text:
Sheldon Greene
282 pp. Paperback Original
6" x 9" ISBN 0-9679520-1-8
Trade edition - $14.95
(Click here to order from Amazon)
Burnt Umber is a novel on the grand scale about the passionate lives of artists. It unfolds through the intertwining stories of the German painter Franz Marc, the American sculptor Harry Baer, and the strong-willed women they loved.
Much has been written about modern art pioneer Vasily Kandinsky, but his close friend Franz Marc remains a mystery. Through Marc's tortured and vividly imagined life, that of his wife Antonia, abandoned on her wedding night, and his lover Marguerite, a lesbian and early feminist, Burnt Umber offers an intimate portrayal of the European artistic and intellectual renaissance leading up to World War One.
Masterfully woven with Marc's story is that of Harry Baer (based on the art and milestones in the life of Harold Paris), an American GI who finds Marc's sketchbook in an abandoned farmhouse during World War Two and is haunted by it. In Paris, after the war, Harry marries Aurora, an intellectual assaulting the elite French academy. She launches his artistic career in the prestigious left bank galleries. Moving to Berkeley to teach, Harry forges a new career and confronts a new breed of women: Karine, the African-American activist who loves him but won't live in his shadow, and Darah, the daughter of a Congressman, who embodies the confidence of the feminist generation and challenges Harry to give as much of himself to those who love him as to the art he creates.
Burnt Umber is a novel about two unforgettable artists who struggle to express their personal vision of the defining moments of the 20th Century: the trenches of World War One, the liberation of the concentration camps, the turbulence of post-World War Two Paris, the Civil Rights Movement, and Viet Nam-era Berkeley.
"In Proustian fashion...Greene's second novel is a beautifully written account of the lives of artists caught up in turbulent times."
—Booklist (April 15, 2001)
"With characters worth exploring...Greene creates an engaging vision of the life of art."
— Kirkus Reviews (March 15, 2001)
Sheldon Greene "is a born story teller," raved the Los Angeles Times. He is the author of one previous novel, Lost and Found (Random House, 1980). He lives in Berkeley, CA, with his family where he practices law.


Explore the Chiang Mai area on a private 9-hour tour that takes you to a local market, Karen Long Neck Village, Bau Thong Waterfalls, and a ziplining course. You'll have the chance to enjoy beautiful Thai scenery, learn about a local culture, and experience an adrenaline rush. Hotel pickup and drop-off and lunch are included.


text:
Q: How to draw in the nonclient area? I'd like to be able to do some drawing to the right of the menu bar, in the nonclient area of a window.
Is this possible, using C++ / MFC?

A: In order to draw in the non-client area, you need to get the "window" DC (rather than "client" DC), and draw in the "window" DC.

A: You should try handling WM_NCPAINT. This is similar to a normal WM_PAINT message, but deals with the entire window, rather than just the client area. The MSDN documents on WM_NCPAINT provide the following sample code:
case WM_NCPAINT:
{
 HDC hdc;
 hdc = GetDCEx(hwnd, (HRGN)wParam, DCX_WINDOW|DCX_INTERSECTRGN);
 // Paint into this DC
 ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);
}

This code is intended to be used in the message loop of your applicaton, which is canonically organized using a large 'switch' statement.
As noted in the MFC example from Shog, make sure to call the default version, which in this example would mean a call to DefWindowProc.

A: If you just want something in the menu bar, maybe it is easier/cleaner to add it as a right-aligned menu item. This way it'll also work with different Windows themes, etc.

A: Charlie hit on the answer with WM_NCPAINT. If you're using MFC, the code would look something like this:
// in the message map
ON_WM_NCPAINT()

// ...

void CMainFrame::OnNcPaint()
{
   // still want the menu to be drawn, so trigger default handler first
   Default();

   // get menu bar bounds
   MENUBARINFO menuInfo = {sizeof(MENUBARINFO)};
   if ( GetMenuBarInfo(OBJID_MENU, 0, &menuInfo) )
   {
      CRect windowBounds;
      GetWindowRect(&windowBounds);
      CRect menuBounds(menuInfo.rcBar);
      menuBounds.OffsetRect(-windowBounds.TopLeft());

      // horrible, horrible icon-drawing code. Don't use this. Seriously.
      CWindowDC dc(this);
      HICON appIcon = (HICON)::LoadImage(AfxGetResourceHandle(), MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDR_MAINFRAME), IMAGE_ICON, 16, 16, LR_DEFAULTCOLOR);
      ::DrawIconEx(dc, menuBounds.right-18, menuBounds.top+2, appIcon, 0,0, 0, NULL, DI_NORMAL);
      ::DestroyIcon(appIcon);
   }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


9 out of 10 based on 142 ratings. 3,732 user reviews.
wwwalslib››Automobile›Early design 2000 S702000 Volvo S & V70 * Fuses in the Relay/Main fuse box should only be changed by an authorized Volvo service technician. pg. 105 Fuses Relay/Main fuse box Fuses in the main fuse box protect the entire electrical system.
2000 VOLVO V40 SERVICE AND REPAIR MANUAL. Fixing problems in your vehicle is a do-it-approach with the Auto Repair Manuals as they contain comprehensive instructions and procedures on how to fix the problems in your ride.
This manual is specific to a 2000 Volvo S70. RepairSurge is compatible with any internet-enabled computer, laptop, smartphone or tablet device. RepairSurge is compatible with any internet-enabled computer, laptop, smartphone or tablet device.


At approximately 7:15 p.m. on Dec. 1, 2014, the defendant drove a Ford F-150 pickup truck and left a 24 Hour Fitness parking lot in the Westminster Center.
Montoya failed to stop for two Westminster Police Department (WPD) officers, who were attempting to conduct a routine traffic stop on the defendant's vehicle.
The defendant drove recklessly and led WPD officers on a high-speed pursuit on the northbound Interstate 405.
During the pursuit, Montoya slammed on his brakes and caused a pursuing WPD vehicle to collide with the back of the defendant's truck. The defendant then hit the side of another WPD officer's vehicle before fleeing the scene.
At approximately 11:30 p.m., Montoya drove from an apartment complex in Westminster with his friend, 43-year-old Alberto Marquez, in the passenger seat.
The defendant drove his pickup truck near the Westminster Center before being spotted by WPD officers. He failed to stop for WPD officers as they attempted to perform a traffic stop, which led to a second pursuit.
Montoya drove recklessly going northbound on Interstate 405 at speeds of approximately 90 miles per hour with his headlights off while being pursued by WPD.
The defendant lost control of the vehicle and crashed into trees and light poles off the side of road near the Interstate 710 interchange.
Montoya and Marquez were trapped in the vehicle, which caught fire as a result of the collision. Both Montoya and the victim were removed from the vehicle. Marquez was pronounced dead at the scene and Montoya was transported to Long Beach Memorial hospital and treated for minor injuries and was subsequently arrested by WPD.


text:
Rogue Community College
Tina Weyland
Open Oregon Resources
Open Oregon maintains a table of open and low-cost resources used by other instructors in Oregon.
OER Collections
Open Textbook Library
A collection of open textbooks that includes reviews
High-quality, peer-reviewed textbooks on introductory topics. Students can purchase print copies, and quizzes and tests are also available.
Open and low-cost resources from Open Washington
OER Search Tools
An easy-to-use tool that searches open content available online
Mason OER Metafinder
Searches OER repositories and also public domain sites including HathiTrust, the Digital Public Library of America, the Internet Archive, and the New York Public LIbrary's Digital Collections. Search your subject and then use filters for a more manageable set of results.
Temporarily Available Resources
Some publishers, scholarly societies, and university presses have made their content available for free during the pandemic.
JSTOR has a free online reading program until the end of 2020. Read up to 100 articles every month.
Project Muse
Project Muse is an aggregator of books and journals in the humanities and social sciences.
Email a librarian and tell us what you're looking for. We can simplify your search.
Last Updated: Nov 3, 2020 10:29 AM
URL: https://libguides.roguecc.edu/oer
Subjects: Library Services, Topic Guide
Tags: OER, textbooks

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
By Joseph, April 2, 2018
ASTRONAUTS $1,000 Rocket League 3v3 (12/18) 7:00PM EST - [PC/PS4]
ASTRO Spartans $200 Halo 5 FFA (12/8) 7:00PM EST
ASTRO Spartans $200 Halo 5 2v2 (12/4) 7:00PM EST
ASTRO Spartans $200 Halo 5 2v2 (10/16) 7:00PM EST
By Joseph, October 6, 2017
By Joseph, August 31, 2017
ASTRONAUTS $200 Rocket League 2v2 (8/29) 7:00PM EST (XBOX/PC)
ASTRONAUTS $1,000 Rocket League 3v3 (8/15) 7:00PM EST (PC/PS4)
ASTRONAUTS $200 Rocket League 2v2 (7/31) 7:00PM EST - [PC/XB1]


Any company you look into will have some sort of rapport with their community. Now whether that rapport is good or bad is a very important factor you should be taking into consideration. If you are new to town or don't know anyone who's had electrical work done in the area, don't be afraid to bring your search online. Reputable review sites are a good place to explore. Consider aspects like the relevance, recency, and responsiveness of the reviews and the company.
Rewiring your home is going to be a much different project than installing a generator for your office building. Ensure than the contractor you are vetting have real life experience doing what you need done. Involved electrical work isn't something they should be cutting their teeth on. Take the time to review your own project and compare that against their experience. Don't be afraid to ask detailed questions about their portfolio. If a contractor is reputable, they will have no problem explaining these previous projects.
What kind of quote will they offer you?
Once you've started narrowing down your search, start collecting those quotes. You'll want a company that is flexible enough to work with you, but not so flexible that you can't trust the numbers they initially cited. If the cost is dirt cheap, there's probably a reason. If the cost is incredibly high, it's okay to be skeptical that it's not worth the price tag. Generally speaking, you'll want to find your personal sweet spot. What makes sense for your home or business to spend? Does the electrical contractor offer a guarantee on their work? How do they handle routine maintenance? These are all questions you will need to ask.
At the end of the day, you'll want to find an electrical contractor that you can work with in the long run. Electricity means electrical maintenance. No project will ever truly be "one-and-done" so take the time to get to know your prospective electrician. Looking for a quote? Contact the experts at 4 Star Electric Ltd. today!


text:
'Spain's Costa Blanca as a golf destination' - ivan Morris
Ivan Morris
sport@limerickleader.ie
Ivan Morris - The voice of Limerick Golf
GUARANTEED sunshine, low cost accommodation, good value food and after golf drinks, all help to make Spain the most popular golf destination for Irish golfers overseas, which is just as well because the vast majority of Spanish golf courses are not to my taste.
If asked to nominate one word to describe Spanish golf I would say: Penal (because they are largely built on unsuitable land) The Costa Blanca south of Alicante and north of Cartagena is where I go most often and where I believe, rightly or wrongly, the courses are marginally better than those on the Costa del Sol in Andalusia.
There is one good aspect to playing in the golfing Costas. Even if you go there 'solo' you will have no problems finding fellow Irish golfers as playing companions.
Many of them are members of local golf societies. The majority of these societies are nomadic, travelling the length and breadth of the Costas in search of new experiences.
Often organised by pubs, outings can have a 'big day out atmosphere' with transport, a meal, drinking and entertainment involved. The actual cost of playing golf would not be the deciding factor regarding affordability.
A few are based at one course location and have daily or weekly tee times reserved at attractive green fee rates.
I joined a well-run and friendly group called 'The Celts' based at La Serena GC in Los Alcazares but the course was so laden with penalty areas (I prefer the old definition: hazards) that it was a crushing blow to my increasingly fragile golfing ego these days.
Fairways lined by palm trees, abundant sand hazards and waste areas, as well as water hazards that encroach into the line of play at no less than 16 of the 18-holes; sometimes more than once, meant spending an excruciating day fishing instead of an enjoyable one golfing.
Ball drowning water hazards at every turn are not my idea of a fun-filled, relaxing game of golf. 'The Celts' have reserved tee times every day of the week at the attractive rate of €34 for 18-holes (a discount of €21 on the normal green fee) Buggies may be hired for an additional €16.
At the high-end of the scale, visiting the 'Granddaddy of European Golf Resorts' at La Manga in a stunningly beautiful valley of natural, Spanish character close to the Mediterranean Sea, is a special treat.
La Manga Resort is ultra-luxurious but it is expensive if you go there just for a game of golf unless you are a guest in the 5-star hotel or one of the many apartments on site. The standard green fee for 18-holes is €190. If you are a 'resident-guest' the cost is €85.
Seldom is course knowledge as valuable as at the Las Ramblas course in the Campoamor Demesne.
Built in a disused, rock quarry by the legendary, Pepe Gancedo, who also designed Torrequebrada in Malaga and the Santa Ponsa course in Majorca, where Limerick Golf Club won the European Club Champions Cup in 1980, the routing features an overabundance of blind tee shots over cavernous barancas from which there is no recovery and the sharpest doglegs I have ever seen.
Put your tee shot into play and you be able to reach greens that are surprisingly fast and smooth for a course that has 260-pairs of feet trampling over them every day. The standard green fee is €60. Two players in one buggy costs €124.
Villamartin, established in 1972, is a 'timeless and classic' Spanish design on a rolling, undulating site. Happily, there isn't any excessive climbing due to the fairways running along terraces.
Villamartin hosted the 1994 Spanish Open won by Olazabal. Tee times are hard to come by unless you are a guest of a member. Two players and a buggy: €142.
Las Colinas, on the road to San Miguel de Salinas, opened in 2009 to much acclaim.
The former orange and farm enjoys huge popularity because of its panoramic vistas from Day One and conditioning that is as good as you will find anywhere in Spain.
With a breathtaking and memorable entrance drive, clubhouse and practice facility, Las Colinas is my personal favourite in the Costa Blanca (so far) The European Tour holds its second stage of Tour School at Las Colinas annually and it is a spledid test for Tour wannabees.
It is not an easy course to walk; expect lots of climbing up to high tees, playing down into valleys and then rising up again. Hiring a cart is advisable. The green fee is €99 with a twilight offer of €54. Buggies: €40/32.
The Real Golf de Campoamor opened in 1988. The holes go around two large hills with not a flat lie in sight.
Unfortunately too many of the holes are cambered incorrectly and this means the ball keeps running away from the target, which can become tedious and frustrating. It's a shame because the course is as verdant as you will find in this part of the world. Green fee: €56. Buggy: €30. Twilight: €40.
Vistabella opened in 2009 as 11-holes. It was only last year the extension to 18-holes was completed but don't let that put you off!
The course designer, Ryder Cup star Manuel Pinero, has created as severe a test of putting as you will ever encounter. Two players and a buggy costs €122.
There is so much more to write about Costa Blanca golf but I'm out of space and it will have to wait!


The only vacant allotment in this highly desirable area, one block from Healesville's Main Street, it comes with many benefits, convenience to transport, schools and shopping precinct. The opportunity to build a new home to reside in, maybe two for investment or for dependant living (STCA) in this wonderful location.
You simply can't go wrong with purchasing a property in this location and with such a rare opportunity, there is no time like the present!


We strive to provide a sustainable, ecological, and economical approach to the distribution of medicinal botanicals in the marketplace.
Stay up to date on the latest news and happenings in the botanicals industry.
From Ginseng to Dogwood, Sassafrass to St. Johns Wort, we have a wide variety of bulk agricultural ingredients.


Note: This is one of the easiest and tastiest versions of the dosa. It's as close to an instant dosa as you'll ever find.
Step 1Mix together the flour, cream of wheat, rice flour, cumin, onion, chile, optional ginger, 1 cup of water and the salt, adding more water by the 1/4 cup as needed to form a very thin batter.
Step 2Lightly spray a nonstick griddle or frying pan with cooking spray and heat it over medium-high heat. Spread 1/4 cup of batter at a time thinly on the griddle, working from the center outward, in a circular motion as described for Sada Dosa. Spoon some oil around the edges and cover. When the dosa is cooked through and crisp, about 2 minutes, flip it over and fry the other side, 1 minute, adding more oil as necessary. Serve hot with Coconut Chutney.
83 calories; 296 mg sodium; 0 cholesterol; 3 grams fat; 0 grams saturated fat; 12 grams carbohydrates; 2 grams protein; 0.66 gram fiber.


text:
Q: How to install a pae version of linux 3.0? Was wondering how I would go about installing Linux Kernel 3.0 with pae enabled in Natty?  Is there a PPA available with this included or do I have to compile from scratch?

A: Go here and download it. Look at the bottom Download linux-image-3.0-1-generic-pae

A: If you want to try directly installing the Oneiric kernel version, you can pull the .deb files you need from:
https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux
Otherwise, you can try automated daily builds of the current upstream kernels here:
http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/daily/current/
Though the -pae i386 kernel is not available here yet.


text:
From The PM, To The People
Announcement of Mission Shakti highlighted PM's capacity for mass messaging
Written by Pamela Philipose | Updated: March 30, 2019 1:30:47 am
Prime Minister Narendra Modi (Express photo by Gajendra Yadav)
The manner in which an announcement from Prime Minister Narendra Modi on March 27, urging the nation to stand by for an important announcement between 11.45 and 12 noon, reached a wide swathe of the population was remarkable. The almost instant awareness of it across the country, regardless of class or location, gestures to three significant realities.
First, it demonstrated that the sharpness of the memory of that 10.15 pm unscheduled TV broadcast of November 9, 2016, when the PM announced demonetisation, has not been blunted. Second, it showed that ever since the Balakot strikes, anxiety over the escalation of hostilities between India and Pakistan in an election season, has permeated popular consciousness — not perhaps in the triumphalist, muscular register of the BJP, but more in terms of the real negative repercussions war would have on their lives. But there is a third reality — the high level of mediatisation of Indian society. Most important to note in this context is that the PM has been able to consolidate for himself immense media capital and the power it affords, so that he can now effortlessly put out messages in a one-to-many, efficient, intimate and uni-directional way.
Such a capacity for mass messaging allows him to embody and express the aspirations of those who support him, not just voters, but some of the biggest corporates. Institutional oversight over such messaging is almost impossible to achieve, given such a powerful presence and the dilemma facing the Election Commission, on deciding whether Modi had breached the model code, despite going public with the fact that permission was not sought, would indicate this.
Let us then consider some of the media ammunition that lies in the Modi war chest. For one, he has succeeded in suborning the independence of mainstream media through a combination of corporate influence, direct benefit transfers, and the mailed fist. For another, he is recognised today as the world's most social media savvy politician. Even Donald Trump has been left behind, to gauge by his Instagram profile. Image-driven Instagram, let us remember, is the latest, shiniest thing on the social media block. A recent assessment indicates that while Trump has 10 million followers on this platform, Modi has 14.8 million. The numbers of Modi's other social media workhorses are similarly mind-boggling with Facebook followers, at over 43 million, being 20 million more than Trump's.
This is the base on which Modi has built another tier of social media interactivity: Through highly personalised apps. The NaMo app was introduced during the last general election as a platform for "volunteers" to receive messages directly from him. This was rejigged for wider application a year after he came to power and is now even offered as a pre-installed add-on with the Reliance Jio phone. The multiplier effect of this is marked. Content from this app makes its way into all manner of Facebook and WhatsApp accounts, gets tweeted and Instagrammed widely. Yet no fact-checking goes into it. As an assessment noted, the absence of content moderation makes it a fount of communal propaganda and fake news. Another app, this time appearing to be independent, goes by the name of MyGov. Its website claims it has "7,937.08 K" registered users, to date.
While it exists ostensibly to provide information on the Modi government's initiatives, its propagandist intent is written all over. There are innumerable other interventions. NaMo TV focused only on Modi's speeches, first used in Gujarat, is now a national channel in itself, available on YouTube. Plans are on to beam it directly into homes.
Given this machinery for self-communication at Modi's command, just what did that surgical strike on voters' attention in announcing Mission Shakti seek to achieve? It was clearly an attempt to retrieve the post-Balakot narrative of Modi as a strong, capable and decisive leader, one that tended to get lost in the welter of oppositional signaling. The whole thing was choreographed to perfection, even the delay of about an hour before the telecast helped build up anticipation and thicken the crowds. Mission Shakti was designed to reduce NYAY to a nay and tar all those who criticised the PM as anti-national. If, after Balakot, raising questions about the air strikes was anti-army, critiquing the timing of the announcement was "anti-scientists".
Post the announcement, TV channels built on the narrative — with fantastic backdrops of missiles spinning through space. When the PM began his Meerut election speech a day later, it was headlined: "The PM's first rally after Mission Shakti". The campaign for Election 2019 has only just begun. Indian voters must prepare themselves for the incredible, the implausible — and perhaps even the impossible.
The writer's new book is Media's Shifting Terrain
For all the latest Opinion News, download Indian Express App
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1- Is it an easy fit in a '75 TR6 and should I change the driving shaft?
2- Is there a way to cheack OD on bench prior to install it?
3- If I have to repair OD, is it difficult and expensive?
Not sure about question #1 as I have never done that, but it should be "relatively" easy.
Question #2 about all you can do if it is allready removed from the car is check the oil being drained out of it, look at the filters and the general condition.Does it turn? Why is it being offered for sale, as overdrives are usually a sought after option.
Question #3 I can answer this one.......YES!
1] it will fit but you need to make a rear mounting adapter.[ Moss in the UK can supply this]. You don't need to change the driveshaft.
Personally I don't think this is the way to go, a '75 car should have a J type which is usually easier to source.
Why the 'hesitation' on the toyota conversion. If you are looking for practicality this is it. To keep with what was available, go with a J-type od unit. If you want originality, stay with what was installed at the factory (listed on the original build sheet).
There has been much discussion over whether these cars should be maintained as 'original' or if they should be improved with modern technology where available. Personally, I have always thought this was a matter of individual choice. I have heard it said that when queried about this, some of the old time TR, MG and AH factory folks felt the cars should take advantage of modern technology just as the factories would have if the cars had remained in production.
How many guys are still running around with bias tires on their daily drivers?
My wife's '75 which she bought new is being rebuilt as close to original (except for the suspension) as I can make it - this is what she wants. She even wants the cardboard radiator ducting instead of the nice aluminum one I made.
If I ever get around to rebuilding the '74, it will get the Toyota 5-speed, some electrical upgrades, rear disc brakes, upgraded front brakes, full poly bushings, an uprated spring set, new seats (not sure yet), and a re-designed dash with chrome bezel white face guages. noe of this is necessary, but it is what I think I might like. Well, at least for today.
Jean - To test an overdrive, it can be mounted and driven with a powerful drill with a chuck that you attach to the input shaft. My neighbour helped me on the last two overdrives we did by testing it in his lathe. He made a blanking plate to keep the oil in the overdrive and I have the pressure gauge to check the oil pressure. For an "A" type overdrive it should be about 325 psi pressure.
Don( yellowdog), your remark is good as I bought a car with Remington F78x14 and a 100 Km drive was like going to California. These tires almost new are resting in my garage and the car with radial is a charm to drive. But for transmission swap, as this transformation is more expensive than a good OD trans., I am not found of the idea of loosing car originality to that point.
Dan ( MTL) good way of testing thw OD, you gave me.
Than you to you all, I have matter to think.
There is a Buckeye Ohio Triumphs site that explains what is needed.
Let me know where you are and I can send you my gauge and fittings if you need them.


text:
Saarland University
Saarland University: the future of international conferences is hybrid
Hosting an International Hybrid Conference with Zoom Events
The future of international conferences is categorically the hybrid solution. It quite clearly gives us greater reach and allows for much more participation.
Prof. Astrid Fellner
Chair of North American Literature and Culture at Saarland University and Director of the UniGR-Center for Border Studies at Saarland University
Finding ways, building bridges, and thinking and working across borders: the team around Prof. Astrid Fellner, Chair of North American Literature and Culture at Saarland University and Director of the UniGR-Center for Border Studies at Saarland University, was able to do it all when charged with organizing the international conference "Border Renaissance: Recent Developments in Territorial, Cultural, and Linguistic Border Studies 2022". For a long time, it wasn't clear how the conference could happen, which is why Prof. Fellner's team ultimately opted for a hybrid solution.
It turned out to be a good decision, as the organizers, predominantly academics rather than dedicated event pros, were able to work shoulder-to-shoulder with the Zoom Team and ultimately put on a highly professional conference with a very international set of participants: 151 attendees from more than 30 countries took part in the event online, bringing the total number of conference participants, including all speakers and physical participants at Saarland University, to a rather impressive 250. 30 Speaker Slots were presented in a clear and visually appealing format, while the academics had plenty of opportunity to talk shop thanks to the Zoom Events Expo features.
The biggest challenge from the point of view of the organizers, who themselves regularly attend conferences, was hosting and presenting rooms in parallel without losing participants along the way – either for technical reasons or because they didn't feel well looked after and integrated. When the decision was taken to host the conference in hybrid format, with all the challenges that entails, Zoom had just spruced up its comprehensive portfolio of communication solutions to include new Zoom Events features and quickly became the organizers' preferred software solution.
Participants appreciated the outstanding flexibility and user-friendliness and in providing feedback stated that by using Zoom Events, the organizers had managed to create a really wonderful and attractive setting for the conference not just in terms of content but also in terms of organization. In order to ensure participants have a solid overview and to ensure exclusivity, the principle of Zoom Events is that participants receive a ticket and set up an account prior to any event hosted via Zoom Events so that they are clearly recognizable.
The Conference Look at Zoom Events
Pulling the strings to ensure a successful conference was Eva Nossem, Translator and Academic Coordinator at the UniGR-Center for Border Studies. As Lead Coordinator, and with a highly professional ambition, Eva took on overall responsibility and, from a technical perspective as well, was daring and motivated in her efforts to get the project up and running properly, working side by side with the Zoom Support Team: "It certainly felt like running a marathon," says Eva Nossem, "but I have to say that the three-week lead time and the dedicated support from the Zoom Team were enough for me to properly explore the tool and the features and to set up the tech for the conference and the expo and populate them with content."
Video Conference Setup of the Conference
With this setup, Eva Nossem was not only able to run 28 individual meetings and up to five sessions in parallel. She was also able to send out a decent follow-up email after the conference, with pictures and videos, via Zoom Events with minimal effort, tying up the event with a neat little bow. Now she wants to put on other conferences with Zoom Events too – after decades of attending conferences, the Coordinator says that this solution offers a new way of meeting. Astrid Fellner adds, "The future of international conferences is categorically the hybrid solution. It quite clearly gives us greater reach and allows for much more participation." There is one thing that both organizers agree on above all else: that the professionalism they were after was achieved through good planning and different features like Live Streaming. With the right level of effort during preparations, hybrid conferences feel like "real" conferences and are undoubtedly a more sustainable model for the future. Because we have all learned that being conscious of travel times and resources of all kinds is not only possible, but sensible.
Prof. Astrid Fellner: "The more internationally you work, the more you will appreciate Zoom. Especially because of how easy, quick and uncomplicated it is to access." Astrid Fellner
Contact Sales Request a Demo


text:
\section{Space and Time in Physics}

Space and time have been discussed in human history over thousands
of years, and their nature still remains mysterious to human beings.
There are many issues concerning the nature of space and time, such
as
\begin{itemize}
\item
Whether space and time are existences or concepts?
\item
Whether they are objective or subjective?
\item
Whether they are continuous or discrete?
\end{itemize}
There are many speculations on these questions from different
perspectives, such as from metaphysics, art, philosophy, or science.
The speculations are also different in different periods of human
history.

In physics, space and time are where all physical events take place.
However, there are different understandings concerning the
properties of space and time in different periods of physics.

In classical mechanics, space is 3-dimensional and time is
1-dimensional, and they have the following properties
\begin{itemize}
\item
Space and time are independent from each other;
\item
Space and time are objective and continuous;
\item
Time is universal and observer independent;
\item
Space are observer dependent.
\end{itemize}
The space and time provide the 3+1=4 dimensions of degrees of
freedom where the Newton's laws of motion and gravity act on objects
existing in space and time. The space between different inertial
frames of reference are connected by the Galileo transformation.

In 1905, Einstein established his theory of special relativity. The
special relativity offers a revolution to the concepts of space and
time in Newton's mechanics, and provides a theoretical derivation of
adopting the Lorentz transformation for the covariance of the
equations of electrodynamics, to replace the traditional Galileo
transformation in classical physics. Space and time are unified into
4-dimensional space-time. The space and time in special relativity
have the following properties
\begin{itemize}
\item
Space and time are dependent with each other;
\item
Both space and time are observer dependent;
\item
Space and time are continuous and flat.
\end{itemize}
There are two basic principles of special relativity:
\begin{itemize}
\item
 Principle of
Relativity: the equations describing the laws of physics have the
same form in all inertial frames of reference.
\item
Principle of constant light speed: the speed of light is the same in
all directions in vacuum in all reference frames, regardless whether
the source of the light is moving or not.
\end{itemize}
These two principles lead to the unification of space and time into
a 4-dimensional space-time satisfying the Lorentz symmetry.

To unify the relativity with Newton's law of gravity, Einstein
developed his theory of general relativity during 1907-1915. Then
the curvature of space-time is determined by energy and momentum
distribution. The space and time in general relativity have the
following properties
\begin{itemize}
\item
Space and time are dependent with each other;
\item
Both space and time are observer and also matter-distribution
dependent;
\item
Space and time are continuous and can be curved.
\end{itemize}
One of the essence of general relativity is the principle of
equivalence between gravity and inertial force, and this means that
every observer can find a local inertial frame which is free from
any gravitational effect. Thus the Lorentz symmetry always holds in
such kind of local inertial frames.

Einstein's theories of relativity have been proved to be valid at
very high precision and thus have achieved great triumphs. The
Lorentz invariance, i.e., that statement that physical laws keep
invariant under the Lorentz transformation, becomes a basic
theoretical foundation of physics. Then we need to face the
question:
\begin{itemize}
\item
{Is there any reason that we seek for Lorentz violation?}
\end{itemize}

The Lorentz symmetry is a symmetry related with space and time,
therefore the Lorentz violation should be related to the basic
understandings of space and time. From the viewpoint of physics, the
origin for the breaking down of conventional concepts of space and
time might be traced back to Planck. With three fundamental
constants in physics: the Newton gravitational constant $G$, the
light speed in vacuum $c$, and the Boltzmann constant $k_B$, Planck
introduced a new constant $\hbar$ In 1899, for the purpose to
construct a ``God-given'' unit system\cite{p99}. By setting the
above four constants as bases, one can construct the Planck unit
system with a number of basic quantities, such as the Planck length
$l_{\rm P} \equiv \sqrt{G\hbar/c^3} \simeq 1.6 \times 10^{-35}$~m,
the Planck time $t_{\rm P} \equiv \sqrt{G\hbar/c^5} \simeq 5.4
\times 10^{-44}$~s, the Planck energy $E_{\rm P} \equiv \sqrt{\hbar
c^5/G} \simeq 2.0 \times 10^{9}$~J, and the Planck temperature
$T_{\rm P} \equiv \sqrt{\hbar c^5/Gk_B^2} \simeq 1.4 \times
10^{32}$~K. Therefore one may suspect that conventional
understanding of space and time might be breaking down at the Planck
scale\cite{lv5}: i.e., at the Planck length $l_{\rm P}$, or the
Planck time $t_{\rm P}$, or the Planck energy $E_{\rm P}$, where new
features of existence may emerge. The breaking down of continue
space-time was also conjectured\cite{Snyder,Wheeler}. The
expectation for the existence of a minimal length as the Planck
length led also to the establishment of some theories, e.g., the
doubly special relativity
(DSR)\cite{Amelino-Camelia2002,Magueijo:2001cr}.

Just recently, Xu and I provided a physical argument for the
discreteness of space and time\cite{xu-l}. From two known entropy
constraints:
\begin{equation}
S_{\mathrm{matter}} \leq 2\pi E R, ~~~~  \mathrm{and}
~~S_{\mathrm{matter}} \leq \frac{A}{4},
\end{equation}
combined with the black-body entropy,
\begin{equation} S =
\frac{4}{45}{\pi}^2 {T}^3 V = \left(\frac{16}{135}\right){\pi}^3 R^3
T^3,
\end{equation}
we arrive at a minimum value of space
\begin{equation}
 R\geq \Big( \frac{128}{3645\pi}\Big)^{\frac{1}{2}} l_{\mathrm{P}} \simeq 0.1
 l_{\mathrm{P}}.
 \end{equation}
Thus we reveal from physical arguments that space-time is discrete
rather than continuous. From another point of view, the newly
proposed entropic gravity suggests gravity as an emergent force
rather than a fundamental one\cite{Verlinde,HeMa}. If gravity is
emergent, a new fundamental constant should be introduced to replace
the Newtonian constant $G$\cite{lv5}. It is natural to suggest a
fundamental length scale, and such constant can be explained as the
smallest length scale of quantum space-time. Its value can be
measured through searches of Lorentz violation\cite{lv5,xu-l}. The
existence of an ``{\ae}ther" (or a ``vacuum" at rest in a specific
frame) can also bring the breaking down of Lorentz
invariance\cite{Dirac,Bjorken}.

Therefore the research on the Lorentz violation may provide us the
chance for new understanding of the nature of basic concepts, such
as ``space", ``time", and ``vacuum", through physical ways, rather
than from the perspectives of metaphysics or philosophy. It is thus
necessary to push forward the studies on Lorentz violation from both
theoretical and experimental aspects.

\section{A Glimpse on Lorentz Violation Studies}

Nowadays, there has been an increasing interest in Lorentz
invariance Violation (LV or LIV) both theoretically and
experimentally. The possible Lorentz symmetry violation effects have
been sought for from various theories, motivated by the unknown
underlying theory of quantum gravity together with various
phenomenological
applications\cite{ShaoMa10,lv3,Shao2010,Shao2011,lv4,Bietenholz:2008ni}.
This can happen in many alternative theories, e.g., the doubly
special relativity
(DSR)\cite{Amelino-Camelia2002,Magueijo:2001cr,Zhang2011}, torsion
in general relativity\cite{LV-GR1,Ni:2009fg,LV-GR2}, and large
extra-dimensions\cite{Ammosov2000,Pas2005} {\it et al.}. As
examples, I list below some phenomenological consequences of the
Lorentz violation effects studied by my students and I in the last
few years:
\begin{itemize}
\item
The Lorentz violation could provide an explanation of neutrino
oscillation without neutrino mass~\cite{Xiao08,Yang09}. We carried
out Lorentz violation contribution to neutrino oscillation by the
effective field theory for Lorentz violation and give out the
equations of neutrino oscillation probabilities. In our model,
neutrino oscillations do not have drastic oscillation at low energy
and oscillations still exist at high energy. It is possible that
neutrinos may have small mass and both Lorentz violation and the
conventional oscillation mechanisms contribute to neutrino
oscillation.

\item
The modified dispersion relation of the proton could increase the
threshold energy of photo-induced meson production of the proton and
cause an increase of the GZK cutoff energy. The earlier reports on
super-GZK events triggered attention on Lorentz-Violation. The new
results of observation of GZK cut-off put strong constraints on
Lorentz violation parameters\cite{Xiao08}.
\item
The modified dispersion relation of the photon may cause time lag of
photons with different energies when they propagate in space from
far-away astro-objects. The Lorentz violation can modify the photon
dispersion relation, and consequently the speed of light becomes
energy-dependent\cite{lv3}. This results in a tiny time delay
between high energy photons and low energy ones. Very high energy
photon emissions from cosmological distance can amplify these tiny
LV effects into observable quantities. We analyzed photons from
$\gamma$-ray bursts from Fermi satellite observations and presented
a first robust analysis of these taking the intrinsic time lag
caused by sources into account, and gave an estimate to LV energy
scale $\sim 2 \times 10^{17}$~GeV for linear energy dependence, and
$\sim 5 \times 10^9$~GeV for quadratic dependence\cite{Shao2010}.
\item
We also studied recent data on Lorentz violation induced vacuum
birefringence from astrophysical consequences\cite{Shao2011}. Due to
the Lorentz violation, two helicities of a photon have different
phase velocities and group velocities, termed as ``vacuum
birefringence''. From recently observed $\gamma$-ray polarization
from Cygnus X-1, we obtained an upper limit $\sim 8.7\times10^{-12}$
for Lorentz-violating parameter $\chi$, which is the most firm
constraint from well-known systems.
\end{itemize}

\section{A Newly Proposed Theory of Lorentz Violation from Basic Principles}

Among many theoretical investigations of Lorentz violation, it is a
powerful framework to discuss various LV effects based on
traditional techniques of effective field theory in particle
physics. Here we focus our attention on a newly proposed theory of
Lorentz violation from basic principles: the Standard Model
Supplement (SMS)\cite{Ma10,SMS3}.

It is clear that human should not be narrowly focused just on
effective theories with some additional terms beyond the
conventional theory added by hand. It is a basic requirement that we
should find a fundamental theory to derive the Lorentz violation
terms from basic consideration. In the standard model supplement
(SMS) framework\cite{Ma10,SMS3}, the LV terms are brought about from
a basic principle denoted as the physical independence or physical
invariance (PI):
\begin{itemize}
\item
Principle of Physical Invariance: the equations describing the laws
of physics have the same form in {\bf all admissible mathematical
manifolds}.
\end{itemize}
The principle leads to the following replacement of the ordinary
partial $\partial_{\alpha}$ and the covariant derivative
$D_{\alpha}$
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:substitution}
\partial^{\alpha} \rightarrow M^{\alpha\beta}\partial_{\beta},\quad
D^{\alpha}\rightarrow M^{\alpha\beta}D_{\beta},
\end{equation}
where $M^{\alpha\beta}$ is a local matrix. The Lorentz violation
terms are thus uniquely determined from the standard model
Lagrangian without any ambiguity\cite{Ma10}, and their general
existence is derived from basic consideration rather than added by
hand. The explicit form of the matrices $M^{\alpha\beta}$ demands
more basic theories concerning the true nature of space and time,
and we suggest to adopt a physical way to explore these matrices
through experiments rather than from theory at first. For more
generality, we do not make any ad hoc assumption about these
matrices. Thus these matrices might be particle dependent
corresponding to the standard model particles under consideration,
with the elements of these matrices to be measured or constrained
from experimental observations.

We separate $M^{\alpha\beta}$ to two matrices like $M^{\alpha
\beta}=g^{\alpha \beta}+\Delta^{\alpha \beta}$, where
$g^{\alpha\beta}$ is the metric tensor of space-time and
$\Delta^{\alpha \beta}$ is a new matrix which is particle-type
dependent generally. Since $g^{\alpha\beta}$ is Lorentz invariant,
$\Delta^{\alpha \beta}$ contains all the Lorentz violating degrees
of freedom from $M^{\alpha \beta}$. Then $\Delta^{\alpha \beta}$
brings new terms violating Lorentz invariance in the standard model
and is called Lorentz violation matrix. The theory returns back to
the standard model when these Lorentz violation matrices vanish.

More explicitly, the effective Lagrangian
$\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{SM}}$ of the minimal standard model is
composed of four parts
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{SM}}&=& \mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{G}}+\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{F}}+\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{H}}+\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{HF}},\label{eqn:SM}\\
\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{G}} &=& -\frac{1}{4}F^{a\alpha\beta } F_{\alpha\beta}^{a}, \label{eqn:SMG}\\
\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{F}} &=&i\bar{\psi}\gamma^{\alpha}D_{\alpha}\psi, \label{eqn:SMF}\\
\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{H}}&=& (D^{\alpha}\phi)^{\dag}D_{\alpha}\phi +
V(\phi),\label{eqn:SMHG}
\end{eqnarray}
where
we omit the chiral differences, the summation of chirality and gauge
scripts.
 $\psi$ is the fermion field, $\phi$ is the Higgs
field, and $V(\phi)$ is the Higgs self-interaction.
$F_{\alpha\beta}^{a}=\partial_{\alpha}A_{\beta}^{a}-\partial_{\beta}A_{\alpha}^{a}
-gf^{abc}A_{\alpha}^{b}A_{\beta}^{c}$,
$D_{\alpha}=\partial_{\alpha}+igA_{\alpha}$ and
$A_{\alpha}=A_{\alpha}^{a}t^{a}$, with $A_{\alpha}^{a}$ being the
gauge field. $g$ is the coupling constant, and $f^{abc}$ and $t^{a}$
are the structure constants and generators of the corresponding
gauge group respectively. $\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{HF}}$ is the Yukawa
coupling between the fermions and the Higgs field, and is not
related to derivatives, thus it remains unchanged under the
replacement (\ref{eqn:substitution}).

Under (\ref{eqn:substitution}) and the decomposition
$M^{\alpha\beta}=g^{\alpha\beta}+\Delta^{\alpha\beta}$, the
Lagrangians in (\ref{eqn:SMG})-(\ref{eqn:SMHG}) become
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{G}} &=& -\frac{1}{4}
 (M^{\alpha\mu}\partial_{\mu}A^{a\beta}-M^{\beta\mu}\partial_{\mu}A^{a\alpha}
  -gf^{abc}A^{b\alpha}A^{c\beta})       \nonumber\\
  &\times&
 (M_{\alpha\mu}\partial^{\mu}A_{\beta}^{a}-M_{\beta\mu}\partial^{\mu}A_{\alpha}^{a}
  -gf^{abc}A_{\alpha}^{b}A_{\beta}^{c}) \nonumber\\
  &=&-\frac{1}{4}F^{a\alpha\beta }F_{\alpha\beta}^{a}+ \mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{GV}},\label{eqn:SMSG}\\
\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{F}}
&=&i\bar{\psi}\gamma_{\alpha}M^{\alpha\beta}D_{\beta}\psi
  =i\bar{\psi}\gamma^{\alpha}D_{\alpha}\psi+  \mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{FV}}, \label{eqn:SMSF} \\
\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{H}}&=&(M^{\alpha\mu}D_{\mu}\phi)^{\dag}M_{\alpha\nu}D^{\nu}\phi
  + V(\phi)                                                                \nonumber \\
  &=&(D^{\alpha}\phi)^{\dag}D_{\alpha}\phi + V(\phi)+ \mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{HV}},\label{eqn:SMSHG}
\end{eqnarray}
with $M^{\alpha\beta}$ being the real matrix to maintain the
Lagrangian hermitian. The last three terms
$\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{GV}}$, $\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{FV}}$ and
$\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{HV}}$ of the equations mentioned above are the
supplementary terms for the ordinary Standard Model. The explicit
forms of these terms are
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{GV}}&=&
-\frac{1}{2}\Delta^{\alpha\beta}\Delta^{\mu\nu}(g_{\alpha\mu}\partial_{\beta}
A^{a\rho}\partial_{\nu}A_{\rho}^{a}-\partial_{\beta}A_{\mu}^{a}
\partial_{\nu}A_{\alpha}^{a})    \nonumber \\
   & & -F_{\mu\nu}^{a}\Delta^{\mu\alpha}\partial_{\alpha}A^{a\nu},\label{eqn:GV}  \\
\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{FV}}&=&
 i\Delta^{\alpha\beta}\bar{\psi}\gamma_{\alpha}\partial_{\beta}\psi
  -g\Delta^{\alpha\beta}\bar{\psi}\gamma_{\alpha}A_{\beta}\psi, \label{eqn:FV} \\
\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{HV}}&=&
(g_{\alpha\mu}\Delta^{\alpha\beta}\Delta^{\mu\nu}+\Delta^{\beta\nu}+\Delta^{\nu\beta})
  (D_{\beta}\phi)^{\dag}D_{\nu}\phi.  \label{eqn:HGV}
\end{eqnarray}
Thus we obtain a new effective Lagrangian for the Standard Model
with new supplementary terms, denoted by
$\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{SMS}}$
\begin{eqnarray}
&\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{SMS}}&= \mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{SM}} + \mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{LV}}, \label{eqn:SMS}\\
&\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{LV}}&=
\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{GV}}+\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{FV}}+\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{HV}},\label{eqn:LIV}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{SMS}}$ satisfies the Lorentz covariance
(SO$^{+}$(1,3)), the gauge symmetry invariance of
SU(3)$\times$SU(2)$\times$U(1) and invariance under the requirement
of the principle of physical invariance or independence (PI), under
which $\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{SM}}$ cannot remain unchanged in a
general situation.

We can have a better understanding of the LV terms in SMS here. The
elements of $M^{\alpha\beta}$ of a particle are mass dimensionless
(which is natural for the sign of testifying the Lorentz
invariance), and they are not global constants generally. All of the
LV terms are expressed in $\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{LV}}$, and the LV
information is measured by the concise matrix
$\Delta^{\alpha\beta}$, which is convenient for a systematic study
of the LV effects. To determine whether the Lorentz invariance holds
exactly, further work is needed to analyze the effective Lagrangian
(\ref{eqn:SMS}) of QED, QCD and EW (ElectroWeak) fields, and more
experiments are needed to determine the magnitude of the elements in
the matrices $M^{\alpha\beta}$ for different particles. There have
been some preliminary progress along this line with the theory of
SMS applied to discuss the Lorentz violation effects for
protons~\cite{Ma10}, photons~\cite{SMS3}, and
neutrinos~\cite{SMS-OPERA}. More works are still needed for
systematic studies.

Generally, $\Delta^{\alpha\beta}$ might be particle-type and
flavor-type dependent. If we use the vacuum expectation values of a
$\Delta^{\alpha\beta}$ for the coupling constants in the
corresponding effective Lagrangian, not all of the 16 degrees of
freedom of $M^{\alpha\beta}$ are physical. For the derivative field
$M(\partial_{x})\varphi(x)$ of an arbitrary given field,
$\varphi(x)$ can be rescaled to absorb one of the 16 degrees of
freedom so that only 15 are left. When more fields are involved,
there is only one degree of freedom that can be reduced from a
rescaling consideration for all fields. Thus for generality, we may
keep all 16 degrees of freedom in $M^{\alpha\beta}$ for a specific
particle in our study.

The matrix $M^{\alpha\beta}$ in the SMS theory just appears with the
derivative terms of Lagrangians, but not with the coordinate terms.
Therefore one should not confuse this matrix with the metric of the
general relativity. To define a covariant derivative in general
relativity, one needs to introduce the concept of connection to
reflect the effect due to the curvature of space and time from
gravity. Our introduction of the matrix $M^{\alpha\beta}$ can be
considered as an alternative choice along the similar philosophy,
but with a more general sense by including also possible effects
from other interactions other than solely gravity. Therefore our
matrix $M^{\alpha\beta}$ can contain the effect due to general
relativity or more beyond that, but we do not intend to derive it
from theory but to detect it from phenomenological manifestations.
This is from the consideration that the space-time structure of
nature might be more complicated than just the effect from gravity.

There still exists the question of how to understand and handle the
Lorentz violation matrix $\Delta^{\alpha\beta}$. We list here three
options for understandings and treatments\cite{Ma:2011jj}:

\begin{itemize}
\item
{\bf Scenario I}: which can be called as fixed scenario in which the
Lorentz violation matrices are taken as constant matrices in any
inertial frame of reference the observer is working. It means that
the Lorentz violation matrices can be taken as approximately the
same for any working reference frames such as the earth-rest frame,
the sun-rest frame, or the CMB frame. However, there will be the
problem of inconsistency for an ``absolute physical event" between
different reference frames\cite{Ma:2012zd}, if one sticks to this
scenario. Therefore this scenario can be adopted as a practical
approach when one is focused on the Lorentz violation effect within
a certain frame and does not care about relationships between
different frames.

\item
{\bf Scenario II}: which can be called as ``new {\ae}ther" scenario
in which the Lorentz violation matrices transform as tensors between
different inertial frames but keep as constant matrices within the
same frame. The Lorentz violation matrices play the roles for the
exitance of some kinds of background fields, or the ``new {\ae}ther"
(i.e., a ``vacuum" at rest in a specific frame), which changes from
one frame to another frame by Lorentz transformation. Thus it can be
considered as a standard viewpoint to treat the matrix
$M^{\alpha\beta}$ as a tensor satisfying Lorentz symmetry.

\item
{\bf Scenario III}: which can be called as covariant scenario in
which the Lorentz violation matrices transform as tensors adhered
with the corresponding standard model particles. It means that these
Lorentz violation matrices are emergent and covariant with their
standard model particles. Such a scenario still needs to be checked
for consistency and for applications in future.
\end{itemize}

Before accepting the SMS as a fundamental theory, one can take the
SMS as an effective framework for phenomenological applications by
confronting with various experiments to determine and/or constrain
the Lorentz violation matrioce $\Delta^{\alpha \beta}$ for various
particles. So our idea is to reveal the real structure of Lorentz
violation of nature from experiments rather than from theory. We
consider this phenomenological way as more appropriate for physical
investigations, rather than to derive everything from theory at
first. As a comparison, the specific form of the quark mixing matrix
is determined from experimental measurements rather than derived
from theory\cite{Ma:2011gh}. Even after so many years of research
and also the elements of the CKM mixing matrix have been measured to
very high precision, there is still no a commonly accepted theory to
derive the quark mixing matrix from basic principles.

We now provide some remarks concerning the Lorentz violation studies
in field theory frameworks. In the effective field theory
frameworks, the standard particles transform according to the
Lorentz symmetry between different momentum states. The background
fields should also transform according to the Lorentz symmetry
between different observer working frames from the requirement of
consistency. From this sense, there is actually no Lorentz violation
for the whole system of the standard model particles together with
the background fields. The Lorentz violation exists for the standard
model particles within an observer working frame, when these
particles have different momenta between each other. From this
sense, the Lorentz violation is due to the existence of the
background fields, which are treated as fixed parameters in the
observer working frame.

The newly proposed theory of SMS not only provides clear
relationship between some general LV parameters\cite{SMS-photon2},
but also can be conveniently applied for phenomenological
analysis\cite{Ma10graal}. We would need more experimental
investigations to check whether it can meet the criterion of being
able to provide a satisfactory description of the physical reality,
with simplicity and beauty in formalism, together with the
predictive power towards new knowledge for human beings. It is also
possible that the nature satisfies the Lorentz symmetry perfectly
and we would be unable to find a physical evidence to support the
theory. This would imply that the newly introduced Lorentz violation
matrix $\Delta^{\alpha\beta}$ would vanish for nature.

\section{Conclusion}

From the discussions above, we may have some new perspectives on the
nature of space-time:
\begin{itemize}
\item
Space and time are 3+1=4 dimensional or may have extra-dimensions;
\item
Both space and time are observer and object dependent;
\item
Space and time might be particle-type dependent and can be curved by
the existence of matter.
\item
Space and time might be discrete and such discreteness can be tested
through experiments on Lorentz violation.
\end{itemize}

\noindent Finally we present our conclusion:
\begin{itemize}
\item
Researches on Lorentz violation have been active for many years;
\item
There might be some marginal evidences for Lorentz violation yet,
but non of them can be considered as confirmed;
\item
The Lorentz violation study can bring conceptual revolution on the
understanding of space-time for human beings;
\item
Lorentz violation is being an active frontier both theoretically and
experimentally.
\end{itemize}

\section*{Acknowledgements}
I acknowledge Professor Pisin Chen for his warm invitation and
hospitality for attending the 1st LeCosPA Symposium. I am very
grateful for the discussions and collaborations with a number of my
students: Zhi Xiao, Shi-Min Yang, Lijing Shao, Lingli Zhou, Xinyu
Zhang, Yunqi Xu, and Nan Qin, who devoted their wisdoms and
enthusiasms bravely on the topic of Lorentz violation in past few
years. The work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation
of China (Nos.~10975003, 11021092, 11035003 and 11120101004).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Home Construction Danone NA moving headquarters to downtown White Plains
Danone NA moving headquarters to downtown White Plains
Ryan Deffenbaugh
Danone North America ,the parent company for brands such as Dannon yogurt and Evian water, will move its headquarters from Greenburgh to downtown White Plains next year.
The French international food-products company announced the move of its U.S. headquarters following the approval of a zoning amendment by the White Plains Common Council on Monday night that allowed the company to open a food laboratory at The Source building at 100 Bloomingdale Road.
The move represents a significant catch for the White Plains Central Business District. Danone is planning to bring 400 employees to the new site, with a projected 150 additional jobs within the next five years.
Danone said in a press release that the decision to move to downtown White Plains recognizes that "today's talent prefer to be in an open and flexible working environment that inspires creativity and inclusiveness."
"We want as much open space as possible to maintain the sense of community we currently have, to encourage informal and ad hoc communication, and to ensure as much freedom and autonomy as possible in an energetic and exciting workplace," said Dessislava Miteva, the company's chief people officer and VP of human resources. "Additionally, being within walking distance to restaurants, shopping and mass transit are important for our company."
Once it moves in 2018, the company will occupy 80,000 square feet on the first and fourth floors of the 240,000-square-foot building on the corner of Maple Avenue and Bloomingdale Road. Danone's food laboratory will be at street-level and allow people to view the production of small yogurt samples. Danone also plans to develop another 23,000 square feet of space on the fourth floor.
The building is already home to Whole Foods, Dick's Sporting Goods, The Cheesecake Factory and Raymour and Flanigan, among other office and retail tenants. The Hudson Gateway Association of Realtors moved its offices to a 16,000-square-foot space on the fourth floor in 2016.
As part of the move, Danone will receive $1.273 million in sales tax exemptions from the Westchester County Industrial Development Agency. The company will spend about $30 million on renovations for the space, representatives told the IDA board in October.
The company will also receive state funds from Empire State Development through its Excelsior Jobs Program and Capital Grant program.
Danone told the Westchester IDA in October that it had also been exploring space in Fairfield County before choosing downtown White Plains.
The move will likely leave behind a gap in Greenburgh, where Danone has rented space at 100 Hillside Ave. since 2003. The property is owned by Alfred Weissman Real Estate LLC, a Rye-based real estate owner and developer. A representative from Alfred Weissman declined to comment Wednesday.
When Danone's likely move was first reported in October, Greenburgh Supervisor Paul Feiner wrote a letter encouraging the company to stay.
"If they do leave, we will work with Mr. Weissman to try to find a suitable use for the property," Feiner told the Business Journal in October. "But Dannon has been a fantastic neighbor and it has been a great location and good relationship, so obviously we were disappointed."
The Source at White Plains is owned by Bloomingdale Road Investors LLC, a unit of the Swiss global financial firm UBS. The group bought the building in 2005 for $153 million. The building was originally constructed as a collaboration between Fortunoff, a home and jewelry retailer, and New York City developer R-Squared LLC. Fortunoff went bankrupt in 2009 and shortly after closed its White Plains location.
The terms of the lease for Danone have not yet been finalized, according to a Danone North America spokesperson.
Before approving the application from Danone, White Plains Mayor Thomas Roach said he was pleased to welcome a new "community partner."
"It's a corporation which has an outstanding reputation, an outstanding history and is locked squarely in the healthy food and wellness movement," Roach said. "So we are very excited and proud to have Danone join our group of community partners we already have in the city and look forward to working with them in the future."
Previous articleEconomic optimism for region and nation, Fed Reserve exec tells Stamford crowd
Next article'Frozen' sales not a factor in Party City IPO, judge rules
Ryan Deffenbaugh covers energy, education, commercial real estate and the Sound Shore for the Westchester County Business Journal.


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The key goal of ELF is to create validated hit series. Another successful ELF programme aimed at identifying small molecules for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease has culminated in the most potent compound yet identified by the ELF team at Newhouse, Scotland with the most active compound reaching 100pM. These compounds also have excellent physicochemical properties.
The complete package of data generated for this programme includes a series of compounds which establish the progressive nature of the structure-activity relationships, detailed biochemical studies to demonstrate the mechanism of action supported by biophysical data from two independent methods, cellular activity, physicochemical and DMPK profiling of the best compounds. Thus, excellent starting points for a novel treatment for this terrible disease have been identified.


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Ian Roberts
Continue reading About
For a decade, Flashhouse Principal Ian Roberts has been exploring his love for modern living in his hometown of Victoria, BC, where he's known for distinctive residences that harmonize with their surroundings. A product of the graduate program in architecture at Arizona State University, he honed his craft in the US and here at home. His projects are informed by place and light, something his background as a professional photographer complements. Each design uses light as a material to emphasize clean lines, natural materials, and an intimate relationship with the natural environment. A LEED-Accredited Professional, Ian oversees Flashhouse's design/ builds and, with each project, secures the firm's reputation for exquisite concepts and technical excellence in construction.
Walking a vision forward from concept to reality is powerful. There's a synergy in the process that's impossible to define.
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Welcome to our office. Our top priority is to provide you with the highest quality orthodontic treatment and outstanding service in a fun and caring atmosphere. We strive to offer you reasonable fees and great value. We use the latest technological advances in orthodontics, such as Damon® system self-ligating braces and digital technology, to ensure the most comfortable and effective treatment possible. We also offer aesthetic Damon® Clear™ braces and Invisalign® for adults who desire nearly invisible treatment. We strive to customize treatment for every patient to achieve a great smile.
Orthodontic treatment has undergone an amazing transformation in technology and philosophy of treatment over the past few years. The result is more comfortable treatment in which extractions and headgear are usually not needed and treatment times are faster, with fewer visits.
We pride ourselves on providing courteous and customized service for every patient. Whether you are an adult, adolescent, or child, we are committed to helping you achieve the beautiful, healthy smile you deserve.


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Live College Football Odds, Lines, Point Spreads, Ncaaf Sports Betting Odds, & Gambling Lines
Colorado State Vs Wyoming Betting Pick
Jack Jones: Sports Handicapper & Odds Expert
How Many Division 1 Football Teams Are There?
Look for enhanced odds– Sometimes, bookmakers come up with promos that involve NCAA football odds. How it Delta Variant works is that they enhance odds on certain outcomes. This usually happens during the Bowls season, when the eyes of football fans are looking at the NCAA.
This is a popular option for college football handicappers. Oddsmakers set a spread that the side you choose must cover. You can take the favorite minus the points or the underdog plus the spread, which in college football can range from the low single digits to massive double-digit spreads. The Haynes King era began at Texas A&M in Week 1 as the Aggies rolled to a win over Kent State. King's first career start came with some promising moments as well as a few head-scratching ones. The freshman opened a perfect 6-of-6 with a touchdown to cap his opening series before finishing the half 6-of-14 with two interceptions.
Those who bet the Irish to win were rewarded with a nice payday, as they took home winnings on whatever they bet. Since they won outright, they clearly covered the +7 points. If a team that is plus the points wins, you automatically win that bet because they obviously didn't lose by more than the number. Meanwhile, Clemson backers were sent home packing nothing after their bet failed to cover the -7 point spread.
On the other side of the ball, Pitt has the second-ranked total offense in the country and the fourth-ranked scoring offense, averaging 43.5 points per game. Virginia has one of the worst defenses in the country, so you can expect a Kenny Pickett and the Pitt offense to put up big numbers. This is a clear get-up spot for the Roadrunners after last week's flat effort. Minnesota has suffered tough losses the last two weeks but the Gophers are still 4-2 ATS in their last six games and 6-1 ATS in their last seven games on the road. Additionally, Indiana is 1-7 ATS in their last eight games and 1-4 ATS in their last five games at home.
Depending on which side you select, your team must «cover the spread» in order for your wager to be graded a winner. Finally, bettors should factor strategic differences into their overall betting approach. The odds compilers believe it has the best chance of winning the game. The key to wagering successfully in college football spread betting is to decide early how many points you're willing to lay with Favorites and to get in at the lowest possible spot.
All these NCAA football betting sites are licensed and based offshore meaning easy access for you. The regular season typically gets underway at the end of August. In total, there are 14 to 15 weeks of games, along with another week for conference championship games. New users will have a lot of incentive offers to comb through, but the promotional opportunities don't end there.
About College Football Consensus Picks
All 50 states are accepted at here which is different from other books which exclude certain states. Bettors need only to meet the minimum gambling age at the site , and in their state. This U.S. friendly sportsbook has a great reputation, and we think that when you visit it to check out the college football section, you will see why we think so highly of it.
But with Alabama's questionable secondary, the backdoor will be wide open during the fourth quarter in a game like this. Slight lean toward Arkansas to cover this inflated number on Saturday. Last week Notre Dame held Virginia to just three points after holding Navy to six points the week before. Notre Dame's defense is good and will be prepared for Georgia Tech's running back Jahmyr Gibbs who ran for over 100 yards on the Irish in their past meeting. Gibbs is a big piece of Tech's offense and if he is unable to get going, Georgia Tech's offense will struggle all day. Notre Dame needs statement wins if it wants to impress the College Football Playoff Committee.


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require 'rails_helper'

describe 'AdditionalPayments' do
  fixtures :additional_payments

  context '#unpaid?' do
    it 'Unpaid payment is unpaid' do
      payment = additional_payments(:unpaid_additional)
      expect(payment.unpaid?).to be true
    end

    it 'Paid payment is not unpaod' do
      payment = additional_payments(:paid_payment)
      expect(payment.unpaid?).to be false
    end
  end

  context '#donation_amount'
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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FIT women lose second straight, fall out of title chase
The Florida Tech women's basketball team fell to first-place Nova Southeastern 78-73 Saturday.
FIT women lose second straight, fall out of title chase The Florida Tech women's basketball team fell to first-place Nova Southeastern 78-73 Saturday. Check out this story on floridatoday.com: http://on.flatoday.com/1EDDlMP
The Florida Tech women's basketball team lost its second straight on Saturday.(Photo: FLORIDA TODAY file)Buy Photo
Senior day was a rough one for the Florida Tech women's basketball team.
A win would have kept the Panthers in the hunt for the Sunshine State Conference regular season title, but Nova Southeastern moved a step closer to the title with a 78-73 victory at the Clemente Center.
For Florida Tech, it was the second straight loss as the team moved to 9-5 in the conference and 19-5 overall. It looked like the Panthers may pull out the win, tying it up with 4:08 remaining, but Nova Southeastern would outscore the Panthers 10-5 down the stretch to claim its 20th win of the season.
Before the game the team honored its five seniors and Kayk Wilson scored a team-high 18 points in her final game at the Clemente Center. Rosie Hynes had 11 and Jasmire Brown added 10 in the loss.
Shequana Harris came off the bench to score 14 points, including eight in the second half.
The Panthers will travel to Rollins Wednesday night for second place in the conference. Rollins comes in having lost three straight and is just one game ahead of the Panthers. Tipoff is 5:30 p.m.


In the version numbering system we use, 1.00 means nothing special. It's just a serial number. It's no more earth shaking than 0.99 or 1.01. That said, I did try to do something special for this release, knowing that it would have this number.
There's a new Outline settings command in the File menu that replaces the Set titles command. If you recall, the old command launched a dialog that allows you to set the short and long titles of an outline, as well as its description. These values are available when the outline is rendering through macros.
The Outline settings command brings up a tabbed dialog. The first panel of that dialog is a replica of the dialog in Set titles, and does exactly the same thing. There's a second panel that lets you change the font, size and line height on a per-outline basis. I found that when I was editing code in menubar.opml, I wanted to use a different font from the one I use to edit blog posts.
Now each outline can have its own font, size and lineheight.
And there's lots of room to add new per-outline settings, should the need arise.


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Buy Low, Sell High: Draft stars destined to perform otherwise
Gary Gramling
There's a name for people who don't make trades during the year, but it's not fit to print on a family-friendly column. A healthy league is one with many trades, and all season long you can come here to get the kind of edge you need to get ahead ...
It's still too early in 2011 for the traditional stock report, so it's a good time to look at what players are being misvalued coming into the year. Last week, we took a look at the Underdrafted All-Stars. This week, it's the All-Overdrafted team. If you've got some of these guys, it's alright. Come back off the ledge. But if you heard of someone in your league gave the old "aw, I wanted that guy" on draft day, now's the time to swing a deal ...
Part of this is just the pessimistic Orioles fan in me, but it's time we as a fantasy baseball nation scale back our expectations on Wieters. Maybe he'll be a perennial All-Star one day, but he's done nothing in a season and a half in the majors to suggest that day is coming any time soon. He did more harm than good to fantasy teams a year ago, hitting just 11 homers with 37 runs and 55 RBIs, none of which offset his .249 average. Considering he had just 34 total extra-base hits a year ago, there's no real reason to expect a power surge in '11.
Howard going in the top 20 isn't absurd, and his fast start has to be making owners giddy. But I'm just not buying that he'll keep it up for one big reason: Why would anyone on the planet pitch to this guy? He's being protected by the likes of a 53-year-old Raul Ibanez against righties and perennial fourth outfielder Ben Francisco against lefties. Jayson Werth is gone, and who knows when Chase Utley will get back into the lineup. Not that Howard sees a lot of hittable pitches to begin with, but as the season wears on, opponents will be tempted to stick the hand out early and often against Howard.
His spot as a top 50 pick in many drafts seems to be the residual effect of his 30-30 season during the George W. administration. Right now, he's a 29-year old coming off a good, but certainly not spectacular, '10 campaign that included a .275 average, 18 homers and 16 steals. Outside of a career-high 33 doubles, there wasn't much to be excited about, especially with his line drive rate dropping to a career-low 15.3 percent. Phillips isn't going to hurt you, but seems like you'd have a pretty good chance of matching his production with Gordon Beckham, who was coming off the board an average of 100-plus picks later.
As good of a player he is, there's just so much wrong with Wright's situation. There's the cavernous sinkhole of a ballpark (a crime the way that place was built with so much young positional talent in that organization) and the fact that their lineup is bordering on atrocious if Carlos Beltran doesn't find his way soon. They have Willie Harris in the 2-hole right now. And they're protecting Wright with Beltran and Ike Davis. There was hope that the inexplicable spike in his strikeout rate two seasons ago was a fluke, but it actually went up from 26.2 percent to 27.4 percent last year (for comparison's sake, it was 18.8 percent in '08). Small sample size, but he's already struck out seven times in 31 plate appearances this year. He looks like a guy who either hits for average (as he did in '09) or for power (as he did in '10), but not both. And that's why he shouldn't be the No. 2 third baseman off the board.
Who else? Look, Jeter's a first-ballot Hall of Famer and certainly has earned his place in Yankee lore. But he'll be 37 in June and is coming off a career-worst year (.270, 10 homers, 18 steals). That's a borderline top 100 pick, and yet his Yahoo ADP was 48.9.
It's more of a personal taste, but after last season Upton became a show-me player. Between the shoulder problems, the high strikeout rate (30.7 percent last year) and the fact that he's hit 20-plus homers only twice in five professional seasons, I need to see him put together that huge season before I draft him like a superstar. Right now he has a 40.5 ADP in Yahoo, which fits his '11 upside but is too rich for his track record.
The 31 homers of a year ago were great, but he's a soon-to-be 29-year old who didn't top .200 in IsoP in '08 or '09. To me, the power was a fluke last year, and he doesn't run anymore (seven steals -- and six caught stealing -- a year ago). He's hurt now, so you can't deal him yet. But once he's set to return from his oblique injury (probably late April), move him as soon as you can.
There's no argument about the 25-year old's talent, but Price won 19 games with a 2.72 ERA and a lot of help from his friends last year. His FIP sat at 3.42. Going from Carl Crawford to Johnny Damon in left, and Carlos Pena to Dan Johnson at first, are a couple of serious defensive downgrades. And, as we've seen already in '11, the Rays are going to struggle to score runs. Maybe Price can catch a break and post an ERA around 3, but even 15 wins might be a stretch. That's dicey for a guy coming off the board in the first 60 picks.
Like Hart, his injury will prevent you from dealing him for now. And, like Price, his talent is rather absurd. While I'm not a big fan of first half/second half splits, it seems like a lot of owners forgot that this was a guy who went 4-7 with a 3.80 ERA and 1.30 WHIP after last year's All-Star break. He's 27 and has plenty of room to improve, but he also walked 92 batters last year and still has to make half his starts at Coors Field. He had a top 50 ADP in Yahoo leagues, but he really should have been going among the second-tier starters.
Last week, I touched on why there's no good reason to spend a high pick on a closer -- the separation in fantasy value between the elite and the good just isn't there. Bell is indeed elite, but he also carries significant risk that many owners seemed to ignore. The good news is that the Padres' wins will pretty much all be close games. The bad news is that, after dealing Adrian Gonzalez, there aren't going to be very many of them. But the real worry is that Bell will be a set-up man by August. The Padres keep insisting they won't trade him, but they once said the same thing about Gonzalez. They're in full-fledged rebuilding mode, and there's no reason for a rebuilding team to be heavily invested in a closer. Bell's Yahoo ADP (79.8) is a good 50 spots too high.
Do you have questions? Concerns? Unflinching boredom? Sounds like you should be following me on Twitter (@GGramling_SI).
Gary Gramling: Underdrafted fantasy baseball All-Stars
By Gary Gramling
Gary Gramling: Roberts has slowed down but still has value
Gary Gramling: Post-break potential high for Butler, Scherzer
Gary Gramling: Luck likely to turn for struggling Markakis
Gary Gramling: Peavy's talent will help him overcome odd usage
Gary Gramling: Pence may cool as summer heats up
Gary Gramling: Second half offers promise for Uggla, Latos
Gary Gramling: Yankees offense should pave way for Swisher rebound


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Événements

 Octobre : les tatars de Crimée incités par les Ottomans attaquent les Russes dispersés en Crimée et dans le Kouban ; après deux défaites Şahin Giray se réfugie auprès des Russes et Bakht Giray est nommé khan par la Porte. En décembre, une armée russe intervient en Crimée pour rétablir Şahin.

  : traité de Saint-Ildefonse entre le Portugal et l'Espagne. Il fixe les frontières entre le Brésil et les possessions espagnoles. Colonia del Sacramento est cédée à l'Espagne et le Portugal récupère l'île Sainte-Catherine, prise en février par les Espagnols. Le traité est confirmé par le traité du Pardo de 1778 par lequel le Portugal perd Fernando Póo et Annobón ⋅en Guinée équatoriale.

 4 octobre : victoire britannique à la bataille de Germantown.

 7 octobre : le général britannique John Burgoyne est mis en défaite après la deuxième bataille de Saratoga par les troupes américaines.

 17 octobre : bataille de Saratoga. Le général britannique John Burgoyne donne sa reddition aux troupes américaines.

 22 octobre : victoire américaine à la bataille de Red Bank.

Naissances
 2 octobre : Jacques Mathieu Delpech (mort en 1832), médecin français.
 6 octobre : Baron Guillaume Dupuytren, chirurgien et anatomiste français
 10 octobre : Auguste Bella (mort en 1856), militaire et agronome français.
 11 octobre : Barnabé Brisson (mort en 1828), ingénieur des ponts et chaussées et mathématicien français.
 24 octobre : James Cumming (mort en 1861), chimiste britannique.

Décès
 5 octobre : Johann Andreas Segner (né en 1704), mathématicien autrichien. Son analyse du tourniquet hydraulique (1750) relança l'analyse théorique de la propulsion par réaction.
 6 octobre : Marie-Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin, salonnière célèbre.
 27 octobre : Charles Antoine de La Roche-Aymon, cardinal français, archevêque de Reims (° ).

Notes et références

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Small(er) additions or remodels – Kitchen remodels, ground floor additions or whole house remodels that don't add space fall under this category. With projects of this size, we typically do not need as complex a drawing set as with new construction projects or major additions.
New construction and major additions – This category includes new homes, new mother in law cottages and major additions such as second stories. These projects go through all of the design stages listed below.
The design process is more of a journey than a checklist but it helps to break to process into stages to better understand it. For smaller projects, we may not go through all of these stages while a large project would utilize all of the stages shown below.
The relationship between client and designer is critical to ensure a successful project. Our design process is a collaborative effort between us and you. The first meeting allows us to get a look at the site or space and to see whether we are a good fit for you and the project. We will discuss expectations, timelines, likes and dislikes. Ideally we will come out of this meeting with a good idea of what you want to do and what is important to you.
Once the proposal has been accepted we begin by gathering as much information as we can about the site, the program and your likes and dislikes.We study any images or information you have collected and identify any zoning/landuse and code requirements that may add constraints to the project. We will work with you to develop a program (a list of the required spaces and functions of the home) and a rough cost range. At the end of this phase we should have a good idea of what we can do, what you want to do, and how much it can cost.
This is the fun part. Based on your input, we will explore a range of options to satisfy the design program. We will look at massing, circulation, siting, views, light, ventilation etc. This stage starts with diagrammatic studies and progresses towards a basic set of plans that will set the design direction for the project. There is usually quite a bit of back and forth during this process. The idea is to come out of schematic design with a good idea of form, layout, size and appearance.
During design development the design gets refined. Materials get chosen, windows are detailed, casework is designed. This is where the drawings become much more detailed and precise, showing sizes, materials and how item A interacts with item B. Somewhat independently, we will create a set of drawings that can be submitted to the city for permit. Depending on the type of project, these can be relatively simple or incredibly complex. Given the long review times typically seen at building departments these days, we try to submit for permit during design development and continue to work on the construction documents as the project is under review. For smaller projects, design development can be the end of the design process.
The construction documents phase is concerned with creating a comprehensive set of drawings that describe how the design created in previous phases gets put together. For competitive bid projects, a full and complete construction documents set is required.
We work closely with the contractor throughout the building process. Ideally the contractor is selected early in the design process but regardless, we work with the contractor during the construction process to answer questions and make revisions as necessary.
At some point after project completion, we like to check in to make sure things are working out and touch base again.


Raj Sethi of Barrie Stephen Hair, Leicester has successfully secured herself a place on the prestigious Schwarzkopf Professional LEAP Ahead team.
Raj of 'The Finance Lab' is having a terrific response from CLV readers advising you on all things financial.
The regeneration and refurbishment of a former shoe factory in the heart of South Wigston, Leicester has been recognised with an RICS East Midlands Award.
Mehmooda Duke set up Moosa-Duke Solicitors in 2003. Moosa-Duke Solicitors has thrived under her leadership and it is the only firm in the East Midlands specialising almost exclusively in Medical Negligence.
Savills has bolstered its farm agency team with three new appointments at its Lincoln and Nottingham offices. Andrew Pearce, Will Parry and Richard Gadd join the international real estate advisor this week to advise clients on farm sales and purchasing, estate management and valuations.
From 23rd September Lloyds Bank, the UK's leading retail and commercial bank will be revitalised on the high street serving a network of 1,300 branches throughout England and Wales.
Pochin wins two prestigious national awards (KBB bathroom showroom of the year & bathroom retailer of the year) only the second time in the events 19 year history that a business has walked away with both top awards.