистов Карлоса Рамальете, Эйлера де Франса Белема, Пауло Бриге и Рейнальдо Азеведу из Фолья. де С.Пауло и отец Пауло Рикардо.

Хотя работа Карвалью имела успех у широкой публики, она не получила большого резонанса в академии.

В 2015 году он запустил свой канал на YouTube, названный его именем, и в настоящее время (2019 г.) с более чем 800 тысячами подписчиков и не менее 43 миллионами просмотров (2019 г.). Его канал на YouTube относится к категории «Комедия», в Facebook он сопровождается более более 600 тыс. подписчиков (2019 г.); в социальных сетях объектами их критики являются пресса, культурная жизнь и университет; он приписывает ухудшение этих пространств прогрессивным движениям, которые, по его мнению, стали бы лишь полями бюрократии и ритуалов идеологической обработки. 15 августа 2018 года его страницы в Facebook были заблокированы на тридцать дней. Олаво объяснил блокировку «маленькими шутками», которые он отпускал двум бывшим студентам его онлайн-курсов философии, Карлосу и Хорхе Веласко.

Карвалью стал одним из главных распространителей крайне правых идей в Бразилии. Дональд Дж. Трамп в 2016 году назвал Карвалью «одним из величайших консервативных интеллектуалов в мире». Он получил большой резонанс после избрания Жаира Болсонару в 2018 году, будучи важным теоретиком своего правительства.

Идеология
Олаво оценивал современный мир не как достижение прогресса, а как закат, выражение кризиса цивилизации, который, по его мысли, был бы вступлением в варварство. Это было бы результатом процесса укрепления коллективного сознания, начатого в эпоху Возрождения, который достиг своего апогея во время Французской революции с преобладанием «общественного мнения». мысль типична для традиционализма, который считает, что «человечество находится в конце долгого цикла упадка и что он закончится разрушением и возрождением», по его собственным словам.

Олаво критически относился к тому, что он называет «темным духовенством», которое включает в себя кантианство, гегельянство, марксизм, позитивизм, прагматизм, ницшеанство, психоанализ, аналитическую философию, экзистенциализм, деконструктивизм, теологию освобождения, моральный, культурный и этический релятивизм, среди других философских и интеллектуальные течения. Согласно Карвалью, эти течения переносят ответственность за знание истины с человека на коллектив. Он защищает теорию заговора, известную как «культурный марксизм». Он был большим критиком национальной коллективной мысли за его предполагаемое отсутствие заботы о будущем. По его мнению, бразильская культура, ориентированная прежде всего на самоопределение специфики, имеет тенденцию переоценивать популярное, антропологическое и документальное выше того, что он называет вневременными ценностями.

В дебатах 1998 года Карвалью заявил, что те, кто защищает моральный релятивизм, также испытывают сильное моральное негодование и что, несмотря на их обесценивание в интеллектуальной сфере, в эмоциональной сфере люди сильно привязаны к идее морали. В своей книге «Аристотель в новой перспективе» Олаво пишет, что в работах Аристотеля заложена центральная идея, которая осталась незамеченной почти всеми его читателями и учеными. Карлос Эйтор Кони похвалил публикации Карвалью об Отто Марии Карпо, а Бруно Толентино назвал его «очень прекрасным философом, настоящим ученым и очень честным человеком».

Работы

Эссе

 (1980). A Imagem do Homem na Astrologia. São Paulo: Jvpiter.
 (1983). O Crime da Madre Agnes ou A Confusão entre Espiritualidade e Psiquismo. São Paulo: Speculum.
 (1983). Questões de Simbolismo Astrológico. São Paulo: Speculum.
 (1983). Universalidade e Abstração e outros Estudos. São Paulo: Speculum.
 (1985). Astros e Símbolos. São Paulo: Nova Stella.
 (1986). Astrologia e Religião. São Paulo: Nova Stella.
 (1986).  São Paulo: Nova Stella.
 (1992). Símbolos e Mitos no Filme "O Silêncio dos Inocentes". Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Artes Liberais.
 (1993). Os Gêneros Literários: Seus Fundamentos Metafísicos. Rio de Janeiro: IAL & Stella Caymmi.
 (1993). O Caráter como Forma Pura da Personalidade. Rio de Janeiro: Astroscientia Editora.
 (1994).  Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Artes Liberais & Stella Caymmi [São Paulo: Vide Editorial, 2014].
 (1994). Uma Filosofia Aristotélica da Cultura. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Artes Liberais.
  Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks, 1996 [São Paulo: É Realizações, 2007; Campinas, SP: Vide Editorial, 2013].
 (1995).  Rio de Janeiro: Diadorim [São Paulo: É Realizações, 2000; Campinas, SP: Vide Editorial, 2015].
 (1994).  Rio de Janeiro: Faculdade da Cidade [São Paulo: É Realizações, 2007; Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2018].
 (1997). O Futuro do Pensamento Brasileiro: Estudos sobre o Nosso Lugar no Mundo. Rio de Janeiro: Faculdade da Cidade Editora [É Realizações, 2007].
 (1998).  Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks [São Paulo: É Realizações, 2008; São Paulo: Record (forthcoming)].
 (2002–2006). Coleção História Essencial da Filosofia, 32 vol. São Paulo: É Realizações.
 (2007).  São Paulo: É Realizações [Campinas, SP: Vide Editorial, 2015].
 (2011). Maquiavel, ou A Confusão Demoníaca. Campinas, SP: Vide Editorial.
 (2012). A Filosofia e seu Inverso. Campinas, SP: Vide Editorial.
 (2012). Os EUA e a Nova Ordem Mundial: Um Debate entre Olavo de Carvalho e Aleksandr Dugin. Campinas, SP: Vide Editorial. 2012. (with Aleksandr Dugin).
 (2013).  Edited by Felipe Moura Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Record.
 (2013).  Campinas, SP: Vide Editorial.
 (2013).  Campinas, SP: Vide Editorial.
 (2014).  Campinas, SP: Vide Editorial.
 (2014). A Fórmula para Enlouquecer o Mundo: Cartas de um Terráqueo ao Planeta Brasil, vol. 3. Campinas, SP: Vide Editorial.
 (2015). A Inversão Revolucionária em Ação: Cartas de um Terráqueo ao Planeta Brasil, vol. 4. Campinas, SP: Vide Editorial.
 (2016). O Império Mundial da Burla: Cartas de um Terráqueo ao Planeta Brasil, vol. 5. Campinas, SP: Vide Editorial.
 (2016). O Dever de Insultar: Cartas de um Terráqueo ao Planeta Brasil, vol. 6. Campinas, SP: Vide Editorial.
 (2017). Breve Retrato do Brasil: Cartas de um Terráqueo ao Planeta Brasil, vol. 7. Campinas, SP: Vide Editorial.
 (Forthcoming). O Imbecil Coletivo III: O Imbecil Juvenil. Campinas, SP: VIDE Editorial.

Другие публикации

 (1973). Tabu, by Alan Watts. São Paulo: Editora Três (translation and preface, with Fernando de Castro Ferreira).
 (1981). A Metafísica Oriental, by René Guénon. São Paulo: Escola Júpiter (translation).
 (1984). Comentários à "Metafísica Oriental" de René Guénon, by Michel Veber. São Paulo: Speculum (introduction and notes).
 (1997).  by Arthur Schopenhauer. Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks (introduction, notes and explanatory comments).
 (1997). O Espírito das Revoluções, by J.O. de Meira Penna. Rio de Janeiro: Faculdade da Cidade Editora (preface).
 (1998). O Exército na História do Brasil, 3 Vol. Rio de Janeiro/Salvador: Biblioteca do Exército & Fundação Odebrecht (editor).
 (1998). Teatro Oficina: Onde a Arte não Dormia, by Ítala Nandi. Rio de Janeiro: Faculdade da Cidade Editora (preface).
 (1999). Ensaios Reunidos, 1942–1978, by Otto Maria Carpeaux. Rio de Janeiro: UniverCidade & Topbooks (introduction and notes).
 (1999).  by Alain Peyrefitte. Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks (introduction).
 (1999). Aristóteles, by Émile Boutroux. Rio de Janeiro: Record (introduction and notes).
 (2001). As Seis Doenças do Espírito Contemporâneo, by Constantin Noica. Rio de Janeiro: Record (introduction and notes).
 (2001). Admirável Mundo Novo, by Aldous Huxley. São Paulo: Editora Globo (preface).
 (2001). A Ilha, by Aldous Huxley. São Paulo: Editora Globo (preface).
 (2001). A Coerência das Incertezas, by Paulo Mercadante. São Paulo: É Realizações (introduction and notes).
 (2001). A Sabedoria das Leis Eternas, by Mário Ferreira dos Santos. São Paulo: É Realizações (introduction and notes).
 (2002). A Origem da Linguagem, by Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Record (edition and notes, with Carlos Nougué).
 (2004). Escolha e Sobrevivência, by Ângelo Monteiro. São Paulo: É Realizações (preface).
 (2008). O Eixo do Mal Latino-americano e a Nova Ordem Mundial, by Heitor de Paola. São Paulo: É Realizações (preface).
 (2011). O Enigma Quântico, by Wolfgang Smith. Campinas, SP: VIDE Editorial (preface).
 (2014). Ponerologia: Psicopatas no Poder, by Andrzej Łobaczewski. Campinas, SP: VIDE Editorial (preface).
 (2015). A Tomada do Brasil, by Percival Puggina. Porto Alegre: Editora Concreta (preface).
 (2015). Cabo Anselmo: Minha Verdade, by José Anselmo dos Santos. São Paulo: Matrix (preface).
 (2017). 1964: O Elo Perdido; O Brasil nos Arquivos do Serviço Secreto Comunista, by Mauro "Abranches" Kraenski and Vladimir Petrilák. Campinas, SP: VIDE Editorial (preface).
 (2019). A Vida Intelectual, by A.-D. Sertillanges. São Paulo: Kírion (preface).
 (2019). Traição Americana: O Ataque Secreto aos Estados Unidos, by Diana West. São Paulo: Sophia Perennis (preface)

Примечания

Ссылки

 Olavo de Carvalho's articles, at Diário do Comércio
 Olavo de Carvalho on Communism in Latin America, Alex Newman, 15 March 2010 in The New American

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
\section{Introduction}

Cosmology in theories with branes embedded in  extra dimensions
has been the subject of intense investigation during the last
years. The most detailed analysis has been done for braneworld
models in five-dimensional space \cite{5d1}. The effect of the
extra dimension can modify the cosmological evolution, depending
on the model, both at early  and late times. The cosmology of this
and other related models with one transverse to the brane extra
dimension (codimension-1 brane models) is well understood
\cite{RScosmology,5dcosmo,induced,indcosmology,GB1,GBcorrection,idg+gb}
(for a review see \cite{reviews}).

Braneworld models can also be extended in higher than
five-dimensions. We can consider a $(n+1)$ brane embedded in
$(n+2)$ spacetime (codimension-1 models) or a $(3+1)$ brane
embedded in $(n+1)$ spacetime (codimension-$n-3$ models). Six or
higher-dimensional braneworld models of codimension-1 are
considered as generalizations of the Randall-Sundrum model
\cite{HighCodim1}.

Six-dimensional brane world models are rather interesting to be
studied for a number of reasons. Firstly the large
(sub-millimeter) extra dimensions proposal for the resolution of
the electroweak hierarchy problem was provided \cite{AADD} in the
framework of brane theories with two extra transverse dimensions.
Therefore the study of extra dimensional theories, and string
theory in particular, become relevant to low energy phenomenology
(colliders as well as astrophysical and cosmological observations)
and is testable in the very near future. The different
possibilities of realizing a brane world model in six dimensions
must therefore be studied to allow for a comparison with
experiment.

Another attractive motivation has been the proposal to ameliorate
the cosmological constant problem, using codimension-2 branes (for
a recent review on the subject see \cite{koz}). These branes have
the interesting property that their vacuum energy instead of
curving their world-volume, just introduces a deficit angle in the
local geometry \cite{CLP}. Models with this property which exhibit
no fine-tuning between the brane and bulk quantities have been
known as self-tuning (for early attempts to find similar models in
five dimensions see \cite{5d}). Such self-tuning models with flux
compactification \cite{6dflux,susy} have been extensively looked,
but the flux quantization condition always introduces a fine
tuning \cite{fluxquant}, unless one allows for singularities more
severe than conical \cite{noncon}. Alternative sigma-model
compactifications have been shown to satisfy the self-tuning
requirements \cite{6dsigma}. However, the successful resolution of
the cosmological constant problem would also require that there
are  no fine-tuning between bulk parameters themselves. No such
self-tuning model has been found yet with all these properties.

A further motivation in studying such models with codimension-2
branes is that gravity on them is purely understood. The
introduction of matter ({\it i.e.,}\  anything different from vacuum energy)
on them, immediately introduces malicious non-conical
singularities \cite{Cline}. A way out of this problem is to
complicate the gravity dynamics by adding a Gauss-Bonnet term in
the bulk or an induced curvature term on the brane, in which case
the singularity structure of the theory is altered and non-trivial
matter is allowed \cite{GB}. However, the components of the
energy-momentum tensor of the brane and the bulk are tuned
artificially and the brane matter is rather restricted
\cite{GBcon}. Alternatively, one can regularize the codimension-2
branes by introducing some thickness and then consider matter on
them \cite{regular}. For example,  one can  mimic the brane by a
six-dimensional vortex (as {\it e.g.,}\  in \cite{uzpe}), a procedure which
becomes a rather difficult task if matter is added on it.

Even thought we do not fully understand black hole solutions in
codimension-2 braneworlds they have been extensively discussed in
\cite{Charmousis:2008bt,Kaloper:2006ek,Kiley:2007wb,CPTZ}. Lately
a six-dimensional black hole localized on a 3-brane of
codimension-2~\cite{Kaloper:2006ek,Kiley:2007wb} was proposed.
However, it is not clear how to realize these solutions in the
thin brane limit where high curvature terms are needed to
accommodate matter on the brane. The localization of a black hole
on the brane and its extension to the bulk is a difficult task. In
codimension-1 braneworlds the first attempt was to consider the
Schwarzschild metric and study its black string extension into the
bulk~\cite{Chamblin:1999by}. which is unfortunately unstable to
classical linear perturbations~\cite{BSINS}. Since then, several
authors have attempted to find the full metric using numerical
techniques \cite{BHNUM}. Analytically, the brane metric equations
of motion were considered with the only bulk input coming from the
projection of the Weyl tensor~\cite{SMS} onto the brane. Since
this system is not closed because it contains an unknown bulk
dependent term, assumptions have to be made either in the form of
the metric or on the Weyl term~\cite{BBH}. In codimension-2
braneworlds, recently black holes on a thin conical brane and
their extension into a five and six-dimensional bulk with a
Gauss-Bonnet term were found~\cite{CPTZ}.

Moreover we are still lacking an understanding of time dependent
cosmological solutions in codimension-2 braneworlds. To have a
cosmological evolution we need regularized branes, the brane
world-volume should be expanding and in general the bulk space
should also evolve in time. This is a formidable task, so we
follow an alternative approach
\cite{Papantonopoulos:2007fk,Minamitsuji:2007fx}.
\footnote{Recently, some works have studied the cosmological
evolution of codimension-1 or 2 branes in six dimensional models
\cite{codim1&2}}

First for our setup we consider another way of regularization
which was recently proposed and consists merely of the reduction
of codimensionality of the brane. In this approach, the bulk
around the codimension-2 brane is cut close to the conical tip and
it is replaced by a codimension-1 brane which is capped by
appropriate bulk sections \cite{PST} (see \cite{Gott} for a
similar regularization of cosmic strings in flat spacetime). This
regularization has been applied to flux compactification systems
in six dimensions for unwarped ``rugby-ball''-like solutions in
\cite{PST}. The case of warped solutions with conical branes (with
or without supersymmetry) \cite{ppz} and even more general warped
solutions allowing non-conical branes \cite{tas} have been
studied. More precisely we consider the case of one capped
regularized conical brane of codimension one and give the {\it
static} bulk and cap solutions.

Then we study the motion of the regularized codimension-1 brane in
the space between the bulk and the brane-cap which remains static
(see {\it e.g.,}\  \cite{Cuadros-Melgar:2005ex}).  In this way, a
cosmological evolution will be induced on the brane in a similar
way as in the mirage cosmology \cite{mirage}, but with the
inclusion of the back-reaction of the brane energy density ({\it i.e.,}\
the brane is not considered merely a probe one). Since in the
mirage cosmology, the four-dimensional scale factor descends from
the warp factor in the four-dimensional part of the bulk metric,
we will discuss the regularized brane in the case of warped bulk
\cite{ppz}, rather than unwarped bulk \cite{PST}. It is worth
noting that the above procedure provided in five dimensions the
most general isotropic brane cosmological solutions
\cite{5dcosmo}.

We find the Friedmann equation on the brane by solving the Israel
junction conditions, which play the r\^ole of the equations of
motion of the codimension-1 brane. We find that at early times
cosmology is dominated by an energy density term proportional to
$\rho^2$, like in the Rundall-Sundrum model in five dimensions.
However, at late times where the brane moves close to its
equilibrium point, which in turn is close to the would-be conical
singularity, the coefficient of the linear to the energy density
term is negative ({\it i.e.,}\  we obtain negative effective Newton's
constant). Thus, we cannot recover the standard four dimensional
cosmology at late times. This seems to be the consequence of
considering the bulk sections static. It is possible, that this
behaviour is due to a ghost mode appearing among the perturbations
of the system, after imposing the staticity of the bulk sections.
Furthermore, the above result points out that there is a
difference  between the six-dimensional brane cosmology in
comparison to  the five-dimensional one. The study of brane
cosmology in Einstein gravity in five dimensions, can be made
either in a gauge where the bulk is time-dependent and the brane
lies at a fixed position, or in a gauge where the bulk is static
and the brane  movement into the bulk induces a cosmological
evolution on it \cite{equivalence}. This, however, does not seem
to hold in six-dimensions anymore.

The talk is organized as follows. In Sec.~2 we present the static
regularized brane solution in a bulk of general warping. In Sec.~3
we derive the equations of motion of the codimension-1 brane and
in Sec.~4 we study the induced cosmological evolution on the
moving brane. Finally in Sec.~5 we draw our conclusions.

\section{Regularized static brane solutions}

In this section we will briefly give the necessary results of the
static solution which we will need in the following for the brane
motion. The bulk theory that we use is a six-dimensional
Einstein-Maxwell system which in the presence of a positive
cosmological constant and a gauge flux, spontaneously compactifies
the internal space \cite{spontan}. The known axisymmetric
solutions have in general two codimension-2 singularities at the
poles of a deformed sphere \cite{japs}. We study the case where
only one ({\it e.g.,}\  the upper) codimension-2 brane is regularized by the
introduction of a ring-like brane at $r=r_c$ with an appropriate
cap. The dynamics of the system is given by the following action
\begin{equation} S= \int d^6 x \sqrt{-g} \left( {M^4 \over 2} R - \Lambda_i -{1
\over 4}{\cal F}^2 \right) - \int d^5 x \sqrt{-\gamma_+}\left(\lambda
+{v^2 \over 2} (\tilde{D}_{\hat{\mu}} \sigma)^2 \right)-\int d^4x
\sqrt{-\gamma_-} ~T~, \end{equation} where $M$ is the six-dimensional fundamental
Planck mass, $\Lambda_i$ are the bulk ($i=0$) and cap ($i=c$)
cosmological constants, ${\cal F}_{MN}$ the gauge field strength,
$T$ the tension of the lower codimension-2 brane, $\lambda$ the
4-brane tension, $\sigma$ the 4-brane Goldstone scalar field necessary
for the regularization and $v$ the vev of the Higgs field from
which the Goldstone field originates. For the coupling between the
Goldstone field and the bulk gauge field we use the notation
$\tilde{D}_{\hat{\mu}} \sigma = \partial_{\hat{\mu}} \sigma -e~ a_{\hat{\mu}}$,
with $a_{\hat{\mu}}={\cal A}_M \partial_{\hat{\mu}} X^M$ the pullback of
the  gauge field on the ring-like brane and $e$ its coupling to
the scalar field. In  the above action we omitted the
Gibbons-Hawking term. The configuration is shown in more detail in
Fig.\ref{internalfig}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\begin{picture}(200,160)(-60,-20)

\Text(45,155)[c]{$r=+1$} \Text(45,-10)[c]{$r=-1$}

\Text(-65,72)[c]{Bulk: $c_0,~R_0,~\alpha$}

\Text(125,130)[c]{Cap: $c_c,~R_c,~\alpha$}

\Text(-65,142)[c]{4-brane} \Text(-65,129)[c]{$\lambda,~v$}
\Text(-65,114)[c]{$r=r_c$}

\BBoxc(-65,-5.5)(50,30)

\Text(-65,2)[c]{3-brane} \Text(-65,-13)[c]{$T$}

\Vertex(42,2){2}

\Oval(-65,128)(22,38)(0)

\LongArrow(-20,125)(25,125) \LongArrow(-30,2)(33,2)

\epsfig{file=thefig.eps,width=3cm,height=5cm}

\end{picture}
\begin{minipage}[b]{14pc}
\caption{ The internal space where the upper codimension-2
singularity has been  regularized with the introduction of a
ring-like codimension-1 brane. The parameters of the action and
the solution are denoted in the appropriate part of the internal
space.} \label{internalfig}
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The solution for the bulk and cap regions depends on a parameter
$\alpha$ which is a measure of the warping of the space (for $\alpha=1$ we
obtain the unwarped case) and is given by \cite{ppz} \begin{eqnarray}
ds_6^2&=&  z^2 \eta_{\mu\nu} dx^\mu dx^\nu + R_i^2\left[ {dr^2 \over f} +c_i^2 f~ d\varphi^2 \right]~,\\
{\cal F}_{r \varphi}&=&  -c_i R_i M^2 S \cdot {1 \over z^4}~, \end{eqnarray}
with $R_i^2=M^4/(2 \Lambda_i)$ and the following bulk functions \begin{eqnarray}
z(r)&=&{1 \over 2}[(1-\alpha)r+(1+\alpha)]\\ f(r)&=& {1 \over 5
(1-\alpha)^2}\left[ -z^2 + {1-\alpha^8 \over 1-\alpha^3}\cdot{1 \over z^3
}-\alpha^3{1-\alpha^5 \over 1-\alpha^3}\cdot{1 \over z^6} \right]~, \end{eqnarray} with
$S(\alpha)= \sqrt{{3 \over 5}\alpha^3{1-\alpha^5 \over 1-\alpha^3}}$. The range of
the internal space coordinates is $-1 \leq r \leq 1$ and $0\leq
\varphi <2 \pi$. Taking into account that in the limit $r \to \pm 1$,
it is $f \to 2(1\mp r)X_\pm$ with the constants $X_\pm$ given by
\begin{equation} X_+= {5+3\alpha^8-8\alpha^3 \over 20 (1-\alpha)(1-\alpha^3)} ~~~ ,~~~ X_-=
{3+5\alpha^8-8\alpha^5 \over 20 \alpha^4(1-\alpha)(1-\alpha^3)} ~, \end{equation} the cap is
smooth at $r=+1$ as long as is $c_c=1/X_+$. Furthermore, the
metric is continuous if $c_0 R_0=c_c R_c$, which gives $R_c= \beta_+
R_0$ with $\beta_+=X_+ c_0$ \footnote{In this brief presentation of
the background, we have taken $\xi=1$ in comparison with
\cite{ppz}. The physical quantities, however, are
$\xi$-independent and depend only on $\beta_+$.}. The conical
singularity at $r=-1$ is supported by a codimension-2 brane with
tension \begin{equation} T=2\pi M^4 (1- c_0 X_- ) \end{equation} while the parameters of
the $4$-brane $\lambda$, $v$ are fixed by the radii $R_0$, $R_c$ and
the brane position $r_c$ \cite{ppz}. Finally, the gauge field is
quantized as \begin{equation} 2 c_0 R_0 M^2 e~Y = N   ~~~,~~~N \in \mathbb{Z}~,
\label{N} \end{equation} with $Y={(1-\alpha^3) \over 3 \alpha^3 (1-\alpha)}~S$ and the
brane scalar field has  solution $\sigma= n \varphi$ with $n \in
\mathbb{Z}$. The two quantum numbers $n$, $N$ are related through
the junction conditions as
 \begin{equation} n={N
\over 2}{2 \over (1-\alpha^3)}\left[{5(1-\alpha^8) \over 8 (1-\alpha^5)}
-\alpha^3\right]~. \end{equation}
 Since the quantities $n$, $N$ are integers,
the above relation imposes
 a restriction to the values of the admissible warpings $\alpha$, which implies that static solutions are
consistent only for discrete values of the warping $\alpha$.

\section{The {\bf cosmological }dynamics of the $4$-brane}

To study the cosmological evolution on the brane we include matter
on it which in general makes both the brane and the bulk to evolve
in time. Unfortunately we do not know any time dependent solution
for such setup. Therefore we will approach the problem in a
simplest way, by making the approximation that the bulk remains
{\it static} and that the brane matter merely makes the brane to
move between the static bulk and the static cup, away from its
equilibrium point $r = r_c$, thus obtaining cosmology on the
brane, as in the mirage cosmology approach \cite{mirage}. This is
to be regarded as a first step towards understanding the generic
brane cosmological evolution. In our case the brane is not merely
a probe brane and we will use the junction conditions to derive
the induced cosmology, thus taking into account the back-reaction
of the brane energy density.

Firstly, to embed  the brane in the static bulk, let us take  the
brane coordinates  be $\sigma^{\hat{\mu}}=(\sigma,x^i,\varphi)$.  [The
brane-time coordinate $\sigma$ is not to be confused with the
Goldstone field $\sigma$ which will not appear in our subsequent
analysis.] Then the brane embedding $X^M$ in the bulk is taken for
both sections to be \begin{equation} X^i=x^i ~~~ ,~~~ X^r={\cal R}(\sigma)~~~ {\rm
and}  ~~~ X^\varphi=\varphi~, \end{equation} while for the time coordinate embedding
we choose for the outer  bulk  section \begin{equation} X^0_{(out)}=\sigma~, \end{equation}
and for the inner cap section \begin{equation} X^0_{(in)}=T(\sigma)~. \end{equation}

The continuity of the induced metric $\gamma_{\hat{\mu} \hat{\nu}} =
g_{MN} \partial_{\hat{\mu}} X^M \partial_{\hat{\nu}} X^N $, apart from the
relation $c_0 R_0= c_c R_c$ as in the static case, gives a
relation of the time coordinate $T$ in the upper cap region with
the brane time coordinate $\sigma$ (dots are with respect to $\sigma$) \begin{equation}
\dot{T}^2 \left(1 - \beta_+^2{\dot{\cal R}^2 \over \dot{T}^2} {R_0^2
\over f z^2} \right)= \left(1 - \dot{\cal R}^2 {R_0^2 \over f z^2}
\right) ~.\label{T} \end{equation} Then the induced metric $\gamma_{\hat{\mu}
\hat{\nu}}$ on the brane reads \begin{equation} ds^2_{(5)}=
-z^2\left(1-{\dot{{\cal R}}^2{R_0^2 \over f
z^2}}\right)d\sigma^2+z^2d\vec{x}^2+c_0^2R_0^2 f d\varphi^2 ~. \end{equation}

The continuity of the gauge field, on the other hand, is
guaranteed by the fact that its only non-vanishing component is
$A_\varphi$ and $X^\varphi$ is $\sigma$-independent.

Secondly, we introduce an energy momentum tensor of a perfect
fluid on the brane $t_{\hat{\mu}}^{\hat{\nu}
~(br)}=-(2/\sqrt{-\gamma_+}) \delta S_{br}/ \delta \gamma^{~ \mu}_{+ ~ \nu} = {\rm
diag}(-\rho, P,P,P,\hat{P})$ (where $S_{br}$ is the brane action).
We also consider a possible coupling of the brane matter to the
bulk gauge field (consistent with the cosmological symmetries) by
$\delta S_{br} / \delta a^{\hat{\kappa}}=(l,L,L,L,\hat{L})$. Splitting the
above quantities to one part responsible for the static solution
and another expressing the presence of matter on the brane, we
have
 \begin{eqnarray}
\rho&=&\lambda + {v^2 (n-e {\cal A}_\varphi^+)^2 \over 2 c_0^2 R_{0}^2  f(r_c)} + \rho_m \equiv  \rho_0+ \rho_m \label{rsplit} \\
P&=&-\lambda - {v^2 (n-e {\cal A}_\varphi^+)^2 \over 2 c_0^2 R_{0}^2  f(r_c)} +P_m \equiv  -\rho_0+ P_m\\
\hat{P}&=&-\lambda + {v^2 (n-e {\cal A}_\varphi^+)^2 \over 2 c_0^2 R_{0}^2  f(r_c)} + \hat{P}_m\\
l&=&l_m\\
L&=&L_m \\
\hat{L}&=& e  v^2 (n-e {\cal A}_\varphi^+)+\hat{L}_m \end{eqnarray} with all the
other quantities vanishing and $\rho_m$, $P_m$, $\hat{P}_m$, $l_m$,
$L_m$, $\hat{L}_m$ the matter contributions.

In the spirit of mirage cosmology approach \cite{mirage} the brane
matter merely makes the brane to move in the static bulk. As we
have already stated this movement induces cosmology on the brane
and warping of the bulk is necessary. Therefore it is convenient
to rewrite the metric in the form \begin{equation} ds^2_{(5)}= -d\tau^2+a^2(\tau)
d\vec{x}^2+ b^2(\tau) d\varphi^2 ~, \end{equation} with $a= z({\cal R}(\tau))$ and
$b= c_0 R_0 \sqrt{f({\cal R}(\tau))}$. The brane proper time is
given by \begin{equation} \dot{\tau}^2=z^2\left(1-{\dot{{\cal R}}^2{R_0^2 \over f
z^2}}\right)~. \label{proper} \end{equation} From now on we will assume
without loss of generality that $\dot{\tau}>0$.  It is evident from
the above, that cosmological evolution from mere motion of the
brane in the static bulk is possible only when there is warping in
the bulk. In the unwarped version of this model \cite{PST}, mirage
cosmology is impossible and some bulk time-dependence is
compulsory.

The Hubble parameters for the two scale factors are given by
 \begin{equation}
H_a \equiv {1 \over a}{ d a \over d \tau } =  {z' \over z^2} {
\dot{{\cal R}} \over \sqrt{ 1-{\dot{{\cal R}}^2{R_0^2 \over f
z^2}}  } }~, \label{Ha} \end{equation}
 and
 \begin{equation} H_b \equiv {1 \over b}{ d b \over d \tau } =  {f' \over 2 f z} {
\dot{{\cal R}} \over \sqrt{ 1-{\dot{{\cal R}}^2{R_0^2 \over f
z^2}}  } }~. \end{equation} Then the  ratio of $H_a$ and $H_b$ gives a
precise relation between them for our particular model. It is
given by
 \begin{equation}
H_b={z f' \over 2 f z'} H_a~, \end{equation} and we notice that since in the
model we study it is always  $f' <0$, in the neighborhood of
$r=1$, the two Hubble parameters have opposite sign. This means
 that if the four dimensional space expands, the internal space shrinks.

Apart from the continuity conditions we have to take into account
the junction conditions for the derivatives of the metric and the
gauge field, which read \begin{eqnarray}
\{\hat{K}_{\hat{\mu}\hat{\nu}}\}&=&-{1 \over M^4} t_{\hat{\mu} \hat{\nu}}^{(br)}~, \label{Kjunction} \\
\{n_{M} {\cal F}^{M}_{~N}\partial_{\hat{\kappa}} X^N  \}&=& - {\delta S_{br}
\over \delta a^{\hat{\kappa}}}   ~. \label{Fjunction} \end{eqnarray} We denote
$\{H\}=H^{in} + H^{out}$ the sum of the quantity $H$ from each
side of each brane. The extrinsic curvatures are constructed using
the normal to the brane $n_M$ which points {\it inwards to the
corresponding part of the bulk} each time (we use the conventions
of \cite {CR}). \footnote{The left hand sides of the above
equations are computed in detail in the Appendix A of
\cite{Papantonopoulos:2007fk}}.

So far we have $6$ parameters: $\rho, P, \hat{P}, l, L, \hat{L}$ and
with the use of the continuity relations of the induced metric,
$c_0 R_0= c_c R_c$ and (\ref{T}), the $(t)$ and $(i)$ components
of the junction conditions for the gauge field give for the
coupling: $l = L = 0$, the $(\varphi)$ component of the gauge field
junction and the $(\varphi\vf)$ component of the metric junction
determine $\hat{P}$ and $\hat{L}$. Finally the two remaining
metric junction conditions ($(\sigma\s)$ and $(ij)$ components) give
the Friedmann equation and the acceleration equation respectively.

The obtained Friedmann equation is \begin{equation} H_a^2 = {1 \over 4M^8 {\cal
C}^2 {\cal A}}~\rho^2 + {M^8 {\cal C}^2 (1-\beta_+^2)^2 \over 4 R_0^4
\beta_+^4 {\cal A}}\cdot{1 \over \rho^2}-{1+\beta_+^2 \over 2 \beta_+^2 R_0^2
{\cal  A}}~ \label{fried} \end{equation} where ${\cal A}={ z^2 \over
fz^{'2}}$ and ${\cal C}=\sqrt{f}\left( 3 {z' \over z}+{f' \over
2f}\right)$, both evaluated on the brane. It has unconventional
dependence on the energy density, in particular the inverse square
dependence is known to occur for motions in backgrounds of
asymmetrical warping \cite{asym}.

The equilibrium point $r_c$ of the system is found if we set
$H_a=0$, which gives the brane energy density without matter \begin{equation}
\rho_0=-{M^4 {\cal C}_c \over R_0 \beta_+}(1- \beta_+)~, \end{equation} where ${\cal
C}_c$ is the value of ${\cal C}$ at $r_c$  and is the same
appearing  in \reef{rsplit}. The behaviour of the function ${\cal
C}$ is that, as $r \to -1$ it limits to ${\cal  C} \to  \infty$
and monotonically decreases and limits to ${\cal  C} \to  -\infty$
as $r \to 1$. On the other hand ${\cal A}$, is always positive
with ${\cal A} \to \infty$ as $r \to \pm 1$, and ${\cal O}(1)$ in
the intermediate region. In the unwarped limit $\alpha \to 1$ the
Friedmann equation becomes as expected trivial, {\it i.e.,}\  $H_a=0$.

Before studying various limits of the above equation, let us
define the effective four dimensional matter energy density
$\rho_m^{(4)}$ by averaging over the azimuthal direction (we assume
that $\rho_m$ is independent of $\varphi$) \begin{equation} \rho_m^{(4)}=\int d\varphi
\sqrt{g_{\varphi \varphi}} \rho_m = {2 \pi \beta_+ \over X_+} R_0 \sqrt{f} \rho_m
~, \end{equation} with similar definitions for the other 4-brane quantities.

Let us suppose now that initially $-1 \ll {\cal R}(\sigma) < r_c < 1$,
with $1-r_c \ll 1$. The goal is to find how ${\cal R}(\sigma)$
behaves.  To recover a four-dimensional Friedmann equation at late
times we can assume that the brane energy density is small in
comparison with the static case energy density, {\it i.e.,}\  $\rho_m^{(4)}
\ll \rho_0$,  so we can expand \reef{fried} in powers of
$\rho_m^{(4)}$ and obtain the following four dimensional form of the
Friedmann equation \begin{equation} H_a^2 = {8 \pi \over 3} G_{eff} \rho_m^{(4)}
+ \Delta(a) + {\cal O}(\rho_m^{(4)~2})~, \end{equation} where the effective
Newton's constant is \begin{equation} G_{eff}={3X_+ {\cal C}_c (1-\beta_+) \over
32 \pi^2 R_0^2 \beta_+^2 M^4 {\cal A}~{\cal C}^2 \sqrt{f}} \left[
{{\cal C}^4 \over {\cal C}_c^4}\left({1 + \beta_+ \over 1 -
\beta_+}\right)^2 -1\right]~. \end{equation} The quantity $\Delta(a)$ depends on the
parameters of the bulk and  plays the r\^ole   of the the mirage
matter induced on the brane from the bulk and it is given by \begin{equation}
\Delta(a)={ (1- \beta_+)^2 \over 4 R_0^2 \beta_+^2 {\cal A} } \left[ { {\cal
C}_c^2 \over {\cal C}^2 }+{ {\cal C}^2 \over {\cal C}_c^2
}\left({1 + \beta_+ \over 1 - \beta_+}\right)^2 -2 { 1+ \beta_+^2 \over
(1-\beta_+)^2} \right] ~. \end{equation}

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\begin{picture}(200,130)(0,0)

\LongArrow(-20,50)(210,50) \LongArrow(80,0)(80,130)

\Vertex(170,50){1.5} \Vertex(-10,50){1.5}

\Vertex(107.5,50){2} \Vertex(150,50){2}

\DashLine(170,70)(170,0){2} \DashLine(-10,70)(-10,0){2}
\DashLine(107.5,50)(107.5,120){2}

\Curve{(110,120)(130,53)(135,50)(140,47)(165,0)}
\Curve{(-5,0)(30,35)(80,46)(85,50)(105,120)}

\Text(180,60)[c]{$+1$} \Text(5,60)[c]{$-1$}

\Text(205,60)[c]{${\cal R}(\sigma)$} \Text(150,60)[c]{$r_c$}
\Text(95,140)[c]{$G_{eff}$} \Text(107.5,38)[c]{$r_d$}

\end{picture}\hspace{1.8pc}
\begin{minipage}[b]{14pc}
\caption{ The generic form of the effective Newton's constant
$G_{eff}$  as a function of the brane position ${\cal R}(\sigma)$. As
the brane approaches the equilibrium point $r_c$, we always have
$G_{eff}<0$. Additionally, $G_{eff}$ diverges as $r \to \pm 1$ and
at one point $r_d$ in between.} \label{Geffpic}
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\begin{picture}(200,130)(0,0)

\LongArrow(-20,20)(210,20) \LongArrow(80,0)(80,130)

\Vertex(170,20){1.5} \Vertex(-10,20){1.5}

\Vertex(107.5,20){2} \Vertex(150,20){2}

\DashLine(170,100)(170,20){2} \DashLine(-10,100)(-10,20){2}
\DashLine(107.5,20)(107.5,120){2}

\Curve{(110,120)(140,10)(150,20)(170,30)}
\Curve{(-10,50)(35,20)(70,20)(105,120)}

\Text(180,30)[c]{$+1$} \Text(-20,30)[c]{$-1$}

\Text(205,30)[c]{${\cal R}(\sigma)$} \Text(157,8)[c]{$r_c$}
\Text(95,140)[c]{$\Delta$} \Text(107.5,8)[c]{$r_d$}

\end{picture} \hspace{1.8pc}
\begin{minipage}[b]{14pc}
\caption{ The generic form of the mirage matter contribution $\Delta$
as  a function of the brane position ${\cal R}(\sigma)$. At the static
equilibrium point $r_c$ it vanishes and at $r_d$ it diverges.}
\label{Dpic}
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The behaviour of $G_{eff}$ as a function of ${\cal R}(\sigma)$ is
given  in Fig.~\ref{Geffpic} and has the following important
features: At the points where the geometry becomes conical ($r \to
\pm 1$) the effective Newton's constant is negative and diverging.
In between, there is a point $r_d$, with
 \begin{equation} z_d = \left({3 (1-\alpha^8) \over 8 (1-\alpha^3)} \right)^{1/5}
~, \end{equation} which is a root of ${\cal C}$ and $G_{eff}$ diverges to $+
\infty$. At this point the matter energy density is bound to
vanish. It is important to note that even in the region where
$G_{eff}$ is positive, there is always a strong time variation of
$G_{eff}$, which for \begin{equation} {1\over G_{eff}}{d G_{eff} \over d\tau}=
H_a \delta ~, \end{equation} has $\delta > {\cal O}(10)$, in contradiction with
observations \cite{obs} which dictate that $\delta < 0.1$. But even
more important is the fact that close to the static equilibrium
point, where the cosmology is supposed to mimic best the one of a
codimension-2 brane, we get {\it negative} Newton's constant \begin{equation}
G_{eff}({\cal R}=r_c)= {3X_+ \over 8 \pi^2 R_0^2 \beta_+ (1-\beta_+) M^4
{\cal A}~{\cal C}_c \sqrt{f}}   <0~, \end{equation} since we have that for
any value of the parameters and for $r_c$ in the neighborhood of
$r=+1$, it is ${\cal C}_c <0$.

Let us also look at the mirage matter contribution $\Delta$, which  is
depicted in Fig.~\ref{Dpic}. As expected, it vanishes for the
static  equilibrium point $r_c$, it is finite at the boundaries
$r=\pm 1$ and diverges at the root $r_d$ of ${\cal C}$. Again
there is no region in the brane position interval where the
contribution of $\Delta$ is constant enough to resemble a cosmological
constant contribution to the four dimensional Friedmann equation.

This result is not altered by supersymmetrizing the model
\cite{susy}. The bulk and cap solutions are different from the
non-supersymmetric case due to the presence of the dilaton.
However, the only difference in the Friedmann is a redefinition of
the quantities ${\cal A}$ and ${\cal C}$. In the supersymmetric
case, these quantities read \begin{equation} {\cal A}_{susy}=4{ z^2 \over
fz^{'2}} ~~~{\rm and}~~~{\cal C}_{susy}=\sqrt{f}\left( {3z' \over
2z}+{f' \over 2f}\right)~.\end{equation} It is easy to see again that the
effective Newton's constant is negative for the motion near the
would-be conical tip and that even away from that point, it is
very strongly varying.

On the opposite limit, that the matter energy density is much
larger  than the static case energy density, {\it i.e.,}\  $\rho_m^{(4)} \gg
\rho_0$, we get the expected asymptotics \begin{equation} H_a^2 = {1 \over 4M^8
{\cal C}^2 {\cal A}}~\rho_m^2~, \end{equation} which is a five-dimensional
Friedmann law (with time-varying five-dimensional Newton's
constant) at early times.

Taking under consideration the difficulties of the model to give a
Fiedmann equation with the correct sign of $G_{eff}$, we will not
proceed with the presentation of the analysis of the acceleration
equation. With this equation, one finds even more difficulties
towards obtaining a realistic four-dimensional evolution. For
example, in the low energy limit, one gets a coefficient of the
linear energy density term, which is not related to the $G_{eff}$,
that we obtained from the Friedmann equation, in the way it does
in standard four-dimensional General Relativity.

This pathological features of the low energy density limit, where
the  expansion does not appear to have an effective
four-dimensional limit, can find a potential explanation when
looking at the energy continuity equation on the brane. Taking the
covariant divergence of the Israel junction  condition
(\ref{Kjunction}), together with the Codazzi equation
$\nabla^{(4)}_{\hat{\mu}} \hat{K}^{\hat{\mu}}_{\hat{\nu}}=G_{K
\Lambda}n^{\Lambda} h_N^K \partial_{\hat{\nu}} X^N ~$ and the bulk Einstein
equation, we arrive at the following simple equation \cite{CR} \begin{equation}
\nabla^{(4)}_{\hat{\mu}} t^{\hat{\mu}~(br)}_{\hat{\nu}} = - \{
T^{(B)}_{K \Lambda}h^K_N n^{\Lambda} \partial_{\hat{\nu}}X^N  \small{\}}~. \end{equation}

Because of the jump of the bulk energy momentum tensor across the
4-brane, the energy-momentum tensor on the 4-brane is not
conserved. This is a usual feature of moving brane cosmologies in
asymmetrically warped backgrounds \cite{asy}. In more detail, the
form of the above equation for the particular model is given by
 \begin{equation}
{d \rho \over d\tau}+ 3(\rho + P) H_a +(\rho + \hat{P}){z f' \over 2 f z'}
H_a = - {S^2 \rho H_a \over z' z^7 {\cal C} \sqrt{f}}~, \end{equation} where in
the right hand side we have used the Friedmann equation
\reef{fried}. In a straightforward but lengthy calculation, one
can see that the latter  equation can be derived from the $(\sigma\s),
(ij)$ and $(\varphi\vf)$ components of the junction conditions of
(\ref{Kjunction}). The problems in the four-dimensional limit,
that we faced previously, can be traced to large energy
dissipation off the brane as well as a large work done during the
contraction of the ring-brane.

\section{Conclusions}

In the present presentation we made a first step towards the study
of the cosmology of a codimension-2 brane. We regularized the
codimension-2 singularities by the method of lowering its
codimensionality. We cut the space close to the conical tip and
replaced it by a ring brane with an appropriate cap. Unfortunately
we do not know any time dependent solution for such setup.
Therefore we will approach the problem in a simplest way, we
assumed that the bulk and the cap remain static as the brane moves
between them. The motion of the brane then induces a cosmological
evolution for the matter on the brane. The junction conditions
provide the Friedmann and acceleration equations on the brane.

From the Friedmann equation we can see that we cannot recover
standard cosmological evolution of the brane at low energies. The
effective Newton's constant is negative in the interesting limit
that the brane approaches its equilibrium point, close to the
would-be conical singularity. In other words, we obtain
antigravity in this limit. Even away from this point, {\it i.e.,}\  when the
brane moves away from its equilibrium point, the Newton's constant
varies significantly in contradiction with standard cosmology. At
one position of the internal space, the Newton's constant even
diverges and forces the matter energy density to vanish. Taking
all the above  into account, we did not present the further
analysis of the system by considering the acceleration equation.

The reason for this unconventional cosmological evolution, is the
use of the specific restricted ansatz for the solution of the
system's equation of motion. The staticity of the bulk was proved
to be an oversimplification. We imagine that this restriction on
the system may result to the appearance of some scalar mode in the
perturbative analysis of  \cite{stabwarp}, which for a certain
region of the brane motion (close to the pole of the internal
manifold) is ghost-like. This mode may then be responsible for the
negative effective Newton's constant. The unrestricted
perturbative analysis in \cite{stabwarp} resulted in a linearized
four-dimensional Einstein equation for distances larger than the
compactification scale. The same happened in \cite{PST} in the
unwarped model perturbation analysis\footnote{The question of
stability of the regularized models was not discussed in
\cite{PST,stabwarp} and it could be that these compactifications
have modes with negative mass squared.} (see \cite{kaloper} for a
related analysis with a brane induced gravity term), even though
it would not have mirage evolution, as we studied it here, because
of the absence of a warp factor. The gradient expansion technique
was recently used in similar six dimensional models
\cite{gradient} to derive a low energy effective theory on the
regularized brane and show that standard four-dimensional Einstein
gravity is recovered at low energies. Consequently, this approach
could be used in our case to derive the low energy effective
theory \cite{PPZgradient}. The appearance of the standard
four-dimensional linearized dynamics, shows that they are realized
when the bulk is necessarily time-dependent.

Clearly, the next step should be the study of the system in a
setup where the bulk is also time-dependent. In that respect,
brane cosmology in six dimensions seems to be different for the
one in five dimensions. In Einstein gravity in five dimensions,
one can always work in a gauge where the bulk is static and the
brane acquires a cosmological evolution by moving into the bulk.
However, in six dimensions there are more degrees of freedom which
make this gauge choice not general. In the present paper, we have
frozen these degrees of freedom hoping to find  consistent
cosmological solutions, but it turned out that this does not give
a viable cosmology. There are several known time-dependent
backgrounds which can be used to look for realistic brane
cosmologies \cite{timedep}. We plan to address this issue in the
near future.

\ack

This talk is based on the works done in collaboration with E.
Papantonopoulos and A. Papazoglou. We thank the organizers of the
13th NEB Conference, held in Thessaloniki, for their kind
hospitality and perfect organization. This work was supported by
the Hellenic Army Academy and the NTUA research program PEVE07.

\section*{References}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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