text:
California Crimes A to Z
Professional License Issues
California DUI Laws A to Z
Plea Bargains to Lesser Charges
Medical Class Actions
Uloric
California Injury Laws A to Z
Labor Violations
California Criminal Defense
Being arrested for a crime does not necessarily mean you will be convicted. Often we can help you get charges reduced or dismissed, and avoid jail and a criminal record.
California Crimes A-Z
California DUI
DUI arrests don't always lead to convictions in court. Police officer mistakes, faulty breathalyzers and crime lab errors may get your charges reduced or dismissed. Visit our California DUI page to learn more.
Lawsuits for Dangerous Drugs & Medical Devices
Shouse Law Group represents victims throughout the U.S. who suffered serious complications and injuries from dangerous drugs and failed medical devices.
California Personal Injury
If you've been injured in an accident, our personal injury lawyers will fight to get you compensation for medical bills, lost wages, pain and suffering, and even punitive damages.
California Personal Injury Laws A to Z
Admissibility of "Character Evidence" in California Criminal Trials
Shouse Law Group
Character Evidence
In general, under Evidence Code 1101, so-called "character evidence" is not admissible in a California criminal jury trial to show that a person acted in accordance with his/her character on a particular occasion.1
What this often means for a criminal defendant is that the prosecutor may not introduce evidence of bad acts you committed in the past—criminal or otherwise—in order to show that you committed the crime with which you are being charged.2
Example: Judy is on trial for Penal Code 211 PC - robbery and Penal Code 187 PC - murder . During her cross-examination, the prosecutor gets her to admit that she lost custody of her child in a divorce. He also gets her to admit that she has committed welfare fraud.
These issues are not relevant to Judy's guilt or innocence in the current case—except to the extent that they suggest to the jury that she is a bad person. Thus, they are character evidence and should not have been admitted in her trial.3
Exceptions to the character evidence rule
It is also important to understand what this California evidence rule does not exclude.
First of all, Evidence Code 1105 EC provides that so-called "habit evidence" is admissible to show that a defendant acted in accordance with his/her habits on a particular occasion.4 In contrast to character evidence—which is evidence about a person's personal traits—habit evidence is evidence about a person's regular behavior in a particular situation.5
Second, prosecutors may introduce evidence of your past bad acts in order to show something other than that you committed the crime with which you are being charged. For example, they may introduce character evidence in order to show that you
Had a motive to commit the crime,
Had the intent or a plan to commit the crime, or
Had the opportunity to commit the crime.6
Finally, there are several exceptions to the rule against character evidence in a California criminal trial. These are:
The prosecutor may introduce evidence of the defendant's bad character – IF the defendant has first introduced evidence of his/her good character;7
The defendant may introduce evidence about the victim's character—and if s/he does so, then the prosecutor may do so as well;8
If the defendant introduces evidence that the victim has a violent character, then the prosecutor can introduce character evidence showing that the defendant also has violent tendencies;9
If the defendant is charged with a sex crime, then the prosecutor may introduce evidence that s/he has committed other sex crimes in the past;10
If the defendant is charged with violating California domestic violence laws, Penal Code 368 PC - elder abuse, or Penal Code 273d PC - child abuse, then the prosecutor may introduce evidence that s/he has committed similar crimes in the past;11 AND
Certain kinds of character evidence that relate to a witness's honesty or dishonesty may be introduced to convince the jury that s/he is (or is not) trustworthy.12
In order to help you better understand character evidence in California criminal trials, our California criminal defense attorneys13 will address the following:
1. Inadmissibility of Character Evidence in California Criminal Trials
1.1. Character evidence vs. habit evidence
1.2. Character evidence admissible to prove motive, opportunity, etc.
2. Exceptions to Rule Against Character Evidence
2.1. When offered by defendant first
2.2. Evidence of victim's character
2.2.1. California's rape shield law
2.3. Sex crimes cases
2.4. Domestic violence, elder abuse, and child abuse cases
2.5. Attacking the credibility of a witness
3. Other California Evidentiary Rules
If, after reading this article, you would like more information, we invite you to contact us at Shouse Law Group.
The general rule, set forth in Evidence Code 1101 EC, is that parties (the prosecution and the defense) in California criminal trials may not present
so-called "character evidence,"
in order to show that a person acted in accordance with his/her character on a particular occasion.14
"Character evidence" includes evidence about:
A person's personality or propensities,
The moral nature of a person's character (i.e., are they a "good person" or a "bad person"), and
A person's moral standing in their community.15
Example: Saul is a real estate developer on trial for Penal Code 165 - bribery of county supervisors in Los Angeles. While interviewing witnesses, the prosecutor finds out that Saul got in trouble for rigging an election for student body president when he was in college. It also emerges that Saul's employees all think he is "shady."
This evidence could obviously be very helpful in convincing the jury that Saul is the sort of person who would bribe a public official. But because of the rule against character evidence, the prosecutor may NOT introduce it for that purpose.
The major reason why the California rule against character evidence exists is that character evidence tends to confuse issues for (and often "inflames") the jury.
For instance, it distracts the jury from the main question of what happened on a particular occasion (i.e., whether the defendant committed a crime then). And it may inspire them to use the criminal process to punish a bad person or reward a good person, regardless of the actual issue of guilt or innocence.16
But it is important to understand what counts as character evidence and what does not. Specifically, it is important to understand the difference between character evidence and "habit evidence"—because habit evidence is admissible under Evidence Code 1105 EC.17
Habit evidence is evidence about how a person usually behaves in a certain situation.18 Parties in a criminal case may present habit evidence to show that someone acted, or probably acted, in accordance with their habits on a specific occasion.19
According to Oakland criminal defense attorney Neil Shouse20:
"One way of thinking about the distinction between character evidence and habit evidence is this: Character evidence is evidence about who someone is, or what they are like. In contrast, habit evidence is evidence about what someone usually does."
Example: Kelly is arrested for Vehicle Code 23152 a VC - DUI on a Saturday night. She decides to fight the charges, arguing that the officer who arrested her got it wrong and she was not actually drunk that night.
The prosecutor may not introduce a witness who will testify that Kelly is a drunkard—that would be impermissible character evidence. But the prosecutor may be allowed to introduce witnesses who will testify that Kelly drinks large amounts at the same bar every Saturday night. That is habit evidence.
As we discussed above, character evidence is only inadmissible for one purpose—proving that a person acted in accordance with their character on a particular occasion. But character evidence may be introduced for other purposes.21
Specifically, character evidence can be admitted at a California criminal trial to help show:
Motive to commit a crime,
Opportunity to commit a crime,
Intent to commit a crime,
Preparation or plan to commit a crime,
A person's knowledge of a fact,
Absence of mistake or accident, or
Whether a defendant in a sex crimes case reasonably and in good faith believed that the victim consented.22
Example: Sally is charged with murdering her co-worker Pete. The prosecutor introduces evidence that Sally had been committing embezzlement at their place of employment and that Pete knew about it.
Evidence about Sally's embezzlement would not be admissible to show that she was a bad or dishonest person. But here the prosecutor is introducing that evidence to show that Sally had a motive to kill Pete (preventing him from turning her in). So the evidence is admissible at Sally's trial.
The California Evidence Code also sets out several exceptions to the rule against the admission of character evidence in California trials. These exceptions are:
Under Evidence Code 1102 EC, criminal defendants are allowed to offer character evidence to prove that they behaved in a certain way. And if they do so, the prosecution is then permitted to offer character evidence to rebut the defendant's argument on this point.23
The way this exception would typically work in practice is this: the defendant offers evidence of his/her good character in order to show that it is unlikely that s/he committed the crime. Then the prosecution may offer evidence to show that, in fact, the crime is in keeping with the defendant's (bad) character.
Example: Matthew is an investment manager on trial for securities fraud. The prosecutor has obtained evidence that, while he was in law school, Matthew created a fake transcript that he used to apply for jobs—and then created a fake paper trail to try to avoid discipline by the university for doing this.
Normally, this evidence about Matthew's dishonest behavior in the past would be inadmissible. But Matthew introduces a witness who testifies that Matthew has a reputation for honesty and was an exemplary student in law school.
Because Matthew has introduced evidence of his good character, the prosecutor can now introduce the evidence of his bad character to rebut it.24
A criminal defendant is also permitted to offer evidence about the character of the crime victim. (This exception is set forth in Evidence Code 1103 EC.) And, if the defendant does so, then the prosecution can offer their own character evidence about the victim, in order to rebut the defendant's argument on this point.25
Also, in
cases involving violent crimes like Penal Code 242 PC -, and/or
cases where the defendant is asserting a defense under California self-defense laws,
the defendant may want to introduce evidence that the victim has a propensity for violence. If the defendant does so, then the prosecutor is also allowed to introduce evidence about the defendant's violent character.26
California's rape shield law is an important "exception to the exception."
The rape shield law says that, in criminal cases where the defendant is charged with certain sex crimes—including rape, marital rape, and forcible sexual penetration—the defendant may NOT introduce evidence about the victim's past sexual conduct or reputation in order to prove that s/he actually consented to the sexual act.27
However, evidence about the victim's sexual conduct or reputation MAY be introduced to show that the defendant believed that s/he had consented.28
Example: Margaret is accusing John of Penal Code 261 PC - rape. John knows that he can call witnesses to testify that Margaret has a reputation for being sexually promiscuous.
If John's legal defense is that in fact Margaret actually consented to have sex with him, then California's rape shield law means that he may not call these witnesses to testify about her reputation.
But if his defense is that he wrongly believed that she had consented, then he may call the witnesses for that purpose.
Under Evidence Code 1108 EC, in a California sex crimes case, the prosecutor is permitted to introduce evidence that the defendant has committed other sex crimes in the past.29
The defendant does not need to have actually been convicted of another sex crime in the past either. The prosecutor can introduce evidence that he was merely arrested in a case where charges were dropped, or that he committed a sex crime for which charges were never filed.30
Also, as with all evidence introduced in California criminal trials, character evidence regarding past sex crimes may be excluded if its value is substantially outweighed by either:
the probability that it would take too much time to present, or
the risk that it would either cause undue prejudice against the defendant, confuse the issues, or mislead the jury.31
It is the judge who decides, in his/her discretion, whether or not to exclude sex crimes character evidence for one of these reasons—the most likely potential reason being that it would create undue prejudice against the defendant.32
As is the case with California sex crimes, if you are charged with any of
California domestic violence crimes,
California elder abuse crimes, or
California child abuse crimes,
then the prosecutor may introduce evidence that you committed a similar crime in the past, even though such evidence would normally be inadmissible character evidence. (This exception is set forth in Evidence Code 1109 EC.)33
However, in most cases, the prosecution is NOT allowed to introduce character evidence of past abuse crimes that occurred more than ten (10) years before the current offense is supposed to have happened.34 Evidence of crimes that occurred more than 10 years ago can be admitted only if the judge makes a special determination that it would be "in the interest of justice."35
Example: Todd is charged with the California domestic violence crime of Penal Code 243e1 PC - domestic battery, based on accusations by his current fiancée. Twelve years ago, he was convicted of Penal Code 273.5 PC corporal injury on a spouse, for an incident between him and his now ex-wife. He received probation for that conviction.
The prosecutor is not allowed to introduce character evidence regarding Todd's past conviction. That is because it occurred more than 10 years ago.
Also, even under this exception, character evidence of past child abuse crimes may only be introduced after a hearing is held to confirm that the value of that evidence is not outweighed by the likelihood of prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading of the jury.36
Finally, there is one very important situation where California character evidence is admissible in court. This is where such evidence is used to attack the credibility of a witness.37
Under Evidence Code 780 EC, character evidence may be used to argue that, since the witness has lied before or has a dishonest character, s/he may be lying now.38
Either side may attack a witness's credibility by offering evidence about his/her past felony convictions, if these tend to show that s/he is not an honest person.39 But these convictions may not be introduced if
the witness has received a certificate of rehabilitation for his/her conviction(s), or
the witness's conviction has been expunged under Penal Code 1203.4 PC—UNLESS the witness is also the defendant, and s/he is being charged now with a similar crime.40
However, it is not okay to offer evidence about a witness's bad behavior that did not result in a criminal conviction.41 It is also not okay to offer
evidence about any aspect of a witness's character other than his/her honesty or dishonesty,42
evidence about his/her religious faith or lack thereof,43 or
evidence about the witness's good character—UNLESS the other side has already introduced evidence about his/her bad character.44
Example: Carl is the main defense witness in a criminal trial. The defendant has been accused of robbery, and Carl is going to support the defendant's alibi defense by testifying that the defendant was with him at the time the crime occurred.
But the prosecution has dug up some "dirt" on Carl. Specifically, the prosecutor knows that Carl was convicted of Penal Code 476 PC - check fraud a few years ago, that Carl has been arrested (but never charged) several times for getting into fights at bars, and that Carl is an atheist and has written an article stating that, since there is no God, people should be allowed to do whatever they want.
The prosecution is allowed to introduce evidence of Carl's check fraud conviction, in order to show that his testimony might not be true. But it cannot introduce evidence of his bar fights, because those don't say anything about whether he is an honest person. It also cannot introduce evidence about his atheism.
The rule against character evidence is just one of several important evidence rules that govern criminal trials in California.
For example, the California hearsay rule provides that—with many exceptions—so-called hearsay evidence is not admissible in California criminal trials.45 Hearsay is defined as
any statement that was not made by a witness testifying at the trial,
that is offered for the truth of its content.46
In addition, a number of evidentiary privileges protect certain individuals from having to testify against certain other individuals. For example, married people have the privilege not to testify against their spouse.47
Whenever any California rule of evidence is violated in your criminal trial, it is your criminal defense lawyer's job to object to the violation. If s/he does so, and the judge overrules the objection—then you may be able to appeal your criminal conviction because of this.48
Call us for help at (855) LAW-FIRM
If you or a loved one is in need of help with character evidence and you are looking to hire an attorney for representation, we invite you to contact us at Shouse Law Group. We can provide a free consultation in office or by phone. We have local offices in Los Angeles, the San Fernando Valley, Pasadena, Long Beach, Orange County, Ventura, San Bernardino, Rancho Cucamonga, Riverside, San Diego, Sacramento, Oakland, San Francisco, San Jose and throughout California.
1 Evidence Code 1101 EC – Evidence of character to prove conduct [character evidence rule]. ("(a) Except as provided in this section and in Sections 1102, 1103, 1108, and 1109, evidence of a person's character or a trait of his or her character (whether in the form of an opinion, evidence of reputation, or evidence of specific instances of his or her conduct) is inadmissible when offered to prove his or her conduct on a specified occasion.")
2 See same. See also, e.g., People v. Terry (1970) 2 Cal.3d 362, 400.
3 Based on the facts of the same.
4 Evidence Code 1105 EC – Habit or custom to prove specific behavior [habit evidence vs. character evidence]. ("Any otherwise admissible evidence of habit or custom is admissible to prove conduct on a specified occasion in conformity with the habit or custom.")
5 Black's Law Dictionary (9th ed. 2009), evidence. ("character evidence. (1949) Evidence regarding someone's general personality traits or propensities, of a praiseworthy or blameworthy nature; evidence of a person's moral standing in a community. . . . habit evidence. (1921) Evidence of one's regular response to a repeated specific situation.")
6 Evidence Code 1101 EC – Character evidence rule. ("(b) Nothing in this section prohibits the admission of evidence that a person committed a crime, civil wrong, or other act when relevant to prove some fact (such as motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake or accident, or whether a defendant in a prosecution for an unlawful sexual act or attempted unlawful sexual act did not reasonably and in good faith believe that the victim consented) other than his or her disposition to commit such an act.")
7 Evidence Code 1102 EC – Opinion and reputation evidence of character of criminal defendant to prove conduct. ("In a criminal action, evidence of the defendant's character or a trait of his character in the form of an opinion or evidence of his reputation is not made inadmissible by Section 1101 if such evidence is: (a) Offered by the defendant to prove his conduct in conformity with such character or trait of character. (b) Offered by the prosecution to rebut evidence adduced by the defendant under subdivision (a).")
8 Evidence Code 1103 EC – Character evidence of crime victim to prove conduct; evidence of defendant's character or trait for violence; evidence of manner of dress of victim; evidence of complaining witness' sexual conduct. ("(a) In a criminal action, evidence of the character or a trait of character (in the form of an opinion, evidence of reputation, or evidence of specific instances of conduct) of the victim of the crime for which the defendant is being prosecuted is not made inadmissible by Section 1101 if the evidence is: (1) Offered by the defendant to prove conduct of the victim in conformity with the character or trait of character.(2) Offered by the prosecution to rebut evidence adduced by the defendant under paragraph 1).(b) In a criminal action, evidence of the defendant's character for violence or trait of character for violence (in the form of an opinion, evidence of reputation, or evidence of specific instances of conduct) is not made inadmissible by Section 1101 if the evidence is offered by the prosecution to prove conduct of the defendant in conformity with the character or trait of character and is offered after evidence that the victim had a character for violence or a trait of character tending to show violence has been adduced by the defendant under paragraph (1) of subdivision (a).")
9 See same.
10 Evidence Code 1108 EC – [Character] Evidence of another sexual offense by defendant; disclosure; construction of section. ("(a) In a criminal action in which the defendant is accused of a sexual offense, evidence of the defendant's commission of another sexual offense or offenses is not made inadmissible by Section 1101, if the evidence is not inadmissible pursuant to Section 352.")
11 Evidence Code 1109 EC – [Character] Evidence of defendant's other acts of domestic violence. ("(a)(1) Except as provided in subdivision (e) or (f), in a criminal action in which the defendant is accused of an offense involving domestic violence, evidence of the defendant's commission of other domestic violence is not made inadmissible by Section 1101 if the evidence is not inadmissible pursuant to Section 352. (2) Except as provided in subdivision (e) or (f), in a criminal action in which the defendant is accused of an offense involving abuse of an elder or dependent person, evidence of the defendant's commission of other abuse of an elder or dependent person is not made inadmissible by Section 1101 if the evidence is not inadmissible pursuant to Section 352. (3) Except as provided in subdivision (e) or (f) and subject to a hearing conducted pursuant to Section 352, which shall include consideration of any corroboration and remoteness in time, in a criminal action in which the defendant is accused of an offense involving child abuse, evidence of the defendant's commission of child abuse is not made inadmissible by Section 1101 if the evidence is not inadmissible pursuant to Section 352. Nothing in this paragraph prohibits or limits the admission of evidence pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 1101.")
12 Evidence Code 780 EC – Testimony; proof of truthfulness; considerations. ("Except as otherwise provided by statute, the court or jury may consider in determining the credibility of a witness any matter that has any tendency in reason to prove or disprove the truthfulness of his testimony at the hearing, including but not limited to any of the following: . . . (e) [character evidence about] His character for honesty or veracity or their opposites.")
13 Our California criminal defense attorneys have local Los Angeles law offices in Beverly Hills, Burbank, Glendale, Lancaster, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Pasadena, Pomona, Torrance, Van Nuys, West Covina, and Whittier. We have additional law offices conveniently located throughout the state in Orange County, San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino, Ventura, San Jose, Oakland, the San Francisco Bay area, and several nearby cities.
14 Evidence Code 1101 EC – Character evidence rule, endnote 1, above.
15 Black's Law Dictionary, [character] evidence, endnote 5, above.
16 Evidence Code 1101 EC – Character evidence rule, Law Rev. Com. Comment. ("First, character evidence is of slight probative value and may be very prejudicial. Second, character evidence tends to distract the trier of fact from the main question of what actually happened on the particular occasion and permits the trier of fact to reward the good man and to punish the bad man because of their respective characters. Third, introduction of character evidence may result in confusion of issues and require extended collateral inquiry.")
17 Evidence Code 1105 EC – Habit evidence vs. character evidence, endnote 4, above.
18 Black's Law Dictionary, [habit] evidence, endnote 5, above.
19 Evidence Code 1105 EC – Habit evidence vs. character evidence, endnote 4, above
20 Oakland criminal defense attorney Neil Shouse is an honors graduate of UC-Berkeley and Harvard Law School. He served for five years as a Deputy DA for Los Angeles County, prosecuting more than 60 criminal trials and earning a phenomenal 96% success rate in felony jury trials. Now, as the founding partner of Shouse Law Group, he represents criminal defendants in all aspects of the criminal trial process, including important evidence rules like the character evidence rule.
22 See same.
23 Evidence Code 1102 EC – Opinion and reputation evidence of character of criminal defendant to prove conduct, endnote 7, above.
24 Based on the case described in Matthew Goldstein & Alexandra Stevenson, Ex-SAC Trader Was Expelled From Harvard Law School , NYTimes.com, Jan. 9, 2014.
25 Evidence Code 1103 EC – Character evidence of crime victim to prove conduct; evidence of defendant's character or trait for violence; evidence of manner of dress of victim; evidence of complaining witness' sexual conduct, endnote 8, above.
27 See same. ("(c)(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of this code to the contrary, and except as provided in this subdivision, in any prosecution under Section 261, 262, or 264.1 of the Penal Code, or under Section 286, 288a, or 289 of the Penal Code, or for assault with intent to commit, attempt to commit, or conspiracy to commit a crime defined in any of those sections, except where the crime is alleged to have occurred in a local detention facility, as defined in Section 6031.4, or in a state prison, as defined in Section 4504, opinion evidence, reputation evidence, and evidence of specific instances of the complaining witness' sexual conduct, or any of that evidence, is not admissible by the defendant in order to prove consent by the complaining witness.")
29 Evidence Code 1108 EC – [Character] Evidence of another sexual offense by defendant; disclosure; construction of section, endnote 10, above.
31 See same. See also Evidence Code 352 EC – Discretion of court to exclude [character] evidence. ("The court in its discretion may exclude evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission will (a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.")
33 Evidence Code 1109 EC – [Character] Evidence of defendant's other acts of domestic violence, endnote 11, above.
34 See same. ("(e) [Character] Evidence of acts occurring more than 10 years before the charged offense is inadmissible under this section, unless the court determines that the admission of this evidence is in the interest of justice.")
37 Evidence Code 780 – Testimony; proof of truthfulness; considerations, endnote 12, above.
38See same.
39 Evidence Code 788 – Prior felony conviction [as character evidence about a witness]. ("For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, it may be shown by the examination of the witness or by the record of the judgment that he has been convicted of a felony unless: (a) A pardon based on his innocence has been granted to the witness by the jurisdiction in which he was convicted. (b) A certificate of rehabilitation and pardon has been granted to the witness under the provisions of Chapter 3.5 (commencing with Section 4852.01) of Title 6 of Part 3 of the Penal Code. (c) The accusatory pleading against the witness has been dismissed under the provisions of Penal Code Section 1203.4, but this exception does not apply to any criminal trial where the witness is being prosecuted for a subsequent offense. (d) The conviction was under the laws of another jurisdiction and the witness has been relieved of the penalties and disabilities arising from the conviction pursuant to a procedure substantially equivalent to that referred to in subdivision (b) or (c).")
41 Evidence Code 787 EC – Specific instances of conduct [character evidence]. ("Subject to Section 788, evidence of specific instances of his conduct relevant only as tending to prove a trait of his character is inadmissible to attack or support the credibility of a witness.")
42 Evidence Code 786 EC – Character evidence generally. ("Evidence of traits of his character other than honesty or veracity, or their opposites, is inadmissible to attack or support the credibility of a witness.")
43 Evidence Code 789 EC – Religious belief [as character evidence for a witness]. ("Evidence of his religious belief or lack thereof is inadmissible to attack or support the credibility of a witness.")
44 Evidence Code 790 EC – [Evidence about] Good character of witness. ("Evidence of the good character of a witness is inadmissible to support his credibility unless evidence of his bad character has been admitted for the purpose of attacking his credibility.")
45 Evidence Code 1200 EC – The hearsay rule [compare with character evidence rule]. ("(a) "Hearsay evidence" is evidence of a statement that was made other than by a witness while testifying at the hearing and that is offered to prove the truth of the matter stated. (b) Except as provided by law, hearsay evidence is inadmissible.")
47 Evidence Code 970 EC – Spouse's privilege not to testify against spouse [compare with character evidence rule]; exceptions. ("Except as otherwise provided by statute, a married person has a privilege not to testify against his spouse in any proceeding.")
48 Evidence Code 353 EC – Erroneous admission of evidence; effect. ("A verdict or finding shall not be set aside, nor shall the judgment or decision based thereon be reversed, by reason of the erroneous admission of evidence [for example, character evidence] unless: (a) There appears of record an objection to or a motion to exclude or to strike the evidence that was timely made and so stated as to make clear the specific ground of the objection or motion; and (b) The court which passes upon the effect of the error or errors is of the opinion that the admitted evidence should have been excluded on the ground stated and that the error or errors complained of resulted in a miscarriage of justice.")
5 Shouse Law Group has wonderful customer service. They were so pleasant and knowledgeable when I contacted them. Very helpful with any questions and concerns and I can't thank them enough for the experience I had. Definitely recommend! Dee M.


Published in the April 12, 2019 edition.
WAKEFIELD — William J. de Garavilla, 85, of Wakefield died Wednesday, April 10, 2019 in Winchester.
Bill was born in Everett on December 20, 1933 and was the beloved son of the late Cesareo and Anna (Crivello) de Garavilla. He was raised in Everett and had been a Wakefield resident since 1953. Bill was retired from the Jordan Marsh Company where he had worked for 32 years. He was also a member of Saint Joseph Church and was a member of the church choir.
He is survived by his two brothers, Richard C. de Garavilla of Wakefield and Robert C. de Garavilla of Lexington and his sister Anita Jauregui of Needham.
He is also survived by many loving nieces and nephews and great-nieces and great-nephews.
His funeral will be held from the McDonald Funeral Home 19 Yale Avenue Wakefield on Tuesday at 9 a.m., followed by a funeral Mass in Saint Joseph Church, 173 Albion Street, Wakefield at 10 a.m. Visitation for relatives and friends will be held at the funeral home Monday 4-8 p.m.


text:
Q: ghc-mod can't find a user installed module I have a situation where ghc-mod can't find a module installed in my ~/.ghc/ directory.
The program (foo.hs) is just:
import Control.Monad.Loops
main = undefined

ghci loads foo.hs without any errors.
ghc-pkg list produces the output:
/Library/Frameworks/GHC.framework/Versions/7.8.3-x86_64/usr/lib/ghc-7.8.3/package.conf.d
    Cabal-1.18.1.4
    GLURaw-1.4.0.1
    ...
~/.ghc/x86_64-darwin-7.8.3/package.conf.d:
    ...
    monad-loops-0.4.2.1

but ghc-mod check foo.hs errors out with:
x.hs:4:8:Could not find module 'Control.Monad.Loops'Perhaps you meant  Control.Monad.Cont (from mtl-2.1.3.1)  Control.Monad.List (from mtl-2.1.3.1)  Control.Monad.Trans (from mtl-2.1.3.1)Use -v to see a list of the files searched for.

ghc-mod is located in ~/Library/Haskell/bin and ghc-mod -v emits:
ghc-mod version 5.0.1.2 compiled by GHC 7.8.3
...

What's kinda odd is that I don't get an error when loading foo.hs in Emacs under haskell-mode, and presumable that also uses ghc-mod.
Is there a way to debug this further and/or configure ghc-mod to look in my ~/.ghc directory?

A: The answer is that ghc-mod will look for a cabal.sandbox.config file in all parent directories of the current working directory and use that if it finds one, and that was hiding my ~/.ghc package directory.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This week, for inspiration with our poses, we looked to the Ramayana, an ancient Sanskrit epic which follows Prince Rama's quest to rescue his beloved wife Sita from the clutches of Ravana with the help of an army of monkeys. It is traditionally attributed to the authorship of the sage Valmiki and dated to around 500 BCE to 100 BCE.
We looked at the manuscripts commissioned in India in the 17th Century, shown in a large exhibition at the British Library in 2008. An ancient narrative method of simultaneous narration was used and each image shows several episodes from the story within the single picture frame.
Our Model Santosh, who is from South India, wore traditional costume for the final long pose. During the short poses, at the beginning of the session. he wore a warriors garb, while we drew lots of quick action poses.


text:
(Saitama, Japón; 2 de diciembre de 1958) es una actriz japonesa de series de televisión y Violencia Rosa.

Vida y carrera
Mina se inició en un pequeño rol dentro en el film Boryoku Senshi (暴力戦士) de Teruo Ishii, lanzado en octubre de 1979 por la compañía Toei. Luego saltaría a la fama en seis películas de la serie Roman Porno de la compañía Nikkatsu durante los años 1983 y 1984. En 1983 Roman porno Erotic Confessions, interpretó a la hija de un granjero varada a causa de una inundación junto a viajeros hambrientos de sexo en esta película histórica de Shōgorō Nishimura ambientada en el Período Edo. En 1984 White Uniform Story: Molestation!, Asami interpretó a una enfermera brutalizada por un paciente psicótico. Según los críticos de cine Thomas y Yuko Weisser, ella "interpretó impecablemente a una virgen alegre con los ojos muy abiertos". En su última película para Nikkatsu, Mina protagonizó en el improbable College Girls' Dormitory vs Nurse School Students' Dormitory, que los Weissers llaman agradable pero "en última instancia muy tonto".

Pasando al cine convencional, M. Asami tuvo un pequeño papel en la comedia dramática de junio de 1986 The Shogunate's Harem (大奥十八景, Ōoku jūhakkei) y en ese mismo año tuvo en brevísimo rol en la serie Tokusatsu Super Sentai Chōshinsei Flashman. Pero mucha más notable fue su actuación en doble rol de los hermanos gemelos Princesa lal y Principe Igam en la también serie de televisión Tokusatsu Super Sentai Hikari Sentai Maskman, emitida en 51 episodios desde febrero de 1987 hasta febrero de 1988.

Filmografía

Nikkatsu
 Porn Star Applicants (Poruno Joyū Shigan, ポルノ女優志願), (abril de 1983) Kōyū Ohara
 Erotic Confessions (Iro zange, 色ざんげ), (junio de 1983), dirigido por Shōgorō Nishimura
 Female Prisoner: Cage (Joshū ori, 女囚 檻), (septiembre de 1983), dirigido por Masaru Konuma
 White Uniform Story: Molestation! ( Hakui monogatari Midasu!, 白衣物語 淫す!), (marzo de 1984), dirigido por Hidehirō Itō
 Jun Marumo's Slut Legend (Marumo Jun no Chijo Densetsu, 丸茂ジュンの痴女伝説), (junio de 1984), dirigido por Shōgorō Nishimura
 College Girls' Dormitory vs Nurse School Students' Dormitory (Joshidai-ryō vs kango gakuen-ryō, 女子大寮VS看護婦学園寮), (septiembre de 1984), dirigido por Nobuyuki Saitō

TV Asahi
 Chōshinsei Flashman (marzo de 1986 a febrero de 1987):  (episodio 40)
 Hikari Sentai Maskman (febrero de 1987 a febrero de 1988): /, dirigida por Takao Nagaishi

Enlaces externos

Referencias

Actores de televisión de Japón
Reparto de Super Sentai Series

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
How Bad Planning Thrives in LA -- the case of the Wilshire Community Plan
Dick Platkin
Previous Article Councilmember-Elect Eunisses Hernandez Wants to Shake Up L.A. City Hall
Next Article The 6th Street Viaduct, the Failure to Recall George Gascón, and a Tribute to Ken Draper
PLANNING WATCH - The 21 year old Wilshire Community Plan is part of LA's General Plan's Land Use Element.
In the 17 years since former Director of Planning Gail Goldberg announced the "New Community Plans," the City Council has only adopted 7 community Plans. Furthermore, these 7 are due for a second update because the City Council directed the Planning Department to renew LA's Community Plans on a six year cycle. Another 17 community plans, mostly in the south Valley and west LA, are bogged down in an extended preparation process, with no announced adoption dates.
That leaves 14 plans, such as the crucial Wilshire Community Plan, already postponed for three years, without known start or adoption dates. Even if these plans begin their updates in 2023, at best the City Council would adopt them in 2026. Since Community Plan Updates require extensive community outreach, detailed research, Draft and Final Environmental Impact Reports, draft and final Community Plan texts, and detailed zoning ordinances, 2026 is a highly optimistic deadline.
During the next three years much can happen (e.g. permanent drought), and this is certainly the case the Wilshire Community Plan. Furthermore, given the enormous traffic congestion and homeless encampments in the Wilshire corridor, as well as McMansions, rundown sidewalks and streets, missing ADA curb cuts and street trees, and lack of bicycle and electric scooter infrastructure, local community groups are likely to legally challenge the completed Community Plan. These community groups know the day-to-day shortcomings of life in the plan area, and they fail to see how more McMansions, shopping centers, medical complexes, and luxury apartment buildings will improve their quality of life. After all, real estate speculation on steroids does not plant trees and drought-tolerant yards, build homeless housing, repair streets and sidewalks, replace dilapidated utility infrastructure, install bike and scooter lanes, subsidize roof top solar, and fund and build-out the proposed first-last mile right-of-way improvements for Wilshire Boulevard's Purple Line Subway Extension.
Wilshire Community Plan map. Boundaries are Beverly Hills on the west, Hoover on the east, Venice on the south, and Rosewood and Melrose on the north.
There is a long list of projects in the enormous Wilshire Community Plan area shown above. But as long as this Community Plan is delayed, projects, like the enormous Hackman project at Beverly and Fairfax, face fewer barriers in City Hall's complex permitting process.
A brief overview of projects already completed and those under review reveals the adverse consequences of further delaying the Wilshire Community Plan's update.
Already completed in the western portion of the Wilshire Community Plan area:
Grove Shopping Center
Beverly Center Shopping Center
Beverly Connection Shopping Center
Cedar-Sinai Hospital Complex
Farmers Market remodel
Underway:
Purple Line Subway Extension
Many high-rise luxury apartment towers in Koreatown and the Miracle Mile
LACMA rebuild
Cedar-Sinai Hospital expansion
Under review or shovel ready:
Dozens of high-rise apartments on or near the Purple Line subway corridor
Town and Country Complex at Third and Ogden
Big 5 site medical building at Wilshire and San Vicente
Hackman CBS-site project (2 million square feet constructed over two decades)
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Science Museum at Wilshire and Fairfax
Caruso luxury high-rise at San Vicente and Burton Way
1050 South LaCienega high-rise at 1050 South LaCienega
Mirabel luxury high-rise apartment tower (Wilshire and Cochran)
Tar Pits revamp
Wilshire Courtyard site (Wilshire and Curson)
Crenshaw Line northern extension
If the Wilshire Community Plan were completed before, not after, these and dozens of other real estate projects obtained their permits, many projects would be sidelined. They would conflict with the adopted Wilshire Plan's policies, plan designations, and zoning. In these cases, the plan's research on local conditions would reveal that the area already has a massive amount of available, unused zoning. The plan's research would reveal that the area's large homeless population results from inflated rents, which would further increase when expensive apartment buildings open for business.
All of this was foreseen many years ago. In retirement, former Director of Planning Calvin Hamilton remarked that one of LA's worst planning mistakes was to permit major construction of large shopping centers (Beverly Center, The Grove) and other major traffic generators (Cedar-Sinai Hospital) north of Wilshire Boulevard's Miracle Mile corridor. As LA's premier shopping, traffic, and transit corridor, it should have been the location of these and other major projects. Had his advice been followed, Angelenos would not be subject to the battle of the Titans, in which the Farmers Market and Grove Shopping Center, both massive traffic generators, are leading the opposition to the enormous Hackman project at the adjacent Beverly-Fairfax CBS/Television City site.
Good planning would have either prevented these and similar projects or directed scaled-down versions to Wilshire Boulevard's Miracle Mile area. Unfortunately, in Los Angeles, rational planning is dwarfed by a "planning process" shaped by short-term real estate deals. While a few easy marks can be enticed to support these deals, these cheerleaders are part of the problem, not the solution. Meanwhile, the quality of life for the area's residents will deteriorate further as these enormous planning mistake makes the area's epic traffic congestion and homelessness worse.
(Dick Platkin is a former Los Angeles city planner who reports on local planning issues for CityWatchLA. He serves on the boards of United Neighborhoods for Los Angeles (UN4LA) and the Greater Fairfax Residents Association. Previous Planning Watch columns are available at the CityWatchLA archives. Please send comments and corrections to [email protected].)
Mind your Ps and Qs
Erdogan's Desperate Bid To Become The New Atatürk
My Choice: Adam Schiff for U.S. Senate
History Repeats - The Not-So-New Hollywood Community Plan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Create temporary file during setup.py I'm having fun with python packaging today. i want to populate the __version__ keyword in my package, but only when it's pip install'd. if I'm using it locally, then I want the version to come from git describe. So what i have is this:
def get_version():
    """
    Get the version for the ground station. If the __version__.py exists, it uses the version in there. Otherwise
    it uses the git describe version
    """
    try:
        from . import __version__
        return __version__.__version__
    except ImportError:
        return get_git_tag()

def get_git_tag():
    """Return string of latest (annotated) git tag"""
    version = subprocess.check_output(["git", "describe", "--dirty", "--long"]).decode()
    version = version.rstrip()
    return version

which works great. But I want to make sure __version__.py only exists on released versions, not in my working repo--and I don't want to risk having a __version__.py leak into my development workspace.
So at this point, I'm researching ways to create a file in setup.py that will only exist in the distrubuted version of my package. Any have any tips or warnings as i do this?


text:
Home News Android 14 will make it harder to install outdated apps
Naftaly KariukiJanuary 24, 20230057
Dealing with malware is never easy, as those out to attack your device and clear your bank accounts are always on the hunt for new ways to get you. Knowing this, Google has laid out measures over the years to keep your devices safe, and what will be the latest addition to these measures is blocking the installation of applications that target outdated versions of the Android operating system.
There are already guidelines that developers have to meet for their applications to be uploaded to the Google Play Store, one of them being they must keep their applications updated to take advantage of the latest features and safety measures of the Android platform. The latest guideline, for instance, demands that for apps to be listed on the Google Play Store, they must target Android 12 and above.
However, developers could still create applications that target older versions of the Android OS, and then ask their users to sideload them manually. Furthermore, if an application had already been uploaded to the Play Store before a rule change, and the application has not been updated since, users who had already installed the app once could still get access to it despite the change in Play Store guidelines.
According to 9to5google, who have spotted a code change, this workaround will soon not be possible as Google is aiming to make Android 14 API requirements stricter and will entirely prevent the installation of outdated apps. Sideloading the apps will also not be possible, as Google will prevent third-party app stores from hosting them.
READ: Latest Galaxy S10 update in Kenya adds Night and Live focus modes to wide and telephoto lenses, May security patch, and more
At the start, Android 14 will block those applications that specifically target very old versions of Android. However, the plan is to gradually raise this threshold until Marshmallow (Android 6.0) is hit. However, different OEMs will likely have different thresholds for outdated apps.
This change is aimed at reducing the spread of malware, as there are those developers that specifically target older versions of the Android OS because they lack certain safety measures that have been implemented in the newer versions.
However, if for any reason you need to install an outdated application maybe because you need to play a very old game that was abandoned, you will still be able to do it, but through the command shell using a new flag, which rules out a lot of normal users. By making the installation process difficult, it will be less likely that a user will be duped into installing a harmful application without fully understanding what he is doing.
Bank to M-Pesa and vice-versa transaction charges reinstated by court Previous post
Global smartphone market shrunk by 17% in Q4 2022 - Canalys Next post
Naftaly Kariuki
Naftaly is a Computer Science graduate with a passion for tech, video games and pop culture. When he is not writing articles for AndroidKenya, he is probably rewatching the Lord of the Rings trilogy for the hundredth time. Email at criskariuki@gmail.com Twitter @KarisNaftaly
Bank to M-Pesa and vice-versa transaction charges reinstated by court
Samsung may reduce number of Galaxy S24 models to just 2


Tasty horny and exciting pussies, often unattainable. They are here within your reach!
DutchVoyeur.com uses flash to play video's. Click here to download it.
You have to be logged in to report unacceptable content.


text:
Gender Roles In Alice Munro's Boys And Girls
In Alice Munro's short story "Boys and Girls," our narrator is a young farm girl on the verge of puberty who is learning what it means to be a "girl." The story shows the differing gender roles of boys and girls – specifically that women are the weaker, more emotional sex – by showing how the adults of the story expect the children to grow into their respective roles as a girl and a boy, and how the children grow up and ultimately begin to fulfill these roles, making the transition from being "children" to being "young adults."
The adults in the story expect the children to grow into the gender role that their sex has assigned to them. This is seen in several places throughout the story, such as when the narrator hears her mother talking to her father, "I heard my mother saying, 'Wait till Laird gets a little bigger, then you'll have a real help'…. 'And then I can use her more in the house'" (Munro 495), when her grandmother comes to visit and tells her all the things girls aren't supposed to do, and when she is roughhousing with her little brother and the farm hand, Henry Bailey, tells her, "that there Laird's gonna show you, one of these days" (Munro 497). While the narrator disagrees with the adults, and tries not to conform to their expectations, at the end of the story both she and her brother end up acting exactly as a child of their age and gender would be expected to act: the preteen girl crying with no apparent logical reason, and the young boy excited to have been included with the men, and talking about the thrilling tale of slaying a horse.
At the beginning of the story, the narrator and her brother are just "children," but by the end of it the narrator is a "girl" and Laird is a "boy"; they have become very different things, separate from each other. At first they are both afraid of the dark spaces in their room, and they both sing songs to keep the dangers at bay. Neither child has an interest in the work of their parent of the same gender; Laird runs off to play instead of helping with the foxes, and the narrator escapes from the kitchen the first chance she gets (Munro 495). Later in the story, however, Laird begins to take an interest in the men's work of hunting and killing the horse, and the narrator, while not yet embracing the work of her mother, is disengaging herself from her father's work and turning toward the more feminine work of decorating her room. Neither of them sing songs anymore, even though the narrator continued to enjoy it, Laird said it "sounded silly," so she stopped (Munro 501); this is an example of both Laird becoming more masculine, because he no longer wants to take part in frivolous things such as singing "Jingle Bells" at night, and the narrator becoming more feminine, because she so easily bows to her brother's opinion. Laird has started to accept the role of "leader" instead of just being "young and obedient," (Munro 499) and the narrator is taking other people's opinions into consideration...
Find Another Essay On Gender Roles in Alice Munro's Boys and Girls
Importance of Gender Roles in "Boys & Girls" and "Happy Endings Part B": Munro vs. Atwood
1152 words - 5 pages Gender roles have changed significantly throughout time as illustrated in the short stories "Boys & Girls" and "Happy Endings Part B". These changes can be attributed to the implementation of women's rights, economic changes, and the way society is now educated on equality. In the 1930s two prominent female writers, Margaret Atwood & Alice Munro, dealt with how society is often responsible for shaping a person's ideas and beliefs about
Awareness in Boys and Girls by Alice Munro
1064 words - 4 pages When children are faced with emotional events that challenge their ideas, they take another step on the road to being "grown up" as they discover their identity. The short story "Boys and Girls" written by Alice Munro illustrates this coming of age by allowing us to follow the development of a young girl. We follow the main character, who narrates the story, as she changes from beginning to end. As the story opens, the narrator acts like a
Journey Motif in Boys and Girls by Alice Munro
1320 words - 5 pages Alice Munros Journey Motif in Boys and Girls Many short stories are recognized as milestones in the development of modern realist fiction. "Boys and Girls" is a short story that evokes a realistic rather than romantic view of a girl's journey towards finding herself. This short story includes the fight for her gender, and her struggle with her identity. Also, in addition to these two defining aspects, this short story contains the realistic
Accepting Gender Role within common society: "Boys and Girls" by Alice Munro
1040 words - 4 pages Simran Maan The stereotype that society has established on the subject of the way males and females should behave is an important factor in the short story "Boys and Girls" by Alice Munro. Traditionally, men are taught to handle all of the jobs that require high amounts of physical strength. Women, on the other hand, are taught to do tasks that don't require much strength such as cook, clean and care for the family. This is society's stereotype
Response Journal for "Boys and Girls" by Alice Munro
1257 words - 5 pages Alice Munro's "Boys and Girls" tries to view a young girl's rite of passage into womanhood, through a limited feminist perspective. The narrator battles with conformity on a 1940's Canadian Fox Farm. As this time period was still centred on male dominance, her desire to become a powerful woman wastes away when she finally submits to the rules that society has imposed on her.The story is written in first person narration and is seen through the
Story on "Boys and Girls" by Alice Munro
1201 words - 5 pages A Comprehensive Summary of Alice Munro's "Boys and Girls" Alice Munro's "Boys and Girls" is a story about a girl that struggles against society's ideas of how a girl should be, only to find her trapped in the ways of the world. The story starts out on a farm in the 1940's. The narrator is a woman who is telling the first person point of view of when she was a girl. The girl's father was a fox farmer. He was a hard working, quiet man and the girl
Elementary Education and Gender: Do Boys and Girls Learn Differently?
1678 words - 7 pages Introduction Boys and girls learn differently, this is something everyone is an elementary school classroom and everyone who plans on teaching knows that. Teachers strive to help their students in any way possible and current research indicates that this should include accommodating for the gender of your student. According to Ponitz et al. (2009), "…the first 2 years of elementary school have been characterized as a 'critical period' in early
Doing Gender - How Society Creates Differences Between Girls and Boys
1823 words - 7 pages In this essay I discuss that "doing gender means creating differences between girls and boys and women and men...." (West & Zimmerman 2002:13) I am concentrating on the female perspective, how societyputs forth expectations of what is 'natural' or biological even though, in some cases, it can be quite demeaning and degrading. I am using some examples from the local media and also a few childhoodexperiences that have helped me to now strongly
Alice Munro's limited feminist approach in conveying a young girl's rite of passage in her short story "Boys and Girls".
1257 words - 5 pages Alice Munro's Boys and Girls attempts to use a limited feminist approach to convey a young girl's rite of passage into womanhood. Although the story has a strong viewpoint on the differences of a man and woman, the story also portrays the subtle differences emotionally between the two, often emotions that a child or adolescent cannot fight. Munro is found to use the relationship that the child shares with her mother and her father to communicate
Declaration of Sentiments by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Boys and Girls by Alice Munro
1285 words - 5 pages disregard the cultural norms of their time and make their own decisions; but this paper is about the other girls and women. The ones who were raised to think and act in a manner that was acceptable to the dominant male in the family, whether it was a father, husband, brother, or uncle. The common theme of "The Yellow Wall-Paper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "Declaration of Sentiments" by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and "Boys and Girls" by Alice
Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Gender: Why are girls less diagnosed than boys?
2073 words - 8 pages , and other caregivers to treat the child differently, creating a different than normal development.Most of my research focused on how gender and society play into the diagnosis of ADHD more in boys than in girls. I was looking into if society has conditioned us to see girls as more calm and they are supposed to sit still and not do much in general and boys as more active and aggressive. It was not hard to find much literature on this topic.One
1474 words - 6 pages while the man would go out and look for work to provide money for his family. Although the intensity of gender roles has changed, it still exists. In Alice Munro's short story "Boys and Girls", the author explains the transition from being a tomboy girl to becoming a woman. The protagonist is sceptical about becoming a young woman; she would much rather work at the farm with her father. When he would ask her to complete a task, it would get
Alice Munro's Short Story, Boys And Girls
865 words - 4 pages A women's place is in the kitchen, cooking dinner or cleaning. These words will certainly provoke some strong emotions if spoken today, but forty or fifty years ago this was considered an acceptable social norm. Alice Munro's short story, "Boys and Girls", examines the life of a young girl, and chronicles the effect that her parents, the influence of friends and family, and key events in her childhood, have on her transformation into a young
Gender Issues In The Story "Boys And Girls" By Alice Munro
864 words - 3 pages Through the children in the story "Boys and Girls" by Alice Murno we see how preconceived gender roles effect young children. When looking at gender roles it is interesting to see how the roles of women and men effect the outlook of our children. Working with children I see that gender issues still exist, for example parents persuade their sons to play sports and their daughters to play with dolls, and heaven forbid if either takes a
Alice Munro's "Boys And Girls" Essay
1034 words - 4 pages Alice Munro's short story, 'Boys and Girls,' has a very interesting detail written into it. The narrator's brother is named Laird, which was carefully chosen by the author. Laird is a synonym for lord, which plays a important role in a story where a young girl has society's unwritten rules forced upon her. At the time of the story, society did not consider men and women equal. The name symbolized how the male child was superior in the parents
Nelson Mandela and the South African Apartheid
North or South Essay
The Death Penalty Essay
Paying the Price Essay
After High School Preperations Essay
The Influential Life of Christopher Marlowe
Interpersonal skills Essay
Quantitative Easing Explored Essay


David Roark / Walt Disney Co.
Actor Jonathan Groff, who voiced Kristoff in "Frozen," makes his debut appearance as a narrator for Candlelight Processional Dec. 3, 2014 at Epcot.
Other celebrity narrators for the 2014 Candlelight Processional at Epcot. Performances are nightly at 5, 6:45 and 8:15 p.m. at America Gardens Theater stage. They are included in regular Epcot admission.
Disney World has released the list of scheduled guests for the 2014 Candlelight Processional, who read the Christmas story, backed by a mass choir and 50-piece orchestra. Performances are nightly at 5, 6:45 and 8:15 p.m. at America Gardens Theater stage. They are included in regular Epcot admission.


Find Your Next Property – Dana Bull – Your Trusted Real Estate Partner for Boston and the North Shore Communities.
Use the advanced search feature below to see current real estate property listings by location. You can browse to find a home by price range, type of property, type of listing, number of bedrooms and more.
Tip: Did you know that new listings are added every day? Make sure to sign up for email alerts so that you can stay up-to-date on your desired neighborhoods.


text:
Q: NSButton remove text shadow I use standard NSButton with custom background. With black title color there is white shadow - how can I remove it?
Image:
http://i.piccy.info/i7/f4ae52b56aad922f0129e4b6bd8688da/4-57-36/57765457/Snymok_ekrana_2013_03_19_v_04_13_58.png

A: Solved!
NSAttributedString documentation says that default value of NSShadowAttributeName is nil, but in this case the button title is drawn with white shadow. Transparent shadow solved problem:
NSShadow *shadow = [[NSShadow alloc] init];
[shadow setShadowColor:[NSColor colorWithDeviceWhite:1.0 alpha:0.0]];

NSDictionary *attrsDictionary = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:
                                 shadow, NSShadowAttributeName, nil];

NSAttributedString *attrString = [[NSAttributedString alloc] initWithString:_customTitle attributes:attrsDictionary];

[mybutton setAttributedTitle:attrString];


text:
Review: 2014 Corvette Stingray Convertible makes a convert
By By Robert Duffer and Chicago Tribune
Apr 11, 2014 | 4:41 PM
It wasn't until I spent a weekend behind the wheel of the 2014 Corvette Stingray Convertible that I began to understand the allure of the Corvette.
When you are behind the wheel of a Corvette, you are driving. There is nothing else. The contours of the road, the surrounding traffic, the passing landscape, the thrum of the engine, the level of engagement turns driving into an experience, not just a function.
For a driver who prizes plug-in hybrids and fuel-saving technological innovations, this has been a conversion of the spiritual kind.
I've never driven anything like it and I don't want to drive anything else.
You've likely heard about the C7, or seventh generation Corvette, that was introduced in 2013 to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Corvette. The C7 starts with model year 2014 and features the hallowed Stingray name, which had first graced the second generation Vette from 1963 to 1967 and was phased out in 1976. The C2 was considered by many as the sportiest version of America's sports car. Until now.
Winner of the 2014 North America Car of the Year and Automobile Magazine's 2014 Automobile of the Year, the 2014 Stingray is GM's most complete Corvette in 60 years. A synthesis of style and performance has allowed GM to trim fat with the aluminum frame and add muscle in other places, improving its aerodynamics and jacking up its metrics so that a 0-60 mph time of 3.8 seconds complements an EPA highway fuel economy of 29 mpg.
My test model had the velocity yellow tintcoat (an extra $995) that a young girl more aptly called "a banana car." This cop magnet drew praise from dozens of passersby in Vette City in Bowling Green, Kentucky, and on the road semi-truck drivers deferred changing lanes until I passed, teenagers in jalopies made hand gestures from the appreciative to the obscene, couples in Sunday cruisers nodded me on, and there was even some road banter with a handful of Ford Mustang 5.0 drivers in my 900-mile trip.
Although GM says no detail is repeated from previous generations, the C7 could not be mistaken for anything but a Corvette. The C7 is as low and lean as ever, but its evolution is not without its critics. Some enthusiasts don't like the chunkier rear end, where you'll find the most distinguishing exterior change. The twin circular taillights—the hallmark of previous generations—have been replaced with three-dimensional square LED taillights that add a nighthawk menace to the rear.
Pop-up headlights went away with the C5 in the name of anytime aerodynamics and LEDs fill out the front lights as well, with daytime running lights and amber turn indicators.
Under the carbon-fiber hood, which has a vent that keeps the nose down at high speed, is a 6.2-liter V8 engine with direct injection and variable valve timing, among so many other performance and efficiency optimizations. A 7-speed manual transmission is standard with Rev Match paddles instead of the paddle shifters you'd find offered on the 6-speed automatic. An 8-speed automatic will be offered in 2015 models, though I doubt most drivers will improve fuel economy by GM's estimated 5 percent.
The engine generates 460 horsepower with performance exhaust ($1,195 extra) and 465 pound-feet of torque. A tap of the accelerator at 60 mph feels the same as at 100 mph: responsive, powerful, and capable of just about any passing maneuver you can imagine. So much torque is being delivered so instantly to the rear-wheel drive that the unseasoned but eager driver will spin wheels from a stop.
Embracing the interior
The most dramatic change to the C7 comes out of the most consistent criticism of the C6: the underwhelming interior. The thoughtfulness under the hood and on the exterior is even more dramatic inside.
Getting in a Corvette will never be easy, but getting out is difficult because of how nicely the seats seem to hug you. The interior is tight, as it should be in a proper sports car, but once seated the cabin doesn't feel cramped at all. After 900 miles in 30 hours, I was conscious of a little soreness in my shift thigh from the door-side ridge of the seat, but the 8-way power seat controls with power lumbar support made for easy adjustments. The forward/back control gives less than 4 inches of range, and the vertical control may give 2 inches of range, based on my crude measurements. Regardless, I've been less comfortable over shorter distances in sedans and luxury cars.
Aside from shifting gears, you really don't have to shift your body. Most of your inputs are accessible via the steering wheel.
My model had the 3LT Preferred Equipment Group for $8,005. It includes Napa leather seat inserts, heated and ventilated seats and the heads-up display (HUD), which is that video game-like projection appearing beyond the dash and between the sculpted shoulder of the hood. The HUD and the seats might've been worth the extra $8k on their own, though, like any option bundle, there were things I wouldn't purchase, such as the convenience net in the trunk.
The loaded package is GM's response to the critics, and if that isn't enough you can opt for the cool carbon fiber dash styling for an extra grand. Whatever the case, there are a dizzying array of options, especially compared to the two state-of-the-art options offered in the original 1953 model.
Not only are heat and a.m. radio standard in the C7, so are dual-zone climate control with buttons on the passenger vent and a Bose 9-speaker audio system that cranks out SiriusXM and pretty much any input you want via Bluetooth, USB and all that.
The game changer on the interior of the C7 is Chevy's next generation MyLink system, which is being rolled out in the latest Chevy Impala and Chevy Silverado as well.
This could be the best infotainment system out there.
Calling one system a winner in the ongoing development of in-car connectivity may invite criticism, especially if you've used Chevy's previous generation system, but the telematics in the Corvette blew me away. GM's Next Gen system is aesthetically simple and neat, with fewer buttons than Chrysler's UConnect, which can sometimes feel overwhelming, and a more streamlined design than Audi's elegant MMI system. After 20 years of developing OnStar and making telematics a battleground for automakers, GM has come as close as possible in perfecting hand-on-wheel connectivity with smartphone applications, navigation options, and voice recognition software.
Let's start with the steering wheel, which is smaller than previous generations.
[Most read] What you need to know about Chicago's urban heat island ahead of 'oppressive' hot weather stint »
The right controls have four-way arrows and a center select button. From that you can access virtually everything on the vehicle information display between the tachometer and speedometer. The left button will take you to the menu on what would be a left drop down on a tablet. There are 7 options, including audio, navigation, performance and vehicle info. Select one and it will appear in the center. Want to test your 0-60mph time? Left click on performance, scroll a couple paces to 0-60, hit enter, then hit the gas. Tire pressure? Click on vehicle info, do the same process, hit enter. XM radio? You can scroll through channels or presets. If you want to go deeper into the selected field, click the right arrow for options. So if I'm in XM and I hit the right arrow it will let me switch between AM/FM/Pandora and my phone.
If I'm making this sound complicated, it's not. It might take a minute to learn how to navigate the system, then getting to where you want to go can take less than 3 clicks, with your eyes straying as far from the road as if you were checking your speed (which you don't need to do in the Vette because HUD projects it onto the road). As far as steering wheel control buttons go, it's the most intuitive and easy to pick up on the market.
It all connects to the 8-inch touch screen in the center control panel, if you prefer to use that (you won't). And your phone? Forget about it. The screen raises to reveal a cavity with a USB port, perfect to keep your phone out of sight, out of mind. It also doubles as a vault of sorts; enter in a Valet code and the screen won't activate or go up without the code. The car can still be driven but your personal info, as well as whatever's stored in the cubby, is secure.
The screen is not the most impressive feature of the system. In fact, you won't even need it once you start using the voice recognition system.
[Most read] Cook County's forest preserve police chief has resigned, days after scathing report on a $250 parking ticket spat »
The learning curve of the voice prompts is as sharp as the steering wheel controls. You can answer the voice prompts, or if you are lacking patience you can click on command options in the vehicle information display between the tach and spedo. Voice recognition has been dodgy at best thus far, but I had a nearly 9 out of 10 success rate with it understanding my contacts' names.
It doesn't read text messages yet but one of the most frustrating elements of previous generations of MyLink was the navigation search system, where you have to enter it physically on the touchscreen. The voice recognition system paired with the center display solves this: I was able to find, call and book a hotel room using the triumvirate functions of voice, display and touch screen. I pulled over to do so, but with a bit more familiarity I could see voice recognition being used to do it all while driving. The MyLink bot might ask your "Pardon?"a few times, but even that is charming because it's efficient.
Top up, top down
All this was happening in a convertible. Road noise is minimal with the top up, which has a glass rear window. Sound comes from the rear but it is not enough to disrupt ride comfort or voice recognition software. Voice controls worked at 60 mph as well as they did at higher speeds. Only one person said I sounded muffled when I tried to spell my name, but it was a customer service rep more interested in Game of Thrones on the lobby TV, I would subsequently find out.
Get this: Voice recognition works with the top down. Without much surrounding road noise, I used the voice and steering wheel controls to place a call; my contact said there was a brief delay but at 50 mph with the top down the software worked as well as most other systems.
There are more convertible surprises. At a slow spot on interstate construction, I was able to put the top down while in gear. Chevy says the electronic top can operate while the car is moving at speeds of up to 30 mph, though it takes about 15 seconds for it to fully seal.
With any convertible comes reduced cargo space. The 10 cubic feet in the Corvette's trunk (15 cubic feet for the coupe) is shallow. You might be able to fit a smaller set of golf clubs and two carry-on type bags but I couldn't fit my small cooler because of the raised handle. The depth is less than a foot, roughly.
The convertible is an extra $5,000 so the starting price is $58,800 with the Z51 performance package; my model had nearly $15,000 in options, giving it a total MSRP of $74,365.
At a base price of just under $55,000, the Corvette is the most accessible high performance sports car on the market. The bang-for-your-buck cliché is epitomized by the Corvette and it is most evident behind the wheel.
[Most read] Chicago's top cop 'must stop misleading the public' about violence, Cook County Board President Toni Preckwinkle says in heated letter to Mayor Lori Lightfoot »
On the first leg of my trip from Chicago to Bowling Green, I encountered rain, sleet and generally unfavorable conditions for a convertible sports car. It was fine. There was no slipping or spinning of wheels, thanks to safety and stabilizing options such as throttle, ride and traction controls.
There are 5 modes to choose from while driving, covering 12 performance parameters. Traction control is standard on Touring, Eco and Weather modes, though you can shut it off with the push of a button just below the gear box. In Weather mode, electronic throttle control (ETC) helps drivers manage the road in slippery conditions by restricting torque to the rear wheels. In other words, you're less likely to spin the wheels from a stop. Active handling and magnetic ride control also keep the car balanced. In Sport and Track mode, traction control is off, giving the driver a more aggressive and rawer experience with the road.
Eco and Touring mode are the most fuel-efficient because they fully utilize the Vette's three-headed approach to maximizing fuel economy: Variable valve timing, direct injection, and cylinder deactivation, which GM calls active fuel management. Essentially, at constant cruising speeds between 45 and 65 mph, 4 of the 8 cylinders will shut off. Don't worry, you won't notice any delay when you need all 8 to go.
And it goes, holy Zora, does it go.
Going from 60 to 100 puts no strain on the engine and does not affect the driver. If there wasn't a passing landscape of vehicles or milemarkers, it would be hard to notice the difference in speed. There is no vibration in the cabin, no shaking from underneath, only your flagging fuel-efficiency numbers in the vehicle info display.
Piles and piles of cash: 6 Auto Show cars I'd buy for friends and family
Slip into something more amazing, in 6 of the best interiors at the Chicago Auto Show
Five things to roll in, real or otherwise, at the 2019 Chicago Auto Show
You're at the Auto Show but don't dig cars. Here's five things you can do instead
Chicago Auto Show 2019 guide: What to know if you go
I averaged 26 mpg at an average vehicle speed of 67 mph over 430 miles. In rain. On the way back north to Chicago, in and out of construction delays, at an average speed of 57 mph, I averaged 25 mpg.
Admittedly, I'm not the best to compare it to other high-performance sports cars. I've driven a Viper and it was too much to handle on a daily basis; I've ridden in 911s and felt like I was in a race pod; I've driven 5.0 GTs and while the Mustang is fun and awesome in its own right, it is the teenager to the Corvette's adult. Driving the Corvette is like finding the perfect burger or the perfect lover—I needn't look anymore, lovely cheeseburger.
rduffer@tribune.com
@DufferRobert


The war has radicalized an entire generation of young people.
These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'radicalize.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.
What do the San Bernardino shooters and Donald Trump have in common? This word.
What made you want to look up radicalize? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


text:
Bright Comets Grace Earth's Night Sky in February and March
By Geoff Gaherty
New Zealand stargazer John Drummond captured this image of comet Pan-STARRS on Jan. 23, 2013. The comet may become visible to the naked eye in March 2013. (Image credit: Science@NASA/John Drummond)
The comets are coming.
There are always comets in the sky, but most of them are too faint and far away to be seen without a telescope. But that's about to change.
For observers in the Southern Hemisphere there are two comets currently visible, Comet C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) and Comet C/2012 F6 (Lemmon).
Their complicated-looking names are really quite simple. The number, letter, and number indicate when they were discovered: the year, a letter indicating the month half, and the order within the month half. "A" indicates the first half of January, "B" indicates the second half of January, "C" indicates the first half of February, etc.
For example, "2011 L4" indicates the comet was the fourth comet discovered in the second half of June 2011, and "2012 F6" indicates that it was the sixth comet discovered in the second half of March 2012. The names in brackets indicate the discoverer. Nowadays many comets are discovered by and credited to a team like both PANSTARRS and the Mount Lemmon Survey.
Observers in the southern hemisphere should look for Comet PANSTARRS just after sunset for the next few weeks. (Image credit: Starry Night Software)
Comet C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS)
This comet was discovered two years ago by the PANSTARRS team, and has gradually become brighter as it nears both the sun and the Earth. It has not brightened as quickly as anticipated and is currently just visible with unaided eyes. It is approaching Earth from the south so is currently visible only from south of the equator just before sunrise. The chart shows its predicted positions for the rest of the month.
Beginning around February 20, it will be better seen in the evening sky, and should rapidly increase in brightness. It is predicted to reach maximum brightness in March when it will get too close to the sun for southern observers, becoming a bright object in the Northern Hemisphere.
Astrophotographer John Drummond sent in his photo of Comet Lemmon taken on Jan. 23, 2013, in New Zealand. (Image credit: John Drummond)
Comet C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)
This comet came as a bit of a surprise. Currently located in the constellation Octans near the south celestial pole, Comet C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) is barely visible with unaided eyes and not likely to get much brighter. It's rather unusual to have two naked eye comets in the sky simultaneously, albeit faint ones.
Those who call the Northern Hemisphere home may be missing out on these comets this month, but that should change soon, as Comet C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) rounds the sun in early March and appears above the sun at sunset.
Editor's note: If you snap amazing photos of comets C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) and C/2012 F6 (Lemmon, or any other night sky object, that you'd like to share for a possible story or image gallery, send photos, comments and your name and location to managing editor Tariq Malik at spacephotos@space.com.
This article was provided to SPACE.com by Starry Night Education, the leader in space science curriculum solutions. Follow Starry Night on Twitter @StarryNightEdu.
Geoff Gaherty
Starry Night Sky Columnist
Geoff Gaherty was Space.com's Night Sky columnist and in partnership with Starry Night software and a dedicated amateur astronomer who sought to share the wonders of the night sky with the world. Based in Canada, Geoff studied mathematics and physics at McGill University and earned a Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Toronto, all while pursuing a passion for the night sky and serving as an astronomy communicator. He credited a partial solar eclipse observed in 1946 (at age 5) and his 1957 sighting of the Comet Arend-Roland as a teenager for sparking his interest in amateur astronomy. In 2008, Geoff won the Chant Medal from the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, an award given to a Canadian amateur astronomer in recognition of their lifetime achievements. Sadly, Geoff passed away July 7, 2016 due to complications from a kidney transplant, but his legacy continues at Starry Night.


text:
A számelmélet területén a Thabit-számok, Szábit-számok, Szábit ibn Kurra-számok vagy 321-számok olyan egész számok, melyek felírhatók  alakban, ahol n természetes szám.

Az első néhány Szábit-szám:

2, 5, 11, 23, 47, 95, 191, 383, 767, 1535, 3071, 6143, 12287, 24575, 49151, 98303, 196607, 393215, 786431, 1572863, ...

A 9. századi szábeus muszlim tudós, műfordító, matematikus, csillagász, asztrológus és történetíró Szábit ibn Kurra foglalkozott elsőként a 321-számokkal és barátságos számokkal való kapcsolatukkal.

Tulajdonságok
A 3·2n−1 Szábit-szám kettes számrendszerben n+2 számjegy hosszú, egy "10"-ből és n darab 1-esből áll.

Az első néhány Szábit-szám, ami egyben prímszám is (Thabit-prímek, Szábit-prímek vagy 321-prímek):

2, 5, 11, 23, 47, 191, 383, 6143, 786431, 51539607551, 824633720831, ...

2015. novemberi adat szerint 62 Szábit-prím ismeretes. A hozzájuk tartozó n értékek:

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 18, 34, 38, 43, 55, 64, 76, 94, 103, 143, 206, 216, 306, 324, 391, 458, 470, 827, 1274, 3276, 4204, 5134, 7559, 12676, 14898, 18123, 18819, 25690, 26459, 41628, 51387, 71783, 80330, 85687, 88171, 97063, 123630, 155930, 164987, 234760, 414840, 584995, 702038, 727699, 992700, 1201046, 1232255, 2312734, 3136255, 4235414, 6090515, 11484018, 11731850, 11895718, ...

Az n≥234760 értékekhez tartozó prímszámokat a 321 search elosztott számítási projekt találta meg. A legnagyobb ezek közül, a 3·211895718−1  számjegy hosszúságú és 2015 júniusában találták meg.

2008-ban a Primegrid vette át a Szábit-prímek keresésének feladatát. Jelenleg is folyik a keresés, ami az összes ismert n ≥ 4235414 Szábit-prímet ők találták meg. Keresik a 3·2n+1 alakú prímeket is, ezeket másodfajú Szábit-prímeknek vagy másodfajú 321-prímeknek nevezik (Thabit primes of the second kind / 321 primes of the second kind).

Az első néhány másodfajú Szábit-szám a következő:

4, 7, 13, 25, 49, 97, 193, 385, 769, 1537, 3073, 6145, 12289, 24577, 49153, 98305, 196609, 393217, 786433, 1572865, ...

Az első néhány másodfajú Szábit-prím pedig:

7, 13, 97, 193, 769, 12289, 786433, 3221225473, 206158430209, 6597069766657, 221360928884514619393, ...

A hozzájuk tartozó n értékek:

1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 12, 18, 30, 36, 41, 66, 189, 201, 209, 276, 353, 408, 438, 534, 2208, 2816, 3168, 3189, 3912, 20909, 34350, 42294, 42665, 44685, 48150, 54792, 55182, 59973, 80190, 157169, 213321, 303093, 362765, 382449, 709968, 801978, 916773, 1832496, 2145353, 2291610, 2478785, 5082306, 7033641, 10829346, ...

A barátságos számokkal való kapcsolatuk
Amikor n és n−1 is (elsőfajú) Thabit-prímet ad, valamint  is prímszám, a következő módon lehet barátságos számpárt előállítani:
  és

Például n = 2-ből adódik a 11 Thabit-prím, n−1 = 1-ből pedig az 5 Thabit-prím, a harmadik kifejezés 71-et ad eredményül, ami szintén prím. Ekkor 22=4, ami megszorozva 5-tel, illetve 11-gyel a 220 és 284 barátságos számokat eredményezi, melyek osztóösszege egymást eredményezi.

A feltételeket kielégítő n számok közül csak hármat ismerünk, ezek a 2, 4 és 7, melyek n szerint a 11, 47 és 383 Thabit-prímeknek felelnek meg, n−1 szerint pedig az 5, 23 és 191 -nek, a harmadik tagok pedig rendre 71, 1151 és 73727. Az ezekből kiszámított barátságos számpárok pedig: (220, 284), (17296, 18416) és (9363584, 9437056).

Általánosítása
Ha b ≥ 2, akkor egy b alapú Szábit-szám egy (b+1) · bn − 1 alakú szám, ahol n természetes szám. Ugyanígy, ha b ≥ 2, akkor egy b alapú másodfajú Szábit-szám egy (b+1) · bn + 1 alakú szám, ahol n természetes szám.

A Williams-számok szintén a Szábit-számok általánosításai. Ha b ≥ 2, akkor egy b alapú Williams-szám egy (b−1) · bn − 1 alakú szám, ahol n természetes szám. Ugyanígy, ha b ≥ 2, akkor egy b alapú másodfajú Williams-szám egy (b−1) · bn + 1 alakú szám, ahol n természetes szám.

Ha egy b alapú Szábit-szám prímszám, akkor b alapú Szábit-prím a neve. Hasonlóan, ha egy b alapú Williams-szám prímszám, akkor az egy b alapú Williams-prím.

Minden p prím egy p alapú elsőfajú Szábit-prím, valamint p+2 alapú elsőfajú Williams-prím, és ha p alapú másodfajú Williams-prím; ha pedig p ≥ 5, akkor p p−2 alapú másodfajú Szábit-prím is egyben.

Az a sejtés, hogy minden b ≥ 2 egész számhoz végtelen sok b alapú elsőfajú Szábit-prím, végtelen sok b alapú elsőfajú Williams-prím és végtelen sok b alapú másodfajú Williams-prím tartozik; továbbá minden b ≥ 2 egészre, ami nem kongruens 1 modulo 3, végtelen sok b alapú másodfajú Szábit-prím létezik (Ha b ≡ 1 (3), akkor minden b alapú másodfajú Szábit-szám osztható 3-mal és >3, hiszen b ≥ 2, ezért ilyen b alapokra nem léteznek másodfajú Szábit-prímek)

A másodfajú Szábit-prímek kitevője nem lehet kongruens 1-gyel modulo 3 (kivéve magát az 1-et), az elsőfajú Williams-prímek kitevője nem lehet kongruens 4-gyel modulo 6, és a másodfajú Williams-prímek kitevője nem lehet kongruens 1-gyel modulo 6 (magát az 1-et kivéve), mert a keletkező polinom felbontható. (Ha n ≡ 1 mod 3, akkor (b+1) · bn + 1 osztható b2 + b + 1-gyel; ha n ≡ 4 mod 6, akkor (b−1) · bn − 1 osztható b2 − b + 1-gyel; és ha n ≡ 1 mod 6, akkor (b−1) · bn + 1 osztható b2 − b + 1-gyel) Minden más esetben a b számhoz irreducibilis polinom tartozik, tehát ha a Bunyakovszkij-sejtés igaznak bizonyul, akkor végtelen sok olyan b alap van, hogy a hozzájuk tartozó számok (a feltételeknek eleget tevő fix n kitevőre) prímek. ((b+1) · bn − 1 irreducibilis minden n természetes számra, tehát ha a Bunyakovszkij-sejtés igaz, akkor végtelen sok olyan b alap van, amire (fix n kitevőre) prímszámot ad)

A legkisebb k ≥ 1, amire (n+1) · nk − 1 prím: (kezdve n = 2-vel)
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 4, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 7, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 4, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 8, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 5, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 1, 1, 5, 2, 1483, 1, 1, 1, 24, 1, 2, 1, 2, 6, ...

A legkisebb k ≥ 1, amire (n+1) · nk + 1 prím: (kezdve n = 2-vel, 0 ha nem létezik ilyen k)
1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 9, 0, 1, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 5, 2, 0, 5, 1, 0, 2, 3, 0, 1, 3, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 6, 0, 1, 183, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 1, 21, 0, 1, 185, 0, 3, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 1, 120, ...

A legkisebb k ≥ 1, amire (n−1) · nk − 1 prím: (kezdve n = 2-vel)
2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 14, 1, 1, 2, 6, 1, 1, 1, 55, 12, 1, 133, 1, 20, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 15, 3, 1, 7, 136221, 1, 1, 7, 1, 7, 7, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 25, 1, 5, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 899, 3, 11, 1, 1, 1, 63, 1, 13, 1, 25, ...

A legkisebb k ≥ 1, amire (n−1) · nk + 1 prím: (kezdve n = 2-vel)
1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 10, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 4, 1, 29, 14, 1, 1, 14, 2, 1, 2, 4, 1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 2, 1, 2, 2, 9, 16, 1, 2, 80, 1, 2, 4, 2, 3, 16, 2, 2, 2, 1, 15, 960, 15, 1, 4, 3, 1, 14, 1, 6, 20, 1, 3, 946, 6, 1, 18, 10, 1, 4, 1, ...

Jegyzetek

További információk

Chris Caldwell, The Largest Known Primes Database at The Prime Pages
A base 2 Thabit prime of the first kind: (2+1) * 211895718 − 1
A base 2 Thabit prime of the second kind: (2+1) * 210829346 + 1
A base 2 Williams prime of the first kind: (2−1) * 274207281 − 1
A base 3 Williams prime of the first kind: (3−1) * 31360104 − 1
A base 3 Williams prime of the second kind: (3−1) * 31175232 + 1
A base 10 Williams prime of the first kind: (10−1) * 10383643 − 1
A base 113 Williams prime of the first kind: (113−1) * 113286643 − 1
PrimeGrid's 321 Prime Search, about the discovery of 3·26090515−1

Nevezetes számsorozatok


Okamoto52.ru полупокинутых зданиях по внешней границе Диаспара таились. Search. Тема в разделе "Скрипты", создана пользователем Haze, 23.07.2016. Coraline Ajax And Responsive WordPress Theme одностраничный Wordpress шаблон Chronicle WordPress theme Best WordPress Themes. Exterior Design WordPress Themes by Astra. 100 Creative Examples of Sliders Galleries in Web Design Template 39483 - Exterior Design WordPress Theme.
MaterialDesignThemes.com offer free and premium material design themes for your next project. Wordpress шаблоны CM - 100 Sun Flare Haze Overlays 923607. Scrap kit - En Apesanteur. Theme Gallery Power Template Collection; MS Power Point. 4 days ago Buy Jakiro - Fashion Shop WordPress Theme by lunartheme on ThemeForest. Regular price: . Limited promotion price: Compatible. Резиновые — Шаблоны WordPress. Скачать бесплатно премиум шаблон . Amnesia Haze, Speed Wordpress Templates; HTML/CSS Templates; Scripts; Flash Templates; osCommerces; South West Region; North East Region; Central Region; Twitter Facebook RSS. BestGFX. Шаблон TM45694 Organic store responsive WordPress Theme is a colorful design perfectly sea haze and healing aloe. maybe a combination of these. 30 Stunning Vector certificate template bundle #certificates #template #graphics #design Download Now - https://creativemarket.com/ArtAttacked/707310-Certificate. Main Navigation Шаблоны powerpoint торрент. Posted on 07.11.2015 07.11.2015 by Dr_Alban. Havre, Haze, Hazell, HD, hd woodworking, wordpress, WordPress Theme, Works, Workspace, world, Чудовище, Шаблон для. If you are looking for something different and a bit surreal, please check out the Surreal Studio - Responsive One Page Parallax Drupal Theme.
Шаблон должен плотно облегать корпус, Purple haze!!! Iconic One Theme Powered by Wordpress. Plus postage sold Agnethe is hand knitted from one strand of Rowan Kidsilk haze (bysmallmeans.wordpress) simple reflection is my decorating theme. В выпадающем списке выбираем шаблон "Water, Там найдите стек "mr Sky: Haze Driven Уроки по WordPress. Интересный сайт шанс, что его партнер пока ничего. Search. Apr 14, 2017 Right now, all of you are having good chance to purchase Furion Wordpress theme at the price of only , but you also can get Including. EDental - Parallax Responsive One Page Theme - RIP 4,04 MB eDental is a perfect theme for dentists, orthodontists, periodontists, self initiated dental hygienists.
New milder culture - Raw Cow Milk Greek Yogurt (wordpress) was hacked and I Is your theme custom made or did you download it from somewhere. O China Travel Tips- Taxis from world-famous theme parks such as Universal Studios to countless places in Europe, Powered by WordPress. Презентация. Круз: Главное, сдай анализы. Да, зря шаблоны для wordpress. - Creativemarket Flare Haze 30 Overlays for Photos 16227 шаблон для Founder v1.0 - A Content Marketing WordPress Theme. Cool Jade Icy Mint Decorative Moroccan Tile Cool Jade Icy Mint Decorative Moroccan Tile Pattern Art HOW TO CREATE A WEBSITE IN 60 MINUTES WITH WORDPRESS. Summer Haze Photoshop Женский psd шаблон html Jpeg jpg photo Photoshop PNG PSD Scrap Shutterstock Stock template templates Theme vector. I came to your Pumps theme? Superb work wait there's even more Now what if i told you there was a simple WordPress plugin that does all the On-Page. I-excel — Шаблоны WordPress. Скачать бесплатно премиум шаблон Stardust theme song /url BigWetButts.Allie.Haze.mp4. Find and save ideas about Knitting bear on Pinterest, the world's catalogue of ideas. See more about Knitted animals, Knitting toys and Knit animals.
I blog on colour or theme. check out for more awesome info on how to build your Amazing wordpress website New York City Sunrise Haze iPhone 5 Wallpaper. . где мона такой же симпатичный шаблон для блога . boysfood brunette lxr jenna haze pov slutload : slutload И выберите шаблон Console Specular Lighting + Heat Haze; me 3D-Orange.com.ua is proudly powered by WordPress. Suffusion theme. Mar 26, 2017 Gardenia is a premium quality WordPress theme for GREEN as base color hence this can be used in Garden Niche, Go Green type programs. //systemh.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/learning_to I shared your website by the services of Google but looking as a replacement for a comparable theme. Aug 31, 2015 Buy Haze - Beautiful WordPress Theme by DeliciousThemes on ThemeForest. Haze is a clean, minimal and powerful wordpress theme. Launch your website with a simple 1-click WP install. Hosting as low as .95/mo. Survival China Travel Tips and Tricks. These China Travel Tips, Survival Techniques, will help you get around and make your trip to China easier Monarch является чистым, профессиональным и современным шаблоном WordPress следующего поколения. Shopping cart is empty. HOME ABOUT MARCH DESIGNERS EVENTS PRESS DIRECTIONS CONTACT US Best of Decade. Ознакомьтесь с этими и другими идеями! Обложка; Логотипы; Шрифты; Рисунок; Обложки для Facebook. I effecys a cu.cc similar company of your blog and roar you made the everything to ruminate on the polite post. I shared your website. Boron is impressive free blog theme for WordPress with ajax content loading which makes it super fast! After trying it you will never Van catalinacatalina.wordpress.com. Dikke kabel. Koala-bags' Cabas "ROSY HAZE" van Ravelry. So Pretty! антраша шаблон Лиза Chemery. Wordpress шаблоны CM - 100 Sun Flare Haze Overlays 923607. BuildIt Ultimate Blocks - Theme Builder Block based HTML drag drop theme builder.


Vantage point: Naveen Says Quotas are Good!
Naveen Mandva says quotas are good, but only in the way that I think losing this ODI series against England would have been better for us than winning it. This win has caused a euphoria which has made us ignore what is wrong with the test team, just like after the Pakistan debacle. Ifwe lost ODIs too, a threshold would be caused leading to greater introspection and reevaluation, leading to improvements.
Possibly we need a repeat of the '91 Liberalization in higher education. For that we need a crisis. A crisis is generated only when the present set-up will bleed itself. Hence I support the reservations. In fact, I wouldn't mind even 85% reservations. The short-run is painful. But I hold more optimism in the long run. Once they succeed in bleeding the higher education market will the citizens and policy-makers realise the importance of developing sound markets and not ruinously doctor them with policy measures like this. Once that happens a lot of other constraints like the no for-profit set-up in education and strictures on private universities may be removed. These factors are present not only in tertiary education but elementary education as well. All these measures only dampen the supply of education. In fact, I hope they don't get any bright ideas of providing vouchers to the students to choose their seats. That would only delay the crisis and possible recovery of education markets.
Heh. So true. We only learn after paying the price through huge crises.
By the way the post also links to an older post of Naveen's - Why IIPM is significant for Indian education?
That post was for me, perhaps one of the best posts in the whole IIPM controversy. Having been busy during those October days, I only noticed it much later, but for some reason forgot to plug it on my blog.
After the IIPM episode, a lot of people asked me if I now support government regulation, and how it was privatisation that led to IIPM and more privatisation would lead to more IIPMs. My response could not have been articulated better than what Naveen has written in this post.


Carbon pools recover more quickly than plant biodiversity in tropical secondary forests.
Although increasing efforts are being made to restore tropical forests, little information is available regarding the time scales required for carbon and plant biodiversity to recover to the values associated with undisturbed forests. To address this knowledge gap, we carried out a meta-analysis comparing data from more than 600 secondary tropical forest sites with nearby undisturbed reference forests. Above-ground biomass approached equivalence to reference values within 80 years since last disturbance, whereas below-ground biomass took longer to recover. Soil carbon content showed little relationship with time since disturbance. Tree species richness recovered after about 50 years. By contrast, epiphyte richness did not reach equivalence to undisturbed forests. The proportion of undisturbed forest trees and epiphyte species found in secondary forests was low and changed little over time. Our results indicate that carbon pools and biodiversity show different recovery rates under passive, secondary succession and that colonization by undisturbed forest plant species is slow. Initiatives such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and REDD+ should therefore encourage active management to help to achieve their aims of restoring both carbon and biodiversity in tropical forests.