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O Unterseeboot U-43 foi um U-boot tipo IXA da Kriegsmarine da Alemanha Nazi que operou durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. A sua quilha foi batida em agosto de 1938 em Bremen, foi lançado em maio de 1939 e comissionado em agosto.

Entre novembro de 1939 e julho de 1943 o submarino conduziu 14 patrulhas de combate, tendo afundando 21 navios mercantes num total de 117 036 toneladas de arqueação bruta (TAB), danificado um navio de 10 350 TAB e outro de 9 131 TAB - o suficiente para ser declarada perda total.

O U-43 foi afundado a 30 de julho de 1943 a sudoeste dos Açores por um torpedo lançado por um avião da Marinha dos Estados Unidos; todos os 55 tripulantes faleceram.

Construção
O U-43 foi encomendado pela Kriegsmarine no dia 21 de novembro de 1936 (como parte do Plano Z e em violação do Tratado de Versalhes). A sua quilha foi batida a 15 de agosto de 1938 pela AG Weser, de Bremen, como o número de estaleiro 946. O submarino foi lançado a 23 de maio de 1939 e comissionado a 26 de agosto do mesmo ano sob o comando do Korvettenkapitän Wilhelm Ambrosius.

Projecto
Como um dos oito submarinos originais alemães do tipo IX, mais tarde designado IXA, o U-43 teve um deslocamento de 1 032 toneladas quando na superfície e 1 153 toneladas quando submerso. O U-boot tinha um comprimento total de 76,50 metros, um comprimento casco de pressão de 58,75 metros, uma boca de 6,51 metros, uma altura de 9,40 metros, e um calado de 4,70 metros. O submarino era movido por dois motores a diesel MAN M 9 V 40/46 com supercompressor, quatro tempos e nove cilindros produzindo um total de 3 240 kW para uso na superfície e dois motores eléctricos de dupla acção Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34, produzindo um total de 740 kW para uso enquanto submerso. Ele tinha duas hastes e duas hélices de 1,92 metros. O submarino era capaz de operar em profundidades de até 230 metros.

O submarino tinha uma velocidade máxima de superfície de 33,7 quilómetros por hora e uma velocidade máxima submersa de 14,3 km/h. Quando submerso, o submarino podia operar por 120-144 quilómetros a 7,4 km/h; quando emergisse, ele poderia viajar cerca de 19 400 quilómetros a 19 km/h. O U-42 foi equipado com seis tubos de torpedo de 53,3 centímetros (quatro instalados na proa e dois na popa), 22 torpedos, um canhão naval de 10,5 centímetros SK C/32, 180 munições, um canhão de 3,7 cm SK C/30, e também um canhão antiaéreo de 2 cm C/30. O submarino era operado por uma tripulação de quarenta e oito elementos.

Histórico de serviço

Primeira patrulha
Comissionado na 6. Unterseebootsflottille (6.ª Flotilha), com base em Kiel, o U-43 partiu para a sua primeira patrulha de combate a 6 de novembro de 1939, navegando ao redor das Ilhas Britânicas e para o Atlântico. Lá, no dia 16 de novembro, o submarino atacou o navio mercante britânico de 4 915 TAB Arlington Court, um navio do comboio SL-7A, na rota de Rosário, Argentina, para Hull, com uma carga de 7 340 toneladas de milho. O navio foi atingido por um único torpedo a 370 km oeste-sudoeste de Start Point em Devon. A tripulação abandonou o navio e o submarino disparou outro torpedo que afundou o navio em 30 minutos. Sete tripulantes faleceram, e os sobreviventes foram resgatados por cargueiros holandeses e noruegueses. Após o ataque, o U-43 foi perseguido pela escolta do comboio durante 20 horas, sofrendo alguns danos provocados por cargas de profundidade.

Continuando com a sua patrulha, o U-43 atacou o comboio 14-BS no Golfo da Biscaia e afundou o navio mercante francês Arijon de 4 374 TAB no dia 22 de novembro. As escoltas do comboio contra-atacaram com 23 cargas de profundidade, mas o U-43 escapou sem qualquer dano.

No final de 25 de novembro de 1939, a cerca de 220 km a oeste-noroeste do Cabo Finisterra (noroeste da Espanha), o U-43 atacou o navio carvoeiro britânico de 2 483 TAB Uskmouth, que viajava sem escolta. Os dois torpedos G7a não funcionaram correctamente (um problema comum nos primeiros anos da guerra), e então o submarino abriu fogo com o seu canhão de convés. Depois de algum tempo, o submarino disparou outro torpedo, contudo errou no alvo e retomou o bombardeamento com o seu canhão. Depois de disparar 149 tiros, o U-43 deixou o navio em chamas e a afundar lentamente. Dois tripulantes faleceram, enquanto os 23 sobreviventes foram resgatados por um navio mercante italiano.

Na manhã de 8 de dezembro, o U-43 foi atacado por uma aeronave não identificada e ficou severamente danificado. Ele voltou para Wilhelmshaven seis dias depois, no dia 14.

Segunda patrulha
Depois de a 6.ª Flotilha ter sido dissolvida em dezembro de 1939 o U-43 foi designado para a 2.ª Flotilha, que estava baseada em Wilhelmshaven. O U-43 partiu para a segunda patrulha no dia 13 de março de 1940 e navegou ao longo da costa da Noruega, ao norte da Escócia, e nas águas a oeste da Irlanda, mas não obteve sucesso na caça de embarcações inimigas. O primeiro oficial de guarda (segundo no comando do submarino) Oberleutnant zur See Hans-Wilhelm Behrens caiu ao mar e foi perdido a 31 de março. O U-43 voltou a Wilhelmshaven após 25 dias no mar, a 6 de abril.

Terceira patrulha
Nesta patrulha, que começou no dia 12 de abril de 1940, o submarino navegou pelo Mar do Norte e ao longo da costa norueguesa, apoiando a invasão daquele país. A 22 de abril foi bombardeado por dois aviões britânicos Hudson e sofreu danos ligeiros. O U-43 voltou para Wilhelmshaven no dia seguinte.

Quarta patrulha
O U-43 partiu de Wilhelmshaven a 13 de maio de 1940 e foi para o Atlântico. O seu primeiro ataque ocorreu a 28 de maio, a sudoeste de Land's End, quando o submarino disparou um torpedo contra o navio mercante britânico Alca. Ele errou no alvo e então abriu fogo com o seu canhão de convés; o navio mercante respondeu ao fogo, mas nenhum dos navios acertou; então, o submarino interrompeu o ataque.

O U-43 finalmente obteve sucesso a 21 de junho, quando atacou o comboio 65-X a sudoeste da Figueira da Foz, Portugal, atingindo o navio-tanque britânico de 8 627 toneladas Yarraville com um único torpedo. O navio pegou fogo e afundou. Cinco tripulantes faleceram, e os 45 sobreviventes foram resgatados por uma traineira francesa.

No final de 30 de junho, o U-43 atacou o navio mercante britânico SS Avelona Star de 13 376 toneladas com um único torpedo a 410 km a noroeste do Cabo Finisterra. O navio, parte do comboio SL-36, estava numa rota de Buenos Aires para Londres com uma carga de 5 630 toneladas de carne congelada e mil toneladas de laranjas. A tripulação abandonou o navio, que naufragou no dia seguinte. Um tripulante foi morto no ataque, e os 84 sobreviventes foram resgatados pelo navio mercante britânico Beignon, que foi posteriormente atacado e afundado pelo U-30 no dia 1 de julho. Três sobreviventes de Avelona Star faleceram neste ataque.

Na noite de 9 de julho, o U-43 afundou o navio mercante britânico Aylesbury, de 3 944 toneladas, a cerca de 370 km a sudeste da Irlanda. Atingido por dois torpedos, o navio afundou em apenas 15 minutos. Todos os 35 tripulantes sobreviveram.

A quarta e última vítima de sucesso na sua quarta patrulha foi atacada na manhã de 17 de julho, quando o submarino afundou o navio mercante britânico Fellside de 3 509 toneladas, do comboio OA-184, a cerca de 250 km a noroeste de Bloody Foreland (Cnoc Fola), Donegal. O primeiro torpedo do submarino passou por baixo do navio, mas o segundo atingiu o navio e fez com que afundasse em cinco minutos. Doze tripulantes foram mortos, e 21 sobreviventes foram resgatados. O U-43 voltou a Wilhelmshaven no dia 22 de julho, após 71 dias no mar.

Quinta patrulha
O U-43 partiu de Wilhelmshaven no dia 9 de setembro de 1940, parando em Bergen, na Noruega, por três dias antes de navegar no dia 15 para outra patrulha no Atlântico. O submarino afundou apenas um navio, a 25 de setembro, o navio mercante britânico Sulairia de 5 802 toneladas que fazia parte do comboio OB 217. O submarino atingiu o navio com um único torpedo, fazendo-o afundar a 659 km a oeste de Achill, Condado de Mayo, na Irlanda. Um homem faleceu, e os restantes 56 tripulantes foram resgatados pelo .

O U-43 então rumou para o seu novo porto em Lorient, na França, para onde a 2.ª Flotilha havia sido transferida em junho após a queda daquele país, chegando lá a 18 de outubro. O seu comandante, Wilhelm Ambrosius foi promovido a Korvettenkapitän no dia 1 de novembro e deixou o U-43, assumindo o comando da 22.ª Flotilha em janeiro de 1941. O comando do submarino passou para Oberleutnant zur See Wolfgang Lüth, que se tornaria no segundo comandante de submarino alemão mais bem-sucedido na guerra.

Sexta patrulha
Sob o seu novo capitão, o U-43 deixou Lorient a 10 de novembro de 1940 e voltou às águas a oeste da Irlanda, onde afundou mais três navios mercantes e danificou um quarto.

Na manhã de 2 de dezembro, o submarino atacou o comboio OB 251 a oeste-sudoeste de Rockall e afundou dois navios. A sua primeira vítima foi o navio mercante britânico de 7 113 toneladas Pacific President, que foi atingido por dois torpedos e afundou rapidamente com a perda da sua tripulação de 50 homens. Quarenta e cinco minutos mais tarde o U-43 atingiu o petroleiro britânico de 12 247 toneladas Victor Ross com dois torpedos. Um terceiro torpedo foi disparado cinco minutos depois mas errou no alvo, e o U-boot teve que efectuar um mergulho de emergência pouco depois para evitar a tentativa de colisão por parte do petroleiro. No entanto, o submarino persistiu e atingiu o navio com um quarto torpedo 20 minutos depois, conseguindo desta vez afundar o inimigo. Não houve sobreviventes entre os 44 tripulantes.

Na noite de 6 de dezembro, o U-43 avistou uma embarcação e perseguiu-a por três horas e meia antes de disparar um único torpedo, que errou o alvo. O submarino disparou outro torpedo 20 minutos depois, atingindo a embarcação desconhecida, afundando-a em 63 segundos. Acredita-se que a embarcação seja o navio mercante norueguês Skrim, de 1 902 toneladas, que havia perdido contacto com o comboio OB 252 dois dias antes devido ao mau tempo e nunca mais foi visto.

Finalmente, a 13 de dezembro, o U-43 disparou dois torpedos contra o navio mercante britânico Orari de 10 350 toneladas que viajava sem escolta, a cerca de 830 km a sudoeste da Irlanda. Um torpedo atingiu o navio na popa; no entanto, o U-43 não tinha mais torpedos e o mar estava muito agitado para que o submarino usasse o seu canhão de convés. A tripulação do navio conseguiu tapar a parte perfurada pelo torpedo com lonas, e o navio conseguiu chegar ao rio Clyde.

O U-43 regressou a Lorient a 17 de dezembro de 1940 após uma patrulha de 38 dias. No dia 4 de fevereiro de 1941, enquanto estava nas docas de Lorient, o U-43 afundou depois de uma válvula ter sido deixada aberta acidentalmente, o que deixou o U-boot inoperacional durante os próximos três meses.

Sétima patrulha
Após esta ausência forçada, o U-43 iniciou a sua próxima patrulha no dia 11 de maio de 1941, ainda sob o comando de Wolfgang Lüth, que havia sido promovido a Kapitänleutnant no dia 1 de janeiro. Mais uma vez, o submarino navegou para o meio do Atlântico, onde afundou três navios.

No início da manhã de 15 de maio o U-43 abriu fogo com o seu canhão de convés e canhões antiaéreos no veleiro francês de três mastros e 488 toneladas Notre Dame du Châtelet, que seguia na rota de Saint-Malo para os Grandes Bancos de Newfoundland para pescar. Após ser atingido por 45 projécteis o navio afundou. Lüth suspeitou que o navio estava a relatar as posições dos U-boots às forças aliadas, enquanto os 10 sobreviventes pensaram que haviam sido atacados por um submarino britânico. Eles, da sua tripulação de 38, abandonaram o navio em dois botes salva-vidas. Dois seriam recolhidos pelo submarino italiano Otaria no dia 23 de maio.

Na noite de 6 de junho, o U-43 atacou com dois torpedos o navio mercante holandês de 4 802 toneladas Yselhaven, a cerca de 1 100 km a leste de Newfoundland. O navio, separado do comboio OB 328, afundou em dois minutos. Apenas 10 elementos da sua tripulação de 34 sobreviveram, tendo sido resgatados pelo navio finlandês Hammarland no dia 15 de junho.

Nas primeiras horas de 17 de junho, o U-43 atacou com torpedos e afundou o navio mercante britânico Cathrine de 2 727 toneladas, parte do comboio SL-76, que estava carregado com 3 700 toneladas de minério de manganês, a cerca de 460 km a sudoeste do Cabo Clear (sul da Irlanda). Apenas três homens sobreviveram da sua tripulação de 27; eles passaram 33 dias num barco salva-vidas antes de serem encontrados por uma traineira britânica.

O U-43 regressou a Lorient no dia 1 de julho, após uma patrulha que durou 52 dias.

Oitava e nona patrulhas
A próxima patrulha do U-43, que começou a 2 de Agosto de 1941, levou-o de volta para o meio do Atlântico por 53 dias, mas não teve sucesso antes de regressar a Lorient no dia 23 de setembro.

O U-43 voltou ao mar a 10 de novembro de 1941, desta vez com mais sucesso, afundando três navios perto dos Açores.

Logo no início da manhã de 29 de novembro, o U-43 disparou dois torpedos no navio mercante britânico de 5 569 toneladas Thornliebank, parte do comboio OS-12, que ia carregado com carga geral e munições, a cerca de 440 a noroeste dos Açores. Ambos os torpedos atingiram o navio, que explodiu violentamente. Não houve sobreviventes da tripulação de 75 homens. Apesar de o submarino estar a cerca de 1 200 metros de distância, os destroços da explosão atingiram a sua superfície, ferindo ligeiramente um tripulante; no dia seguinte um projéctil de 10 cm, que havia explodido pelo torpedo, foi encontrado alojado na torre de comando.

Na noite de 30 de novembro, o navio mercante britânico de 4 868 toneladas Ashby, do comboio OS-12, foi atingido por um dos dois torpedos disparados pelo U-43, a 310 km a sudeste das Flores nos Açores. O navio afundou em quatro minutos, com a perda de 17 dos seus 50 tripulantes. Os sobreviventes foram resgatados pelo contratorpedeiro português Lima. Após o ataque o submarino foi perseguido por escoltas do comboio e atacado com cargas de profundidade durante várias horas, mas conseguiu escapar ileso.

Por volta das 17h00 do dia 1 de dezembro de 1941, o U-43 e o U-575 avistaram o petroleiro Astral de 7 542 toneladas sem escolta e desarmado. Ambos os submarinos perseguiram o alvo, mas depois de quatro horas o U-575, comandado por Kapitänleutnant Günther Heydemann, observou a grande bandeira americana pintada num dos lados e parou com a perseguição. O U-43 continuou a seguir o navio neutro, disparando um torpedo contra ele por volta da meia-noite, torpedo esse que errou no alvo. O navio imediatamente começou a navegar em zigue-zague evasivo a toda velocidade, mas o submarino não teve problemas para segui-lo à luz da lua cheia. Na manhã seguinte, o U-43 atingiu o Astral com dois torpedos. O navio, carregado com 12 430 metros cúbicos de gasolina e querosene, explodiu e afundou em poucos minutos. Da sua tripulação de 37 não houve sobreviventes. O Astral foi o terceiro de quatro navios mercantes americanos afundados por submarinos antes da entrada dos Estados Unidos na guerra.

O U-43 regressou a Lorient no dia 16 de dezembro.

Décima patrulha
A última patrulha de Lüth com o submarino começou a 30 de dezembro de 1941, quando o U-43 navegou de Lorient para o meio do Atlântico, onde afundou mais três navios. O primeiro foi o cargueiro sueco de 5 246 toneladas Yngaren, que se afastou do comboio HX 168 devido ao mau tempo, a cerca de 1 100 km a oeste da Irlanda. Na manhã de 12 de janeiro de 1942, o navio foi atingido por dois torpedos e afundou em apenas um minuto. Seis passageiros britânicos e 32 tripulantes foram perdidos, os únicos dois sobreviventes foram vistos numa jangada a 10 de fevereiro por uma aeronave de patrulha britânica, que direccionou uma traineira de pesca para a sua posição no dia seguinte.

No início da manhã de 14 de janeiro, o U-43 atacou o comboio ON-55 ao sul da Islândia e afundou o navio mercante britânico de 6 641 toneladas Empire Surf. Apenas seis elementos de uma tripulação de 53 sobreviveram para serem recolhidos pelo . Cerca de duas horas depois, o U-43 atacou o comboio novamente e afundou o navio mercante americano Chepo, registado no Panamá, de 5 707 toneladas. Sobreviveram 21 elementos da tripulação de 38.

O submarino partiu então para Kiel, chegando a 22 de janeiro. O comando do submarino passou para o Oberleutnant zur Ver Hans-Joachim Schwantke, tendo Lüth saído para comandar o U-181.

Décima primeira patrulha
A primeira patrulha sob o seu novo comandante começou a 4 de julho de 1942, quando o submarino partiu de Kiel numa rota entre a Islândia e as Ilhas Faroé no meio do Atlântico. No entanto, o U-43 não teve sucesso e voltou a Lorient no dia 15 de agosto, após 43 dias no mar.

Décima segunda patrulha
A próxima patrulha foi mais bem sucedida, que começou a partir de Lorient no dia 23 de Setembro de 1942, navegando através do Atlântico e no Golfo de São Lourenço.

Na manhã de 18 de novembro, o U-43 disparou quatro torpedos no comboio SC 109 e atingiu o petroleiro americano Brilliant, de 9 131 toneladas, que navegava carregado com 14 420 metros cúbicos de óleo combustível. Um buraco de 12 metros de diâmetro foi feito na lateral do petroleiro e a carga pegou fogo. Enquanto alguns tripulantes abandonaram o navio, os que permaneceram a bordo conseguiram apagar os incêndios; limitado a uma velocidade de apenas três nós, o navio navegou lentamente durante 560 km até à Baía de Bonavista, em Terra Nova, tendo chegado a 24 de novembro. O Brilliant finalmente deixou Terra Nova a 18 de janeiro de 1943 a reboque, mas depois de dois dias o navio partiu-se ao meio. A secção dianteira afundou imediatamente, enquanto a secção traseira flutuou por alguns dias antes de ser encontrada e os 44 tripulantes resgatados. A secção de ré foi rebocada, mas afundou no dia seguinte. O U-43 voltou a Lorient a 9 de dezembro, terminando uma patrulha de 78 dias.

Décima terceira patrulha
O U-43 começou a sua primeira patrulha de 1943 no dia 9 de janeiro, patrulhando as águas entre os Açores e a costa oeste do continente africano. A 3 de março o submarino avistou um navio, identificou-o como um navio mercante da British Blue Star Line e atingiu-o com três torpedos, o suficiente para afundar o navio em dois minutos. Só mais tarde o U-43 soube que foi o navio Doggerbank, um navio alemão de 5 154 toneladas, antigo Speybank britânico, que havia sido capturado pelo cruzador  em janeiro de 1941. O navio carregava 7 mil toneladas de borracha, gorduras, óleo de peixe e outras matérias-primas de Yokohama para a França; o navio estava vários dias adiantado em relação à data de chegada programada.

O U-43 regressou a Lorient a 31 de março, após 82 dias no mar.

Décima quarta patrulha
A última patrulha do U-43 começou quando partiu de Lorient no dia 13 de julho de 1943 e seguiu em direcção a sudoeste pelo Atlântico. Na noite de 19 de julho, em companhia do U-403 no Golfo da Biscaia, os dois submarinos foram atacados por um bombardeiro britânico Liberator Mk.V do Esquadrão N.º 86 da Real Força Aérea. O U-403 mergulhou imediatamente, coberto pelo fogo da AA do U-43, que então também mergulhou. O Liberator ficou ligeiramente danificado e um tripulante ficou ferido, mas ainda assim conseguiu deixar cair dois torpedos teleguiados. Nenhum dos submarinos foi danificado e ambos escaparam ilesos.

Destino
A 30 de julho de 1943 o U-43 foi atacado novamente, desta vez por um torpedeiro Grumman TBF Avenger do porta-aviões . A aeronave lançou um Torpedo Mark 24 FIDO e afundou o U-boot a sudoeste dos Açores, em . Todos os 55 membros da tripulação afundaram com o submarino.

Matilhas
O U-43 fez parte de 10 matilhas ao longo da sua carreira:

 Rösing (12–15 de junho de 1940)
 West (17 de maio a 16 de junho de 1941)
 Kurfürst (16–20 de junho de 1941)
 Grönland (10-27 de agosto de 1941)
 Markgraf (27 de agosto - 12 de setembro de 1941)
 Steuben (14 de novembro - 2 de dezembro de 1941)
 Wolf (13-30 de julho de 1942)
 Pirat (31 de julho - 3 de agosto de 1942)
 Rochen (27 de janeiro - 28 de fevereiro de 1943)
 Tümmler (1–19 de março de 1943)

Resumo do historial de ataque
Durante o seu serviço na Kriegsmarine o U-43 afundou 21 navios mercantes (um sob fogo amigo) para um total de 117 036 TAB, danificou um navio de 10 350 TAB, e outro de 9 131 TAB - o suficiente para ser declarada perda total.

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Navios perdidos com todos os tripulantes e passageiros
Navios construídos em Bremen (estado)
Navios de 1939
Naufrágios no oceano Atlântico na Segunda Guerra Mundial
Submarinos da Alemanha na Segunda Guerra Mundial
U-Boots afundados por aviões dos Estados Unidos
U-Boots afundados em 1943
U-Boots comissionados em 1939
Submarinos alemães Tipo IX

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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When I first stumbled upon the #idroid challenge there wasn't many entries on the tag. It was one image in particular though, that blew me away. I loved the creativity behind it. I loved how from the grid it grabbed me by the ears and made me look further into the artists individual feeds. THEN bam, I was blown away some more. Atle and Tom's feeds were amazing. I am late I know. They have a great following already and sure had the respect from their peers. Again I am late. Better late than never. So I asked them for the breakdown of the "Moose" and proceeded to tell them that the both of them needed to have their individual features on Juxt.
So with that, let me introduce Atle.
B: Please introduce yourself to our readers: Who are you? What do you do?
A: I'm an amateur mobile photographer from Oslo, Norway. I'm 35 and got a lovely wife and daughter. I look at myself as a quite ordinary man: Working, spend time with my friends and family and travel as much as I can. The perfect weekend for me is just relax at home or in our family cabin up in the mountains, with a glass of wine and some good food. I have always spent time photographing, primarily Nikon SLR until I discovered Instagram and got my Samsung Galaxy S3. Nearly used my SLR since then.
B: Can you describe in more detail where you are from; its people, the culture, and the scenery? How does this help in your creative process? Does it influence your work?
A: Nature is my thing – I have always enjoyed exploring new places, smell the fresh air but also the special smell of heather and shrubs. Viewing the vast and unknown wilderness really amazes me and I get the feeling of living. I consider myself lucky living in an environment with seasons. That makes photography very interesting but also challenging. Specially this time of the year where it's dark in the mornings and it's dark again by the time I get home from work.
B: What do you shoot in? Do you use a 3rd party app? Do you shoot in native? Can you give us a breakdown of what's in your "camera bag" and also let us know why you like those apps?
A: My mobile phone have always been crucial to me as a working device. It's part of my body! It keep me connected to the word, e-mail, news and now also photography. For the last couple of years I have wrote and responded to more e-mails on my smart phone than my PC. My work demands me to be online beyond normal working hours. To be honest I'm not sure why I chose Android based device for shooting. Maybe I just wanted to go in an opposite direction, chose the challenge of the lack of good Android apps, or the reason might be justified by good integration with Google services. I'm very pleased with my Samsung Galaxy S3. It's quick and the screen is brilliant. I also like how Android give a lot of flexibility in menu options and settings. I more or less always use the native camera app and Photo Editor, PicSay Pro and Snapseed are among my favorite editing apps. The arrival of Snapseed is really great for the Android world – it's a good app and have features we have been missing. For me the value of the photo rises if I'm able to photograph people or animals. My daughter who just turned 10 years old is of course my most featured model, but sometimes I'm not able to get family members along. Tripod and timer then come in handy.
B: Do you use any other camera/s? If so, what do you use? Also if so, what do you use your mobile phone for vs your big camera?
A: I of course use my SLR occasionally as the quality still is superior but the main reason for my switch from SLR to mobile phone is the ability to edit the photo straight away. Editing options combined with social integration makes mobile photography attractive and addictive.
B: Why do you love mobile photography?
A: Main reason is what I already have mention: The mobile is part of my body. I got it with me everywhere due to my work and social interests. Being addicted to mobile photography have made me looking for photo opportunities and with the phone I'm able to shoot straight away. Social communities such as Instagram have connected me to people with the same interest. I have met extraordinary people and I'm very sure that I eventually will meet some of them real-life. I get inspired and learn something new everyday. Some of my inspiration sources are Tom Nußbaum, Koshi Nishijima, Balqi Firman, and Tori Millar. All extremely skilled photographers and artists.
B: What would you like to tell someone who just realized what they can do with their mobile device?
A: Everyone have different goals. I would say it's most important to have fun! Don't be afraid to try something new. It's amazing what you can do with a good crop and an Instagram filter. It's doesn't have to be advanced. Personally many of my photos are kept minimal edited. Why edit just for the edit… Next step I would say is understanding curves and try to adjust the color tone on the photo in a certain direction. With a simple touch the crop, curves and Instagram filter stands out compared to a lot photos out there and it doesn't take a lot of time editing. Image Horizon The photo was taken this fall when I was at our family cabin in Telemark, Norway. It was freezing cold and the first 5 cm snow had fallen during the night. I drove my car up to the top, a location around 1200 m.a.s.l. and walked the last part. I don't blame my family members for not coming with me. Photo shot with tripod & timer.
Editing details: This is is a quite simple edit where I brought the image into Snapseed, added drama filter 'Bright 1' followed by 'Center focus'. I also used 'Selective adjust' to bring down brightness on myself. Save. Next I opened the image in Photo Editor and used curves to adjust the tone until I was pleased with the result. Done. Image Soar like an Eagle Photo taken from one of my journeys through the fog here in Oslo. I took a lot of photos in the same area and that forced me to be creative. I got help from Tom Nußbaum on a couple of them and the result is the "Moose [mose]" collaboration. This concrete image I worked on at the same time. My goal was to put some drawing into the mix and see if I were able to do everything on my phone.
Editing details: First I draw the silhouette eagle on white background in Sketchbook and exported it as .png. Sketchbook got layers and I'm told this is the closest I get to ArtStudio on Android (still far off though…). I opened the background photo in Fotor and adding the filter 'HK Film' (60 %). Save. Next I brought the background into PicShop where I post processed it by adjusting saturation, contrast and brightness. Save. Then I blended in the eagle using mode 'multiply' (this removes the white background) and added a mexture using blending mode 'normal' (opacity around 20 %). Save. I wasn't pleased with the eagle sticking out – it was too black, so I opened the image in Snapseed and adjusted contrast and brightness on the bird with 'Selective adjust'. Save. Finally I added typography in Phonto. Done.


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Die ha-Mischmar ha-Ezrachi (Hebräisch: המשמר האזרחי), oft abgekürzt zu Masch'az (משא״ז) ist eine freiwillige Bürgerwehr in Israel.

Die herkömmliche israelische Polizei organisiert die Bürgerwehr und stellt Waffen und Ausrüstung zur Verfügung. Über das Land verteilt gibt es viele Bürgerwehr-Kasernen. Der Leiter einer dieser Stützpunkte ist stets ein Offizier der Polizei, das sonstige Personal besteht jedoch aus zivilen Freiwilligen. Die Standardwaffe der Bürgerwehr ist in der Regel der M1 Carbine, welcher offen getragen wird. Schusswaffen gehören in Israel zum alltäglichen Straßenbild. Die Bürgerwehr ist dazu angehalten, bei Angriffen noch vor dem Eintreffen von Polizei und Militär selbsttätig einzugreifen und von der Schusswaffe Gebrauch zu machen.

Die Bürgerwehr wurde am 10. Juli 1974 gegründet, wobei das Ma'alot-Massaker hierbei ausschlaggebend gewesen sein soll. 2004 hatte die Bürgerwehr nach eigenen Angaben 70.000 Freiwillige, davon sind 28 % Frauen. Zwischen 1974 und 2004 sollen sich über eine halbe Million Menschen für die Bürgerwehr gemeldet haben.

Einzelnachweise

Organisation (Israel)
Paramilitärische Organisation
Militär (Israel)
Gegründet 1974


In our jet set lives, attending to office, business and home, a holiday is always a welcome break. If you can stretch it to a few days and make it to a place like Noosa Heads in Queensland, there is no better way to find the relaxation and rejuvenation you desperately need. Noosa Heads offers you several benefits as a holiday destination as we will see later. It goes without mentioning that the first thing you look for is the accommodation and Witta Circle Noosa Heads is the best location you can find excellent houses to spend your vacation in.
Noosa Heads is one of the most frequently visited holiday destinations in Queensland and is close to the Sunshine coast. Both the Australian public and tourists from abroad visit Noosa in huge numbers. Most wish to spend their holidays with their families, and they have to book accommodation Noosa has in advance to avoid disappointment. Noosa boasts of some stunning choices in terms of places to stay. There are the waterfront homes that have enough rooms to accommodate your entire family. While booking the accommodation, you will have to specify the number of people in your group and the number of days you wish to stay in Witta Circle Noosa Heads.
When it comes to the provisions and features in these properties in Noosa Heads, for holiday rentals, you will be more than pleased to find them in plenty. To start with, the beds are fairly large, king size to sleep you comfortably; then there would be a pool for you to take a swim whenever you desire, since the water is maintained at a temperature to provide comfort all 24 hours. There would also be a furnished terrace where you can simply idle away your time with a drink in hand and savouring the sights of the waters and the greenery all around.
The very best accommodation in Noosa will be full of indoor and outdoor entertainment options. There would be TVs and a DVD player and if you and your kids are into playing games, the Playstation 3 will keep you company. One can also try one's hand at table tennis.
If you wish to head outdoors into the water, there would be a kayak as a part of the provisions and there is also a private jetty, and you can use the boating services to spend some exciting times in the water.
Your face is an incredibly significant part of your body. However, nothing can stop aging and the effects of it. This is when you need the services of afacelift surgeon and breast augmentation to restore your skin to a more natural and youthful appearance. Nowadays, facelift surgery has been a popular way to help people age gracefully.
The physical appearance of any person might not change drastically with a facelift, but there are some significant changes you can feel before and afterthe surgery.
As we grow older, the muscle and tissue of our skin undergoes many changes. The cell division gets slower leading to no new formation of skin tissues. The lower layer of the skin, called the dermis, gets thinner with age. Elastin and collagen are the two major tissues comprising the skin, with the former gives elasticity and the latter helps to maintain the tautness of the skin. As both these proteins break down, the skin loses its elasticity and tightness. The muscle and tissue composition also changes with age which leads to wrinkle formation.
A facelift is a surgical procedure performed by cosmetic surgeons to improve the perceived imperfections over the particular facial area. Done for both men and women, a facelift is one of the primary ways to get rid of sagging skin. Sagging or loose facial skin makes your face look more aged than it actually is and a facelift surgery corrects such flaw.
Repairing the loose or sagging skin is generally the first sign of aging and your facelift surgeon will help you get the sagging skin tightened and trimmed to restore your natural and youthful look. However, it needs real expertise not to make the skin look overly tightened and to avoid the 'pulled' appearance.
Facial muscles tightening – the superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS), which is the underlying structure of the face gets weakened and sagged with age. It is necessary to get the underlying configuration done correctly to avoid tension over the skin surface. This procedure also helps the facelift to last longer.
Improved facial contours – if you want to restore the smooth look over the lower eyelids and cheeks, try the Zoom Plastic Surgery by an expert facelift surgeon. With eliminated jowls and smooth neck area, you can get a strong jaw line contour. Liposuction is one of the good examples to get rid of the excessive fat around the neck area.
There are more sophisticated techniques available than ever for facelift surgeries. Facial plastic surgery has grown in popularity among the modern-day men and women. However, it is recommended to consult an expert before you finally go for the procedure. When you decide to have a facelift surgery, be aware that it is not possible to eradicate all signs of aging. However, it will help you get that added confidence, which comes with the fact that you will look much younger than your actual age. It will give you the peace of mind that you are still presentable and attractive.
Advancements in the field of medicine have made life worth living for many people. Plastic surgery procedures have helped many people to overcome the deformities that they have which resulted from accidents or birth defects. At the Sheree Moko Centre, you can get expert plastic and reconstructive surgery procedures to turn your life around. There are numerous procedures for both men and women that can be done either to improve appearance or give enhanced performance to various body parts. Gynaecomastia Gold Coast service is one procedure offered at this centre and many men seek it to develop confidence in their physiques.
At the Sheree Moko Centre, plastic or reconstructive surgery procedures are carried out by the renowned Dr Sheree Moko. This is a doctor who has made history as being the first ever female plastic surgeon of New Zealand Maori descent. If you need a rhinoplasty Gold Coast service with superb feminine touch, know more about this centre. Dr. Sheree gives competent, gentle care and has remarkable expertise on several other reconstructive and cosmetic surgery procedures.
The plastic surgery centre is located at Robina and can therefore service people in Queensland, New South Wales, Gold Coast and other far flung areas. Aside from the expertise of the lead surgeon, the other staffs have been trained in the professionalism that ought to be employed when handling patients. If you are not sure how this nose reshaping Gold Coast service goes, you can rest easy that at this centre, you will get all the information necessary for you to make the right decision.
Why should you go for reconstructive or a plastic surgery procedure?
While it is entirely a personal choice whether or not to go for a procedure like gynaecomastia Gold Coast, there are several benefits of these processes that a potential candidate ought to think of.
Your body's functionality will be enhanced with the aid of plastic surgery. Accidents or birth defects may cause you to find it uncomfortable to perform certain activities. While most nose jobs Gold Coast services are aimed at the aesthetic aspect they bring along, some people choose to go for them for medical reasons. It is important to talk to the surgeon to understand the potential health benefits that the surgery may bring.
Many people have had their self-esteem buoyed with plastic or reconstructive surgeries. When the defect is easily visible to others, it can be a source of discomfort. These procedures make it easy for you to handle social situations because you cease being self-conscious.
At the Sheree Moko centre, you can also get a range of non-surgical procedures. Fillers and botox injections when carried out expertly will definitely enhance your appearance. Nevertheless, it is crucial to think of the potential risks of any procedure. In some instances, choosing reconstructive or plastic surgery is a better option than avoiding the risks of the process altogether.
To get more information about the services of the Sheree Moko Centre, you can call 07-5580-9240. Alternatively, you can visit their website at http://www.shereemoko.com.au/gynaecomastia-gold-coast to know how to schedule gynaecomastia Gold Coast appointment.
On August 1, 2016, a local hotel-chain, Evergreen palace, proposed to develop more residences and hotels in Bangkok, to chip in on the ever growing tourism industry in Bangkok. Evergreen Place was the first property that became a part of the full hotel operation. This company is presently developing double mixed-use projects at a joint cost of Bt 1.8 billion. There is soon going to be beautiful and every type of boutique serviced apartment in Sukhumvit.
Serviced apartments are those which are fully furnished with all the necessary requirements and may be available for both long term as well as short term uses. These apartments provide all kinds of hotel-like services.
Every boutique serviced apartment in Sukhumvit is a huge adding factor to the tourism growth in Bangkok. Not only do they attract tourists because of the living comfort they provide, but also add to the aesthetics of the already beautiful city. The city already famous for its vibrant street as well as night life and ornate shrines welcomes more tourists and visitors than most other cities in the entire world. These wonderful fully stocked apartments, which give a taste of pure luxury to their clients are one of the many reasons why people are so attracted to this bustling city.
Here are few tips for anybody who wants to travel to Bangkok.
· The temperature being cooler in the winter during the months of December and January is generally the time when the Bangkok tourism is at its peak with numerous tourists arriving. However, November and February are moderately cool months when the crowd is typically less and hence is the perfect time for people who want to avoid the peak season.
March to August is the most humid and hot season, and December is the coolest month where the temperature is a mild 26 degree Celsius. Also the rainy season is pretty unpredictable and usually runs from the mid of June until the beginning of October.
· Being a hugely populous city, traffic is unavoidable, be it in a car or in any other public vehicle. Another huge improvement is the transportation, that is, the sky-trains above ground and the underground metro, which makes transportation a whole lot easier. However, to avail these trains one would require separate tickets. Also this colourful city offers bright taxis and cute tuk-tuks that one can hire at unbelievable bargains.
· Bangkok is a place for everyone, be it a backpacker or a luxurious tourist. From cheap accommodation to a beautiful boutique serviced apartment in Sukhumvit, this place has it all. So, it is most definite that one would not find any difficulty in looking for proper accommodation in this amazing lively city.
You could taste everything in this city, from outdoor adventurous sports to historical and spiritual Buddhist temples. There are absolutely innumerable things to do in this bustling city of Bangkok. There is a series of mesmerizing temples like Wat Arun and Wat Pho, the Chatuchak market is the place for shopaholics, and everything is available in this huge market.
All in all, Bangkok is a place anybody would love to be.
If you are reading this, you are most likely considering the benefits of using a small office space Brisbane has today for remote work, freelancing, or company. Or, it could be that you're already a member and would like to know ways to get the most out of your stay.
Over the past few years, there has actually been a significant shift in how work is being done. More and more individuals are toiling away in coworking spaces and open offices around the world. There are lots of benefits to this, however, there are likewise some challenges in the transition.
Refer organizations to each other or be the sounding boards for one another. Take the initiative and method individuals to get to understand them.
Often, a small office space Brisbane has now offer snacks or beverages free of charge. You can also get to understand people while you're at the water dispensers.
Constantly have your charger with you or have an extra that you can keep while being in a small office space Brisbane has nowadays. You can buy those useful 3-in-1 cable televisions to satisfy your device charging requirements without stressing over not having the right plug or port.
It would also be smart to carry a headset or earphones for listening to music or for taking any calls. If you get the noise-cancelling kind, you can focus better on your work too.
As appealing as it might be to stay house or believe only of your due dates, you must seriously think about participating in any occasions organised by the office space for rent Brisbane has. Plus, you get to munch on some free treats while you're at it.
Possibly you are thinking to get a Brisbane coworking space for a training occasion and you would like to get everyone in the same field to sign up. It might even be that you discovered a leakage in the restroom and would like to get it repaired as soon as possible.
Engage with the engaging environment.
Co-shared office spaces frequently get a bad associate for being too "rowdy". However, that's simply a stereotype from the movies.
You understand what's not highlighted often? The boredom and stagnancy you get from working at home.
In a co-shared office space, you'll certainly grow with an engaging environment, where additional facilities for communication are readily available to press workplace policy development.
Network with other cool people.
With other experts from a different or related industry around, networking and company opportunities are now more accessible. This is a chance for your personnel to expand their network and gain connections.
Meeting more people will likewise cultivate healthy working relationships. You might unknown, however among the workers from the other company may end up being one of the most important company contacts you'll meet.
Get solutions or perspectives from other freelancers.
In a personal workplace, you'll have adequate people around to assist you with your problems or work issues. But there's nothing incorrect with redundancy, and quantity does not always mean less quality.
With more people around in a coworking Brisbane space, you'll have more access to a swimming pool of special concepts and options. You can even reach a contract to set limits, besides the structure manager's imposed restrictions.
What is aged care? You may be curious as you're looking for various care homes and services nearby.
Do you have a senior member of the family or relative that requires private home care? In Australia, as well as in other nations worldwide, there are numerous aged care services provided to families in need of proper health care for their senior loved ones.
Besides what is aged care, what are the most important things you have to know about these services?
Aged care refers to a series of services offered to senior people like house care or assistance, short-term medical aid, after-illness care, transport help and more. With aged care, you can pick the social or medical help to obtain for your elderly loved ones in the time that's most convenient for them.
Aged care is administered by certified or qualified personnel like nurses, caregivers, therapists, and others. Since it incorporates a wide variety of services, you have more chances of personalizing the care plan that is most proper for your family or relative.
Exactly what is private house care?
Personal house care, such as those that private house caring Parkinson business offer, describe the medical or social services that nurses, accredited nurse assistants, health assistants, and care providers give to senior or elderly people in their own personal homes.
Providers come in different timespan or duration, depending upon the client's specific needs. Some of the services that private home care professionals offer are medical help, home cleaning, transport, home tasks or errands, and even personal support.
Those who do not have severe sicknesses or conditions might choose to get private home care services that are not medical in nature. However, elderly individuals who have major illnesses have to work with nursing services. Having a licensed nurse help senior individuals in their medical requirements will assist them to recuperate completely at the soonest possible time.
What are the crucial factors to getting private house care?
When searching for aged care services, like private house caring Parkinson area has or aged care Calamvale residential area uses, you need to very first recognize the kind of help or treatment that your loved one requirements.
Next, look at the various senior care organizations or companies readily available in your location. Attempt to go online first and see some alternatives. After that select a couple of noteworthy options and contact the administrators of these groups to find out more about their services.
Request for a trip to their healthcare centres so you'll have an idea of their daily operations. You might likewise ask for the background and specializations of their social or health employees. Inquire about their service rates and payment choices.
Your loved one must receive only the best of services. You should never settle for mediocre aged care services.
If you want to know more what is age care, visit https://arcare.com.au/what-is-aged-care/. They provide aged care services, including home care.
Whether you have plenty of tattoos or are considering getting one, they open multiple doors to self-discovery.
Want your own feather tattoo Perth artists can design?
This post notes a couple of traditional tattoos for both the beginner and the super-inked.
They will never head out of style and are still done by experienced tattoo artists all across the world, such as your regional Perth feather tattoo provider.
What's up with tattoo artists today?
For tattoo lovers worldwide, Pacific Ink Expo debuted in Maui, Hawaii.
Tattoo artists and royalty from around the Pacific participated in amongst tens of thousands of people.
The three-day exposition concentrated on the uncommon, standard Polynesian tattoos along with commemorated designs with fantastic food and music.
Why should you get a feather tattoo Perth artists can design? A classic feather tattoo Perth professionals can design will always imply your love for freedom.
If you're a free-spirited gal or guy, a feather isn't only aesthetically appealing but also represents a meaningful image for your body.
Tribal tattoos are considered the earliest form of tattoo designs.
You can hire tattoo artists Sydney market has today or from your own area who will carefully develop a tribal tattoo that will complement the part of your body you desire for the design to be inked on.
The timeless American tattoos consist of simple to intricate geometric designs, primarily put on by males and even for the times, the females, in the army and navy during the World Wars.
You can attempt any of these by asking any of the tattoo artists Sydney market has today to make them on you.
Local tattoo artists in Sydney can likewise tell you that when done well, sensible tattoos look like photos or pictures on the skin.
Realistic tattoos ought to be made by knowledgeable individuals such as professional Sydney tattoo artists.
Going back to 10,000 BC, Japanese tattoos are still thought about spiritual art.
Normally covering large areas of the back, upper body, buttocks and arms, this design follows a stringent set of elegant guidelines adhering to ancient traditions.
Designs consist of vibrant coloured flowers, koi fish, dragons, cherry blooms, war dogs, and geishas for luck.
Dot work includes lovely designs made with tiny dots instead of shading, while geometric patterns are mostly odes to cubism and MC Escher's artwork. Often made in black, they can have a 3D effect on the naked eye.
Another way to say 'New School', you can ask your tattoo artist to flex their creative muscle with this colourful, exaggerated animation style of tattoo designing.
The bubble-like styles never seem to head out of design, getting more popular with present times with styles such as popular culture icons and animals.
Tattoos are more appropriate now than ever. Depending on each person's convenience level, you can get tattooed almost anywhere on your body.
Find Perth feather tattoo design concepts today.
Get inked by innovative artists today!
Visit http://www.beautifulconceptss.com.au if you want a feather tattoo in Perth.
The major indication of a capable Ferny Grove medical clinic is that they need to be inclusive. Their solutions have to serve each the household members. But with the quantity of health care clinics around the area, a family might be puzzled which medical center they ought to entrust with their health and wellness.
One reason to look at when picking a Ferny Grove medical clinic is their service hours' adaptability.
If you work during evening shifts, you possibly won't have the time to travel to a medical centre that works from 8 to 5. And we'll never know when emergency situations will happen. Thus, you ought to acquaint yourself with a family medical centre that serves during after-hours.
A centre that works overtime in serving patients presents you the option to drop by after you are done with your job.
The thing is, it is important to locate a credible Ferny Grove GP who provides high-quality health care. Professional services must entail treatment options for all of the household.
It also would certainly not harm to select a facility that supplies patients with a distinct service. And, it goes without saying, reliable family medical professionals should provide clients with practical and enduring solutions to their troubles.
A medical centre with qualification from authorities and bodies suggests the trustworthy and exceptional health care programs it presents. Accreditation, in addition, re-establishes the confidence of patients in the facility.
4. Complete satisfaction of the patient from the services.
From their past clients, you can determine if the Ferny Grove doctor is reputable and whether it can go well with your preconditions. At the point when past patients are contented with the facility, they can point their peers to the same centre, and vice versa.
Thus, just before you go to any family medical centre, think about the experiences of the past customers. You can read online testimonials on their website or other third-party sites, to ascertain an neutrality.
Irrespective of certification and patient feedbacks, it is important to examine the general uniformity of a facility right before you figure out that this the facility for your loved ones.
Basic cleanliness in the clinic averts transmission of microbes and consequently restrains infection. Observe if the sinks where patients wash their hands have a sterilizing soap. Are the bathrooms clean? Does the room have a humid indoor air?
Right after finding the answers to these questions, you can make a decision if this is the ideal center for your family.
While this can vary from one workplace to the next, it is fitting to collaborate with a clinic that gives inexpensive services and options. Nevertheless, this ought not to make it possible for you to settle down with shabby services.
Truth be told, inexpensive cost and more desirable services can bring in much more clients, rendering it efficient for the clinic to procure more earnings in the long haul.
Choose a respectable doctor Ferny Grove has now.
Are you searching for a convenient clinic or doctor? The spot to go is a SmartClinics branch in Ferny Grove.


Ah, summer evenings. Dinner's over, the sun's setting—time to settle back and see what's on the tube, right? Nope! The other night after dinner at my mom's, I had no trouble luring my husband, sister, and nephew out onto the lawn for some after-dark Frisbee action, thanks to the Flashflight LED Light-Up Ultimate Disc ($24.99; NiteIze.com) that had come across my desk right before I left for vacation.
We were out there for a long while, laughing like loons at our bad throws, oohing at the good ones, and simply delighting in trying to convince the neighbors that Mom's yard had been taken over by an overgrown, drunken firefly. As a bonus, I'm pretty sure we burned off all the calories from the s'mores we'd downed for dessert.
Not up for Frisbee? (Trust me, you would be if you tried this.) No worries—there are plenty of other excellent ways to get your glow on. Whichever you choose, though, just don't forget the bug spray!
Playaboule Lighted Bocce Ball Sets ($43.95–$84.85; Playaboule.com): Never tried bocce? It's an addictive tossing game in which teams take turns trying to hit a small ball with bigger ones. In these ingenious sets, the balls are illuminated by colorful inner LED lights.
Mikasa Smart-Glo Volleyball ($17.99; Amazon.com): This durable ball is covered with glow-in-the-dark panels. Leave it out on the lawn all day (it needs light to charge) and you'll be good to go come twilight. Who needs a net?
Mood Hoops ($69–$129; MoodHoops.com): Set some heads spinning by twirling one of these LED hula hoops. They're sized for grownups (making them easy to use) and come in a bunch of light show style colors and patterns.
Speedminton Fun Set S70 ($39.99; SpeedmintonUSA.com): Think fast-paced badminton without the net—so fun! After dark, the "Night Speeder" birdie in this set ups the challenge—it glows, but your racket doesn't.
Baden Nite Brite Basketball ($12.30; Amazon.com): This light-charged ball comes in a slightly smaller size, so you don't need Michael Jordan–sized hands to hold onto it. Sure, it's hard to shoot baskets when you can't see the net, but dribbling and passing never looked cooler!


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Tag: History of Psychology
Psychoanalysis as Biological Science p.10
The popular imagination was captured by Freud's reports of the conflictual mental contents he typically encountered in his clinical work. Because he was ever trying to find human universals, Freud's necessarily limited clinical experience was seldom sufficient to yield universally applicable conclusions about intrapsychic conflicts; thus most of his hermeneutic claims have subsequently proved to be of limited applicability. In other words, in the infinitely variable territory of mental contents Freud's overly ambitious efforts to generalize turned out to be based on sampling errors.
John E. Gedo – Psychoanalysis as Biological Science: A Comprehensive Theory p.10
Author gino718Posted on June 24, 2019 Categories PsychoanalysisTags Freud, History of Psychology, Psychoanalysis critiquesLeave a comment on Psychoanalysis as Biological Science p.10
Psychoanalysis as Biological Science p.4
The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud still deserves careful study, for it contains important observational data and sophisticated thinking about them, but it is not a currently acceptable exposition of the valid knowledge that constitutes psychoanalysis.
Readers unfamiliar with contemporary psychoanalysis – the current consensus as well as the ongoing controversies within the field – may have difficulty evaluating which of Freud's propositions continue to have scientific validity, which have been invalidated although they attempted to answer important questions (and therefore possessed great heuristic value), and which of them turned out to be useless because the problems they were supposed to address were misconceived. In this respect, however, Freud's contributions are no different from those of other authors in the biological sciences who wrote sixty to a hundred years ago.
John E. Gedo – Psychoanalysis as Biological Science: A Comprehensive Theory p.4
Author gino718Posted on June 24, 2019 Categories PsychoanalysisTags Freud, History of PsychologyLeave a comment on Psychoanalysis as Biological Science p.4
The Crisis of Psychoanalysis p.37
Historically speaking, one can look at Freud's theory as the fruitful synthesis of rationalism and romanticism; the creative power of this synthesis may be one of the reasons why Freud's thinking became a dominating influence in the twentieth century. This influence was not due to the fact that Freud found a new therapy for neuroses, and probably also not primarily because of his role as a defender of repressed sexuality. There is a great deal to say in favor of the assumption that the most important reason for his general influence on culture is in this synthesis, whose fruitfulness can be clearly seen in the two most important defections from Freud, that of Adler and of Jung. Both exploded the Freudian synthesis and reverted to the two original oppositions. Adler, rooted in the short-lived optimism of the rising lower middle classes, constructed a one-sided rationalistic-optimistic theory. He believed that the innate disabilities are the very conditions of strength and that with intellectual understanding of a situation, man can liberate himself and make the tragedy of life disappear.
Jung, on the other hand, was a romantic who saw the sources of all human strength in the unconscious. He recognized the wealth and depth of symbols and myths much more profoundly than Freud, whose views were restricted by his sexual theory. Their aims, however, were contradictory. Freud wanted to understand the unconscious in order to weaken and control it; Jung, in order to gain an increased vitality from it. Their interest in the unconscious united the two men for some time without their being aware that they were moving in opposite directions. As they halted on their way in order to talk about the unconscious, they fell under the illusion that they were proceeding in the same direction.
Erich Fromm – The Crisis of Psychoanalysis p.37
Author gino718Posted on May 22, 2018 May 22, 2018 Categories PsychoanalysisTags Alfred Adler, Freud, History of Psychology, Jung, UnconsciousLeave a comment on The Crisis of Psychoanalysis p.37
The Crisis of Psychoanalysis p.5
The most creative and radical achievement of Freud's theory was the founding of a "science of the irrational" – i.e., the theory of the unconscious. As Freud himself observed, this was a continuation of the work of Copernicus and Darwin (I would add also, of Marx): they had attacked the illusions of man about this planet's place in the cosmos and his own place in nature and in society; Freud attacked the last fortress that had been left untouched – man's consciousness as the ultimate datum of psychic experience. He showed that most of what we are conscious of is not real and that most of what is real is not in our consciousness. Philosophical idealism and traditional psychology were challenged head-on, and a further step was taken into the knowledge of what is "really real." (Theoretical physics took another decisive step in this direction by attacking another certainty, that concerning the nature of matter.)
Freud did not simply state the existence of unconscious process in general (others had done that before him), but showed empirically how unconscious processes operate by demonstrating their operation in concrete and observable phenomena: neurotic symptoms, dreams, and the small acts of daily life.
The theory of the unconscious is one of the most decisive steps in our knowledge of man and in our capacity to distinguish appearance from reality in human behavior. As a consequence, it opened up a new dimension of honesty and thereby created a new basis for critical thinking.
Erich Fromm – The Crisis of Psychoanalysis p.5
Author gino718Posted on May 22, 2018 September 15, 2018 Categories PsychoanalysisTags History of Psychology, Psychoanalysis critiquesLeave a comment on The Crisis of Psychoanalysis p.5
It is not surprising that many people were attracted by the promise that there are faster and cheaper methods of "cure". Psychoanalysis had opened up the possibility that one's misery could be alleviated through professional help.With the change in style to greater "efficiency," rapidity, and "group activity" and with the spread of the need for "therapy" for people whose income did not suffice for prolonged daily sessions, the new therapies necessarily became very attractive and drew away a good many potential patients form psychoanalysis.
Thus far I have only touched upon the more obvious and superficial reasons for the present crisis of psychoanalysis: the wrong use of psychoanalysis by a large number of practitioners and patients. To solve the crisis, at least on this level, would only require making a stricter selection of analysis and patients.
It is, however, necessary to ask: How could the misuse occur? I have tried to give some very limited answers to this question, but it can be answered fully only if we turn from superficial manifestations to the deeper crisis in which psychoanalysis finds itself.
What are the reasons for the deeper crisis?
I believe that the main reason lies in the change of psychoanalysis from a radical to a conformist theory. Psychoanalysis was originally a radical, penetrating, liberating theory. It slowly lost this character and stagnated, failing to develop its theory in response to the changed human salutation after the First World War; instead it retreated into conformism and the search for respectability.
Author gino718Posted on May 14, 2018 September 15, 2018 Categories PsychoanalysisTags Consciousness, Freud, History of Psychology, UnconsciousLeave a comment on The Crisis of Psychoanalysis p.4
The Essential Loewald: On Motivation and Instinct Theory p.125
Triebe were, however, for Freud not just abstract constructs or concepts in a theory of motivation or personality, to be sorted out from other forces of motivation, to be classified and distinguished from affects, perceptual and cognitive processes, and somatic needs. Triebe, instincts, were – much more than scientists, doctors, ministers, judges ("the educated circles") wanted to admit or know – what made the human world go around, what drove people to act and think and feel the way they do, in excess as well as in self-constriction, inhibition, and fear, in their daily lives in the family and with others, and in their civilized and professional occupations and preoccupations as well. They dominated their love life and influenced their behavior with children and authorities. They made people sick and made them mad. They drove people to perversion and crimes, made them into hypocrites and liars as well as into fanatics for truth and other virtues, or into prissy, bigoted, prejudiced, or anxious creatures. And their sexual needs, preoccupations, and inhibitions turned out to be at the root of much of all this. Rational, civilized, measured, "good" behavior, the noble and kind deeds and thoughts and feelings so highly valued were much of the time postures and gestures, self-denials, rationalizations, distortions, and hideouts – a thin surface mask covering and embellishing the true life and the real power of the instincts.
The life of the body, of bodily needs and habits and functions, kisses and excrements and intercourse, tastes and smells and sights, body noises and sensations, caresses and punishments, tics and gait and movements, facial expression, the penis and the vagina and the tongue and arms and hands and feet and legs and hair, pain and pleasure, physical excitement and lassitude, violence and bliss – all this is the body in the context of human life. The body is not primarily the organism with its organs and physiological functions, anatomical structures, nerve pathways, and chemical processes.
If Freud had not had all this in view, and the vagaries and foibles of people, his own and those of his patients, he would never have been able to write his case histories and to create a scientific psychoanalysis as distinct from both neurology and academic psychiatry and psychology. He would not have been able to understand dreams and jokes and neurosis and the psychopathology of everyday life. He created, partly in spite of his inclinations and not without grave misgivings, an entirely new method and standard of scientific investigation which went counter to scientific principles and methods derived from or devised for a different realm of reality – principles and methods that stultified an appropriate approach to and grasp of psychic life. He could do this because he was unwilling to accept the narrow limitations imposed on science by the science of his day, whose child he remained nevertheless. He broke out of those limits and widened the field of scientific action, while loath to accept the consequences of such a venture in all its implications. But had he not in such a way brought science and life as it is lived together again, psychoanalysis would never have had the impact on modern life and scientific thought that we see today.
Instincts and the life of the body, seen in the perspective sketched above, are one and the same. They become separate only when we begin to distinguish between soma and psyche. But once this is done – and without this distinction there is neither physiology–anatomy nor psychology – instinct in psychoanalysis must be understood as a psychological concept. I believe it means reintroducing the psyche into biology and physics if one speaks of Eros and Thanatos as universal cosmic tendencies. Whether this is legitimate or not remains, in my opinion, an open question; this psyche, however, would in any event not be psyche or mind in terms of human psychology. Within the framework of psychoanalysis as a science of the human mind we must, if we accept the Eros-Thanatos conception (or its less "metaphysical" form, the duality of libido and aggression), speak of instincts as psychic representatives, and of life and death instincts as such representatives.
Hans Loewald – The Essential Loewald: On Motivation and Instinct Theory p.125
Author gino718Posted on August 26, 2017 Categories PsychoanalysisTags Drive Theory, Freud, History of PsychologyLeave a comment on The Essential Loewald: On Motivation and Instinct Theory p.125
Freud p.1
For in addition to our long-standing puzzlement over the human condition, we are also ever-tempted by complacency when it come to self-understanding. And we live in an age when that complacency has, at least for the time being, been shaken. We can see that complacency in a package of beliefs that were in full flower at the end of millennium:
That we can find out all we need to know about human behavior and motivation by conducting polls, examining democratic votes, choices made in the market–place, and changing fashions. In short, human motivation is essentially transparent.
That all human disagreements are in principle resolvable through rational conversation and mutual understanding. Each of us is acting on the basis of what we think is reasonable, if we keep trying to understand the other's point of view, we shall eventually resolve our disagreement or at least reach a point where we can 'agree to disagree.'
That we have reached 'the end of history': the epochal struggles of historical change are over; what is left is basically a homogenizing process of 'globalization.'
That all serious psychological problems will soon be treatable either by drugs or neurosurgery. Anti-depressants provided the paradigm. What hitherto looked like intractable suffering can be treated by a drug which affects neurotransmitters in the brain. Since every psychological problem must make some difference in the brain, eventually we will discover what that is and learn how to change it. Thus,
The only form of psychotherapy that is needed is rational conversation. A person may suffer from a 'cognitive error': he may believe, for example, that he is an unsuccessful person, and will thereby continue to fail. But then all one really needs to do is point out his mistake. He will come to see himself as successful and will thereby start to succeed. Or we can simple teach people new behaviors so that they can cope better. Behavioral therapy or cognitive therapy is all we need. And thus,
'Freud is dead': His account of a 'talking cure' – psychoanalysis – has about as much validity as invoking Zeus.
It is possible to hold any of these beliefs without holding the others, but one can see how they all hang together to form a certain outlook about what humans are like. And what makes this outlook powerful is that there is truth in each of the beliefs: we can find out much about humans via empirical polls, it is always useful to seek mutual understanding, there is a process of globalization occurring, neuroscience will make remarkable advances in treating psychological suffering, rational conversation can be a big help, and Freud was wrong about many of his beliefs and deserves to be criticized. What, then, is the problem? It lies in the implicit assumption that this picture gives us the whole truth about human beings. Herein lies the complacency. We are encouraged to think that this outlook gives us an account of human motivation without remainder. We can thus dismiss any darker accounts of human motivation which do not already fit this picture.
Jonathan Lear – Freud p.1
Author gino718Posted on April 2, 2017 June 11, 2017 Categories Psychoanalysis, PsychologyTags Freud, History of Psychology, Psychoanalysis FundamentalsLeave a comment on Freud p.1

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zlib::inflate_stream::clear

Put the stream in a newly constructed state.

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void
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          All dynamically allocated memory is de-allocated.

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text:
Bioplastic: is it that fantastic?
Commercial polymers derived from plant matter have been touted as the sustainable answer to the world's eco-woes, but numerous issues need to be solved before they can reach that point
Rich McEachran
In the five minutes it will take you to read this article, 3,500 tonnes of plastic will have been produced around the globe. If that stat isn't sufficiently alarming, consider the fact that barely 9% of the world's annual output of 368 million tonnes is recycled, either because the process isn't deemed economically viable, or because of a lack of consumer awareness.
Inventors and start-ups have been working hard in recent years to develop greener solutions. These have included everything from seaweed-based straws to toothbrushes made using bamboo. The problem is that many of these innovations are niche and can't yet be scaled up commercially.
Most bioplastics – polymers derived from plant-based sources – that are touted as viable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics are usually produced from the sugars extracted from certain cash crops. The most popular of these polymers is polylactic acid (PLA). It's being used increasingly in items such as disposable cups, cutlery and salad containers.
Another is polyethylene furanoate (PEF). There are high hopes that this can become the standard for bioplastic use in the food and drink industry. Companies such as Dutch firm Avantium are using plant-to-plastic technology to convert fructose syrup from wheat, corn and beet into the components of PEF, for instance.
This has attracted the attention of Carlsberg, Coca-Cola and Danone, among others. The hope is that a number of popular beverages could be coming in paper bottles lined with PEF in only two years' time.
Competing with the food industry
As bioplastics gain popularity, questions are being raised as to how sustainable these materials really are. One issue is whether the sector's future growth will affect the food industry if both have to compete for feedstock.
This is an unlikely scenario, according to Paul Mines, CEO of Biome Bioplastics. He observes that total area used for bioplastics production in 2020 came to less than 0.015% of the world's agricultural land. This will rise to 0.02% by 2025 if the industry's production capacity increases by the expected 25% from its current level to 2.8 million tonnes.
Avantium's CEO, Tom van Aken, agrees. "Creating bioplastics from plant-based feedstock can be managed in such a sustainable way that it doesn't have to be in competition with food production," he says. "Increased demand for non-food applications could support a healthier agriculture sector through investments in sustainable land use. There is tremendous potential to use waste from sustainable forestry management, for instance."
Van Aken predicts that the chemical and materials industries will work closely with farmers to build new supply chains, ensuring that no part of their crop is wasted. Bioplastics could be made using feedstock sugar residue from agricultural production, for instance. To this end, Avantium already has a partnership in the Netherlands with Cosun Beet Company, which produces sugar products for the retail and food service industries.
Not all bioplastics are created equal
Although the term 'bioplastics' has an eco-friendly ring to it, not all of these materials are actually biodegradable or compostable. Much depends on the polymers used and, even then, the conditions need to be right for decomposition – most bioplastics need to be subjected to high temperatures. The European standard EN 13432 for industrial composting requires 90% of a given material to biodegrade within 12 weeks. Complete disintegration must occur within six months.
We have to be aware that any material produced, even plant-based, can have an impact on the environment if the loop isn't closed
In cases where industrial composting isn't possible, the best option is recycling. Even then, the various bioplastics would need to be handled in separate streams, while some countries don't yet have facilities that can break down polymers such as PLA. If not dealt with properly, bioplastics can end up in landfill anyway, defeating their purpose.
"We have to be aware that any material produced, even plant-based, can have an impact on the environment if the loop isn't closed," says Laetitia Van de Walle, CEO of Lamazuna, a French supplier of zero-waste natural cosmetics. Among its products is the Oriculi, an ear swab made using a bioplastic derived from castor oil.
"Controlling the lifecycle of any product is incredibly important," she adds, noting that bioplastic recycling channels need to improve markedly if the materials are to become commercially successful.
Adjusting our thinking
Despite all best intentions to close the loop, bioplastics will find their way into the natural environment and become long-term pollutants, just like their petroleum-based counterparts.
It is not enough to simply develop solutions that fit the circular economy. There needs to be broader change, according to Mines. He hopes to see a transition to a bioeconomy, based on chemicals, fuels and products, where the processes of creating energy and materials go hand in hand.
"The petroleum-based plastics industry has spent a lot of time optimising its supply chains," Mines says. "Replacing its products with bioplastics will require an adjustment in thinking. Continued consumer pressure, policy changes and brands deciding to alter practices will drive the transition."
Until then, the bioplastics sector must continue innovating to ensure that the loop is closed. It must also create awareness about its products' game-changing potential, while acknowledging that they're not the panacea for the world's plastic problems – not yet, anyway.
Van de Walle sums it up best. "We believe in the future of bioplastics," she says. "But we know they're still far from perfect."
What to expect from the new plastic tax
As the UK's levels of virgin plastic continue to rise, a bold new tax could be the solution,…
How the new plastic packaging tax could impact business
As businesses prepare for a tax on plastic packaging, there are concerns that the government has done too…
Are compostables really a greener solution?
Widely seen as the greenest choice, much is misunderstood about compostable packaging. Having it work together with a…


Celebrate the day with a fresh and beautiful flower bouquet. This dazzling arrangement of patriotic red, white and blue flowers sends a statement of hope and strength to your recipient.
The Unity Bouquet is a noble bouquet, brimming with red roses, blue iris, white Peruvian lilies and fresh greens. Overflowing with love for our country, this beautiful mix of patriotic colors is topped off with 2 small American Flags, a perfect touch when expressing your feelings of pride and joy. Your local florist uses only the freshest flowers available and will carefully place them into a gathering vase, wrapped in a bright red ribbon.


Hi there, Joan and Laura here!! We know… Some of you might have thought we'd already given up on the blog, but that's not the case! We still have a lot of stories to bore you with. The reason we haven't posted for a while is that our laptop decided to crush on the 3rd day of the trip, so we couldn't write nor get the photos from our camera. In the end it hasn't been too bad; the computer was repaired pretty quickly and we've been able to use our phones for everything else. All is well if end is well. Let's start with the post already shall we? I'm the one writing, why am I complaining about me not starting?
In the morning of the 24th we woke up in Bangkok for the first time. We had a bowl of noodles at a street food stand near our hostel in the Khao San Road area, and we headed to Wat Pho on foot. After dodging several tuk-tuk drivers and a couple of scammers along the way, we arrived there and let's just say it didn't disappoint. The temple complex is huge, with lots of stupas, pagodas, Buddha sculptures and the largest reclined buddha in Thailand.
Afterwards, we crossed the river to Wat Arun, a smaller temple, but again well worth visiting. The temple consists of one central prang (tower) surrounded by 4 smaller prangs, all of them covered in porcelain with lots of colorful details. We were able to take some cool pictures here, but to be fair we can't get all the credit. The one that was left for the end was Wat the Hell, but we decided to skip that eventually (we told you Joan likes bad jokes).
A long walk back to the hostel was enough for us to get hungry again. We met with a friend of Laura's, Kan from Bangkok. They met in the US when they studied there 6 years ago. Kan was so kind as to invite us to a Thai food restaurant she knew. This time we tried some other things than rice or noodles, and they were damn good! Actually, neither of us can remember the dishes names, but they were delicious. Next, we went to an outdoor mall at the riverside called Asiatique and we walked around there. Fun anecdote, we were there wandering around this place and we said to Khan: – This place is pretty cool, lots of locals here! – to which Khan responded – What are you saying? These people are Chinese (facepalm). It is impossible for us to tell the difference but yeah, that was funny.
So this was the end of our visit to Bangkok, the next morning we took a train to Kanchanaburi, but that my friends is for another post (who cares).


text:
Artificial Intelligence Puzzle
Pau Sanchez Valdivieso - www.pausanchezv.com
Click the button to start enjoying!
Start State
Goal State
A-Star moves:
Click the button to solve the puzzle!
Click the button to generate a puzzle!
Generate a random puzzle Solve the puzzle
The objective involves getting the goal state color starting from the start state by using the allowed movements.
When a square is moved all its content is also moved, so that the start square will be changed with the destination square.
The movement is governed by the square which starts the movement, so that the destination square will have to change its position even if its figure cannot make that move.
Both squares, start and destination will be able to do the movements of their figures in their new positions on the matrix.
Keep in mind that in the goal state doesn't matter the position of the figures. It's only important to get the matrix goal color.
Towers can be moved perpendicular
Bishops can be moved diagonally
Queens can be moved in all directions
The number on the squares represents the movement scope allowed
A-Star & Heuristic
Since the problem we are trying to solve is absolutely NP-HARD, we have to get an approximate solution because if we want a fast algorithm, then cannot spend much time expanding more nodes than the necessary ones.
First of all I tried to get the best solution always, and I got it by using Backtracking techniques in the heuristic. But there was a problem: the heuristic is called for each node expansion, in our case, about 200 times for each expansion (it is brutally hard to solve). The backtracking was used to find the best square pairs which the distance among all of them was lower (it is another hard problem because you know what you want, but you have to explore all the combinations to find it).
The truth is that it worked perfectly because the states were expanded following always the best path since the exhaustive search explores absolutely all the possibilities to select the best one. And it finds it! There was a problem, though. In spite of including branch and bound techniques, the A* was not capable of sustaining itself if the puzzle size was greater than 9-12 squares. I had imagined that it was going to happen, but anyway, it had to be tested to let myself rest in peace.
Finally an approximate heuristic is used and it is really fast, so we can throw four distinct heuristics, then run four A* Search and finally choose the best solution. It is necessary to keep in mind that there are cases, for instance, in which an heuristic based on the euclidean distance works better than the other one using the manhattan distance, and so on... If in most cases the solutions found varies around [-2, +2] among themselves, it means that it is highly likely the best is one of them, and if it's not, then there is no problem to worry about because we are extremely close to the best solution.
But even if we are using an approximate solution, there are some cases in which a good one is extremely difficult to spot, especially when the difficulty level is 'expert' and we are dealing with puzzles 5x5, 6x5, 5x6 or 6x6 size. It's difficult to stop the algorithm if some solution is hard to be found. Setting a timer is never a good solution, so there is a limit depth on A* Search, then if more than 5000 states have been expanded and we still have no solution, a new puzzle is recomputed and the whole process starts yet again (It is true that the worst case involves that the A-Star overcomes 5000 states, then it is called once more time, and so on..., but it is not going to happen due to pure statistic). So the average time that an user has to wait for a level is around 0-5 seconds. It seems quite reasonable if we keep in mind the brutal problem we are dealing with.
The conclusion is that, given that the heuristic is just a numerical value, we can have some different heuristics which return different values from different scales, so we cannot call different heuristics from the same A*, but we can call 4 distinct A*, compare 4 results and finally choose the best one.
Level Generator
There are basically two models of generated levels. Matching colors and Clustering.
The first thing that we have to do to generate this kind of level is to obtain a valid distribution. A distribution is an object that contains the amount percentage of characters for the level. For example, it doesn't make sense generating a level that contains only bishops because it has no solution.
Now we have to get a valid puzzle size, both number of rows and columns. It will be given depending on the difficulty which is passed through the instance of the object.
After that it's necessary to obtain the colors of the puzzle. The number of the colors depends on the puzzle size obtained in the previous step.
The next stage involves generating the level. First of all we generate the level as an array which will be used to build a graph in order to help us to check whether or not the level is connected. We can check the graph connection by using the Depth First Search Algorithm using it as a traversal algorithm instead of search algorithm. Then if the generated level has any isolated node, a recursive call is produced and this stage starts yet again until we get a valid level.
As a result we have a puzzle array now, that is based on 3-positional items, first refers to kind of item (tower, bishop or queen), the second shows the scope of its move, an finally, third indicates the square color. Now, we are able to get the goal array which is based on the color. All we have to do is get it from the puzzle array catching just the third position for each item.
Finally both puzzles start and goal are created using the arrays and depending on the puzzle size. The puzzles are saved in the levelGenerator object to extract the best solution by using the A* Search Algorithm. But that's another story which is explained in its section.
The second kind of level is one where the start puzzle is constructed beforehand by a human, but the goal state is randomized starting from the first one.
The first kind of level is better than the second one if we are looking for a level really difficult because the player doesn't have any strong visual model to keep in sight. On the other hand the second type of level is better than the first if we want a beautiful model, the realism decreases but it's easier to enjoy the level because you feel that you are building something that makes sense to see.
The basic idea is to mix both kind of levels, random and half-random in order to obtain a final game hard and realistic by using the first level type, but kind of nice to look at, by using the second one.
I am a Computer Engineer who loves programming and enjoys developing games, applications, and algorithms. My education encompasses a large variety of qualifications:
2 x Associate's degree in Business Management (Industrial University of Barcelona)
1 x Bachelor's degree in Computer Engineering (University of Barcelona - Mathematics Faculty)
I really like programming Artificial Intelligence algorithms to find the best solution for a given problem, I love developing applications and thinking that someone is going to use them. It makes me feel that I am useful and I can contribute a little to improve anything.
I have been the founder of some well-known platforms like makethejobs.com, capable of joining more than 3.000 people after releasing the website in 2014, in only two weeks. I am really keen on developing games involving graphs, matrices, and A.I. such as galacticmonsters.com or savealltherobots.com, both founded and developed by myself.
I think developers have a special power since we are able to imagine anything and make it real, and that is one of the most beautiful sensations I have ever felt. Rarely will you come across people capable of doing that! Everyone has their strengths and abilities, but a programmer is a programmer :)
I am currently working at Opportunity Network as a Python Engineer surrounded by amazing people helping me learn something new every day. I am enjoying this fascinating experience as much as I can without losing sight of my own projects.
All this makes me get better and better every day in every way as days go by, until the day I die.
Pau.


YOU can never underestimate the capacity of football to baffle and bemuse the sporting community.
The Olympic Park Legacy Company is just the latest to discover its penchant for squabbling and dysfunction.
Now, as a result of legal shenanigans involving West Ham, Tottenham Hotspur and Leyton Orient, the OPLC has decided against selling the Olympic Stadium and will instead retain ownership and lease it out.
It means that not only is lingering doubt over the running track banished – and UK Athletics can thus rest easy on the bid for the 2017 World Championships – but they avoid more years of Jarndyce v Jarndyce legal challenges with the three clubs at each other's throats.
Since Spurs do not want a stadium with a track, the Hammers remain favourites to take it over, possibly even with Orient sharing. But the devil will be in the detail.
What will be the cost to West Ham as main tenants? A figure of £2million a year is being mooted, but that represents £100,000 per home game, or the takings from around 4,000 people in the ground. I can't see that leading to cheaper tickets. And what will be expected from poorer Orient?
Also, will the £35m for conversion of the stadium after the Games include suitable hospitality boxes from which the clubs will benefit? Or will that money go to the landlords, along with food and drink outlets? Such an arrangement has held back Oxford United for years.
Many insist this all works well for Manchester City, who moved into Eastlands after the Commonwealth Games of 2002 and benefited from selling Maine Road, just as West Ham will surely do with Upton Park – at least allowing them to pay off a shed-load of debt.
Actually, the City stadium is nowhere near the money-spinner a top Premier League club would wish and for years they resented paying a percentage of the gate money. Until the Abu Dhabi United Group pitched up, that is.
The one saving grace for City, and, potentially, the Hammers, is that there is no longer an owned asset that an unscrupulous new owner could sell off, as has been happening in these recession-hit years to non-league clubs where the asset-strippers benefit from no national publicity. In fact, if all can get the detail right, this could be a smart deal both for the public purse and football.
We as taxpayers get the regular income from both West Ham and Orient, if they can be accommodated, too, without rattling around inside.
There should also be money from other sporting events and concerts. In addition, Newham Council have community access. West Ham and Orient get capital from ground sales as well as a spanking new home.
Too often football complains that it receives only criticism and little help from the Government and public sector.
In this case, the game at the top level should realise how fortunate it is. Spurs have already been promised £8m from London Mayor Boris Johnson as an inducement to stay in Tottenham and help regenerate a riot-hit area. (Not that they need it – perhaps they will use it for local grass-roots projects).
Now West Ham and Orient will be offered a gift-horse deal that ensures, to continue the animal imagery, the stadium is not the white elephant of other Olympic cities.
Mind you, there is still time before the moving-in date of 2014 for the game to indulge its bent for putting the fun into dysfunction.