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Euro crisis: the beginning of the end?
Jack Halinski-Fitzpatrick
Britain Brexit European Union Italy France Featured Germany
Just over 25 years after its foundation, the European Union looks like it could be falling apart under the weight of its own contradictions. Everywhere you look, the major parties are coming under increased pressure due to the heightening of the class struggle as a result of 10 years of crisis. This has meant that, in one country after another, the ruling class can no longer rule in the old way.
In Germany, years of austerity and the uneven sharing out of the weak boom has provoked a widespread rejection of the major parties. This is pushing the CDU towards more demagogic language, and making them less faithful representatives of the ruling class. In Italy, the ruling class has completely lost control of the government, which is on a collision course with the EU over its debt. In France, Macron – the supposed 'saviour' of liberal democracy – has plummeted in the approval polls, and seems paralysed in his quest to carry out the austerity that capitalism requires in the country. In Britain, the ruling class has lost control of its traditional party and is being catapulted towards a disorderly Brexit completely against its interests. Brexit alone would be challenging enough, but there are all manner of simultaneously occurring crises, any one of which could be the final straw that could break the EU's back.
Germany: from "pillar of stability" to destabilising factor
Two years ago, after the election of Donald Trump as US President, The New York Times wrote that Angela Merkel "has emerged as the last powerful defender of Europe and the trans-Atlantic alliance". Simon Tilford, the deputy director of the Centre for European Reform, was quoted as saying that it was "fortunate that Germany is led now by Merkel, because there is a chance she will step up and do what Europe needs her to do." However, from being a "pillar of stability", Angela Merkel has now become one more factor destabilising Europe, as has the situation in Germany as a whole.
In the recent period, the German economy was performing well and, on the surface at least, the country stood out as a securely anchored ship in the turbulent world situation. The government had forecast 2.3 percent economic growth for 2018 and the growth figure has hovered around the 2 per cent mark since 2014. Moreover, being the strongest country in the EU, Germany was sheltered somewhat from having to carry out the brutal austerity policies seen in some other countries. For example, the British TUC shows that, in the period 2007 to 2015, real wages in Germany increased by 14 per cent, whilst in the UK, real wages have reduced by more than 10 per cent.
Nevertheless, while these figures seem to paint a rosy picture of life in Germany, the reality is quite different. As we have explained elsewhere, German workers experienced harsh austerity well before the economic crisis. 'Agenda 2010', which was carried out by Gerhard Schröder's Social Democratic-Green government from the early 2000s, involved tax cuts for the rich alongside cuts to pensions and unemployment benefits for the rest. It meant that, by 2008, the share of national income taken up by wages was cut to 64.5 percent, the lowest level for 50 years. The price of labour was forced down and, combined with substantial investments in industry, Germany was turned from the 'sick man of Europe' into a very competitive nation on the world market. Moreover, the gains from the upswing in German capitalism have not been felt by everyone. Around 40 percent of the population now has less purchasing power and a lower standard of living than 20 years ago, wealth inequality is at its highest level since 1913 and over 15 million people were at risk of poverty or social exclusion last year: almost a fifth of the population.
The parties of the German ruling class are losing their traditional base of support. The resignations of Angela Merkel and Horst Seehofer must be understood in this context / Image: Michael Lucan
It is this pressure on the living standards of the German working class and middle class that is now expressing itself in discontent towards the major political parties. The latest INSA/YouGov polling has the grand coalition at just under 40 percent. The Social Democratic Party (SPD) has fallen to around 14 per cent, with many polls putting them below the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD). To put this in context, the SPD received 20.5 percent in the last federal election, which was itself the party's worst result in post-war German history. At the same time, the Union (the coalition between the Christian Social Union [CSU] and Christian Democratic Union [CDU]) has sunk to just over 25 percent. Again, this is a sharp fall from the 33 percent the bloc won in the federal election, which was itself their worst result since 1949.
Polarisation in Germany
What we are seeing in Germany is the same process that is taking place around the world: a polarisation to both the left and the right, which is resulting in a widespread rejection of anything considered part of the 'establishment', thus making it very difficult for the ruling class to rule in the old way.
The CDU is the traditional representative of the German ruling class. However, the ruling class makes up a tiny proportion of German society and so are forced to rely on different layers, especially the intermediate (the petty bourgeoisie as Marx described them) and backward layers of the working class. The problem for them is that the capitalist crisis is forcing the different classes that make up society into conflict. The German ruling class is in favour of accepting refugees to Germany, not out of humanitarian concern, but because it increases the supply of cheap labour, and alleviates tensions in the European Union. They are in favour of participation in the European Union, not out of any concern for internationalism, but because it provides a market to export their goods. Unfortunately for the ruling class, and in the absence of any real alternative from the left, the AfD's argument, that immigration is the cause of the fall in living standards, can seem reasonable. If you add this to the fact that the AfD has also talked about sticking up for 'the little man' by offering a minimum wage and reducing taxes on families with children, it is not so surprising that some workers in precarious employment have turned to this party. Equally, the petty-bourgeois layers that also provided a base for the CDU in the past have been squeezed by the increased competition in the world market. In this context, the AfD's eurosceptic position, and its rejection of TTIP has attracted support.
The popularity of the AfD has forced the CDU to attempt to shift to the right in order to maintain its popularity, which makes it less capable of performing the role of faithful puppet of the ruling class. This explains some of the 'tough talk' from Merkel and Seehofer on immigration in the last few months. However, the ramping up of anti-immigration rhetoric in an attempt to win back voters shifting to the AfD has disgusted some of their previous supporters and, as we have reported previously, the CDU has lost just as many voters to the liberal Greens as to the AfD. The parties of the ruling class are losing their traditional base of support, which has opened up cracks between different representatives of the ruling class.
The resignations of Angela Merkel and Horst Seehofer must be understood in this context. At present, there are three front-runners in the race to replace Merkel as leader of the CDU: Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, Friedrich Merz and Jens Spahn. Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, known as AKK, is understood to be politically closest to Merkel. She supported Merkel's immigration policies and was also the person who organised the party's election campaign last year. Friedrich Merz left frontline politics in 2009 after a conflict with Merkel. He is from the right wing of the party, holding a reactionary, conservative outlook on social questions, but is also an extreme liberal when it comes to economic questions. There is some speculation that he may push for greater EU integration. Jens Spahn is the current health minister and has been an outspoken critic of Merkel, opposing the Eurozone reforms.
Whomever replaces Merkel, it is clear that the trouble the party is facing will only continue. Indeed, all three potential leaders have been keen to distance themselves from Merkel. Even AKK has described Merkel's performance as chancellor over the last few months as "leaden". In the future, therefore, there could be conflict between Angela Merkel, who has said she will stay on as chancellor, and the new leader of the CDU as the different wings of the ruling class find leaders to express their interests.
More instability to come
Adding to this, the pressures from society on the major parties are only likely to increase. Germany's economy has been relatively strong over the past few years due to the strength of its manufacturing exports. However, this sector is especially vulnerable to the brewing trade war between the US and China because of the role both of these countries play in the supply chains of the industry. Moreover, as well as China, Donald Trump has singled out Germany for the trade surplus the country has with the US. This has led him to threaten tariffs on German goods, which would be incredibly damaging to the German car industry.
All of this uncertainty is already having an effect. An annual report by Germany's Council of Economic Experts has warned that growth is likely to slow to 1.6 percent this year from 2.2 percent last year. It points out that the reason for this is "smouldering trade conflicts worldwide". Moreover, the German economy contracted for the first time in more than three years in the last financial quarter on the back of a fall in exports. This contraction was to a large extent a result of the major German carmakers halting production of cars whilst they ensured they complied with new EU emissions standards. However, as Joerg Kraemer, the chief economist at Commerzbank explained to the Financial Times: "even without [this], the German economy would hardly have grown at all due to declining demand from China." What is clear, is that the uncertainty around global trade could trigger a major recession in Germany and the Eurozone as a whole. Ultimately, therefore, what we are seeing is that the crisis in society and the falling living standards of many have led to the major parties of both left and right becoming discredited.
Italian debt crisis
Just as the crisis in Germany means the country is less able to influence events in Europe as a whole, the Italian government is now in a standoff with the European Commission. The disagreement centres around the level of debt held by the state and how best to deal with it. Italy has the third-highest public debt in the world and the second in the Eurozone as a proportion of GDP. On top of this, it is the third-biggest Eurozone economy, which means that instability here represents a threat to financial stability across Europe.
The Italian state's debt is certainly not due to the profligacy of successive governments. Indeed, all new debt since 2002 has been used to pay for interest, not spending. The Financial Times points out that Italian governments have had primary fiscal surpluses pretty much non-stop since 1992. This means that, if you exclude the money the government pays out on servicing its debts, the budget has been in surplus. Essentially, therefore, the Italian working class is being squeezed solely to pay back debts.
As we have previously explained, the root cause of the problem in Italy is the low level of productivity. Under conditions of crisis, where the market is squeezed and competition is all the more fierce, this weakness becomes a severe problem. Since the introduction of the euro, unit labour costs in Italy have grown by about 20 percent compared to Germany and by 10 percent compared to the Eurozone as a whole. This weakness is compounded by the fact that Italy is a member of the Eurozone, which prevents the devaluing of the currency, as it did in the past. A currency devaluation would have made Italian exports cheaper and thus more competitive. The Financial Times points out that there is also a lack of industrial modernisation in the country, with a large number of small family-owned companies that are less productive than equivalents elsewhere. Indeed, 95 percent of Italy's businesses have fewer than 10 employees.
In Italy, Matteo Salvini's consistent railing against the "speculators", alongside his calls for a flat tax has attracted many of the squeezed, petty-bourgeois small business owners, meanwhile (in the absence of any left-wing leadership) the whipping up of anti-immigrant sentiment has gained some traction / Image: European Parliament
The Italian National Institute of Statistics recently reported that 17.5 million people now live below the poverty line, which amounts to around a third of the entire population. Within this total are 4.74 million who classify as 'absolute poor', which means that they are unable to purchase basic goods and services. This number has increased rapidly from 1.7 million in 2006. The unemployment rate now stands at 9.7 percent, which is an increase of around 3 percent since 2008. Youth unemployment, however, stands at 31.6 percent. Moreover, previous Italian governments have offered little assistance by way of welfare for young people, with only 4 percent of social spending going to help people under forty. The combination of high youth unemployment with little state help on offer has forced some families to live on the pension of just one member of the family. Reuters, for example, interviewed one man whose family relies on the 800-euro-a-month pension of one member of the family. This is used to cover the living expenses of one retiree, her son and grandson.
Growing radicalisation
This situation has radicalised the population, causing a generalised distrust of the establishment. The Financial Times interviewed Simon Chiantese, an unemployed person in Naples, who said that "we believed so many things for so long and we've always been disappointed." It is this radicalisation that explains why the major parties were so roundly rejected in the last election. The Democratic Party (PD) won 18.76 percent of the vote, down from 25.43 percent in the 2013 general election, while the Five Star Movement (M5S), which only formed in 2009, won the most votes with 32.68 percent. The far-right League also did well, winning 17.35 percent of the vote.
It is, moreover, no surprise that these two parties did well. M5S' programme included a 'citizen's income' of 780 euros a month (an amount that would at least triple the income of the family interviewed by Reuters), an end to the casualisation of labour and reversing the counter-reforms in the pension system carried out by the PD government. Additionally, Matteo Salvini's consistent railing against the "speculators", alongside his calls for a flat tax has attracted many of the squeezed, petty-bourgeois small business owners, meanwhile (again in the absence of any left-wing leadership) the whipping up of anti-immigrant sentiment has gained some traction.
There are huge hopes among Italians that the two parties will be able to carry out their programmes. The governing parties are trapped. If they are seen to betray their programmes, the support that they have garnered could easily dissipate. However, within the limits of capitalism, there is no way that the programmes can be afforded. The government plans to increase spending and reduce taxation, while the public debt is already very high and the world is on the verge of entering in to a new recession. No one will be prepared to lend the government the money to carry this out.
It is likely that these considerations led the government to conclude that they needed to come up with some sort of fudge: to offer some reforms in order to appease their base that won't increase the deficit too much. The conflict over the Italian budget centres around whether or not to add 0.8 percent to the deficit next year. This amount is nowhere near enough to cover the cost of their proposed 'citizen's income' and is therefore already a concession. Nevertheless, even this modest increase in the deficit was too much for the European Commission to accept. Jean-Claude Juncker, the Commission's president, pointed out that the Italian government's budget was unacceptable because "their level of public debt is too high… the draft budget does not fully respect the recommendations of the Eurozone ministers."
Debt sell-off
The standoff has also spooked investors in Italian debt, who had already been concerned the new government wouldn't carry out 'sensible' austerity policies. Since the government came to power in mid-May, net sales of Italian assets by foreign investors reached 17 billion euros per month. This has pushed up the price of Italian debt, with the spread between Italian 10-year bonds and German Bunds of the same maturity rising to 3.15 percent in mid-November, up from 1.3 percent in mid-May. This means that the Italian government will have to pay 3 percent more interest on its debt than the German government. While the government won't feel the increased cost until it has to issue new bonds to fund the redemption of maturing ones, an increase in the interest rate will inevitably lead to an increase in the deficit. Because of the size of the Italian debt, this could become a problem very quickly and lead to the state defaulting on its payments, which would be a disaster for the Eurozone. Concerns over the ability of the Italian government to pay back its debt have led to at least one ratings agency, Moody's, downgrading its credit rating to one notch above 'junk'. A rating of 'junk' would be a catalyst for a flight of capital from Italian debt and would prevent the ECB, which already holds around 15 percent of Italy's overall debt, from buying more bonds. This, again, could be a trigger for a default.
Additionally, the ECB is coming under pressure to increase interest rates. Many commentators are worried that, with the onset of a new economic crisis, the fact that interest rates are currently zero gives very little room for manoeuvre. On top of this is the worry that some economies are overheating, with very low levels of unemployment and a concurrent increase in wages. In normal times, these would be signs that interest rates should be raised.
However, an increase of interest rates by the ECB on top of the government's increased bond yields could mean that this situation could rapidly unravel. Goldman Sachs already predicts that Italian interest payments will rise to 4.6 percent of GDP in 2018. This is likely to weigh heavily on the minds of ECB officials when deciding whether to increase interest rates, reducing their wiggle room.
The situation in Italy, like many other countries around the world, demonstrates that, under conditions of crisis, if the capitalist class tries to restore equilibrium in the economic plane, this can destroy the equilibrium in the social or the political plane. Forcing the living standards of the Italian working class down in order to pay interest to the banks has caused huge instability and has meant that the Italian ruling class is no longer in control of the government. The Financial Times sums up this feeling of the ruling class when they complained that "in an age increasingly dominated by social media and fake news, parliaments are not enough to protect current and future generations from irresponsible short-term policies driven by electoral considerations rather than prudent economic and financial thinking." Of course, what they are saying, from their own point of view, is that, under the impact of intensified class struggle, all the old certainties are melting away. There has, after all, always been 'fake news', it's just that now the lies of the ruling class are less believed.
Emmanuel Macron to the rescue?
With Germany in the midst of a political crisis and Italy at risk of default, the ruling classes of Europe may have looked to Emmanuel Macron, the president of France, for leadership. As recently as April last year, the French ruling class was triumphant as Emmanuel Macron won the 2017 presidential election with 66 percent of the vote. Macron, the self-proclaimed Jupiterian leader, was going to "make the planet great again" with an overhaul of France and Europe as a whole. 'Populism' had supposedly been defeated. However, just over a year-and-a-half later, Macron's personal approval ratings have sunk to 29 percent and he was reportedly forced to take a holiday to recover from a breakdown.
In April last year, the French ruling class was triumphant as Emmanuel Macron won the 2017 presidential election with 66 percent of the vote. However, just over a year-and-a-half later, Macron's personal approval ratings have sunk to 29 percent / Image: kremlin
In Europe, Macron certainly did intend to fight against the centrifugal forces ripping the EU apart. He argued for the creation of a common pool of money for the single currency area, which would be funded through national contributions and new EU taxes and levies. This money could then be used to foster growth and stabilise countries hit by economic shocks. This very ambitious plan would be equivalent to several percentage points of the Eurozone's GDP. In addition to this, he is pushing for a larger financial backstop to deal with troubled banks. This all sounds very good indeed, considering the situation in Italy. In theory, a pool of EU money that could upgrade Italy's economy and also provide a backstop for the troubled banks, would be extremely beneficial.
It was, however, a Sisyphean task for Macron to get these reforms through. He had originally hoped to rely on Angela Merkel to help him out. After all, the German economy is reliant on exports to the EU and can't really afford for it to break apart. Merkel's departure as CDU leader and the ensuing political crisis now makes this incredibly difficult. It is true that Friedrich Merz and the Greens are more in favour of EU integration than Merkel, but the fragmenting of the political situation may make it impossible for anyone to help him push these reforms through. This explains why the deal that the two were able to come to is much less ambitious. With no figures mentioned, the eurozone budget will not be used to carry out countercyclical measures, but will only be there to make up for possible reductions in spending on research and development that a country may make when facing a downturn. In reality, it is merely a face-saving exercise for Macron.
Macron must also look to convince the leaders of a group of mainly northern European nations, who have recently responded to Macron by calling for greater national responsibility for public finances and less EU-funded support. One way that he could convince this group is through accelerating his promised reforms at home. France's deficit is 2.8 percent of GDP, which is an increase from 2.6 per cent last year. Part of the reticence shown by some of the so-called 'hawkish' nations towards Macron's proposals could stem from a desire to avoid discouraging 'sensible' (austerity) policies. Macron will, therefore, be a lot less capable of convincing other leaders within Europe if it looks as though France is unable to deal with their own deficit.
Can Macron accelerate the progress of his reforms?
Indeed, Macron has already come under attack from his own base for not moving quickly enough with his reforms. For example, Geoffroy Roux de Bézieux, the head of France's largest employers' federation called on him to "accelerate [the] pace" of his reforms. However, he also recognised that this may not be so easy, admitting that "it's becoming more difficult now to accelerate [change], given public opinion and the polls". Macron's popularity has sunk to a level below that even of Francois Hollande at this stage in his presidency and he is still yet to attempt his reforms of the pension system, healthcare, central public administration and local government. Macron won the presidency without much of a base, winning 24 percent of the vote in the first round, and this has only declined. He has been hit by a number of ministerial resignations, including Gérard Collomb, who accused him of "hubris" and said that "in the palaces of the Republic, we lose the ability to link and listen with the population."
Macron promised that his painful reforms would result in reduced unemployment and an increase in growth. However, the headline unemployment rate has barely changed since Macron came to power and even this figure masks the real situation. There has been an explosion of people working only a small number of hours each week who still need to claim benefits. This has almost doubled since 2008 to 2.2 million people. In addition to this, the prime minister had to downgrade the already anaemic growth forecast of 1.9 per cent to 1.7 percent in August.
If, however, Macron is to push ahead with his reforms, it is likely to cause a huge social explosion. Just this month we have already seen the "yellow vests" mass movement of hundreds of thousands of people against a proposed tax increase on diesel and petrol, which is supported by a large majority of the population.
When Macron came to power, on the surface, it seemed as though the French ruling class was in a very strong position. Below the surface, however, was the same seething discontent that we find elsewhere in Europe. Rather than a sign of strength, therefore, the crumbling of the French Socialist Party and the Republicans, and their replacement by En Marche, was a sign of weakness. With the continued discrediting of Macron, a vacuum is developing, which must be filled, one way or another.
The Brexit crisis
As if these problems were not enough for the European Union, it also has to deal with the exit of its second biggest economy. Trotsky once said that "the British imperialists… do their thinking in terms of centuries and continents". Today, however, it would not be hyperbole to suggest that the British ruling class has now lost control of the situation. It doesn't seem to be able to plan what will happen next week, let alone next century. The special decline of British capitalism looks as though it will be accelerated by a chaotic exit from the European Union, and there doesn't seem to be much that the ruling class can do about it.
Brexit is not a result of 'fake news', Russian trolls or Jeremy Corbyn. It is a result of 10 years of austerity and falling living standards, which have created huge resentment in society. Unsurprisingly, the ruling class and its representatives in government ensured that it was the working class who paid for the economic crisis of 2008. In the 10 years since the crisis, workers have seen their incomes reduced by an average of £800 per year. Additionally, the UN reports that there are now 14 million people living in poverty and 1.5 million who are destitute, which means that they are unable to afford even basic goods. This has caused many people to develop a bitter hatred of the establishment and the status quo.
The special decline of British capitalism looks as though it will be accelerated by a chaotic exit from the European Union, and there doesn't seem to be much that the ruling class can do about it / Image: Socialist Appeal
It is this context within which we can understand the Brexit vote as being a result of some of those most affected by austerity putting two fingers up to the establishment. Indeed, polling shows that those most likely to vote 'leave' were people who lived in communities most severely affected by austerity. Many workers thus voted for Brexit out of disgust at the present situation. Brexit, for many at least, represented some sort of change.
This situation is, however, a nightmare for the ruling class. The EU is Britain's biggest trading partner, with 44 percent of exports of goods and services going to other countries in the trading bloc in 2017. Moreover, many companies in the UK work according to 'just in time' production, which means that any delay or added time costs in checking goods crossing the border will add substantial costs to the production of those goods. The ruling class as a whole, therefore, would like to do all it can to ensure as soft a Brexit as possible. This explains the tepid reception Theresa May received when she reported on the deal at the Confederation of British Industry's conference on 19 November. While it is certainly true that there are individual capitalists in favour of Brexit, it is undeniable that the vast bulk of the British ruling class was in favour of remaining in the EU.
The ruling class has lost control
The trouble for the British ruling class is that its has now lost control of its traditional party, the Conservatives. The party has been slowly losing its traditional base of support. Like many other parties of the ruling class around the world, they have attempted to solve this by whipping up a racist, nationalist mood among certain layers of the petty bourgeoisie and working class. Unfortunately for them, the chickens are now coming home to roost. There are some layers that have been convinced by this line, and are merely taking it to its logical conclusion. There really is no way of controlling immigration within the European Union, and so the only way to do so is to leave.
The decline of the British ruling class reflects itself in many ways and one of these is in the degeneration of the Tory Party. In the past, this party was the envy of the ruling classes of the world. Today, however, it is being ripped apart by centrifugal forces. On the one hand, is the very powerful tendency of those who seem to believe that Britain can actually regain its status as a world power once again, rather than the weak, third-rate power it is today. The perfect representative of this tendency, loved by the membership of the party, is Jacob Rees-Mogg. On the other hand, however, rather than the aristocratic statesmen who used to run the Tory Party in the interests of British capitalism, the party is now dominated by careerists with a very short-termist view. For example, David Cameron, in an attempt to placate the right wing of the party, attempted a short-term gamble by running the referendum on membership of the EU. He, of course, lost this referendum, and has now left the Tory Party in open conflict with itself.
In normal times, this would not be ideal, but usually, a general election could be called and the 'second eleven' could be called out. The leaders of the Labour Party, traditionally, have been called on when needed to form governments, carry out the interests of the ruling class, discredit themselves and then pass power back over to the Conservative Party once they had regrouped. Today, however, the Labour Party too has been taken over. Hundreds of thousands of radicalised people have entered the party in order to fight against austerity. The Labour Party, therefore, cannot be trusted. Not because of the leader, Jeremy Corbyn, but because of the hundreds of thousands of radicalised working class and young people, who have entered the party and will put tremendous pressure on a future Labour government. A Labour government could raise the hopes of working-class people within the country and so must be avoided at all costs.
While the majority of the ruling class desperately want to avoid Brexit, they have very limited power to do so. Every avenue that they try is likely to cause even more instability. A push for another referendum would likely exacerbate the deep polarisation in society. Equally, the deal Theresa May has managed to cobble together with the European Union, which the head of the CBI has supported as "progress", is not certain to pass through parliament. The Tory government only has a majority as they are propped up by the Democratic Unionist Party, which has already said that the deal breaks "one of the fundamental agreements [the Tories] had with us". The DUP argues, correctly, that it would result in Northern Ireland being treated differently from the rest of the UK and so, for them, risks a step down the road to a united Ireland. In addition to this, despite the huge pressure from the ruling class (alongside outright bribery in the form of peerages), May can't even rely on her own party to vote for the deal.
Finally, while the Blairites certainly represent the voice of the ruling class in the Labour Party, putting pressure on this faction to vote for the deal is very risky. It would create a huge amount discontent within the party and is likely to radicalise things even further. Many Blairite MPs have already faced votes of no confidence within their local parties and if they were seen to be propping up the government, the mood would reach fever pitch and you could see a wave of deselections. This would mean that local parties would vote to bar the current MP from standing as the Labour candidate at the future election and replace them with someone else. The ruling class may also wish to leave the Blairites in the party as a fifth column, ready to split and bring down a future Corbyn government at a certain stage. In any case, it is not even certain that the pressure of the ruling class would manage to convince the Blairites to vote for the deal. This group, and the very limited base in society that they rest on, has been whipped up into a frenzy over the question of a second referendum to force the country to remain in the EU. This deal, therefore, may not be enough for them.
It is very difficult to predict exactly what is going to happen in Britain, but there are a few things that are clear. The ruling class has, for now at least, lost control of the situation and both major parties are on the verge of splitting. This is an unprecedented situation for the previously glacial country.
European Union in crisis
In each country within Europe, the form of the crisis may differ. However, the content is much the same. Across the EU, it is the working class, the young and the poor who have been asked to pay for the crisis. This has forced down living standards and has provoked seething discontent. It has also forced people to desperately search for solutions to their problems. This means that the old certainties are being rejected.
Brexit means that the European Union is losing its second-largest economy. The degeneration of the Conservative Party meant that a referendum was held, and the huge amount of anger in society meant that many working-class people voted 'leave' to kick out at the establishment. Regardless of what sort of Brexit deal is eventually agreed, we are likely to see some barriers to trade as a result of this vote. Given the fact that Britain is Germany's third-biggest trading partner, this could add to the problems facing the already-slowing Eurozone economy.
The European Union could work so long as the economy was growing. Under the impact of crisis, however, the national tensions have re-emerged. This is what is leading to the rise of protectionism on a world scale, and also to the breaking apart of the European Union / Image: public domain
This is, moreover, the situation before the next major slump has hit. The economy is, after all, supposed to be in a state of recovery! Concerns about the next slump have led some to recommend increasing interest rates. This would, however, only exacerbate problems in places like Italy, and could push parts of the Eurozone into recession. On the other hand, if the ECB doesn't increase interest rates, it will not have any mechanisms to deal with the next crisis. The ECB will only end its quantitative easing programme this month, and will likely not have the time to bring up interest rates before the next recession hits, which will leave the European economy very exposed.
European leaders can't let Italy default, which explains their intransigence when it comes to government spending. The bailout of Greece was difficult, and Greek government debt was only €250bn. Italy's debt is €1.2tn. Insisting on budget discipline, though, will only increase the already-high anti-EU mood in the country.
With Macron and Merkel dealing with crises at home, they appear unable to push through reforms within the area. Merkel is under pressure within Germany to abandon her support for the southern European economies. Further reforms or bailouts are likely to encounter fierce resistance from these elements in Germany. Macron is even weaker, being pushed from both the right and left, and under pressure from a mass movement. The political capital of the European leaders is spent, and they will struggle to find support for any further sacrifices to keep the European Union together.
The Marxists have always explained that the European Union could work so long as the economy was growing. Under the impact of crisis, however, the national tensions would re-emerge. This is what we are seeing today. The crisis has forced national interests to the fore as the ruling classes of each country worry about their own interests first. This is what is leading to the rise of protectionism on a world scale, and also to the breaking apart of the European Union.
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Europe paralysed amidst mutual recriminations 31 Mar 2020
Coronavirus exposes the myth of European unity 25 Mar 2020
Euro crisis: the beginning of the end? 3 Dec 2018
The crisis in Europe - Part two: Fortress Europe under siege 22 Feb 2016
The crisis in Europe - Part one: 2016 - another year of European austerity 15 Feb 2016
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Home News Autumn protests in Poland
Autumn protests in Poland
Protests that erupted in Poland during the difficult period of the COVID 19 epidemic and the global economic downturn are the most protests since 1989
The rating of the Polish ruling party has collapsed by almost 10% this fall. If in September about 40% of the country's residents expressed support for the party of Jaroslaw Kaczynski, now only less than a third of Poles approve of the activities of PiS. And outside the Kaczynski house in Warsaw, police had to set up a cordon to protect the National Conservative leader from angry protesters.
During this autumn, the ruling party, which controls practically all government bodies, made a number of major political mistakes. Chief among them - "PiS" turned Polish women against itself. Poland already had one of the harshest anti-abortion laws in Europe. But this was not enough for the national-conservatives and Catholic traditionalists in PiS.
Despite opposition protests, the authorities literally pushed another tightening of legislation through the Constitutional Court. According to the innovations, artificial termination of pregnancy is considered illegal in almost all cases, including even confirmed severe and irreversible disability, as well as life-threatening diseases of the fetus. After the court ruling, Polish women could have an abortion only in two cases: pregnancy resulting from rape, and a serious threat to the life and health of the mother.
Why "PiS", which controls the presidential palace, parliament and government, began considering this issue in the Constitutional Court is a big question. Perhaps, in this way, the authorities wanted to divert attention from the recently adopted law related to the livestock industry - a ban on fur farming, as well as a ban on the production of halal products. The elimination of fur farming hit small towns and villages in Poland hard, provoking an immediate protest from farmers, who accused the IPR of "betraying the Polish countryside." position.
The abortion law was passed on October 22 and immediately caused a storm of public outrage. According to Polish media reports, the protests were attended by about 450 thousand people who took to the streets of both small and large cities. The largest demonstration took place in Warsaw and gathered 100 thousand people. The rallies and processions were attended by a wide variety of audiences: from radical feminists and representatives of left-wing forces and LGBT organizations, to quite moderate centrists and mothers of families who felt that the decision taken violated the basic rights of Polish women. The protest was the largest since 1989 and the fall of the communist system in Poland.
The wave of protest that erupted on October 22 is directed not only against the ruling party and government. Many demonstrators oppose clericalism in general. This is how the action "Word on Sunday" appeared (on this day, millions of Poles traditionally visit churches), whose activists - mainly left-wing, radical feminists and LGBT representatives - "decorated" churches and adjacent territories with inscriptions and drawings in support of the right to abortion.
In turn, this led to the fact that the representatives of right-wing and nationalist associations announced the creation of "militias" to protect the temples. Such marches were held in all many cities of Poland. The scale of the unrest was so high that Polish Minister of Justice and Prosecutor General Zbigniew Zöbro "in connection with an unprecedented escalation of criminal behavior directed against believers, including intimidation, destruction and desecration of places of worship," instructed prosecutors to monitor investigations into these cases. Amnesty International responded by saying that protesters against the court's decision faced excessive police violence and were unlawfully denied the assistance of lawyers.
As a result, PiS's inept political maneuvers to deepen the split in an already highly polarized Polish society. In addition, by their actions, the national conservatives alienated one of the most loyal parts of the electorate - Polish women, who highly appreciated the co-positive part of the PiS policy aimed at supporting the family. We are talking about payments for each child, assistance to young families in purchasing housing, etc. Polish women have made it clear that from their point of view, family support is social guarantees, not religious fundamentalism. The government was forced to make concessions to the protesters and announced its intention to postpone the publication and implementation of the decision on abortion.
Jaroslaw Kaczynski, an ardent supporter of the moral and ethical teachings of the late Pope John Paul II, is personally behind the radical anti-abortion line "PiS". The pontiff, who for Kaczynski is an indisputable moral authority, spiritual leader and sacred historical figure, took an extremely conservative and consistent position on the issue of artificial termination of pregnancy.
But it seems that this time even the supporters of PiS did not support the conservative line of the 71-year-old party leader. According to the results of a recent sociological survey, more than 71.5% of respondents assess the activities of Jaroslaw Kaczynski negatively and believe that he should leave the post of chairman of the ruling party. Interestingly, even among the supporters of Law and Justice, this figure reached 40%.
It seems that Poles, left and right, conservatives and liberals, are tired of Kaczynski. It cannot be ruled out that many leaders of the ruling party itself are tired of the radicalism of their long-term leader and will be glad to use the outbreak of the crisis to spend it on an "honorable pension" in order to restore the authority of "Law and Justice" among moderate conservatives.
We leave the quarantine. A new book was presented at the Red Square festival.
Director of the Institute took part in the "Historiaada" program on the TV channel "365 days"
"And this is how Yalta should be understood"
Fight for the Belvedere. What does it mean for Russia?
Centenary of the Battle of Warsaw: The Miracle on the Vistula did not change the course of history
# People # Developments # History # Poland # Russia

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Musical Genres Essays and Research Papers
Instructions for Musical Genres College Essay Examples
Title: Stand Your Ground Law
Essay Instructions: Hello. I am taking Human Communication and we have to do an INFORMATIVE speech. I have decided that I would like to do mine on the 'Stand Your Ground Law". The 3 topics I would like to discuss are the (1). the history of stand your ground law, (2) the controversy behind it and (3) other stand your ground law cases. My teacher does not want us to do a paper per se. He wants us to use this outline format that he provided us without it being persuasive. I would appreciate any and all help on this. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to e-mail me at: .
-Armmia
This is an example of the outline format my teacher wants us to follow:
Topic:	History of Rock and Roll
Purpose:	To inform
Thesis:	The history of rock and roll has been influenced by several musical genres and sound transitions which greatly affected American society.
I.	Introduction
A. Attention-getter: Take a minute and think back to a significant event in your life. Think of a time of great happiness or change. Maybe prom night…or maybe your first kiss…or maybe even something that wasn't very happy. Just recall a time of importance in your life. Now think about the things that were going on in the world around you. Chances are good that when you recall a personal milestone and what was going on in the worlds at that time, a certain song will e to mind. For almost four decades, rock and roll music has greatly impacted our society.
B. Reason to Listen: Rock and roll is a popular medium that has had great social impact in the United States.
C. Thesis Statement: The history of rock and roll has been influenced by several musical genres and sound transitions which greatly affected American society.
D.	Credibility Statement:
1. I have always had an interest in rock and roll music.
2. As an undergraduate, I was a teaching/research assistant for an introductory level history of rock and roll class.
E. Preview of main points: In order for you to understand how rock had been so important to our society, I will discuss the following points:
1. First, will discuss how rock and roll evolved out of a bination of several musical genres.
2. Second, I will tell you about how rock and roll changed with each decade.
3. Finally, I will discuss how rock and roll initially affected American society.
II.	Body
A. Rock and roll evolved out of both blues and country/folk genres.
1. According to Paul Friedlander, author of Rock and roll: A social history, 1996, early rock and roll originated from African-American music.
a. Primary black musical roots were in the genre of blues, which included vocalists like Ma Raney and Bessie Smith.
b. Blues lyrics were about everything from struggle and adversity to celebration, and were acpanied by the steel-string acoustic guitar.
c.	Muddy Waters, a former cotton picker and blues artist, formed a Chicago-based blues band in the late 1940's which became a model for the modern rock band because of its use of drums, string bass, electric rhythm guitar, and piano in the band.
d.	Later in the 1940's other areas of black music, such as gospel and jump band jazz, joined the blues to form the style now known as rhythm and blues.
2. Country and folk music also influences the creation of what is now known as rock and roll.
a. According to Robert Palmer, Rock and roll: An unruly history, 1995, the Delmore Brothers' "Hillbilly Boogie" (1945) introduced black rhythm and blues to country and western music.
b. Country and western music was evolving in the mid 1940's
c.	Palmer also discussed the fact that by the mid 50's it was Elvis who received the credit not only for suggestive swing of the hips, but also for the country/blues/R&B synthesis known as rockabilly…and later as rock and roll.
Transition:	Now that you have a brief history of what music genres influenced the creation of rock and roll, let me tell you about how rock evolved over different decades.
B. Each decade is known for specific musical sound or bination of sounds.
1.	In Stephen Barnard's Rock: An illustrated history, the 1960's is the most eclectic decade.
a. The 1960's gave everything from the rhythm and blues sounds of Motown to the Beatles and the British invasion pop sounds to Bob Dylan's folk-rock of the hippie era.
b. Time Magazine (v. 151, 1998) stressed 1960's rock music as revolutionary and protest pop, due primarily to the questions posed by pop music during the era.
2. Although the early 1970s music continued to protest social issues in America, the 70s are primarily known as the disco era, highlighting bands like ABBA and the BeeGees.
3.	The 1980s are noted as a time of "spoiled yuppies and million-dollar bonuses" with artists like Madonna as the spokesperson for the decade pledging such titles as "Material Girl".
4.	In the 90's bands such as Nirvana found fort in pessimism, offering America's youth a vocalized bitterness toward life in general.
Transition:	Now that I've told you about how rock has evolved over the decades, I'd like to finish by discussing how rock and roll has affected American society.
C.	According to Mitch Yamasaki, author of "Using rock and roll to teach the history of post- World War II America, " the 195s brought about the birth of the teenager and rock and roll.
1. Both were made possible by the nation's phenomenal economic boom after the war.
a. Because the economy was getting progressively better, people felt more fortable bringing children into the world and America's population jumped by twenty percent after WWII (baby boom).
b.	By the 1950's the baby boomers had bee teenagers which was a new idea for those of the older generation.
c.	Until the 50s, adolescence meant adult work and responsibilities for most Americans, but the wealth of the 1950s gave youngsters longer childhoods, thus the birth of the teenager.
2.	Teenagers began to rebel against conforming to the beliefs of their parents.
3.	The lyrics, musical sound, and the energy of rock and roll music allowed teenagers a way to express their differences with earlier generations, primarily their parents.
4. According to US News and World Report, April 15, 1996, rock and roll was the first thing that crossed racial and sexist barriers (through initially incorporating rhythm and blues, and later through thought provoking lyrics of the 60's), causing rebellion on the part of teenagers and anger on the part of the conservative, white suburban parents.
5.	Through this rebellion, America changed dramatically in terms of racial and gender equality.
III.	Conclusion
A. Review of main points:
1. Today, I began by discussing how rock and roll has early roots in both rhythm and blues and country-western music.
2. I then discussed what type of music represents each decade.
3. Finally, I talked about how rock and roll initially affected our society.
B. Restate Thesis: The history of rock and roll has been influenced by several musical genres and sound transitions which greatly affected American society.
C.	Closure: Music gives people a connection with each other. After thinking about how music triggers memories for you, now think about what rock music was able to do for an entire generation. Rock and roll gives people across race, gender, and generations something in mon.
Barnard, S. (1990). Rock: An illustrated history. New York: Macmillan.
Friedlander, P. (1996). Rock and roll: A social history. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, Inc.
Herbert, W. (1996, April 15). Rock and roller coasters. US News & World Report, 120, 71-73.
Palmer, R. (1995). Rock and roll: An unruly history. New York: Random House, Inc.
Williams,H. (1998, June 15). Signature Songs. Time, 151, 44-45.
Yamasaki, M. (1996). Using rock and roll to teach the history of post-World War II America. The History Teacher, 29, 179-193.
Title: Identify the context of electronic computer generated and electro acoustic music performance
Essay Instructions: Music Technology in Performance ?V Assignment
This unit introduces learners to ways in which technology can be used in live performance. Learners will develop skills in the creative application of the technology in a range of situations and in a variety of musical genres. Learners will also gain practical knowledge of how music technology can be combined with other art forms
Outcomes:
Identify the context of electronic, computer generated and electro-acoustic music performance.
This assignment is designed to assess your awareness of the historical development of electronic, electro-acoustic and computer music. Current trends in these areas of popular music have been made possible as a direct result of a long period of development by designers and performers.
The Tasks:
1.Written Report
You are to make a through investigation into the development of technology and how that technology has been exploited by performers and composers from the early 1960??s to the present day. You should present your findings as a written report.
Electronic, electro-acoustic and computer based instruments have been undergoing rapid development since the early 1960??s and have had a major influence on modern popular music. For the purposes of this assignment you are to concentrate on highlighting the advent of significant instruments / techniques arising during this period. Make reference to how technology has shaped the way in which musicians compose and perform their works live.
Examples of such instruments are the Mellotron, the moog synthesizer, the Theremin, the Sampler, the Yamaha DX7, drum machines, Roland TB303; you must at least make reference to these devices and any other devices you consider to be significant. Please include a reference to the early beginnings of sequencing and MIDI. You are also to provide details of important works featuring these devices, eg the sampler featured in ??19?? by Paul Hardcastle. Pay particular attention to the relationship between the instrument/technique and the way it is exploited by the artist concerned.
Distinction Grade:
Evaluate the context of electronic, computer-generated and electro-acoustic music performance.


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Changes in prevalence, incidence and spontaneous loss of gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: a prospective population-based cohort study, the HUNT study
Eivind Ness-Jensen 1HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway2Department of Internal Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Anna Lindam 3Upper Gastrointestinal Research, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Jesper Lagergren 3Upper Gastrointestinal Research, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden4Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, United Kingdom PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Kristian Hveem 1HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Correspondence to Eivind Ness-Jensen, HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Forskningsvegen 2, Levanger N-7600, Norway; eivind.ness-jensen{at}ntnu.no
Ness-Jensen E, Lindam A, Lagergren J, et al
Gut 2012;61:1390-1397.
Revised November 4, 2011
Accepted November 6, 2011
First published December 21, 2011.
Previous version (21 December 2011).
Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.


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Liverpool welcomes recommendation to maintain World Heritage Status
Liverpool has welcomed a recommendation that the city maintains its World Heritage Status.
The city's status is to be fully debated by the World Heritage Committee at their annual summit in Bahrain at the end of June but an initial report published by UNESCO and heritage body ICOMOS is recommending Liverpool is not deleted from the World Heritage list.
The draft recommendation is largely based upon the collaborative work of Liverpool City Council, Government, Historic England and Peel Holdings, which resulted in a new Desired State of Conservation Report (DSOCR) describing the corrective measures Liverpool is proposing to protect the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of its World Heritage site.
The DSOCR which was endorsed by the council's Cabinet in February and submitted to the Department of Digital, Culture, Media and Sport will be fully examined and debated by the World Heritage Committee at its 42nd session in July.
The report focuses on the main issue of how the city needs to balance its projected population and economic growth over the next 15 years, which will see the creation of 35,000 new homes and 30,000 jobs, whilst protecting its World Heritage Site (WHS).
The main threat to the city's WHS, as perceived by UNESCO, is the nature of proposed development in areas of the £5bn Liverpool Waters scheme, specifically for its Central Docks neighbourhood, which was given outline planning permission in June 2013.
However, the report shows that in close collaboration with the Council and Historic England, Peel's illustrative proposals for Central Docks have been reviewed in line with UNESCO's recently published 'Historic Urban Landscapes (HUL)' guidance, and a resulting neighbourhood masterplan, focused on the human scale and the site's heritage assets, with a clearer justification for the profile and heights of buildings set out around a major central park.
Other proposed corrective measures in the DSOCR, all of which are either completed or in progress, are:
The provision of a comprehensive Management Plan for the World Heritage Site (WHS) – approved by Cabinet in May 2017
To provide regulatory planning documents which provide clear, legal guidelines to protect the WHS Property. The City Local Plan, the Liverpool Waters Neighbourhood Masterplans, the WHS management Plan and a proposed new Supplementary Planning Document
Develop a skyline policy for tall buildings as proposed in the City's Local Plan
Provide clear urban design guidelines as proposed in the City's Local Plan
Implement the complementary Ten Streets Spatial Regeneration Framework – approved by Cabinet in February 2018
Future management of the WHS Property potentially through the creation of a new Trust
Develop and Implement a WHS Interpretation and Communication Strategy building on the creation of the first WHS 'Hub' at the RIBA North Centre including the use of the City's Digital Model
Review the WHS Property boundary with a view to the enhancement/extension of the site
Mayor Joe Anderson, who set up an independent Task Force in 2017 to forge a positive debate with Government and UNESCO, said: "The decision to maintain Liverpool's World Heritage status is very welcome news, and a testament to the efforts over the last twelve months to show UNESCO what the city is doing to celebrate is unique position.
"As the huge crowds who enjoyed the Tall Ships Festival at the weekend will have noted, Liverpool's maritime heritage is very much a fundamental part of our cultural scene and the city is very keen to use our World Heritage Status to shape our future tourism economy as well as our civic pride.
"The DSOCR report shows in great detail the lengths Liverpool has already gone and will continue to go, to balance the needs of a growing city whilst protecting our World Heritage Status.
"This is a delicate task and involves all the major city stakeholders working together to understand very specific planning issues and creating solutions that works for the city and UNESCO.
"With the support and input of the DDCMS I am sure this collaborative approach means we can all ensure Liverpool's World Heritage Status is officially secured when the committee meets."
The UNESCO and ICOMOS report can be read here (pages 4-7): https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2018/whc18-42com-7AAdd-en.pdf
Sir David Henshaw, Chair of Liverpool's WHS taskforce said inviting the WHS committee to Liverpool would be "a crucial next step so members can see for themselves the progress that is being made in Liverpool."
He added: "This recommendation is good news in the sense that our status is not going to be removed. Liverpool is still on the danger list so there's much work to be done. Fortunately much progress has been made and now there is a clear roadmap to develop.
"As well a greater communication with the WHS committee we also need to focus on how we engage more with stakeholders and communities so they can better understand how the site can shape the city's future."
Liverpool has already taken many steps to protect and improve the physical state of its WHS. A survey has shown that since 2012 the number of Buildings at Risk have been reduced to below 2.75% of building stock – far below the UK national average – with recent successes including the re-opening of St Luke's Church (also known as the Bombed Out Church) while work this week has begun to save and eventually transform the historic Wellington Rooms (the city's former Irish Centre).
In total more than £750m has been invested into historic assets within the WHS in the past decade including the upgrade of 37 listed buildings, 18 with council financial assistance, such as the Aloft Hotel, the award-winning Central Library and Stanley Dock.
Since 2015 each development proposal that has the potential to affect the OUV is accompanied by an ICOMOS compliant Heritage Impact Assessment that details the significance of the asset/s that may be affected, the nature of that impact and, where appropriate, how any harmful impacts can be mitigated.
Councillor Alice Bennett, Liverpool's Mayoral Lead for Heritage, said: "This is an excellent early acknowledgement of Liverpool's determination to maintain our World Heritage status. Many individuals and groups have worked tirelessly to bring about this first success and credit must go to Mayor Joe Anderson for making it a priority and the council's planning team for making it a reality."
News	9:35 am , June 26, 2018
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World football's uncertainties continue as pandemic rages and stadiums remain empty
Games in all major European leagues will be played to the backdrop of silence at the start of 2021, the sterile environment devoid of the raucous atmospheres which players feed off.
The Associated Press January 02, 2021 09:48:52 IST
Bayern's players warm up during a training session the day before their UEFA Super Cup match against Sevilla. AP Photo
The disconcerting familiarity of games played in empty stadiums ushered in a new year which carried over the same uncertainties facing world football.
With a second wave of COVID-19 ravaging so many countries — accelerated by mutant strains — even continuing competitions without disruption remains a challenge.
Bringing supporters back to games was tried across Europe but increasingly rolled back as 2020 ended, until the turnstiles were closed completely. Games in all major European leagues will be played to the backdrop of silence at the start of 2021, the sterile environment devoid of the raucous atmospheres which players feed off.
Keeping the show continuing — before the mass rollout of vaccines — is the focus for competition organisers, avoiding lengthy pauses with no games that can lead to costly rebates to broadcasters.
The English Premier League continued playing over the Christmas period. But now that the league is reporting a record number of coronavirus cases, ensuring matches and training sessions aren't spreading infections should be the priority.
"I know it might not be a nice thing to say, but they're tough times for everybody," Chelsea manager Frank Lampard said Friday. "We enjoy watching our football, but safety and health have to come first."
What 2020 showed world football is that, however much governing bodies like UEFA express a determination not to be derailed by a virus outbreak, the pandemic can ultimately take decisions out of their hands.
Postponed last year, planning for the rescheduled European Championship remains in flux. Before UEFA can think about whether fans will be allowed into games, it first has to consider where the matches will be staged.
The logistics were already most challenging for the Euros — playing in 12 cities in 12 stadiums across Europe — even before COVID-19 came along. Alternative plans are being considered that could considerably scale back the number of venues used if circumstances haven't improved enough.
Staging the delayed Gold Cup and Copa America across the Americas are less tricky operations across June and July but still rely on protecting the team environments from being breached by coronavirus outbreaks.
If organising a 24-team competition across Europe during a pandemic wasn't time-consuming enough for the governing body, UEFA has to resolve another complex situation. The future of its club competitions also remains in flux, with disputes over the Champions League format requiring a resolution.
The power struggles that were dividing European football at the dawn of 2020 persist.
"There is no more time for egoistic ideas — there is no more time for selfishness," UEFA President Aleksander Ceferin said in the hours after reluctantly calling off Euro 2020 for last year. "This is a reset of the world football."
But almost 10 months on, Ceferin is still mediating between the conflicting priorities of clubs and leagues determined to reshape or protect the Champions League.
There are ongoing threats of launching breakaway competitions as the elite teams — seemingly led by Real Madrid — chase bigger windfalls while alienating the powerful clubs from the majority of smaller teams. Talk of a European Super League could only intensify as the powerhouses endure an unusual season of upheaval with Juventus, Barcelona, Real Madrid and Paris Saint-Germain all starting the new year not topping their leagues.
An overhaul of the English leagues by the six biggest teams was foiled last year when a seemingly benevolent offer — to help clubs struggling financially during the pandemic — was unmasked as what looked like a naïve power grab. But the demise of "Project Big Picture" did not dampen the desire for revolution.
It was the activism of players, though, that shone in 2020 and emboldens them in the new year to use their platforms on the field to bring about change helping wider society.
In England, players continue to take a knee before kickoff — filling the stadium silence with powerful symbolism in the pursuit of greater diversity in the game and an end to racism. Manchester United and England striker Marcus Rashford showed how a player can challenge a government on child hunger and force an about-turn in policy.
Health matters away from the pandemic and poverty caused by it also consume football as concerns grow about the long-term impact of heading the ball.
The new year brings about one of the most significant changes to prevent players suffering from brain injuries as concussion substitutes are trialled from this month. It could also be the year heading is scaled back, in training at least, as studies highlight the dementia risks for former professionals.
"Just heading a ball, one does not get a concussion," said Michael Grey, a neuroscientist at University of East Anglia in England. "Yet the brain is still wobbling around inside the cranium, there's still a little bit of damage that goes on. And it's that damage over years of heading the ball that creates the neurodegeneration."
It is a sobering warning that puts all the squabbling over competition formats, video assistant referees and match postponement decisions during the pandemic into perspective.
Aleksander Ceferin
Concussion Substitutes
Premier League: 'Fatigued' Arsenal frustrated in Crystal Palace stalemate; remain mid-table
Arsenal sit in 11th place, eight points adrift of the Champions League places as they continue to pay the price for their worst start to a season since 1974-75.
Premier League: Chelsea collapse leaves Frank Lampard testing Roman Abramovich's patience
After bankrolling the purchases of Kai Havertz, Timo Werner, Hakim Ziyech, Ben Chilwell and Edouard Mendy, Abramovich will have expected more than Chelsea's position of eighth in the table nearly halfway through the season.
Premier League: Former Scotland midfielder Darren Fletcher joins Manchester United coaching staff
Fletcher spent 20 years as a player with United, making more than 340 appearances for the senior team from 2003-15 after coming through the academy.
Pep Guardiola says Benjamin Mendy breaking COVID-19 rules wrong, but 'many have done the same'
The revelation about Mendy's rule-breaking comes as City deals with the impact of a coronavirus outbreak at the club that led to the postponement of Monday's match at Everton and forced at least five players into self-isolation.
Ligue 1: 'Any big player is welcome at PSG', new manager Mauricio Pochettino responds to Lionel Messi links
The Argentine was asked several times about Messi at his first press conference since being named coach of PSG, with the Barcelona superstar now free to negotiate with other clubs as his contract runs out in June.
Alex Ferguson encouraged Manchester United's Marcus Rashford to take on UK government
Rashford said Thursday that legendary United manager Alex Ferguson encouraged him to continue taking on the government over its help for disadvantaged children during the pandemic.
UEFA not planning any imminent changes to Champion League, Euros schedule despite ongoing pandemic
"As far as the Euro is concerned nothing has changed," a spokesperson for European football's governing body told AFP.


Illusionist Franz Harary embraced engineering when he wowed audiences 15 years ago by making the space shuttle disappear. He used a glass that becomes reflective when electrically charged, letting you produce and vanish objects by turning their reflections on and off.
MAGICIAN PATRICK MARTIN suspends a full wine glass from the stem of a grapevine during Auction entertainment.
Illusionist Derren Brown will attempt to predict the UK lottery results this Wednesday in the first episode of his new television series.
Lance Burton took up a collection this past week with his audiences who donated on their way out of the theater doors at the Monte Carlo. The audience members generously donated over $2,500.
A Melfort resident has turned his love for performing magic into a job that he loves. Jason Lamoureux also known as Magic Jay is the new manager at Eddy's Pub, but he also works as a magician for everything from kids parties to corporate functions.
Leading up to the Overtures are five acts including magician-comedian Paul Zenon, yo-yo expert Arron Sparks, baton twirler/acrobat Nathalie Enterline and vocalist Ben Stone, the producer�s son. Magician/comedian Jeff Hobson, a longtime favorite in Las Vegas, will host the show. Stone, a magician, has been producing variety shows in Great Britain and the United States for more than 30 years.
Paul Daniels has backed Derren Brown to pull off his attempt to predict tonight's lottery numbers, but the former TV magician is not so sure Brown should fulfill his promise to reveal the secret later this week.
Today, it's all about spectacle, drama, danger and personality -- and Kevin and Cindy Spencer consider themselves "masters of the new magic theater."
On Wednesday magician Derren Brown predicted the lottery numbers in the British �Midweek Lotto Draw�. Last night he �revealed� how he did it or did he?
The big news by ten o'clock last night was meant to have been: Derren Brown reveals how he predicted Wednesday's lottery results. Let me give you my bongs. Bong! We still don't know. Bong! Magician breaks promise to a nation. Bong! Derren Brown turns from most intriguing man on television to the most irritating.
Neil Patrick Harris is a magician. I mean this literally: Harris is on the board of directors of the Magic Castle, that dorky-fabulous private club in Los Angeles, where the world�s magicians gather to carouse in black tie and exchange intra-magical secrets�an institution memorably parodied on Arrested Development as the Gothic Castle. He attends meetings to set club policy. Last October, he hosted the Magic Awards ceremony in Las Vegas, and recently directed another member�s one-man show.


The Labour leader, Ed Miliband, has appointed former employment lawyer Chuka Umunna as the new shadow business secretary following a cabinet reshuffle today.
Mr Umunna, 32, who was only elected to Parliament in 2010, will take on the role shadowing Liberal Democrat Vince Cable after John Denham stepped down.
The reshuffle comes after party rules were changed at the recent conference so that Mr Miliband could select his own team of MPs rather than only being able to choose from those elected to the shadow cabinet in a ballot.
Mr Umunna, the MP for Streatham, studied at the University of Manchester and University of Burgundy before attending Nottingham Law School. He is seen as a rising star in the party and was formerly shadow minister for small business and enterprise.
He takes on the brief after Mr Miliband's eye-catching announcement at the party's annual conference that Labour would cap tuition fees at £6,000 if it were in power now.
It has been reported that Mr Denham, who has agreed to take on a more junior role as Mr Miliband's Parliamentary Private Secretary, had indicated to the Labour leader that he wanted to leave the role some time ago. He is believed to be planning to step down as an MP at the next election.
However, there has still been some surprise at his decision to stand down given he is one of Labour's most experienced MPs and received praise from some quarters for his handling of opposition to the government's university funding reforms.
One rumour circulating at the party's conference in Liverpool was that there was tension between Mr Denham's team and the leadership over the way the £6,000 cap policy was announced.


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Enjoy a safe Fourth of July
Published 9:29 am Thursday, July 2, 2015
By Rob Herbstreith
This week as we celebrate the Declaration of Independence, I want to remind you of fireworks safety. Since Michigan's Fireworks Safety Act of 2011was enacted, injury reports have increased. Last year there were estimated 11,400 fireworks related injuries nationwide. Injuries aren't tracked by state but there was also 8,700 in 2012 and 9,600 in 2011.
According to Michigan Fire Marshal Richard Miller, the new fireworks law led to better regulation and monitoring, and unannounced visits are made to ensure vendors are following rules. Since most of America's fireworks come from China, there is a safety test before they are loaded and shipped to us and then the safety commission works with Customs and Borders Protection to take samples and test them to make sure the fireworks are not too powerful.
If you are using fireworks this year, follow manufacture directions when using, including proper lighting procedures and placement of the item.
The instructions only go so far. There is a certain amount of human factor also included. Do not use fireworks in enclosed spaces. Keep away from flammable objects. Remember other people and pets around you when you light the item. Alcohol and drugs don't mix with fireworks.
Never allow children to play with fireworks of any kind. Only use fireworks outside. Only light devices on smooth, flat surfaces away from residential areas, dry leaves, and flammable material. Always keep a hose or bucket of water nearby in case of malfunction. Never try to relight fireworks that have not fully functioned. Make this an enjoyable and safe holiday for all.
When enjoying the fireworks, remember your pets and combat veterans. Be courteous to both. Pets may become afraid of the loud noises. Citizens may not understand what a combat vet went through and understand why the noise affects them also.
I would also like to remind our readers once again of technology to alert you via your phone of emergency weather. The Michigan State Police, Emergency Management and Homeland Security Division (MSP/EMHSD) reminds Michiganders that newer mobile phones are automatically enabled to receive Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA).
"Many people have been asking questions about Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA)," said Capt. Chris A. Kelenske, Deputy State Director of Emergency Management and Homeland Security and commander of the MSP/EMHSD. "This is a life-saving technology that helps inform the public about a potential life-threating situation. When these alerts are received at the right time, they can help direct you to safety during an emergency or disaster."
Known as WEA for short, these alerts are emergency messages sent by authorized government alerting authorities — such as the National Weather Service and state and local emergency response officials—through a user's mobile carrier. If an imminent threat does occur and an alert is sent, a WEA-capable mobile phone will emit a special emergency tone or vibration with a text-like instructional message.
There are three different kinds of alerts: Imminent threats, such as extreme weather and other life-threating emergencies in your area, AMBER Alerts, and Presidential Alerts during a national emergency
Mobile phone users are not charged for receiving these notifications and are automatically enrolled to receive them. Users may opt out of receiving imminent threat warnings and AMBER Alerts; however, they may not opt out from receiving Presidential Alerts.
Please send your questions and comments to TrooperRob53@yahoo.com or call (269) 683-4411.
International Day of Education: Investing in the Future of Students
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Column: A Chill and a Cheer


Sol cotton blanket - Marion + Rose Fine Goods -Unique objects for living a life surrounded by comfort, craftsmanship and love.
Inspired by Skyline of Madrid, the Sol blanket has a fun vintage feel. This soft and cozy blanket will look good in any room. Made using regenerated yarn made from recycled cotton that has been blended with polyester.
::Colors: blue, yellow, burnt orange, black.


Space Invaders Part II Fixed!
Space Invaders Part II Comments Off on Space Invaders Part II Fixed!
This arcade machine has been causing me problems for a while. Two years infact! But finally it is fixed!
The monitor failed just before Play Expo 2012, and has been out of action since. Looking at the monitor chassis (a CM-R14) in June, I noticed that some of the tracks on the surface side looked potentially damaged, but I wasn't sure if this was the problem or not.
I really enjoyed Play Expo Manchester this weekend. It was good to see some arcade cabinets that you very rarely get to see, namely the Outrun and Afterburner deluxe versions. My personal games of choice were Paperboy, which is a favourite of mine, and the PlayChoice 10 system.
I found some walkaround videos on YouTube to show both the arcade and pinball sections this year. These are courtesy of arcadeuk's YT channel.


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A polished oak veneer coffin. Suitable for burial and fitted with York handles. Suitably lined.
A veneered oak coffin with panelled sides and 'Last Supper' inserts. Fitted with two pairs of handles. Suitably lined.


software. If you are need help to set the program up we offer you a step by step guide to help you do this.Once installed on the target computer, it gives you clear pictures of the actions performed by the remote user.
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