text:
Al Smith
Title: Al Smith
Subject: United States presidential election, 1928, Historical characters in the Southern Victory Series, 1924 Democratic National Convention, Electoral history of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1928 Democratic National Convention
Collection: 1873 Births, 1944 Deaths, 20Th-Century Roman Catholics, American People of German Descent, American People of Irish Descent, American People of Italian Descent, American Roman Catholics, Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Queens, New York), Cardiovascular Disease Deaths in New York, Deaths from Myocardial Infarction, Democratic Party (United States) Presidential Nominees, Democratic Party State Governors of the United States, Governors of New York, Irish Diaspora Politicians, Laetare Medal Recipients, Members of the New York State Assembly, New York Democrats, New York State College of Forestry, Old Right (United States), People from Manhattan, Progressive Era in the United States, Speakers of the New York State Assembly, United States Presidential Candidates, 1920, United States Presidential Candidates, 1924, United States Presidential Candidates, 1928, United States Presidential Candidates, 1932
42nd Governor of New York
January 1, 1923 – December 31, 1928
George R. Lunn (1923–1924)
Seymour Lowman (1925–1926)
Edwin Corning (1927–1928)
Nathan L. Miller
Harry C. Walker
Charles S. Whitman
8th President of the New York City Board of Aldermen
Frank L. Dowling
Robert L. Moran
Alfred Emanuel Smith
(1873-12-30)December 30, 1873
Manhattan, New York City
October 4, 1944(1944-10-04) (aged 70)
Catherine Ann Dunn
Alfred Emanuel "Al" Smith (December 30, 1873 – October 4, 1944) was an American statesman who was elected Governor of New York four times and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928. He was the foremost urban leader of the efficiency-oriented Progressive Movement and was noted for achieving a wide range of reforms as governor in the 1920s. He was also linked to the notorious Tammany Hall machine that controlled New York City's politics; was a strong opponent of Prohibition and was the first Catholic nominee for President. His candidacy mobilized Catholic votes—especially women who previously had not voted. It also mobilized the anti-Catholic vote, which was strongest in the South.
As a committed "wet" (anti-Prohibition) candidate, Smith attracted not only drinkers but also voters angered by the corruption and lawlessness brought about by prohibition.[1] However, he was feared among Protestants, including German Lutherans and Southern Baptists, who believed that the Catholic Church and the Pope would dictate his policies. Most importantly, this was a time of national prosperity under a Republican Presidency, and Smith lost in a landslide to Republican Herbert Hoover. Four years later Smith sought the 1932 nomination but was defeated by his former ally and successor as New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt. Smith entered business in New York City and became an increasingly vocal opponent of Roosevelt's New Deal.
Early life 1
Political career 2
State legislature 2.1
Governor (1918–28) 2.2
1928 election 2.3
Voter realignment 2.4
Opposition to Roosevelt and the New Deal 2.5
Business life and later years 3
Namesake 4
Electoral history 5
New York gubernatorial elections, 1918–1926 5.1
United States presidential election, 1928 5.2
In popular culture 6
Smith was born and raised in the Fourth Ward on the Lower East Side of Manhattan and it was here he would spend his entire life.[2] His mother, Catherine (Mulvihill), was the daughter of Maria Marsh and Thomas Mulvihill, who were from County Westmeath, Ireland.[3] His father, Alfred Emanuele Ferraro, took the name Alfred E. Smith ('ferraro' means 'blacksmith' or 'smith' in Italian). The elder Alfred was the son of Italian and German[4][5] immigrants. He served with the 11th New York Fire Zouaves in the opening months of the Civil War.
Al Smith grew up in the Gilded Age as New York itself matured. The Brooklyn Bridge was being constructed nearby. "The Brooklyn Bridge and I grew up together," Smith would later recall.[6] His four grandparents were Irish, German, Italian, and Anglo-Irish,[7] but Smith identified with the Irish American community and became its leading spokesman in the 1920s.
His father Alfred owned a small trucking firm, but died when the boy was 13. At 14 he had to drop out of St. James parochial school to help support the family, working at a fish market for seven years. Prior to his dropping out of school, he spent time as an altar boy, and was strongly influenced by the priests he worked with.[8] He never attended high school or college and claimed he learned about people by studying them at the Fulton Fish Market, where he worked for $12 per week. His acting skills made him a success on the amateur theater circuit. He became widely known, and developed the smooth oratorical style that characterized his political career. On May 6, 1900, Al Smith married Catherine Ann Dunn, with whom he had five children.[9]
Gubernatorial portrait of Al Smith.
In his political career, Smith traded on his working-class beginnings, identifying himself with immigrants and campaigning as a man of the people. Although indebted to the Tammany Hall political machine, particularly to its boss, "Silent" Charlie Murphy, he remained untarnished by corruption and worked for the passage of progressive legislation.[9] It was during his early unofficial jobs with Tammany Hall that he gained notoriety as an excellent speaker.[10] Smith's first political job was in 1895 as an investigator in the office of the Commissioner of Jurors as appointed by Tammany Hall.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 2nd D.) in 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914 and 1915.[8] After being approached by Frances Perkins, he sought to improve the conditions of factory workers. He served as vice chairman of the commission appointed to investigate factory conditions after 146 workers died in the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. Meeting the families of the deceased Triangle factory workers left a strong impression on him, and together with Perkins, Smith crusaded against dangerous and unhealthy workplace conditions and championed corrective legislation.[10][11] The Commission was chaired by State Senator Robert F. Wagner and cochaired by Smith. They held a series of widely publicized investigations around the state, interviewing 222 witnesses and taking 3500 pages of testimony. They hired field agents to do on-site inspections of factories.They started with the issue of fire safety and moved on to broader issues of the risks of injury in the factory environment. Their findings led to thirty-eight new laws regulating labor in New York state, and gave each of them a reputation as leading progressive reformers working on behalf of the working class. In the process, they changed Tammany's reputation from mere corruption to progressive endeavors to help the workers.[12] New York City's Fire Chief John Kenlon told the investigators that his department had identified more than 200 factories where conditions made a fire like that at the Triangle Factory possible.[13] The State Commissions's reports helped modernize the state's labor laws, making New York State "one of the most progressive states in terms of labor reform."[14][15] New laws mandated better building access and egress, fireproofing requirements, the availability of fire extinguishers, the installation of alarm systems and automatic sprinklers, better eating and toilet facilities for workers, and limited the number of hours that women and children could work. In the years from 1911 to 1913, sixty of the sixty-four new laws recommended by the Commission were legislated with the support of Governor William Sulzer.[16]
In 1911, the Democrats obtained a majority of seats in the State Assembly; and Smith became Majority Leader and Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means. In 1912, following the loss of the majority, he became the Minority Leader. When the Democrats reclaimed the majority after the next election, he was elected Speaker for the 1913 session. He became Minority Leader again in 1914 and 1915. In November 1915, he was elected Sheriff of New York County. By now he was a leader of the Progressive movement in New York City and state. His campaign manager and top aide was Belle Moskowitz, a daughter of Jewish immigrants.[9]
Governor (1918–28)
Al Smith with his wife.
After serving in the patronage-rich job of sheriff of New York County, Smith was elected President of the Board of Aldermen of the City of New York in 1917. Smith was elected Governor of New York at the New York state election, 1918 with the help of Murphy and James A. Farley, who brought Smith the upstate vote.
In 1919, Smith gave the famous speech, "A man as low and mean as I can picture",[17] making a drastic break with William Randolph Hearst. Publisher Hearst, known for his notoriously sensationalist and largely left-wing position in the state Democratic Party, was the leader of its populist wing in the city. Hearst had combined with Tammany Hall in electing the local administration. Hearst had attacked Smith for starving children by not reducing the cost of milk.[18]
Smith lost his bid for re-election at the New York state election, 1920, but was again elected governor at the elections in 1922, 1924 and 1926 with James A. Farley managing his campaign. In his 1922 re-election, he embraced his position as an anti-prohibitionist; Smith offered alcohol to guests at the Executive Mansion in Albany, and actually repealed the Prohibition enforcement statute: the Mullan-Gage law.[19] Governor Smith became known nationally as a progressive who sought to make government more efficient and more effective in meeting social needs. Smith's young assistant Robert Moses built the nation's first state park system and reformed the civil service, later gaining appointment as Secretary of State of New York. During Smith's term, New York strengthened laws governing workers' compensation, women's pensions and children and women's labor with the help of Frances Perkins, soon to be President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Labor Secretary.
At the 1924 Democratic National Convention, Smith unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for president, advancing the cause of civil liberty by decrying lynching and racial violence. Roosevelt made the nominating speech in which he saluted Smith as "the Happy Warrior of the political battlefield."[9] Smith represented the urban, east coast wing of the party as an anti-prohibition "wet" candidate while his main rival for the nomination, California Senator William Gibbs McAdoo, stood for the more rural tradition and prohibition "dry" candidacy.[20] The party was hopelessly split between the two and an increasingly chaotic convention balloted 100 times before both accepted they would not be able to win the two-thirds majority required to win and so withdrew. The exhausted party then nominated the little-known John W. Davis of West Virginia. Davis went on to lose the election by a landslide to the Republican Calvin Coolidge. Undeterred, Smith fought a determined campaign for the party's nomination in 1928.
Al Smith giving a speech.
It was reporter Frederick William Wile who made the oft-repeated observation that Smith was defeated by "the three P's: Prohibition, Prejudice and Prosperity".[21] The Republican Party was still benefitting from an economic boom and a failure to reapportion congress and the electoral college with the results of the 1920 census which registered a 15 percent increase in the urban population. Their presidential candidate Herbert Hoover did little to alter these events.
The Republican Party was benefitting from an economic boom and historians agree that the prosperity along with anti-Catholic sentiment made Hoover's election inevitable.[22] He defeated Smith by a landslide in the 1928 election.
Political cartoon suggesting the Pope was the force behind Al Smith. The Good Citizen. November 1926. Publisher: Pillar of Fire Church.
Smith's Catholic beliefs played a key role in his loss of the election of 1928.[8] Many feared that he would answer to the pope and not the Constitution. His close association with Tammany Hall, the Democratic machine in Manhattan, opened the issue of tolerating corruption in government. Another major controversial issue was the continuation of Prohibition. Smith was personally in favor of relaxation or repeal of Prohibition laws despite its status as part of the nation's Constitution, but the Democratic Party split north and south on the issue. During the campaign Smith tried to duck the issue with noncommittal statements.[23]
Smith was an articulate proponent of good government and efficiency, as was Hoover. Smith swept the entire Catholic vote, which had been split in 1920 and 1924 and brought millions of Catholics to the polls for the first time, especially women. He lost important Democratic constituencies in the rural north and in southern cities and suburbs. He did carry the Deep South, thanks in part to his running mate, Senator Joseph Robinson from Arkansas and he carried the ten most populous cities in the United States. Some of Smith's losses can be attributed to fear that as President, Smith would answer to the Pope rather than to the Constitution, to fears of the power of New York City, to distaste for the long history of corruption associated with Tammany Hall, as well as to Smith's own mediocre campaigning. Smith's campaign theme song, "The Sidewalks of New York", was not likely to appeal to rural folks and his city accent on the "raddio" seemed slightly foreign. Although Smith narrowly lost New York state, his fellow Democrat Roosevelt was elected to replace him as governor of New York.[24] James A. Farley left Smith's camp to run Franklin D. Roosevelt's successful campaign for Governor and later Roosevelt's successful campaigns for the Presidency in 1932 and 1936.
Voter realignment
Some political scientists believe that the 1928 election started a voter realignment that helped develop the New Deal coalition of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[25] As one political scientist explains, "...not until 1928, with the nomination of Al Smith, a northeastern reformer, did Democrats make gains among the urban, blue-collar and Catholic voters who were later to become core components of the New Deal coalition and break the pattern of minimal class polarization that had characterized the Fourth Party System."[26] However, Allan Lichtman's quantitative analysis suggests that the 1928 results were based largely on religion and are not a useful barometer of the voting patterns of the New Deal era.[27]
Finan (2003) says Smith is an underestimated symbol of the changing nature of American politics in the first half of the last century. He represented the rising ambitions of urban, industrial America at a time when the hegemony of rural, agrarian America was in decline. He was connected to the hopes and aspirations of immigrants, especially Catholics and Jews. Smith was a devout Catholic, but his struggles against religious bigotry were often misinterpreted when he fought the religiously inspired Protestant morality imposed by prohibitionists.
Opposition to Roosevelt and the New Deal
Smith felt slighted by Roosevelt during the latter's governorship. They became rivals for the 1932 Democratic presidential nomination. At the convention, Smith's animosity toward Roosevelt was so great, he put aside longstanding rivalries and managed to work with William McAdoo and William Randolph Hearst to try to block FDR's nomination for several ballots. This unlikely coalition fell apart when Smith refused to work on finding a compromise candidate and instead maneuvered to make himself the nominee. After losing the nomination, Smith eventually campaigned for Roosevelt in 1932, giving a particularly important speech on behalf of the Democratic nominee at Boston on October 27 in which he "pulled out all the stops."[28]
Smith became highly critical of Roosevelt's Conservative Democrats who disapproved of Roosevelt's New Deal measures founded the group. In 1934, Smith joined forces with wealthy business executives, who provided most of the league's funds. The league published pamphlets and sponsored radio programs, arguing that the New Deal was destroying personal liberty. However, the league failed to gain support in the 1934 and 1936 elections and it rapidly declined in influence. The league was officially dissolved in 1940.[29][30]
Smith's antipathy to Roosevelt and his policies was so great that he supported Republican presidential candidates Alfred M. Landon (in the 1936 election) and Wendell Willkie (in the 1940 election).[9] Although personal resentment was one motivating factor in Smith's break with Roosevelt and the New Deal, Smith was consistent in his beliefs and politics. Finan (2003) argues Smith always believed in social mobility, economic opportunity, religious tolerance and individualism. Strangely enough, Smith and Eleanor Roosevelt remained close. In 1936, while Smith was in Washington making a vehement radio attack on the President, she invited him to stay at the White House. To avoid embarrassing the Roosevelts, he declined.
Business life and later years
Smith golfing with baseball great Babe Ruth in Coral Gables, Florida (1930) – State Archive of Florida
After the 1928 election, Smith became the president of Empire State, Inc., the corporation that built and operated the Empire State Building. Construction for the building was commenced symbolically on March 17, 1930, per Smith's instructions. Smith's grandchildren cut the ribbon when the world's tallest skyscraper—built in only 13 months—opened on May 1, 1931—May Day. As with the Brooklyn Bridge, which Smith witnessed being built from his Lower East Side boyhood home, the Empire State Building was a vision and an achievement constructed by combining the interests of all rather than being divided by interests of a few.
Smith was elected as President of the Board of Trustees of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, in 1929.[31]
Like most New York City businessmen, Smith enthusiastically supported World War II, but was not asked by Roosevelt to play any role in the war effort.[9]
In 1939 he was appointed a Papal Chamberlain of the Sword and Cape, one of the highest honors the Papacy bestowed on a layman, which today is styled a Gentleman of His Holiness.
Smith died at the Rockefeller Institute Hospital on October 4, 1944 of a heart attack, at the age of 70, broken-hearted over the death of his wife from cancer five months earlier, on May 4, 1944.[32] He is interred at Calvary Cemetery.[33]
Smith's name is on a hospital in Manhattan.
Alfred E. Smith Building, a 1928 skyscraper in Albany, New York
Governor Alfred E. Smith Houses, a public housing development in Lower Manhattan, near his birthplace
Governor Alfred E. Smith Park, a playground in the Two Bridges neighborhood in Manhattan, near his birthplace
Governor Alfred E. Smith, a former front line and current reserve fireboat in the New York City Fire Department fleet.
Governor Alfred E. Smith Sunken Meadow State Park, a state park on Long Island
Alfred E. Smith Recreation Center, a youth activity center in the Two Bridges neighborhood, Manhattan.
PS 163 Alfred E. Smith School, a school on the Upper West Side of Manhattan
PS 1 Alfred E. Smith School, a school in Manhattan's Chinatown.
Alfred E. Smith Career and Technical Education High School in the South Bronx.
Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation Dinner, a fundraiser held for Catholic Charities and a stop on the presidential campaign trail
Smith Hall, a residence hall at Hinman College, SUNY Binghamton.
Smith Hall, a residence hall at Farmingdale State College
Camp Smith, a State owned military installation of the New York Army National Guard in Cortlandt Manor near Peekskill, NY, about 30 miles (48 km) north of New York City, at the northern border of Westchester County and consists of 1,900 acres (7.7 km2).
Electoral history
New York gubernatorial elections, 1918–1926
Governor candidate
Running Mate
Alfred E. Smith Harry C. Walker Democratic 1,009,936 (47.37%)
Charles S. Whitman Edward Schoeneck (Republican),
Mamie W. Colvin (Prohibition) Republican,
Prohibition 995,094 (46.68%)
Charles Wesley Ervin Ella Reeve Bloor Socialist 121,705 (5.71%)
Olive M. Johnson August Gillhaus Socialist Labor 5,183 (0.24%)
This was the first time women voted for governor of New York and Alfred E. Smith was the first governor elected with more than 1 million votes. However given the much-expanded electorate, his historic total won him only a plurality of votes.
For comparison, in the New York Gubernatorial Election of 1916, Charles S. Whitman (whom Smith defeated in 1918) had won a 52.63% majority with only 850,020 votes.
The total ballots cast for governor was 2,192,970. Besides the votes for the above candidates, there were 43,630 blank votes, 16,892 spoilt votes and 530 scattering votes.[34]
Nathan L. Miller Jeremiah Wood Republican 1,335,878 (46.58%)
Alfred E. Smith George R. Fitts Democratic 1,261,812 (44.00%)
Joseph D. Cannon Jessie Wallace Hughan Socialist 159,804 (5.57%)
Dudley Field Malone Farmer-Labor 69,908 (2.44%)
George F. Thompson Edward G. Deltrich Prohibition 35,509 (1.24%)
John P. Quinn Socialist Labor 5,015 (0.17%)
List of candidates, (.pdf) in The New York Times of September 13, 1920
Alfred E. Smith George R. Lunn Democratic 1,397,670 (55.21%)
Nathan L. Miller William J. Donovan Republican 1,011,725 (39.97%)
Edward F. Cassidy Theresa B. Wiley Socialist,
Farmer-Labor 109,119 (4.31%)
George K. Hinds William C. Ramsdell Prohibition 9,499 (0.38%)
Jeremiah D. Crowley John E. DeLee Socialist Labor 9,499 (0.38%)
Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. Seymour Lowman Republican 1,518,552 (46.63%)
Norman Mattoon Thomas Charles Solomon Socialist 99,854 (3.07%)
James P. Cannon Franklin P. Brill Workers 6,395 (0.20%)
Frank E. Passonno Milton Weinberger Socialist Labor 4,931 (0.15%)
Note: This was the last time the running mate of the elected governor was defeated, Democrat Smith having Republican Lowman as lieutenant for the duration of this term.
Alfred E. Smith Edwin Corning Democratic 1,523,813 (52.13%)
Ogden L. Mills Seymour Lowman Republican 1,276,137 (43.80%)
Jacob Panken August Claessens Socialist 83,481 (2.87%)
Charles E. Manierre Ella McCarthy Prohibition 21,285 (0.73%)
Benjamin Gitlow Franklin P. Brill Workers 5,507 (0.19%)
Vice-presidential candidate
Elect. vote
Herbert Hoover Republican California 21,427,123 58.2% 444 Charles Curtis Kansas 444
Alfred E. Smith Democratic New York 15,015,464 40.8% 87 Joseph Taylor Robinson Arkansas 87
Norman Thomas Socialist New York 267,478 0.7% 0 James H. Maurer Pennsylvania 0
William Z. Foster Communist Illinois 48,551 0.1% 0 Benjamin Gitlow New York 0
Other 48,396 0.1% — Other —
36,807,012 100% 531 531
Needed to win
Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. 1928 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (July 28, 2005).
Source (Electoral Vote): Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (July 28, 2005).
In Harry Turtledove's alternate history Southern Victory Series, in which the Confederate States of America wins the American Civil War, Al Smith has an important, surprising role in the later volumes of the series.
Smith and Franklin D. Roosevelt were filmed by Lee DeForest in his DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process during the 1924 Democratic Convention, which ran from June 21 to July 9. This film is now in the Maurice Zouary collection at the Library of Congress.
In Sinclair Lewis' 1928 novel The Man Who Knew Coolidge, Smith is cited as an example of the opportunities "in this new and increasingly practical America for any bright fellow today!" (p. 269).
In a flashback scene in Frank Capra's classic 1946 movie It's a Wonderful Life, the character of Bert can be seen with a newspaper whose front page headline reads "Smith Wins Nomination".
Smith was portrayed by Alan Bunce in the 1960 film Sunrise at Campobello, and by Wilbur Fitzgerald in HBO's 2005 TV-movie Warm Springs. Both of these movies focus on Franklin D. Roosevelt's struggle with polio, and end with the 1924 Convention Speech.
Smith is featured in several chapters of Michael Chabon's 2000 novel The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay, in his role as "President" of the Empire State Building.
In Episodes 3–5 of Ric Burns' 1999 PBS mini-series, New York: A Documentary Film.
List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s
Business Plot
Alfred E. Smith IV
^ Daniel Okrent, Last Call, 2010.
^ https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1942-25847-12175-45?cc=1937366&wc=M99Q-NSQ:723368583
^ Slayton (2001), p. 16
^ Josephsons 1969
^ a b c d e f Slayton 2001, ch 1-4
^ Robert Ferdinand Wagner" in Dictionary of American Biography (1977)
^ New York Times: "Factory Firetraps Found by Hundreds," October 14, 1911,
^ Richard A. Greenwald, The Triangle Fire, the Protocols of Peace, and Industrial Democracy in Progressive Era New York (2005), 128
^ The Economist, "Triangle Shirtwaist: The birth of the New Deal", March 19, 2011, p. 39.
^ Slayton, Empire Statesman (2001) pp 92-92
^ reprinted 1977, John A. Ryan, "Religion in the Election of 1928," Current History, December 1928; reprinted in Ryan, Questions of the Day (Ayer Publishing, 1977) p.91
^ William E. Leuchtenburg, The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–32 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1958) pp. 225–240.
^ Lichtman (1979)
^ Slayton 2001; Lichtman (1979)
^ Degler (1964)
^ Lawrence (1996) p 34.
^ J. Joseph Huthmacher, Massachusetts People and Politics: The transition from Republican to Democratic dominance and its national implications (1973) p. 248.
^ George Wolfskill. The Revolt of the Conservatives: A History of the American Liberty League, 1934–1940. (Houghton Mifflin, 1962).
^ Jordan A. Schwarz, "Al Smith in the Thirties." New York History (1964): 316-330. in JSTOR
^ Reznikoff, Charles, ed. 1957. Louis Marshall: Champion of Liberty. Selected Papers and Addresses. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, p. 1123.
^ Election result in NYT on December 31, 1918
Campaign Addresses of Governor Alfred E. Smith, Democratic Candidate for President 1928. Washington, DC: Democratic National Committee, 1929.
Progressive Democracy: Addresses & State Papers. 1928.
Up to Now: An Autobiography (The Viking Press, 1929)
Bornet, Vaughn Davis. Labor Politics in a Democratic Republic: Moderation, Division, and Disruption in the Presidential Election of 1928 (1964) online edition
Chiles, Robert. "Working-Class Conservationism in New York: Governor Alfred E. Smith and 'The Property of the People of the State'" Environmental History (2013) 18#1 pp: 157-183.
Colburn, David R. "Governor Alfred E. Smith and the Red Scare, 1919-20," Political Science Quarterly, vol. 88, no. 3 (Sept. 1973), pp. 423–444. In JSTOR.
Craig, Douglas B. After Wilson: The Struggle for Control of the Democratic Party, 1920–1934 (1992)online edition see Chap. 6 "The Problem of Al Smith" and Chap. 8 "'Wall Street Likes Al Smith': The Election of 1928"
; review of Lichtman
Rulli, Daniel F. "Campaigning in 1928: Chickens in Pots and Cars in Backyards," Teaching History: A Journal of Methods, Vol. 31#1 pp 42+ (2006) online version with lesson plans for class
Schwarz, Jordan A. "Al Smith in the Thirties." New York History (1964): 316-330. in JSTOR
, the standard scholarly biography
Stonecash, Jeffrey M., et al. "Politics, Alfred Smith, and Increasing the Power of the New York Governor's Office." New York History (2004): 149-179. in JSTOR
Sweeney, James R. "Rum, Romanism, and Virginia Democrats: The Party Leaders and the Campaign of 1928." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 90 (October 1982): 403–31.
Al Smith Grave
A film clip "Al Smith Hails End of Dry Law, 1933/11/13 (1933)" is available for free download at the Internet Archive
, May 13, 2001.Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith interview with Robert Slayton on Booknotes
"Al Smith, Presidential Contender" from C-SPAN's The Contenders
Finding aid for the Alfred E. Smith Papers at the Museum of the City of New York\
Alfred E. Smith - The People's Politician? from the Museum of the City of New York Collections blog
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Mead/Corning 2nd (1946)
Lynch/Balch (1950)
DeLuca (1956, 1958)
Burns (1962)
O'Connor/Samuels (1966)
Goldberg/Paterson (1970)
Carey/Krupsak(1974)
Carey/M. Cuomo (1978)
M. Cuomo/DelBello(1982)
M. Cuomo/Lundine (1986, 1990, 1994)
Vallone/Frankel (1998)
McCall/Mehiel(2002)
Spitzer/Paterson (2006)
A. Cuomo/Duffy (2010)
A. Cuomo/Hochul (2014)
American people of German descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Italian descent
American Roman Catholics
Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Queens, New York)
Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees
Governors of New York
Irish diaspora politicians
New York Democrats
New York State College of Forestry
People from Manhattan
United States presidential candidates, 1920
Progressive Era in the United States
20th-century Roman Catholics
Laetare Medal recipients
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Brooklyn, The Bronx, New York City, Queens, Staten Island
New York State Legislature, The Bronx, Carl Heastie, Brian Kolb, Albany, New York
Socialist Party of America
New York City, Socialism, Chicago, Socialist Party USA, Cleveland
Mario Cuomo
Andrew Cuomo, New York City, New York, Democratic Party (United States), Hugh Carey
Herbert Hoover, New York, California, Republican Party (United States), Democratic Party (United States)
Historical characters in the Southern Victory Series
American Civil War, Confederate States of America, United States, Kentucky, Canada
1924 Democratic National Convention
Franklin D. Roosevelt, John W. Davis, William Gibbs McAdoo, William Jennings Bryan, New York
Electoral history of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt, John Nance Garner, Four Freedoms, United States presidential election, 1920, Al Smith
Indiana, Arkansas, Franklin D. Roosevelt, United States presidential election, 1928, Texas


text:
English Kettle
This blog is a collection of materials for ESL learners and teachers: songs and videos, anniversaries and
interactive tasks, quizes, projects and fun activities.
03.09.2018	| Julia	| Anniversary | 618 views
PENICILLIN DISCOVERED 90 YEARS AGO
Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish researcher, is credited with the discovery of penicillin in 1928. At the time, Fleming was experimenting with the influenza virus in the Laboratory of the Inoculation Department at St. Mary's Hospital in London.
Often described as a careless lab technician, Fleming returned from a two-week vacation on September 3, 1928, to find that a mold had developed on an accidentally contaminated staphylococcus culture plate. Upon examination of the mold, he noticed that the culture prevented the growth of staphylococci.
Penicillin made a difference during the first half of the 20th century. The first patient was successfully treated for streptococcal septicemia in the United States in 1942. However, supply was limited and demand was high in the early days of penicillin.
Penicillin helped reduce the number of deaths and amputations of troops during World War II. According to records, there were only 400 million units of penicillin available during the first five months of 1943; by the time World War II ended, U.S. companies were making 650 billion units a month.
To date, penicillin has become the most widely used antibiotic in the world.
anniversaryBritaingreat scientists
WONDERFUL SUMMER 2018
ARTICLES WITH GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES
10 Form
3 Form
Famous Birthday
3 form 4 form 5 form 6 form 7 form 8 form 9 form 10 form 11 form actor anniversary Belarus books Britain Christmas cinema Conditionals elllo English films game grammar great discoveries history holiday Kahoot LearningApps modal verbs music news project Questions quiz Quizlet quote reading recipe school song the USA travelling vocabulary weather writer YouTube
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER AND A TEACHER?
LET'S PLURALIZE!
SUMMER READS: MARK TWAIN
ARE YOU TEAM BABKA OR TEAM NALISNIKI?
GOOGLE ALMIGHTY
Copyright ©2017 English Kettle	.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Below is an email from eBates.com that I receive almost on a daily basis. The numbers may not be huge, but every little bit counts.
Congratulations and thank you for Telling-A-Friend about Ebates!
Your friend has made a first purchase with Ebates and a Tell-A-Friend bonus has been credited to your Ebates account!
Want to know who made their first order?
Check out your Tell-A-Friend History to find out which one of your friends joined Ebates and made a purchase.
Get More Bonuses – There's No Limit!
Why let the free bonus money stop now? There's no limit to how many friends you can refer and you'll continue to get a bonus* each time a new friend you refer makes their first purchase. Here are more ways to Tell-Your-Friends how to save every time they shop with Ebates, and keep your bonus money coming!
Thanks again for spreading the word!
At first, like everyone else, I was very skeptical to think that ebates actually works. So, I signed up in October 2013 and made a few purchases. I got a $5 check back in December 2013, which wasn't much, but it was something. But, then on Feb 14, 2014, I received a check for $2,589.50. I about fell over. But after doing some looking. $9.50 was from rebates for 2 purchases I made in December, and the other $2,580 was from referring friends and family.
To use Ebates all you have to do is create an account and select a store. It's super easy. Ebates directs you to the site of the store you select and tracks your purchase.
I am very impressed with Ebates so far.
Go to Ebates and sign up (you get $5 just for signing up for the service). I checked out the stores which are part of their network and although some of the rebates at their partners are nominal (like 6% cash back on Disney), rebates at places like Drugstore or Petco, are at a 10-12% rebate, and over time that can save you a nice sum. We shop at Walmart a lot. If I know ahead of the time, I jump online and go to ebates and then lick on Walmart's link. I get 1% back at Walmart. Sure it'll take time to add up, but something is better than nothing. Of course, I always select pickup at the store, which saves me on the shipping costs. If you shop for necessities that you use daily, weekly, or monthly online, you might as well do it through a site that gives you money back for some of what you spend.


text:
The title Duke of Gloucester is a British royal title, often conferred on one of the sons of the reigning monarch. The first four creations were in the Peerage of England, the next in the Peerage of Great Britain, and the last in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.
The title was first conferred on Thomas of Woodstock, the thirteenth child of King Edward III. The title became extinct at his death, as it did upon the death of the Duke of the second creation, Humphrey of Lancaster, fifth son of King Henry IV.
The title was next conferred on Richard Plantagenet, brother to King Edward IV. When Richard himself became King, the dukedom merged into the crown. Next to receive the dukedom was the son of King Charles I, Henry Stuart, upon whose death the title became extinct.
William, son of Queen Anne, was styled "Duke of Gloucester" for his whole life (1689-1700), but never created as such.
The next actual creation was for the brother of George III, Prince William Henry, the full title being "Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh".
The fifth and final creation was for Prince Henry, son of King George V. Upon Prince Henry's death, the dukedom was inherited by his son Prince Richard, who still holds the title. The heir to the title is presently Alexander Windsor, styled Earl of Ulster.
1 Dukes of Gloucester, first Creation (1385)
2 Dukes of Gloucester, second Creation (1414)
3 Dukes of Gloucester, third Creation (1461)
4 Dukes of Gloucester, fourth Creation (1659)
5 Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh (1764)
6 Dukes of Gloucester, fifth Creation (1928)
Dukes of Gloucester, first Creation (1385)
Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester (1355-1397)
Dukes of Gloucester, second Creation (1414)
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1390-1447)
Dukes of Gloucester, third Creation (1461)
Richard Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester (1452-1485) (became King in 1483)
Dukes of Gloucester, fourth Creation (1659)
Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester (1640-1660)
Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh (1764)
HRH Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh (1743-1805)
HRH Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh (1776-1834)
Dukes of Gloucester, fifth Creation (1928)
HRH Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1900-1974)
HRH Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1944)


text:
Home Technology Reviews
Karthik Iyer Updated: Dec 17, 2019, 20:42 IST
Nubia Red Magic 3S
90Hz AMOLED Display Stellar Performance Amazing Battery Life 8K Video recording Is great Great Value For Money
Single-camera is mediocre at best Flashy Design isn't for all No IP Rating
MXP EDITOR'S RATING
Nubia's new Red Magic 3S offers everything that you'd expect from a typical gaming phone. A flashy design, high-performance internals, a massive battery, and some sort of a cooling solution to keep things cool while gaming. Honestly, there are a lot of gaming phones on the market already, but I really wanted to check out the Nubia Red Magic 3S mainly because it has a dedicated cooling fan.
Yes, the Red Magic 3S has a built-in fan for keeping your device cool at all times, even when you are gaming. I've been using the Nubia Red Magic 3S for about two weeks now, and I've played a ton of video games to put it through its paces. Here's my full review of the phone.
Design And Build Quality
© MensXP/ Karthik Iyer
The Nubia Red Magic 3S is one of those devices that screams "gaming". It looks very similar to the Red Magic 3 that was launched earlier, and I absolutely dig it. It has a metal body, an LED strip right smack in the middle and the shoulder buttons that give it the "gaming" look.
Since it's a metal body, it's got a nice weight to it and feels super sturdy in the hands. The overall footprint of the phone is quite big, but the build quality and the slim body makes it very easy to hold and use.
The highlight of the design, however, has got to be the RGB LED strip. A pre-installed app will let you control the lighting and set different effects. The light isn't very bright to be visible outdoors, but it's also a good thing if you don't want to flash LED lights every time you use the phone.
The phone also has a dedicated button to trigger the Game Space, a pin connector and a traditional fingerprint reader at the back. The physical scanner is good because it's fast and reliable, unlike an in-display scanner. It also has front-firing speakers that are great for media consumption, be it gaming, watching a movie or simply listening to music.
Overall, I really like the design and the build quality of the Red Magic 3S. Obviously, it can be a bit much for people who're not into flashy designs, so you might want to take a look before you go ahead and splurge on it.
The Nubia Red Magic 3S has an impressive display. It's a 90Hz 6.65-inch FullHD AMOLED panel and it's covered with Corning Gorilla glass. It's a really good panel with great outdoor visibility, bright and punchy colors. It has a resolution of 2340x1080 pixels and has a density of 387.5 pixels per inch. It's indeed a tall display, so reaching all four corners can be a bit of a task, but a bigger display is good for gaming.
The display also has small bezels around it, and you don't have to put up with a notch or anything. The 90Hz display is really good to use, but since there aren't a lot of good games that supporting the high refresh rate, you won't notice the difference all the time.
Performance is the key when it comes to gaming phones, and the Nubia Red Magic 3S is amongst the best. It's powered by Qualcomm's Snapdragon 855+ SoC and comes with up to 12GB of RAM and up to 256GB of internal storage. Add a built-in fan to these crazy specs, and you have a kickass gaming phone. The fact that it doesn't need any kind of attachment to add a fan makes it even more awesome.
I played a lot of games during my testing period including titles like Fortnite, PUBG Mobile and Call Of Duty Mobile, and I can confirm that the gameplay experience is very smooth. I suggest using the Game Space and turning on the fan because it actually helps to keep the phone cool
Snapdragon 855+ will also give you a stellar performance outside gaming. And with the 90Hz panel, things like browsing through the UI, using apps like Twitter, Instagram is really smooth. I wish more smartphones, other than just the gaming phones ship with a high refresh rate panel.
Also, it's hard to not talk about the Haptic feedback while talking about gaming performance. The Red Magic 3S uses "4D intelligent vibration" and it works exceptionally well on games like PUBG Mobile, and Asphalt 9. It's not the USP of the phone, but a nice thing to have onboard.
Below is a quick look at the Geekbench 5 score to give you an idea of how powerful it really is. That score puts it well amongst the top-performing phones.
Cameras are usually a hit and miss when it comes to gaming phones. A few gaming phones can take reasonably good and presentable pictures and I'd say the Red Magic 3S is one of them. Mind you, it only has one sensor, which is rather weird because most other phones, budget phones included, come with two or more sensors these days.
The single sensor at the back of the Red Magic 3S is a 48MP Sony IMX586 sensor. This one's a tried-and-tested sensor, so I knew what to expect. I also like how the phone offers a ton of shooting modes. There's literally a mode where you can take "Light Draw" pictures, something that'll require a Google search to figure out how it works.
So, how are the images? Well, I'd say they're pretty good by gaming phone standards. They're good enough for social media, but I personally won't count on it as my primary shooter. But I must say that I was pleasantly surprised by the phone's video recording capabilities.
The Red Magic 3S can record video at up to 8K resolution, which is damn impressive for a phone. 8K videos are limited to 15fps though, so I suggest you stick to either 1080p or 4K options, both with 60fps. As for the 16MP selfie camera, I'd say it's good, but there are no fancy features like portrait mode. There's just a beauty mode, but I think you'll be better off without that.
Overall, I'd stick to my original verdict for the cameras. It can take good images, but there's nothing exceptional. So let just say that it's a good phone for hardcore gamers who only take occasional pictures. Don't expect this phone to take impressive pictures.
Here are the camera samples that I managed to take during my testing period -
5 SHOW ALL
AUTOPLAY ON OFF
One of the best things about the phone is that it packs a 5,000mAh battery. I like how more and more manufacturers are now fitting their phones with massive batteries with capacities ranging from 4,000mAh to 5,000mAh. During my testing, I noticed that the battery would last you for over a day with ease.
Even with heavy usage, I wasn't able to kill it within a day, which is a happy problem to have. Nubia says you can play up to 6 hours of PUBG Mobile on a single charge. Although I didn't try playing the game for an extended period of time, I'd say it'll last you for a long time. Of course, the battery life will also depend on things like the screen brightness, the kind of game that you're playing, etc.
Another good thing about the phone is that it supports fast charging and comes with an 18W fast charger inside the box. The charger got the phone's battery from under 10% to 50% in just shy of 40 minutes. That's good for quickly topping it up in the morning before leaving for work. You'll still need to charge the phone for over an hour and a half to get a full charge, but that's still better than what I am used to with my iPhone XR.
The Final Say
The Nubia Red Magic 3S is a great gaming phone and offers a great value for money. In India, the Red Magic 3S starts at Rs 35,999, and it's quite an impressive price tag when you consider everything it brings to the table. Features like a 90Hz display, built-in cooling fan, RGB LED lights and the massive battery makes it a compelling buy even for people who want to buy a good phone that performs well.
If you don't mind putting up with a mediocre camera, then I'd say the Red Magic 3S has a lot going for it, making it a worthy contender for the phone to buy this year. In case you want to check out the other gaming phones, then be sure to check out our full review of the ROG Phone 2 and the Black Shark 2 as well.
Photo: © MensXP/ Karthik Iyer (Main Image)
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text:
Vlad-Cristian Jianu (* 27. September 1984 in Bukarest) ist ein rumänischer Schachspieler.

Die rumänische Einzelmeisterschaft konnte er 2006 in Predeal gewinnen. Er spielte für Rumänien bei zwei Schacholympiaden: 2014 und 2016. Außerdem nahm er an zwei europäischen Mannschaftsmeisterschaften (2007 und 2013).

Im Jahre 2002 wurde ihm der Titel Internationaler Meister (IM) verliehen. Der Großmeister-Titel (GM) wurde ihm 2007 verliehen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Schachspieler (Rumänien)
Schachspieler
Nationaler Einzelmeister (Schach)
Rumäne
Geboren 1984
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


By MarkD on December 2, 2002, updated Februrary 6, 2003.
These directions are getting a bit out of date. If you're wanting to be on the leading edge and use aolserver 4, pg 73, and openacs 5 beta, then check out Svet Ivantchev's instructions or Vinod Kurup's instructions or Stan Kaufman's instructions. The Epimetrics Group has an install guide too.
One question that comes up occasionally on OpenACS.org is "I have this great new TiBook. What does it take to get openacs running on Mac OS X?" Here are some notes for getting things up and running. Note that these aren't performance tuned, and don't include full-text search, but they will get you up and running to play with OpenACS. One assumption is that it's you on your personal machine. I don't do any of the "create new users for the database and web server" steps, and I'm kinda sloppy with where stuff gets put. I assume that everything will be run with my usual userid (markd), and I assume that you'll be wanting to take down the database and the webserver when you're playing.
For a production system, you should instead do All The Right Things. For development or just playing with OpenACS, it's just hassle.
Some of the oddities in getting things to work on Mac OS X is the two-level namespace stuff (which standard unix doesn't know about), and some wonkiness between the primarily SysV Linux world and the BSD Mac world.
The Official install Instructions are at http://openacs.org/doc/openacs-4/. Use those once you have some working binaries if you want to deploy a production system.
OpenACS uses either Oracle or Postgresql. These directions talk about postgresql.
Postgresql 7.3 and later compile cleanly onMac OS X, so if you're using one of the latest OpenACSs (4.6.3 or later), you can just install 7.3 and ignore the source code hacking below.
This should put stuff into /usr/local/pgsql. One control-C should be enough to signal it and make the backend shutdown cleanly.
you can psql openacs and poke around for fun.
You may want to increase the memory allocated to postgresql.
I'v been using the "ad-13" version of AOLserver, available from OpenACS.org and from here. AOLserver 3.5 is out, and supposedly works with OpenACS. It looks like it requires building Tcl yourself, and since I have gotten this to work, I'm not interested yet in figuring that out.
Where it is used, I know not.
archive_cmds="\$CC \$(test .\$module = .yes && echo -bundle || echo -dynamiclib) -flat_namespace \$allow_undefined_flag -o \$lib \$libobjs \$deplibs\$linkopts -install_name \$rpath/\$soname \$(test -n \\\"\$verstring\\\" -a x\$verstring != x0.0 && echo \$verstring)"
Here is my local copy of libxslt-1.0.22.tar.gz.
There's something odd about the bit of shell script in this makefile. Rather than take the time to figure it out, I just hard code the paths.
(If you get a weird error when you start AOLserver, like "Fatal: modload: no such symbol '_BIO_free'", try adding -lcrypto and -lssl to your PGLIB line in the makefile.
The full poop on checkout instructions is at http://openacs.org/4/checkout. This is for the verson 4.6 branch from CVS.
look for the set server line. change "birdnotes" to "openacs". Change "set servername" to "OpenACS Playground"
if you get a pthread_stacksize error on launch, change the stack size to a value that's an even multiple of 4096, like 249856.
set the address to be 127.0.0.1. Mac OS X has a nasty habit of dropping the ethernet device when there's no phyiscal cable hooked up to the machine and the airport can't find the network. The loopback address will always work.
Here is the version I'm using.
You should see a welcome page.