text:
in: Legislation, Legislation-U.S.-Federal, Legislation-U.S.-State, Intellectual property
" The future of the nation depends in no small part on the efficiency of industry, and the efficiency of industry depends in no small part on the protection of intellectual property.[1] "
3 Emergence of the concept of intellectual property rights
4 Intellectual property systems
4.1 Intellectual property system as a dynamic system: The impact of technology
5 Types of intellectual property rights
5.1 United States
6 Intellectual property policy
6.1 Impact of new technologies on intellectual property policy
6.2 Policies involving the use and flow of information
Definitions[]
Intellectual property (IP) is
" a category of legal rights that grants owners certain exclusive rights to intangible assets or products of the human intellect, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; and symbols, names, images, and design.[2] "
" any innovation, commercial or artistic, or any unique name, symbol, logo, or design used commercially. Intellectual property rights protect the economic interests of the creators of these works by giving them property rights over their creations. Generally, individual countries grant and enforce these rights.[3] "
" creations of the mind — creative works or ideas embodied in a form that can be shared or can enable others to recreate, emulate, or manufacture them. There are four ways to protect intellectual property — patents, trademarks, copyrights or trade secrets.[4] "
" [c]reations of the mind such as musical, literary, and artistic works; inventions; and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce, including copyrights, trademarks, patents, and related rights. Under intellectual property law, the holder of one of these abstract 'properties' has certain exclusive rights to the creative work, commercial symbol, or invention by which it is covered.[5] "
It is an umbrella term for various legal entitlements which attach to certain names, words and phrases, expressions stored in written and recorded media, and inventions. The holders of these legal entitlements may exercise various exclusive rights in relation to the subject matter of the intellectual property.
Overview[]
The adjective "intellectual" reflects the fact that this term concerns a process of the mind. The noun "property" implies that ideation is analogous to the construction of tangible objects.
Intellectual property can be distinguished from other forms of property in that it is a bundle of rights attached to the intangible form of an intellectual, scientific, or artistic creation. While personal property law determines ownership over things, intellectual property law secures ownership in the particular form or expression embodied in things.
"The U.S. 'intellectual property system' is a mixture of Federal and State law. Laws concerning copyright, patent, trademark, and the protection of semiconductor chip mask works are under Federal jurisdiction. Laws concerning trade secrets and the misappropriation of confidential business information, and certain limited kinds of 'unfair competition,' are under State jurisdiction. Trademarks may be federally registered and/or registered with an individual State; trademark rights may also accrue based on common-law usage. Computer software is distinguished from most other intellectual creations protected by intellectual property law in that it is eligible for protection by patent, copyright, and trade secret laws. Each kind of protection possesses certain strengths and weaknesses, and each protects certain aspects of software in specific ways."[6]
Intellectual property laws and enforcement vary widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. There are inter-governmental efforts to harmonize them through international treaties such as the 1994 World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), while other treaties may facilitate registration in more than one jurisdiction at a time. Disagreements over such issues as software patents and the appropriate level of copyright enforcement have prevented consensus on a cohesive international system.
A number of rationales explain the intellectual property laws. Some legal experts assert that intellectual property laws are needed to encourage individuals to create new works of authorship, inventions, and other innovative subject matter. It is believed that absent a system of proprietary rights, free riders could readily exploit these works without having to bear the costs of creating them. Individuals would in turn possess diminished incentives to devote their efforts to being authors or inventors.[7] In addition, intellectual property rights are said to facilitate market mechanisms by creating discrete, well-defined property interests that decrease transaction costs and encourage commercial exchanges.[8]
On the other hand, intellectual property laws have been subject to criticism. Some assert that intellectual property rights are unnecessary due to market forces that already suffice to create an optimal level of creative activity. The desire to become famous, or to gain a lead time advantage over competitors, may well provide sufficient inducement to write or to invent without the need for further incentives.[9] In an era where information can be readily transmitted around the globe, the notion that an innovation can be an object of possession has also been challenged.[10]
Emergence of the concept of intellectual property rights[]
The birth of the idea of intellectual property itself demanded certain social conditions. It required a centralized political authority and a government that intervened in economic affairs; the development of trade and commerce; a market for literature, art, and invention; and the growth of the idea of, and respect for, the individual as creator. Only in the late Middle Ages did such conditions develop, and only then did the concept of intellectual property rights, as we know it today, emerge.[11]
In addition to these societal changes, technological change — and in particular, the development and widespread deployment of the printing press — also created the need for intellectual property protection. Before the development of printing, inventors, embodying their ideas within their own persons, did not need to concern themselves with the prospect of others reaping the financial rewards of their work. They simply went from town to town selling their intellectual wares. However, once their ideas were recorded and widely distributed in print, the inventors lost this control and, hence, their economic bargaining power. The problem created by the printing press was even greater for authors whose profits were derived not from their ideas but from what subsequently was even more easily duplicated, the written word itself.
The first intellectual property rights were granted as patents. Characterized by one author as being "the idea of progress appearing in the law, patents were associated with technological development from the start."[12] Offered by sovereigns and local governments as part of their overall economic policies to stimulate commerce and technological advance, they were, essentially, monopolies designed to entice artisans and inventors into their States or localities.
Copyrights — or the granting of rights in literary property — did not develop in either concept or practice until the 15th century. Even more than patent rights, copyright can be identified with one specific technology, the printing press. The printing press brought about major social, economic, and political changes.
By greatly increasing the speed and reducing the costs of reproduction, printing made it much easier to disseminate ideas. By increasing the general level of literacy, it also made more people susceptible to, and eager to partake of, such ideas. As a result, the market for information products and literary works grew, and their economic value was greatly enhanced. In fact, one might say that printing was the growth industry of the time. Later, as books and manuscripts ceased to be isolated on monestary shelves, and became available to many people simultaneously, they began to serve as an important forum for public discussion.
Occurring at the time of religious and political turmoil, printing presented the monarchs of Europe with both a political threat and an economic opportunity. The law of copyright was developed to deal with this threat, as well as to take advantage of this opportunity. The shape the law took reflects its dual purpose: censorship of the press and regulation of trade.
Intellectual property systems[]
Theoretical models and actual systems often differ significantly. In the real world, the form and structures of intellectual property systems are worked out in the political arena. Seldom is a system a well-conceived and well-designed construct; it is more likely to take shape haphazardly, reflecting the political compromises and historical events that went into its making. The American intellectual property system is a product of such compromises, and strong forces are still shaping it today. Those involved in the debate often define issues narrowly, in terms limited to their own interests and world views. But, given the magnitude of the technological changes occurring, and their potential impact on the intellectual property system, it is extremely important to view the entire situation as a whole, in terms of the interrelationships of its parts.
In looking at how technology might affect the intellectual property system, it is useful to conceive of the system as a set of incentives and rewards designed to affect the behavior of individuals or organized groups engaged in creative or inventive activities. This system is divided into five interrelated parts:
policy goals that it seeks to accomplish
property rights that provide incentives and rewards
operating rules
mechanisms by which policy goals are achieved, and
the realm of people and activities that the system is designed to influence.
The outputs of the system provide feedback about how effectively the system is working.
Policy goals are the ends towards which the intellectual property system is directed; they mirror the goals of the society. Time and social change may alter intellectual property goals. As the goals change, other parts of the system are likely to change in response.
Property rights are granted as incentives and rewards. A property right might include, for example, one or any number of the following rights:
the right to possess or physically control something
the right to use or enjoy its benefits
the right to manage or decide how it is to be used
the right to receive income from it
the right to consume or destroy it
the right to modify it
the right to transfer it
the right to distribute it, and
the right to exclude others from using it.
Rights may be granted only under certain conditions, or they maybe limited in their application. For example, to claim a patent in the United States, an inventor must demonstrate that his or her invention is useful, nonobvious, and novel. To receive a copyright, an author's work must be original and fixed. Neither right offers permanent protection. Patent rights generally last for 20 years from the date of filing, and copyrights are granted to individuals for life plus 70 years and to corporations for 95 years.
Together, these rights, incentives, and the conditions under which they are granted constitute the operating rules of the intellectual property system. The rules make demands on everyone involved in the system. The granting of a right to one party, for example, may in effect create a corresponding obligation or liability on the part of another. Structuring the way the parties relate to and depend on one another, these rights and incentives serve as the rules governing the behavior of individuals involved in the creation, production, distribution and use of works, products, and services designated as intellectual properties.
Different intellectual property systems may define intellectual properties differently, and each may attach different rights, responsibilities, and benefits to them. The structure of rights will be determined, in part, by the policy goals of the system, and by the mechanisms chosen to achieve them. Thus, a system designed primarily to encourage learning and invention, as is American patent law, may require inventors to disclose information. In contrast, a system designed principally to regulate economic relationships, such as trade secret law may, in fact, prohibit disclosure. Similarly, a copyright system with the chief goal of fostering the dissemination of information might grant rights only in published works; whereas one aiming to reward authorship might protect [[work]s before they are made publicly available.
Similarly, the mechanisms used to achieve policy goals — the way in which the system operates — can vary among and within systems, depending on the kind of work to be protected, the nature of the activities to be influenced, the kinds of rights to be granted, and the policy goals to be achieved. For example, a system that grants rights on the condition of an act such as publication, or on the condition of qualities such as usefulness or novelty, might require a very different administrative apparatus than a system with no such conditions. For example, because patents are granted under more stringent conditions than copyrights, the Patent and Trademark Office historically has had more resources and administrative responsibilities than the Copyright Office has had.
The people, institutions, and activities that the intellectual property laws aim to influence are also crucial elements in the system. What activities these people do, as well as the socio-economic constraints under which they operate, determine whether a particular incentive or reward might achieve its intended policy goal. To be most effective, rewards and incentives must match the motivations, needs, and perceptions of the people they are designed to influence, and they must accurately reflect the kinds of activities that they pursue. If an incentive miscalculates the economics of creating, producing, and distributing an intellectual property, it will not motivate people to keep creating. In addition, because people creating different forms of intellectual property operate in different environments and have varying concerns, they may respond best to different kinds of inducements.
The outputs of the intellectual property system — such as the amount, quality, and diversity of works — reveal, in part, how well it is working. But a number of difficulties arise in any effort to evaluate a system's performance. First, there are problems in selecting criteria that best measure effectiveness — that is, which results to note and which to ignore. Second, one cannot easily determine whether these criteria are being met. Finally, evaluating and assessing the accuracy and independence of the information needed to analyze the system is fraught with difficulty. At present, most of the information about such things as the extent of infringement, the potential economic damages of infringement, or the uses made of information-based products and services is available only from the stakeholders themselves.
Intellectual property system as a dynamic system: The impact of technology[]
The dynamic nature of the intellectual property system further complicates its analysis. It exists within society, and shifts in response to social, political, and economic circumstances. Thus, when society values change, so may the motives and attitudes of creators, inventors, and users of intellectual properties. Similarly, changes in economic conditions can alter relationships and positions between and among individuals and groups in the system, redistributing their shares of financial obligations and rewards.
Of the many factors that might affect the intellectual property system, technological change is likely to have the greatest impact. We can see this clearly in examining the effects of new technologies on the intellectual property system.
Electronic information technologies are fundamentally different from print technology in a number of ways. For example, broadcasting technologies (radio, television) make a work simultaneously available in the homes of so many users that arrangements for payments for the transfer of works to them is often prohibitively expensive. Other technological advances, such as photocopiers and audiotape and videotape machines, have so reduced the cost and decentralized the process of copying works that rights holders are no longer assured that they have control over the production and integrity of their intellectual property. As information technologies become computerized, the copy, transfer, and manipulation of works are becoming even more decentralized, speedy, and inexpensive.
At a basic level, the very definitions on which intellectual property rights are based take on new meanings, or become strained and even irrelevant, when applied to the context created by new technologies. They raise questions, for example, about what constitutes a "derivative work" when works are made available through intangible electronic waves or digital bits; about what constitutes a "work"; and about who owns the right to it when it is interactive, and when creators have combined their efforts to produce it.
Changing technology may influence each part of the system directly, or it may affect it indirectly by modifying the larger social environment in which the intellectual property system operates. New technologies, for example, may affect the boundaries of the system and the nature of the rights that it provides. In doing so, they may change the "rules of the game" by which it operates. Each new technology has brought questions about whether and where it should fit into the existing system. For example, Congress, borrowing from both copyright and patent law, adopted a new sui generis law, that established a separate niche for computer chip technology in the intellectual property system.
Technological developments may also change the mechanisms used to achieve intellectual property goals. Demonstrating "authorship" or "originality" as a condition for receiving property rights, while relatively straightforward in a print culture, is much more complicated in an age of electronic technology. A system that assumes copyright holders can enforce their own rights against infringement may operate unsuccessfully if decentralized reproduction and electronic transmission prevents identifying where and when infringements take place.
Because technology brings about new kinds of interactions between people, as well as new technological apparatus and new processes and techniques, it is also likely to affect the people, institutions, and activities that are part of the realm of the intellectual property system. New technologies not only affect what people do and how and why they do it, they also may restructure the socioeconomic opportunities available to them and the constraints under which they operate. And, in creating a multitude of new opportunities for application, use, and profit-making, issues may arise among the parties in the system the resolution of which, over the long run, may prompt changes in the goals, the boundaries, and the structure of the system itself.
Types of intellectual property rights[]
Intellectual property laws confer a bundle of exclusive rights in relation to the particular form or manner in which ideas or information are expressed or manifested, and not in relation to the ideas or concepts themselves. The term "intellectual property" denotes the specific legal rights which authors, inventors and other IP holders may hold and exercise, and not the intellectual work itself.
Intellectual property laws are designed to protect different forms of subject matter, although in some cases there is a degree of overlap. These include
Semiconductor chips
Industrial design rights
Some lawyers also would include the right of publicity as an IP right as well.
United States[]
In the United States, the intellectual property system is a mixture of federal and state law. Laws concerning copyright, patent, trademark, and the protection of semiconductor chip mask works are under federal jurisdiction. Laws concerning trade secrets and the misappropriation of confidential business information, and certain limited kinds of unfair competition are under state jurisdiction. Trademarks may be federally registered and/or registered with an individual State; trademark rights may also accrue based on common law usage.
Intellectual property policy[]
Which policy goal a particular intellectual property system is designed to serve depends, in large measure, on the history, circumstances, and overriding needs of a society at the time the system is first set up. Developing countries, for example, which must import most cultural and scientific materials, have often been unwilling to extend protection to foreign works. This was true of the United States during its first 100 years, and is the case in many Third World countries today.
By providing individuals with exclusive rights to their inventive products and processes, the intellectual property laws allows authors and inventors to secure the economic benefits of their discoveries. Absent the a system of intellectual property, competitors might readily be able to appropriate the benefits of an innovator's research and development efforts. Aware of these potential "free riders," firms might devote few, if any resources towards innovation. Copyrights, patents and trade secrets solve this market failure problem by providing economic incentives for individuals and institutions to engage in research and development.[13]
Intellectual property rights may also facilitate market mechanisms by creating discrete, well-defined property interests that are readily subject to commercial exchanges.[14] Absent patent rights, for example, an inventor may have no tangible asset to sell or license. In addition, an inventor might otherwise be unable to police the conduct of a contracting party. Any technology or know-how that has been disclosed to a prospective buyer might be appropriated without compensation to the inventor. The availability of patent protection decreases the ability of contracting parties to engage in opportunistic behavior. By lowering such transaction costs, the patent system may make technology-based transactions more feasible.[15]
Some commentators have identified natural rights as an additional rationale for the intellectual property laws, and in particular copyright law. Under this view, individuals enjoy a natural right of property in the works they have created through their own labors.[16] Intellectual property law may also encourage marketplace behavior that is both ethical and efficient. As a matter of fairness and justice, this view holds, one individual should not be allowed to profit from another's labor and goodwill.[17] In economic terms, intellectual property laws may also stimulate socially desirable activities that create wealth, including innovation, and discourage costly acts that merely redistribute existing wealth, such as industrial espionage.[18]
The intellectual property system has long been subject to criticism, however. Some observers believe that intellectual property rights encourage industry concentration and create barriers to market entry.[19] Others have suggested that intellectual property rights can actually slow the pace of innovation in some circumstances, as competitors are discouraged from pursuing certain research pathways due to existing proprietary interests.[20]
When analyzing these contending views, it is important to note the lack of rigorous analytical methods available for determining the effect of the intellectual property rights upon the U.S. economy as a whole. The relationship between innovation and intellectual property rights remains poorly understood. Concerned observers simply do not know what market impacts would result from changing the patent term from its current 20-year period, for example.[21] Consequently, current economic and policy tools do not allow us to calibrate the intellectual property system precisely in order to produce an optimal level of investment in innovation.
Impact of new technologies on intellectual property policy[]
In designing new laws or policies on intellectual property, governments must contend with a number of uncertainties. These include:
The peculiar characteristics of information as a commodity: Information has special characteristics that distinguish it from other economic commodities and confound our understanding of how information markets work. Information is, for example, simultaneously an economic commodity and a societal resource. Since it is inherently leaky; it is hard to own or control. And although costly to produce, information is inexpensive to copy. Given these unique properties, economists are only beginning to understand the role of information in the market place. They have yet to determine, for example, how to measure value or identify when value is added to an information-based product or service — both needed to resolve issues of derivative use. Moreover, the few available data are fragmentary, non-quantitative, and often subjective.
The increased complexity of the intellectual property system: The new technologies are increasing the complexity of the intellectual property system, and so creating new uncertainties for policy makers. The number and variety of information providers, kinds of information-based products and services, ways of using information, and types of information users are proliferating, giving rise to new relationships among the parties involved. These changes are occurring in very unpredictable ways. Thus, in the future, policy makers will need to have more information about the intellectual property system.
The changing nature of the technology: The electronic age has just begun. Today, new technologies are multiplying the kinds of media that can be used to package, store, deliver, and use intellectual works. Over the long run, however, the increased convergence of information and communication technologies may reverse this trend. Packaged, stored, and delivered electronically, text, sound, and images will all be interchangeable. Our understanding of these changes, and of how they might affect the intellectual property system, is replete with uncertainty.
Policies involving the use and flow of information[]
Despite their varying goals, however, all intellectual property systems basically concern policies involving the use and flow of information. This is especially true of the copyright system, which was established specifically to deal with the social and economic changes brought about by what, historically, has proved one of the most "world shaking" information technologies — the printing press. Characterizing copyright's role in structuring information flow, Edward Plowman and L. Clark Hamilton wrote:
" In a wider perspective, a number of basic dimensions of the nature and function of copyright may be distinguished. In an overall, cultural perspective, the stated purpose of copyright is to encourage intellectual creation by serving as the main means of recompensing the intellectual worker and to protect his moral rights. In an economic sense, copyright can be seen as a method for the regulation of trade and commerce.
Copyright thus serves as a mechanism by which the law brings the world of science, art, and culture into relationship with the world of commerce. In a social sense, copyright is an instrument for the cultural, scientific and technological organization of society. Copyright is thus used as a means to channel and control flows of information in society.[22]
The patent and trade secret systems also involve the flow of information. The patent system is designed primarily to foster scientific and technical information. Although patent law permits only the inventor or patent holder to make, use, or sell his invention, it also requires that the inventor disclose to the world the information necessary to enable others to reconstruct the invention after the statutory period of protection has elapsed. Patent law, therefore, seeks to encourage the distribution of information by making disclosure a condition of protection. The trade secret system, in contrast to the patent system, is designed to discourage the widespread flow of certain types of information. Secrecy is maintained in order to give the holder of the trade secret a competitive advantage in the marketplace.
Like the printing press, the new information technologies also affect society. They are changing the way people work and conduct their business; how they interact and relate to one another; the way they learn, create, and process information, and their needs and expectations. In fact, these new technologies are altering the way man views himself and his place in the world.[23]
Together, the development and widespread use of these new technologies have helped to usher in what some social observers characterize as a "post-industrial," or "information" society. In this society, the creation, use, and communication of information plays a central role. Not only will the amount of information continue to increase, but people will also rely on it in more and in different circumstances. The changes brought on by the new technologies will generate new social, economic, and cultural opportunities and choices, which will bring with them the need for major policy decisions.
Because intellectual property policy, and especially copyright policy, serve as a policy tool that structures the use and flow of information, it is likely to play a major role in an information age. How the intellectual property system is structured will determine not only which individuals and groups benefit from the new opportunities afforded by the new technologies, but also in what ways and the extent to which, as a society, we might take advantage of them. Furthermore, if the enhanced value of information creates conflicts between economic, political, and cultural goals, the structure of the system will establish some of the rules that determine whether information will be treated as an economic commodity or a societal resource.
Given the relationship between intellectual property goals and social change, and the probable influence of the copyright system in an information age, the question arises of whether the policy goals of the intellectual property system, established in an agrarian society and when print technology dominated, are still appropriate for today.
↑ Rockwell Graphic Sys., Inc. v. DEV Indus., Inc., 925 F.2d 174, 180 (7th Cir. 1991) (full-text).
↑ Information Security: Cyber Threats and Vulnerabilities Place Federal Systems at Risk, at 1 n.1.
↑ Internet Pharmacies: Federal Agencies and States Face Challenges Combating Rogue Sites, Particularly Those Abroad, at 6 n.13.
↑ USPTO, Glossary (full-text).
↑ Report on Securing and Growing the Digital Economy, at 90.
↑ Finding a Balance: Computer Software, Intellectual Property, and the Challenge of Technological Change, at 12.
↑ See, e.g., Rebecca S. Eisenberg, "Patents and the Progress of Science: Exclusive Rights and Experimental Use," 56 Univ. of Chi. L. Rev. 1017 (1989).
↑ See, e.g., Henry H. Perritt, Jr., "Property and Innovation in the Global Information Infrastructure," 1996 Univ. of Chi. Legal Forum 261 (1996).
↑ See Frederic M. Scherer & David Ross, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance (3d ed. 1990).
↑ John Perry Barlow, "The Economy of Ideas," Wired 2.03 (Mar. 1994).
↑ Bruce W. Bugbee, Genesis of American Patent and Copyright Law (1967).
↑ Id. at 12, 167.
↑ Simone Rose, "Patent 'Monopolyphobia': A Means of Extinguishing the Fountainhead?," 49 Case Western Reserve L. Rev. 509 (1999).
↑ Jonathan Eaton & Samuel J. Kortum, "Trade in Ideas: Patenting and Productivity in the OECD,"40 J. Int'l Economics 251 (1996).
↑ Robert P. Merges, "Intellectual Property and the Costs of Commercial Exchange: A Review Essay," 93 Mich. L. Rev. 1570 (1995).
↑ Wendy J. Gordon, "A Property Right in Self Expression: Equality and Individuality in the Natural Law of Intellectual Property," 102 Yale L.J. 1533 (1993).
↑ See Justin Hughes, "The Philosophy of Intellectual Property," 77 Georgetown L.J. 287 (1988).
↑ David D. Friedman, et al., "Some Economics of Trade Secret Law," 5 J. Econ. Perspectives 61 (1991).
↑ John R. Thomas, "Collusion and Collective Action in the Patent System: A Proposal for Patent Bounties," Univ. of Ill. L. Rev. 305 (2001).
↑ Mark A. Haynes, "Commentary: Black Holes of Innovation in the Software Arts," 14 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 567 (1999).
↑ See F. Scott Kieff, "Property Rights and Property Rules for Commercializing Inventions," 85 Minn. L. Rev. 697 (2001).
↑ Edward W. Plowman & L. Clark Hamilton, Copyright: Intellectual Property in the Information Age 25 (1980) (emphasis added).
↑ Sherri Turkel, The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit (1984).
Intellectual Property: Assessing Factors That Affect Patent Infringement Litigation Could Help Improve Patent Quality
Intellectual Property: Federal Enforcement Has Generally Increased, but Assessing Performance Could Strengthen Law Enforcement Efforts
Intellectual Property: Navigating Through Commercial Waters
Intellectual Property Bargain in U.S. Law
Intellectual property right
Legislation-U.S.-Federal
Legislation-U.S.-State


text:
VIDEO: 2018 BMW M5 Test Mule Revs its V8 Engine
A convoy of 2018 BMW M5 test mules was spotted in central Oslo. The driver of one of the prototypes was kind enough to rev the twin-turbo V8 engine while being filmed. All thanks to his kind gesture we can now report that the new BMW M5 sounds brilliant!
We must also thank Daniel Moen Hansen from creating and sharing this video.
The 2018 BMW M5 will be powered by the same 4.4-liter twin-turbocharged V8 as its predecessor. However, the new motor has been tweaked so that it now produces somewhere around 600 hp. With so much grunt and a great sounding exhaust should make for an awesome package.
Meanwhile, the new BMW M5 has been spotted testing on the other side of the Atlantic as well. It is expected to be launched at the 2017 Frankfurt Motor Show.
2018 BMW M5 test mule revs its V8 engine:
Related Topics:M5, prototype, spy shots
More in BMW
Taking a brand new BMW M5 CS on a lap of the Nurburgring in the wet
By Tushar Kelshikar November 2, 2021
Driving any car around the Nurburgring, especially when the road surface is wet, can be quite...
Ex-BMW designer tears into the new-gen 2 Series design
By Tushar Kelshikar August 6, 2021
A lot has been said about the new BMW 4 Series and its enormous front grille....
Is this the first totaled 2021 BMW M3 Competition?
By Tushar Kelshikar March 28, 2021
A video of what could be the first wrecked G80 BMW M3 Competition has surfaced online....
2021 BMW M5 CS leaked ahead of official debut
By Tushar Kelshikar January 26, 2021
The first images of the hot new BMW M5 CS have leaked online just hours ahead...
Hot new BMW M5 CS teased just days before New Year's eve
By Tushar Kelshikar December 29, 2020
The head of BMW's M division Markus Flasch has given us a peek at the upcoming...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Did you know the average cost of a wedding in the United States was $29k-$31k in 2015 and that didn't even include the honeymoon!? Weddings are expensive!
On average, most women spend between $1,089 and $1,429 on their wedding dresses alone. However, many designers have come out with affordable and GORGEOUS options perfect for saving money, without skimping on style. Macy's hits the nail on the head with a number of gowns in a number of styles, from a number of designers. All are featured in their Wedding Shop.
No matter your style you can find a dress at Macy's.
Are you a traditionalist? Try a lace gown from Betsy & Adam, or Morgan & Co. They're all under $400 and perfect for your big day.
Having a beach wedding? You'll want something effortless and ethereal. Macy's designers Adrianna Papell and Calvin Klein provide options under $300!
Are you into glitz and glamor? These sequined gowns are perfect for you! Whether you're going black tie or Gatsby inspired. you can find a dress from one of these designers.
Metallics have become very popular in wedding dresses; elegant and pretty but a little unconventional. Macy's has you covered with gowns from designers like Adrianna Papell and Vince Camuto.
One trend that influences all others, color wedding dresses!!! Go blush, Go gold! Gone are the days of white, eggshell and ivory with these gorgeous gowns from designers like Tahari ASL and Adrianna Papell.


text:
Elsa Gindler (* 19. Juni 1885 in Berlin; † 8. Januar 1961 in Berlin) war eine deutsche Pionierin der somatischen Körperarbeit sowie
Gymnastiklehrerin. Sie war Schülerin von Hedwig Kallmeyer (die wiederum Schülerin von Genevieve Stebbins gewesen war). Aus ihrer persönlichen Erfahrung der Genesung von Tuberkulose hat Gindler in enger Zusammenarbeit mit Heinrich Jacoby eine Schule für Bewegungspädagogik begründet.

Was Gindler "Arbeit am Menschen" nannte, betonte die Selbstbeobachtung und das wachsende Verständnis für die eigene körperliche Befindlichkeit. Einfache Handlungen wie Sitzen, Stehen und Gehen wurden ebenso untersucht wie andere Alltagsbewegungen.

Dies wurde zu einer der Grundlagen der Körperpsychotherapie, seit viele der einflussreichsten Körperpsychotherapeuten um 1962 bei Gindler-Schülerinnen wie u. a. Carola Speads, oder "Sensory Awareness" bei Charlotte Selver am Esalen Institute studierten.

Unter dem Einsatz ihres Lebens setzte sich Gindler während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus für die Rettung von Juden ein.

Herkunft und Ausbildung
Elsa Gindler wuchs in Berlin in Armut auf. Ihre kaufmännische Ausbildung musste sie sich selbst als Hilfsarbeiterin in einer Fabrik, als Haushaltshilfe und durch Schneiderarbeiten finanzieren. Ab 1906 arbeitete sie als Buchhalterin in einer Möbeltischlerei. Neben ihrem Beruf besuchte sie abends allgemeinbildende Kurse und engagierte sich in der Lebensreform-Bewegung. Gindler sagte von sich selbst einmal, sie sei eine … eifrige Pionierin für die Körperbildung der Frau gewesen.

1911 lernte Gindler die Gymnastiklehrerin Hedwig Kallmeyer kennen, die in Amerika bei Genevieve Stebbins ausgebildet worden war, und ließ sich bei ihr in "Harmonischer Gymnastik" ausbilden. Schon ab dem Herbst 1912 war Gindler als selbstständige Gymnastiklehrerin tätig und begann im Jahr 1917 mit ihrer ersten Ausbildungsgruppe die Arbeit. Sie bildete bis zur Mitte der 1920er Jahre etwa 60 Gymnastiklehrerinnen aus. Franz Hilker gründete 1925 gemeinsam mit Gindler und anderen Gymnastikschulen den Deutschen Gymnastikbund. Gindler war bis 1933 stellvertretende Vorsitzende.

Werk

1924 begegnete Gindler dem Musikpädagogen Heinrich Jacoby, der über die Bedeutung von Verhalten und Zustand für Wahrnehmungs-, Gestaltungs- und Äußerungsvorgänge forschte und seine Erkenntnisse in Kursen für die Allgemeinheit lehrte. Elsa Gindler und Heinrich Jacoby gaben in der folgenden Zeit auch gemeinsame Kurse, in denen sie sich "… Fragen der Entfaltung und Nachentfaltung menschlicher Möglichkeiten" widmeten. In einem Vortrag mit dem Titel "Die Gymnastik des Berufsmenschen" führte Elsa Gindler 1926 aus, dass nur Konzentration zu einer verbesserten Leistung führe, nicht aber das Erlernen bestimmter Bewegungen.

Heinrich Jacoby musste 1933 emigrieren, sodass die Zusammenarbeit zwischen ihm und Elsa Gindler bis 1939 nur noch in Ferienkursen in der Schweiz und in Italien stattfinden konnte.

Elsa Gindler blieb in Deutschland. Sie lehnte jedoch den Nationalsozialismus entschieden ab und half politisch und rassisch Verfolgten, womit sie sich selbst in Gefahr brachte. In Berlin konnte sie weiterhin ihre Seminare abhalten. Kurz vor Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde ihre Praxis in der Kurfürstenstraße durch Bomben zerstört, wobei ihre Aufzeichnungen, die ihre Arbeit dokumentiert hatten, weitgehend vernichtet wurden. Nach Kriegsende gründete sie erneut eine Praxis in Berlin-Dahlem, in der sie bis zu ihrem Tod 1961 wirkte. Ein Jahr nach ihrem Tod wurde in Israel ein Hain gepflanzt "zum Ausdruck unserer Dankbarkeit und unserer Verehrung für Elsa Gindler und für ihr Wirken".

Mitarbeiter
Unter ihren Mitarbeitern waren Anfang der 1930er Jahre Elsa Lindenberg, die damalige Freundin/Partnerin von Wilhelm Reich (er war noch mit Annie Pink verheiratet), Laura Perls, die Frau von Fritz Perls, sowie die spätere Psychoanalytikerin und Begründerin der Themenzentrierte Interaktion (TZI) Ruth Cohn. Gindlers Lehre ging so in die Konzepte der Vegetotherapie und der Gestalttherapie ein.

Weitere Mitarbeiter (Auswahl):
 Emmi Pikler
 Heinrich Jacoby (zu dessen Schülern Moshé Feldenkrais gehörte)

Schüler
Durch die erzwungene Emigration etlicher von Gindlers Schülerinnen fand eine internationale Verbreitung statt. Über die Schülerinnen Lily Ehrenfried und Charlotte Selver ging Gindlers Lehre in die Integrative Bewegungstherapie von Hilarion Petzold ein.

Charlotte Selver, die 1938 in die USA emigrierte, führte die "Arbeit am Menschen" dort unter dem Namen Sensory Awareness ein und wurde später eine der ersten Lehrerinnen am Esalen Institute. Durch Selvers Sensory Awareness-Workshops an Esalen und anderswo beeinflusste die Arbeit von Gindler in den Vereinigten Staaten indirekt die meisten Somatiklehrer und einige Traumatherapeuten wie Peter A. Levine. Selver erreichte namhafte Schüler und Schülerinnen der linken (emigrierten) Psychotherapeutenszene sowie Vertreter der Human Potential Bewegung und beeinflusste so neben vielen anderen auch maßgeblich die Esalen-Massage.

Die Ärztin, Physiotherapeutin und Begründerin der Somato-Therapie (Gymnastique Holistique) Lily Ehrenfried lebte seit ihrer Verfolgung als Jüdin durch das nationalsozialistische Regime in Frankreich und verbreitete die Lehren Elsa Gindlers in ihrer heilgymnastischen Praxis in Paris.

Grundelemente wurden auch bestimmend für die Arbeiten von u. a. Moshé Feldenkrais und Elaine Summers. Die in Deutschland verbliebenen Gindler-Schülerinnen führten ihre persönliche Ausgestaltung der "Arbeit am Menschen" weiter. Die einflussreichsten waren Sophie Ludwig, Elfriede Hengstenberg sowie Frieda Goralewski, die auch Ausbildungen in der Gindler-Arbeit durchgeführt hat.

Mehrere von Gindlers Schülern wurden später selbst zu einflussreichen Lehrern:
 Elsa Lindenberg (Partnerin von Wilhelm Reich)
 Laura Perls (Ehefrau von Fritz Perls und Mitbegründerin von Gestalttherapie)
 Charlotte Selver (Sensory Awareness)
 Carola (Spitz) Speads (Berta Bobath) Bobath-Konzept
 Gertrud Heller
 Lily Ehrenfried (Methode Ehrenfried / Gymnastique Holistique)
 Klara Fenichel
 Sophie Ludwig (1901–1997)
 Ruth Matter (1904–1995)
 Otto Fenichel
 Erich Fromm
 Wilhelm Reich

Literatur
 Edith von Arps-Aubert: Das Arbeitskonzept von Elsa Gindler (1885-1961), dargestellt im Rahmen der Gymnastik der Reformpädagogik. Diss. Marburg. Verlag Dr. Kovac, Hamburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-8300-5233-3.
 Alice Aginsky: Rééducation fonctionelle guidée à partir du Chemin de la détente. Paris 2000.
 Charles V.W. Brooks: Erleben durch die Sinne (Sensory Awareness) in der deutschen Bearbeitung von Charlotte Selver. Innovative Psychotherapie und Humanwissenschaft Bd. 7, hrsg. von Petzold Hilarion, Paderborn 1997.
 Heinrich Dauber: Gindlertradition und Gestaltpädagogik. In: Integrative Bewegungstherapie. Nr. 1, (2003), S. 4ff.
 Hilarion G. Petzold (2005m): Materialien zur Geschichte der Körperpsychotherapie. In: Integrative Bewegungstherapie 1, S. 28–42.
 Edith de Jaco-Stebler: Gindler und Jacoby im gymnasialen Sportunterricht. In: Ehrhardt, Johannes (Hrsg.): Wege der Achtsamkeit, Ausprägungen und Weiterentwicklungen der Gindler-Impulse. CALE Papers Nr. 13, Universität Hannover, 2001.
 Jutta Emde-Mosebach: Leben und Werk von Elsa Gindler 1885–1961, Magisterarbeit, Kassel 2001.
 Lily Ehrenfried: Atmen, Bewegen, Erkennen. unveränderte Neuauflage des 1957 in Berlin erschienenen Werkes mit dem Titel, Körperliche Erziehung zum seelischen Gleichgewicht. Goralewski-Gesellschaft e.V., Berlin 1986.
 Gabriele M. Franzen: Reagierbereit werden nach innen und nach außen. Die Arbeit von Elsa Gindler. Untertitel: Nachentfaltung als ganzheitliches Anliegen zwischen den Feldern von Bewegungsforschung, Pädagogik und Therapie sowie Meditation. In: Lernen in Bewegung. Band zum 2. Europäischen Feldenkrais-Kongress, 2006. Hrsg.: Feldenkrais-Verband Deutschland, S. 243–261.
 Marianne Haag und Birgit Rohloff (Hrsg.): Arbeiten bei Elsa Gindler - Notizen Elsa Gindlers und Berichte einer Teilnehmerin. Schriftenreihe der Heinrich Jacoby-Elsa Gindler-Stiftung Bd. 2/3. Berlin 2006.
 Norbert Klinkenberg: Achtsamkeit in der Körperverhaltenstherapie. Ein Arbeitsbuch mit 20 Probiersituationen aus der Jacoby/Gindler-Arbeit. Stuttgart 2007.
 Sophie Ludwig: Elsa Gindler - von ihrem Leben und Wirken. Wahrnehmen, was wir empfinden. Christians, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-7672-1398-2.
 Peggy Zeitler: (Hrsg.): Erinnerungen an Elsa Gindler, aus den Schriften der Sensory Awareness Foundation. München 1991.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webseite der Jacoby-Gindler-Stiftung
 Kurzinfo und weitere Links
 Ausführliche Biografie

Einzelnachweise

Pädagogische Methode/Lehre
Pädagoge (20. Jahrhundert)
Gymnastiklehrer
Person (Lebensreform)
Person (Berlin)
Deutscher
Geboren 1885
Gestorben 1961
Frau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Ooo I love the skeleton hand crop top and your awesome hair clips. Halloween is my favorite. Bring on all the spooky clothes and accessories! I love how you managed to make this such a cute outfit while having edgier Halloween elements. The mix of floral print and polka dots is a favorite of mine too.


The Hole frontwoman is a natural star because you never know what she'll do next.
When you've been interviewing people for, oh, a hundred years or so, you build up quite a backlog of banter and chat. A lot of this stuff is inevitably ephemeral — the day will surely never come when anyone cares what Vanilla Ice ever had to say about anything. On the other hand, it is kind of interesting to look back on the vintage natterings of people who are still on the scene and still entertaining us, either with their work or with their dotty behavior.
We've been exhuming a ton of this stuff over the last several months — interviews from the vaults going back not only to the early '90s, but even beyond. Most of these ancient tapes are fun in one way or another; some are scary, which is even more fun. We're going to be posting these old interactions every Tuesday from now on, and if some of what you see seems a little silly at times, well, the past is filled with silly things. Much like the present.
May you never have a year as awful as Courtney Love's 1994. It started out fine, with Love and her band, Hole, putting the finishing touches on their second album, Live Through This. But then Courtney's husband, Nirvana leader Kurt Cobain, committed suicide (his body was found on April 8 at their home on Lake Washington, near Seattle), leaving Courtney with a baby daughter not yet two years old. Four days later, Live Through This was released, its title and some of its songs now sounding eerily predictive. It was the band's best record.
Two months later, Hole bassist Kristen Pfaff died in Seattle of a heroin overdose. Like Cobain, she was 27 years old.
Geffen Records was no doubt sympathetic about all of this, up to a point. But the label did need Hole to start touring in support of the new album, which had gotten rave reviews. So on September 1, the group returned to the road, playing its first concert in Toronto. MTV News set up a post-show interview with Courtney, and I flew up from New York that morning with producer Jane Sangster, a big Hole fan.
The show was pretty great. With Canadian bassist Melissa Auf der Mauer now onboard (she'd been recommended to Courtney by Smashing Pumpkins' Billy Corgan), the band was full of fire. They played powerful versions of the new Live Through This material — "Doll Parts," "Miss World," "Violet"; and their leader — looking as usual like a debauched rag doll, happily yammering away at the crowd, smoking nonstop, planting one big boot on top of a stage monitor as she chopped out chords on her guitar — was in peak form.
Courtney is a natural star — as opposed to the pre-assembled variety so common in most musical precincts — because you never know what she'll do next. I'm pretty sure this is because she never knows what she'll do next. This is what makes her a good interview.
After the show, back at the Four Seasons Hotel, where the band was staying, we were ready for her: camped out in a conference room, backdrop tacked up, cameras ready to roll, we settled in to wait. We waited quite a while; then we waited quite a while more. We wound up cooling our heels for four or five hours — Madonna-level waiting. Finally, around five in the morning, Courtney appeared, smoking like a locomotive and acting as if she were right on time. I resisted an impulse to punch her in the neck. Then she sat down, and we started.
Like all really good interview subjects, Courtney is willing to discuss just about anything. She was funny about her anomalous trust-fund background, especially getting kicked out of England's ridiculously "progressive" Summerhill School. ("The whole idea was, don't go to class if you don't want to. And I didn't.") She was sweet talking about the friends who'd rallied around her after Cobain's death, like Michael Stipe of R.E.M. ("He called me two or three times a day, every day.") She said she was spooked by the feeling that the media were actually waiting for her to die, too, and insisted she was actually past the point of heavy drug consumption. ("I have nine, ten dead friends," she said, "not counting dead husbands and dead band members.") Her feelings seemed to flicker nakedly across her face; she didn't appear to be holding much back. Although who ever knows about that? By the time we finished, the sun had come out.
But nobody ever expected punks to age gracefully, and Courtney is pretty clearly a punk-for-life kind of girl. But she never burned out, and it doesn't look like she'll be fading away anytime soon, either. Let's keep rooting.
Enjoy digging through The Loder Files? You'll find more here, and there's much more to come from the vaults — check back every Tuesday!


Companies with 25 or 50 years history in business have unique challenges when bringing new technology into their well established operations. SurfN has the experience to help established companies like these bring technology into their operations successfully and deal with these challenges.
Chattanooga software developers delivers the combination of technical expertise and real-world experience necessary to build an effective technology solution. Through evaluation, recommendations, and implementation assistance, we can help you get results while reducing business and technical risk.
The processes, tools and technologies SurfN employs to deliver against these operations management functions have been refined based on experience managing high-traffic, transaction-intensive, event-driven application environments. Through SurfN's intelligence management approach and proprietary know-how and show-how, our highly-skilled team identifies and resolves issues before they impact your business.
With deep technology expertise, broad service offerings and experience serving enterprises of all types and sizes, SurfN Services created by Chattanooga software developers can help companies reduce the time, cost and risk of improving their business with technology.
We can help you with every phase of developing and deploying innovative services that give your company sustained business advantages-maximizing return on investment (ROI) while minimizing total cost of ownership (TCO).
The In-house & SurfN MOS partnership is often the right choice for established companies which want the control of employed technical skills while obtaining a wide range of credentialed specialists and resources at a minimal cost. SurfN's flexible Managed Operation Services, created by Chattanooga software developers, focus on supporting your needs and introducing effective technology.
SurfN Managed Operations Services created by Chattanooga software developers, can provide strategic technology planning and deliver results with your critical business objectives. Maximize your application availability with remote operations management services that support heterogeneous environments, including the Solaris Operating System, legacy, HP-UX, Linux, and Windows, while benefiting from our technology professionals' technical expertise.
You may want your system to be more dependable. You may want to drive implementation on time and on budget while taking full advantage of the built-in reliability, availability and serviceability features of your system. Through services based on proven methodologies, SurfN Services created by Chattanooga software developers can help you quickly and effectively install hardware, build interfaces to other systems, consolidate server workloads, and migrate your applications and data to your new environment.
This management approach provides you with a structured set of operations management functions that deliver continuous; monitoring, maintenance and administration, while also receiving benefits from a very deep and experienced call-on-us resource contracted at a low monthly service charge. SurfN goes the extra mile by continuously watching for good uses of technology which will benefit you and testing the ideas before bringing them to the table. Together, your efficient In House technology staff and the depth of SurfN Services experience and expertise will bring in the results at a low cost while maximizing your benefit opportunity.
Find out what technology can do for you. Schedule an evaluation and recommendation meeting, 423-821-3463.


text:
Q: How to use same div tag with different content in HTML? I want to use same div tag for different page displaying using html. how to use it
Ex:
 if{page1}else{page2}
 is there any possible using if in html or give different solution plz.
when user clicks different tab the different page need to appear i used different div but click different tab it shows some empty space with the page2 i think that is page1 space.

A: Given that a page might have ids #page1 and #page2 and the
 has an id of #brian
you could use jquery:
$('#page1 #brian').html(some_html_here);
$('#page2 #brian').html(some_html_here);

This example may aid you - http://jsfiddle.net/wQCDR/
Alex

A: If you don't want to use PHP in your HTML code you can use SSI (server-side include). Basically, you can include html files within other html files. Here's a link to read more:
http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/howto/ssi.html
Cheers

A: you can don this usign javascript
get url first and according to that write content to particular div using
document.getElementById('one').innerHTML = "Content";

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Retail & Apparel
Steve Madden can't stomach tariffs alone as it plans price hikes
Add Steven Madden Ltd. to the growing list of retailers who can no longer stomach the cost of rising tariffs.
The footwear and handbag maker, which had warned last summer that price hikes were a real possibility, is in the "early stages" of raising prices by low single digit percentages, Chief Executive Officer Edward Rosenfeld said in the company's second-quarter earnings call.
"We think that the consumer will be able to handle that," he said after the company reported adjusted earnings per share that beat the average analyst estimate.
Tariffs are poised to wreck Christmas for shipping companies
Stepping into Steve Madden's shoes
When President Trump's tariffs on Chinese handbags had been 10%, the company was able to offset the impacts by moving more output out of the country into places like Cambodia and by asking for factory price concessions from its producers inside China. But when the U.S. raised that rate to 25% in May, Steve Madden realized there was "no way" it could mitigate that entirely, Rosenfeld said.
The company, along with more than 170 shoemakers and retailers, signed an open letter to President Trump in May asking him to remove footwear from the list of the additional $300 billion of goods from China.
"Pricing increases will continue next year and earnings will be muted for this space," Laurent Vasilescu, an analyst at Macquarie Capital USA, said in a phone interview after the call. Across the whole industry, "we're going to need to see some price inflation, particularly around accessories."
Holiday retail sales rose 3%, driven by online shoppers
Holiday shoppers with money to burn covet secondhand luxury
Covid-19 and e-commerce decimated brick-and-mortar retail


This new 14-inch statue of Iron Man Mark VI from this summer's IRON MAN 2 has just joined the amazing line of figures from sculpting and statue giants Kotobukiya. Based on the film's design for the costume, the figure is at the 1:6 scale and stands tall on a base modeled off the Stark Industries Repulsor Transmitter, which emits a glow that illuminates the figure brilliantly. And if that isn't enough light from a statue like this, then how about the LEDs in the eyes, the chest and the fists? Cast in porcelain, each statue is individually numbered as part of a limited edition! It's in-stock and ready to go.
And next up we've got a pre-order from the Other statue and figure guys: SIDESHOW! Here's a look!
The Daredevil Comiquette stands at an impressive 22 inches, made out of polystone and featuring all the amazing sculpting you'd expect from Sideshow and Marvel. One of the very cool things about this statue is that it comes with three switch-out epitaphs you can place on the tombstone: one for Jack Murdock, one for Elektra and the last blank so that you can customize it yourself! Which I think is pretty rad. This statue can be pre-ordered now and will be shipping in the beginning of 2011! Enjoy.
Though their styles couldn't be more different, Marvel's Punisher and Daredevil appear equally matched in this 18-inch statue from Sideshow Toys. One does wonder how many of the Marvel Universe's heroes are going to have to fight it out before they remember that they're essentially on the same side, but I suppose that one also never can tell just what side a hero like Frank Castle is really on. Good intentions or not, it's hard to ignore the skull t-shirt when it's paired with some of the biggest, baddest guns comics have ever seen.
Weighing in at 12lbs and cast in polystone, it's a handpainted masterpiece, featuring a grand example of the kind of work the Sideshow sculptors can do and capturing Marvel's signature brand of high-powered face-offs between heroes and villains alike–hopefully these two will sort it out. This statue is a pre-order right now, meaning that while it only ships in the 2nd quarter of this year, you can already place your order to make sure you get your hands on it ASAP! A good choice for Marvel collectors who want to fill that shelf space.
Buuuut, if you absolutely can't wait to get your Punisher fix, how about you check this one out? It's another rendering from the same brilliant design studio, but it's already arrived and is in-stock, ready for you to take home!
A larger statue of a much larger Punisher, this 20-inch Sideshow sculpture captures Marvel's most unflinching anti-hero in a classic pose, ready for whatever comes his way and bearing the arms (both kinds) to take it on.


You have to make sure that if you are downloading games via installous you need to make sure that remove metadata is turned off in installous settings.
Now >> buy something inapp like normal and you will get it free!
Tap on iapfree icon on your springboard.
Go to " Plugins" > "General" > Enabled > Toggle " on ".


text:
'A wonderful man who always helped people' - Freckleton air disaster survivor dies aged 82
Pictured left, Thomas Sandford. Right, the scene of carnage after a B-24 Liberator bomber from the US Airforce base at Warton crashed on the Freckleton village school.
Louisa Gregson
A war veteran who survived the Freckleton air disaster as a child has died aged 82.
Great grandfather Thomas Sandford was aged just seven when an American pilot flying overhead lost control of his B-24 heavy bomber plane and plummeted on to the village and the primary school below.
Thomas Sandford accepts award
It was August 23, 1944, when Lieutenant John Bloemendal crashed in to the Sad Sack Snack Bar, killing six American servicemen, an RAF airman and seven staff, before the plane crossed Lytham Road and burst in to flames in the infant wing of Freckleton Holy Trinity Primary School.
Tragically 34 children and one of the teachers, Jennie Hall, were instantly killed while four other children and teacher Louisa Hulme later died in hospital from their injuries, along with an American serviceman and three RAF airmen.
Thomas's son Mark Sandford, 53, says his father had just moved to a classroom in another part of the school when the disaster happened and he escaped unhurt, but he recalled how the time was terribly difficult for his grandparents.
Mark says: "It was an horrendous time for everyone.
"My grandparents went through the worry of wondering if their child was hurt.
"The village was a lot smaller then and the villagers were a lot closer."
Thomas went on to do national service in Malaya, fighting alongside the Gurkhas, for which he was presented with a medal for his services.
Following his service he worked as an engineer at the former Balderstone Mill in Freckleton before working at BNFL in Salwick and later BAE Systems, then known as British Aerospace, in Warton where he was employed for 30 years.
Thomas married wife Betty, who worked in The Plough public house in the village, in 1962 and the pair had two sons, adopting Mark in 1967 and having Gary three years later.
The couple were married for 45 years before Betty's death in 2007 and had five grandchildren Jonathan, 28, Abbey 22, Stephen, 26, Owen, 23 and Liam, 21.
Thomas was great grandfather to Crystal, eight, Bobby, 15 months and Ethan, five.
Mark, who runs The New Chelvedon Hotel in Blackpool with partner Tara Betham, says his dad was a well loved man who would do anything for anyone.
Thomas, who was one of five siblings Margaret, Arnold, Elsie and Doreen died in his sleep from heart disease on Sunday, December 8.
Mark says: "He was a wonderful man who was always helping people.
"He was big on DIY and would do it for himself and for others.
"He was a quiet man, he didn't smoke or drink and always had time for everyone.
"He was just wonderful."
Mark says at his mum Betty's funeral, police had to stop traffic due to the huge turn out who walked from the family home to the church and he expects the same for his father.
The funeral is on Thursday, January 2 at 2pm at the Parish Church of the Holy Trinity on Lytham Road in Freckleton.
Freckleton air disaster factfile:
• The Freckleton air disaster which occurred on August 23, 1944, marked its 75th anniversary this year.
• Two newly re-furbished B-24 heavy bombers departed USAAF Base Air Depot 2 at Warton Aerodome on a test flight at 10.30am but due to an approaching violent storm, both were recalled. First Lieutenant John Bloemendal reported to the control tower that he was aborting landing at the last moment and would perform a go-around. Shortly afterwards he hit the village.
• The aircraft crashed into the Holy Trinity Church of England School, demolishing three houses and the Sad Sack Snack Bar.
• The death toll was 61, including 38 children
• A clock in one classroom stopped at 10.47am
• A memorial garden and children's playground were opened in Freckleton in August 1945 to remember those who lost their lives. The money for the playground equipment was raised by American airmen at the Warton airbase.
• A memorial hall was opened in September 1977 and as well as a memorial in the village churchyard, a plaque was placed at the site of the accident in 2007.


This blog is now hosted on my website at mcfarlanddesigns.com/blog-posts; please update your bookmarks to follow the latest posts. Thanks!
In light of the recent devastating earthquake in Haiti and the resulting urgent need for immediate help, I'm pushing back the charities I had scheduled for January, February, and March by one month, and sending January's donation to Food For Life's Haitian relief fund. Food For Life is currently working on setting up a base in Haiti, where they will distribute vegan food to those in need.
Thanks to all of you who patronize my little jewelry business; please know that together we are making a difference!


Thе ԛuаlitу оf caring fоr the child as раrt оf a structure iѕ usually indiсаtеd by thе соѕt оf thе сеntrе for rеgiѕtrаtiоn. If the сеntrе will сhаrgе more fоr thе ѕеrviсе, it оftеn lends itѕеlf to better lооking after thе сhildrеn. Thе centres will charge more for thеir ѕеrviсеѕ саn provide a ԛuаlitу еduсаtiоn, mоѕt current features аnd mоrе bеаutiful structures. Thеу аrе all helpful whеn seeking tо еduсаtе an асаdеmiс сhild. A highеr level fоr teachers, such аѕ thе need fоr a dеgrее in еаrlу сhildhооd еduсаtiоn or a similar dеgrее, hаѕ been ѕhоwn to lеаd tо better growth in a сhild'ѕ dеvеlорmеnt.
The high-ԛuаlitу саrе iѕ thе rеѕult оf a combination оf a safe аnd hеаlthу еnvirоnmеnt along with an еduсаtiоnаl stimulus аnd аррrорriаtе social аgе and dеvеlорmеnt оf сhildrеn whо аrе catered for. Thiѕ ԛuаlitу оf ԛuаlitу care fеаturеѕ inсludеѕ bоth structural еlеmеntѕ rеlаtеd to thе рhуѕiсаl environment аnd the реrѕоnаl requirement аnd the рrосеѕѕing items аbоut сurriсulаr рrасtiсеѕ, thе ԛuаlitу оf the саrеgivеr and thе involvement of the parents.
We bеliеvе аll сhildrеn in Singароrе, nо mаttеr their origin, deserve a роѕitivе еxреriеnсе thrоugh еаrlу сhildhооd саrе аnd ԛuаlitу education thаt nurtures thе hоliѕtiс development аnd builds a ѕоlid fоundаtiоn bу еnсоurаging a lоvе оf lеаrning.
Our structure iѕ nut-frее and offers ѕресiаlizеd mеnuѕ fоr сhildrеn with allergies, diеtаrу аnd religious rеѕtriсtiоnѕ.
Exаmрlеѕ of early сhildhооd рrоgrаmѕ ѕhаrе сеrtаin сhаrасtеriѕtiсѕ thаt can ѕеrvе аѕ role models fоr оthеrѕ ѕееking to imрrоvе thе ԛuаlitу of care for сhildrеn. Aссоrding to Kinсh and Sсhwеinhаrt (1999), a high-ԛuаlitу program inсludеѕ thе fоllоwing features: Finаnсiаl rеѕоurсеѕ. Uѕе finаnсiаl resources thаn parental fees, such аѕ ѕubѕidiеѕ fоr lоw-inсоmе fаmiliеѕ аnd dоnаtiоnѕ from individuals and fоundаtiоnѕ. Crеаtiоn оf аlliаnсеѕ. Forges a ѕеriеѕ of аgrееmеntѕ with оrgаnizаtiоnѕ tо bring additional rеѕоurсеѕ. For еxаmрlе, a сеntrе could соllаbоrаtе with thе соmmunitу organization on fundraising еffоrtѕ. Pаrеntаl еduсаtiоn. Find wауѕ tо еduсаtе раrеntѕ about thе vаluе оf еаrlу childhood еduсаtiоn. In this wау, раrеntѕ bесоmе bеttеr соnѕumеrѕ and аrе mоrе likеlу tо ѕuрроrt programs. Emрlоуее Bеnеfitѕ. Search for additional salary аnd other bеnеfitѕ for уоur еmрlоуееѕ. Also, еnѕurе рrореr рlаnning timе аnd оrgаnizе professional development орроrtunitiеѕ. Eѕtаbliѕhmеnt of advisory соmmittееѕ.
It ѕtrеngthеnѕ relations with the соmmunitу through thе creation оf a board оf directors оr a Cоmmunitу Adviѕоrу Cоmmittее. Rесоgnitiоn оf needs. He recognizes the nееdѕ аnd family ѕtrеѕѕ and wоrkѕ flexibly with families, mаking a рrоgrаm vitаl for раrеntѕ. Inѕtitutiоnаl structures. Plаnѕ fоr the future еxiѕtеnсе through ѕtruсturеѕ thаt рrоmоtе ԛuаlitу, rеmunеrаtiоn, and соnvеniеnсе. High ѕtаndаrdѕ. He established written роliсiеѕ аnd ѕtаndаrdѕ оn the miѕѕiоn, philosophy, and educational аррrоасh.
Thе ԛuаlitу оf сhild саrе iѕ еѕѕеntiаl соnсеrning the dаilу experiences of сhildrеn аnd their ѕubѕеԛuеnt ѕсhооl аnd social intеrасtiоnѕ. Whеn еасh сhild rесеivеѕ the highеѕt ԛuаlitу possible, thе bеnеfiсiаl еffесtѕ of dау саrе inсrеаѕеd drаmаtiсаllу.
Aѕ for our аррrоасh to a child care, wе аrе holistic, wе bеliеvе thаt nutritiоn саn bе an essential раrt оf уоur child's development. Wе must ensure thаt еасh staff mеmbеr hаѕ thе fоllоwing information аbоut our day саrе ѕеrviсеѕ: health modules to dаtе, a сriminаl rеfеrrаl сhесk, infаnt CPR аnd first aid certificate аnd сорiеѕ оf ѕignеd bеhаviоur mаnаgеmеnt роliсу.
Our staff recognize thе individuality оf еасh child аnd support аnd encourage the раrtiсulаr intеrеѕtѕ оf each сhild аnd multiрlе аррrоасhеѕ tо lеаrning. Tо support hеаlthу bоdiеѕ аnd mindѕ invоlvеd, we give уоu a full ѕеlесtiоn оf оrgаniс аnd nаturаl mеаlѕ аnd ѕnасk fооdѕ.
Bеѕidеѕ the dесiѕiоn tо hаvе сhildrеn, the biggest сhоiсе уоu mаkе is tо hаvе their саrе, nurturе аnd help them grоw into аmаzing аdultѕ they should be. Our gоаl is tо hеlр children dеvеlор ѕосiаllу аnd intellectually, whilе at thе ѕаmе timе building thеir ѕеlf-еѕtееm, ѕеlf-соnfidеnсе аnd a feeling оf self-reliance. Our Tоtаl Care concepts mеаn thеѕе thrее bаѕiс needs: сhild саrе, еduсаtiоn аnd medical ѕеrviсеѕ that аrе рrоvidеd in a соnvеniеnt аnd nurturing lосаtiоn.
As parents, we wаnt оur сhildrеn to hаvе thе bеѕt, ѕо wе wоrk hard tо dеlivеr them the best. The irоnу iѕ that wоrking more means spending lеѕѕ time with thеm, whiсh could lead tо the negligence of thе раrеnt whеn уоu leave уоur сhild аt home withоut a guardian. If оnlу thеrе were a wау tо wоrk аnd tаkе саrе оf уоur сhild at the same time that would not overtire a parent!
Well, wе аrе hеrе tо tеll уоu thаt it is еntirеlу роѕѕiblе. Depending on whаt you саn afford, уоu can hirе frееlаnсеrѕ оr send уоur сhild tо dау care сеntrеѕ. Thеrе аrе diffеrеnt tуреѕ of сhild care аnd аttеntiоn options, nevertheless, thеу all mеаn a ѕimilаr thing: Someone tо look аftеr аnd supervise your сhild оr сhildrеn, uѕuаllу between 6 аnd 13 уеаrѕ.
Now that you knоw аbоut thе орtiоnѕ fоr childcare lеt'ѕ gо through thе соѕtѕ. Thеrе аrе two types оf сhildсаrе available to уоu in Singapore, whiсh аrе Prе-ѕсhооl or Childсаrе сеntrеѕ. The cost of sending your child to one depends оn whether you сhооѕе a child care program that ends at nооn or one that is full day. Your child's age is also a factor. From estimates, it costs around SGD 1,500 реr month for a full day childcare provider.
Thеrе аrе nаnniеѕ аnd frееlаnсе nannies and thеrе аrе (uѕuаllу foreign workers) livе-in nannies. Freelancers саn соѕt uр tо SGD 900 реr mоnth, whilе full-time nаnniеѕ саn start from SGD 1,500. per month.
If you are lucky enough to work at a child-friendly office, where there is a playpen for children, then you can save on sending your child to preschool/kindergarten. However, there still needs to be a vigorous curriculum in place for your child, or your child will waste his time away being bored. Otherwise, you would need to send your child to a full-day childcare or kindergarten.
For those not aware, there is an education component in our local childcare centres, so fret not that you will end up sending your child to a daycare centre where he/she learns nothing at the end of the day.
"Parents usually drop off their children at the childcare centre before work. This means that it is usually very early in the morning.
After work, they would need to pick their children up if there is no one else to help do so.
By choosing a childcare centre near your workplace, it is definitely more convenient as it saves time and travelling costs.
Next, how do we know that a childcare is indeed beneficial for your child? Besides checking on whether your child grows as a person, other factors to watch out for is their сrеаtivitу, knowledge of the world, indереndеnt thinking ѕkillѕ аnd thеir ѕеnѕе of wonder, and whether they explore thеir idеаѕ аnd intеrеѕtѕ.
The centre should also have a friеndlу and familiar environment that is safe and inviting for children to form experiences and learn.
Hence, we can see that the priority for children in that age range should be their growth and learning. Other traits such as confidence and resilience will go a long way as well for the child.
In conclusion, sending your child to childcare is a matter not to be taken lightly and should be thought through thoroughly. The priority should be their growth, whether academically, psychologically or socially. While it might seem like an easy solution to bring them to work or leave them at home with grandparents, care must be taken to ensure they are also learning something on their own in those places.
These are some factors that you need to consider in a kindergarten school in Singapore. Please note that there are many different kindergarten schools operating in Singapore in different locations and before making a decision, you should make visits at a number of kindergarten schools to make sure that you choose the best one for your child. Kindergarten school is the first step towards the academic career of your child and you would not want it to be a nightmare. Make visits, get self-satisfaction and then choose the one. Moreover, avoid taking your child with you because sometimes your child likes a place and insist you to choose that one. This makes it difficult to make the right choice.


text:
A 2023-as Snooker Shoot Out (hivatalosan a 2023 BetVictor Snooker Shoot Out) egy profi snookertorna volt, amelyet 2023. január 25. és 28. között rendeztek az angliai Leicesterben.
 A 2022–2023-as szezon kilencedik pontszerző versenyét a World Snooker Tour szervezte. A tornát Magyarországon az Eurosport közvetítette.

Hossein Vafaei volt a címvédő, aki 71–0-ra legyőzte Mark Williamst a 2022-es döntőben. Vafaei azonban 9–33-ra kikapott Shaun Murphytől az első körben. Tizennégy évesen és három hónaposan Vladislav Gradinari lett a legfiatalabb játékos, aki megnyert egy televíziós meccset pontszerző versenyen. Reanne Evans lett az első nő, aki meccset nyert egy Snooker Shoot Out versenyen, valamint az első nő, aki megnyert egy televíziós meccset bármely pontszerző eseményen. A torna döntőjében Chris Wakelin a belga tinédzserrel, Julien Leclercqel mérkőzött meg, akinek ez volt az első profi szezonja. Mindkét játékosnak ez volt pályafutása első pontszerző döntője. Wakelin egy 119-es breakkel nyerte meg a döntőt, ami egyben a legnagyobb break volt a tornán. Ezzel a breakkel megszerezte tízéves profi pályafutásának első pontszerző győzelmét.

Lebonyolítás
Ezen a tornán a snooker szabályainak egy változata volt érvényben. Minden mérkőzés 1 nyert frame-ig és összesen tíz percig tartott. Minden lökésre tizenöt másodpercet kaptak a játékosok. Az utolsó öt percben egy lökést már tíz másodpercen belül kellett elvégezni. Ha az egyik játékos bármilyen hibát elkövetett vagy időn kívül lökött, a másik "kézből" jöhetett. Ez azt jelenti, hogy az első lökés előtt bárhová tehető a fehér golyó az asztalon.

A tíz perc lejárta utáni pontegyenlőség esetén a mérkőzést kékgolyós hirtelen halállal döntötték el. Mindkét játékos felváltva lökhetett a D-mezőből, hogy eltegye a kék golyót. A játékosok addig löktek, amíg valamelyikük hibázott, de a másiknak sikerült eltenni a kéket. A nem hibázó játékos öt pontot kapott a meglévő pontjaihoz és nyerte a mérkőzést.

Az összes forduló után sorsolással dőlt el, hogy a győztesek közül kik játszanak egymás ellen a következő fordulóban.

Díjazás
A torna összdíjazása  font volt, ebből a győztes  fontot kapott. Az esemény a hatodik a BetVictor Series nyolc eseménye közül, mindegyiket a BetVictor sportfogadási vállalat szponzorálta. Az egyes szakaszokig eljutó játékosok az alábbi díjazásban részesültek:

 Győztes: 50 000 £
 Döntős: 20 000 £
 Elődöntős: 8000 £
 Negyeddöntős: 4000 £
 Legjobb 16 közé jutásért: 2000 £

 Legjobb 32 közé jutásért: 1000 £
 Legjobb 64 közé jutásért: 500 £
 Legjobb 128 közé jutásért: 250 £(ezek a pénzdíjak nem számítanak ranglista pontnak)
 Legmagasabb break: 5000 £

 Összesen: 171 000 £

Ágrajz
A torna sorsolása alább látható. A félkövérrel szedett játékosok a mérkőzések győzteseit jelölik.

Felső ág

1. szakasz

2. szakasz

3. szakasz

(a)Farakh Ajaib és Chris Wakelin mérkőzése 25–25-re végződött, ezért kékgolyós hirtelen halállal dőlt el ki jut tovább.

4. szakasz

Alsó ág

5. szakasz

6. szakasz

(b)Matthew Stevens és Dominic Dale mérkőzése 49–49-re végződött, ezért kékgolyós hirtelen halállal dőlt el ki jut tovább.

7. szakasz

8. szakasz

Döntők

Döntő

Százas breakek
A tornán összesen 4 százas breaket löktek.

Jegyzetek

Sznúker az Egyesült Királyságban
2023 a snookerben


Established in 2003, Money exploded onto the fashion scene with a unique range of menswear, completely fresh in its approach. Adopting classic men's streetwear married with the urgency and free thinking of British lifestyle humour and swagger. Quickly rising through the ranks by word of mouth, humour and strong trend driven collections, Money became the choice of the fashion — conscious youth and seasoned casuals alike.
The SS17 Collections features a fresh pastel colour palette of baby pinks and blues with black, white and contrasting neon details on garments such as Money's classic graphic logo t-shirts and sweatshirts, short co-ords and lightweight jackets.


text:
Stipe Šuvar (17 February 1936 – 29 June 2004) was a Croatian politician and sociologist who was regarded to have been one of the most influential communist politicians in the League of Communists of Croatia in Socialist Republic of Croatia during Yugoslavia and later in modern Croatia.

He entered top politics in 1972 being co-opted to the Central Committee (CC) of the League of Communists of Croatia (LCC). Two years later he became Croatian minister of education and performed a controversial educational reform in Croatia. In 1980s he was a member of the Presidency of the LCC's CC, then a member and President of the Presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY). In 1989 Croatian Parliament elected Šuvar a member of the Presidency of Yugoslavia but dismissed him one year later when, after the first multi-party elections in Croatia, it was already dominated by the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) of Franjo Tuđman.

After the collapse of communism and the end of Socialist Yugoslavia, Šuvar founded the magazine Hrvatska ljevica and the Socialist Labour Party (SRP). Šuvar was known as a lifelong Marxist ideologist and opponent of nationalism. Unlike many other Yugoslav communist officials, he remained a proponent of socialism after the breakup of Yugoslavia.

Academic work and early political career

Šuvar was born in 1936 in the Dalmatian village of Zagvozd. At the age of 19, he joined the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. He studied at the Law Faculty in Zagreb, where he received a sociology doctorate in 1965. From 1960 through till the 1980s he taught sociology at the University of Zagreb and at other universities in Yugoslavia and published a number of books on both sociological and political topics.

From 1963 to 1972 he was a chief editor of the Zagreb monthly Naše teme. In 1969, Šuvar in a polemic with Matica hrvatska official Šime Đodan denied the claims by Maspok ideologists that Croatia was being exploited by other Yugoslav republics. During time Šuvar was also active in several other periodicals, lastly in LCY-run "Socijalizam" (Socialism) in the 1980s.

In 1972, after the Maspok had been defeated and the leadership led by Mika Tripalo purged from the top of the LCC, Šuvar was co-opted to the CC LCC. Two years later he became Croatian secretary (minister) for culture and education and stayed at that position until 1982.

The "White Book"
From 1982 to 1986, Šuvar was a member of the Presidium of the League of Communists of Croatia. From 1983 onwards, he was responsible for the ideological section of the League and, holding this office, in 1984, he organized a discussion about the ideological struggle on the cultural front. Participants of the meeting were handed materials containing quotations from texts of 186 (mostly Serbian and Slovene) authors which had been published in the Yugoslav media between 1982 and 1984. These texts were labeled as unacceptable, anti-socialist and more or less openly nationalist. The document, nicknamed then the "White Book" (B(ij)ela knjiga) and "Flower of Evil" (Cv(ij)eće zla), was condemned especially by the Serbian intelligentsia as a Stalinist attack on freedom of thought.

Member and chairman of the CC LCY Presidium

In 1986, Šuvar was elected to the LCY Presidium as a representative of the Croatian Party branch along with Ivica Račan. In June 1988, when the Presidium was about to choose a new chairman between Šuvar and Račan, Šuvar won out. At the vote he was backed up, among others, by the Serb members of the Presidium including Slobodan Milošević. However, only one month later controversies between Šuvar and Milošević emerged because of Šuvar's opposition to the anti-bureaucratic revolution organized by the Serbian leader. In October 1988, when a dispute between Šuvar and Milošević at one Presidium session went public, a campaign for Šuvar's dismissal took place in Serbia.

In the first days of October 1988, rallies in Novi Sad supported by Milošević forced out the Vojvodinian leadership, while Montenegrin establishment, with the support of the LCY Presidium and of the federal Presidency, resisted rallies in Titograd. On 17 October, in the heated political atmosphere, the LCY Central Committee met up at its 17th plenary session in Belgrade to discuss general political situation in Yugoslavia. Yugoslav media expected the session to be crucial for country's future and also more than 200 foreign journalists were about to attend the plenum. In his address to the plenum, Šuvar called for economic and political reforms within the frameworks of socialism and for combating nationalism in the entire country. He expressed the conviction that nationalism wouldn't succeed neither in destroying Yugoslavia nor in turning it into a centralized country. Most of the Yugoslav communist officials' addresses were in mutual accordance about the need of reforms and of unity and the plenum was therefore seen as successful by most Yugoslav media. However, mutual attacks of the republics' leaders started again after the session and the political situation kept getting worse.

In January 1989, after the Montenegrin leadership was brought down during new rallies in Titograd and a few days before the 20th session of the LCY Central Committee was to take place, a conference of the Vojvodinian communists attacked Šuvar and asked the LCY Presidium to dismiss him, what was supported by the Serb leadership and followed by a new inflammatory campaign in Serbian media and Party organizations against Šuvar. The Yugoslav Federal Presidency, afraid of the overthrow of the LCY leadership in the same way as it had happened with local party leaderships in Vojvodina and Montenegro, put the country's police forces on a state of alert and warned the Serbian leadership of a state of emergency being possibly declared if more demonstrations took place in Belgrade during the session. The session itself went in a normal way but didn't bring any positive results. Before the session Šuvar had promised that he would call the things their right names meaning, supposedly, directly condemn Milošević's policy, but at the end he withdrew a sharper version of his report and presented a less explicit one. The proposal to dismiss Šuvar from the position of LCY leader was rejected by the party Presidium in March 1989. Out of the 20 Presidium members, in favour of the dismissal were only six, including Milošević and other Serbian representatives.

At the same time, Šuvar was continuously opposing separatist tendencies in his own Croatia and in Slovenia. He frequently warned against the rise of Croat nationalism which, in his view, was at that time most visible in discussions about language policy. Šuvar also opposed demands of Slovenes for a broader autonomy of their republic and criticized public attacks on the Yugoslav People's Army in Slovene media. In June 1988 at LCY Presidium session discussing the case of Janez Janša, Šuvar said:
"Socialist forces in Slovenia are in defense in the face of a mass movement. This movement in Slovenia includes not only elitist petty-bourgeois circles but also the youth. They regard the Army an occupier and Yugoslavia a burden and an exploiter. A phobia of the people from the country's South prevails there. Petty-bourgeois arrogance has assumed a racist dimension."
According to Šuvar himself, in June 1988 the three Slovenian members of the Presidium voted for Račan to become Presidium chairman.

In February 1989, Šuvar negotiated with the miners in the 1989 Kosovo miners' strike as a representative of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia.

Member of the Presidency of Yugoslavia

In Spring 1989, the Croatian Parliament elected Šuvar the Croat representative to the Presidency of the Federation, the collective head of state of Yugoslavia. The new Presidency was constituted in the Yugoslav Assembly on May 15 and two days later Šuvar resigned from the party Presidium as well as from the Central Committee. In April 1990 multi-party parliamentary elections took place in Croatia, in which Franjo Tuđman's HDZ won with an independence programme. Tuđman asked Šuvar to resign but he refused; on the 24th August 1990 Croatian Parliament dismissed Šuvar from the Yugoslav Presidency, choosing Stipe Mesić of HDZ in his place. On that occasion in the Parliament, Šuvar held his last speech while holding a political office. He warned against hostilities and possible ethnic conflicts in Yugoslavia and in Croatia, called for a new agreement on Yugoslavia or for its peaceful dissolution and for respecting rights of Serbs within Croatia. He expressed the hope for a new rise of the left in its struggle for socialism and ironically congratulated HDZ for completing the Serb-driven anti-bureaucratic revolution by eliminating him from politics. The speech was twice interrupted by an uproar of the HDZ deputies and followed by sharply critical replies of several of them while nobody of Šuvar's own LCC spoke up.

Late years
On 1 November 1990, he left the League of Communists of Croatia (SDP-SKH) just 2 days before the party convention on which they would be reformed to a social democratic party. He stated his reasons in a letter saying that SDP-SKH was no longer a left-wing or a revolutionary party but an ordinary civil party just like the rest of the political spectrum. After he had left the political scene, Šuvar returned to Zagreb University as a professor of sociology. In 1994 he founded the magazine Hrvatska ljevica (The Croatian Left) and in 1997, he returned to politics by creating the Socialist Labour Party of Croatia. Šuvar succeeded in bringing some respectable personalities around the party, but the party itself never got more than 1% of the votes in Croatian parliamentary elections. He was its chairman until 2004, when, shortly before his death, he resigned. Šuvar was vocally critical of nationalist policies of the regime of Franjo Tuđman which targeted Serbs of Croatia, especially after the 1995 Operation Storm.

After 1990, Šuvar continued publishing, for example Hrvatski karusel ("The Croatian merry-go-round") in 2003. He gave a number of interviews to the media, in which he reflected on both his role in politics of former Yugoslavia and events after the country's break-up. Šuvar, unlike many of his former communist fellows, didn't abandon socialist ideals and stayed staunchly critical towards all kinds of nationalism, including the one of his own nation. At the same time he stated his regret on some of the more radical policies he supported during SFRY, and argued in favour of democratic socialism.

See also
 League of Communists of Yugoslavia
 Novi Plamen
 Socialist Labour Party of Croatia

References

|-

1936 births
2004 deaths
People from Zagvozd
Croatian sociologists
Croatian communists
Croatian socialists
League of Communists of Croatia politicians
Socialist Labour Party of Croatia politicians
Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia members
Presidency of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia members
Croatian Marxists


L-Series tractors offer all the features you need to get the job done, and get it done right. Introducing Kubota's Standard L-Series tractors, providing high performance, outstanding durability, easier operations and enhanced comfort. The Standard L-Series not only have improved performance, but also feature a revamped design with smooth, rounded contours from front to rear that improve visibility, so you can get the job done easier and faster. Add to that, Kubota's "Performance Matched" front loaders and backhoes that simplify even the toughest tasks. Get the job done with ease and in comfort with Kubota Standard L-Series tractors.


text:
Miami Herbert Business School
Mission, Vision and Goals
Get To Know Us Viewbook
Epidemiology & Population Health Sciences
Health Services Research & Policy
Prevention Science & Community Health
Primary Faculty
Secondary Faculty
Voluntary Faculty
Graduate Programs Staff
Homepage News Archives
About Graduate Studies
Search Mobile Site
The Graduate Programs in Public Health has been accredited by the Council on Education in Public Health (CEPH) since 1982. CEPH (1010 Wayne Avenue, Suite 220, Silver Spring, MD 20910, www.ceph.org) is recognized by the US Department of Education to accredit, within the United States, schools of public health and public health programs outside schools of public health, at the baccalaureate and graduate degree levels. The Graduate Programs received notice dated October 6, 2014 that it has been reaccredited for seven years, through December 31, 2021; this is the maximum possible number of years attainable in a reaccreditation cycle.
University of Miami Coral Gables, FL 33124 305-284-2211
Department of Public Health Sciences
1120 NW 14th Street, CRB 919


text:
Q: After i backup and restore my db in mysql i cant see my blob file Hi I'm having an issue with my program, it has a user login that includes a picture for each user that gets saved in a data base at first when I create a user and login with that user i can see the picture for that user but once i backup my data base and restore it and i try logging in again it works fine just that it doesn't show the user picture anymore can anyone help me please.
This is my backup code:
try{
                Runtime runtime = Runtime.getRuntime();
                File backupFile = new File(String.valueOf(RealizarBackupMySQL.getSelectedFile().toString())
                        +"_"+fecha+".sql");
                FileWriter fw = new FileWriter(backupFile);
                Process child = runtime.exec("C:\\xampp\\mysql\\bin\\mysqldump --opt  --password= --user=root --databases cesamo  -R");
                InputStreamReader irs = new InputStreamReader(child.getInputStream());
                BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(irs);

                String line;
                while( (line=br.readLine()) != null ) {
                    fw.write(line + "\n");
                }
                fw.close();
                irs.close();
                br.close();

And this is my restore code:
String dbUserName = "root";// username
        String dbPassword = "";//Password

        String[] restoreCmd = new String[]{"C:/xampp/mysql/bin/mysql.exe ", "--user=" + dbUserName, "--password=" + dbPassword, "-e", "source " + path};
        Process runtimProcess;
        try {
            runtimProcess = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(restoreCmd);
            int proceCom = runtimProcess.waitFor();

this is the code i use to retrieve the img from the DB into a jlabel:
String sql="select foto from login where usu='"+txtUsuario.getText()+"'";
        try{
            PreparedStatement pst = (PreparedStatement) registro.prepareStatement(sql);
            rs=pst.executeQuery();

while(rs.next()){
    Blob blob = rs.getBlob("foto");
         byte[] content = blob.getBytes(1L,(int)blob.length());
         ImageIcon imi = new ImageIcon(content);
         Image img = imi.getImage();
         Image newimg = img.getScaledInstance(lblfoto1.getWidth(), lblfoto1.getHeight(), java.awt.Image.SCALE_SMOOTH);
         imi = new ImageIcon(newimg);

A: I got it.
It turns out that the code i was using to backup the DB, while it didn't show any error it may have been incomplete, I still don't understand why it didn't work because as i stated before that even after i backed it up and restored it i check to see if the blob file was present in the DB and it was but for some reason it didn't want to show.
But once i changed the code thank God now its working:
String dbHost = "localhost";
    String dbPort = "3306";
        String dbName = "cesamo";
        String dbUser = "root";
        String dbPass = "";
        String dumpExe = "C:\\xampp\\mysql\\bin\\mysqldump";
        String dumpSavePath = txtruta.getText();

  batchCommand = dumpExe +
                         " -h " + dbHost +
                         " --port " + dbPort +
                         " -u " + dbUser +
                         " --password=" + dbPass +
                         " --add-drop-database -B " + dbName +
                         " -r \"" + dumpSavePath + "\\" + nom.getText()+"_"+fecha+".sql";
            ```


fabian romero (Purepécha) is a two spirit poet, filmmaker, artist and P.h.D. student in Gender, Women & Sexuality Studies at the University of Washington. fabian's academic and artistic interests integrate settler colonialism, Performance Studies, racial capitalism with storytelling and poetry. Their work centers Purépecha people from Michoacán, Mexico to Seattle, Washington and beyond.


On Thursday 21st March 2019 between 4.30pm and 7.00pm you are invited to meet your child's subject teachers. A report showing current grades and targets will be provided on the evening; this is an excellent opportunity to discuss your child's progress.
Your child will be issued with a paper appointment sheet. They will be tasked with speaking to all of their teachers to arrange appointments. Parents will be able to view appointments times on INSIGHT. If you need any assistance accessing INSIGHT, or if your child has struggled to make appointments please contact the school and we will be happy to assist.
Parents' Evening is an important event and one the school values very highly. Evidence shows that parents and carers have a major impact upon how well their children perform in school.
We look forward to seeing you on parents' evening to celebrate your child's achievements and help shape their future direction.


9Apps is a perfect alternative app marketplace to download android apps and games. 9Apps store is regarded as 2nd best app store after Google Play to get best apps and games for free. With this app store, you get a lot more than any other Android app marketplace. 9Apps app company is owned by Alibaba Group which is a leading mobile and app development company based out in China.
9Apps Download is an ultimate tool to download and install multimedia content like videos, movies, wallpapers, games, apps etc directly to your device in which the app has been installed. The official website is 9apps com which will support you in order to download any kind of Android apps APK.
The main reason for the popularity of Android is its apps. So in order to fully utilize the capabilities and functionalities of Android OS, a user should a best collection of Android apps and it's launchers. So in order to have the best collection of apps, you must have a source or a marketplace from where you can search and download android apps. Only for that purpose, 9Apps for Android app store has been developed.
There is a number of categories present in the app store which helps you choose the best apps for your needs. The whole app marketplace has been structured in such a way that you will get best app recommendations for yourself. This app store even notifies you with best and most trending apps within a specific category. This app store is compatible with all the android devices having versions 3.0.6.3 or higher. It is also available in 14 different languages and it completely secure to download apps and games from this app marketplace.
After you are there look for the download button and click on it.
You download process will start automatically.
Once the process is finished, navigate to the folder where the .apk has been downloaded.
Once found, click on it and just follow the on-screen instructions and your app will be installed and ready to use.
Below we have listed out some of the amazing features of 9Apps which has made it such a popular app store.
This app store is just 3.5 MB in size which makes very light and easy to use.
All the apps and games are divided into various categories which makes it very easy for a user to find the best app for his/her needs.
The auto-recommendation feature of this app is also very nice. What this feature does is; based upon your past searches and app install it figure outs your interest and auto-recommends the best app and games suggestion for you to download and install.
All the apps and games present on this app store is free of cost. You don't need to spend a penny for downloading apps and games.


Happy July 1st! I have a mere 2 days before my wedding day and embark on the journey of a life time.
Here are some treasuries and collection that feature items from my Etsy and ArtFire Shops. I hope you have a very blessed day.
May you and your husband to be have a blessed marriage and a relaxing and enjoyable honeymoon.