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Tag: Democratic primaries 2016
Latest links on Friedman/Sanders, etc.
More posts related to the kerfuffle over our columnist Gerald Friedman's report WHAT WOULD SANDERS DO? ESTIMATING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SANDERS PROGRAMS:
Alan Harvey, IDEAeconomics, Standard Fare or Fantasy Economics? An excellent and vigorous defense of the plausibility of Friedman's growth projections and a useful summary of the debate, including Christina and David Romer's intervention into it. Among the telling points he makes in support of the plausibility 5+% growth rates with the kinds of big, big programs Sanders is suggesting: the fact that "the average growth rate under Democratic presidents prior to Barack Obama was 4.2 percent." Gee, Friedman estimates a few years of growth 1.1 percentage points higher than the average growth rate under pre-Great Recession Democratic presidents, and suddenly puppies are flying?
Here are some of Harvey's useful points about the Romers' critique:
"Romer criticized Friedman for confusing stocks and flows, suggesting – as I understand it – that the Friedman analysis projected multipliers too far into the future. The multiplier is the increment of new activity produced by an investment or government spending program. The stimulus money spent is income to workers and businesses, who each save some, but spend most,
which becomes income to other workers and businesses and results in further spending. …"
"Christina Romer is uniquely qualified to discuss overreach in projections, since she was chair of the CEA during the Obama stimulus period and famously forecast an immediate reduction in unemployment that did not materialize. [Ouch!] This failure was seized upon by Republicans to discredit government stimulus entirely. We can, of course, look back and see the economic effects, which were substantial. But because they did not match the projection, the theory of the projectors suffered. …"
"Romer appears to suggest in the Wolfers piece that multipliers act only during the period of stimulus spending, and she faults Friedman for misunderstanding stocks and flows. It should be obvious, however, that a measure which provokes additional private investment can claim credit for economic activity induced by that additional investment. If Ms. Romer is suggesting otherwise, she is wrong."
In a nice turn of phrase, Harvey suggests that, contra Larry Summers' mantra, in the midst of the debates about the appropriate level of stimulus, that stimulus should be "timely, targeted and temporary," Sanders' proposed stimulus is (as it should be) "substantial, strategic and sustained."
James K. Galbraith, Boston Globe, The kerfuffle over Sanders' economic plan. A summary similar to his other pieces, but in a forum that will have reached a much broader audience.
James K. Galbraith, interviewed on the Real News Network, Attacks on Sanders Economic Plan By Former CEA Chairs Are Irresponsible. Some nice detail in this interview, conducted by TRNN's Sharmini Peries, that hasn't appeared in his earlier written statements. The summary: "So what we had here was a, what was essentially an academic exercise that produced a result that was highly favorable to the Sanders position, and showed that if you did an ambitious program you would get a strong growth response. It's reasonable, certainly, for the first three or four years that that would transpire in practice. And what happened was that people who didn't like that result politically jumped on it in a way which was, frankly speaking, professionally irresponsible, in my view. It was designed to convey the impression, which it succeeded in doing for a brief while through the broad media, that this was not a reputable exercise, and that there were responsible people on one side of the debate, and irresponsible people on the other.And that was, again, something that–an impression that could be conveyed through the mass media, but would not withstand scrutiny, and didn't withstand scrutiny, once a few of us stood up and started saying, okay, where's your evidence, on what are you basing this argument? And revealed the point, which the Romers implicitly conceded, and I give them credit for that, that in order to criticize a fellow economist you need to do some work."
Michael S. Gordon, Boston Globe, Socialists, look to economists at UMass Amherst for support. In light of the huge uptick in the number of people in the U.S. who call themselves "socialists" (see below), this headline isn't as snide or marginalizing as it might have seemed a couple of years ago. Look for an uptick in applications to the UMass-Amherst econ department from all those millennial Berniegals and -bros.
Annie Lowrey, New York magazine, Who's Winning the Great Bernie Magic-Math Battle? Follow up to an earlier piece (something of a hit piece) by Lowrey, Bernie Sanders Has Started Thinking Like a Republican (where Bernie is "thinking like a Republican" because "He has no interest in garnering respectability and credibility among Establishment Democrats," with the suggestion that he is willing to make unrealistic promises). Despite her continued use of the derogatory and tendentious term "magic math," the more recent piece is more favorable to Friedman:
"The truth is that it seems impossible for Sanders's economic plans to do what Friedman thinks they would. But the whole debate has underscored that our current growth rates are as much a function of policy as they are of anything else, and that we need not resign ourselves to growing at 2 percent a year, year after year. Maybe the technocrat wonks are right. But maybe Hillary Clinton should be promising to try for 5 percent growth herself. Smarter policies —infrastructure investment, early childhood education, making work pay, rebuilding the safety net, declining to raise interest rates and choke off a recovery — would all help bolster the economy. Five percent growth over a decade might be fantastical, but 5 percent in a few years might not be."
Two pieces I had missed on the keruffle:
Mark Thoma, The Fiscal Times (Feb. 23), Here's Why Bernie Sanders' 5% Growth Plan Isn't Crazy After All. Another prominent left-leaning economist weighing in on Friedman's side. Thoma quotes former Minneapolis Fed chair (whose blog posts I linked to in my last post):
"Narayana Kocherlakota argues 'that there are good reasons to believe that, with appropriate stimulus, it would be possible to achieve growth outcomes of around 5-6 percent per year for the next four years.' But we won't know unless we try. The inflation risk is minimal, and we owe the households who have struggled so much during the recession and the long, drawn out recovery the best possible chance we can give them of finding a decent job."
Greg Ip, Wall Street Journal (Feb. 19), To Match Lofty Growth Goals, Presidential Candidates Need Better Plans. Discussion of what Ip views as overly optimistic growth promises from both Sanders and Republicans; an early criticism of Friedman's report, but he appears to have actually read it: "Mr. Friedman claims a big deficit-financed stimulus, increased entitlements and redistribution would achieve this. That seems implausible; Barack Obama, after all, did all three (though by less than Mr. Sanders would), and labor-force participation and productivity growth have trended down. Indeed, in theory, increased social transfers and marginal tax rates tend to reduce labor-force participation, and increased regulation hurts productivity growth." He concludes: "There's nothing wrong with outside-the-box thinking. That's what got the U.S. out of the Great Depression. But so far, what the candidates have offered doesn't measure up. Either more realistic goals or far more unorthodox thinking is in order." Sounds good–let's go for much bigger stimulus and government intervention than Sanders is calling for!
Related Items on Candidates' Health Care Proposals (or Lack Thereof):
Beverly Mann, Angry Bear, Clinton Announces When She Will Disclose Her Healthcare Insurance Improvement Plan: She'll announce it just as soon as the Republican presidential candidates tell us theirs. (Via Naked Capitalism.) See also Ben Mathis-Lilley, Slate, Hillary Clinton Doesn't Have a Practical Plan, or Any Plan, for Universal Health Care Coverage. So much for "pragmatism." As David Sirota pointed out on Twitter, in its efforts to hitch Clinton to Obama's parade, the Clinton campaign sometimes overstates Obama's achievements, including on health care: "See this quote from Clinton campaign, then note that 30+ million don't have health insurance:"
Find this statement on Hillary Clinton's campaign site, here. So maybe the reason Clinton doesn't seem to have a plan to make health care universal is that she believes her own false claim that it is already universal (and affordable–which Obamacare isn't either).
Is Clinton much better than Trump on this score? See Roy Poses, Health Care Renewal blog, It Has Come to This? – Donald Trump's "Truly Absurd," "Word Salad," "Gibberish" Health Care Policy. (This also via Naked Capitalism.) This piece makes fun of the "word salad" and "gibberish" in Trumps debate answers about health care, mostly endless repeating that he will "get rid of the lines between states." More recently, though, Trump has gone beyond revisionist cartography by posting more details about his health care reform ideas on his website. Besides repeal of Obamacare and "[m]odify[ing] existing law that inhibits the sale of health insurance across state lines," the reform plans include allowing taxpayers to deduct premium payments, plus health savings account. Standard "free-market" fare, but trust him, "It's gonna be great."
Meanwhile, Sanders' plan has gotten more scrutiny than Clinton's and Trump's non-plans. In an earlier post I mentioned the piece from WashPo Wonkblog, Study: Bernie Sanders's health plan is actually kind of a train wreck for the poor. This is the one that only cited Kenneth Thorpe's study, and not the critiques of it by Friedman and by Woolhandler/Himmelstein. Where's the scrutiny for Clinton's failure to explain how she's going make Obamacare truly universal?
Our current issue, which just went out to e-subscribers and is being mailed soon to print subscribers, includes a column by Gerald Friedman on Sanders' health care proposals. I'll post that to the website soon–probably next week.
Several pieces about the leftward shift in U.S. politics (without a corresponding leftward shift among establishment elites):
Gertrude Schaffner Goldberg and Sheila D. Collins, HuffPo, Diminishing Expectations: For Whom? Great piece by two friends of D&S (see Trudy Goldberg's Jan/Feb 2015 cover story, Where Are Today's Left Movements?: What we can learn from the millions who demonstrated for jobs, government relief, and collective bargaining rights in the 1930s). The first paragraph gives the lie to Clinton's claim to be the best candidate for people of color: "In a debate with former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton Senator Sanders referred to the achievements of the Nordic countries in providing such things as universal health care and free higher education as models for the United States. Secretary Clinton responded by saying, 'I love Denmark, but the United States is not Denmark.' What does that mean? The allusion is not to insufficient economic resources but to unrealistic political expectations. Sometimes the excuse or barrier is our 'diversity.' In the final analysis, one might infer from that explanation that we would extend these benefits if it didn't mean that they would be provided to persons of color, immigrants or other groups somehow regarded as alien and undeserving." (Clinton's remark about Denmark is another example of how easily she picks up right-wing talking points against social-democratic goals; this is on par with her criticisms of Sanders for promising "free stuff" and her promise not to raise taxes on the middle class (which would make it hard to replace premium-supported Obamacare with a tax-funded single-payer system).)
This piece reads well alongside Doug Henwood's Post-Hope Democrats, which I linked to in an earlier post.
Harold Myerson, The Guardian, Why are there suddenly millions of socialists in America? "It used to be a dirty word. Bernie Sanders helped remove the stigma – but it's the spectacular failure of capitalism that has really changed people's minds." An excerpt:
"Bernie Sanders's presidential campaign has made clear that many Democrats are inclined to vote for a candidate who proclaims himself a democratic socialist, but even more dramatic and consequential are the many Democrats who say they're socialists themselves. In a poll on the eve of the Iowa caucuses, more than 40% of likely Democratic caucus attendees said they were socialists. In a Boston Globe poll on the eve of the New Hampshire primary, 31% of New Hampshire Democratic voters called themselves socialists; among voters under 35, just over half did. And in late February, a Bloomberg poll of likely voters in the Democratic primary in South Carolina – South Carolina! – showed that 39% described themselves as socialists.
"Favorable views of socialism aren't limited to Sanders supporters. The 39% of South Carolina Democrats who call themselves socialists exceeded by 13 percentage points the number who actually voted for Sanders. In a New York Times poll last November 56% of Democrats – including 52% of Hillary Clinton supporters – said they held a favorable view of socialism. Nor was this sway toward socialism triggered by Sanders's candidacy: as far back as 2011, a Pew poll revealed, fully 49% of Americans (not just Democrats) under 30 had a positive view of socialism, while just 47% had a favorable opinion of capitalism."
See also: Peter Beinart, The Atlantic, Why America Is Moving Left. An interesting piece, but hard to follow because of the author's use of the term "liberalism" to mean "left," and the author's suggestion that Obama is liberal/left, as in this thesis statement: "There is a backlash against the liberalism of the Obama era. But it is louder than it is strong. Instead of turning right, the country as a whole is still moving to the left." Shouldn't he instead say that there is simultaneously a left-wing backlash against neoliberal Obama, and a right-wing reaction against that backlash (and against whatever socially liberal elements or imagined "left" or "socialist" elements there are in the Obama administration)?
Ethan Young, Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, A Political Revolution for the U.S. Left. Much better piece. "The U.S. Left is in the process of emerging from decades of decline. It entered the Obama years in terrible shape: politically incoherent, cut off from its historical continuity, and organizationally and socially fragmented. Yet in the last years there have been signs of awakening, and in the past few months a new progressive insurgency has appeared, piercing public consciousness in a way not seen in generations.
"The most distinctive form this insurgency takes is the Bernie Sanders campaign for the Democratic Party nomination for president in 2016. Sanders is the first self-proclaimed socialist to win a national audience since Eugene V. Debs ran as the Socialist Party's presidential candidate in the early 20th century, and the size of his base is arguably greater than that of any socialist leader in U.S. history."
Two pieces on the Democratic primaries:
Jim Naureckas, FAIR/Extra! blog, NYT Works Hard to Present Primary Race as More Boring Than It Is. This is a searing critique of the NYT's post-Super Tuesday piece that originally bore the headline "Wins for Sanders in Liberal Strongholds," but eventually read Minority Voters Push Hillary Clinton to Victories. As Naureckas rightly points out, it's ridiculous to call Oklahoma and Colorado "liberal strongholds."
Corey Robin, from his blog, Super Tuesday: March Theses. Republished at the Jacobin website as The Primary Isn't Over (whose title I would have edited to "The Primaries Are Not Over"). Excellent points about how the Super Tuesday results are not as good for Clinton as many have suggested. After Super Tuesday, Clinton has ten states and Sanders has five, but: "[t]he elections in Nevada, Iowa, and Massachusetts were either close or extraordinarily close. A little bit more time here, a little bit more organizing there, and they could easily have tipped his way. In other words, Sanders could very easily have seven states now to Clinton's eight. He doesn't, and coulda shoulda woulda is just that. But what this does mean, going forward, is that we have the opportunity to turn potential into actual. We've got time, we've got organizing, we've got money: let's make use of it all." Others have pointed out that Clinton's wins on Tuesday were in the south, states which (with the exception of Virginia) neither Democrat would be likely to win in the general election. So Sanders' wins in Oklahoma and Colorado may be more significant. What's more, in the 2008 Democratic primaries, Clinton won CA, NY, NJ, MA, FL, CA, PA, TX, and a bunch of smaller states, and still lost to Obama, as this map shows:
(*Remember that the delegates assigned from the MI and FL primaries were disqualified, because those states held their primaries earlier than the DNC allowed. Still, the rest of the states I listed are big states.) This surely had to do partly with the (small) margins by which she won those big states and the (large) margins by which she lost the less populous states that Obama won. But all this is to say that it is far from clear that Clinton will inevitably win the primaries. As Robin says, "Clinton's strongest weapon is the aura of inevitability that she and her supporters and the media have concocted around her." I would add that one of her weaknesses may be a sense of complacency among her supporters about the upcoming primaries; Sanders supporters can take advantage of that by heeding Robin's advice to make use of the time, money, and organizing that we have on our side. (I myself canvassed in NH and MA and will make phone calls to likely Democratic voters in upcoming primary states. Maybe you should too.)
Posted on March 4, 2016 March 4, 2016 Author Chris SturrTags Annie Lowrey, Beverly Mann, Christina Romer, Corey Robin, David Romer, David Sirota, Democratic primaries 2016, Doug Henwood, Extra!, FAIR, Gerald Friedman, Greg Ip, James K. Galbraith, Jim Naureckas, Mark Thoma, Naked Capitalism, Real News Network, Sharmini PeriesLeave a comment
More Links on Kerfuffle about Friedman's Sanders Analysis
Here are more links related to the kerfuffle surrounding our columnist Gerald Friedman's research paper on the likely macroeconomic effects if Bernie Sanders economic policies were implemented. (Find the full 53-page paper here.)
David Dayen, The New Republic, The Pious Attacks on Bernie Sanders's "Fuzzy" Economics. "I don't feel it necessary to defend Friedman, though it's worth pointing out that his economic growth numbers would simply eliminate the GDP gap [links to the FT Alphaville piece we linked to the other day] that was created by the Great Recession and was never filled in the subsequent years of slow growth—which should be the goal of public policy, however "extreme" it sounds. What I do want to challenge is the idea that there's one serious, evidence-based way to perform economic forecasting. The truth is that most economic forecasts that look several years into the future are flawed, almost by definition."
Dean Baker, HuffPo, The Four Economists' Big Letter. Dean says he agrees with the substance of the CEA ex-chair's critique (he's skeptical of Friedman's growth projections), but not their "tone" of authority. "I respect all four of these people as economists, but I want to hear their argument, not their credentials. How about just giving the evidence? It might not be as dramatic, but it could have considerably more impact." More recently at his CEPR blog Beat the Press, there's this from Dean: President Obama's Council of Economic Advisers Confirms Sanders' Growth Projections, in which he discusses a section of the 2016 Economic Report of the President and a section "an that provides insight into the question of how fast the economy can grow, and more importantly how low the unemployment rate can go" and the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU). Obama's CEA report "is hardly an endorsement of the specifics or the even the size of the Sanders agenda (and certainly not the now famous growth projections from Gerald Friedman), but it does argue for pushing the envelope in terms of bringing down the unemployment rate." (Why Dean is engaged in line-drawing here, subtly suggesting that Jerry's not credible, is beyond me.)
Gerald Friedman, Response to Krugman. A response to a really condescending blog post by Krugman, Lack of Power Corrupts. Krugman really smears Friedman.
Bill Black, New Economic Perspectives blog, Krugman and the Gang of 4 Need to Apologize for Smearing Gerald Friedman. Excellent skewering of the "Gang of 4" CEA ex-chairs. See also Yves Smith's introduction to her reposting of Bill's post at Naked Capitalism, Krugman and His Gang's Libeling of Economist Gerald Friedman for Finding That Conventional Models Show That Sanders Plan Could Work.
Richard Wolff, via email: "As a colleague of Jerry Friedman for decades, I know directly of his consistently careful work in economic history and applied economics, his exceptional commitment to teaching, and the immense time and effort he has committed to doing detailed explorations of the economics of health insurance–explorations his detractors might have learned from had their commitments not been otherwise. Shame on them."
J.W. Mason, at his blog (The Slack Wire), Plausibility. A follow up to the earlier post of his we linked to, Can Sanders Do It?. He gives two scatter-plot graphs, one showing "the initial deviation of real per-capita GDP from its long run trend, and the average growth rate over the following ten years, for 1925 through 2005," the other showing the same thing for just 1947-2005 (so it eliminates the Depression and WWII years). He argues that for either, Friedman's GDP growth projections don't look so implausible; even less so if you take out "the seven points well below the line in the middle are 1999-2005, whose 10-year growth windows include the Great Recession." His upshot: "Should the exceptionally poor performance of this period make us more pessimistic about medium-term growth prospects (it's sign of supply-side exhaustion) or more optimistic (it's a sign of a demand gap that can be filled)? This is not an easy question to answer. But just counting up previous growth rates won't help answer it." His earlier blog post has been republished under a new title at the Jacobin website: When Wonks Attack. Subtitle/teaser: "Beltway wonks are dismissing Bernie Sanders's economic plan as unserious and unrealistic. Here's why they're wrong."
Brad DeLong, at his blog (Grasping Reality…) No: We Can't Wave a Magic Demand Wand Now and Get the Recovery We Threw Away in 2009. Responding to the Mike Konczal post we linked to. I wish people would stop the talk of magic wands and unicorns and fantasy and voodoo and puppies and unicorns. It's just uncharitable and undignified. It reminds me of the infantilizing language Republicans and Clintonites use about Sanders' proposals (e.g., saying that he's promising people "free stuff" including "free ponies"). It's that grown-up stance, talking down to the rest of us.
Kevin Drum, Mother Jones blog, On Second Thought, Maybe Bernie Sanders' Growth Claims Aren't As Crazy As I Thought. Back-pedaling, in light (it seems) of Jamie Galbraith's full-throated defense of the plausibility of Friedman's analysis. No apology for calling his GDP growth projections "insane" without having examined the analysis. (I asked for an apology on Twitter. But that never works.)
Jasper Craven, VTDigger.org, Economist, Others, Defend Sanders 'Stimulus' Plans as Realistic. A local Vermont summary of the kerfuffle. Hat-tip Nancy B. A nice piece (though he identifies the D&S Economy in Numbers columns as Jerry's reports, but again, Jerry's main Sanders report is "yuge"–some 53 pages long, including appendices and sources).
Andrew Perez and David Sirota, International Business Times' Political Capital blog, Bernie Sanders Economic Plans Questioned By Critics With Ties To Wall Street, Hillary Clinton.
Ron Baiman, Postscript (Feb 21) to his earlier D&S blog post (Feb 19), The Poverty of Neoclassical Analysis: "Unfortunately, even, politically liberal, mainstream or 'Neoclassical', economists do not believe that massive increases in effective demand, or other large scale public spending and policy measures, can produce lasting major and fundamental structural changes in the economy (in spite of the examples of the New Deal, WWII, etc. ). They also don't accept Verdoorn's law (which Friedman employs) in spite of numerous empirical studies and common sense validation: long-term growth in demand leads to increased investment and thus increases in productivity and by implication structural changes in the economy. NC 'Keynesians' believe only in short-term Keynesianism — not in a long term principle of effective demand. To the extent that Friedman (rightly) employs a long-term 'Post Keynesian' principle like Verdoorn's law (in addition to all of the other standard techniques that he uses) he crosses a line that NC economists will not cross. I belatedly remembered after writing and posting this piece, that Friedman had employed Verdoorn's Law in his study of the long-term economic impact of Bernienomics."
And in case you missed it two weeks ago:
Tami Luhby, CNN Money (Feb. 8), Under Sanders, income and jobs would soar, economist says. The article that likely ignited the kerfuffle (rather than our two columns by Friedman based on his research); this is where a large audience saw Friedman's big GDP growth estimates. And this is where the Sanders campaign appeared to endorse Friedman's findings. "Sanders' policy director, Warren Gunnels, also defended the estimates, noting the candidate is thinking big."
That's it for now. I'm sure there will be another follow-up to this post.
Posted on February 22, 2016 March 9, 2016 Author Chris SturrTags Andrew Perez, Bernie Sanders, David Dayen, David Sirota, Dean Baker, Democratic primaries 2016, GDP growth, Gerald Friedman, Hillary Clinton, J.W. Mason, Jasper Craven, Kevin Drum, Mother Jones, Paul Krugman, Richard Wolff, Ron Baiman, Tami Luhby, William K. Black, Yves Smith6 Comments


We all have those ugly eyesores in our yard. Trash cans, utility meters, AC units… you know, those "things" that your home can't run without, but you wonder why no one has figured out a way to make them look better? In a small home, these things can look even worse because they demand more attention. Your home might be smaller than others, but those eyesores aren't! Lucky for you, some creative folks in the blogging world agree, and have come up with these DIY ways to hide outdoor eyesores! So get ready for greater curb appeal, and hide the ugly!
Want to cover up the indoor ugly too? Then visit our post, hide the ugly – indoors!
'The Kim Six Fix' shows us how to hide an AC unit with this project, and her DIY air conditioner screen tutorial takes you step by step through how to get it done. This would work for heat pumps, propane tanks or electrical boxes as well. Lot's of photos in this tutorial, as well as her plans for building.
This solution to hide that AC unit from 'Housepet' is one of my favorites. I really dig the alternating slats. They did this air conditioner fence with rebar and wood slats, and have a short tutorial with the how-to.
Another example of a similar project to hide an air conditioner unit by 'Roots and Shoots'.
Our next photo from 'Living with Aloha', is an electrical box cover. In addition, it could also be used to hide an ac unit as well.
One of the main reasons to hide outdoor eyesores is obviously to improve curb appeal. And one of the most common problems is how to hide trash cans.
We all have them, and they are all icky. This woven wood privacy screen from 'The Sawdust Maker' is a lot easier to make than it looks, and they not only have a tutorial, but free printable plans. Love that they did something so different that would go with so many different styled homes.
This DIY waste bin enclosure by 'House Tweaking' was made with cedar, so it will last. And cedar tends to look better with age, so it's a great choice for outdoor projects. The "after" photo shows you just how much of a difference this can make to your curb appeal!
This trash can enclosure from 'British Standard Fence' doesn't have a tutorial, but gives you an idea how you can customize these projects to hide outdoor eyesores. This is old barn wood, but pallet wood is cheap or free and would give the same look.
So now that you have a few of these projects down, take a look at this pool pump enclosure by 'Peter Walker Furniture'. This isn't a tutorial, but you could modify one of the previous outdoor eyesore projects with a hinged lid.
Sometimes a home builder does you an even worse one… They put those ugly gas and utilty meters on your house in plain view. Luckily, this pretty DIY wood screen from 'Remodelaholic' is perfect solution to hide those utility meters! Adding the address numbers to it made it look like decorative fencing, and you don't even know it's a disguise.
Finally, from 'Provident Home Design', we have this trick for hiding your outdoor utility meters. This wood screen was made from inexpensive fence boards. Looks very farmhouse cool, don't ya think?
If you liked this post on how to hide outdoor eyesores, you may want to check out our post on How to Reupholster Almost Anything and Boost Your Home Value with Easy DIY Projects!
It may look more appealing but there are many codes and restrictions when dealing with electrical / gas / plumbing / HVAC that must be followed with proper clearances… As a professional I always try to install everything I do in the best manor to provide functionally/performance/ and aesthetics …. However, you cannot just "cover up" anything you think is an eyesore… unless you understand your local codes and eqiupment your best bet is to contact a qualified technician before attempting to restrict service/performance to a vital part of your home.
So I'm confused, how can a meter reader check the meters if they are covered up? I understand how easy it would be for the white one, but not the dark one.
Be careful covering up A/C condensing units. They need plenty of air flow to work properly. Also, make sure the hide is easy to disassemble. If not, it makes servicing/repairing the unit difficult to impossible.
So I tried to hide my meters and got yelled at by the utility companies. Anyone else have that problem?
You can hide the meters as long as they can still easily access them… of course they still need to be able to read them. Has anyone else had an issue like this?
This is really clever solution. I like how they came out, really resembles a farmhouse. So cool!


"Men falling behind women" | Counter Racist Clips from The C.O.W.S.
This entry was posted on March 8, 2011 by cowsclips. It was filed under Uncategorized and was tagged with Men falling behind women Racism "White Supremacy" Justice "White Privilege" "Neely Fuller Jr" "Counter Racist" So called Hispanic Latino Asian African Black Arab "Native American" Aboriginal Nonwhite.


Software that is Free to download and If we talk on its Functions Then ofcourse, Its very very Good Software.
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Q: pipelined function Can someone provide an example of how to use parallel table function in oracle pl/sql. We need to run massive queries for 15 years and combine the result.
SELECT *
  FROM Table(TableFunction(cursor(SELECT * FROM year_table)))

...is what we want effectively. The innermost select will give all the years, and the table function will take each year and run massive query and returns a collection. The problem we have is that all years are being fed to one table function itself, we would rather prefer the table function being called in parallel for each of the year. We tried all sort of partitioning by hash and range and it didn't help.
Also, can we drop the keyword PIPELINED from the function declaration? because we are not performing any transformation and just need the aggregate of the resultset.

A: There's an excellent write-up here.
There are alternative approaches (eg a 'master' job that cursors through YEAR_TABLE and submits a DBMS_JOB to process each year. Each 'year job' would insert its results into a table.
Once all the spawned jobs are finished, you just pull the results from the table.
PS. I suspect parallel pipelined won't do what you want though.
I created a large table with just three rows with a specific value.
I then created a parallel pipelined function that just pushed out the SID of the executing process (see below) and the number of rows it processes.
I had an SQL that picked out those three rows, and passed that as the the cursor into the function.
Mostly the function pushed out two different SIDs (which is what EXPLAIN PLAN told me it picked as the parallelism degree). Sometimes it showed two processes had ed executed, but all three rows were processed by one of those processes.
So it isn't the case that rows will be picked from the cursor and passed to the parallel slaves to be processed, but rather each parallel process will be given a slice of the driving table to deal with. With a small table, it probably wouldn't consider parallel and even if it did, it may just allocate the first 50 rows to the first process etc.
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION test_pp(p_source     IN SYS_REFCURSOR)
   RETURN TAB_CHAR_4000  PIPELINED
   PARALLEL_ENABLE (PARTITION p_source BY ANY)
IS
   v_num NUMBER;
BEGIN
   FETCH p_source INTO v_num;
   WHILE p_source%FOUND LOOP
            PIPE ROW(sys_context('USERENV','SID'));
            FETCH p_source INTO v_num;
   END LOOP;
     PIPE ROW(sys_context('USERENV','SID')||':'||p_source%ROWCOUNT);
   CLOSE p_source;
   RETURN;
END test_pp;
/

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School district reorganization is an ongoing process intended to enable school districts to best satisfy educational needs. Urban, suburban and rural schools encounter certain similar problems while attaining a district's optimum organization; not all are educational in nature. Peshkin (1982) suggests the school is a highly important focal point of community and personal identity. Considering such potentially significant emotions, it is not difficult to visualize community resistance to a school closing.
Johnson, Marvin, "School District Reorganization: Review and Recommendations for Douglas County, Nebraska" (1985). Student Work. 2548.


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3BG
Send Package to Uganda?
Simple things can get so complicated! I wanted to send a couple of old unlocked phones to Brian in Uganda but keep running into situations that make you wonder if it's worth it. It's between $50 and $80 USD just to send from here by the U.S. Postal Service depending on what service you choose and what value you claim. To ensure correctly it would be about $400 USD in case something happened. Once it gets to Uganda the tariffs and duties on a $400 package would be almost another $100 USD. If I claim only $50 then Brian would only have to pay about $15 USD. What do you do?
Spinal Cord Issues!!!
Outreach in Iganga!!!
School Receipt for Entebbe Children!!!
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One night the Rebbe Naphtali was on the road to Kozhenitz. In the inn where he had stopped to rest, a wedding was in full swing; the men and women were drinking and eating and singing. Only the Bride was sad, terribly sad. Rebbe Naphtali, who was travelling incognito, wanted to console her. "Why are you sad?" he asked her. "Because," she answered, " there is something missing in this wedding, something essential to make it festive and joyous. A jester! There is no jester here to make us laugh-- that's why I am sad." "Is that all?!" the Rebbe creid out. "Then stop being sad! For the heavens, may they be blessed, have forseen this possibility. They have sent me here tonight to dispell your sadness, for I am a badkhan by profession, a troubadour and jester-- a wedding specialist!"
And he began to compose rhymes about the company, the inkeeper, the rabbi, and the canto. And he did with so much talent, so much humor, that all the guests fell under his spell and responded by laughing loud and hard. And the bride, too, was amused. To make her even happier, he sang with great exhuberance and told funny stories-- and danced.
All around the table the guests were shaking with laughter, and up there, in paradise, the sages and the saints, sitting around their Master and ours, interrupted their studies and listened, and laughed. And angels forgot their nocturnal missions and flapped their wings and laughed, and laughed. And in the palace of the heavenly tribunal, the judges stopped judging and sentencing, for the prosecutor had stopped prosecuting, and they too, could not resist laughter.
Later the Maggid of Kozhenitz would say this to his friend and disciple: "Naphtali, Naphtali, are you aware of your own strength? What I cannot accomplish with my tears, you accomplish with laughter!"


text:
Home News Latin
Sebastián Yatra Kicks Off The New Year With a New Single "Amor Pasajero"
Multi-platinum artist Sebastián Yatra returns with a new single "Amor Pasajero" featured along with an official video
The idea was created by Sebastián Yatra and it was directed by 'Adios'/'Chica Ideal' visual collaborator Joaquín Cambre. The official video sees an unknown bride-to-be hijack Sebastián Yatra's ride from the airport to pick up her groom who is late for their wedding. Later, Belén Negri plays the Latin music maker's own love interest whom he views after a battle on the futbol field at the wedding of his new friend, but was it just a concussed fantasy?
He co-composed the track with a few collaborators, including Andres Torres and Mauricio Rengifo, who produced the song.
Sebastián Yatra does not focus on genres. When the singer and songwriter begins a project, he makes music from the heart and explores new sounds. The 17-track 'Dharma' release showcases the music maker's continued music versatility across music styles — pre-save the album here!
Sebastián Yatra Announces 'Dharma World Tour'
5 Moments Of New Music Featuring Amber Mark, Sebastián Yatra, renforshort, Chelsea Cutler, and PINK SWEAT$
The headline show promises performances full of emotions, dancing, with a set list that promises fan-favorite hits like "Tacones Rojos," "Robarte Un Beso", "Traicionera", "TBT", "Chica Ideal" and "Pareja del Año" as well as new music.
The talented Colombian singer-songwriter's performance of the song "DOS ORUGUITAS" ("TWO CATERPILLARS") from The Walt Disney animated film "ENCANTO" has also been nominated for the 2022 Golden Globes Awards, and Critics Choice Film Awards. The song is nominated for "Best Original Song-Film" and "Best Song" respectively, honoring the original work by acclaimed composer Lin-Manuel Miranda. The track is also highlighted on the Oscar's coveted "short list" for an Academy Award nomination this year!
Tags: Sebastián Yatra
LIT killah Goes For New Massive Anthem 'NEON'
Tiago PZK Drops New Single 'Bemaste'
Le Coco Delivers a New Dreamy Single "Cristales"
Justin Quiles And Myke Towers Bring Us New Hot Single 'Whiskey Y Coco'
Natti Natasha Shares a New Stunning Single 'TO' ESTO ES TUYO'


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Detroit Future City opens center to advance economic equity in Detroit and region
DFC Executive Director Anika Goss
Detroit Future City has announced the opening of a new department to build on the organization's portfolio of research and track economic equity in Detroit and the region.
The Center for Equity, Engagement, and Research was introduced this morning before about 200 community leaders at DFC's Equity Forum, which featured a keynote by esteemed PolicyLink Founder in Residence Angela Glover Blackwell, one of the nation's foremost leaders in racial and economic equity. The event also will include a panel discussion with local business and community leaders about the importance of economic equity in the region.
"Through DFC's research, we have noted several startling economic inequities that are plaguing our region's growth and the prosperity of its residents," said Anika Goss, Detroit Future City's executive director. "After three years of developing relevant and thought-provoking research, DFC realized we needed to strengthen this work to drive measurable change and impact.
"Through the formation of the Center, DFC will use evidence-based research and employ our engagement work to set benchmarks, track progress, involve stakeholders and, most importantly, hold our region accountable for achieving this critically important goal of economic equity," Goss said.
DFC's research has identified that only one-quarter of Detroit households are middle class, compared with 38 percent of the households in the region. Additionally, in Detroit, nearly 40 percent of residents live in areas of concentrated poverty, which is well above state and national averages. These statistics, coupled with the fact that over half of Detroit residents are renters, leaves the majority of the city's population very vulnerable.
DFC received seed funding from the Hudson-Webber Foundation and The Kresge Foundation to support an intensive yearlong planning effort for the Center for Equity, Engagement, and Research. The primary objectives during the planning phase were to establish a common definition of economic equity; create an equity indicator dashboard; engage civic and community leaders, and residents, around the effort; and develop technology that will allow stakeholders to track indicators over time.
"The Detroit Future City framework released in 2012 identified assets that the community can build on and highlighted opportunities for creating jobs, fostering economic growth and ensuring vibrant, healthy neighborhoods," said Wendy Lewis Jackson, managing director of Kresge's Detroit Program. "Kresge supported that planning effort and the establishment of Detroit Future City as an ongoing organization to steward that vision. Now the Center explicitly puts equity where it belongs at the center of our conversations and plans for the city's continued revitalization."
Detroit Future City is in the process of hiring a director to lead the Center as a division of the nonprofit, which also will have a resident-scholar program to attract national experts on equitable economic development to Detroit.
"The Hudson-Webber Foundation's grant to support DFC is intended to build the research, data, stakeholder engagement, and advocacy capacity of the community economic development field within the city," said Melanca Clark, president and CEO of Hudson-Webber Foundation. "DFC has consistently demonstrated that it is an active collaborator among the private, philanthropic, and public sectors, and Hudson-Webber views support for the Center as an important complement to the economic equity work the foundation regularly supports to drive shared prosperity in Detroit, and as an investment that will help our region hold itself accountable to this goal."
Over the last three years, DFC has released three major publications – "139 Square Miles," "Growing Detroit's African-American Middle Class," and "The 2019 Detroit Reinvestment Index" – as well as a number of reports on transit, Detroit's rental housing market, green infrastructure and vacant industrial sites.
"Our recent reports have allowed us to advance these recommendations in the Strategic Framework in the context of today's Detroit, providing current data and relevant policy considerations. This work is done to support our primary goal of empowering Detroiters with credible and accessible information so that they can serve as informed advocates for their community."
DFC was formed in 2013 and officially became an independent nonprofit in 2016. The organization serves as a "think-and-do tank" with three main program areas: community and economic development, land use and sustainability and now the Center for Equity, Engagement, and Research.
For more information about the Center for Equity, Engagement, and Research and to track its progress through the planning effort, go to www.detroitfuturecity.com/thecenter.
Financial Planning & Analysis Director Nikita Miller to also manage Kresge facilities
General Foundation News
PNC Bank and Kresge announce $57.3 million in financing to support Marygrove P-20 Project


Question of the Week: How many makeup products do you use for an everyday face?
I don't really use a ton of products for my everyday face, but what I consider a lot of makeup and you consider a lot of makeup could be two very different things. I typically wear a foundation, setting powder, blush, eyeshadow, brow pencil, mascara, and lipbalm. It is a put together face but I don't really think that 7 products is too much.
Check out some of my favorite posts from the ladies of The Lipstick League – week of 8.24.15!
Blushing Noir – Check out the collab with butter London and Allure Magazine… plus enter to WIN a set! Get you some arm candy!
EauMG – went to NY Now's Summer '15 trade show. Here's the products and trends that stood out to her in the wonderful world of home fragrance and bath/body products.
Glitter.Gloss.Garbage – Check out Aprill's refreshing Freeman Beauty Sweet Tea and Lemon mask review.
Gouldylox Reviews – I'm obsessed with these necklaces! Check them out and score your own with my coupon code just for you!
Love for Lacquer – May the beauty force be with you! Jess has a few lipstick swatches of the NEW Covergirl x Star Wars collection! Will you choose the lightside or the darkside?
My Newest Addiction – Laura shared her 3 steps to fabulous nails this week and you aren't going to believe how easy it is!
Nouveau Cheap – There's always a certain level of risk when it comes to beauty box subscriptions (will we actually like/use the products we get?), but here's a beauty box that's been pretty awesome for me so far (and it's only $15 per month).
Phyrra – Do you have Obsessive Compulsive Cosmetics Lip Tars but want the new RTWs (Ready to Wear)? Try my quick and easy How to DIY OCC RTWs!
Prime Beauty – discovers the perfect eyeshadow if you like shimmer but don't like the fallout. Josie Maran Coconut Water Eyeshadow makes eyes glow!
we heart this – Can you really make your own lip balm?! You TOTALLY can make your own lip balm! Look at you, adding tints and essential oils like a boss.
Beautygeeks – Cranky complexions seem to react to so many things – sleep deprivation, environment, ingredients…. Three top dermatologists weigh in on stress and whether zen is even a thing for sensitive skin.
Beauty Junkies Unite – If you're all about versatility and customization when it comes to your face products, then prepare to meet your new best friend.
Guest Post of the Week, as chosen by Blushing Noir – Rae from The RAEviewer is one of my biggest enablers! She recently gave us a peek at the new Christian Louboutin Lip Colours and I'm already lusting for them!


text:
3 Undeniable truths about your first love
by Bethany Ramos
Bethany Ramos
http://twitter.com/bethany_ramos
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April 23, 2015 at 9:00am AM EDT
Paul Bradbury
Catch anyone in an honest moment, and they'll tell you that their first love was unforgettable. No matter what life stage you are in, that familiar song playing on the radio, the smell of that old perfume or memories from that perfect summer when you were 18 can still catch you off-guard. Cheesy love songs are written about it for a reason.
Related story How to Have a 'Hot Lover Summer' — Even If It Feels Like It's Already Over
My first love made a huge impression on me. I was 18, and he was 20. We were very much in love, but I broke it off because I felt like I had to date and experience the world. I was just too young.
I was right, but that didn't make it easy. I ended it and bawled my eyes out for weeks afterward. Typical first heartbreak. Now I'm fortunate enough to be happily married to my best friend from high school, and we have two kids. But that doesn't mean I've forgotten my first love.
More: 13 Things all happy couples do in their marriages
I'm not the only one. Cherilynn Veland, psychotherapist and author of Stop Giving It Away, shares her own tale of young heartbreak, "I can still remember the heartbreak of my first love. His name was Dan. He had long black hair, wore Metallica T-shirts and tight black jeans. I loved him. I mean, I really loved him. I am 45, and I have never been more brokenhearted than that moment when Dan dumped me, standing there on my front lawn only a few months after I started back to college."
Why is it so special? Why does it make such an impression on the heart?
1. It only happens once
Image: giphy.com
After months of soul-searching, my non-expert theory is this: First love will always be special because it is doomed from the start.
April Masini of AskApril.com, relationship expert and author of four relationship advice books, explains, "First love is special because it's a first. Like most firsts, it will hold a place in your personal history. It marks the beginning of your articulation of romantic feelings. To be able to feel and show love is a big deal. Love is a catalyst for war, business and relationships. It shouldn't be underestimated!"
More: 7 Signs he said 'I love you' too soon
Veland adds, "Rarely does first love survive more than a short time because it usually happens in our teens or very early in adulthood. [But] that is what makes first love so special. It is the innocence with which we go into the relationship. We don't bring the baggage of past experiences with us. We haven't been crushed yet, so we don't bring those negative experiences into the relationship."
2. You can't fight the feeling
Once undeniable chemistry kicks in, you may be helpless against the pull of first love. "All relationships start with lust," says Dr. Ralph Diner, a psychologist in Los Angeles. "It's all about the chemistry and nature's way of assuring the propagation of mankind. Pheromones get it started; they are the secret ingredient in attraction. Oxytocin, known as the hormone of love, is the glue of love and Mother Nature is the culprit behind the affair. If pheromones are the secret ingredient in attraction of love and infatuation, oxytocin is the glue of the bonding. It's the couples' shared history and friendship that are the keys to relationship longevity and making it to that fiftieth anniversary."
Emotionally, first love magnetism is also inescapable, according to Diana Raab, Ph.D., contributor to Psychology Today and The Huffington Post, "First loves are alluring because their magic defies duplication. Before our first love, our hearts are a blank slate. Afterwards, they are inscribed with great memories, and those feelings are not easily purged."
3. It changes you forever
With marriage and kids under my belt, I have a greater respect for firsts. For most of us, your first love is the person you leave behind for a hundred different reasons, yet they shape how you view love for the rest of your life. For those who marry their first love, long-lasting love is possible if it evolves and changes to support the relationship, as Dr. Diner notes. My husband is an example of someone who married his first love unsuccessfully and was divorced just a few years later from his high school sweetheart.
More: The ABCs of getting divorced in one honest infographic
Tina B. Tessina, Ph.D., (aka "Dr. Romance") psychotherapist and author of Love Styles: How to Celebrate Your Differences, agrees, "First love sets the pattern for all loves to follow. We always thrill to physical looks that are similar to the first love, even when we wind up in a better relationship with someone who looks different."
Dr. Jane Greer, New York-based marriage and sex therapist, sums it up, "Everyone remembers their first love, so everyone can relate to this. As all these movies show, it doesn't always end well… The challenge is to hold on to the thrill and excitement that the romance brought you, and remember how you experienced yourself come alive with this first intimacy."
Fleeting first love is special because you only get it once, whether you stay together or not. It's the first chapter of your story that reminds you of who you were at a time when you were young and innocent. You were loved. You mattered to someone, and as Dr. Greer points out, that's reason enough to celebrate.
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This is how much Pakistani films made on Eid after Bollywood ban
June 19, 2018 by Trending Team
7 din Mohabbat in took the lead with PKR 3.5 crore on the first two days of Eid
Right before Eid, in a bid to promote Pakistani films on Eid, the Ministry of Information, Broadcasting, National History and Literary Heritage banned the screening of Bollywood films during Eid Holidays.
Seems like the ban on Bollywood films has worked in favor of Pakistani productions. The three Pakistani films released on Eid managed to make record-breaking openings.
A total of four films were released on Eid of which three were Pakistani and one was Hollywood.
Let's see how much each of the three films, '7 Din Mohabbat In', 'Wajood', and 'Azaadi' made during Eid.
7 Din Mohabbat In
The Mahira Khan starrar may have received mix reviews from critics and general public but that did not stop the film from making a record-breaking pre-booking opening for a Pakistani film.
The film collected 1.5 crores on the first day of Eid and earned 2 crores on the second day totaling 3.5 crores.
Azaadi
Moammar Rana's comeback Lollywood film received a lot of backlash from critics and the general public when its trailer was released a couple of months back.
But the film still managed to make 2.5 crores on Eid alone.
Wajood
Javed Sheikhs directorial return was the weakest of the three releases and failed to make as much as any of the other two releases.
The film only managed to make 50 lakhs on the first day with around 1.2 crores made on the second day.
Eid 2017 vs. Eid 2018 box office collections
The Bollywood ban certainly did help the local productions in terms of total box office collection.
Last year two Pakistani films, 'Yalghaar' and 'Mehrunissa V Lub U' clashed at the box office. Although the films faced no competition from Bollywood, they did have to face strict competition from Fast 8.
Reportedly, Yalghaar took the lead last year with 3.1 crores collected on first two days of Eid followed by Mehrunissa V Lub U with 1.8 crores.
Butlers Chocolate Cafe in Lahore sealed after 'food serving trays' were found drying near toilet
Pakistanis spent more than 10 Kharab Rupees on Eid shopping alone


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Q: Xcode for C Implementation - Random Generator - Environment Problems When you have a few files (see below), how do you get them all working inside Xcode for a C implementation?
These are the files that I've been given for this project:
pcg_basic.c
pcg_basic.h
pcg32-demo.c

Project guidelines:
http://www.pcg-random.org/using-pcg-c-basic.html
I am also unclear what should be copied to the main.c file. Can't get a grasp on this.
Apparently you also need to link the code with the pcg_basic.o.
(not sure how to do that, either)
I know the code does work because it was developed by an expert in this space. But everything I try in Xcode ("fails to build"), so I presume it must be the way I've set things up.
What am I doing wrong?
*Student here. I am totally new to programming. Thanks!
error snippet 1
error snippet 2
CODE
    /*
     * PCG Random Number Generation for C.
     * For additional information about the PCG random number generation   scheme,
     * including its license and other licensing options, visit
     *     http://www.pcg-random.org
     */
/*
 * This file was mechanically generated from tests/check-pcg32.c
 */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <string.h>

#include "pcg_basic.h"   <---pcg_basic.h not found

A: To setup:

*

*in Xcode <File/New/Project...>

*choose macOS template tab

*from there choose Command Line Tool

*in the Wizard choose C as language

Drag & drop your files (pcg_basic.h, pcg_basic.c, pcg32-demo.c) to the Xcode project navigator on the left where main.c resides. A dialog appears: make sure to check Copy items if needed. Then delete main.c in Xcode.
The program builds and runs then.
Demo


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Q: Filtering List of generic object for single generic instance I have a List of generic objects of type MyClass<T> of which I do not know the exact type: List<MyClass<? extends Object>>.
Is there a way to filter this list to obtain only those objects that have a specific T without casting or using instanceof?.
I have the feeling this can be done with the Visitor pattern and subclassing per specific instance of T (like MyClassString extends MyClass<String>, which is not a problem), but I do not want to implement a Visitor for every subclass:
class MyClassString extends MyClass<String> {

    public <U> U accept(MyClassVisitor<U> visitor) {
        return visitor.visitMyClassString(this);
    }

}

interface MyClassVisitor<U> {

    U visitMyClassString(MyClassString myClassString);
    U visitMyClassDouble(MyClassDouble myClassDouble);
    ...

}

class FilterMyClassStringService implements MyClassVisitor<List<MyClassString>> {

    public List<MyClassString> filterMyClassString(List<MyClass<? extends Object>> toFilter) {
        List<MyClassString> filteredList = new ArrayList<>();
        for (MyClass<? extends Object> elem : toFilter) {
            filteredList.addAll(elem.accept(this));
        }
        return filteredList;
    }

    @Override
    public List<MyClassString> visitMyClassString(MyClassString myClassString) {
        List<MyClassString> listWithMyClassString = new ArrayList<>();
        listWithMyClassString.add(myClassString);
        return listWithMyClassString;
    }

    @Override
    public List<MyClassString> visitMyClassDouble(MyClassDouble myClassDouble) {
        return new ArrayList<MyClassString>();
    }

}

Is there any way?

A: I think I understand what you would like to have. And it's possible in some way. If we apply the discussion from this thread (How to get the generic type at runtime?) to your case then we'll have something like this code:
import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class TypedReflectTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<MyClass<?>> list = new ArrayList<MyClass<?>>();
        list.add(new MyClassInteger(123));
        list.add(new MyClassDouble(123.45));
        list.add(new MyClassString("1234"));
        System.out.println(filterMyClass(list, Integer.class));
    }

    public static List<MyClass<?>> filterMyClass(List<MyClass<?>> toFilter, Class<?> innerType) {
        List<MyClass<?>> filteredList = new ArrayList<MyClass<?>>();
        for (MyClass<?> elem : toFilter) {
            if (!elem.getInnerType().equals(innerType))
                continue;
            filteredList.add(elem);
        }
        return filteredList;
    }
}

abstract class MyClass<T> {
    private T value;
    private Class<?> innerType;

    public MyClass(T value) {
        this.value = value;
        Type superClass = getClass().getGenericSuperclass();
        innerType = (Class<?>)(((ParameterizedType) superClass).getActualTypeArguments()[0]);
    }

    public T getValue() {
        return value;
    }

    public Class<?> getInnerType() {
        return innerType;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "MyClass(" + value + ")";
    }
}

class MyClassInteger extends MyClass<Integer> {
    public MyClassInteger(Integer value) {
        super(value);
    }
}

class MyClassDouble extends MyClass<Double> {
    public MyClassDouble(Double value) {
        super(value);
    }
}

class MyClassString extends MyClass<String> {
    public MyClassString(String value) {
        super(value);
    }
}

You should notice that abstract super class is essential here. You can not deal with instances of MyClass type itself. Unfortunately you have to extend this class in order to get parameterized type in runtime.


Our Christmas this year was so wonderful, but I feel a little sad it's come and gone so quickly. Shortly following Thanksgiving I found myself swamped with projects and commitments I was trying to finish all at once while still feeling nauseous everyday. It was beyond overwhelming and stressful and I didn't like how I was feeling inside. So I decided that first week of December that I was going to start saying no to pretty much everything and everyone. What a difference it made for me this year! Though I hate disappointing people, I really just wanted to set an intention to be fully present and enjoy December this year. Every year I try to do this, but I always end up getting caught up in all the commotion. Since we are living in my parents home we didn't need to decorate like we normally do, I completely let go of the need to send out our Christmas card and I didn't bake a single loaf of bread to give to friends. I know what you're thinking, sounds pretty grinchy huh? Maybe, but for us it was exactly what our little family needed. I really wanted to be able to enjoy my family fully and serve others joyfully. I simply let go of a lot of expectations that revolve around this time of year and it felt so good. It made room for more tv fires and hot cocoa with my husband, time with extended family, dancing to Christmas music, helping others and peace of mind.
This year especially now that I have a child of my own, I've thought a lot about what I want our family traditions and celebrations to be during Christmas time. I am not talking so much about which kind of cookies we'll leave for Santa as I am about what I want my children to gain from this magical season. I want it to be about Christ, for he is the very reason we celebrate.
We kept it simple with gifts, giving him a few new items we thought he would really enjoy. One of them being a new wagon that he's absolutely in love with! It was his second Christmas and even though he's older this year, he still didn't understand everything going on. One thing about me is that I'm a weirdo about the accumulation of things, making holidays hard for me sometimes. Don't get me wrong, gifts are so fun, but sometimes it can feel like way too much. I know not everyone feels the same about this, but for me, I try to avoid unnecessary stuff. Wesley doesn't have a lot of toys and we try to make the ones he does have things that he will be able to play with as he grows. We feel really grateful for family as well, as they gifted him some really thoughtful things- that he adores!
December was so good to us and I hope next year is just as peaceful and minimal. A highlight of the month was one night taking Wesley around the culdesacs in our neighborhood to show him the lights while he sat on my lap (he was completely safe, I promise) and "ooed" and "ahhhed" out the window. The excitement at every house was just as huge as the house before and I will remember the joy he had in his eyes forever. It was one of those engrained-in-your-heart moments for me. The second highlight was on Christmas day when I laid with Wesley as he napped on me. He does this everyday, but with it being Christmas, it just felt so special. After a morning of opening gifts we were back to just being together and it hit me that that is what it's really all about. It's about giving of ourselves and being together. It's about love.
We hope you all have had a wonderful Holiday, no matter how or what you celebrate! With love from our family to yours.


text:
For the Profession / News and Opinion / Prosecutions under the HDC Act
Prosecutions under the HDC Act
26 Aug 2016 — By Judge David Harvey
In August 2012, the Law Commission released a Ministerial Briefing Paper addressing harmful digital communications and the adequacy of sanctions and remedies, entitled "Harmful Digital Communications: The adequacy of the current sanctions and remedies". The Commission observed that the criminal law surrounding communications harms had focussed upon communications that invoke fears of physical consequences to persons or property or those which are obscene and harmful to children. The law had not concerned itself significantly with emotional harm although there were some developments in that regard.
In the paper, the Commission recommended the introduction of a new offence which targeted digital communications which were "grossly offensive or of an indecent obscene or menacing character" and which caused harm. It considered that there was justification for a tailored offence which would provide a primary mechanism to address egregious communications harms at the high end of the scale. During its investigation, the Commission noted an article that expressed concern that laws that are overly expansive and catch communications that do not deserve the heavy penalties imposed by the criminal law, suggesting that such laws should be tailored to deal with the most serious and deliberate cases of harassment or bullying, and noting the chilling effect of broadly worded criminal offences (see Jacob H. Rowbottom "To Rant, Vent and Converse: Protecting Low Level Digital Speech" (2012) 71 CLJ 355). On that matter, the Commission had this to say in its paper:
"We have been mindful of this caution and have been careful to put forward tailored amendments to our law that include suitably high thresholds so that only those communications that have caused serious harm come within their scope."
In light of that, the Commission suggested that only the most serious and deliberate cases of harassment and bullying would come before the Court. Yet in the space of eleven months there have been 38 prosecutions, which has been something of a surprise. There are a number of possible reasons for this. One may be attributed to public awareness of the problem of cyberbullying and the publicity and controversy that attended upon the passage of the Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015 (HDC Act). Another may be the nature of the offence and the difference between that proposed by the draft Bill prepared by the Commission and the offence as it was finally enacted in section 22. It is this author's view that the offence originally conceived by the Commission was far more restrictive in its scope than section 22 as enacted.
A third reason may lie in the fact that the nature of digital communications that have been the subject of a prosecution are more prevalent, far more vituperative and far more serious than was anticipated by the Law Commission.
This article will compare the Law Commission's proposal for an offence with the provisions of section 22 as enacted and then considers the cases that have come before the Court and to which guilty pleas have been entered, the content of some of the communications the subject of prosecutions and closes with some tentative conclusions.
The Law Commission proposal and section 22
The Law Commission proposed that an offence be added to the Summary Offences Act 1981. The language of the proposed section read as follows:
"21A Causing harm by means of a communications device
(1) A person (person A) commits an offence if person A sends or causes to be sent to another person (person B) by means of an communications device a message or other matters that is
a. Grossly offensive; or
b. Of an indecent, obscene, or menacing character; or
c. Knowingly false
(2) The prosecution must establish that –
a. Person A either –
i. Intended to cause person B substantial emotional distress; or
ii. Knew that the message or other matter would cause person B substantial emotional distress; and
b. The message or other matter is one that would cause substantial emotional distress to someone in person B's position; and
c. Person B in fact saw the message or other matter in any electronic media.
(3) It is not necessary for the prosecution to establish that the message or other matter was directed specifically at person B.
(4) In determining whether a message or other matter is grossly offensive, the court may take into account any factors it considers relevant, including –
a. The extremity of the language used
b. The age and characteristics of the victim
c. Whether the message or other matter was anonymous
d. Whether the message or other matter was repeated
e. The extent of circulation of the message or other matter
f. Whether the message or other matter is true or false
g. The context in which the message or other matter appeared.
(5) A person who commits an offence against this section is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months or a fine not exceeding $2,000.
(6) In this section communication device means a device that enables any message or other matter to be communicated electronically."
The type of offence created by section 22 was similar to that proposed by the Commission, but the way it was articulated was quite different (for the full text of section 22 as enacted, see the New Zealand Legislation website. The first thing is that the message or other matter sent by means of a communications device has become a "digital communication" (meaning any form of electronic communication, including any text message, writing, photograph, picture, recording, or other matter that is communicated electronically). The act of communicating it is covered by the term "posts a digital communication" (meaning to transfer, send, post, publish, disseminate, or otherwise communicate by means of a digital communication any information, whether truthful or untruthful, about the victim, or an intimate visual recording of another individual (including attempts to do any of these things)).
The content of the communication in the Commission's draft was very specific. It had to be grossly offensive or of an indecent, obscene, or menacing character or knowingly false. In addition, it was necessary for there to be proof of an intention to cause substantial emotional distress, or an awareness that the message would cause substantial emotional distress. That was accompanied by a test that the message would cause substantial emotional distress to someone in the victim's position. Finally, there had to be proof that the person complaining actually saw the message in any electronic media.
The HDC Act, on the other hand, provides a content test based on harm rather than a strict categorisation of the nature of the content. The requirement of knowledge that the message would cause harm is not present, but there is a specific intention provided that the person intended to cause harm by posting a digital communication. There has to be proof of actual harm and a mixed objective subjective test that the posting of the communication would cause harm to an ordinary reasonable person in the position of the victim. However, there is no requirement that the victim actually see the digital communication, as was proposed by the Law Commission. Rather, section 22(4) defines the victim as the target of a posted digital communication. The reality is that most victims will be both the target and the recipient or viewer of the communication but the definition in section 22(4) does not make that clear. It is possible that a victim might not see the communication but be the subject of the communication and be told about its existence by a third party.
What amounts to harm?
The issue of distress is taken up by the definition of harm. As will be recalled, the element of substantial emotional distress was an element that had to be proven pursuant to subclause (2) of the Commission's draft. "Harm" is defined in the HDC Act as "serious emotional distress". This may be similar to "substantial emotional distress" but what is missing is the nature and quality of the communication. All that is required is that a communication, virtually of any material, may be harmful if it causes serious emotional distress.
The specific content of the message is not factored in to the equation. There are certain limiting factors, such as the mixed objective/subjective test in section 22(1)(b). In addition, the court may take into account any factors it considers relevant including seven criteria that were articulated as a test to determine whether a communication was grossly offensive. These criteria are repeated verbatim in section 22(2)(a)-(g).
In its proposed section, the Commission had a two stage test. The first stage examined the nature and content of the communication. Did it fulfil the three criteria in (1)(a)-(c)? Seven factors were set out that might assist in considering the nature and content of the communication. Then once the quality or content threshold had been established the enquiry went on to consider the second stage – the issue of substantial emotional distress. The HDC Act, however, conflates the quality/content issue with that of serious emotional distress, and the only aspects of quality of content involve consideration of the extremity of language, truth or falsity and context. But rather than adopt the careful balancing of interests, and in particular that of the freedom of expression as the Commission did, the dominant element is harm or serious emotional distress.
What is needed to establish harm?
In its paper, the Commission used the general term "harmful digital communication" to cover a spectrum of behaviours involving the use of digital technology to intentionally threaten, humiliate, denigrate, harass, stigmatise or otherwise cause harm to another person. Cyber-bullying, on the other hand, was reserved for abuses that occurred within the context of adolescent peer relationships. The Commission gave consideration to the issue of emotional harm, observing that the criminal law was primarily concerned with the creation of fear of a particular sort – physical damage to person or property. There has to be a relationship between the potential of physical damage and the distress or mental harm that accompanies it. It went on to observe that the fear which anticipates physical harm is not physical harm itself. It is a state of mind which may or may not be more severe than other kinds of distress such as humiliation or the fear of a verbal attack. Both were forms of emotional harm. Both should be viewed equally.
In addition, it was observed that the distinction between physical and emotional harm had broken down over the years. In R v Ireland [1998] AC 147 (HL), it was observed (at 156) by Lord Steyn that "the civil law has for a long time taken account of the fact that there is no rigid distinction between body and mind." (The tort of the intentional infliction of mental shock or distress was recognised as long ago as 1897 in the case of Wilkinson v Downton [1987] 2 QB 57.) The example was given of the tort of invasion of privacy which addresses an intangible harm.
Breach of privacy recognises that a form of damage may be in the form of significant humiliation, loss of dignity or injury to feelings. Distress is a basis for the making of a restraining order under the Harassment Act. To distrurb, annoy or irritate a person by the use of a telephone device is an offence against the Telecommunications Act. It should also be noted that injured feelings may find redress in aggravated damages and in contract damages may lie for emotional distress. Thus it can be seen that the law is no stranger to the concept of the causation of emotional harm as warranting the availability of a remedy.
The statistics – dates of offending and guilty plea cases
Between the time the offence section commenced (3 July 2015) until 17 June 2016, there had been 38 charges laid. Of those charged, 14 pleaded guilty, 16 entered not guilty pleas and, as at 17 June 2016, eight of those charged entered no plea. Of the 38 charged, 37 were male and one was female. One person charged was 15 and was dealt with in the Youth Court. The ages of the adults charged ranged from 17 to 61. 20 charges originated in the South Island, the balance in the North. The greatest number of charges – four – were laid in the Dunedin District Court. Of all the 14 cases where guilty pleas were entered, all but three had been sentenced as at the date of writing. Those awaiting sentence committed their offences on 20 January 2016, 8 March 2016 and 2 April 2016. This has meant a delay before disposal of up to seven months in the longest outstanding case.
The cases where pleas of guilty were entered have provided some interesting and disturbing examples of the quality of the communication that has been the subject of the charge. This tends to suggest that the use of digital communications systems for the purposes of abuse, harassment and extreme embarrassment is far more widespread than the Commission anticipated, and suggests that in fact the legislative recasting of the offence of causing harm by posting a digital communication has not set too low a threshold. Most of the cases to which guilty pleas have been entered have involved communication by way of Facebook, are within the context of a broken relationship and the messages are of a threatening or revengeful nature. Some involve the distribution of intimate images. Only one case involved communications to a victim where there appeared to be no relationship and that the communications were gratuitously abusive and insulting. Some involve the distribution of intimate images with a commentary. Three cases involved the use of text messaging and one involved the use of Instagram.
Examples of harmful communications
The following are representative examples of the communications that were the subject of prosecutions to which guilty pleas were entered. In one case (Police v Lang [2016] NZDC 11488), a communication was sent to a shared email account accessible by the victim's workmates, involving 11 photographs of the victim in various states of undress, including three photos of the victim's exposed breasts and four photos of the victim in her underwear.
Another case (Police v Williams (District Court, Tauranga CRI 2015-070-004137)) involved photographs which were posted on Facebook. One photograph showed the victim naked with only an open dressing gown on with her breasts and groin area clearly visible. Another photograph was of the victim in a seated position with no top on and her breasts could clearly be seen. Demeaning and insulting messages were damage may be in the form of significant humiliation, loss of dignity or injury to feelings. Distress is a basis for the making of a restraining order under the Harassment Act. To disturb, annoy or irritate a person by the use of a telephone device is an offence against also posted reading: "Well played I know you're a player, love having sex from all the guys"; "By the way you're (sic) life is a living hell, I rather see you in jail where you belong whore slut"; "Hey slut have a look at my timeline you're on there naked'; and "Yum nice sexy slut look at that body''.
The victim said posts caused her serious harm in that they embarrassed her because all of her friends and family could see the photos and the comments. She was too scared to go outside in the event the defendant took further photographs of her. The defendant said he posted the images and photographs on Facebook as he was hurting and he wanted revenge and to cause the victim harm for hurting him. He claimed that the victim knew he had taken those naked photographs however he knew that he should not have posted them on Facebook.
A further case (Police v Black (District Court, Greymouth CRI 20-16-018-000021)) involved the use of Facebook private chat. The content of the communications was in the form of degrading and obscene sexual remarks. There were some twenty threatening messages included telling the victim to slit her throat, that she was a bad mother and that she was a waste of space. The victim stated that the communications made her feel worthless and ugly. For his part, the defendant stated that the victim said several similar things to him in person and that he wanted to get back at her by making her feel bad.
In another case (Police v Bisschop [2015] NZDC 24183) which involved the use of Instagram, the communication was in the form of a number of hashtags and phrases which together amounted to threats of damage to property and personal injury. The message read, "The joys of an crazo ex #brokenwindow #kickedindoor #accordeuro #frosty #glass #bitchneedsabullet #crazyexgirlfriend #lowblow #poorcar #handaaccord #wintersmorning #paybackwillcome @[victim's Instagram address]." This was followed by an icon (cartoon picture) of a firearm. This caused the victim to become fearful for her safety, especially because she and her young son lived alone.
The final example (Police v Kelly (District Court Invercargill CRI 2016-025-000506)) involved a posting of photographs on Facebook with a commentary. The photos were of an intimate nature and depicted the victim naked in a shower. The comments read – "WHY THE F*** DID I DATE YOU LOL" - "LIKE Y DID I DATE THIS FAT SACK OF S**T CHEATING F***IN HOE BAG" - "NEEDS A SHAVE BOYS" - "THAT FAT ROLL."
It is quite clear that social media is used for the purposes of revenge or exacting some form of retribution. Many of the cases under study have been in the context of failed relationships and the misuse of intimate images acquired either consensually or otherwise in the course of those relationships. Quite clearly the objective is to hurt and embarrass within the context of public fora such as Facebook. It is also clear that the use of such images and the language employed in the examples given is not just to provide an irritant but to seriously upset the victims in front of friends, family or the public. There can be little doubt of the intention to cause harm within the meaning of the HDC Act. In addition the language used and the images displayed breach one or more of the communications principles.
Sentences for offences against section 22 have ranged from a discharge without conviction pursuant to section 106 of the Sentencing Act to a sentence of eleven months' imprisonment; other sentences of imprisonment have been for terms of three months and six months (see Police v Tamihana [2016] NZDC 6749, Police v Lang [2016] NZDC 11488 and Police v Bust [2016] NZDC 4391). In all the cases involving sentences of imprisonment there were other charges.
The case of Police v Tamihana received a detailed consideration of sentencing issues arising in cases involving a breach of section 22. There were other charges for breach of bail and two for intentional damage, but the lead offence was that against section 22 which the judge described as most serious. The offending arose within the context of a volatile relationship. However, the victim was not the partner of the defendant but her mother who had, on a number of occasions, tried to end the relationship. The defendant was aware of this. On 13 December, he sent a Facebook message to the victim with whom he had not previously communicated. The message included a video attachment with the comment, "What your daughter's really up to." The victim opened and played the video which the judge described as a sexual scene involving the defendant's partner and another. The partner was a consenting party to the making of the video. The victim was very upset, angry and sad to see her daughter being portrayed in this way. She felt feelings of despair and took the view that this was payback for her disapproval of the relationship. Every time she thought of the video it caused her further distress.
In his comments on the legislation itself, the judge made reference to the ease of dissemination of information on the Internet and what has been described as the "online disinhibition effect". The judge said:
"[W]e live in a world where it is very easy and certainly in a very cowardly way and impersonal third person way to communicate with others without fronting up yourself. The other problem of course is that in this day and age broad dissemination of such material is just at the touch of a button …"
The judge stated that the actions of the defendant were designed to have the maximum possible impact upon the victim and that he acted out of retributive malice in delivering a cowardly and sinister attack. He acknowledged that the HDC Act was new, and that there would probably be worse cases, but that he found it difficult to think of one. The principal objective of sentencing in this case was that of deterrence. The judge fixed a starting point of nine months' imprisonment with an uplift of three months for totality of offending and a further three for previous convictions. He then applied a 25% discount for the defendant's guilty plea. The deterrent message was emphasised by the rejection of a sentence of home detention.
In the case of Police v Lang, a sentence of three months' imprisonment was imposed, which was cumulative upon other sentences. The judge did not embark upon an analysis either of the facts of impact of the offending, primarily because the defendant was facing sentence on a number of other charges involving dishonesty. The victim of Lang's offending was his former partner. He sent an email to a shared email address at her place of employment to which other employees had access. Attached to the email were eleven photos of the victim in various states of undress including images of her exposed breasts and of her dressed in her underwear. The victim said that she did not consent to any of the photos being taken. He stated that his reasons for sending the images were that he wanted to return them to her and that he wanted closure for himself.
The case of Police v Bust involved a number of charges including cultivation of cannabis, possession of a methamphetamine pipe, driving whilst disqualified, and breaches of community work and release conditions. But the judge took the offence against the HDC Act as the lead offence. The sentence imposed had been the subject of an earlier sentence indication hearing. The communication in this case involved a text message to the victim over a drug debt and threatening the victim and his father in what the judge described as "a pretty serious way". The sentence of imprisonment of six months was imposed in accordance with the earlier sentence indication.
The defended cases
Of the charges to which pleas of "not guilty" have been entered, the dates of alleged offending tell an interesting story. As at the date of writing, none of the defended cases have been heard. By date of alleged offence the oldest took place on 19 August 2015. The most recent was alleged to have occurred on 21 April 2016. Eleven cases arose in 2016 – the remaining five arose in 2015. Of those, there has been one disposal where a charge was withdrawn by leave (Alleged offence date 28 December 2015, Dunedin District Court CR 15044006509). Although trial by jury is available, none of the defendants have elected trial by jury and have chosen to be dealt with by a judge alone.
The delay in getting cases to hearing must be a matter of concern. Apart from the well-known stresses that are a part of having to relive offending during the course of giving evidence, the definition of harm as serious emotional distress means that victims will have to revisit this specific form of harm many months after the alleged offending took place. This can hardly be said to assist the recovery process. In addition, a specific purpose of the HDC Act is to provide victims of harmful digital communications with a quick and efficient means of redress. Although this probably refers primarily to the civil enforcement process it is my view that it must apply with equal force to the victims of section 22 offences. The language of the clause specifically refers to victim, and the word victim is used in section 22 and especially section 22(5). Given this specific purpose behind the legislation, the hearing of cases involving offending against section 22 should be accorded priority and should be expedited.
The "offence section" of the HDC Act has been in force for twelve months. It has attracted more prosecutions than the Commission envisaged. This paper concludes that there may have been an underestimate in the frequency and venom of online communications especially occurring in the context of failed relationships. The decision in Police v Tamihana sets some helpful guidelines for the factors that a Court should take into account when dealing with offenders charged with an offence against section 22. Deterrence is going to have to be a significant factor, especially given the ease with which the offence may be committed. It is suggested that, when one looks at the examples given in this paper from the cases where guilty pleas have been entered, the statutory threshold in section 22 has not been set too low. The content and effect upon the victims of the various communications must be of concern and warrants the involvement of the criminal law.
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