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Cost of on-land wind power
Wind power is developing rapidly on both a European and global level. Over the past 17 years, the global installed capacity of wind power increased from around 2.5 GW in 1992 to just over 158 GW at the end of 2009, an average annual growth of more than 25%. Owing to ongoing improvements in wind turbine efficiency and higher fuel prices, wind power is becoming economically competitive with conventional power production, and at sites with high wind speeds on land, wind energy is considered to be fully commercial.
This part of the report focuses on the economics of wind power. The investment and cost structures of land-based and offshore wind turbines are discussed. The cost of electricity produced is also addressed, which takes into account the lifetime of turbines and O&M costs, and the past and future development of the costs of wind-generated power is analysed. In subsequent chapters, the importance of finance, support schemes and employment issues are discussed. Finally, the cost of wind generated electricity is compared to the cost of conventional fossil fuel-fired power plants.
Wind power is used in a number of different applications, including grid-connected and stand-alone electricity production and water pumping. This part analyses the economics of wind energy, primarily in relation to grid-connected wind turbines, which account for the vast bulk of the market value of installed turbines.
Cost and investment structures
The main parameters governing wind power economics include:
* investment costs, such as auxiliary costs for foundation and grid connection;
* operation and maintenance costs;
* electricity production / average wind speed;
* turbine lifetime;
* discount rate.
The most important parameters are wind turbine electricity production and investment costs. As electricity production depends to a large extent on wind conditions, choosing the right turbine site is critical to achieving economic viability.
Trends influencing the costs of wind power
In recent years, three major trends have dominated the development of grid-connected wind turbines:
* Turbines have become larger and taller – the average size of wind turbines sold on the market has increased substantially.
* The efficiency of turbine production has increased steadily.
* In general, the investment costs per kW have decreased, although there has been a deviation from this trend in recent years.
It can be observed that the annual average size has increased significantly over the last 10-15 years, from approximately 200 kW in 1990 to 2 MW in 2007 in the UK, with Germany, Spain and USA not far behind.
As shown, there is a significant difference between some countries: in India, the average installed size in 2007 was around 1 MW, considerably lower than levels in the UK and Germany (2,049 kW and 1,879 kW, respectively). The unstable picture for Denmark in recent years is due to the low level of turbine installations.
In 2007, turbines of the MW-class (with a capacity of over 1 MW) had a market share of more than 95%, leaving less than 5% for the smaller machines. Within the MW-segment, turbines with capacities of 2.5 MW and upwards are becoming increasingly important, even for on-land sites. In 2007, the market share of these large turbines was 6%, compared to only 0.3% at the end of 2003.
The wind regime at the chosen site, the turbine hub height and the efficiency of production determine power production from the turbines. So, just by increasing the height of turbines has resulted in higher power production. Similarly, the methods for measuring and evaluating the wind speed at a given site have improved substantially in recent years and thus improved the site selection for new turbines. In spite of this, the fast development of wind power capacity in countries such as Germany and Denmark implies that, by now, the best wind sites in these countries have been taken and that new on-land turbine capacity will have to be erected at sites with a marginally lower average wind speed. The replacement of older and smaller turbines with modern versions is also becoming increasingly important, especially in countries which have been involved in wind power development for a long time, as is the case for Germany and Denmark.
The development of electricity production efficiency, owing to better equipment design, measured as annual energy production per square metre of swept rotor area (kWh/m2) at a specific reference site, has correspondingly improved significantly in recent years.
Taking into account the issues of improved equipment efficiency, improved turbine siting and higher hub height, the overall production efficiency has increased by 2-3% annually over the last 15 years.
The data reflects turbines installed in the particular year shown (all costs are converted to 2006 prices) and all costs on the right axis are calculated per square metre of swept rotor area, while those on the left axis are calculated per kW of rated capacity.
The number of square metres covered by the turbine's rotor – the swept rotor area – is a good indicator of the turbine's power production, so this measure is a relevant index for the development in costs per kWh. There was a substantial decline in costs per unit of swept rotor area in the period under consideration, except during 2006. So from the late 1990s until 2004, overall investments per unit of swept rotor area declined by more than 2% per annum, corresponding to a total reduction in cost of almost 30% over these 15 years. But this trend was broken in 2006, when total investment costs rose by approximately 20% compared to 2004, mainly due to a significant increase in demand for wind turbines, combined with rising commodity prices and supply constraints.
Looking at the cost per rated capacity (per kW), the same decline is found in the period 1989 to 2004, with the exception of the 1,000 kW machine in 2001. The cause is related to the size of this specific turbine; with higher hub heights and larger rotor diameters, the turbine is equipped with a slightly smaller generator, although it produces more electricity. This fact is particularly important when analysing turbines built specifically for low and medium wind areas, where the rotor diameter is considerably larger in comparison to the rated capacity. The cost per kW installed also rose by 20% in 2006 compared to 2004.
In addition, the share of other costs as a percentage of total costs has generally decreased. In 1989, almost 29% of total investment costs were related to costs other than the turbine itself. By 1997, this share had declined to approximately 20%. The trend towards lower auxiliary costs continues for the last turbine model shown (2000 kW), where other costs amount to approximately 18% of total costs. But from 2004 to 2006 other costs rose almost in parallel with the cost of the turbine itself.
The recent increase in turbine prices is a global phenomenon, which stems mainly from a strong and increasing demand for wind power in many countries, as well as constraints on the supply side (not only related to turbine manufac¬turers but also resulting from a deficit in sub-supplier production capacity of wind turbine components). The general price increases for newly installed wind turbines in a number of selected countries. There are significant differences between individual countries, with price increases ranging from almost none to a rise of more than 40% in the US and Canada.
Operation and maintenance costs of wind generated power
Operation and maintenance (O&M) costs constitute a sizeable share of the total annual costs of a wind turbine. For a new turbine, O&M costs may easily make up 20-25% of the total levelised cost per kWh produced over the lifetime of the turbine. If the turbine is fairly new, the share may only be 10-15%, increasing to at least 20-35% by the end of the turbine's lifetime. As a result, O&M costs are attracting greater attention, as manufacturers attempt to lower these costs significantly, by developing new turbine designs that require fewer regular service visits and less turbine downtime.
O&M costs are related to a limited number of cost components, and include:
* insurance;
* regular maintenance;
* repair;
* spare parts, and
* administration.
Some of these cost components can be estimated relatively easily. For insurance and regular maintenance, it is possible to obtain standard contracts covering a considerable share of the wind turbine's total lifetime. Conversely, costs for repair and related spare parts are much more difficult to predict. And although all cost components tend to increase as the turbine gets older, costs for repair and spare parts are particularly influenced by turbine age; starting low and increasing over time.
Due to the relative infancy of the wind energy industry, there are only a few turbines that have reached their life expectancy of 20 years. These turbines are much smaller than those currently available on the market and, to a certain extent, the design standards were more conservative, though less stringent than they are today. Estimates of O&M costs are still highly unpredictable, especially around the end of a turbine's lifetime; nevertheless a certain amount of experience can be drawn from existing, older turbines.
Based on experiences in Germany, Spain, the UK and Denmark, O&M costs are generally estimated to be around 1.2 to 1.5 eurocents (c€) per kWh of wind power produced, over the total lifetime of a turbine. Spanish data indicates that less than 60% of this amount goes strictly to the O&M of the turbine and installations, with the rest equally distributed between labour costs and spare parts. The remaining 40% is split equally between insurance, land rental and overheads.
Expenses pertaining to buying power from the grid and land rental (as in Spain) are included in the O&M costs calculated for Germany. For the first two years of its lifetime, a turbine is usually covered by the manufacturer's warranty, so in the German study O&M costs made up a small percentage (2-3%) of total investment costs for these two years, corresponding to approximately 0.3-0.4 c€ /kWh. After six years, the total O&M costs increased, constituting slightly less than 5% of total investment costs, which is equivalent to around 0.6-0.7 c€/kWh. These figures are fairly similar to the O&M costs calculated for newer Danish wind turbines.
So, for a three year old 600 kW machine, which was fairly well represented in the study , approximately 35% of total O&M costs covered insurance, 28% regular servicing, 11% administration, 12% repairs and spare parts, and 14% for other purposes. In general, the study revealed that expenses for insurance, regular servicing and administration were fairly stable over time, while the costs for repairs and spare parts fluctuated considerably. In most cases, other costs were of minor importance.
For a three year old turbine, the O&M costs decreased from around 3.5 c€/kWh; for the old 55 kW turbines, to less than 1 c€/kWh for the newer 600 kW machines. The figures for the 150 kW turbines are similar to the O&M costs identified in the three countries mentioned above. Moreover, O&M costs increase with the age of the turbine.
With regard to the future development of O&M costs, care must be taken in interpreting the results, as wind turbines exhibit economies of scale in terms of declining investment costs per kW with increasing turbine capacity, similar economies of scale may exist for O&M costs. This means that a decrease in O&M costs will be related, to a certain extent, to turbine up-scaling. Secondly, the newer and larger turbines are better aligned with dimensioning criteria than older models, implying reduced lifetime O&M requirements. However, this may also have the adverse effect that these newer turbines will not stand up as effectively to unexpected events.
The cost of energy generated by wind power
The total cost per kWh produced (unit cost) is calculated by discounting and levelising investment and O&M costs over the lifetime of the turbine, and then dividing them by the annual electricity production. The unit cost of generation is thus calculated as an average cost over the turbine's lifetime. In reality, actual costs will be lower than the calculated average at the beginning of the turbine's life, due to low O&M costs, and will increase over the period of turbine use.
The turbine's power production is the single most important factor for the cost per unit of power generated. The profitability of a turbine depends largely on whether it is sited at a good wind location. In this section, the cost of energy produced by wind power will be calculated according to a number of basic assumptions. Due to the importance of the turbine's power production, the sensitivity analysis will be applied to this parameter. Other assumptions include the following:
* Calculations relate to new land-based, medium-sized turbines (1.5-2 MW) that could be erected today.
* Investment costs reflect the range given in Section 2 – that is, a cost per kW of 1,100-1,400 €/kW, with an average of 1,225 €/kW. These costs are based on data from IEA and stated in 2006 prices.
* Operation and maintenance costs are assumed to be 1.45 c€/kWh as an average over the lifetime of the turbine.
* The lifetime of the turbine is set at 20 years, in accordance with most technical design criteria.
* The discount rate is assumed to range from 5-10% per annum. In the basic calculations, a discount rate of 7.5% per annum is used, although a sensitivity analysis of the importance of this interest range is also performed.
* Economic analyses are carried out on a simple national economic basis. Taxes, depreciation and risk premiums are not taken into account and all calculations are based on fixed 2006 prices.
As illustrated, the costs range from approximately 7-10 c€/kWh at sites with low average wind speeds, to approximately 5-6.5 c€/kWh at windy coastal sites, with an average of approximately 7c€/kWh at a wind site with average wind speeds.
In Europe, the good coastal positions are located mainly on the coasts of the UK, Ireland, France, Denmark and Norway. Medium wind areas are mostly found inland in mid and southern Europe – Germany, France, Spain, Holland and Italy; and also in Northern Europe in Sweden, Finland and Denmark. In many cases, local conditions significantly influence the average wind speeds at a specific site, so significant fluctuations in the wind regime are to be expected even for neighbouring areas.
Approximately 75-80% of total power production costs for a wind turbine are related to capital costs – that is, the costs of the turbine, foundation, electrical equipment and grid connection. Thus, a wind turbine is capital intensive compared with conventional fossil fuel-fired technologies, such as natural gas power plants, where as much as 40-60% of total costs are related to fuel and operation and maintenance costs. For this reason, the costs of capital (discount or interest rate) are an important factor for the cost of wind generated power; a factor which varies considerably between the EU member countries.
As illustrated, the costs ranges between around 6 and 8 c€/kWh at medium wind positions, indicating that a doubling of the interest rate induces an increase in production costs of 2 c€/kWh. In low wind areas, the costs are significantly higher, at around 8-11 c€/kWh, while the production costs range between 5 and 7 c€/kWh in coastal areas.
Development of the cost of wind-generated power
The rapid European and global development of wind power capacity has had a strong influence on the cost of wind power over the last 20 years. To illustrate the trend towards lower production costs of wind-generated power, a case that shows the production costs for different sizes and models of turbines is presented below. Due to limited data, the trend curve has only been constructed for Denmark, although a similar trend (at a slightly slower pace) was observed in Germany.
A 20-year lifetime is assumed for all turbines in the analysis and a real discount rate of 7.5% per annum is used. All costs are converted into constant 2006 prices. Turbine electricity production is estimated for two wind regimes – a coastal and an inland medium wind position.
The starting point for the analysis is the 95 kW machine, which was installed mainly in Denmark during the mid 1980s. This is followed by successively newer turbines (150 kW, 225 kW), ending with the 2000 kW turbine, which was typically installed from around 2003 onwards. It should be noted that wind turbine manufacturers generally expect the production cost of wind power to decline by 3-5% for each new turbine generation they add to their product portfolio. The calculations are performed for the total lifetime (20 years) of s turbine, which means that calculations for the old turbines are based on track records of more than 15 years (average figures), while newer turbines may have a track record of only a few years; so, the newer the turbine, the less accurate the calculations.
For a coastal position, for example, the average cost has decreased from around 9.2 c€ /kWh for the 95 kW turbine (mainly installed in the mid 1980s), to around 5.3 c€ /kWh for a fairly new 2,000 kW machine, an improvement of more than 40% over 20 years (constant 2006 prices).
Future evolution of the costs of wind-generated power
In this section, the future development of the economics of wind power is illustrated by the use of the experience curve methodology. The experience curve approach was developed in the 1970s by the Boston Consulting Group, and it relates the cumulative quantitative development of a product to the development of the specific costs (Johnson, 1984). Thus, if the cumulative sale of a product doubles, the estimated learning rate gives the achieved reduction in specific product costs.
The experience curve is not a forecasting tool based on estimated relationships. It merely shows that if the existing trends continue in the future, the proposed development may be seen. It converts the effect of mass production into an effect upon production costs, without taking other causal relationships into account. Thus, changes in market development and/or technological breakthroughs within the field may change the picture considerably, as would fluctuations in commodity prices such as those for steel and copper.
Different experience curves have been estimated for a number of projects (see i.e Neij, 1997, Neij, 2003 or Milborrow, 2003). Unfortunately, different specifications were used, which means that not all of these projects can be directly compared. To obtain the full value of the experiences gained, the reduction in price of the turbine (€/KW-specification) should be taken into account, as well as improvements in the efficiency of the turbine's production (which requires the use of an energy specification (€/kWh), as done by Neij in 2003). Thus, using the specific costs of energy as a basis (costs per kWh produced), the estimated progress ratios range from 0.83 to 0.91, corresponding to learning rates of 0.17 to 0.09. So when the total installed capacity of wind power doubles, the costs per kWh produced for new turbines goes down by between 9 and 17%. In this way, both the efficiency improvements and embodied and disembodied cost reductions are taken into account in the analysis.
Wind power capacity has developed very rapidly in recent years, on average by 25-30% per year over the last ten years. So, at present the total wind power capacity doubles approximately every three to four years.
* The present price-relation should be retained until 2010; the reason why no price reductions are foreseen in this period is due to a persistently high demand for new wind turbine capacity, and sub-supplier constraints in the delivery of turbine components.
* From 2010 until 2015, a learning rate of 10% is assumed, implying that each time the total installed capacity doubles, the costs per kWh of wind generated power decreases by 10%.
* The growth rate of installed capacity is assumed to double cumulative installations every three years.
* The curve illustrates cost development in Denmark, which is a fairly cheap wind power country. Thus, the starting point for the development is a cost of wind power of around 6.1 c€/kWh for an average 2 MW turbine, sited at a medium wind regime area (average wind speed of 6.3 m/s at a hub height of 50 m). The development for a coastal position is also shown.
At present, the production costs for a 2 MW wind turbine installed in an area with a medium wind speed (inland position) are around 6.1 c€ per kWh of wind-produced power. If sited at a coastal position, the current costs are around 5.3 c€/kWh. If a doubling time of total installed capacity of three years is assumed, in 2015 the cost interval would be approximately 4.3 to 5.0 c€/kWh for a coastal and inland site, respectively. A doubling time of five years would imply a cost interval, in 2015, of 4.8 to 5.5 c€/kWh. As mentioned, Denmark is a fairly cheap wind power country, so for more expensive countries the cost of wind power produced would increase by 1- 2 c€/kWh.
windfacts.eu/
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Time to Talk Day takes place on Thursday 4th February. Promoted as part of the Time to Change Campaign led by mental health charities Mind and Rethink the 2016 Time to Talk Day focusses on getting the nation talking about mental health.
One in four of us will have a mental health problem at some point in our life and most of us go through times when we feel down. By joining together on one day, we can break the silence that often surrounds mental health, and show that talking about this once-taboo issue doesn't need to be difficult. To support Time to Talk Day we are once again encouraging everyone to 'run and talk'. So grab a friend and get out for a run, have a natter and de-stress! Tell us about it and encourage others to get out running and talking about mental health using #runandtalk.
Double Olympian Andy Baddeley is supporting #runandtalk and explained why he believes it is so important, "I've recently felt able to talk about my own struggles with depression and the response I've received has been overwhelming. The stories shared with me by complete strangers from both inside and outside athletics have been humbling and have illustrated the power of sharing, and of being able to talk openly about mental health.
"I'm proud to be able to support Mind and Rethink, together with England Athletics and it definitely is #timetotalk - please get together and #runandtalk to help one another de-stress."
You can read more of Andy's thoughts on the subject here.
However, taking part in any type of exercise can be tough, especially when you're feeling a bit low or lacking motivation. England Athletics recognises the contribution that running and athletics can play in supporting good mental wellbeing.
For more information on Mind's Get Set to Go programme please click here.
If you are experiencing mental health problems or need urgent support, or find some of the conversations that come up on Time to Talk Day difficult and need to signpost someone for further information, there are lots of places you can go to for help.


KPFK is a listener-sponsored radio station based in Los Angeles. KPFK was the second of five stations in the non-commercial Pacifica Foundation network. The Pacifica Foundation was founded in the late 1940's out of the peace movement surrounding World War II, becoming the birthplace of a listener-sponsored radio.
KPFK has been broadcasting since 1959 over 110,000 - Watts, the strongest signal west of the Mississippi. KPFK continues to produce the majority of programs in-house giving it the flexibility to provide a platform for stories, news, music, and information to serve the cultural welfare of the communities in and around Southern California that you will not hear anywhere else. KPFK believes forging social change is a fundamental part of how radio can make a positive impact on communities.
Donate any vehicle you no longer need today to KPFK and keep a progressive media outlet that challenges the corporate media perspectives and provides voice to voiceless communities on-air. Make a difference today!
Have an old car taking up space in your driveway? Donate a vehicle to KPFK!
If you have any questions just call one of our friendly Donor Support Representatives toll-free at 877-KPFK-AUTO (877-573-5288) seven days a week.


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New York Islanders Pros and Cons of Keeping Calvin de Haan
SUNRISE, FL - APRIL 15: Calvin de Haan #44 of the New York Islanders prepares for a face-off against the Florida Panthers in Game Two of the Eastern Conference Quarterfinals during the NHL 2016 Stanley Cup Playoffs at the BB&T Center on April 15, 2016 in
NEW YORK, NY – OCTOBER 07: Calvin de Haan #44 of the New York Islanders skates during the second period against the Buffalo Sabres at Barclays Center on October 7, 2017 in the Brooklyn Borough of New York City. (Photo by Abbie Parr/Getty Images)
Before sitting out 60 percent of the 2017-18 NHL season Calvin de Haan was having a career year. With his 12 points in 33 games, de Haan was on pace for 30 points. His previous high was 25 in 2016-17.
Per Corsica. Hockey, de Haan was generating 1.15 points per 60, second amongst New York Islanders defenseman. He was also second on the team with a 1.05 in expected goals +/- with a 1.05. de Haan was performing well before the Islanders lost him to a shoulder injury.
With de Haan in the lineup, the Islanders were still doing relatively well. With an 18-12-3 record by December 17th 2017, they sat just two points out of second place in the division. The Islanders weren't great, but they were still competitive.
It's not to say that losing Calvin de Haan is what doomed the Islanders season, but with de Haan, in the lineup, the Islanders were still in it.
Lets just quickly assume the Islanders don't keep him. Who do they bring in instead? Do they hope that one of the young kids can step up and take his place? Does Sebastian Aho start in the top four? Maybe Devon Toews next to Adam Pelech on the second pairing?
Outside of chasing John Carlson, Calvin de Haan might be the best fit for the Islanders. And he's already on the roster.
Keeping de Haan might not come cheaply. Knowing he can go to free agency that has few defensive options plays in de Haan's favor. But he's the best option for the Islanders. So paying him $4.5 million over say four to five years might be the best option.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Yes, you are welcome to bring along a cooler for your beverages, sandwiches, snacks and other food items that don't require heating as you explore the theme parks. I often pack a tote with cereal, juice, crackers, fruit snacks and other munchies my little ones enjoy, plus a small cooler to keep drinks chilled in the summertime. Please make sure your cooler is not larger than a 6-pack size and that it contains no glass (aside from small baby food jars) or alcoholic beverages. You can carry the cooler with you as you explore the theme parks or it can be stored in one of the rental lockers available at the resort. You may also request free cups of ice water at any quick-service restaurant to avoid carrying bottles of water with you!
I hope this helps you plan, Jessica. Please visit us again with any other questions you can dream of as your pixie-dusted vacation approaches!
On 7/8/2018 Karen from IA Asked: I am staying at a Disneyland resort hotel. How do I get my tags for my luggage so it is transported from the airport to the hotel.


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Home » General » What If: Harry Potter Had Been Forced to Try Dating
What If: Harry Potter Had Been Forced to Try Dating
reuben June 4, 2014	General 1 Comment
What If: Harry Potter Had Been Forced to Try Dating by Robyn Stone-Kraft
Life was never easy for Harry Potter, exactly, but one thing he largely managed to escape was the nightmare of searching for the right person to spend his life with. Other than his rather awkward encounters with Cho Chang, Harry dated very little before finding the woman he was meant to spend his life with (a matter open for debate among fans, but his marriage to Ginny is the official story line). Beyond a little bit of 'I have to break up with you to protect you,' the course of his true love did run smooth.
And yet, when watching the preview for his upcoming romantic comedy, What If, it's hard not to see Daniel Radcliffe blundering through his odd friendship/love affair in much the same way as Harry did when pursuing Cho, and it's adorable and endearing, and Harry at his most likeable, because it's something we've all gone through in one way or another. It's less about being the Chosen One and more about being a human being looking for a real connection with another human being.
The movie premise is that Wallace, a med school dropout (rather than Wizarding school, which is technically true of Harry!) meets Chantry and falls instantly for her… only to find out she already has a boyfriend. They become close friends and, as the movie description says, "What if the love of your life is actually your best friend?" This movie may give some quirked eyebrows to the Harry/Hermione shippers out there.
Radcliffe says that this romantic comedy is more funny and romantic than most of what's out there, the relationship being based around real friendship and compatibility, rather than just sexual attraction. And if Harry Potter wants us to watch a movie about love, something he knows a great deal about, in all forms, then who are we to argue? The movie is set to release August 1st. Be sure to check it out!
Robyn Stone-Kraft
Robyn was a fan of fantasy before she was aware there were even other entertainment options. She's been a writer just as long as she's been a fantasy fan. In D&D she plays Wizard, she was sorted into Slytherin, she supports House Lannister, flirts with Garrus Vakarian, supports the Imperial Empire, and she has a favorite Doctor. She also has more degrees in Literature than most people tend to consider a good life choice, has somehow managed to get some of her poetry published, and gets to fail college students who decide they don't have to turn in their assignments. She lives in Cincinnati, Ohio, with her husband, four cats, and huge personal library.
Adam Driver Daniel Radcliffe Featured harry potter Megan Park what-if Zoe Kazan 2014-06-04
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About reuben
Steve, also known as "Rifflo", is a University MBA Administrator in Ontario Canada where he lives with his wife, Lisa and two young daughters, Alexa and Ava. Steve has an extensive background in corporate sales. Steve also worked for ISAF: International Security Assistance Force and the Canadian Military as a recruiter in Human Resources for the operations in Bosnia and Afghanistan. When not immersed in Tolkien works,sci-fi, and film, you can find him training in Muay Thai, and Italian rapier.
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When we say on the spot, we mean it!
This week we put the difficult questions to JBlessing a super director and producer to find out more about his passions and what makes him tick!
Super Director JBlessing Is On The Spot!
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Welcome to Patrician Terrace Apartments, a place to call home! Explore Patrician Terrace today and see how affordable good living can be. Patrician Terrace offers the peacefulness of a settled community. Featuring one, two and three bedroom apartments, Patrician Terrace is located near schools, churches, restaurants, several shopping malls, theaters and within easy access to I-40. Discover a community committed to service and with 24 hour maintenance and professional management, we think you'll see the difference.
Restrictions or other terms: Spade and Neutered. Cats have to be de-clawed. Weight Limit: 25-30 lbs. Max Number of Pets: 2. Breed restrictions apply. Non-refundable Pet Fee: $300 per pet.
Has the time come for you to get out of the dorm and move into an off campus UU apartment? Perhaps the options available from the Union University housing office no longer meet your needs and you would like to find a cheap apartment close to the UU campus. If so, you can search for off campus Union University apartments with MyNewPlace's college housing search.
Although Union University student housing may be very conveniently close to campus, moving to an off campus apartment can be a great way to save money, put some distance in between yourself and an RA, get accustomed to living in your own apartment and building up rental history.
UU apartments for rent are available close to campus and in other neighborhoods around Jackson , Tennessee. Using our map based university apartment finder, you can find off campus housing near campus to ensure you can still get to all the UU Bulldogs games and make it to class on time.
We can help you find off campus UU apartments that will best suit your collegiate lifestyle; search Union University apartments by the number of bedrooms, price, neighborhood or a range of other amenities.
Have more questions? Check out our articles with renter tips in our apartment guide and search through http://www.uu.edu/.
Has the time come for you to get out of the dorm and move into an off campus LC apartment? Perhaps the options available from the Lane College housing office no longer meet your needs and you would like to find a cheap apartment close to the LC campus. If so, you can search for off campus Lane College apartments with MyNewPlace's college housing search.
Although Lane College student housing may be very conveniently close to campus, moving to an off campus apartment can be a great way to save money, put some distance in between yourself and an RA, get accustomed to living in your own apartment and building up rental history.
LC apartments for rent are available close to campus and in other neighborhoods around Jackson , Tennessee. Using our map based university apartment finder, you can find off campus housing near campus to ensure you can still get to all the LC Dragons games and make it to class on time.
We can help you find off campus LC apartments that will best suit your collegiate lifestyle; search Lane College apartments by the number of bedrooms, price, neighborhood or a range of other amenities.
Have more questions? Check out our articles with renter tips in our apartment guide and search through http://www.lanecollege.edu/.
Has the time come for you to get out of the dorm and move into an off campus LU apartment? Perhaps the options available from the Lambuth University housing office no longer meet your needs and you would like to find a cheap apartment close to the LU campus. If so, you can search for off campus Lambuth University apartments with MyNewPlace's college housing search.
Although Lambuth University student housing may be very conveniently close to campus, moving to an off campus apartment can be a great way to save money, put some distance in between yourself and an RA, get accustomed to living in your own apartment and building up rental history.
LU apartments for rent are available close to campus and in other neighborhoods around Jackson , Tennessee. Using our map based university apartment finder, you can find off campus housing near campus to ensure you can still get to all the LU Eagles games and make it to class on time.
We can help you find off campus LU apartments that will best suit your collegiate lifestyle; search Lambuth University apartments by the number of bedrooms, price, neighborhood or a range of other amenities.
Have more questions? Check out our articles with renter tips in our apartment guide and search through http://www.lambuth.edu/.


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I couldn't stop myself, so I started to redo some things. First thing was my 1 bit mask generating function, which used a very messy code (it involved going through the color lookup table, which made it only work with indexed-color images, and setting all non-white colors to black). But now I've had more experience with CalcCMask system function (the lasso tool uses it), so I was able to rewrite it to be much more efficient. I also replaced some repeated code in the ImportFromClipboard function with calls to Make1BitMask, so the line size is down by quite a bit.
Then I worked on the saving functions, specifically the compression part. Until now each icon had three member variables, arrays of chars for the compressed data for all three sizes (huge, large and medium). However I realized that these were only used when saving, and were taking up memory the rest of the time. Looking around the compression code, I had also noticed that I had three special cases, for each size, when it could have obviously been turned into a generalized function. A similar thing also existed with the decompression, where I had three similar loops to decompress the data and merge the RGB channels, again one for each size. In the end I decided that what I needed were two functions, CompressPixMap and DecompressToPixMap, which would make the transitions between an uncompressed pixmap and the compressed data represented by an array of chars. I also spun-off the compression routines (the above two, plus two sub functions, PackData and UnpackData which are each called three times for each channel) into a separate file, since they make much more sense that way. When I was done everything the code looked much cleaner, and I had made each instance of the icnsClass (and thus the derived icnsEditorClass) take up around 15K less of memory.


text:
SOURCE: Smithsonian.com
Historian Alison Weir's New Novel Raises Controversial Theory: Henry VIII Divorced Anne of Cleves Because She'd Already Given Birth
Weir acknowledges the claim, which pulls on previously unexplored evidence, is "inconclusive and speculative" but says it might make readers think.
SOURCE: NYT
Britain, Breaking Up With E.U., Looks to an Expert: Henry VIII
The Tudor monarch is influencing Britain's modern-day divorce from the Continent, with powers that were first used by the king set to be deployed to help unpack four decades of European Union membership.
SOURCE: OZY
How England's Worst King Spawned Capitalism
by Simon Constable
Henry VIII's decision to dissolve hundreds of monasteries was a revolutionary act by a monarch spouting the need for monastic reform. What this despot with outsize appetites could not have foreseen is that by selling off the monks' land, he opened it to market forces.
Henry VIII voted worst monarch in history
'Self-indulgent wife murderer and tyrant' tops poll of historical writers, ahead of Edward VIII and Charles I
Henry VIII's evidence to support break with Rome turns up in Cornish library
Book of legal and philosophical advice on king's efforts to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled helped change the course of English history
Keeping Your Head While Watching Henry VIII Try to Solve His Many Problems
by Bruce Chadwick
The production at Drew University is pretty good, despite a slow and tedious start and some jumpy scenes in the latter part of the second act. Mullins gets tremendous acting from his stars.
SOURCE: The Scotsman (UK)
Scots army defeat at Flodden blamed on 18ft weapon
IT WAS one of Scotland's most catastrophic defeats, a battle that robbed the country of its king and countless lairds.Now, in the run-up to the 500th anniversary of the battle of Flodden, an expert has blamed the defeat on the Scottish army's inability to master their weapon of choice: an unwieldy, 18ft pike.The forces of James IV were destroyed by the English troops of Henry VIII because they were unable to use their long pikes properly and did not have enough time to get used to them, according to military archaeologist Dr Tony Pollard, of Glasgow University....


You'd have a hard job keeping up with 96-year-old Klaus Obermeyer — and not just on the slopes.
He's the man who not only revolutionized the sport he loves — skiing — but made it a darn sight more fashionable and comfortable.
Pioneer, entrepreneur, martial arts practitioner and avid swimmer, Obermeyer has lived to the full since swapping Germany for Aspen in Colorado over half a century ago.
"Skiing was in its childhood," Obermeyer told CNN's Alpine Edge show as he recalled his arrival in the U.S. back in 1947.
"Skis were long and were hard to ski on. We had the world's longest single chair lift and that was a cold ride.
After spending the day teaching at Aspen's ski school, Obermeyer devoted his evenings to coming up with entrepreneurial ideas, founding his company in the attic of his house.
After tinkering with a goose down comforter, Obermeyer concocted the first incarnation of what would become one of skiing's most popular accoutrements — the down parka.
But that was just a taste of what was to come from this man who was born in the small Bavarian alpine village of Oberstaufen.
After developing the plastic ski boot, he then invented mirrored sunglasses, the aluminum ski pole and that most fashionable of items, the ski turtle neck.
"Most companies have copied us — we were the first ones with so many things," explained Obermeyer.
Testament to the quality of his products comes with a comment from a reader on a recent Wall Street Journal article profiling Obermeyer.
Obermeyer's talents didn't just stop at fashion.
"There were so many things that people did not like in skiing," he said of his early years in Colorado.
What started as a family business is still a family business, though a family business with a global reach.
Such is the nonagenarian's love for skiing — he still hurtles down the slopes himself every day — he refused to patent any of his inventions, waving goodbye to untold riches at the same time.
"We love skiing and we want to share it with people," he explained in his typical, warm-natured fashion.
Apart from skiing regularly, Obermeyer also practices aikido every day, a peaceful martial art that aims to control an opponent rather than attack or hurt them.
And each day he wakes up to snow, which he still views in almost reverential terms.
"To be able to experience frozen water falling down in the form of ice crystals, waking up to a fresh carpet of snow every morning … it was and still is a miracle," he says on his company's website.
What an amazing story of such an innovative man who revolutionized skiing equipment! I hope I'm still skiing at age 96!


Many different types of stimulants can be found in the foods and drinks we consume. Some are natural ingredients that we've been consuming for millennia, such as caffeine, now embedded into the cultures of many civilisations. Others are synthetic and a relatively recent addition to our diets.
There is now growing cause for concern about the extent to which food and drink manufacturers are deliberately adding high quantities of stimulants to processed foods and drinks to bolster sales, often under the guise of 'flavour enhancement'.
As this practice is now so widespread we can easily be exposed to excessive levels of these addictive stimulants through the consumption of a variety of processed foods and drinks. While this has proved to be an effective tactic for the food industry to drive consumption of their products and ensuring we're coming back for more (7), a growing number of experts have voiced concerns about the effects that these stimulants have on our health, suggesting plausible short and long-term health consequences that will be discussed in this article (9, 10).
What Are Food Stimulants & How Do We Become Addicted to Them?
Food stimulants are substances found in the food and drinks we consume that increase mental alertness, intensify or prolong physical activity, or even promote aggression (3). These effects result from stimulants disrupting or modifying the communication that occurs among our neurons by specifically interfering with the dopamine neurotransmitter system (4).
Dopamine is a very important neurochemical, and is believed to have many roles in the nervous system including the control of movement, cognition, motivation, pleasure (particularly for repetitive actions), mood, and the sense of reward following certain activities (5).
When we consume a stimulant, we feel aroused. By hijacking our dopamine system, the stimulant provides us with pleasure and euphoria – which motivates us to consume the same stimulant again in order to experience a repeated feeling of reward (a process known as positive re-enforcement). The flip-side of this, known as negative re-enforcement, is that the abrupt discontinuation of addictive stimulants can result in cravings, which is essentially the feeling of wanting to avoid the discomfort that develops once the artificial high of the stimulant has gone (4). And so, through both of these processes, we are left wanting more.
There are over 70 types of excitotoxins used in foods and drinks, with the most well-known including monosodium glutamate (MSG), saccharin (Sweet'N'Low®) and aspartame (Nutrasweet®, Equal®). They are frequently added to processed and refined foods as flavour enhancers and artificial sweeteners, however their presence is often masked on food labels where they can appear as derivatives of the original stimulant.
Excitotoxins are an important group of addictive stimulants that not only lead to cravings, but also potentially result in damage of our brain cells through over-stimulation (10).
To date, only studies on animals have conclusively linked excitotoxin exposure to permanent neurological damage (10); however, a reasonable amount of scientific literature has voiced concern that excessive consumption of excitotoxins could potentially cause serious long-term health consequences such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and even early ageing (11).
Studies have also suggested that children are particularly more sensitive to excitotoxin exposure than adults, and excessive consumption during early childhood could potentially result in mild dyslexia, schizophrenia and cerebral palsy (10).
Although there isn't currently a definitive answer about the harms of excitotoxins on humans, the considerable amount of legitimate concern about excessive consumption definitely warrants further robust research.
Excitotoxins are addictive stimulants routinely added to foods and drinks. MSG, saccharin and aspartame are three of the most commonly used excitotoxins.
Certain studies express concern that excessive consumption of excitotoxins can lead to neurological damage, and subsequent health issues such as Alzheimer's, Huntington's, Parkinson's and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. However, there have been no conclusive studies performed on humans.
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was first added to foods in 1908, when a Japanese scientist, Ikeda Kikunae, managed to isolate an ingredient in sea kelp that could make bland, nutritious foods taste good (18). Since WWII, the amount of MSG that has been added to foods has doubled every decade (10).
Research in 1957 was the first to link MSG with health issues when two eye doctors noticed that it had destroyed all of the nerve cells in the retinas of their laboratory mice (19). Ten years later, a neuroscientist by the name of Dr John Olney discovered that a single dose of MSG killed the majority of cells in the hypothalamus (a specialised region of the brain) of mice (20).
Today, there is ongoing debate about how much MSG you need to consume in order for it to be considered harmful (34). Evidence suggests that MSG is likely to be safe when consumed in moderate amounts; however, large doses (over 6 times the average daily intake) may cause short and long-term harm (34).
A condition exists called MSG symptom complex (Chinese restaurant syndrome), which causes people to experience symptoms such as headache, muscle tightness, numbness, tingling, weakness and flushing after consuming large quantities of MSG (one study suggested about 5 grams of MSG could trigger symptoms) (35).
MSG in high doses was also shown to trigger asthma attacks in susceptible individuals (36); however, these findings have not been able to be reproduced in similar studies.
Dr Blaylock argues in his book title 'Excitotoxins: The Taste that Kills' that MSG in high doses potentially increases the risk of chronic neurological issues such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and amytrophic lateral sclerosis through excitotoxicity (10). More research is needed, however, in order to produce a definitive answer about the long-term health risks of MSG consumption.
MSG is one of the most commonly used excitotoxins added to food as a flavour enhancer.
Studies show that MSG symptom complex and asthma are potential short-term side effects of large doses of MSG. Other studies suggest that excessive MSG consumption potentially results in long term excitotoxic-driven health issues such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis. However, these findings are not yet conclusive.
More research is needed to determine safe consumption levels. Many experts, however, recommend avoiding regular consumption of foods with high concentrations of MSG, particularly processed foods and foods from fast-food chains.
Saccharin is 300 times sweeter than sugar, and is used in many processed foods and drinks that are widely consumed, particularly diet soft drinks (21). It was the first artificial sweetener to be discovered when it was accidentally found by a chemistry research assistant by the name of Constantine Fahlberg in 1879 (19).
In the 1960s, studies were performed which linked the use of saccharin in rats with bladder cancer; findings that prompted the USA's Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to limit its use, and even try to ban it in 1981. This resulted in an immediate uproar, however, because at that time, saccharin was the main artificial sweetener in use (19).
Aspartame is approximately 200 times sweeter than sugar (22), and was the second major artificial sweetener to be discovered, back in 1965. It was approved for use as a table-top artificial sweetener in 1981 by the US FDA, with many countries following suit (19).
Today, aspartame is one of the most popular artificial sweeteners available. It consists of aspartic acid and phenylalanine, which are both naturally occurring amino acids. Aspartic acid has known excitotoxic properties, while phenylalanine has been shown to potentially result in uncontrolled muscle movements, known as tardive dyskinesia (22). For people with phenylketonuria (when you have too much phenylalanine in your blood), aspartame can be highly toxic (22).
Artificial sweeteners have been linked with numerous chronic health issues, such as weight gain (30), Type 2 Diabetes (31), and cardiovascular disease, including stroke (32, 33). There is also evidence that suggests artificial sweeteners, including saccharin and aspartame, functionally change our gut microbiome (26, 27, 28, 29).
Artificial sweeteners, such as saccharin and aspartame, are excitotoxins commonly used to replace sugar.
Artificial sweeteners have been linked to a variety of chronic health issues, such as obesity, diabetes and stroke.
Artificial sweeteners have been shown to alter our gut microbiota, which has potential long-term health implications.
Many experts recommend avoiding foods with high concentrations of artificial sweeteners, such as 'diet' labelled processed and refined foods and drinks.
Casein: A naturally occurring protein found in cow's milk and other dairy products, casein contains high concentrations of glutamate. Food manufacturers often add casein to certain processed foods such as margarine, tuna, chocolate, cereal bars, savoury chips and processed meats (23).
Cysteine: Used as an artificial flavouring, cysteine is a naturally occurring protein that is also industrially produced through the hydrolysis of human hair and poultry feathers. It is commonly found in most high-protein foods, but is also added to some processed and refined foods. Cysteine consumed in moderate amounts has been shown to have numerous positive health benefits; however, excessive cysteine levels have been associated with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease (23, 24).
Sucralose (Splenda®): Sucralose is an artificial sweetener that is about 320 to 1,000 times sweeter than regular sugar. The potential health consequences of sucralose are less known compared with saccharin and aspartame; however, it has similar excitotoxic properties. Sucralose can be found in many processed foods and drinks that use artificial sweetening (24).
Moodie, R., Stuckler, D., Monteiro, C., Sheron, N., Neal, B., Thamarangsi, T., … & Lancet NCD Action Group. (2013). Profits and pandemics: prevention of harmful effects of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed food and drink industries. The Lancet, 381(9867), 670-679.
The determinants of food choice.
Stimulants: Encyclopedia of Food and Culture.
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (1999). Treatment for stimulant use disorders.
Top 7 Most Commonly Used Stimulants.
Blaylock, R. L., & Weiner, T. (2011). Excitotoxins: The taste that kills. Findaway World LLC.
Tadvi, N. A., Qureshi, S. A., Naveen Kumar, T., Shareef, S. M., Naidu, C. D. M., & Venkata Rao, Y. (2013). Excitotoxins: Their role in health and disease. International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences, 2(3), 648-659.
Blaylock, R. L. (1999). Food additive excitotoxins and degenerative brain disorders. Medical Sentinel, 4(6), 212-215.
Avoid Hidden MSG in the Health Food Isle.
Can you Avoid the Evils of Aspartame?
Lucas, D. R., & Newhouse, J. P. (1957). The toxic effect of sodium L-glutamate on the inner layers of the retina. AMA archives of ophthalmology, 58(2), 193-201.
Olney, J. W. (1971). Glutamate-induced neuronal necrosis in the infant mouse hypothalamus: an electron microscopic study. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, 30(1), 75-90.
Touyz, L. Z. (2011). Saccharin deemed "not hazardous" in United States and abroad. Current oncology, 18(5), 213.
Parsons RB1, Waring RH, Ramsden DB, Williams AC. In vitro effect of the cysteine metabolites homocysteic acid, homocysteine and cysteic acid upon human neuronal cell lines. Neurotoxicology. 1998 Aug-Oct;19(4-5):599-603.
Suez, J., Korem, T., Zilberman-Schapira, G., Segal, E., & Elinav, E. (2015). Non-caloric artificial sweeteners and the microbiome: findings and challenges. Gut microbes, 6(2), 149-155.
Bian, X., Chi, L., Gao, B., Tu, P., Ru, H., & Lu, K. (2017). The artificial sweetener acesulfame potassium affects the gut microbiome and body weight gain in CD-1 mice. PloS one, 12(6), e0178426.
Abou-Donia, M. B., El-Masry, E. M., Abdel-Rahman, A. A., McLendon, R. E., & Schiffman, S. S. (2008). Splenda alters gut microflora and increases intestinal p-glycoprotein and cytochrome p-450 in male rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 71(21), 1415-1429.
Palmnäs, M. S., Cowan, T. E., Bomhof, M. R., Su, J., Reimer, R. A., Vogel, H. J., … & Shearer, J. (2014). Low-dose aspartame consumption differentially affects gut microbiota-host metabolic interactions in the diet-induced obese rat. PloS one, 9(10), e109841.
Fowler, S. P. (2016). Low-calorie sweetener use and energy balance: results from experimental studies in animals, and large-scale prospective studies in humans. Physiology & behavior, 164, 517-523.
Sharma, A., Amarnath, S., Thulasimani, M., & Ramaswamy, S. (2016). Artificial sweeteners as a sugar substitute: Are they really safe?. Indian journal of pharmacology, 48(3), 237.
Swithers, S. E. (2013). Artificial sweeteners produce the counterintuitive effect of inducing metabolic derangements. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 24(9), 431-441.
Azad, M. B., Abou-Setta, A. M., Chauhan, B. F., Rabbani, R., Lys, J., Copstein, L., … & MacKay, D. S. (2017). Nonnutritive sweeteners and cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 189(28), E929-E939.
Yang, W. H., Drouin, M. A., Herbert, M., Mao, Y., & Karsh, J. (1997). The monosodium glutamate symptom complex: assessment in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 99(6), 757-762.
Allen, D. H., Delohery, J., & Baker, G. (1987). Monosodium L-glutamate-induced asthma. Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 80(4), 530-537.
Are You Ready For The New Wave Of Genetically Engineered Foods?


text:
Великий шторм может означать:

 Великий шторм (1703)
  — снежная буря с ураганными ветрами, опустошившая бассейн Великих озёр на Среднем западе Соединенных Штатов и Юго-западе провинции Онтарио (Канада) в 1913 году.
 Наводнение в странах Северного моря, также известное как Великий шторм 1953 года.
 , также известный как Великий Атлантический шторм 1962 года.
  — торнадо и сильная снежная буря в Соединённых Штатах.
  — сильный внетропический циклон с ураганными ветрами, приведшими к жертвам в Соединенном Королевстве, Франции и на Нормандских островах.

См. также

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia