text:
1000 WORDS ABOUT
Let's talk about —
Phedre
On the Earliest Poetry and Being Less Boring
The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test was Kooler Than Us
No Solutions, Just Ideas
Derrida, Language, Context
James Joyce and Aesthetics
Hermeneutics and Art
Nietzsche's Justifications
Kristeva and the Gods
Lie, Don't Stop
Knowledge as War Strategy: Ancient History with Foucault in Mind
Foucault: Why Political Freedom Seems Impossible
Is '50 Shades of Grey' Immoral? Does it Matter?
Socrates, Educator of Tyrants
A Short Note on Identity, Shakespeare, and Foucault (again)
Do You Even History?
Dialogue With a Dead Poet: An Experiment
I have always imagined that paradise will be a kind of library – Borges
Category: No Solutions, Just Ideas
April 22, 2014 Svetlana Yefimenko Comments 1 comment
I don't like James Joyce as much as I ought to. It might be because he's too earthly, too real, too human. Every time his language lifts me into the sky, he'll say something ordinary or mundane or cheap and I'm back on the ground, wondering why he bothered. But that's just how humanity is, right? Alternately ennobling and degrading itself.
Anyway, the Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man contains a very, very, very insightful conversation between Stephen Dedalus and his friend, Lynch. They're talking about art and beauty, and it's cold, and they're smoking, and I've often flipped the book to that chapter to follow them along foggy and curving paths, waiting for my turn to speak.
Let's talk about art.
To be fair, this isn't Joyce's philosophy of art, but his protagonist's. Stephen's aesthetic theory is unraveled and developed while he and Lynch wander around campus, talking and smoking (without me). The sources of the theory are anticipated earlier, when Stephen tells the dean: "For my purpose I can work on at present by the light of one or two ideas of Aristotle and Aquinas." Stephen reveals that he intends to utilize the two philosophers as a launching pad for his own thought. Later, with Lynch, Stephen begins by claiming that pity and terror haven't been defined by Aristotle, for whom these emotions are integral components of tragedy. Stephen defines pity as "the feeling which arrests the mind in the presence of whatsoever is grave and constant in human sufferings and unites it with the human sufferer" and terror as "the feeling which arrests the mind in the presence of whatsoever is grave and constant in human sufferings and unites it with the secret cause." In other words, the observer is moved to pity when presented with suffering which relates him to the sufferer, and he experiences terror when he relates to the cause of suffering. In both cases, the observer understands that he, too, is capable of suffering so. Moreover, it is important to keep in mind that Stephen points out that tragic emotions must be invoked by "whatsoever is constant and grave in human sufferings" – they cannot, and will not, be summoned by chance accidents. Pity and terror, then, are experienced only when the observer relates to timeless, essential human experiences which are manifested by the very nature of the human condition.
For Stephen, pity and terror are the essence of "proper art" because they are what he terms "static" emotions: "You see I use the word arrest. I mean that the tragic emotion is static." Static emotions are contrasted with what he terms "kinetic" emotions: "The feelings excited by the improper art are kinetic, desire or loathing." Desire and loathing inspire movement toward or movement away from an object; when we desire, we go toward, and when we loathe, we move away. Such emotions are brought about by the "pornographical or didactic" arts which are improper because they encourage a physical, instinctual, self-aware, response. Stephen is after the type of art in which the physical and petty self is transcended for the sake of the contemplative self. Upon achieving stasis, the observer is lifted out of himself and remains suspended in a sort of trance: "The mind is arrested and raised above desire and loathing."
This spell is eventually broken by the "rhythm of beauty… rhythm is the first formal esthetic relation of part to part in any esthetic whole or of an esthetic whole to its part or parts or of any part to the esthetic whole of which it is a part."
Lynch, however, is unsatisfied with this explanation, and demands to know just what beauty is. Stephen returns once again to the notion that the aesthetic experience is static and cognitive, comparing the apprehension of beauty to the apprehension of truth: "…the true and the beautiful are akin. Truth is beheld by the intellect which is appeased by the most satisfying relations of the intelligible: beauty is beheld by the imagination which is appeased by the most satisfying relations of the sensible." We realize that it is within these "satisfying relations" that beauty dwells. Why is it, Stephen asks, that different cultures all propagate differing versions of female beauty? Is there an overarching quality that all cultures notice and admire? Of course, it is possible to go along the route of evolutionary psychology, which suggests that the survival of the species is hiding behind aesthetic understanding, but Stephen dislikes this route because "It leads to eugenics rather than to esthetic." The alternative, wherein Stephen begins to define beauty itself, consists of finding "certain relations which satisfy and coincide with the stages themselves of all esthetic apprehension. These relations of the sensible, visible to you through one form and to me through another, must be therefore the necessary qualities of beauty." The apprehension of "relations of the sensible" is what the rhythm of beauty consists of. Thus, Stephen has posited a profoundly cognitive, almost mathematical, approach to aesthetics insofar as beauty is to be found in particular formal relations of shape and structure, which are perceived by the mind. There remains to describe how these formal relations correlate to the stages of aesthetic apprehension to achieve an understanding of "the qualities of universal beauty."
Aquinas' three prerequisites for beauty, as translated by Stephen, are wholeness, harmony, and radiance, and these prerequisites correspond to the three steps of aesthetic apprehension. To demonstrate, Stephen asks Lynch to look at a basket. Stephen tells him that in order to see the basket, one's mind "first of all separates the basket from the rest of the visible universe which is not the basket… the esthetic image is first luminously apprehended as selfbounded and selfcontained upon the immeasurable background of space or time which is not it." In other words, in perceiving, the perceiver selects the aesthetic object, thereby differentiating it from the rest of the world as separate and complete in itself. This stage of apprehension corresponds to Aquinas' first requirement of wholeness. Simple enough. Second, one's mind perceives the aesthetic object "as balanced part against part within its limits; you feel the rhythm of its structure… You apprehend it as complex, multiple, divisible, separable… harmonious." The perceiver analyses the separate parts of the aesthetic object and concludes that they are balanced, symmetrical, and congruent with one another. This second stage of apprehension corresponds to Aquinas' second requirement of harmony. So far, the stages of apprehension are almost reminiscent of Hegelian dialectic, although they follow a completely different chronology. Instead of moving from thesis to antithesis to synthesis, Stephen has the perceiver begin at a synthesis wherein the aesthetic object is apprehended completely, then move to an analysis of its constituent parts.
The final stage of apprehension is not quite as straightforward. Stephen dismisses the notion that, by "radiance," Aquinas could have meant a Platonic idealism wherein the aesthetic object is beautiful because it is a shadowy imitation of the transcendent real: "Aquinas uses a term which… would lead you to believe that he had in mind symbolism or idealism, the supreme quality of beauty being a light from some other world, the idea of which the matter is but the shadow, the reality of which it is but the symbol… But that is literary talk." For Stephen, the aesthetic experience is possible only here, on Earth, and the aesthetic object need not depend upon a transcendent realm to be legitimately beautiful. Radiance is contained within the object, not beyond it, and is approached with the understanding that it "is that thing which it is and no other thing. The radiance… is the scholastic quidditas, the whatness of a thing." Quidditas, or quiddity, is the very essence, or nature, of a thing. Consequently, the essence of an aesthetic object is that which gives it its radiance. The third and final stage of aesthetic apprehension is the static, still, moment of revelation when the essence of an aesthetic object is beheld. Interestingly, we have arrived at yet another synthesis, but of a different kind. Now, instead of merely seeing the complete form of the object – the "synthesis of immediate perception" – we see its very heart, but this sight must be reached only after perceiving its wholeness and the relations of its parts: "When you have apprehended that basket as one thing and have then analysed it according to its form and apprehended it as a thing you make the only synthesis which is logically and esthetically permissible. You see that it is that thing which it is and no other thing." In this instant, one stands entranced within "the luminous silent stasis of esthetic pleasure, a spiritual state…"
Finally, Stephen describes beauty as it is understood "in the marketplace," where the image of the aesthetic object is "set between the mind or senses of the artist himself and the mind or senses of others." Here, Stephen makes the delineation between any perceiver of beauty, and the artist. The artist, who presumably exists "in the marketplace" because he is a producer, must re-create the tripartite aesthetic experience for an audience. This re-creation can take three possible forms: "the lyrical form, the form wherein the artist presents his image in immediate relation to himself; the epical form, the form wherein he presents his image in mediate relation to himself and to others; the dramatic form, the form wherein he presents his image in immediate relation to others." The lyrical form of art is simply an expression of individual, personal experience, or "the simplest verbal vesture of an instant of emotion." The epical form of art expands upon the lyrical; after critical reflection upon himself as the center of an event, the artist distances himself from the event such that its "emotional gravity is equidistant from the artist himself and from others" and the audience, too, may be emotionally affected by it. The dramatic form of art is achieved when the vitality of the artist grants each fictional character a life of their own until "the personality of the artist… finally refines itself out of existence, impersonalizes itself… The mystery of esthetic like that of material creation is accomplished." In other words, the artist assumes a godlike role, who ultimately becomes and remains detached from his creation.
Someone much cleverer than I am once said that thinking about the entirety of the enigmatic, mysterious, elusive philosophy of Jacques Derrida is just about impossible. It's much better to think about it in pieces, to manage the details, and try to be satisfied if that leads to anything at all.
So, let's talk about a little piece of Derrida.
The first part of Derrida's Signature Event Context outlines what he considers to be the essential aspects of any form of writing and, by eventual extension, of all communication. Firstly, a written sign can continue existing as itself with or without the subject who produces it. Secondly, writing possesses meaning even if it is removed from the context from which it originated. Thirdly, the written sign is constituted by its separation from other written signs, which then enables it to be removed from its original contextual structure. The second "rule" is, perhaps, the most debatable, and therefore, worth exploring. Since, for Derrida, writing is representative of communication in general, then any expression or statement ought to be removable from the context that produces it and insertable into an entirely different context without wholly losing its meaning. This results in the inevitable conclusion that any particular communication is not, as it has been traditionally thought, primarily the representation of the event which constituted it in the first place. In simpler terms, communication is not the movement of a meaning from one subject to another. However, this does not always seem to be the case. There seem to be occasions in which expressions cannot survive without their constituting context.
Derrida states: "By virtue of its essential iterability, a written syntagma can always be detached from the chain in which it is inserted or given without causing it to lose all possibility of functioning, if not all possibility of 'communicating,' precisely." He qualifies by adding, "One can perhaps come to recognize other possibilities in it by inscribing it… onto other chains. No context can entirely enclose it." Thus, a communicative expression, no matter how specific and seemingly context-dependent it is, ought to have some ability to function in other contexts. What is important to consider is to what extent such a removed expression can survive the stripping away of its context in order to function in other contexts. Is it just words that can function in other contexts, or the expression itself?
Let us consider expression A, which is constituted by context X. Let us then place expression A into context Y. If all the expression retains is some semblance of correct grammar, is that proof that the expression itself is indeed functioning as expression A, or does it merely point to the universality (and subsequent recognizability) of grammar itself? If the latter is the case, then all one can say is that grammar is an example of a structure by which we recognize the fact that an expression exists, and no more. This, however, seems to be such a small remainder of our original expression A, that it seems almost negligible. But it seems that if Derrida's second rule means an iterability, or a survivability, of the expression, it implies that any particular expression can maintain some measure of its integrity beyond the borders that constituted it, which suggests that expression A can maintain some of its "A-ness" even in context Y.
Perhaps some examples are in order. Derrida briefly considers the ceremony of marriage as an example of a performative utterance. He maintains that it exists as such a performative primarily by virtue of the fact that, for example, the phrase "I now pronounce you husband and wife" is citable, or iterable. However, to what extent is this repeatable in other contexts, without referencing its original context? If one examines the "performative" aspect of the expression, then one might argue that in contexts other than marriage ceremonies, the expression does not perform the act of marrying anyone, and therefore, is no longer performative. But perhaps this is because the expression did not survive the displacement from its original context, and is therefore prevented from performing as itself.
One could say that the expression "I now pronounce you husband and wife" would still function in other contexts because words such as "pronounce" and "husband" possess recognizability even in the absence of marriage ceremonies. But let us imagine that a new marriage law is passed and "I now pronounce you husband and wife," which is indeed a collection of recognizable signs that are capable of functioning separately, were to be changed to the phrase, "Blook." Ministers or government officials who perform marriage ceremonies no longer say, "I now pronounce you husband and wife," but rather they begin to say, "Blook." This becomes an expression that pertains only to the conclusions of marriage ceremonies. After this expression is used for a while, it is easy to imagine that it would be mentioned in casual conversation and not solely during marriage ceremonies. However, the only way that "Blook" would make sense in such a casual conversation is by an instantaneous and even unintentional reference to marriage. If one of the participants of the casual conversation were out of touch with the times or ignorant of the shifting of legal practices, one would be quick to ask what "blook" means. He would be told that it is an expression utilized to grant credence to marriage ceremonies. After the explanation, the previous conversation would then make sense to him. But the explanation necessarily involved a pointing towards the originating context of the expression. Without such a pointing, the expression would be recognizable only as a word, and nothing more.
Perhaps the imaginary legalization of "blooks" is entirely unnecessary. The expression "I now pronounce you husband and wife" itself references a specific constituting context, even if it is uttered in an entirely different context. If one wanders into a room full of strangers and declares, "I now pronounce you husband and wife," nobody in the room, of course, could understand precisely what the speaker meant. Nevertheless, the phrase would carry recognizability by virtue of the listeners' automatic reference to marriage ceremonies. The declarer need not add, "That phrase regards marriage." The expression carries the context of marriage as inextricable from the phrase itself. If, within the room of strangers, one had never heard of marriage, he would recognize the expression only as a collection of recognizable words. In such a case, as far as the ignorant listener is concerned, they could be absolutely any words in a grammatically correct chain, because the expression does not mean to him what it means to everyone else in the room. Without the context of marriage, he hears only a grammatically correct sentence. He could accidentally substitute "platypus" for "husband," and it would make very little difference to the listener. Of course, one may well point out that a platypus is certainly not a husband. Certainly not. Nevertheless, without any reference to a context of marriage, none of the integrity of the expression remains. The expression of marriage does not survive without the constituting context. All that remains is an expression. Is this enough for an expression to be considered iterable?
It is likely that many would assert that the force of Derrida's claim lies precisely, and only, in that. An expression always remains an expression. But if this is the case, the insight is obvious, at best. It is a little bit like saying that an object which possesses physical properties will always be an object, even if it is moved from room to room. Heidegger explores the scenario of himself and a Senegal Negro gazing at the same lectern. If Heidegger were to conclude that both he and the Senegal Negro, despite their vastly differing contexts, both see an object, there would be very little to say about the scenario. There is no denying that both viewers see a physical shape, which subsists regardless of context. Heidegger seems to suggest, however, that their differing contexts alter the meaning of the object so much, that the object itself changes. It is easy imagine someone interrupting with, "Aha! You misunderstand! You've just proven Derrida's point, because you've shown how the lectern has different meanings in different contexts. Therefore, meaning is not derived from the expression, but from the context in which one encounters it." If this is the case, it shows only that in each different context, the object is different. Or, to return to communication, in each different context, each expression is different. Then, it is not the same expression. In which case, nothing survived. No expression is re-iterated, nothing survives, other than a recognizable alphabet and the rules of grammar. All that remains is an expression which is still an expression, but this means that it can be any expression possessing alphabetical marks and the rules of grammar, and not the survivor of the original context.
But if Derrida's claim lies only in the fact that an expression is still an expression, regardless of where it's placed, there is nothing to think about and explore. One will say, "Sure," turn out the lights, and go home. But Derrida goes further. He suggests that because of this ability of expressions to endure context-swapping, communication is then not primarily a transmitter of meaning. No matter the context, and therefore no matter the meaning, the expression remains the same, and can bear the weight of an infinite number of meanings in an infinite number of contexts. But in some cases, the expression does not seem to remain the same. It is still a collection of symbols, to be sure. But the fact that they are very specific symbols occasionally gives rise to the question of whether or not, in certain cases, the specificity of the expression perhaps relies so much (not completely, but so much) upon the originating context, that unless one performs great feats of mental acrobatics, the expression cannot function in other contexts in any meaningful way at all, and the likelihood of its doing so is so small, as to be negligible.
Other examples may prove useful. To borrow an excerpt from Lewis Carroll's poem Jabberwocky , let us consider the expression "frumious Bandersnatch." If one is wandering down a city street and accidentally overhears this expression from a window, several things may occur. If one is aware of the poem, the expression carries meaning, and one perhaps thinks, "Ah, what a lovely book." One references the context in which the Bandersnatch originated, and makes sense of the expression. If one is not aware of the context in which the Bandersnatch originated, one cannot possibly begin to grasp any meaning in the expression. One might conclude that he overheard a different language, or simply nonsense.
Here, perhaps, Derrida might suggest that "frumious Bandersnatch" is an example of agrammaticality which nevertheless can be cited, or put between quotation marks. This action will then "engender an infinity of new contexts." However, the very act of putting "frumious Bandersnatch" into quotation marks references a context which, although possibly unknown, then lends meaning to the expression. The quotation marks seem to say, "We are here because this expression is largely inaccessible within this particular context, but there is a context somewhere from which this expression originated, and within which it makes complete sense." So the agrammatical expression, even if within the confines of quotation marks, is still tied to a meaning-engendering context, and it is by virtue of this tying that the expression makes sense. There is also the example of highly complex and remote expressions, such as those encountered in abstract mathematics. Mathematics is itself a strange and complicated language, featuring expressions such as "holonomic" and "quaquaversal." Within the context of abstract mathematics, these expressions carry the weight of very specific meanings. And to those who are deeply engaged with abstract mathematics, or, in more relevant words, to those who operate within the context of abstract mathematics, such expressions are quite usual and useful. To return to a previous example, if one walked into a room of non-mathematicians and announced, "Quaquaversal tiling of Euclidian 3-space," nobody in the room would understand the expression. However, if the announcer then added, "From the Abstract Mathematics Handbook," the listeners would be provided with a context in which such an expression holds meaning. They would require no further explanation. They need not learn what the definition of "quaquaversal" is. A context is enough to provide the listeners with meaning and subsequent understanding. Only reference to a context would preclude the expression from becoming nonsense.
A very useful illustration of context-dependency lies within the domain of art. In a very popular television show, Gilmore Girls, the main character is assigned to write a newspaper article covering the grand opening of an art exhibit. In the midst of the exhibit, she gets thirsty and approaches a drinking fountain. Just as she is about to take a drink, a girl suddenly appears and cries, "Don't touch my artwork!" The main character steps back, puzzled, and the "artist" laughs, telling her, "I'm kidding. It's just a water fountain." Although, in this particular case, the water fountain was only a water fountain, it is completely conceivable that a water fountain may be an installation in an art exhibit. Within the context of the art exhibit, it is not a water fountain but a work of art, not to be touched, only admired from a respectable distance. But let us imagine the exact same object in the hallway of a university. Suddenly, it is back to being merely a water fountain. Of course, the object is recognizable as a water fountain, but it is no longer recognizable as art. In order for it to function as an expression of art, it must be placed within the context of an art exhibit.
In 1917, Marcel Duchamp submitted Fountain, a signed urinal, to the Society of Independent Artists. It is hardly possible that, in the 1600s, such a submission could have been conceived as a work of art by anybody, no matter how revolutionary. The urinal, in order to engender the controversy it did, had to be constituted by the cultural Dadaist context of the early 1900s to exist as an expression of art. If it is removed from this context and placed, instead, into the 1600s, it loses the expression of controversial-potential-work-of-art and becomes, instead, a urinal. Without the context that transforms water fountains and urinals into expressions of art, they remain water fountains and urinals. Of course, they are still capable of being recognized as objects. But this is obvious. Is this, then, enough to constitute iterability, and the ability to survive outside their contexts? They function as objects, certainly, but the object that is a work of art, and the object that is a drinking fountain, are two such distinct objects that it seems they are not the same object at all. In other words, the work of art does not seem to survive the displacement of context and emerge as a new potentiality. It is not the same object that emerges. An expression of art is transformed into a mundane object. Surely, this does not constitute survival, or iterability?
In fact, one could even go on to suggest that all abstract art is constituted by the creation of expressions that have meaning only within a very specific original context. Beyond the context of abstract art, the works become either nonsense, decoration, or simply mundane objects. For certain works of art to function and be understood as works of art, the background of abstract art is required.
In some cases, if no reference to a constituting context is possible, it seems that the expression is recognizable only as an expression, surviving with none of what made it that expression, and not any other. To return to an earlier example, the expression A does not, in fact, retain any of its "A-ness" beyond its context X. Therefore, the expression A does not survive, and is not iterable. If all Derrida's second "rule" implies is that such expressions survive with only their existence as an expression intact, the insight seems slightly obvious for some cases.
Overall, the above examples could mean several things. Perhaps one would say that the examples provided are not examples of communication. Or, perhaps, in certain cases, context, and therefore intentionality, is an irrevocable aspect of communication.
Socrates, the Educator of Tyrants


I'm exploring the Unicode Bidi Algorithm (UBA) and found the GNU FriBidi implementation of the UBA (in addition to Unicode's own implementation). The Unicode implementation compiles quite easily with Visual Studio but GNU FriBidi requires MSYS and some code edits, as documented beautifully on kemovitra.blogspot.com. I know very little about Linux-based builds and usually have to resort to all sorts of edits to get some distros to build with Visual Studio but the excellent notes on kemovitra.blogspot.com worked perfectly, first time, so a huge thank you to the author of that blog post.


Thinking of gifts for the new homeowner in your life? We've got you covered! Check out our list of fun and practical gift ideas that will cheer even the biggest Grinch on your list.
- Flashlight – never have enough!
What do you recommend for the new homeowner on your gift list this year?


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Agora Books
TV, Film & Stage
Colin Clark
Author (1932 - 2002)
Colin Clark, son of Lord Clark and brother of Alan, was born in London in 1932. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, and served as a pilot in the RAF during National Service. In 1956 he worked on the Laurence Olivier/Marilyn Monroe film 'The Prince and the Showgirl', and experience he described in the journal he kept at the time, published to acclaim in 1995 as 'The Prince, the Showgirl and Me'. He then became a personal assistant to Olivier, acting as the stage manager on John Osborne's 'The Entertainer' at the Toyal Court and accompanying Olivier and Vivien Leigh on the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre's European tour of 'Titus Andronicus'. From there he moved to Granada Television. He has produced and directed over a hundred documentary films, including 'The Romantic Rebellion', 'Pioneers of Modern Painting' and 'Jazz at the New School'. His autobiography, 'Younger Brother, Younger Son', appeared in 1997, and new editions of 'The Prince, the Showgirl, and Me' and 'My Week with Marilyn' were issued in 2011. He died in December 2002.
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text:
Alexey N. Bilyachenko
D.Sc. (Chem.), RUDN University, 2020
Ph. D. (Chem.), A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2006.
M. Sc., summa cum laude, Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies, 2002.
2021 - present - Leading Researcher, A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences; In parallel - Associate professor, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of science, RUDN University
2017 – 2020 – Deputy Director, Research Institute of Chemistry, RUDN University
2010 - 2017 - Senior Researcher, A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences
2002 - 2010 - Researcher, A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences
2002 - 2006 - Post-graduate student, A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences
Cagelike metallacomplexes and coordination polymers; sesquioxane ligands; complexation reactions; catalysis; molecular magnetism; photophysical properties.
Laureate of the RUDN University Prize in Science and Innovation, 2019 (with Prof. V.N. Khrustalev).
1st prize at Scientific Conference-Competition at the Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2016 (with L.S. Shul'pina, Dr. Y.N. Kozlov and Prof. G.B. Shul'pin).
Scholarships of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists-candidates in science, 2007-2008, 2011-2012.
Scholarship of Ballard Foundation (http://www.polechimie-balard.fr), 2014, Visiting Professor at Institut Charles Gerhardt, University of Montpellier 2, France
Visiting professor and foreign laboratories: 2009 - Poland, Lodz, The Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences (supported by K.I. Zamaraev foundation http://zam.catalysis.ru/),
2013 - France, Montpellier, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier 2 (supported by CNRS and French Embassy in Moscow)
2014 - France, Montpellier, Institut Charles Gerhardt, University of Montpellier 2 (supported by Ballard Foundation http://www.polechimie-balard.fr/)
2015 - France, Toulouse, Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry CNRS (supported by French Embassy in Moscow, Programme André Mazon http://www.ambafrance-ru.org/Lancement-du-programme-Andre-Mazon)
~ 60 papers in Russian and international scientific journals (H index = 19);
Two books (both with Dr. M.M. Levitsky and Prof. V.N. Khrustalev):
"Metallasiloxanes. Modern concepts and methods", 2018, ISBN 978-5-209-08779-3, RUDN University;
"Metal oxide clusters in organoelement matrices", 2020, ISBN 978-5-209-09905-5, RUDN University
10+ oral presentations at International chemical meetings
Project head of scientific (RFBR and RFBR-CNRS) projects
ChemPhysMater, 2022, 1(4), 247-251, DOI: 10.1016/j.chphma.2022.04.008
Sheng Kai, Wang Ran, A. N. Bilyachenko, Khrustalev Victor, Jagodič Marko, Jagličić Zvonko, Li Zhaoyang, Wang Likai, Tung Chenho, Sun Di
Tridecanuclear Gd(III)-silsesquioxane: Synthesis, structure, and magnetic property
Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2019, DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801486
Shirel Cohen, A. N. Bilyachenko, D. Gelman
Bifunctional Pincer Catalysts for Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation and Related Reactions


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« Bold Activists Hold Beijing to Account
70,000 Farmers in NW China Declare to Take Back Their Expropriated Land »
China Detains Farmers Urging Land Privatization on Subversion Charges
Posted by Author on December 31, 2007
Reuters, Mon Dec 24, 2007-
BEIJING (Reuters) – China has detained at least three farmers on subversion charges for making bold calls for private land ownership in the countryside, an attempt to curb land seizures by corrupt officials, their families said on Monday.
Police in Huayin in the northwestern province of Shaanxi made the "criminal detentions" earlier this month, suspecting the three of "inciting to subvert state power", Ruan Xiuqin, wife of Chen Sizhong, one of the farmers, told Reuters by telephone.
Chen, Zhang Sanmin and Xi Xinji were among the six peasants who signed an open letter declaring that 70,000 farmers in the region enjoyed permanent private ownership of 10,000 hectares of collective land, said Ruan and Liu Cuiying, Zhang's wife.
"We reject the previous form of collective ownership. It cannot guarantee the farmers' permanent rights to the land … and cannot prevent the illegal infringement by officials and thugs," reads the letter, a copy of which was seen by Reuters.
China's constitution stipulates that for its 750 million rural dwellers, farm land is owned either by the state or by the collective — normally in the form of a village or a township.
Under the collective ownership system, farmers are vulnerable to land being expropriated by local officials who pocket the gains, a practice which has incited some of the country's most violent protests in recent years.
But peasant complaints in the past have revolved around compensation standards, corruption and lack of transparency, rather than challenging the collective ownership policy itself.
It is not known how many locals really support their land claims, but farmers in at least two other provinces have recently made similar appeals on private ownership.
Yu Changwu from the northeastern province of Heilongjiang has urged the ruling Communist Party to honor its "revolutionary ideals and pledges" and hand land back to the farmers.
"We peasants have been fed up with the fate of being plundered and trampled on … Only by truly owning the land can we have a secure life," Yu and another farmer wrote in a separate open letter.
Beijing launched violent land reforms after the Communist revolution in 1949, benefiting many poor farmers, but radical collectivization soon followed.
Individual farming was reintroduced in the 1980s, but rural residents still only enjoy "usage rights" under long leases, rather than full ownership.
Land privatization is a sensitive subject for the Communist government, which despite market reforms of the past 30 years still has ideological concerns.
The government also fears the prospect of a mass sell-off of rural land to developers that could leave tens of millions of people landless and threaten food security.
Yu, the Heilongjiang farmer, said more than 900 farmers in his native village in Fujin had already taken back and redistributed about 1,000 hectares of collective land among themselves. The claim could not be independently verified.
A source told Reuters that Yu had also been detained by local police. Repeated calls to government offices in Heilongjiang and Shaanxi either went unanswered or officials reached declined to comment on Monday.
– Original report from Reuters: China detains farmers urging land privatization
This entry was posted on December 31, 2007 at 10:00 pm	and is filed under China, corruption, Human Rights, Land Seizure, Law, News, NW China, People, Politics, Rural, Shaanxi, Social, World. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


As Regional Director for CBRE's Industrial and Logistics business, Cameron is responsible for driving logistics business across Australia and New Zealand and currently oversees a team of 102 operators working across these markets.
Cameron has over 20 years' experience working in commercial property. The majority of this time has been spent in the industrial sector, coordinating major sales and leasing campaigns for institutional, corporate and private clients.


: For that indicator, The U.S. Energy Information Administration provides data for India from 1980 to 2016. The average value for India during that period was 95.98 million kilowatts with a minumum of 20.66 million kilowatts in 1980 and a maximum of 267.13 million kilowatts in 2016. See the global rankings for that indicator or use the country comparator to compare trends over time.


text:
/* Automatically generated file.  Do not edit directly. */

/* This file is part of The New Aspell
 * Copyright (C) 2001-2002 by Kevin Atkinson under the GNU LGPL
 * license version 2.0 or 2.1.  You should have received a copy of the
 * LGPL license along with this library if you did not you can find it
 * at http://www.gnu.org/.                                              */

#ifndef ASPELL_ERRORS__HPP
#define ASPELL_ERRORS__HPP

#ifndef AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C
#define AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C extern "C"
#endif

namespace acommon {

struct ErrorInfo;

AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const aerror_other;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const aerror_operation_not_supported;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_cant_copy;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_unimplemented_method;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const aerror_file;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_cant_open_file;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const     aerror_cant_read_file;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const     aerror_cant_write_file;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_invalid_name;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_bad_file_format;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const aerror_dir;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_cant_read_dir;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const aerror_config;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_unknown_key;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_cant_change_value;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_bad_key;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_bad_value;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_duplicate;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_key_not_string;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_key_not_int;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_key_not_bool;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_key_not_list;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_no_value_reset;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_no_value_enable;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_no_value_disable;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_no_value_clear;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const aerror_language_related;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_unknown_language;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_unknown_soundslike;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_language_not_supported;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_no_wordlist_for_lang;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_mismatched_language;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const aerror_affix;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_corrupt_affix;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_invalid_cond;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_invalid_cond_strip;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_incorrect_encoding;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const aerror_encoding;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_unknown_encoding;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_encoding_not_supported;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_conversion_not_supported;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const aerror_pipe;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_cant_create_pipe;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_process_died;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const aerror_bad_input;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_invalid_string;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_invalid_word;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_invalid_affix;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_inapplicable_affix;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_unknown_unichar;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_word_list_flags;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const     aerror_invalid_flag;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const     aerror_conflicting_flags;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const aerror_version_control;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_bad_version_string;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const aerror_filter;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_cant_dlopen_file;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_empty_filter;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_no_such_filter;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_confusing_version;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_bad_version;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_identical_option;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_options_only;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_invalid_option_modifier;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_cant_describe_filter;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const aerror_filter_mode_file;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_mode_option_name;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_no_filter_to_option;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_bad_mode_key;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_expect_mode_key;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_mode_version_requirement;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_confusing_mode_version;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_bad_mode_version;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_missing_magic_expression;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_empty_file_ext;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const aerror_filter_mode_expand;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_unknown_mode;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_mode_extend_expand;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const aerror_filter_mode_magic;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_file_magic_pos;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_file_magic_range;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_missing_magic;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_bad_magic;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const aerror_expression;
AL_ASPELL_EXTERN_C const ErrorInfo * const   aerror_invalid_expression;

static const ErrorInfo * const other_error = aerror_other;
static const ErrorInfo * const operation_not_supported_error = aerror_operation_not_supported;
static const ErrorInfo * const   cant_copy = aerror_cant_copy;
static const ErrorInfo * const   unimplemented_method = aerror_unimplemented_method;
static const ErrorInfo * const file_error = aerror_file;
static const ErrorInfo * const   cant_open_file_error = aerror_cant_open_file;
static const ErrorInfo * const     cant_read_file = aerror_cant_read_file;
static const ErrorInfo * const     cant_write_file = aerror_cant_write_file;
static const ErrorInfo * const   invalid_name = aerror_invalid_name;
static const ErrorInfo * const   bad_file_format = aerror_bad_file_format;
static const ErrorInfo * const dir_error = aerror_dir;
static const ErrorInfo * const   cant_read_dir = aerror_cant_read_dir;
static const ErrorInfo * const config_error = aerror_config;
static const ErrorInfo * const   unknown_key = aerror_unknown_key;
static const ErrorInfo * const   cant_change_value = aerror_cant_change_value;
static const ErrorInfo * const   bad_key = aerror_bad_key;
static const ErrorInfo * const   bad_value = aerror_bad_value;
static const ErrorInfo * const   duplicate = aerror_duplicate;
static const ErrorInfo * const   key_not_string = aerror_key_not_string;
static const ErrorInfo * const   key_not_int = aerror_key_not_int;
static const ErrorInfo * const   key_not_bool = aerror_key_not_bool;
static const ErrorInfo * const   key_not_list = aerror_key_not_list;
static const ErrorInfo * const   no_value_reset = aerror_no_value_reset;
static const ErrorInfo * const   no_value_enable = aerror_no_value_enable;
static const ErrorInfo * const   no_value_disable = aerror_no_value_disable;
static const ErrorInfo * const   no_value_clear = aerror_no_value_clear;
static const ErrorInfo * const language_related_error = aerror_language_related;
static const ErrorInfo * const   unknown_language = aerror_unknown_language;
static const ErrorInfo * const   unknown_soundslike = aerror_unknown_soundslike;
static const ErrorInfo * const   language_not_supported = aerror_language_not_supported;
static const ErrorInfo * const   no_wordlist_for_lang = aerror_no_wordlist_for_lang;
static const ErrorInfo * const   mismatched_language = aerror_mismatched_language;
static const ErrorInfo * const affix_error = aerror_affix;
static const ErrorInfo * const   corrupt_affix = aerror_corrupt_affix;
static const ErrorInfo * const   invalid_cond = aerror_invalid_cond;
static const ErrorInfo * const   invalid_cond_strip = aerror_invalid_cond_strip;
static const ErrorInfo * const   incorrect_encoding = aerror_incorrect_encoding;
static const ErrorInfo * const encoding_error = aerror_encoding;
static const ErrorInfo * const   unknown_encoding = aerror_unknown_encoding;
static const ErrorInfo * const   encoding_not_supported = aerror_encoding_not_supported;
static const ErrorInfo * const   conversion_not_supported = aerror_conversion_not_supported;
static const ErrorInfo * const pipe_error = aerror_pipe;
static const ErrorInfo * const   cant_create_pipe = aerror_cant_create_pipe;
static const ErrorInfo * const   process_died = aerror_process_died;
static const ErrorInfo * const bad_input_error = aerror_bad_input;
static const ErrorInfo * const   invalid_string = aerror_invalid_string;
static const ErrorInfo * const   invalid_word = aerror_invalid_word;
static const ErrorInfo * const   invalid_affix = aerror_invalid_affix;
static const ErrorInfo * const   inapplicable_affix = aerror_inapplicable_affix;
static const ErrorInfo * const   unknown_unichar = aerror_unknown_unichar;
static const ErrorInfo * const   word_list_flags_error = aerror_word_list_flags;
static const ErrorInfo * const     invalid_flag = aerror_invalid_flag;
static const ErrorInfo * const     conflicting_flags = aerror_conflicting_flags;
static const ErrorInfo * const version_control_error = aerror_version_control;
static const ErrorInfo * const   bad_version_string = aerror_bad_version_string;
static const ErrorInfo * const filter_error = aerror_filter;
static const ErrorInfo * const   cant_dlopen_file = aerror_cant_dlopen_file;
static const ErrorInfo * const   empty_filter = aerror_empty_filter;
static const ErrorInfo * const   no_such_filter = aerror_no_such_filter;
static const ErrorInfo * const   confusing_version = aerror_confusing_version;
static const ErrorInfo * const   bad_version = aerror_bad_version;
static const ErrorInfo * const   identical_option = aerror_identical_option;
static const ErrorInfo * const   options_only = aerror_options_only;
static const ErrorInfo * const   invalid_option_modifier = aerror_invalid_option_modifier;
static const ErrorInfo * const   cant_describe_filter = aerror_cant_describe_filter;
static const ErrorInfo * const filter_mode_file_error = aerror_filter_mode_file;
static const ErrorInfo * const   mode_option_name = aerror_mode_option_name;
static const ErrorInfo * const   no_filter_to_option = aerror_no_filter_to_option;
static const ErrorInfo * const   bad_mode_key = aerror_bad_mode_key;
static const ErrorInfo * const   expect_mode_key = aerror_expect_mode_key;
static const ErrorInfo * const   mode_version_requirement = aerror_mode_version_requirement;
static const ErrorInfo * const   confusing_mode_version = aerror_confusing_mode_version;
static const ErrorInfo * const   bad_mode_version = aerror_bad_mode_version;
static const ErrorInfo * const   missing_magic_expression = aerror_missing_magic_expression;
static const ErrorInfo * const   empty_file_ext = aerror_empty_file_ext;
static const ErrorInfo * const filter_mode_expand_error = aerror_filter_mode_expand;
static const ErrorInfo * const   unknown_mode = aerror_unknown_mode;
static const ErrorInfo * const   mode_extend_expand = aerror_mode_extend_expand;
static const ErrorInfo * const filter_mode_magic_error = aerror_filter_mode_magic;
static const ErrorInfo * const   file_magic_pos = aerror_file_magic_pos;
static const ErrorInfo * const   file_magic_range = aerror_file_magic_range;
static const ErrorInfo * const   missing_magic = aerror_missing_magic;
static const ErrorInfo * const   bad_magic = aerror_bad_magic;
static const ErrorInfo * const expression_error = aerror_expression;
static const ErrorInfo * const   invalid_expression = aerror_invalid_expression;

}

#endif /* ASPELL_ERRORS__HPP */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The best way to feel connected at Gospel Light is by joining a small group. We have small groups meeting most days of the week to fit any schedule. Also groups for all stages in life from single and married to parents and grandparents.
Our small groups are designed to help you grow in your relationship with God. You will enjoy fellowship with other church members and support during all life's events. Our small groups also offer opportunities to serve the people of our community through outreach.
At Gospel Light ministry opportunities are endless and we welcome your involvement. Find fulfillment in serving with a small group together as the body of Christ. Enhance your spiritual walk and engage to support others. Contact us if you need help selecting a small group to visit.
Click the link below to view our available groups.
We would love to help you select a small group to join. Contact our church office by calling 501.624.5288 or emailing carie.cunio@gospellight.org with any questions you might have.


text:
Prosper Adaghebalu
Ehi Charles Akhidenor
HomeBLOGThree abducted Niger islamic school pupils die in kidnappers' den
Three abducted Niger islamic school pupils die in kidnappers' den
Three of the 156 abducted girls of the Salihu Tanko Islamiyya School, Tegina in Rafi Local Government Area of Niger State are reported to have died, investigation by newsmen has revealed.
Many of the remaining students are also said to be seriously ill resulting from hunger, cold and trauma.
The girls, some of their teachers and passersby were abducted more than six weeks ago, though 17 of the abductees – two of them school girls, their teachers and passersby – escaped from the clutches of the bandits three weeks after their abduction.
It was gathered that the bandits gave the sad information to some of the parents in a telephone conversation though they (bandits) did not disclose the names of the deceased pupils.
The Chief Imam of Tegina was also said to have made similar announcement after one of the regular Muslim prayers in the town.
However, according to findings, the bandits reportedly told the parents contacted that they will send the video of the burial of the late pupils and the present condition of the others to confirm their bad state of health. They (bandits) are yet to send the video.
Newsmen also learnt that the deadline given by the bandits for the payment of the reduced ransom of N30 million lapsed two weeks ago.
It was gathered that when the bandits reduced the ransom, the state government which had hitherto not shown any interest in the payment of the ransom to the bandits allegedly reached out to the parents during which it reportedly asked the parents to source for N10 million, while government will provide the balance.
"We contributed our own N10 million but up till now, we have not seen or heard anything from the government.
"It appears we have been left on our own. No one is showing any interest in getting our children released from the den of the bandits," one of the parents confided in newsmen.
However, the Secretary to the State Government (SSG), Alhaji Ibrahim Ahmed Matane, debunked the claim, saying: "There was never a time that government promised to pay ransom to bandits or assist the parents to pay any or part of the ransom. We have a policy not to pay ransom; we still stand by that policy.
"You know this issue of payment of ransom is not healthy. Government as a policy, does not do it but I know that because they are engaging with the bandits they can tell them anything."
The SSG also distanced the government from any official that pledged that government will pay part of the ransom, saying: "I wouldn't know who that government official is because I coordinate security and I am not aware."
Asked if government is aware that three of the children have died, he said: "I am not aware that three of the girls have died. You know these people (bandits) can be very deceptive. They raise a lot of emotions and sentiments so that we will accept their bidding."
SIDE CHICK AT 40 PART 2 | LATEST BENIN MOVIE 2021
Benin Bronzes: Obaseki, Oba of Benin dispute jeopardises return of artefacts – …


Using creativity, empathy, and human-centered design, master's students in Northwestern's Engineering Design Innovation (EDI) program developed conceptual ecosystems for the consumer robot company iRobot as part of their course DSGN 455: Design Strategy.
"They were crafting new and original ideas within the framework of what is desirable to consumers, what is feasible in terms of technology, and what is viable in terms of iRobot's business model," said Professor Greg Holderfield, director of the Segal Design Institute, who teaches the course.
Throughout the spring quarter, four teams of five students in the EDI program developed real-world solutions for the Bedford, Massachusetts-based company which has a product line including the Roomba vacuuming robot.
The assignment: Innovate new platforms and new experiences for iRobot in the spaces enabled by technology and behavior.
"We asked them to focus on the sensors we have available and create more autonomous robots," said Rick Hoobler, iRobot director of user experience.
The students, who signed nondisclosure agreements, were asked to develop human-centered strategies by considering what iRobot's aspirations and concrete goals are, where they should play, how to win against competitors, what capabilities were necessary, and what management systems are key to build and maintain systems.
"The students were brought in on the ground floor of strategic thinking for iRobot's future," said Holderfield.
The team at iRobot was involved throughout the quarter. At midterm, Hoobler and team members from iRobot's Product Innovation Group came to Northwestern's Evanston campus to offer feedback on the students' raw ideas.
"There was holistic thinking around the entire consumer journey, and they were not just looking at this product as a vacuum cleaner," said Hoobler about the in-progress work by the students. "It was impressive."
"Empathy is key as we design solutions. We have to ask: What does the consumer really want compared to what do they say they want?" said Ivan Calvachi, an EDI student, when reflecting on his experience in the Design Strategy course.
For the final project, the EDI students traveled to the company's headquarters to make presentations on their ideas to iRobot employees.
"Their work was engaging and insightful. I think it will be influential for the company," Hoobler said.
The course taught by Holderfield concludes a human-centered design sequence that leads EDI students through product design, service design, interaction design, and, finally, design strategy.
In the fall quarter, EDI students partnered with Procter & Gamble to examine how physical products are designed to meet the needs of specific users. In the winter quarter, EDI students partnered with Feeding America while learning service design. At the same time, the students collaborated with startups at Northwestern's incubator hub, The Garage, as part of an Interaction Design course, focusing on interactions that bridge physical and digital spaces. In the spring quarter, the Design Strategy course provided EDI students an opportunity to combine their learning about designing within a strategic business context with an understanding of integrated design principles across physical, digital, service, and strategic platforms.
"The EDI program enables engineers to act on core skills of human-centered design; this class takes their thinking about the role of design in the context of business to another level," Holderfield said. "As innovation master's students, being a good designer and a good engineer is expected. Being a holistic thinker -- that's a space where true leadership can be found."
EDI student profiles reveal why students chose the program, what inspires them, and more.


Asteros is the second largest systems integrator in Russia, according to IDC, and the #1 Russian provider of infrastructure solutions for offices and facilities in CNews Analytics ranking.
Asteros Group comprises Asteros, KABEST, Asteros Consulting, and Asteros Labs.
The guiding principle that unites all our lines of business is the desire to help our clients fuel their innovative development. We provide bold solutions based on innovative technologies developed by the leading global IT vendors.


On Thursday, 29th October, DeustoTech-INTERNET was notified the approval of its 4th H2020 project in the topic "EE-11-2015 - New ICT-based solutions for energy efficiency". The project title is "GreenSoul: Eco-aware Persuasive Networked Data Devices for User Engagement in Energy Efficiency".
It is a 36-month project that will pursue higher energy efficiency in public buildings by altering the way people use energy consuming shared devices (lights, printers) and personal devices (personal pluggable appliances). For that, it will apply a twofold strategy: 1) persuades users to increase their energy-awareness and change their e-consumption habits and 2) embeds intelligence in the devices to let them autonomously decide about their operation mode for energy efficiency purposes. For the first part, it will use a variety of techniques, from persuasive social applications to physical interaction mechanisms linked to the devices. For the second part, it will learn from the usage habits, acting only when an energy wasteful behaviour is detected or the users do not heed the devices' suggestions. The aim is to add a green-soul to devices in a pluggable manner to avoid costly replacement of equipment and the corresponding disposal of old-fashioned devices to the landfill.
In this project proposal,Diego Casado Mansilla and Dr. Diego López-de-Ipiña from DeustoTech-INTERNET and Dr. Cruz Borges from DeustoTech-ENERGY took part. The total granted money to UDEUSTO is 378.062€.


text:
Home"No foreign troop will come to Mali by proxy" - Military government...
"No foreign troop will come to Mali by proxy" – Military government warns foreign troops
Mali's military government has issued a strong warning against foreign troops who used to occupy Mali by proxy. The military government says they're clamping down on foreign nations who are in the normal imperialist habit of deploying their military troops without local government supervision.
Interim Prime Minister told reporters: "we told the Danes 'If you want to come to Mali then it's an agreement between the Danes and the Malians'. We will no longer accept that people come to our country. Above all when they say they will put in place a standby force. Why are they coming? Are they not coming to prepare something against our country? So, we will not accept this. That's why we have asked the Danes to go home."
He added that, "nobody will come here by proxy anymore. That used to happen. But now it's finished. It won't happen anymore under the authority of Assimi Goita. If someone has to come to Mali then we will come to an agreement. We will agree on what you will come here to do."
After telling the French military troops to leave the shores of Mali, on Monday, the Military government led by Interim President, Colonel Assimi Goita ordered the Dannish government to withdraw its troops with immediate effect. Over 90 Dannish military soldiers were deployed to Mali, which the Malian Military government said the "deployment occurred without its consent."
Last year December, after nearly nine years of a facade military intervention, the French government withdrew its troops from Mali.
Military government
AFCON | Gambia 1-0 Guinea
AFCON | Cameroon players donate winning bonuses to victims of Olembe Stadium stampede


text:
National Solar Jobs Census 2020
Download a PDF of this Report
Explore the State Map
Access the Data Behind this Report
Since 2010, the National Solar Jobs Census has been the definitive measure of solar energy industry employment in the United States, charting the growth of the solar workforce alongside the rise of solar energy as a major contributor to the U.S. energy supply and economy as a whole.
The Census is a collaborative effort of the Solar Energy Industries Association, The Solar Foundation, and the Interstate Renewable Energy Council. Primary data collection and analysis is performed by BW Research Partnership, the premier independent energy employment research firm. Unless stated otherwise, all data including in this report is from BW Research Partnership.
This report tracks domestic solar employment across all solar industry market sectors and across the supply chain, from residential solar installation to utility-scale construction, and from raw materials to finished products.
Starting in 2015, the methods and data used to create the Census have been shared with the U.S. Energy and Employment Report (USEER) that tracks employment across all energy technologies.
In this report, a solar worker is defined as anyone who spends 50% or more of their time working on solar related activities. In the past, the USEER has used a broader definition that includes workers spending any amount of time on solar.
The U.S. solar industry employed 231,474 workers in 2020, a 6.7% drop from 2019
Employment declined across all labor categories and in most states
The pandemic was largely responsible for the job decline, as companies have yet to fully recover from spring 2020 work stoppages and the ensuing economic recession
Despite job loss, the solar industry installed record levels of solar capacity in 2020, indicating increases of labor productivity ranging from 2% - 32% across market segments
Labor productivity improvements were a result of growth in average system size, less labor-intensive customer acquisition and increased competition for skilled labor
The industry grew more diverse in 2020, with workforce shares at all-time highs across most demographic measures of diversity
10.3% of solar workers are unionized, above the national average and comparable with similar construction trades
Wages for solar workers are similar to, or higher than, wages for U.S. workers in similar occupations
While the solar industry is on a trajectory to reach 400,000 solar jobs by 2030, employment will need to exceed 900,000 workers by 2035 to reach the 100% clean electricity goal set by President Biden
Introduction: Solar Workforce Amid the Pandemic
The U.S. solar energy industry was on track for a record year in 2020 with both installations and employment expected to reach all-time highs. Installations were already up through February 2020 and initial impacts on the industry were limited to concerns about global supply chains until Covid-19 took hold in the U.S., triggering stay at home orders and other protocols that impacted many industries, including solar.
Lockdowns that began in March 2020 in major solar markets from California to the Mid-Atlantic put a halt to most residential and commercial installations – the largest source of solar jobs – leading to tens of thousands of layoffs and furloughs. Many local governments stopped processing, or struggled to process, building permit applications before making the transition to remote or online systems, leading to a backlog for new projects once installations resumed.
Many residential and commercial solar companies adapted to physical distancing requirements by moving away from in-person sales and found significant success reducing their costs and winning new business. Moreover, the overall increase in people working from home, using more electricity and spending less money elsewhere increased interest in solar. This helped solar companies rehire many of their laid-off and furloughed staff. But the challenges of pandemic life have prevented total solar employment from returning to pre-pandemic levels. For example, some workers with children in remote school could not return to work.
Utility-scale solar construction was generally allowed to continue work that had already begun, thanks in part to federal and state guidance that deemed large-scale solar construction to be essential work. This sector never saw the steep employment drops experienced by residential and commercial solar installers. However, many large solar contractors experienced labor shortages throughout the remainder of the year.
The overall U.S. residential construction boom has also created fierce competition for a limited supply of construction trades workers, especially electricians.
Those who remained, returned or joined the solar workforce in 2020 found new ways to increase their productivity and, in the end, the solar industry managed a record year of installations despite significant challenges.
Solar Jobs Fall Primarily Due to Pandemic
U.S. solar employment dropped by 6.7% in 2020 to 231,474, its lowest level since 2015
The drop-off began with the pandemic, which forced many companies to tighten their labor budgets in the face of lockdowns that halted work and drops in demand last spring
Though demand for solar has largely recovered across most market segments, many companies have not yet hit their pre-pandemic employment levels as they navigate economic uncertainty
Solar Deployment Hits Record Levels Despite Job Loss
Despite employment reductions, U.S. solar installations reached a record 19.2 GWdc in 2020
The industry was able to achieve these totals despite reduced employment in part due to a rapid increase in the share of utility-scale deployment
Utility-scale installations represented 73% of all solar capacity installed in 2020, a new record
Because utility-scale projects use fewer installation workers per kilowatt deployed, the increase in utility-scale market share allowed for greater deployment with lower labor intensity
However, equally important was an increase in labor productivity across all market segments
Residential productivity increased 19%
Non-residential productivity increased 2%
Utility-scale productivity increased 32%
Labor Productivity at Record Levels
Solar labor productivity has increased steadily over time, but took a major leap forward in 2020
In the distributed solar segments, and residential in particular, the pandemic fundamentally altered the way companies do business
Residential sales shifted heavily from in-person to online/remote sales, reducing salesperson labor needs
As a result of increased time at home, homeowners became more cognizant of their energy use and spent less on travel, making customer acquisition easier and further reducing labor needs
As residential construction boomed in the latter half of the year, competition for skilled labor forced efficiency improvements
In the utility-scale segment, the average system size nearly doubled from 2019 (to 43 MW), with economies of scale reducing labor needs and increasing productivity
2020 Employment Breakdown by Sector
Installation and construction-related employment continues to be the largest job segment in the industry, representing 67% of all jobs
Distributed installation jobs alone (Residential, Commercial and Community Solar) make up more than half of all industry employment, with large portions of jobs in other categories also supported by distributed solar demand
Of these installation and construction jobs:
55% residential
18% commercial
8% community solar
19% utility-scale
Installation jobs as a share of total jobs grew by nearly 2 percentage points, while all other categories declined modestly in share
Workers in manufacturing jobs represented 14% of all industry employment, while Sales and Distribution and Operations and Maintenance represented 11% and 4% of all jobs, respectively
The 'Other' category, comprised of workers in fields like finance, legal, research, advocacy and communications, makes up 4% of all solar workers
Jobs Decline Across All Categories Amid Pandemic
Installation jobs dropped by 4.2% to 154,610 as the pandemic reduced staffing levels in the residential and commercial segments in particular
Manufacturing jobs were down 9.3% in 2020, landing at 31,050
Manufacturing production slowed to accommodate increased spacing requirements, and some factories were shut down temporarily. While many facilities have recovered, many of the same pandemic requirements still apply
Sales & Distribution Jobs dropped by 12.2% in 2020, to 25,663
This category relies heavily on demand from the installation and manufacturing segments. As deployment and production slowed, wholesale and retail trade and distribution was also impacted, leading to employment reductions
Installation Jobs Drop Across Market Segments
The residential and commercial segments were hit hardest by the pandemic in the spring as social distancing requirements limited installers' ability to access job sites and obtain new business. Despite increases in demand over the second half of the year, the segment has yet to ramp up to pre-pandemic levels. Total residential and commercial solar installation jobs declined by roughly 5,500 in 2020 or 4.3%
As a result of essential service designation in most states early in the pandemic, most utility-scale solar construction continued. However, labor availability at many projects was still down as workers missed time due to the pandemic. Utility-scale jobs decreased by 1,300 over 2019, or 4.3%
Solar Workforce Grew More Diverse in 2020
Nearly all demographic measures of diversity in the solar workforce saw modest increases in 2020, bringing numbers to an all-time high across most categories
Women in solar grew from 26% to 30%
While the industry overall lost workers in 2020, the number of women employed in solar increased by nearly 4,800 to more than 69,000
Since 2015, solar industry employment has increased by 39% for women, 92% for Hispanic or Latino workers, 18% for Asian workers, 73% for Black or African American workers, and 19% for veterans
Over that same time, overall solar industry employment has risen by 11%
The share of workers who are members of Labor Unions now stands at 10.3%
Diversity in Solar is Comparable to Other Industries
Though the solar industry has made significant progress in diversifying over the past 5 years, there is still a great deal of work to be done before the solar industry matches the diversity of the country
Solar workers identify as "female" at almost three times the rate of the overall construction industry
Veterans make up a significantly larger share of the solar workforce (9%) than the overall economy (6%)
Environmental justice and equity are embedded in the solar industry's policy priorities and growth planning and will be critical as the industry rises to meet the interrelated challenges of climate change, economic inequality and social and environmental justice
Unionization Rate
Solar workers are represented by labor unions at rates similar to the overall economy and at comparable levels in construction and manufacturing
This is despite a significant share of solar employment in the home improvement sector, where a large share of employers are sole proprietorships where unionization generally does not apply
State Overview
Click here to explore a fullscreen version of this map
Primarily as a result of the pandemic, solar employment dropped in 44 states in 2020, representing the most broad-based labor reduction on record
The pandemic had uneven impacts at the state level. States with large distributed solar markets experienced the most employment loss, as residential and commercial segments were hit hardest by work restrictions and have yet to fully recover. Markets with larger shares of utility-scale deployment fared somewhat better, though those labor forces were also reduced by workers missing time due to the pandemic
In a handful of markets, rapid year-over-year increases in deployment, often in utility-scale solar, helped to offset job losses in distributed markets, leading to modest levels of employment growth or lower levels of job loss
Of the top 10 states for solar employment growth in 2020, 8 of them also rank in the top 20 for solar 2020 deployment growth
Despite the labor downturn in 2020, solar employment growth over the last 5 years has been robust in most states. Markets in Florida, Utah, Texas and Virginia have all benefitted from expansions in both distributed and utility-scale projects over that time frame. 42 of 50 states have increased their solar employment since 2015
While state-level solar employment often correlates closely with solar deployment, many jobs exist outside the installation sector and are more resistant to fluctuations in local solar installations. States with large manufacturing presences, such as Ohio and Georgia, primarily serve demand outside their states. Likewise, the existence of corporate clusters in metropolitan areas like New York City and San Francisco helps sustain solar job presence regardless of deployment growth
The flow of labor across state lines also clouds the linkages between employment and deployment. Many installation companies, particularly in the northeast, have staff that work across state lines, sometimes on a daily basis. Despite this, the Census labor accounting requires that their employer attribute their labor to a single state
Solar Job Growth Over Time
Solar Compensation is On Par with Similar Trades
Compensation in the solar industry is comparable with similar occupations in other energy industries and higher than U.S. averages for most of the same positions
Solar installers make similar amounts to their peers in the roofing industry
Solar electricians make more than the average electrician
Construction managers in solar make more than average and more than peers in other energy industries
Future Workforce Needs
Under the current trajectory, and without significant policy shifts, the solar+storage industry will employ 400,000 workers in 2030
The path necessary to achieve President Biden's goals to decarbonize the grid and expand domestic manufacturing will require more than 900,000 solar workers across the supply chain by 2035
What is a "Solar Worker"
In this report, a "solar worker" is any person who spends more than 50% of their working hours on solar-related activities
92% of solar workers who meet this threshold spent 100% of their time on solar in 2020
This report shares its underlying statistical sample with the United States Energy Employment Report (USEER) and the E2 Clean Jobs America 2020 report, which counts anyone who spends any time working in solar as a solar employee, including those who spend less than 50% of their time on solar work
Counting workers who spent any amount of time on solar work in 2020 yields a total of 316,675 jobs
The 2020 Solar Jobs Census uses publicly available data from the 2021 U.S. Energy and Employment Report (USEER) on solar employment produced by BW Research Partnership, the Energy Futures Initiative (EFI), and the National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO). Previous report methodology can be found at: usenergyjobs.org. The research methodology is the same as previous years and an updated link for 2021 will be provided when available.
Morgan Lyons, SEIA | [email protected]
Avery Palmer, The Solar Foundation | [email protected]
Shawn Rumery, SEIA | [email protected]
Browse Resources by Related Topics:
Finance Programs
Solar Investment Tax Credit
Solar Technologies
State Solar Policy
Tuesday, Dec 13, 2022
Solar Market Insight Report 2022 Q4
The quarterly SEIA/Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables U.S. Solar Market Insight report shows the major trends in the U.S. solar industry. Learn more about the U.S. Solar Market Insight Report. Released December 13, 2022.
Tuesday, Nov 29, 2022
Solar Means Business 2022 Dataset
SEIA's Solar Means Business Report tracks solar adoption from America's corporations and businesses. SEIA members at the Watt level and above have access to the full dataset behind this report, containing project level data for more than 48,000 individual commercial solar systems.
2022 Solar Means Business Survey
SEIA's Solar Means Business Report tracks commercial solar installations, detailing how major corporations are using solar energy in the United States.


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January 19, 2021 | 9:02 am
You are here: Home / News Releases / MJW Talent Fast Track moves to Spartan
MJW Talent Fast Track moves to Spartan
Bigger talents and stellar production promised
A new location, 20 beautifully talented girls and one large stage…what better way can you think of to spend your Saturday night? The newly opened Spartan Health Club Wellness Centre will be the new home of the talent leg of the fast track competition this year. Organizers have promised that this year's staging will be the best yet giving patron's value for their money. The 2011 Miss Jamaica World finalists will vie for the Spartan Health Club MJW Talent title, as well as an automatic placement into the Top 10 at the September 10 coronation show come Saturday August 27, 2011 at Spartan Health Club starting at 8pm. Each year's staging, there are a number of talented finalists who prepare themselves to wow the judges and the patrons at the fast track event to cement them in the top 10 making them that much closer to the Miss Jamaica World crown. This year is no different as the top 20 finalists boasts a number of talented girls ranging from dancing, acting to the playing of several different instruments. This year is looking to be one of the most talented to date. As usual, there was be a closed pre-selection process at the Spartan Health Club on Tuesday August 22, 2011 where the best eight performances were chosen and only those performances will be showcased to the public come Saturday the 27th.
The panel of judges who will have the hard task of choosing the winner of this year's talent competition will be comprised of: Tommy James (chief judge), Michael Harris, Michael Holgate, Orlando Barnett, Cindy Breakespeare, Nadine Sutherland, Weston Haughton, Richard Johnson and Clive Thompson. Showmanship is a must when performing for any audience so that will be a part of the judging criteria as well as costumes, props, use of stage etc. However, before choosing a winner, these 7 judges had the uphill task of narrowing the Top 20 to a mere top 8 for performance night on the 27th. Traditionally, a top 6 would be chosen but the calibre of performances that were showcased in the eliminations were so gripping and oozing with panache that the judges were forced to increase it to a top 8. According to the organizers at the Spartan Health Club, the title sponsors, "the talent showcase is one element of the Miss Jamaica World show where the ladies showcase not only beauty but also their talents behind that beauty…what sets them apart from the other girls. We thought that since patrons will be paying their money to see these girls then we should give them a first rate production and that is exactly what they will get come this Saturday at Spartan."
Come prepared to be blown away with talent pieces being performed by Rene Harris Miss Tru Juice, Chavoy Gordon Miss Appleton Jamaica Rum, Kayla Mendes Miss Osmosis, Danielle Crosskill Miss Ocean Spray, Gabrielle Blackwood Miss Kirov Vodka, Chantel Davis Miss Neutrogena, Lisa Williams Miss Dunns Electrical and Paula-Kay Beswick Miss Dark and Lovely. With the line-up ranging from singing, to dancing to acting what more could a patron ask for? To quench the entertainment thirst of all those pageant enthusiasts, there will also be performances by songstress Alaine and veteran reggae artiste John Holt. All 20 ladies will be on the catwalk in swimsuits provided by the Mushroom as well as parading in fashions by Zing Designs. Cover charge is $1500 presold and $2,000 at the gate.
The seven finalists who will be participating in the MJW Talent fast track competition. Absent is Paula-Kay Beswick.
MJW hopefuls feted to weekend of FUN!
August 25, 2011 By Interlinc Communications
Alaine promises 'Love, love,love-filled MJW Talent Show


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