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Students tackle "Grand Challenges" at Exeter
Undergraduates at the University of Exeter are given the opportunity to take part in a Grand Challenge. The six 2017 Grand Challenges have attracted more than 550 students, with more than 100 having applied to investigate mental health.
This topic was chosen as it presents a challenge on a global scale. Students heard from experts at the NHS Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme, a mental health service user, chief executive of a public library service and two academics with research expertise in English and Sports and Health Sciences.
Students come from all colleges of the university, giving them the opportunity to work with people from different departments and courses, supported by post-graduate students.
Taking part in a Grand Challenge gives students the opportunity to develop the ability to analyse the literature available, apply their knowledge and develop research skills. They also develop transferable and employability-related skills.
As part of the programme, students produce papers, guidelines, reports, patient information in written or visual format, apps, physical objects, campaigns or various outputs based around social media.
Students who took part in the Grand Challenges said:
"We really liked our project and hope to continue what we've started".
"Actually, it was great taking some time to look at mental health, including how it is affecting society as it is very relevant".
"Working with different people from different disciplines on something that we were all interested in was great".
From market stall to University partnership – Marks & Spencer's long association with Leeds
The University of Leeds and British retail giant Marks & Spencer have a deep-rooted partnership founded on the relocation on the company's entire corporate archive to the campus at Leeds in 2012.
Entrepreneurial education at the University of Cambridge
The Centre for Entrepreneurial Learning (CfEL) at Cambridge Judge Business School aims to spread the spirit of enterprise to both the University of Cambridge community and to wider national and international audiences through the creation and delivery of a range of educational activities that inspire and build skills in the practise of Entrepreneurship.
adam.clarke@russellgroup.ac.uk
2015/16 DELNI draft budget
OfS data strategy
BIS Select Committee on the Future of Higher Education


A rousing call to action for those who would be citizens of the world—online and off.
In an age of connection supercharged by the Internet, we often assume that more people online means a smaller, more cosmopolitan world. In reality, it is easier to ship bottles of water from Fiji to Atlanta than it is to get news from Tokyo to New York. In Rewire media expert Ethan Zuckerman draws on contemporary research in psychology, sociology, and his own work on how humans "flock together" to explain why the technological ability to reach someone does not inevitably lead to increased human connection. For those who seek a wider picture—a picture now critical for global success—Zuckerman highlights the challenges, and the headway already made, by attempts to bridge cultures through translation, cross-cultural inspiration, and the search for new, serendipitous experience. Rich with Zuckerman's personal experience and wisdom, Rewire offers a map of the social, technical, and policy innovations needed to more tightly connect the world.


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Army Cutworm Moths
Anyone who spends much time in the woods and pays attention knows that bears eat insects--small animals with a chitinous exoskeleton and three pairs of legs of the class Insecta, most notably ants and hornets of the order Hymenoptera. Most of this consumption occurs in unremarkable environments such as deep woods or mountain meadows (see this paper on consumption of ants, and this one on consumption of hornets). But bears also consume insects of different taxonomic orders in more dramatic environments on the roof of the world--in alpine environments of the Rocky Mountains.
In every recorded instance, this exploitation of alpine invertebrates by bears only occurs when the insects congregate in irresistible masses, whether because of historical artifact or contemporary circumstance. Among these insects are ladybird beetles (Hippodamia caseyi) of the order Coleoptera congregated to hibernate on high mountain peaks and grasshoppers (AKA locusts, Melanoplus sp.) of the order Orthoptera frozen in the deeps of glaciers during past epochs, only to melt in stinking masses during the past century. But my primary focus here is on the phenomenon of bears consuming army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) of the order Lepidoptera congregated during summer to feed on the nectar of alpine flowers and prolong their otherwise brief lives.
Spatial relations
Temporal patterns
Foraging on moths
Briefly: Ladybird beetles & Grasshoppers
Some of the first observations of bears eating insects at high elevations occurred during the 1920s-1950s on McDonald Peak in the Mission Mountains of northwestern Montana. The first impressions to be recorded in a scientific journal were by John Chapman in a paper published in 1955. He speculated that bears were eating aggregations of ladybird beetles, which were known to concentrate in loose rock at high elevations to weather the winter under insulating layers of snow. In fact, his speculations were entirely reasonable given that he observed swarms of ladybird beetles (see the photo to the right), and had studied their aggregating behavior and hibernation for years. But the bear scats he collected only contained remains of army cutworm moths, no ladybird beetles. To this day it remains unclear whether bears do, or did, eat ladybird beetles, either on McDonald Peak or anywhere else.
More certainly, bears have been known to eat grasshoppers melted out of high-elevation glaciers. The entombment of grasshoppers, more specifically Rocky Mountain locusts, is well-documented throughout the northern Rocky Mountains, from northern Colorado north through Wyoming's Wind River Range to the Beartooth Mountains of Montana. Not by chance, there are several Grasshopper Glaciers in this region. The locusts died in their multitudes after being swept into the high mountains by frontal systems that were synchronous with locusts outbreaks on the plains below. For reasons that are still unclear, the Rocky Mountain locust went extinct in the late 1800s, but great masses of these insects were preserved in ice after dying from exposure on the tops and faces of glaciers (see photos to the right). Thereafter, various episodes of warming melted parts of the glaciers and exposed great rotting masses of locusts. Ashley Gurney provided the most definitive account of bears eating these locusts in a report published during 1952 in which he reported authoritative observations made during 1868 and 1934. There have been none published since then, but it is likely that bears have continued to feed on these ancient remains during episodes of melt.
Army cutworm moths are one of the many paradoxical foods eaten by grizzly bears. The moths themselves spend most of their lives in domesticated landscapes of low-elevation grasslands and fields, whereas grizzly bears are associated with extensive wilderness areas. Indeed, grizzlies eat cutworm moths is some of the most remote and rugged mountains to be found in the contiguous United States. This begs the questions of how and why the moths get to the bears, which necessarily entails understanding the moths' life cycle and life-ways.
Army cutworm moths begin their lives as eggs laid by adult moths in the soil of grass- or croplands during August through October. They undergo a short phase of development and then enter a period of dormancy called diapause which takes them through much of the winter. Development resumes during the spring, passing through phases called instars (instars 3 through 7), resulting in vigorous larvae that feed above-ground but seek refuge in the soil (see the photo to the left). These larvae eat vegetation at ground-level (hence "cutworm") and assemble in hordes that march across landscapes in search of fresh food once food in the immediate vicinity has been depleted (hence "army"). These hordes of larvae are considered significant pests by many farmers, who have employed various insecticides to control them. Historically, the favored toxin was Endrin, banned because of its many harmful side-effects, and, more recently, Sevin and Malathion.
By June the larvae have pupated and emerged as winged adults (see the photo left), although this process may require an additional year in northern latitudes. These adults thereafter feed on nectar and, curiously enough, are harmed--if not killed outright--by summer temperatures typical of lower-elevations. The resulting imperative to find food and escape the heat takes army cutworm moths on epic migrations of up to 300 miles to the very highest alpine regions of mid-latitude North America. In the Great Plains, these migrations are invariably westward up into the Rocky Mountains. Once there, the moths settle in great congregations around areas of tundra and feed on the nectar of alpine flowers (including willow catkins!) during cooler parts of the day. During the comparative heat of the day, the lethargic moths concentrate beneath talus rocks.
Which is where the moths meet grizzly bears.
Bears concentrate on rock-fields and talus slopes to feed on army cutworm moths shortly after mid-July, near the culmination of early summer moth migrations, and then abandon these sites synchronous with the fall migration of moths from alpine areas back to the lowlands. Bears almost exclusively feed during earlier and later hours of daylight when moths are either entering or leaving ostensible refuge among the rocks.
The map at right provides a big-picture view of spatial relations between cutworm moths and bears. Cutworm moths are distributed throughout much of western North America at mid-latitudes (in tan), but with greatest concentrations in semiarid areas (darker brown). Every documented instance where bears have fed on cutworm moths (dusky green blobs) has occurred in talus located in alpine or high subalpine environments (shown as red). All of the sites in the northern Rockies are dominated by grizzly bears, sometimes to the exclusion of black bears. The single site to the south, in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico, is used by black bears, which are the only surviving ursid in this region.
Several anomalies are worth noting. So far, bears have not been observed consuming cutworm moths in the Cascades, Sierra Nevada, or Canadian Rocky Mountains, despite abundant moths in nearby lowlands. Similarly, no bear feeding on moths has been recorded in the central Rocky Mountains of Colorado and central-southern Wyoming, despite the documented presence of moth aggregations in alpine areas (areas circled in white). The same holds true for Utah's Uinta and Wasatch Mountains. I have no ready explanation for these anomalies other than perhaps (1) lack of effort to document sites with moth aggregations in the Sierras, Cascades, and Canadian Rockies, and (2) the extinction of knowledge about moth sites among most bear populations. Bears that historically consumed moths would have been disproportionately vulnerable to episodes of slaughter during the 1800s because the occurrence of moth aggregations is predictable in both time and space. Moreover, this vulnerability is likely perpetuated by contemporary sport hunting regimes, with related on-going attrition of knowledge about moth sites among surviving bears.
For more detail on spatial and temporal aspects of bear foraging on cutworm moths, see the pages linked to the buttons below:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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A living history of ministry for the LGBTQ+ community — Part 1: Full and equal claim
Sara Yoe, DioCal Intern, Communications and Development
Over the coming weeks, intern Sara Yoe will be taking readers on a journey through the archives of the Diocese of California. Specifically, they will chronicle DioCal's unique involvement and support of the LGBTQ+ community. From the founding of The Parsonage in 1981 to a youth immersion trip to the Castro last summer, this diocese has been on the forefront of LGBTQ+ inclusion both in the church and the secular world. Throughout the series, Sara will use the terms of the time referenced to refer to the LGBTQ+ community. Where this story begins in the 1980s, "gay and lesbian" was commonly how non-heterosexual identities were referred to, with occasional mention of bisexual people. "Transsexual" or "transvestite" were common terms used to describe people who now use the word "transgender" or have other gender non-conforming identities.
In 1976 at General Convention, a resolution was passed proclaiming that "homosexual persons are children of God who have a full and equal claim with all other persons upon the love, acceptance, and pastoral concern and care of the Church." This concurrence was the first official action that The Episcopal Church took to explicitly welcome gay and lesbian people. By the mid 1970's, homosexuality had been removed from the American Psychological Association's list of disorders, and legislation decriminalizing same-sex intimacy was beginning to pass around the country. There was still, of course, such a strong negative stigma tied to homosexuality that many gay and lesbian people were forced to stay in the closet, including the two priests in the Diocese of California who saw a need for a "place of reconciliation" between the church and the gay and lesbian community.
Neither the late Rev. Bernard Mayes nor the Rev. John Williams were new at working for social progress for the oppressed and marginalized. In the 1960s, Mayes began the nation's first suicide hotline — now San Francisco Suicide Prevention — by posting his phone number on cardboard advertisements on Muni buses and handing out matchbox cards with his phone number in the Tenderloin district. At the same time, Williams was leading faithful people on trips to Mississippi where they stood in opposition to the Ku Klux Klan.
The Rev. Bernard Mayes
Mayes and Williams had both lived most of their adult lives closeted with male partners and had experienced the fears that come with living in two different worlds that could not intersect. After many meetings with the Bay Area chapter of Integrity (a national organization for gay Episcopalians and their allies) and other private meetings with as many as 30 other closeted gay Episcopal priests, Williams came to the conclusion that there needed to be an Episcopal "'presence' in the midst of the outcasts," Mayes later wrote in an extensive history about The Parsonage.
The two men then worked together to dream up what this place could be. Williams was most concerned with the immediate pastoral needs of the gay and lesbian community, while Mayes was more interested in bridging the social gap that existed between the church and the gay and lesbian community because of church doctrine. In order to more clearly define their mission, Williams and Mayes hosted more meetings to discuss the pastoral and theological needs and expectations that a place of reconciliation between the church and the gay and lesbian community would need to prioritize. They discerned that, indeed, this place was to be one where people could come for pastoral care; however, they also saw the need to make this an outreach ministry, where all kinds of issues affecting the gay and lesbian community could be explored. And later down the line, The Parsonage would be the perfect place to begin conversations on creating a same-sex relationship blessing liturgy.
With more clarity and small but meaningful financial promises from attendees, Mayes and Williams went searching "in the heart of the gay ghetto" for the to-be home of The Parsonage. After considering an apartment that once belonged to Harvey Milk, the two secured a cottage on Castro Street in San Francisco at half the neighborhood's usual rent, thanks to a realtor who had a soft spot for Episcopalians. And thus, a week after Pentecost in 1981, the lease was signed and The Parsonage was born.
For more of the living history of ministry for the LGBTQ+ community series, click here.


Discussion in 'Cycling Equipment' started by Rock Creek Rider, Nov 24, 2018.
So why can't they improve the airflow off the trailing edge of the front wheel with a narrower rim that can use a 23c tire that would fit that airflow concept that takes place with a rim that fits a 25c?
If you're hunting aero advantages, one of the first things is to reduce spoke count.
However, there's a dependency between the number of spokes you're using and the strength/stiffness - both lateral and vertical - that's required from the rim to make it into a functional wheel.
Strength/stiffness can come both from shape and from amount of material used.
Maybe the aero advantage of a narrower rim is offset by having to build the rim heavier to achieve the required stiffness?
Or a production issue with actually making that narrow, tapered cavities with good laminate saturation and compaction?
No, that's not what the published data indicates; it says that the wider rims are more aerodynamic. Weight is only an issue when accelerating and climbing and there's no reason that a narrower rim would have to be made heavier anyway. The differences in width that we're talking about are small enough that it's not necessary. If you look at the rims on the market, you're going to find that wider rims are heavier than comparable narrower rims from the same manufacturer.
There's no indication that it's an issue. Carbon rim manufacturing is a pretty mature technology now.
FWIW, even when I was racing on 20mm tubulars, I never ran more than 120psi in them and typically ran 110psi or less.
Yup. I have never known or even heard of anyone outside of the track that ran more than 120 PSI. Like you. 105-110 was my pressure and less if it was a wet crit.
I rode tubulars for 36 years, so I think I can speak with some authority on the subject. Your first statement makes no sense.
1972 to 2006 almost exclusively of tubs for training and racing. Still race on them. Matter of fact, the Yellow Jersey is getting a call in one hour (when they open for business) and I'm ordering some this morning. Agreed. tommy's statement makes zero sense. None.
Second, a good glue job will adhere to the rim up to the point where it actually breaks. I've seen this MANY times and in most cases the base tape separated from the tire and remained adhered to the broken rim.
I've got a picture around here, somewhere, that shows me holding a Campy box section rim that's in four pieces (Forget which model Strada. It was the red label, not the Omega yellow label...Hardox, solution heat treated and aged brittle things that they were). The tub is mostly ripped from the rim and the base tape is still stuck to some of the segments.
Well Tom, since you've taken a calm tone in this post, I'll respond in kind.
While that may be true with car tires, which have a contact patch that is wider than it is long, it's not true for bicycle tires that have a contact patch that's much longer than it is wide. The longer contact patch increases tire deformation and internal friction. This has been published in many places by bicycle tire manufacturers and it explains why wider bicycle tires have less rolling resistance. If you don't believe me, go to their sites and check it out. It's their data, not my opinion.
Who is talking about 20mm tires at 150psi? You're bringing up something that's not even relevant to the discussion. FWIW, even when I was racing on 20mm tubulars, I never ran more than 120psi in them and typically ran 110psi or less.
Again, this is not even close to true. Rims were not "paper thin", even the 199-gram HI-E rims I used at one point. Yes, they were shallow section, but they were also supported by many more spokes than we typically use today. All of my racing wheels from back in the day were 36 spokes (some of the Hi-E wheels I built had more than that, but that's another discussion). Wheels with 32 spokes were considered light and 28s were typically for time trials only. These days, I'm riding 24-spoke wheels.
Regardless, The major compliance is and always has been in the tires. Otherwise, the wheels would fail in short order as I explained above. I've built and rebuilt something on the order of 1000 wheels, so I know a bit about how they work.
I rode tubulars for 36 years, so I think I can speak with some authority on the subject. Your first statement makes no sense. Assuming that what you mean is that you could deflect the rim toward the hub enough that the tire could come loose, that's simply not true.
First off, if the rim actually deflected that much, the spokes would go slack in the load affected zone, they'd fatigue quickly as a result and would be snapping like popcorn. That was never an issue.
While that may have been true with carbon fiber frames of a few years back, it's not true of the most recent generation (the last 5 years or so, depending on the manufacturer), which have compliance features designed in. You can still buy an ultra-stiff carbon frame if you want one, but there are lots of options now.
I could say the same thing about both of my road bikes, although not to that extreme. They're both a bit harsh with narrower tires at higher pressure than I currently run.
It's definitely stiff and I feel it when I hit a significant bump. The tires smooth out the ride and tame the typical road imperfections I encounter.
Well, let me start with your understanding of contact patches. Here is an article published by Schwalbe: https://www.schwalbetires.com/tech_info/rolling_resistance Please go to the section labeled "Why do wide tires roll better than narrow ones?"
I was under the impression that we are approximately the same weight - 180-185 depending on the season. While you could get away with 120 psi on 20 mm tubulars you couldn't with clinchers.
I still have a set of those Campy Record tubular wheels in the garage. They are 14 mm from the top edge to the bottom edge. That is a rim that is curved to contain the tubular tire so the actual rim thickness at any point is closer to 8 mm. You may not think of that as paper thin but I most certainly do. The clinchers were almost identical in total depth. Then were simply shaped differently. While they were supported by 36 spokes that just prevented those thin sections from flexing too much. Hard shocks did flex the wheels by stretching the spokes which were not particularly stiff then. I still have a couple sets on the shelf since they broke commonly enough.
We both agree that the tire is supposed to be the source of compliance but the more narrow the tires the higher the pressure must be and the less compliance they offer.
I used to ride tubulars because they were the only source of decent tires. Two years ago I threw out an entire box of tubulars half of which were still new. I just ran across come cyclocross tubulars the other day which are new and I will toss as I clean up the garage. Green tubulars knobbies? Where the hell did I get those and why?
And yes, the rims would go that slack and the tubulars would tear off. Since you couldn't see what was happening generally this was passed off as a bad glue job. Well it was happening with the Pros as well and their mechanics weren't making glue errors. And I only saw base tape separations on repaired tubulars. If there was something I really hated was repairing tubulars and having to re-sew them and then getting the base tape to properly adhere.
I thought that we'd covered this already - yes the fifth generation carbon fiber bikes are really good bikes with some compliance and in exactly the correct plain. They do not bend laterally but only vertically. But that doesn't change the fact that the vast majority of compliance is in the larger tires used today.
And they still haven't gotten good at quality control and we are still having odd failures such as a chain stay breaking on one side and taking out the seat stay on that side as well. Forks are now built super strong because failure at that point can cause a death. So there's no compliance there save the wheels.
I will say that I've relatively recently started using the Vittoria G+ tires and I heartily recommend them. The tracking is incredible using my carbon wheels on the CLX 3.0. It is no longer necessary to set up for corners except very sharp turns that you have to slow way down for. Around here you cannot ride even the center of your lane because cars come speeding around these turns taking up most of the road. This means that we try to stay off these sorts of roads. A real problem is Google Maps which now will re-route traffic on these small country roads and suddenly you have cars passing you at 50 mph on a road too narrow for two cars to pass in opposite directions. And traffic coming in the opposite direction and both cars having to put their wheels on the shoulders. Great ride.
I just read it and it says exactly what I did. Wider tires have lower rolling resistance due to less deflection.
I'm currently ~170# and when I last ran tubulars (2011?), I inflated them to 85/95 F/R. Back when I was racing, I only weighed 151-155#.
I still have a set of those Campy Record tubular wheels in the garage. They are 14 mm from the top edge to the bottom edge. That is a rim that is curved to contain the tubular tire so the actual rim thickness at any point is closer to 8 mm. You may not think of that as paper thin but I most certainly do.
The clinchers were almost identical in total depth. Then were simply shaped differently. While they were supported by 36 spokes that just prevented those thin sections from flexing too much. Hard shocks did flex the wheels by stretching the spokes which were not particularly stiff then. I still have a couple sets on the shelf since they broke commonly enough.
Spokes stretch very little and not all when the wheel is subjected to a shock load (a sharp bump or pothole). This has always been the case. When a wheel is loaded, the tension in the spokes in the load-affected-zone (LAZ) decreases. There is no increase in tension in the spokes from shock loads or normal rolling loads.
Rear wheels do experience changes in tension due to drive torque. Disc brake wheels also experience changes in tension from braking torque.
Spokes don't fail from excessive stress (you could hang your entire body weight on a single spoke), they fail from fatigue. Fatigue is caused when the tension in a spoke is reduced to zero and reloaded repeatedly. In a properly built wheel, this should not happen. A few random cycles from shock loads should not fatigue spokes enough to cause failure.
These are basic facts about bicycle wheels that are documented in numerous places, the classic source being "The Bicycle Wheel" by the late Jobst Brandt. Unfortunately, few cyclists understand how wheels actually work, because it's really counter-intuitive.
Put 'em on Ebay. Tubulars are VERY popular for 'cross. I forget what the green tread tires are, but I've seen them at 'cross races.
There were actually some pretty decent clinchers on the market as far back as the early '80s, but they were still somewhat heavy and clincher rims back then weighed a ton, so nobody raced on them. The only bike I had with clinchers back then was a "winter bike" that also had fenders. For that purpose, I didn't care about the weight and didn't want to be dealing with tubular flats when the weather was frigid.
Tom, this simply is not true. I don't know where you got this information from, but it is just plain wrong.
First off, rims don't flex much, period. Unless you hit something hard enough to damage the rim, we're talking about small fractions of a millimeter of flex in normal use.
Second, a good glue job will not fail, even if the rim is severely dented. If you can find a team mechanic or even a good shop mechanic with tubular experience near you, ask about this and they'll tell you exactly the same thing.
If you experienced glue bond failures, the glue jobs weren't done properly, end of story. I don't care who did them.
The only other possibility is that the glue job was so old that the glue crystallized and became weak. That was not uncommon with the glues used decades ago. I've seen it happen with Clement red cement (my glue of choice at one point) and with Tubasti, but it typically takes at least a couple of years for it to become a problem.
I agree with this, but previously you were claiming that the major compliance was in the rims. Technically, carbon frames still have some lateral flex, but the bulk of the designed-in flex is in the vertical plane.
And they still haven't gotten good at quality control and we are still having odd failures such as a chain stay breaking on one side and taking out the seat stay on that side as well.
That may be true for some manufacturers, but not all by any stretch of the imagination. Manufacturing technology has improved to the point that catastrophic failures in normal use are essentially non-existent in quality frames. Failures in quality frames are nearly always caused by either some form of overload or physical damage from an impact. We're talking about overloads and impacts that would bend metal frames. The only difference is in the failure mode of the material.
Forks are now built super strong because failure at that point can cause a death. So there's no compliance there save the wheels.
Carbon forks have always been built strong; in recent years they've been getting lighter and more compliant, except on disc-brake-equipped bikes.
"...it's like riding a bicycle"
Before Americans, and by Americans I mean citizens of the US, started racing professionally in Europe, Greg LeMond in particular, there were a lot of myths about cycling going around. I was victim to a few. I think I mentioned the myth about ankleing in a previous post. Another one, I consider a myth, is the one about training on a fixed gear bike. Greg LeMond, the only American to win the tour and not have his victories taken away, "debunked" that one in his book. I haven't heard of any European professional teams training of fixed gear bikes. Maybe some do, but the idea makes no sense to me.
For years and years I was convinced that rotating mass (tires, wheels, pedals, shoes, cranks) had a greater affect on performance than non rotating mass. It is harder to accelerate rotating mass, but at a steady speed, there is no difference and may, in fact, help by steadying your speed. There may be little difference in effect between the two.
It was considered fact that a stiff frame is more efficient that a more flexible one. Boy, I've seen conflicting evidence on that one. I think there is more evidence that it is true, but then there is the thing about horizontal stiffness vs. vertical compliance. Some claim that you can make an efficiently stiff bike without it being harsh riding. Anyone that has stood and pedaled on a bike with suspension knows that bouncing up and down takes away power too, so I'm inclined to think vertical compliance hurts too.
Always thought hard, skinny tires were faster, but now they are saying that fatter tires with a little less air have lower rolling resistance. Maybe, but does that take into account energy lost from side to side tire deformation, as you pedal? I don't think it does. I also notice that on my indoor trainer, it is way harder to pedal if the tire pressure is low. I'm not convinced that fatter, lower pressure tires are faster.
Any compliance in the frame and fork is probably bad. But that's part of the reason that they are going to fatter, lower pressure tires. This gives a road bike about as much compliance as it needs and at the same time limits total travel via pneumatic pressure. Compliance in a frame gives far greater travel which in turn can cause handling problems.
Actually, frame compliance is fine - within limits - as long as it's in the proper plane, which is predominantly vertical. With carbon fiber frames, the design trend is toward lateral (left/right) and longitudinal (front/back) stiffness for efficient power transfer, with some vertical compliance so the rider doesn't get beaten to death on rough surfaces. How much vertical compliance is built into the frame is determined by the intended use, road racing, endurance riding or gravel/off-road riding.
Combine this with wider rims/tires and lower air pressure, and you end up with a bike that's very efficient, has improved aerodynamics and rolling resistance, better cornering grip and is reasonably comfortable to ride.
The world bicycle started being used several years after first bicycles appeared for sale. Those first models were called velocipedes.
First bicycles were created in France, but its modern design was born in England.
Inventors who first conceived modern bicycles were either blacksmiths or cartwrights.
Over 100 million bicycles are manufactured each year.
First commercially sold bicycle "Boneshaker" weighed 80 kg when it appeared for sale in 1868 in Paris.
More than 100 years later after first bicycle was brought into China, this country now has over half a billion of them.
5% of all trips in United Kingdom is made with bicycle. In United States this number is lower than 1%, but Netherlands has it at staggering 30%.
Seven out of eight people in Netherlands that is older than 15 year old has a bicycle.
Fastest measured speed of driving bicycle on a flat surface is 133.75 km/h.
Popular bicycle type BMX was created in 1970s as a cheaper alternative to motocross races. Today they can be found all around the world.
First bicycle-like transportation device was created in 1817 by German baron Karl von Drais. His design became known as draisine or dandy horse, but it was quickly replaced with more advanced velocipede designs that had pedal-driven transmission.
Is there a point to this list that relates it to the subject being discussed?
How can you just so sure its an established fact? How many reviews in your favor you have?
When you say "paper thin", I immediately think wall thickness, not depth of the rim, which explains the discrepancy. The numbers above sound correct.
That is what we thought when we started testing tires almost 12 years ago. And yet, as long-distance riders, i wondered whether the narrowest tires, pumped to the highest pressures, really were optimal for us. What if wider tires were a few percent slower, but their greater comfort reduced our fatigue? Remaining fresh toward the end of a long ride would help us put out more power, so we might go faster in the end. What we needed to know was how much speed we would give up by going to wider tires.
What about the aerodynamics of wider tires? Many riders believe that wider tires will be slower, because they have more wind resistance. I tested this in the wind tunnel and found that the difference between 25 and 32 mm tires was too small to measure reliably in a real-world scenario. The German magazine TOUR built a sophisticated setup with a motorized dummy rider and found that a 28 mm-wide tire had the same wind resistance as a 25 mm tire when the wind was coming from straight ahead. With a crosswind, the wider tire was very slightly less aerodynamic. Even then, the wider tires required only 5 watt more – on real roads, the reduced suspension losses probably make up for that.
I tested our tires on smooth pavement at 29.5 km/h (18.3 mph), and found no speed difference between narrow and wide tires. If you ride much faster, then it's possible that wider tires roll a little slower, but the difference will be so small that it'll get lost in all the other factors that influence your bike's speed. On the other hand, if you ride slower, then the advantage of wider tires will be even greater.
Tire width influences the feel of the bike, but not its speed. If you like the buzzy, connected-to-the-road feel of a racing bike, choose narrower tires. If you want superior cornering grip and the ability to go fast even when the roads get rough, choose wider tires.
I've seen similar yaw data. This is why wheel manufacturers don't typically optimize for more than 15 degrees yaw angle; riders simply don't encounter anything more than that often during riding/racing.
As for the width of the rim, I have no idea. I guess you'd have to ask an engineer at one of the wheel manufacturers, though perhaps someone like Leonard Zinn may have some answers.
Do you think that wheel manufacturers actually have engineers? I suppose they do in the sense that these people will test wheels and make any improvements they can think of. But, for instance, the Chinese simply steal a design and make them much cheaper.
What surprised me is that the carbon aero wheels have almost no response to even 90 degree wind gusts any more than a thin rim wheel. So those aero sections are extremely efficient. I don't think that the wider tires are any more or less aero than any other. I put 28's on my Time and it rides far better than before because they cushion that super stiff frame. With 23's the frame is unrideable. You spend all of your time dreading the next tiny bump.
I am 185 lbs and run 25's on all of the other bikes. The clinchers at 90 psi and the tubeless at 80 psi and the tubeless at the lower pressure seems to roll faster.
I just got a set of 50 mm deep aero carbon tubeless rims and using GP5000TL Continentals they went together without a bit of trouble. When these are properly installed you can inflate them with a normal floor pump. I'm still a little wary of them since the previous 40 mm ones delaminated 4 out of 4 wheels. But these didn't have a bit of trouble and didn't make the noises that the last ones did.
And they are so cheap that you can't get anything close to them for 4 times the price.
king - I don't know where you get the idea that rims don't flex but you can feel them do so under hard loadings. That was the outstanding thing when I changed over to carbon fiber aero rims - they do not flex at all and in hard descents where I have to set up for high speed sharp turns as if I was riding a motorcycle again, with the carbon rims I didn't have to set up and all but simply ride around it. Since the bike and tires were the same the only way that this change could have occurred is if the rims and spokes were flexing.
What's more - I can put something like my Campy Proton wheels in the wheel alignment stand, tighten them up and push them out of alignment by hand. While this could be caused by the older spoking method using less tension, it is still the rims that are flexing.
Exactly I have the same point you just can't say its established or not.
This is proof of what I already knew. A lot of people don't really read the post before replying. If you read through my post again, you will see that I don't really say anything is established fact. I am, in fact, questioning things that used to be considered established fact. Things that, if, back in the seventies, you looked in a popular book about cycling or read articles in Bicycling! you might come to the conclusion that they were established fact, when in fact, they turned out to be myths or, at least debatable. Others have held up to the test of time.


text:
Q: DNS resolve to CNAME which is not my website. Can someone explain? I have a website at www.grokit.ca hosted on google app engine. If I issue the following command:
nslookup -query=any -debug www.grokit.ca
... I get the following output:
$ nslookup -query=any -debug www.grokit.ca
Server:         X.Y.Z.12
Address:        X.Y.Z.12#53

------------
    QUESTIONS:
        www.grokit.ca, type = ANY, class = IN
    ANSWERS:
    ->  www.grokit.ca
        canonical name = ghs.googlehosted.com.
        ttl = 400
    AUTHORITY RECORDS:
    ADDITIONAL RECORDS:
------------
Non-authoritative answer:
www.grokit.ca   canonical name = ghs.googlehosted.com.

Same with dig: dig www.grokit.ca:
; <<>> DiG 9.9.6 <<>> www.grokit.ca
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 34283
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4000
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;www.grokit.ca.                 IN      A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
www.grokit.ca.          865     IN      CNAME   ghs.googlehosted.com.
ghs.googlehosted.com.   214     IN      A       74.125.28.121

;; Query time: 55 msec
;; SERVER: X.Y.Z.12#53(X.Y.Z.12)
;; WHEN: Fri Dec 11 17:53:03 PST 2015
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 92

So basically I get it, my domain is CNAME (~alias), which is linked to ghs.googlehosted.com, which is at IP address 74.125.28.121. However, if I point the browser to 74.125.28.121, this is just a default google website:

So my question is, where is the rest of the DNS lookup? How does the browser know where to issue the GET given that if it uses the IP resolved by DNS it will get a 404 (going to the website on a web browser from www.grokit.ca does work).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
December Fund Drive
Related Programs:
By Chris Martin & Francie Von Mertens • Jun 1, 2012
Courtesy Sterling College via Flickr
Fifty years ago, Rachel Carson's book, "Silent Spring", woke the world up to the perils of chemicals that promised food crops free of disease and insects, and time outdoors free of mosquitoes. The book is credited with starting the modern environmental movement. It was the birdwatchers that first alerted the scientists about robins literally falling from the sky soon after DDT was sprayed, as well as longer-term declines in birds higher on the food chain. Rachel Carson cautioned that words like "insecticide," "herbicide" and "fungicide" suggest that poisons can be targeted precisely at one type of pest. She proposed the word "biocide" instead, to make the point that poisons have a much broader reach and cumulative impacts. Her book stirred up a storm of criticism and personal attack—and became a best seller.
Rachel Carson combined the discipline of a biologist, sound in her science, with a writing style that inspired many. Her message prevailed. DDT was banned in this country; recovery of peregrine falcons and brown pelicans eventually followed. "Silent Spring" was written at the dawn of the chemical age and chemicals permeate our world far more today, for example, in pharmaceuticals, household cleaners and processed foods.
Anniversaries help us remember events and people who shaped history. This 50th anniversary year for "Silent Spring" has already seen tributes as well as sober assessments of where we are today. The book's title, "Silent Spring", referred to a future without birdsong. In the 50 years since the book was published, birdsong has diminished, so we need to keep paying attention.
Protecting The Land
By Chris Martin & Francie Von Mertens • Mar 9, 2012
In New Hampshire we value rural character—a value that's reflected in a strong history of land conservation. Central to that history is conservation of privately owned land by means of what's called a "conservation easement deed" that limits future development. It's typically a family decision. A family chooses to conserve their land so that future generations will know the land as they do. The property stays on a town's tax rolls and its natural resources are protected in perpetuity. Land conservation benefits the public, and in most cases landowners are entitled to an income tax dedu


text:
Histopathologic, immunophenotypic, and genotypic analysis of Ki-1 anaplastic large cell lymphomas that express histiocyte-associated antigens.
CD30/Ki-1 antigen expression in 243 cases of malignant lymphomas was examined using Ber-H2 monoclonal antibody. Among them 20 cases were categorized as Ki-1 anaplastic large cell lymphoma. In two of these cases histiocyte-associated markers were also expressed. In these cases histopathologic and extensive in situ immunophenotypic analyses were used with genotypic studies in the determination of cell lineage. A sinusoid histologic pattern of involvement with partial lymph node infiltration by pleomorphic neoplastic cells was noticed in the nodes from both patients. Solid areas of node replacement resembling metastatic carcinoma were seen in Patient 1. Immunohistologically, tumor cells of both cases were positive for CD30, CD25, CD71, LN3 (HLA-DR), EMA, CD45, CD74, vimentin, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, and CD68. Patient 1 was also CD45RO+, CD43+, whereas Patient 2 was positive for alpha-1-antitrypsin and CD4 tumor cells. Genotypic studies revealed that TCR beta and TCR gamma chain genes were clonally rearranged in Patient 1, whereas no rearrangements were detected in Patient 2. This study supports the view that some Ki-1 anaplastic large cell lymphomas may express multiple histiocyte-associated antigens and confirms that this group of neoplasms have immunophenotypic heterogeneity. The results of genotypic analyses used with immunophenotyping does not exclude that the tumor cells in these cases may be of true histiocytic origin despite the Ki-1-positive phenotype.
Titolo: Histopathologic, immunophenotypic, and genotypic analysis of Ki-1 anaplastic large cell lymphomas that express histiocyte-associated antigens.
Carbone A
Gloghini A
De Re V
TAMARO, PAOLO
Boiocchi M
Volpe R.
Abstract: CD30/Ki-1 antigen expression in 243 cases of malignant lymphomas was examined using Ber-H2 monoclonal antibody. Among them 20 cases were categorized as Ki-1 anaplastic large cell lymphoma. In two of these cases histiocyte-associated markers were also expressed. In these cases histopathologic and extensive in situ immunophenotypic analyses were used with genotypic studies in the determination of cell lineage. A sinusoid histologic pattern of involvement with partial lymph node infiltration by pleomorphic neoplastic cells was noticed in the nodes from both patients. Solid areas of node replacement resembling metastatic carcinoma were seen in Patient 1. Immunohistologically, tumor cells of both cases were positive for CD30, CD25, CD71, LN3 (HLA-DR), EMA, CD45, CD74, vimentin, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, and CD68. Patient 1 was also CD45RO+, CD43+, whereas Patient 2 was positive for alpha-1-antitrypsin and CD4 tumor cells. Genotypic studies revealed that TCR beta and TCR gamma chain genes were clonally rearranged in Patient 1, whereas no rearrangements were detected in Patient 2. This study supports the view that some Ki-1 anaplastic large cell lymphomas may express multiple histiocyte-associated antigens and confirms that this group of neoplasms have immunophenotypic heterogeneity. The results of genotypic analyses used with immunophenotyping does not exclude that the tumor cells in these cases may be of true histiocytic origin despite the Ki-1-positive phenotype.


Stay together, fight through the darkest today, because tomorrow will be here with you and your family. Love from all of us.
Understanding your family difficulties, and fully support your family emotionally. Be strong and get better, Kids need you.


Here's a layout I did for OLW. The word was "steps".
We're at the Designers & Agents show all weekend in LA.
I love that our baby stuff is on this site, Pink Olive.
My girl, Courtney Jaye, is once again going to have a song on Brothers & Sisters Sunday. It's Sweet Ride and it is amazing.


Capitalizing on point sales and discounted fares is an amazing way to save money and points when flying with JetBlue.
I was recently asked by a Point Strategist reader how I quickly scan for the best travel deals with JetBlue. Simply put, I use a combination of the following three methods.
Use the Point offer search on JetBlue's website http://www.jetblue.com/deals/search/?Origin=Anywhere&fare=POINTS and search by destination or travel inspiration.
Opt in to email offers within your TrueBlue account.
This strategy is not earth shattering by any means. However it is quite useful when looking for last minute inspiration on a getaway.


text:
Arizona State University geographer calls for complexity in sustainability science models
Published: Sunday, February 20, 2011 - 16:33 in Earth & Climate
Tropical deforestation is intimately linked with urban dynamics and needs to be considered along with the role and effect of national and regional policies on land use decisions, and the dynamics of economic globalization in the next generation of sustainability science research, according to an Arizona State University geographer. "You just can't think of isolated farmers operating out there by themselves. They are linked to whatever are the closest urban areas," noted B.L. Turner II, whose research concentrates on human-environment relationships focusing on land-use change. He addressed change in tropical forests and the challenges that address its complexity at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was one of the presenters in a Feb. 19 session on the research frontiers in sustainability science.
"Today, there is a lot of work on ecosystem services related to forest change, yet there really is a paucity of work that says how those ecosystem services come back and affect human outcomes," said Turner, the Gilbert F. White Professor of Environment and Society in the School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning at ASU's College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. He also is a professor in the School of Sustainability.
"We have a lot of work informing us about the environmental impacts of deforestation, but it doesn't tell us how people react to it and deal with it. We only now are beginning to ask how those environmental services link to farm income. How do those factors link to whether people abandon land and go off someplace else or sell their land rights to a cattle farmer. And, how does all this link to changes in rural-urban ties, policy, and global economy changes," he said.
"It's linking the feedback of environmental changes themselves on decisions to cut forest, or not; to expand agricultural land, or not. It isn't just the amount of forests that's cut or the amount of agricultural land lost. It is the spatial and temporal patterns of them," Turner stressed. "It matters whether people are cutting big chunks of land in a uniform pattern or cutting little chunks of land in an ad hoc random pattern."
Turner argued that "all of this matters to biodiversity and rainfall in the tropics. We have the capacity to account for these consequences if we aim our research that way," he said.
What needs to be done now in sustainability science research, according to Turner, is to create models that are fluid and open to the complex changes we observe, full of feedbacks between people and environment.
"Tropical deforestation still remains very high on the sustainability global change/climate change agenda for a variety of reasons that range from it being the lungs of the planet to housing the most terrestrial biodiversity," Turner said. "The new challenge that we face in sustainability science is understanding more fully the ties between the socioeconomic factors affecting forest change and the environmental feedbacks from decisions we make. We can incorporate these types of dynamics directly into how we understand and forecast what's going to fall, where it's going to fall, and what the implications are."
Source: Arizona State University
Geographer calls for complexity in sustainability science models
Mon, 21 Feb 2011, 1:31:41 UTC
Sun, 20 Feb 2011, 21:31:26 UTC
bl turner ii


As founders and entrepreneurs, you are constantly operating at your maximum level. Pair this with long hours at the office, little time for personal life, and lack of being able to share your biggest problems or deepest fears and it is easy to see how isolation and loneliness can set in.
Mindful Presence offers specialized mindfulness meditation training to founders and entrepreneurs to help you overcome the feelings of loneliness and isolation while gaining perspective during your toughest challenges.
Mindful Presence's mindful meditation sessions for founders and entrepreneurs are held privately, one-on-one, and designed around your specific needs and goals. All information shared in our mindful meditation training sessions is held confidential and not shared with others unless expressly required to do so by law. Private sessions may also be held via Skype to allow you to continue your training no matter where need to be.


Maulana (Mullah) Fazlullah, the Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan leader in the Swat valley who has reportedly been elected the new amir of the TTP umbrella organization.
Khan Said (Sejena, Sajna), reportedly the newly-elected amir of the Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan (left) and his deputy, Ikhlas Yaar.
Ustadh (Ustad) Fatih (Fateh), a Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan military commander in Swat (far left) with Swat Taliban leader Maulana Fazlullah (center).
Mawlawi Kaleemullah (Bajaur agency) 'Umar Khalid Khurasani (Omar Khalid Khorasani), [center], Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan commander in Mohmand agency.
Khan Said (Sejena, Sajna) of the Mehsud tribe in Waziristan.
Khan Said (Sejena, Sajna), (far right) of the Mehsud tribe in Waziristan.
Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan spokesman Shahidullah Shahid.
Ustadh (Ustad) Fatih (Fateh), military commander (left) and Mawlawi Fatih (Fateh), Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan leader in the Khyber agency.
Hafiz Sa'id Khan (Hafiz Saeed), Tehrik-i Taliban leader in Orakzai agency.
Ihsanullah Ihsan, senior spokesman of the Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan.
The late founder-leader of the Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan, Baytullah Mehsud.
See Part 1 of this photo essay HERE.
See Part 2 of this photo essay HERE.
Hakimullah Mehsud with Hajji Nur Islam (left), one of the Pashtun tribal supporters of the Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan.
Hakimullah Mehsud and the late founder-leader of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Muhammad Tahir Faruq (right), who died in 2009 of wounds suffered that year from a U.S. drone missile strike.
Photograph circulating on jihadi web sites purportedly showing Hakimullah Mehsud shortly after he was killed in a U.S. drone missile strike on November 1, 2013.
"By the Lord of the Ka'ba, I have succeeded!" (Saying attributed in the Sunni tradition to a Companion of the Prophet Muhammad and in the Shi'i tradition to Imam 'Ali ibn Abi Talib).
Hakimullah Mehsud with Waliur Rahman Mehsud, the late deputy commander of the Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and head of Mehsud Taliban forces (left), and TTP spokesman Ihsanullah Ihsan.
Hakimullah Mehsud with Waliur Rahman Mehsud, the late deputy commander of the Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and head of Mehsud Taliban forces (left).
Hakimullah Mehsud meeting with Faisal Shahzad, who traveled to Pakistan to receive training from the Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan and tried, but failed, to construct and set off a working vehicle bomb in Times Square in New York City in 2010.
Photograph of Hakimullah Mehsud meeting with a Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan commander days before his killing in a U.S. drone strike on November 1, 2013.
Hakimullah Mehsud with Abu Zarr al-Pakistani (Abu Zarr al-Burmi, Abu Zarr 'Azzam), a religious scholar and preacher affiliated with both the Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan and Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. The latter formerly was a teacher at the Jami'at Faruqiyya school in Karachi and the mentor to Qari Husayn Mehsud of the Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan.
Hakimullah Mehsud with Abu Usman Adil (left), the late leader of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, who was killed in April 2012 by a U.S. drone.
Hakimullah Mehsud with the late founder-leader of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Muhammad Tahir Faruq (far left), who died in 2009 of wounds suffered in a U.S. drone missile strike.
Hakimullah Mehsud with Muhammad Tahir Faruq.
Hakimullah Mehsud with Dr. Humam al-Balawi, the Jordanian jihadi who tricked the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and Jordanian intelligence into thinking he was working for them. Al-Balawi, aided by the Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan and Al-Qa'ida Central, carried out a "martyrdom operation" inside the U.S. military base in Khost, Afghanistan on December 30, 2009, killing seven CIA agents, including the station chief, and his Jordanian security services handler.


6,099 views. By Geoff Peters in Environment, Latest Videos, People, Restaurants, Vancouver. March 31, 2012.
I make a walk in Downtown Vancouver from the corner of Nelson and Richards to Yamato Sushi on Davie Street (616 Davie St).
Recorded with a Sony HX9V in Tungsten White Balance mode. A bit of water got on my lens, so I will post a "lens cleaning video" soon!
For more Vancouver videos please subscribe to my channel or visit my website at geoffmobile.com Please leave me your comments below on what you think of this video!