text:
Controversy abating and credulity curbed?Ronald Syme
Vol. 2 No. 17 · 4 September 1980
Controversy abating and credulity curbed?
Ronald Syme looks at those biographies of Roman emperors collectively known as the 'Historia Augusta'
Erudite controversies serve a variety of purposes. On the lowest count they afford nutriment, unfailing even if meagre, to tired and traditional topics. Industry reaps easy reward since bibliographies abound. There is a further benefit if the evidence never offered prospects of a solution.
A number of problems, ostensibly historical, are devoid of substance. For example, the Date of the Nativity. When curiosity or dispute first arose, the facts were beyond the reach of ascertainment. Which did not deter Tertullian. Rebuking the sceptical and ignorant, he told them to consult the records of a Roman census held in Judaea.
Debate goes on. New discoveries add sustenance, eagerly snapped up. A text from Palestine, lurking in the Louvre, was published for the first time in 1930: it had been catalogued as 'une dalle de marbre, envoyée de Nazareth en 1878'. This document is an imperial edict forbidding under penalty the violation of sepulchres; and experts in Greek epigraphy put the lettering in the first century of our era. The Nazareth Decree (for some thus styled it, incautiously) created a stir. By 1937 it had spawned some thirty learned papers (apart from references innumerable). Nor did it forfeit its seduction in the Fifties. Interest faded in the sequel. The object hardly matters any more – and so far no copy seems to have turned up of the despatch which Pontius Pilate sent to Tiberius Caesar, as Tertullian testifies.
For a recent parallel, observe the Decree of Themistocles, enjoining various measures to be taken at an early stage in the campaign that was to terminate with the Battle of Salamis. The copy was inscribed on stone about two centuries later. That is not the point. The document belongs to a recognisable class of patriotic fabrications already put to good employ by Athenian orators.
Debates about authenticity and authorship have a perennial charm. Pseudepigrapha flourished in Antiquity, in compensation, perhaps, for the decadence of epic and the rudimentary condition of the novel. Certain literary genres, such as letters of poets or sages, and their biographies, carry the meaning and motive on the surface. The reading public clamoured for information about the early life of authors who attained classic fame – and early writings were duly manufactured.
Two letters of advice are extant, addressed by Sallust to Julius Caesar. In the course of the last sixty years or so they have engaged zealous champions, both historians and students of Latin literature. One of the products has 50 BC for its 'dramatic date', so most critics hold. For believers that is also the 'real date'. Those who acclaim this Sallust are impelled to extol his political insight and sensitivity to issues of the day. They say less about that prescience of future events which enabled him to write with three major assumptions in mind: war will come, Caesar wins, Caesar proceeds to augment the size of the Roman Senate.
Known systems of literary education have recourse to the imitation of Classical models. Hence impersonation, and no thought of deception. There are traps for the unwary. The Pseudo-Sallust possesses the style and manner several years before the great innovator created it for the writing of history – and he overdoes it, as may happen to a parodist in any age.
Style or anachronism, either criterion by itself may be enough to condemn a product once it has come under suspicion for other reasons, such as dubious provenance or a motive all too patent. Devoted to literary imposture, the present essay may conduce to sundry reflections about the duration of controversies, why they continue and how they find an end. Some are kept going by pertinacity or equivocation. They may lapse or perish through fatigue and inanition. A new weapon or a single sharp blow is not so common.
By its amplitude, by the inherent problems and their repercussions, the Historia Augusta stands without a rival in any age. These imperial biographies are the sole Latin source of any compass for the years 117-284AD, from the death of Trajan to the accession of Diocletian. They convey a double assertion – six authors, and they wrote at different times during the reigns of Diocletian and of Constantine (who died in 337).
Those claims went unchallenged until the year 1889, when a young scholar, Hermann Dessau, made a discovery that alarmed his seniors. Dessau's exposition was firm and lucid: a single author, and he perpetrated his imposture at a later season, towards the end of the fourth century.
It would be instructive, though perhaps tedious, to recount the annals of prolonged warfare, the ebb and flow of battle, the names of ancient power. Historians were the principal contenders, eager for facts and preoccupied with the dating of the work. That was unfortunate. The primary approach to the HA should be literary: structure and sources, language and authorship.
Of the six ostensible biographers, 'Vopiscus' is the last in order. He named three of them as predecessors. However, neither he nor they assert that they are writing in collaboration. That must be stated at the outset, to preclude misconceptions. Some critics make the incautious assumption. For support and parallel, appeal has even been made to large histories of multiple authorship published at Cambridge. The notion is ingenious. Taken a step further it entails an editor – but also a planner, however incompetent.
On cursory inspection, the name labels fall apart. Their apportionment was often peculiar or in conflict with the text. One of the 'Six' polishes off the life of Marcus Aurelius, quickly. He is denied the sequel of Commodus. Or he will announce the next biography, only to be pre-empted by somebody else. Gibbon preferred to cite them 'without distinction, under the general and well-known title of the Augustan History'. Not all scholars in the recent time have paid heed to the salubrious admonition. Error ensues, and multiple delusions.
The labels of identity were carelessly attached. They are an afterthought, that is clear. It would be worth ascertaining at what stage in composition the author chose to pass himself off as a collection, first of all four (but later rising to six). Perhaps (so it can be argued) when he had finished compiling and abridging his source for the nine emperors from Hadrian to Caracalla. About this time, creating a novelty in biography, he decided to write, as pendants to those rulers, the lives of two princes and three pretenders to the power. Fiction was almost total, like what was to follow, a culmination soon reached with Elagabalus and Severus Alexander.
If the labels were waived or dismissed as pseudonyms, a case might still be made for plural authorship in some form or other. At first sight the Vitae are alarmingly hybrid and heterogeneous. Reflection or scrutiny provides the explanation. The matter is diverse, and so is the treatment. The author compiles (as in the first sequence of Caesars), he translates from Greek sources, he indulges in free composition. The phenomenon is likewise apparent in individual biographies. Style exhibits a wide range from the prosaic or even vulgar to rhetoric and eloquence.
The common features outweigh variation and divergence. Habits of language or grammar, unusual words and expressions recur in widely separate portions of the HA. Above all, the author's fabrications, characteristic and recurrent.
Nonetheless, like the 'traditional date', the 'plurality of authors' still finds advocates, especially among Italian scholars (national fancies in Classical learning, and national contrasts, may afford some amusement).1 Some continue to employ the names of the 'Six'. The more subtle, it appears, might be disposed to settle for a lesser company, but they refrain from specifying the number. Discreet cover is supplied by the term 'Scriptores Historiae Augustae'. As elsewhere in this controversy, clarity is called for.
When dispute and dissent keep going, it is worth an effort to look for reasons. One of them is respect for tradition and the written word, deference to authority (that is, authority in the modern time). Classical scholars sometimes incur disparagement for sticking to their texts. In this instance, a paradox comes to light, and a pertinent question. One wonders whether conservative critics examine the Historta Augusta as a whole, whether they read it often enough. The 'literature of the subject' is a fatal substitute.
Is there no end in sight? A new and novel technique might decide the question of authorship once and for all.
The computer supervenes.2 To its arbitrament are submitted some of those regular and unobtrusive phenomena that betray the linguistic habits of an author. First, the HA as a whole is compared with a group of other writings, for length of sentences. It is shown homogeneous. Second, the Six are analysed by the types of phrase that begin or end a sentence. The response appears unequivocal.
Doubts are sometimes voiced about the method when applied to vocabulary, and peculiar results may emerge when different portions of a known author are put to the test. It will not be easy to impugn the present operation. Those who conducted the inquiry may await attempts without undue apprehension.
It remains to assess the consequences. They are various and valuable, extending far beyond questions of single or multiple authorship. Instant relief accrues for the plain man, perplexed or annoyed by the abstruse detail of an intricate controversy, prone to acquiesce in the authority of standard manuals – few clear and comprehensive statements have been issued in recent years. He will be happy to see the work-force (helots or hierophants) now set free for useful tasks. For example, Church History seen from the point of view of non-fanatical pagans, or a biography of Athanasius.
To friends of the Six dismay may percolate. Sundry arguments or devices lapse that were invoked to discriminate between biographers. Not so long ago a French scholar was able to equip them with an identity, each and all.3 Thus 'Spartianus', sober and intelligent (not the man to forge a document), or 'Lampridius', with a propensity towards moralising and to scabrous details, and so on. Again, significance has been discovered in the fact that only one of them, 'Capitolinus', cites 'Junius Cordus' (long recognised by most as a non-existent author). The label 'Capitolinus' appertains to nine biographies. Like the HA itself, they cover the gamut, from compilation to mature and exuberant fiction. Applying the same arguments to 'Capitolinus', advocates of plurality might have split him into two or rather three persons, without perceptible discomfort.
Persons and names in fact opened the path and inspired the pioneer. When composing entries for the Prosopographia Imperii Romani, Hermann Dessau came upon items of nomenclature which, ostensibly anterior to the year 284, were not only invented but redolent of a much later age – such as 'Toxotius' and 'Nicomachus'. He drew the conclusion. Hence joy and sorrow. Also efforts of evasion: aristocrats who bore those names in the second half of the fourth century no doubt had ancestors in the epoch of Diocletian and Constantine.
In 1971 appeared the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. In certain respects a declension from Dessau – but the task was infinitely more arduous. A work of this kind is liable to omissions. One of them is notable, the sad fate of the Six. Four of them are left out, no excuse or palliation. Two qualify – 'Lampridius' and 'Vopiscus'. To 'Lampridius' was allocated a role and a personality: 'he refers to Christianity more often and in a less hostile spirit than the other biographers.' Together with the general inadvertence, that item, it may be noted, avows multiple authorship in the enterprise.
Plural authors for the HA being now discountenanced, much writing goes down the drain. One fate carries off the learned along with the lazy, the clever no less than the credulous.
For the faithful, a sombre consolation avails. They were not confuted through mere appeal to language and style and structure. The computer did it. By the same token, disappointment for those who had laboured in the vineyard or derived refreshment from fiction and imposture. At the eleventh hour a machine cheats them of reward.
What then remains to be done? Quite a lot. First of all, to carry on the historian's plain duty, to segregate fact from fraud. That entails 'Quellenkritik', to some a name of dread. The basic source of the first sequence of imperial biographies (the nine Vitae from Hadrian to Caracalla) needs to be defined beyond dispute, the accretions to be separated (and used for other purposes). Less is known about certain rulers than what earned credit from the illustrious author of the Mémoires d'Hadrien (1951) or from professed historians. After Caracalla, invention has the larger part. The nature and quality of the Severus Alexander was no secret. As Gibbon declared, 'the mere idea of a perfect prince, an awkward imitation of the Cyropaedia'. A recent estimate puts the factual residue at about 2 per cent.
Along with a mass of forged documents (letters and decrees of emperors, orations of senators) the HA carries over two hundred bogus persons, of every rank and character, from 'Ablavius Murena' to 'Zosimio'. In one biography, that of the Emperor Tacitus (15 pages in a modern text), none of the names is genuine, save those of emperors. The semblance of authenticity is conveyed by an alternating technique, the names either rare and startling or drab and indistinctive.
The HA adduces some thirty-five biographers or historians nowhere else on attestation. That is one of the main clues to the nature of the work. The prime exhibit is 'Junius Cordus', cited not as a main source for any biography but on the side. His function is to be scourged as a frivolous and deleterious writer. He has two entries as 'Aelius Cordus'. Like a novelist, the author forgot. Proust was not clear whether the husband of Mme Verdurin was 'Auguste' or 'Gustave'. Not but that 'Aelius Junius Cordus' still has fanciers.
As have other fables. Severus Alexander, 'so an author of the time relates,' worshipped at a domestic chapel in which stood images of Christ and Abraham, along with a pair of pagan sages or saints. The beliefs of the Syrian prince do not fail to seduce adepts of religious syncretism. Again, the Emperor Tacitus, on generous exposition as an elderly senator of frugal and scholarly habits (each night he would read or write, save on the second of the month). For the full count the reader is exhorted to consult the copious biography written by 'Suetonius Optatianus'. This emperor claimed the historian as an ancestor and enjoined that copies of the books be made every year. Hence unique testimony to the transmission of classical texts in an obscure epoch.
Next, language and style. By paradox this ample repertorium has had little attraction for the tribe of philologists, although displaying oddities in abundance: archaisms, rare or poetical words, neologisms and technical terms, peculiar expressions. There are also vulgarisms, some creeping already into late authors, such as positus, equivalent to the missing present participle of the verb esse. Others anticipate Romance idioms, as fecit occidi or the preposition de instead of ex.
Third, the author himself, to be sought and found in his fabrications. Apart from bogus characters one comes upon emperors and usurpers made vivid through physical appearance, diet and drink, literary productivity; then speeches and letters, consular dates, civilian and military posts, regiments and mixed bodies of troops, schedules of supplies, paintings and sculpture. Greek verses in translation, omens and oracles.
That is not all. If the fabrications are catalogued in order, as each rubric appears for the first time, a clear progression will emerge. Developing in resource, the author improves all the time, and stands out before the end as a master of craft and audacity.
At a public festival the Prefect of the City invites 'Vopiscus' to share his official carriage. Deploring the fact that no biography exists of Aurelian (his relative, to be sure), the Prefect offers memoirs written by that emperor and documents from the Bibliotheca Ulpia. He then goes on to allude to manifest defects in the four classic historians of Rome and adds encouragement. 'Do not worry. Write as you please. You will have for companions in mendacity those whom we admire as paragons of historical eloquence.'
The scene is set in the carnival season when masked revellers went about the streets impersonating both high and low. The genial impostor has raised his mask for a moment. In a later place, pretending to a serious vein, he reverts to the theme and rebukes the four historians because they affect an elevated style. Biographers are modest, and they tell the truth. For proof, six names are appended (four of them spurious).
The author's talent has not always secured recognition. Likewise the humour. Some of the jokes are feeble, like the pervasive puns on names, recalling the schoolboy or his instructors. But observe Gallienus interrupting the ceremonial pomp of his decennial festival with a clamour for his dinner: 'ecquid habemus in prandio?' And there are sustained efforts. A prophecy foretold that a descendant of the Emperor Tacitus will extend conquest to the ends of the world, imposing Roman governors on Ireland and Ceylon; and further, he will restore sovereignty to the Senate and die at the age of 120, leaving no heir. This is not to happen until a thousand years have elapsed. As the author explains, the descendants of Tacitus (who are numerous) are still waiting for the 'millesimus annus'.
That a writer should exhibit so portentous an evolution in the course of one and the same work is a rare and remarkable phenomenon. Yet such are the facts. Elsewhere early essays or first drafts have seldom been preserved. As Gibbon says, 'many experiments were made before I could hit the middle tone between a dull chronicle and a rhetorical declamation: three times did I compose the first chapter.' Saint-Simon furnishes a more revealing parallel. In 1694, when he was a youth on military service, he began a diary. Some of that sober record (but not much) was incorporated in the Mémoires he composed in old age (between 1739 and 1749), having turned meanwhile into a blend of Suetonius and Tacitus, combining personal detail about monarch and courtiers with subversive commentary.
Now the HA is not just bad biography or dishonest history. Nor did dearth of evidence or sources running out reduce the author to inventions. The five biographies of princes and pretenders (an original product) are defined by modern scholars as 'the secondary Vitae'. Not secondary, however, in his design and intention. They foreshadow the later exposition, the mature achievement.
A question might occur about the literary genre. Describing portions of the HA, some speak of historical romance. Better, perhaps, 'fictional history'. A distinction might be drawn, on various criteria – but not clear or easy. B. Perry in his book The Ancient Romances (1967) excluded historical Fiction, of set purpose. Not perhaps a good idea – and he omitted Xenophon's Cyropaedia. Some definitions need to be looked at again.
The HA opens wide perspectives – namely, the purpose of literary fraud and its personal motives, the techniques of verification. Other media offer guidance, such as works of art or inscriptions on stone or metal.
In the year 1881 the coast of Brazil delivered a Phoenician document, set up by Hiram's men from Tyre, after a long voyage that began at Eziongebir on the Red Sea. Surviving only in copies, the text has been held genuine by a Semitic philologist (Cyrus Gordon). Superior literacy has rendered North America more prolific in pre-Columbian testimonies. About ninety years ago, a runic inscription was dislodged from the roots of a tree in rural Minnesota: a party of Norsemen (both male and female) had got that far in the year 1362. Until recently the stone was on proud exhibit in the Smithsonian Institute at Washington.
When the object is extant, scientific tests can be applied (the Turin Shroud is said to be under inspection). They have not spared the bronze tablet which Sir Frances Drake erected on the coast of California, where it emerged from a sand hill. The specific metal alloy was not in use in the 16th century. The proof was superfluous. Where Drake's memorial would have written 'for ever' the tablet has 'forever'. Similarly, later grammatical forms on the Minnesota stone.
A single word may condemn, and the economical solution is sheer delight. Elaborate literary deceptions offer tougher resistance, or hold out, not suspected or impugned for a long time. In 1819, Hase, Keeper of Greek manuscripts at the Bibliothéque Royale, published fragments of a Byzantine historian. The 'Toparcha Gothicus' (as it is called) furnished precious information about Russian history, otherwise so sparse in the tenth century. It is now exposed as a forgery.4 The searching demonstration brought up other activities of Hase, and cast light on his devious character: an ambitious upstart and immigrant of German origin, an erudite scholar who kept a secret diary written in Greek.
Recent notoriety attends upon Sir Edmund Backhouse (the Hermit of Peking) who discovered the memoirs of a Chinese courtier that vouchsafe startling disclosures about the last empress. Once again the person concords with the product, as is shown by a masterpiece of detection.5 The historian who conducted that stylish operation was alert to the wider implications of his theme. Concluding his portrayal of the venerable and bearded impostor, he subjoined brief reference to other artists, notably Lenormant, the French Hellenist and archaeologist, and the bibliographer T. J. Wise, who manufactured more than fifty first editions of English poets.
Through the ages forgeries have been in constant employ to commend the claims of a party, a government, a religion. Sacred relies and national antiquities often carry their purpose on their face, or not far beneath. Nor is the craving for personal fame absent, for academic rewards or pecuniary profit. Hase was thus impelled (though he got only the Order of St Vladimir, fourth class), and so was Wise. That need not detain. A pure and more amiable manifestation is here in question: deceit for its own sweet sake.
He who perpetrates a hoax enjoys a double delectation. He fools people, and soon or late they come to see that they have been fooled. Superior and subtle jokers are in no hurry to be found out. Thus the Scandinavian who composed the runes and planted the stone – a vagrant theological student, as was long suspected and in the end proved.
The theme of revenge delayed beyond the grave has appealed to a versatile humorist. In one of the stories of Alphonse Allais a local antiquary, at odds with colleagues, instructs a friend to order his interment, clothing the corpse in a suit of Chinese armour, sealing it in a Gallo-Roman sarcophagus along with a selection of Greek coins. He imagined with merriment 'la gueule que feralent les archéolagues dans cinq cent ans'.
Notable performers may still evade censure or renown. In 1912, the Classical Review published from the pen of R. W. Raper (a Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, not previously known for productivity) a suspiciously eloquent contribution entitled 'Marones: Virgil as Priest of Apollo'. Noting the opinion that regarded the poet as a Celt, he raised protest: 'the scientist of the future will perhaps take a wider and more comprehensive view.' He then went on to expound his own theory. Virgil had for ancestress a Jewish lady. Kidnapped by pirates, she ended up in Italy, having married on the way in Thrace the priest of Apollo called Maron. Furthermore, her descendant himself became 'acquainted with the Hebrew Prophets' and we may even contemplate him 'reverently poring over the Book of Kings'. Raper's article evoked mild demur in the next volume of the periodical. Warde Fowler gravely pointed out, among other things, that at Rome Apollo was 'a deity who had never been a really important one'; and he alluded to 'Augustus' "Apollinarism" (in my opinion much exaggerated of late)'.
The article seems to have had no other repercussions. Virgilian scholars were perhaps growing diffident, or rather discreet, about their own speculations, in dangerous proximity. The tone and content betray Raper's motives, while the source of inspiration and the date (or at least a terminus post quem) could have been divined. In 1907 appeared Virgil's Messianic Eclogue, a composite work but mercifully short, with Fowler and Conway among the contributors. Five years later, the preface to the Oxford Book of Latin Verse spread itself on the Celtic spirit ('for that is what it was') and the Celtic extraction of the Transpadane poet. Virgil, by the way, thought that his city was an Etruscan foundation.
The Historia Augusta has been described and discussed as a forgery, all too often. The term is harsh and misleading. It suggests criminality or profit, it connotes an offence subject to legal penalty or redress. The question must be asked, who suffers injury when the dead or the non-existent are impersonated? – and pseudonyms have been a harmless recourse.
'Imposture' is the better word. Once the author's sense of humour is recognised and conceded, a further step can be taken. The thing is a hoax. The missing preface might have conveyed a gentle hint, averring research in a library or in family papers, a chance discovery in a temple or a tomb. The interview of 'Vopiscus' with the City Prefect suffices, or the general impression reinforced by a few revealing items. To use one of the phrases by which Albertine betrayed to the Narrator her growing sophistication, 'j'estime que c'est la bonne solution, la solution élégante;'.
The author avows and parades the tastes of a scholar. He is a collector of oddities and a word-fancier, quoting from the Latin classics and using various devices such as oracles emitted in the form of Virgilian verses or bogus characters with names borrowed from Cicero; and several turns of phrase put him in the close vicinity of scholiasts.
Imposture of this sophisticated type presupposes both a literary tradition and erudition become professional. Italy in the Renaissance proliferated in pastiche and creative fiction. Annius of Viterbo not only composed volumes of pseudo-history. He staged an excavation, on ground suitably salted.
The last quarter of the fourth century witnessed a marked and momentous renascence of letters and learning. Forgotten classics were revived and put into circulation, notably the satirist Juvenal, and they called for commentaries. In the train of erudition returned erudite fraud.
Educated Christians had been employing familiar techniques for polemical ends or for edification. Jerome now wrote his Life of Paul, duly equipped with 'corroborative details' – among them metal gear in a cave left there by forgers of coins in the days of Antonius and Cleopatra. This Paul is put on show as the proto-hermit of the Egyptian desert, preceding Antony, whom Athanasius had celebrated. Paul gave delight to readers through long ages. In 1969 he lost his place on the calendar by decree of the Vatican.
The epoch of Diocletian and Constantine was a bleak and barren tract of time. To accept and retain a whole school of Latin biographers was a strange dereliction of modern scholarship, impervious to the odour of fraud and the impact of a joke.
Authorship and date can no longer be kept separate. Not much has to be said. From the year 1889 the hunt was on. More and ever more anachronisms were put up. Exhilaration of the chase enticed to false trails or premature kills, and some of the bag were liable to be rejected by sceptical or conservative assessors. No matter – many of the anachronisms have themselves become irrelevant and obsolescent anyhow. A literary criterion supervened. Dessau detected a piece of the epitomator Aurelius Victor which had been inserted in the biography of Septimius Severus (as elsewhere, the compiler flagged, for the basic source was more ample than he needed). Victor was writing in 360.
A path of evasion offered, it is true: the suspect passage might belong not to Victor but to Victor's source. That path is now blocked. Exact scrutiny establishes many more traces of the epitomator in diverse sections of the HA. Not merely facts, but inspiration for the author to embark on stretches of sustained fiction. For example, the romantic development of an alleged interregnum of six months ensuing after Aurelian was killed and before Tacitus was proclaimed. According to Gibbon, 'an amazing period of tranquil anarchy'. Misled by the documentation, he styled it 'one of the best attested and most improbable events in the history of mankind'.
The dedications which some of the Six address to Diocletian and Constantine should never have deceived. The egregious 'Lampridius' undertook to write about Elagabalus by express command of Constantine, albeit with reluctance, for the subject was repulsive; and he was emboldened to deter him from the influence of evil counsellors, especially eunuchs. Constantine should know, having lived under their dominance ('qui talibus inserviit'). One of the first and heaviest opponents of Dessau opined that the Six were a group of courtiers.
Anachronisms (not merely the flagrant and absurd) have forfeited function and appeal in debate. A fairly broad consensus emerges, advocating the last decade of the fourth century. In consequence, historians modify their approach. They look for the impact of contemporaneous transactions, above all the proscription of pagan cults in 391 and the battle beside the River Frigidus when the cause went down in defeat in September of 394. Next, influences from other writers of the time, from Ammianus and even from Jerome. And finally, illumination is discovered on the social habits of the time, ranging from games and spectacles to learning and letters. It was a colourful age, Roman tradition and the old faith now defended by theosophists and classical scholars, while a senator, the noble Pammachius, promenaded in the black garb of a monk.
The HA being planted in a congenial environment, the temptation ensued to divine its purpose. Propaganda was an obvious answer. Many have sought the author in the ranks of the pagan aristocracy, in or close to the 'circle of Symmachus' (which, by the way, is liable like other literary groups to lose members on analysis). When 'propaganda' is surmised, various questions impinge: by whom exercised and for whom, to what end of persuasion, of defence, of consolation. They have not found clear and convincing answers, although something might be said in favour of a rearguard action conducted by a pagan and a patriot.
The political opinions of the author are no secret. He admires the imperial tradition, he extols the prestige of the Senate, he is devoted to the memory of the Antonine rulers. A man who elected to write biographies of good and bad emperors had no choice. Doctrine and attitudes are predictable. They were there already in the Latin sources.
The references to Christianity have been solicited with loving or anxious care. No inordinate concern with contemporary cults and beliefs seems to come out. This pagan might have been scabrous and savage. There was promising material, from ambitious bishops to militant monks. Jerome showed what could be done. He employed his talents of derision and invective to satirise the Roman clergy: luxurious and crafty, ensnaring pious widows of birth and wealth.
Instead, our friend turns out to be innocuous or humorous, as when Aurelian reproves the Senate for neglecting to consult the Sibylline Books, for behaving no better than a conventicle of Christians. A prime document is the Letter of Hadrian, close towards the end of the work. The emperor warns his brother-in-law against indulgence towards Egyptians. There is no true religion in the whole country, money the only god. Votaries of Serapis and Christ are interchangeable hypocrites. When the Patriarch of the Jews pays a visit to the land of Nile each party tries to convert him, forcibly.
The treatment accorded the Jews is in fact an instructive clue, avowing gentle malice and a taste for the exotic. Thus the ritual eating of ostrich flesh (so a Syrian prince is made to allege) or the Gallic virago 'Vituriga' who changed her name to 'Samso'.
This in a season when homilies of Chrysostom at Antioch erupted in coarse abuse, when a bishop on the Euphrates, mustering his flock and enlisting the monks, proceeded to burn down a synagogue. The Emperor Theodosius tried to intervene but had to give way before the potent authority of Ambrose.
It is not wholly fanciful to discover in the HA an unobtrusive plea for toleration; and admonition can be conveyed under the cover of frivolity. None the less, it is a misconception to assume a serious purpose. The HA is a genuine hoax. As in the beginning Dessau declared, 'eine Mystification leigt vor.' The text discloses a rogue scholar, delighting in deceit and making a mock of historians. Perhaps a professor on the loose, a librarian seeking recreation, a civil servant repelled by pedestrian routine.
The computer having spoken (or better, the text), the single author leads towards a suitable milieu, hence to the time of writing. Is there any escape, any device left for combining single authorship with the 'traditional date' – or rather 'ostensible dates'? In the past conservative critics displayed agility and much resource. One elaborate exposition, of weight and authority, operated with live groups of biographies and two editors, one Constantinian, the other Theodosian. The echoes of it are not yet mute. A recent theory summarily proposes three authors (an Anonymus followed by 'Pollio' and 'Vopiscus'), a collection made before the year 330, some interpolations between 400 and 410.6
It will not be easy to resuscitate once again the old expedient. The season for editors and interpolators is past and perished. Plain testimony from Aurelius Victor puts the HA as a whole subsequent to 360.
All manner of things have been seen in the course of this controversy. A single author may now have to be conjured up with a long life to fit the ostensible dates, and a long span of activity – say, sixty or seventy years ...
There are precedents, albeit imperfect. At one stage in the controversy the fashion obtained of assuming that an annalistic history was the basic source exploited in the first sequence of imperial Vitae, from Hadrian to Caracalla. In the early years of this century E. Kornemann produced an annalist of superior quality (perhaps a senatorial jurist in the 'circle of Ulpian') who was over 80 when writing under Severus Alexander. He could also assign a name, viz. 'Lollius Urbicus', whom the HA happens to cite – and who might be presumed a grandson of the general who invaded Scotland. About the same time O. T. Schulz came out with a performer almost centenarian. Having been a schoolfellow of Marcus Aurelius (born in 121), he survived to recount the reign of Caracalla (killed in 217).
The conjoint themes of history and fiction encourage brief mention of Courtil de Sandras, a soldier and literary adventurer, whose Mémoires de Mr. d'Artagnan were exploited rather than surpassed by Dumas. The composition is fluent and attractive, enriched with lively episodes and an adequate measure of corroborative detail. On a mission to London the famous 'Mousquetaire du Roi' had conversations with Cromwell and, an easier enterprise, seduced 'l'Anglaise', the mistress of the French ambassador.
Towards 1912, the Mémoires attracted the attention of a medieval scholar, Charles Samaran, who had been a member of the Ecole des Chartes since 1897. He was able to rectify error, discard fiction, and bring supplement from unpublished archives. The result was a neat and elegant book.7 Alert and active as ever, Samaran celebrated his 100th birthday in October of 1979, to the delight of his many friends.
While 'tempus, dies, fortuna' permit the present essay to terminate with a personal tribute to the living, commemoration of a different order will not escape the reader. Ninety years have passed since the signal exploit of Hermann Dessau. During his life he suffered neglect or dispraisal (disciples were few, apart from the valiant Ernst Hohl), and posthumous recognition was delayed or impeded. In recent times or even in recent years, Dessau's main arguments, so some held, had been refuted long since or remained highly dubious; while scholars and critics of repute may still be found defending 'the traditional date and the plural authorship' of the Historia Augusta.8
Ronald Syme
Ronald Syme retired in 1970 as Camden Professor of Ancient History at Oxford. His Roman Papers were reviewed in this journal in January of this year.
Half a dozen names could be cited.
'The Authorship of the Historia Augusta: Two Computer Studies' by I. Marriott (Journal of Roman Studies, LXIX, 1979).
Le Crépuscule des Césars: Scènes et Visages de l'Histoire Auguste (1964) by H. Bardon.
'The Date and Author of the so-called Fragments of Toparcha Gothicus' by I. Sevcenko (Dumbarton Oaks Papers, XXV, 1971).
A Hidden Life by H. R. Trevor-Roper (1976).
Storia di Roma, VI, by L. Pareti (1961).
D'Artagnan by Charles Samaran (Calmann-Lévy, 1912).
Timpanaro made a firm statement: 'proprio in base agli argomenti stessi di Momigliano, sarei ancor piu decisamente favorevole alla datazione tradizionale e alla pluralita di autori.' Quoted by Momigliano, English Historical Review, LXXXVIII (1973), p. 14.
Vol. 2 No. 19 · 2 October 1980
SIR: I fail to see a binding logic in Ronald Syme's equation of 'genuine hoax' with a lack of 'serious purpose' (LRB, 4 September). Forgery (imposture, hoax) – the most trivial aspect of which is described as 'making a mock of historians', no inconsiderable achievement, some might think – may have a very serious Intention in mind: an attack on the system which is to judge it. Being duped is an education. Oddly, despite references to 'pastiche', 'impersonation', 'pseudo-history' and 'fictional history', Syme omits to mention the most renowned 'hoaxes' in English literature: Chatterton's Rowley and Macpherson's Ossian. Both these authors were 'masters of craft and audacity', as the consequent literary-historical controversy demonstrated. Most major critics were drawn into the vortex, and many took stock of their beliefs before drowning or struggling to safety. We need only quote Thomas Warton, compiler of the first literary history of English poetry, to see how 'seriously' the whole affair was regarded:
the determination of these questions affects the great lines of the history of poetry and even of general literature. If it should be decided, that [Chatterton's] poems were really written so early as the reign or Edward IV, the entire system that has hitherto been framed concerning the progression of poetical composition, and every theory that has been established on the gradual improvement of taste, style, and language, will be shaken and disarranged.
Ian Haywood
London EC5


Alan Greenspan, (born March 6, 1926, New York City, New York, U.S.), American economist and chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, whose chairmanship (1987–2006) continued through the administrations of four American presidents.
At age five Greenspan demonstrated his proficiency in mathematics by reciting baseball batting averages and performing large calculations in his head. As a youth he studied music at the Juilliard School and played jazz saxophone and clarinet in the Henry Jerome band. He went on to study economics at New York University (B.A., 1948; M.A., 1950) and began work on a doctorate at Columbia University under economist and future Federal Reserve Board chairman Arthur F. Burns. He met the polemical novelist Ayn Rand in 1952 and became a member of her inner circle, adopting her philosophy of radical self-interest and laissez-faire capitalism (see objectivism).
Greenspan left Columbia in 1953 and formed Townsend-Greenspan & Co., Inc., an economic consulting firm in New York. After William Townsend's death in 1958, Greenspan became president and chief owner. Following Rand's urging, he served in 1967 as an adviser for Richard Nixon's 1968 presidential election campaign. Greenspan helped with Nixon's transition to the office but refused a permanent appointment in the Nixon administration, advising the president only informally and serving on presidential task forces and commissions. As chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers (1974–77) during Gerald Ford's presidency, Greenspan promoted policies that caused the rate of inflation to drop from 11 to 6.5 percent. In 1977 Greenspan returned to his firm in New York and became an adjunct professor at New York University, where he was awarded a Ph.D. in economics.
Appointed by President Ronald Reagan to fill Paul A. Volcker's term as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, Greenspan took office on August 11, 1987. During the years of his chairmanship, Greenspan became known for his decisive use of monetary policy in steering the economy between the hazards of inflation and recession. When the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell a record 508 points on October 19, 1987, shortly after he took charge at the Fed, he acted quickly to ensure liquidity in the markets. When Asian countries underwent a financial crisis and an economic downturn beginning in 1997 (see Asian financial crisis), he lowered U.S. interest rates to cushion the economy. As the Asian economies recovered and the U.S. economy continued its solid expansion, he initiated a series of interest rate hikes in June 1999. He also drew the public's attention to what he called "unsustainable" rates of growth in the U.S. economy and "overextended" stock prices toward the end of the 20th century.
Greenspan was given a share of the credit for the longest official economic expansion in U.S. history (March 1991–February 2000). His influence on global finance was considered so extensive that in September 1999 The Sunday Times of London named him one of the three most powerful people in the British Isles. International recognition of Greenspan's achievements continued: in 2000 the French government awarded him the Legion of Honour, and in 2002 Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom named him an honorary Knight of the British Empire. Greenspan retired as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board in January 2006. Greenspan's memoir, The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World, was published in 2007.
In 2011 the bipartisan Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission found that Greenspan's failure to curtail trade in securities backed by subprime mortgage loans (see also mortgage-backed security) during the U.S. housing bubble of the early 2000s and his advocacy of deregulation of the financial industry had contributed to the global financial crisis of 2008 (see Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008). In The Map and the Territory: Risk, Human Nature, and the Future of Forecasting (2013), Greenspan advanced guidelines for market prognostication in light of the lessons learned from the financial crisis. Although the book mostly constituted a reassertion and recontextualization of Greenspan's long-held principles, it notably allowed for the greater impact of John Maynard Keynes's "animal spirits"—essentially human emotion—on market behaviour.


text:
Q: Fast root finding algorithm for a special function My question follows from
Fast root finding for strictly decreasing function
I am a bit surprised from the above page that there is even no efficient root finding algorithm (RFA) for a strictly monotonic function. Consider $f: \mathbb R\to\mathbb R$ defined by $f(z)=\sum_{k=1}^n p_k y_k e^{z y_k}  -x$, where $p_k>0$ for all $k=1,\ldots, n\ge 2$. Assume further $y_1<y_2<\cdots<y_n$, and there exists a root $z_*$ for $f$, i.e. $f(z_*)=0$. Then it follows from the assumptions that $f$ is strictly increasing and thus $z^*$ is unique. My concern is to find a numerical approximation of $z^*$.
A straightforward computation yields that
$$f'(z)=\sum_{k=1}^n p_k y_k^2 e^{z y_k}~>~0,\quad \mbox{for all } z\in\mathbb R.$$
Is there any competitive computational method designed for $f$? Comments or remarks are highly appreciated!
PS: My first attempt is to apply Newton's method. Actually, it is easy to remark that

*

*if $y_1\ge 0$, then $f$ is convex;

*if $y_n\le 0$, then $f$ is concave;

For these two cases, I think Newton's method may work. As for $y_1< 0<y_n$, I think it holds $\inf_{z\in\mathbb R}f'(z)>0$.

A: Before any algorithm is applied, I recommend rescaling by letting $t=e^z$ and considering $t\in(0,\infty)$. This will make the function more "linear", which will likely prove to be beneficial. If the root is very large, it may even be beneficial to take the log of the function to make it even more linear. If $y_k$ are integers (I assume they are positive since $f$ is supposed to be increasing), then you end up with a polynomial in $t$, of which there are many root-finding algorithms for.
The algorithm fedja mentions in the comments is known as the Newt-safe algorithm. Oscar Veliz has a nice explanation of the method on YouTube. Asymptotically the convergence is the same as Newton's method. The only difference is that it's "safe" to use, provided you have a bound on $z^\star$. A simple bound can be obtained by requiring all terms be greater (less) than $x/n$.
Although I do not think there should be any issues with Newt-safe for this problem, since it is increasing and convex, some other algorithms such as Brent's method or Chandrupatla's method may be of interest to you. Unlike Newt-safe, they are more likely to use bisection for faster initial convergence when the function may not be very linear, causing something such as Newton's method to progress very slowly. They also require no evaluation of the derivative, which, if $n$ is very large, may save enough time per iteration to be faster than Newt-safe.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Awards/Coins
Customer Shout-Outs
Directorates/Regions
Obituaries, Transfers, Retirements
Photos From the Field
Senior Leadership Editorials
Exchange Post Archive
After Only Its Second Year, Germersheim DC's Injury Frequency Rate Drops
April 22, 2019 / Steve Smith
Associates at Germany's Germersheim Distribution Center enjoyed many successes during the DC's first two years of operation.
In 2017, when the Germersheim Distribution Center in Germany began operations, 80 percent of the 230 associates were new hires, which presented enormous challenges for Manager Jason Rakestraw and his staff.
They needed to train associates on a new industry best-practice warehouse management system and teach proper safety standards to a workforce with limited or no warehouse experience and whose primary language was not English.
Thanks to Logistics, Loss Prevention and HR managers working together to build a workforce dedicated to a safe and healthy working environment, the Germersheim DC reduced its injury frequency rate by 65 percent after only two years of operation.
The number of associates injured while on the job dropped from 15 to eight. None of the injuries was serious, ranging from accidental cuts from box cutters to dropping a box of merchandise on a foot.
"I know we only had eight injured this past year, but they are people, not a number."
-Jason Rakestraw, manager, Germersheim Distribution Center, Germany
Rakestraw, the center's manager, said that working with such a new staff unaccustomed to Exchange warehouse practices and still having a lower IFR is a testament to the team's dedication to safety.
"We have been diligently training our staff on how to work safely because we want them to go home at night and be able to come back the next morning," he said. "Our managers, foremen and supervisors own their areas and are responsible for keeping safe working environments.
"Our associates are very vigilant with their co-workers to work safe."
Continue to lower IFR
Managers brought in cupcakes made at the Exchange Bakery in Gruendstadt which were decorated with "Buzz the Safety Bee" on them to share with the team during a celebration. See pictures of the big celebration.
"We must continue to work aggressively to lower the number of people who are getting injured on the job," Rakestraw said. "I know we only had eight injured this past year, but they are people, not a number."
See the injury frequency rates at the Exchange's other distribution centers for 2017 and 2018.
Used throughout various industries as the standard, an "injury frequency rate" is the number of lost work time injuries per 1 million hours worked. The IFR may be different from the percentage decline in injuries.
Reporting Tools Ensure Safety is a Priority in Distribution Centers
Posted in Directorates/Regions, News
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The Lions are open to choosing a quarterback within the first spherical.
Detroit holds the No. eight choice within the 2019 NFL Draft and normal supervisor Bob Quinn stated Monday the staff isn't ruling out choosing a sign caller, regardless of having veteran Matthew Stafford on its roster.
"In earlier years, no less than my final couple years right here, we have drafted anyplace from 16 to 22, I consider," Quinn stated, through The Detroit Information. "It is a little bit bit totally different for us this 12 months. There's a couple of extra gamers which can be going to be obtainable.
Stafford accomplished 66.1 % of his passes and threw for 21 touchdowns, together with 11 interceptions, in 16 video games for Detroit this season.
The Lions completed 2018 with a 6-10 file and missed the playoffs for a second straight season.


2011-05-26 Assigned to PRIVARIS, INC. reassignment PRIVARIS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: OLVERA, KRISTEN R., JOHNSON, BARRY W., TILLACK, JONATHAN A.
2011-05-26 Assigned to PRIVARIS, INC. reassignment PRIVARIS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: RUSSELL, DAVID C.
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/858,287, filed Jun. 1, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,587,611, entitled "An In-Circuit Security System And Methods For Controlling Access To And Use Of Sensitive Data," which claims priority under USC 119(e) of provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/474,750 entitled, filed May 30, 2003, "Secure Biometric Identification Devices and Systems for Various Applications," each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,533,123 to Force, et al., discloses programmable distributed personal security inventions. The patent teaches a "Secured Processing Unit" ("SPU") comprising an "SPU chip" and a microprocessor designed especially for secure data processing. The invention integrates keys, encryption and decryption engines, and algorithms in the SPU of the invention. Purportedly, the security process is portable and easily distributed across physical boundaries. The invention is based upon three interdependent subsystems. The first subsystem of the invention is a detector subsystem, which alerts an SPU to the existence and to the character of a security attack. A second subsystem is a filter subsystem that correlates data from multiple detectors, then assesses the severity of the attack against the risk to the SPU's integrity, both to its secret data and to the design of the SPU itself. A third subsystem is a response subsystem for generating responses, or countermeasures, calculated by the filters to be most appropriate under the circumstances, in order to deal with the attack(s) detected. Force does not disclose identity credential verification within the SPU.
The processor 101 is the main control component; it is responsible for loading and executing instructions to control the various components of the chip, as well as performing user-requested tasks. The memory 102 is coupled to the processor 101. It comprises both volatile and non-volatile components and can be used to store instructions or data, such as security settings or profiles and cryptographic keys. The application of these security settings is discussed below. The real-time clock 105 is also coupled to the processor 101 and is used to maintain an accurate time, which can be used in cryptographic signing, audit records, or other transactions. The real-time clock 105 may be connected to a power source 106 in order to constantly maintain time. If the in-circuit security system 100 does not include the power source 106, the real-time clock 105 must be cognizant of power disconnects, which means that it can no longer provide an accurate time.
Now an individual who has not been pre-enrolled into the identity credential verification subsystem 103 attempts to enter the secure facility. The individual places his finger on the fingerprint sensor 203, which sends an image of the fingerprint back to the 10. identity credential verification subsystem 103. The fingerprint is compared to all of the enrolled fingerprints, and no match is found because the individual is not enrolled. The identity credential verification subsystem 103 records the date, time, and other requisite characteristics of the failed access attempt, and flashes a red LED 313 to show that access has been denied. The identity credential verification subsystem 103 also notifies the appropriate process within the processor 101 that an access failure has occurred.
While the description above refers to particular embodiments of the present invention, it will be understood that many modifications may be made without departing from the spirit thereof. The accompanying claims are intended to cover such modifications as would fall within the true scope and spirit of the present invention. 11.
send a signal indicating that access is granted when the at least one security privilege provides access authorization and a security setting of the in-circuit security system allows the requested access.
2. The processor-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the requested access is to access stored data.
3. The processor-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the requested access is to selectively disable components.
4. The processor-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the requested access is to selectively enable disabled components.
5. The processor-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the requested access is to selectively destroy components.
6. The processor-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the single integrated circuit is a component within the electronic device.
storing data generated by a real-time clock of the single integrated circuit when the portion of the single integrated circuit is enabled and the real-time clock is connected to a power source included on the single integrated circuit.
halting operation of the real-time clock when the identity credential verification subsystem denies access for a predetermined number of access attempts within a predetermined time period.
disconnecting the power source from the real-time clock when the identity credential verification subsystem denies access for a predetermined number of access attempts within a predetermined time period.
sending a signal configured to unlock the electronic lock mechanism when the portion of the single integrated circuit is enabled and when the security privilege permits access to data or a location protected by the electronic lock mechanism.
sending a signal configured to place the electronic lock mechanism in a state such that the electronic lock mechanism cannot be unlocked unless the electronic lock mechanism is reset by a recognized authority when the identity credential verification subsystem denies access for a predetermined number of access attempts within a predetermined time period.
sending a signal configured to place the electronic lock mechanism in a state such that the identity credential verification subsystem does not accept a second identity credential when the identity credential verification subsystem denies access based on the first identity credential.
comparing the biometric template of the user to at least one pre-enrolled biometric template stored at the electronic device, the user being identified when the biometric template matches a pre-enrolled biometric template.
determining access rights associated with the user based on the security privilege.
disconnecting a power source on the single integrated circuit from a real-time clock on the single integrated circuit when a processor of the single integrated circuit denies access for a predetermined number of access attempts within a predetermined period of time based on the authenticating at the identity verification subsystem.
encrypting the electronic message based on the private key to produce an encrypted electronic message.
sending the encrypted electronic message from the cryptographic subsystem to a transmitter such that the encrypted electronic message is output to a recipient.
sending a signal configured to unlock the electronic lock mechanism when the security privilege associated with the user permits access to data or a location protected by the electronic lock mechanism.
19. The method of claim 15, wherein the disconnecting the power source from the real-time clock halts operation of the real-time clock.
sending a signal configured to place the electronic lock mechanism in a state such that the identity credential verification subsystem does not accept a second biometric input when the identity credential verification subsystem denies access based on the first biometric input.
International Search Report for PCT/US04/17272, mailed on Dec. 6, 2004, 4 pages.
Microsoft Computer Dictionary, Fifth Edition, 2002, pp. 99, 277, and 485.
Microsoft Computer Dictionary, Microsoft Press 2002, Fifth Edition. "Disable" Definition; 4 pages.
Office Action for Canadian Application No. 2,527,836, mailed on Oct. 5, 2009; 2 pages.
Office Action for European Patent Application No. EP 04 75 3980, mailed on Feb. 23, 2012, 3 pages.
Office Action for European Patent Application No. EP 04 75 3980, mailed on May 14, 2009; 4 pages.
Office Action for European Patent Application No. EP 04 75 3980, mailed on Nov. 27, 2009; 5 pages.
Office Action for Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-533548, mailed on Nov. 17, 2009, 4 pages.
Office Action for Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-533548, mailed on Oct. 5, 2010, 3 pages.
Office Action for Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-113165, mailed on Sep. 29, 2011, 9 pages.
Office Action from Canadian Application No. 2,527,836, mailed on Nov. 6, 2008; 2 pages.
Supplementary European Search Report for EP 04 75 3980, mailed on Jan. 23, 2009, 3 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 60/395,361, filed Jun. 7, 2001, Russell et al.
Written Opinion for PCT/US04/17272, mailed on Dec. 6, 2004, 5 pages.


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Courts & the Law, Defending Democracy, News
Justice for Niecey: Durham agrees to stop housing juveniles, adults together after death of teen
By Melissa Boughton
In Courts & the Law, Defending Democracy, News
Youth advocates and community members gathered last July outside the Durham County Detention Facility to remember the life of Uniece "Niecey" Fennell, a teen who committed suicide while housed there last year. They also called for policy changes to prevent such a situation. (Photo by Melissa Boughton)
Durham County will stop housing juveniles and adults together in detention as part of a settlement agreement with the family of 17-year-old Uniece "Niecey" Fennell, who committed suicide two years ago at the jail there.
North Carolina does not currently keep track of how many children are locked up with adults in its county detention facilities. Durham County already made some changes following Fennell's death and a subsequent investigation, but her family and juvenile justice advocates demanded better.
"Losing a child is the most difficult thing I have ever experienced," said Julia Graves, Fennell's mother. "It was important to our family that Durham change the way it treats children in its custody. It gives me some peace of mind to know that if this settlement is approved, children detained in the future will be treated more humanely. There is nothing that can take away the pain we still feel from losing Niecey. But there is comfort in knowing that part of her legacy will be making conditions safer for other children."
The lawsuit Fennell's family filed and the settlement agreement were filed simultaneously with the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina and are currently awaiting the court's approval. The Southern Coalition for Social Justice represents the family in the case and negotiated the settlement with Durham County and the Durham County Sheriff's Office.
The agreement to end the practice of co-housing juveniles and adults, if approved, would be legally-binding and enforceable and would be achievable through the expansion of the Durham County Youth Home or the development of a reasonable alternative.
Other agreements in the settlement include:
The removal of all identifiable suicide hazards from the Durham County Detention Facility by the end of 2019 (many hanging hazards, including those identified by a Plaintiff's expert, have already been remedied);
The adoption of a formal policy prioritizing beds in the Durham County Youth Home for Durham County juveniles;
Mandatory Crisis Intervention Training for all Durham County detention officers;
Staffing of a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who is able to consult a psychiatrist who is on call 24/7 or available to come to the facility whenever called by the LCSW;
Notification to guardians of unemancipated juveniles when they face a life-threatening medical condition, attempt suicide, or make a threat of self-harm; and,
A payment of $650,000 to Fennell's mother
The family was represented by Ian Mance, Whitley Carpenter and Ivy Johnson of the SCSJ's criminal justice project. Hank Ehlies of the Policy Council for Law Enforcement and the Mentally Ill was also part of the legal team.
"We appreciate all of the hard work on the part of Sheriff [Clarence] Birkhead and all parties involved that went into creating this settlement agreement," Mance said. "It is now clear to all parties that it is unacceptable to house children and adults in the same spaces in detention facilities. We are optimistic that the settlement agreement can help us move forward with policies that make sense and protect children. It's important to the family of Uniece Fennell that something positive comes from this tragedy."
North Carolina is the only state in the nation that still defines a juvenile as someone under the age of 16. Lawmakers passed language to raise the age of juvenile jurisdiction to 18 years old, but that measure won't take effect until Dec. 1. Until then, state law only requires complete sight and sound separation for juveniles under the age of 16.
Counties, however, can make changes before "Raise the Age" takes effect by housing all youth under the age of 18 in separate pods from adults and by choosing to follow the sight and sound separation guidelines.
Two of 'Exonerated Five' share stories of injustice in criminal system to heal, help others
criminal justiceDurham Countyjuvenile justiceSouthern Coalition for Social JusticeUniece Fennell
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North Carolina officially implemented Raise the Age legislation ...


The Who finally made their way back to Milwaukee to play in front of a very crazy and enthusiastic crowd. They usually skip Milwaukee and all of us Who fans have to hike it down to Chicago. It was a great setlist with songs like Join Together which they don't play very often in concert. With Roger being 72 and Pete being 70, the energy they brought last night was the same when I saw them for the very first time in 1976. I truly believe Pete when he says we have gotten better. The crowd stood and cheered wildly for the whole night. I was wishing the show would never end. They are THE GREATEST ROCK AND ROLL BAND EVER! 21 songs in all the Band played, I loved every second of the show. Long Live Rock and Long Live THE WHO!
The concert in Milwaukee was a blast. Pete and Roger and the fans enjoyed themselves totally.
The big news is that Pete lost his voice about 3 songs in. He announced that he had lost his voice and in a self deprecating manner added "not that it makes much difference" and laughed. He made a valiant attempt at I am One but it was painful to hear. He said before he began that he was going to attempt it with no voice and that this has happened many times to both of them, but the difference is that there would be no show if it was Roger with no voice.
Pete sounded a little stronger with Eminence Front and he did sing along in his normal parts of the songs but I am really concerned for him and the rest of the band as these things are often passed around. Fingers crossed all the others stay healthy.
In spite of Pete's voice he played masterfully all night. Both Roger and Pete were very playful with each other and about each other. When Roger struck a pose for the female fans at the beginning of Eminence Front, the Townshend brothers exchanged a cross stage glance and good natured laugh. I have a couple spectacular shots of the pose but not the glance.
Roger's Love Reign was again spectacular. When the fans erupted after it he pointed to Pete to share in the applause but I shook my head and pointed back to him as that song is all about him.
I thought that we might be in for a rollercoaster lyric night when Roger skipped the love falls from the trees verse and repeated a prior verse in the opening WAY but that was the only slip up.
Roger's Van story that he tells before The Kids Are Alright (when he wanted to live in the van rather than with his wife and baby) went on longer than usual so Pete started to make guitar noises and faces, again in fun. Not that it Roger cared as he was going to tell his story like he wanted. After Roger finished his Van story, Pete said with outstretched arms "He did it for me!" To which Roger replied "No I did it for me" and laughed.
The fans were very enthusiastic and well behaved and mannered, not displaying the higher level of intoxication that I have seen at a number of the venues recently. Everyone had lots of fun and sang along with gusto, energizing the band.
Roger bounced all over again all night, smiling and laughing with the fans. Pete was amazingly energetic given his health concerns, ending WGFA with fake machine gun chatter along the front. I was also so happy to see a short Pino solo at the end of WGFA. So good to see him get some recognition for his masterful playing.
Lots of Roger shots today with a couple of Zak and Simon/Pino. Set list is the same but they did rehearse Slip Kid three times at sound check. The band sounded fine with it but the lyrics were creatively sung all three times smile emoticon. Maybe it will be performed in Washington DC on Thursday.


Open standards can be critical as the market continues to shift to the era of hybrid and multicloud environments, where portability of workloads and no vendor lock-in are essential to the success of every business.
Have you ever asked the question: "Which do I use—Cloud Foundry or Kubernetes?" Your choice will be based on trade-offs in performance, control, and flexibility as you consider how to build your app. Cloud-native developers today have to decide between three separate container platforms and a plethora of database options. For applications, some choose the flexibility of containers with IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service, others the velocity of an opinionated platform like IBM Cloud Foundry (CF), and still others believe the future is all about serverless with IBM Cloud Functions (CFn). For data persistence, some choose the relational semantics of Databases for PostgreSQL, while others leverage the scalability and ease-of-use of NoSQL data stores like Cloudant and Elasticsearch.
IBM has a vision for the marriage of containers, apps, and functions—driven by Kubernetes, Istio, and the emergence of Knative—into a single combined and unified container application platform. Coupled with powerful database technologies, it's time to break down the silos and see how these projects' paths are converging to solve real microservices dilemmas: security, scale, and operations.
With the goal of ubiquitous Kubernetes, IBM introduced IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service in May 2017 to simplify operations and bring solutions to the market faster. Now, with IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service 1.13, IBM is introducing two optional cloud-managed services and capabilities designed to enable clients to quickly build and deploy enterprise-scale container-based applications across hybrid environments.
Managed Istio on IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service: With each new microservice added to your architecture, the complexity of deploying, operationalizing, and troubleshooting can increase. An open-source service mesh like Istio can provide great insights, but it adds one more component in the stack. Managed Istio on IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service provides seamless installation, automatic updates, and lifecycle management of the Istio components and out-of-the-box integration with platform logging and monitoring tools. Add the Managed Istio integration to your new or existing clusters via the UI or CLI to gather deep visibility and insights into running services, perform traffic management such as canary deployments, enforce policies, encryption between services, and more. Managed Istio is a beta management service for Istio 1.0, which was released in July 2018. Learn more about Managed Istio on IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service.
Managed Knative on IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service: Cloud-native architectures can be complex, with a range of compute choices powering various components. Managed Knative on IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service delivers a new way to manage your Kubernetes-based applications by providing a new set of architectural components, influenced by serverless computing requirements. Additionally, it integrates the ability to define build pipelines and event orchestration for a more loosely coupled event-driven application. We believe that Knative could provide the basis for a unification of cloud-native application infrastructure—spanning Kubernetes, Cloud Foundry, and serverless. This is all being introduced with the goal of allowing developers to focus on what they do best: innovate. A preview of the Knative technology is available through the IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service user interface and through a command line option. Learn more about Managed Knative on IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service.
In addition to the services outlined above, the release of the IBM Cloud Databases portfolio provides developers with popular, market-leading database technologies that allow them to focus on building applications rather than managing databases.
IBM Cloud Databases: These services are fully managed, highly available, and built from the ground up with enterprise security in mind. The databases are designed for scalability and cost-efficiency and are readily usable for enterprise application development. Natively integrated and available in the IBM Cloud console, these databases are now available through a consistent consumption, pricing, and interaction model. The IBM Cloud Databases family is available now and provides a unified experience for developers that includes access control, backup orchestration, encryption key management, and auditing. IBM Cloud Databases supports PostgreSQL, Elasticsearch, Redis, RabbitMQ, and etcd.
IBM Cloud Databases for MongoDB: IBM has recently completed an agreement with MongoDB Inc. that will allow us to provide MongoDB-as-a-service to customers on the IBM Cloud so that customers can now get the power of the IBM Cloud Database platform with features such as a serverless scaling API, bring-your-own-encryption key, and deep integrations with key IBM Cloud services. This product will become Generally Available in Q1 and is currently in Private Preview.


To query data source, you can call a number of JDatabaseQuery methods like select, from, join, insert, update, delete, where and order. By using these method calls, you can create almost any query.
The first step is to obtain a database connection. Joomla knows what database you are using based on configuration.php file which stores the global configuration of website and has all the database connection details.
Then, you need to create a new query object. This variable that is used to prepare the query that you are going to run on the database. The true parameter in the qetQuery states that you are starting a new query and not continuing a previous one.
You can wrap an SQL statement identifier name such as column, table or database names in quotes to prevent injection risks and reserved word conflicts.
For INSERT query, you need 3 things - table name, columns and values. We will first create an array of columns and values and then prepare the insert query. We will also use quoteName function for insert and columns.
You do not need to escape the table name. You need to ensure that the record does not exist before attempting to insert it, so adding some kind of record check before executing the insertObject method is recommended.
To UPDATE a record, you need 3 things - table name, fields and conditions.
The JDatabaseDriver class provides a convenience method for updating an object. You can update table with new values using an existing id primary key.
You need to ensure that the record already exists before attempting to update it, so add some kind of record check before executing the updateObject method.
To DELETE a record, you need 2 thing - table name and conditions.
After the query is prepared, you can execute the query on the database.
Chaining can become useful when queries become longer and more complex. A limit can be set to a query using "setLimit".
Above query would return up to 10 records.
After generating the query, you need to reset the query using newly populated query object.
Using the join methods, you can select records from multiple related tables. The join method takes two arguments; the join type (inner, outer, left, right) and the join condition.
Following example will select all articles for users who have a username which starts with 'z'. By putting 'a' as the second parameter will generate `#__content` AS `a`. The join method enables to query both the content and user tables, retrieving articles with their author details.
You can also use multiple joins to query across more than two tables. In some cases, you also need to use the AS clause when selecting items to avoid column name conflicts.
These functions return a single record from the database even though there may be several records that meet the criteria that you have set.
The loadAssoc() returns an associated array from a single record in the table.
The loadObject() returns a PHP object from a single record in the table.
The loadColumn() returns an indexed array from a single column in the table.
The loadRowList() returns an indexed array of indexed arrays from the table records returned by the query.
The loadAssocList() returns an indexed array of associated arrays from the table records returned by the query.
The loadAssocList('key') returns an associated array - indexed on 'key' - of associated arrays from the table records returned by the query.
The Key must be a valid column name from the table. It does not have to be an Index or a Primary Key. But if it does not have a unique value you may not be able to retrieve results reliably.


Ron and I started out in ministry together 30 years ago. He is the same warm-hearted, insightful friend I started out with. He communicates God's Word and His Grace with clarity, and passion. He will stir up your congregation to think deeply and draw closer to God through his insightful preaching and teaching filled with practical illustrations and stories that bring it home. Invite him to come your way.
It was my privilege to sit under the teaching and instruction ministry of Rev. Ron Benson during a Pastor's Seminar in the Michigan District of the Missionary Church. I found his presentation of principles for living and service for us ministers to be, not only very Biblical and heart warming, but also motivationally challenging, sensitive to a minister's real needs, extremely practical and spiritually strengthening.
I have had the opportunity to know Ron both personally and professionally over the last couple years. He has spoken to our congregation on a number of occasions with positive feedback. Ron is a biblically sound, creative, and relational communicator who connects very well with his audience. I can recommend him highly.


text:
Resist that temptation to eat a marshmallow or tweet a political rant
Jordan E. Rosenfeld
In the famous marshmallow experiment, children were seated before a tasty treat and asked to resist eating it in exchange for a later reward of two marshmallows.
With a President-elect who regularly blows off steam via ill-advised 3 a.m. tweetstorms, self-control may appear to be in short supply these days. But the ability to delay gratification remains an important skill. Every time you walk away from an argument that you know will lead to a fight, or put away your credit card because you won't have the money to pay it off for quite some time, you're resisting immediate rewards in exchange for potentially bigger future rewards. And it turns out that people with stronger self-control are better able to empathize with others—including their future selves—according to new research published in Science Advances.
European researchers at the University of Zurich and the University of Düsseldorf who study self-control and impulse control, investigated a brain region called the temporoparietal juncture (TPJ) that becomes active when taking the perspective of another person. In short, the TPJ is the area of the brain dedicated to selflessness. The larger the region, the more generous you're likely to be, while electric stimulation there has been shown to lead to more empathy. The Zurich-Düsseldorf team was surprised to find that the same brain region lights up when one exhibits self-control of any kind, leading to an unusual conclusion that, "The future self is kind of like another person," says Alexander Soutschek, lead author of the study and professor of economics at the University of Zurich.
[quote position="full" is_quote="true"]Those who have better self-control abilities are happier in later life, less overweight, and perform better in their jobs.[/quote]
In other words, when you exhibit self-control, you're essentially relating to your future self the way you would another person—and thinking more on that future self's behalf than that of your present self. Being able to take on another's perspective is associated with stronger social behavior, Soutschek says, adding, "Those who have better self-control abilities are happier in later life, less overweight, and perform better in their jobs."
To see if their findings held up, researchers administered two rounds of "classical self-control tasks to link perspective-taking with the ability to exert self-control," he says. Mirroring the famous marshmallow test—in which children were seated before a tasty treat and asked to resist eating it so that they could receive a later reward of two marshmallows—these subjects could "choose between 80 francs today, or 160 francs in one month," Soutschek says of the first task. The subjects really did receive the money after the test. Next, they also had to choose between a payoff they would personally benefit from, or a payoff in which they benefited slightly less in order for another person to benefit.
The team then disrupted the TPJ region using non-invasive transcranial stimulation. Rather than boosting empathy, people tended to act more impulsively (choosing the immediate payoff), as well as acting more selfishly (choosing more money for themselves over sharing the benefits with others). Messing with the brain's empathy center turns you into a jerk—to your future self and others.
Psychoanalyst Scott Von, Ph.D, director of the New Clinic in New York City, believes this research is particularly relevant, given America's particular political climate. "We are no longer in the 'culture of narcissism' that the baby boomers talked about, but what I call a 'culture of egoism,' where we care even more about our status and reputation than our selfish pleasures or self-control," he says. American society right now "may reflect a set of false selves and pretense to civility—while hate, fear, resentment, and selfish manipulation lie under the surface," which Von sees as "more evident during the recent election and surrounding events."
[quote position="full" is_quote="true"]It's well-known that addiction patients are suffering self-control deficits.[/quote]
While the self-control research will have many implications, one of the most potentially important will involve how we treat addiction, says Soutschek. "It's well-known that addiction patients are suffering self-control deficits," he says. While the focus in the treatment of addiction has primarily been on impulse control, "our idea is if there's a second self-control mechanism in the TPJ, then self-control deficits may (also stem) from deficits in perspective-taking." He envisions new approaches to addiction treatment, such as cognitive training "that could direct attention to the future consequences of your behavior," and stimulation of the TPJ.
So the next time you find yourself baited for a fight, tempted to slap down cash you don't have, or about to indulge in a calorie-laden snack you really shouldn't, practice holding back. Even if delaying gratification doesn't come naturally to you, you'll benefit from an arguably less delicious, but much more valuable reward—in the form of physical, mental, and social health.


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