The definition of ecotourism is responsible travelling on the part of travellers who travel to places that conserve our environment and travelling that improves the quality of life of the people inhabiting that area.
Ecotourism has some kind of principle. First of all it is all about bring together the conservation as well as communities and it is also about sustainable travel. The previous lines imply that those who volunteer to travel to such type of areas should participate in the activities of this type of travel and should also follow the following prescribed principles of this type of travel.
1)	The travellers or volunteers should try to minimize the impact as far as possible.
2)	They should not only try to build environmental awareness but they should also strengthen cultural respect.
3)	They should provide the hosts and those visiting with positive, valuable and enriched experiences.
4)	Providing financial benefits for conservation of these areas is also a very important task that needs to be fulfilled.
5)	Other countries or areas should also take inspiration from your activity and mainly they should have something from which they can take inspiration from.
Such type of tourism is also conducted in fragile and pristine areas and such areas are also well protected. They strive to have a low impact and are also small scale, which means that they play the role of being an alternate option to mass or large scale tourism.
What is the purpose of this kind of tourism? Why to people undertake this type of tourism?
The main purpose of this type of tourism is to educate the person undertaking this type of travel and also this type of travel is undertaken to provide financial aid to the conservation of that area. These tours directly benefit the economic development of the particular area.
This travel also helps other financially able sectors to provide with help. Political empowerment is also one of the most important targets of this tourism. They also fight for respect for different cultures and human rights of those inhabitants.
Since the last 30 years this type of tourism is considered very important by the environmentalists so that our future generation is sensitive to such issues and so that they get a chance to experience areas which has not been ruined by humans already otherwise everything will be commercialized.
Return to "Green Living" from "Definition Of Ecotourism".
Return to "Going Green" from "Definition Of Ecotourism".


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"Bat Out of Hell", Finishes Up A Stellar Run At The New York City Center Theatre This Sept 8th
by DB Frick - September 3, 2019 September 4, 2019 0
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by Jeff Myhre - July 26, 2019 July 26, 2019 0
Choreographers have a default line in interviews that is some variant of "I tell stories through dance." Much of the time, though, I watch their work and wonder what the story might have been about. Mercifully, Al Blackstone has created a story that runs the length of "Freddie Falls in Love" that is actually a story with a beginning, a middle and an end. There are characters who are not just dancers in a pose, and there is conflict and resolution. There just isn't any talking. The term "dansical" is over-used in some quarters, but here it fits like a
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by Jeff Myhre - June 12, 2019 November 18, 2019 0
Pilobolus is performing two programs during its three-weeks at the Joyce Theater this summer, and each piece is unique while being ineffably consistent with the style of the company. It is dance in the broadest sense of the word, rhythmic movement. Yet, the company borrows from gymnastics and acrobatics, and sometimes, the closest parallel one can find is the Moscow Circus in the old Soviet Union. The five pieces in program A are distinct and appeal to both dance mavens and neophytes. "On the Nature of Things" is a classical study in movement. Nathaniel Buchsbaum, Krystal Butler and Quincy Ellis
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by Jeff Myhre - July 2, 2018 0
If your idea of dance is the Rockettes or a big Broadway show-stopper, Sidra Bell Dance New York is probably not for you. The choreographer, composer and company seem comfortable just on the other side of the cutting edge. The performances at New York Live Arts of "Friction" and "garment" (lower case in the title) illustrated this nicely. To begin with, the company is diversity itself. Sebastaian Abarbanell is a former Berliner, Tushrik Fredricks is from Johannesburg, Drew Lewis learned to dance in Chicago, Misa Kinno Lucyshyn is from Eugene, Oregon by way of Vancouver, Madison Wada is a Californian, and
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by Cindy Sibilsky - May 22, 2018 May 22, 2018 0
At the Chita Rivera Awards on Sunday, Tony Yazbeck, winner of Outstanding Male Dancer in a Broadway Show (for Prince of Broadway), a gentleman onstage and off, modern-day mensch of movement, and the Gene Kelly or Fred Astaire (for whom the Awards were previously named) of this era, recalled his journey to becoming a true triple threat: "Dance has been part of my soul since I was four. I was a dancer first and foremost, and when I was a kid I never wanted to do anything else. Then I did Gypsy and saw Tyne Daly, through song, dance and
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by Cindy Sibilsky - March 19, 2018 March 20, 2018 0
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Home Journals ACSM Hydrophobic Properties of CuO Thin Films Obtained by Sol-Gel Spin Coating Technique-Annealing Temperature Effect
Hydrophobic Properties of CuO Thin Films Obtained by Sol-Gel Spin Coating Technique-Annealing Temperature Effect
Ali Bougharouat* | Nassim Touka | Dalila Talbi | Kamel Baddari
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Applied Sciences, University of Bouira, Bouira 10000, Algeria
Laboratory of Materials and Sustainable Development, Department of Physics, University of Bouira, Bouira 10000, Algeria
a.bougharouat@univ-bouira.dz
The adhesive characteristics of sol-gel copper oxide (CuO) film surfaces at annealing temperatures ranging from 350 to 550°C were examined in this work. Hydrophobic properties of these oxide film surfaces were studied by contact angle measurements. The surface energy was calculated from contact angle data using harmonic mean method. The structural, morphological and chemical analysis of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The increase in annealing temperature induces a reduction in the hydrophilic properties of the films (adhesive properties). The rise in the hydrophobicity of the CuO surface has been claimed to be explained by a change in interfacial tension. The FTIR spectroscopy analysis revealed that the increase in the annealing temperature eliminates activated neutral species (hydroxyl groups) reacting with the surface of the sample responsible for the wettability. SEM analysis showed that the morphology of the samples is nanostructured containing agglomerates of various forms, a few hundred nanometers in size, randomly dispersed across the surface. The enhanced roughness of the produced film is primarily responsible for the increased hydrophobicity of the films. The XRD data reveal that the films are highly textured and that increasing the annealing temperature induces better layer crystallization and confirms the development of copper oxide CuO.
CuO thin films, sol-gel spin coating method, surface energy, wettability, adhesive properties
Due to their simplicity of fabrication and excellent efficiency, copper oxides have resurfaced as an important topic in low-cost solar cell applications (20 percent in Cu2O based cells). Because of the tiny band gap in its crystal structure, it has photocatalytic and photovoltaic capabilities [1-3]. According to recent studies, thin-film hetero-junction solar cells, such as Glass / F: SnO2 / CdS / CuO / Ag [2] or FTO / ZnO / Cu2O / Au [4], have shown increased solar energy conversion efficiency. Figure 1 depicts a framework used by Dolai et al. [2]. Condensation on solar cells prevents them from operating and drastically reduces power output. Super hydrophobic surfaces are useful for anti-corrosion and anti-fog applications in photovoltaic devices due to their water-removing properties [4, 5]. When exposed to the oxidant H2O2, a thin oxidized layer forms on the copper surface, altering the important characteristics. For example, the presence of copper oxide might result in high resistance and reliability concerns with the device. [5]. Because of the presence of hydroxyl groups M-OH, the surface of metallic oxide is often hydrophilic. Surface chemical groups can dissociate or interact with H+ and OH- ions from liquids. As a result, investigating the wettability of thin copper oxide films is critical. Although investigations of the adhesive capabilities of thin-film copper oxide surfaces have received minimal attention, more research is required to understand changes in the surfaces of these metal oxides. The two fundamental qualities that contribute to the formation of a hydrophobic layer are a rough micro or nanostructured surface roughness and non-polar surface chemistry. Surfaces have been created using a variety of techniques. They can be obtained as hydrophobic by operating in the liquid or vapor phases, as well as by physical or chemical procedures. The following are the most common liquid-route techniques: Chemical deposition in solution [6], electro-deposition via electrochemical synthesis [5], and the sol-gel method [7]. There is a distinction established by the vapor route between "PVD" physical methods and "CVD" chemical approaches.
Figure 1. Structure of Glass/F: SnO2/CdS/CuO/Ag hetero-junction solar cells [2]
In this study, copper oxide thin films prepared by the sol–gel method, have been deposed onto glass substrates by the spin coating technique. The wettability of the sol-gel oxide (CuO) film surfaces with varying annealing temperatures from350 to 550°C has been investigated. Hydrophobicity of these oxide film surfaces was studied by contact angle measurements. The surface energy of the oxide films was calculated from contact angle data using the harmonic mean method. Samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy methods.
2. Experimental
2.1 Preparation of oxide (CuO) surfaces
2.1.1 Samples preparation
Copper oxide films were deposited on glass substrates by sol-gel spin coating process. Substrates shouldn't include any grease, scratches and roughness to ensure wettability and uniform deposition thickness over all of their surfaces. The cleaning is done chemically by a selected process illustrated in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Substrate cleaning procedure
2.1.2 Sol–gel synthesis
To elaborate the thin films of pure CuO, two solutions have been prepared; for the first solution, in a 25 ml beaker, washed with distilled water and dried in an oven at 50℃, dissolved 2.5g of copper (II) chloride anhydrous (CuCl2) in 12 ml of methanol (CH4O), with constant magnetic stirring. Then, 190 μl of glycerol (C3H8O3) have been added to the solution. Another solution prepared with the dissolution in another beaker containing 12 ml of methanol and 880 μl of triethylamine (C3H9N) with 1 μl of HCl. The mixture of the two solutions should be stored for 24H at room temperature and under magnetic stirring. During the shaking, the beaker is covered to avoid any kind of contamination and evaporation of methanol.
2.1.3 Coating procedure
The solutions have been deposited on the glass substrate, which will spin at 3000 rpm for 50 sec using the spin coating apparatus. Drying is carried out immediately after deposition, in a branded oven Memmert UN55- 53L for 12 minutes at 110℃. After drying, the films are cooled in the open air. Finally, the films obtained must be placed in a Nabertherm P330 brand oven for annealing at 350, 450 and 550℃ for 1 hour.
2.2 Samples characterization
2.2.1 Contact angle
Contact angle measurements were performed at room temperature and atmospheric pressure using a sessile drop method. Two different liquids have been used: distilled water, and diiodomethane. The liquid drop (4 μl) was placed onto the copper oxide surface with a micro syringe. All contact angles data were averaged from five measurements with a standard deviation of approximately 5%.
2.2.2 Surface free energy and adhesion work
At thermodynamic equilibrium, the contact angle for a test liquid can be related to the surface free energy by Young's equation (Eq. (1)) [8]:
$\gamma_{l v} \cos \theta=\gamma_{s}-\gamma_{l s}$ (1)
where, γlv the surface free energy of the liquid, θ is the contact angle, γs is the surface free energy of the solid, and γls is the interfacial energy between solid–liquid. According to Fowkes' theory, surface free energy (γs) is the sum of polar ($\gamma_{s}^{p}$) and apolar or dispersive ($\gamma_{s}^{d}$) interactions [3, 4, 8].
$\gamma_{s}=\gamma_{s}^{d}+\gamma_{s}^{p}$ (2)
The polar or dispersive component of surface energy which is attributed to London forces (dispersion, orientation and induction) [2, 9]. The polar component includes the orientation and induction forces of the dipoles which can be attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonds [2, 10]. There are different approaches for estimating the value of the solid-liquid interfacial energy (γls) from the measured contact angles. Here, we have chosen the Wu approach. Wu claimes that the harmonic means method is better suited for low energy surfaces [3, 11, 12]. This model allows us to obtain the polar component ($\gamma_{s}^{p}$) and the apolar component ($\gamma_{s}^{d}$) of the surface energy $\gamma_{s}=\gamma_{s}^{d}+\gamma_{s}^{p}$ by measuring the contact angles obtained on the thin film using two different liquids (θ1, θ2). We, then, solve the following system.
$\gamma_{l 1}\left(1+\cos \theta_{1}\right)=\frac{4 \gamma_{s}^{d} \gamma_{l 1}^{d}}{\gamma_{s}^{d}+\gamma_{l 1}^{d}}+\frac{4 \gamma_{s}^{p} \gamma_{i 1}^{p}}{\gamma_{s}^{p}+\gamma_{l 1}^{p}}$ (3)
$\gamma_{l 2}\left(1+\cos \theta_{2}\right)=\frac{4 \gamma_{s}^{d} \gamma_{l 2}^{d}}{\gamma_{s}^{d}+\gamma_{l 2}^{d}}+\frac{4 \gamma_{s}^{p} \gamma_{l 2}^{p}}{\gamma_{s}^{p}+\gamma_{l 2}^{p}}$ (4)
The surface energies of the liquids used in this work and their components are reported in Table 1.
Table 1. Surface tension of the test liquids
$\gamma _{l}^{d}\left( mJ.{{m}^{-2}} \right)$
$\gamma _{l}^{p}\left( mJ.{{m}^{-2}} \right)$
$\gamma _{l}^{{}}\left( mJ.{{m}^{-2}} \right)$
Distilled Water (H2O)
Diiodométhane (CH2I2)
The adhesion work or adhesion energy is defined by Eq. (5) [13]:
$W_{s l}=\gamma_{s v}+\gamma_{l v}-\gamma_{s l}$ (5)
Using Young's equation (Eq. (1)), the adhesion work can be expressed as follows:
$W_{s l}=\gamma_{l v}(1+\cos \theta)$ (6)
So, we have a direct relationship between the contact angle and the adhesion energy. The total wetting corresponds to the maximum of the adhesion work.
2.2.3 XRD, SEM and FTIR measurements
X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the prepared thin films were recorded on a Bruker AXS D8 advance X-Ray diffractometer with Cu Kαanode (λ=1.5418 Å). The diffraction patterns were recorded over an angular range from 20 to 80°. The surface morphology of the films was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a JEOL-6360 microscope. Infrared spectra were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy of type JASCO (USA); which allows recording IR spectra in the range of 4000-400 cm-1.
3.1 Wettability analysis: Contact angle, adhesion work and surface energy measurements
We will examine the effect of annealing temperature on the adhesive properties of thin films. For this purpose, we deposited CuO thin films on glass substrates. After depositing three layers and annealing for 1 hour, we performed a series of samples at three different annealing temperatures: 350℃, 450℃ and 550℃. In this section, we study the variation of contact angle (θ), work of adhesion (Wadh), and surface energy (γs) on these layers. Figure 3 represents the variation of the contact angle of the two liquids (water and diiodomethane) as a function of annealing temperature.
For both liquids, the results show that the variation of the contact angle for different annealing temperatures follows practically the same evolution. We notice that the contact angle increases with the increase of the annealing temperature until reaching a maximum value of 92° and 61° for water and diiodomethane, respectively. The rise in the contact angle of the two liquids as the annealing temperature rises is explained by the fact that the annealing temperature produces a change of the CuO surface, resulting in a decrease in the hydrophilic properties of the films (adhesive properties). A shift in interfacial tension has been postulated to explain CuO's hydrophobicity [13]. Indeed, increasing the annealing temperature reduces active neutral species that react with the sample's surface and cause wettability [14]. These species may be oxidizing in nature (O, OH...). They demonstrated that the annealing temperature alters the hydrophilic property of the developed films. Because the surrounding environment of the copper atoms at the surface is completely different from that of the interior mass, the copper oxide atoms are stable at the volume of the structure, unlike the interface [15]. With increasing surface roughness of these materials, the contact angle of a drop of water increases [1].
Figure 4 displays the difference between a photograph of a water drop deposited on a film elaborated with a 350℃ annealing temperature (a) and a photograph of a water drop deposited on a film elaborated with a 550℃ annealing temperature (b).
Figure 3. Variation in contact angle of CuO as a function of annealing temperature
Figure 4. Photo of a drop of water on the CuO surface (a) 350℃ annealing temperature, (b) 550℃ annealing temperature
Figure 5 Illustrates the variation of the adhesion work of the two liquids as a function of the annealing temperature. Note that the adhesion work is calculated from the following formula: Wadh=γl(1+cosθ).
Figure 5. Variation in Adhesion work of CuO surface as a function of annealing temperature
When the annealing temperature increases, the adhesion work decreases significantly to reach a minimum value of about 73 mJ.m-2 for water (polar liquid). This means a degradation exceeding 40 times the one recorded at 350℃. On the other hand, this degradation is not stronger for diiodomethane (nonpolar liquid) which has a decrease in the adhesion work of about 15% at 550℃. This phenomenon is therefore linked to the disappearance of a polar component during processing [14, 16]. This suggests that the films are highly textured and that the increase in the annealing temperature causes a densification of the CuO copper oxide layer. This result is in good agreement with those recently reported by Al Armouzi et al. [17].
In the following section, the surface free energy and its components will be calculated numerically. Figure 6 depicts the harmonic mean approach for films created at various annealing temperatures.
Figure 6. Variation in surface energy and its components of CuO surface as a function of annealing temperature
The surface energy of a film elaborated with an annealing temperature of 550℃ has a value of γs=36.809 mJ.m-2 with a dispersive component $\gamma_{s}^{d}$= 34.24 mJ.m-2 and a polar component $\gamma_{s}^{p}$= 1.85 mJ.m-2. The polar component value reflects the film's low wettability and non-polarity. The dispersive component remains practically constant with the increase in the annealing temperature. This proves that the increase in the annealing temperature has no effect on the apolar component. The reduction in surface energy is mostly due to a decrease in the polar component, which is responsible for enhancing the wettability of the CuO surface. We can also explain this decrease by a deoxidation of the CuO film surface [14, 15] (see analysis by FTIR).
3.2 Morphological analysis
The influence of annealing temperature on the surface morphology of thin films has been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For this purpose, we compared the SEM images recorded on three samples for different annealing temperatures (Figure 7).
The SEM images allowed us to observe the texture and the surface state of our CuO layers elaborated by the Sol-Gel method. From these images we can observe that the morphology of the samples elaborated at 350℃ and 450℃ is nanostructured with agglomerates of different shapes, of the order of a few hundred nanometers randomly distributed on the surface. While the sample prepared at 550℃ exhibits a cloudy type formation. The increase in the annealing temperature leads to condensation of the agglomerates leading to a dense structure. The growth mechanism of agglomerates is a process of nucleation dependent on temperature. The first crystalline germs formed when Cu2+ reacted with O2- of the air to form the CuO molecules that are evenly distributed and then immediately agglomerated [7]. As a result, annealing improves the surface area of these layers. The increased roughness of the formed film can be attributed to the hydrophobicity behavior of the deposited layer at 550℃ [18]. Because of their high surface free energy, metal oxides have a hydrophilic character [19]. It is believed that the increase of hydrophobicity is mainly due to multi-scale roughness [1].
Figure 7. Surface state of CuO thin films at various annealing temperatures: (a) 350℃, (b) 450℃, (c) 550℃
3.3 FT-IR analysis
To better understand the influence of the annealing temperature on the composition of the elaborate material, the FTIR spectra of the films deposited with different annealing temperatures (350℃, 450℃ and 550℃) are shown in Figure 8. The FTIR spectra of the CuO thin films were recorded in the range of 400-4000 cm-1.
For an annealing temperature of 450℃, the FTIR spectrum of the CuO thin films shows that the broad absorption band at 3432 cm−1 corresponds to the hydroxyl (OH) functional groups. These groups are probably due to the oxidation of the thin film surface [20]. However, we notice in this same figure that when the annealing temperature increases, the intensities of the hydroxyl groups decrease. Indeed, the increase in the annealing temperature results in a decrease in the active species reacting with the surface of the CuO film. This is mainly due to deoxidation of the surface [19]. The layer therefore becomes hydrophobic in nature and not very sensitive to polar vapor. The decrease in the hydroxyl groups with the increase in the annealing temperature was retained to confirm the densification of the elaborate film [21]. In this case, the film presents a network structure due to the creation of constraints between the atoms of the film [22]. This leads to a growth of a highly cross-linked film [23, 24] and consequently a decrease in the number or section of pores in the deposited films. The absorption band at wavenumber range of 420–600 cm−1 are attributed to the vibration of metal-oxygen bond determining the presence of CuO in the system [7]. The band at roughly 477 cm-1 is shared by all three spectra and can be attributed to the vibrations of Cu (II)-O bonds [7].
Figure 8. Evolution of FTIR spectra of copper oxide thin film for different annealing temperatures
3.4 X-ray diffraction analysis
XRD patterns of the prepared films as a function of the annealing temperature are shown in Figure 9.
From these spectra, we notice that the XRD spectrum obtained in the films and elaborated at 350°C presents an appearance of 2 lines. The first line (2θ=35.496°) corresponds to the (002) plane and the second one (2θ=38.731°) corresponds to the (111) plane. This explains the beginning of the crystallization. We see an increase in the line relative to the (002) plane and an increase in the peak relative to the (111) plane when the temperature rises to 450°C.The films annealed at 550°C, on the other hand, show an increase in the two lines obtained at (2=35.496°) and (2=38.731°) according to planes (002) and (111), respectively, with a decrease in the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of these two lines and the emergence of a third line (2=32.497°) corresponding to the (-110) plane. The appearance of this new peak can be explained by the influence of the annealing temperature on the growth kinetics. At higher temperatures, the precursors will have greater mobility which can promote growth along several directions. The decrease of (FWHM) indicates the improvement in the crystallinity of the film [25]. Based on this analysis, we can see that the intensity of the peaks in the XRD spectra increases as the annealing temperature rises. This rise in peak intensity is accompanied by a decrease in their (FWHM), which converts into an increase in grain size. We can explain this by the process of recrystallization and crystallite development due to a simple increase in annealing temperature [26, 27].
Figure 9. Evolution of X-ray diffraction spectra of CuO thin films for different annealing temperatures
This suggests that the films are highly textured and that the increase in annealing temperature causes a better crystallization of the layer and a confirmation of the formation of copper oxide CuO. The XRD spectra allowed us to determine the structure and size of copper oxide nanocrystals as a function of annealing temperature. This latter was calculated from the Scherrer equation (Eq. (6)):
$L=\frac{K \lambda}{\beta \cos (\theta)}$ (6)
where, L is the crystallite size, λ is the wave length of incident CuKα radiation (1.5406 A◦), K a constant equal to 0.94, β is the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) and θ is the Bragg diffraction angle.
To determine the grain size the (002) plane was used as a reference plane, the results obtained are represented in Table 2:
Table 2. Values of crystallites size at different annealing temperatures
Temperature (℃)
2θ(°)
Crystallites size (nm)
From this table, we note that the size of the crystallites increases with the rise in temperature [28, 29] and this confirms the previous results (the phenomenon of recrystallization and growth of the crystallites).
CuO thin films were successfully synthesized on glass substrates using a sol-gel spin-coating technique with various annealing temperatures. The hydrophobicity, morphological and structural of the samples was studied. The exploratory study of the surface wettability of CuO thin films revealed that increasing the annealing temperature causes an increase in the contact angle and, as a result, a decrease in surface energy due to a decrease in its polar component. Therefore, thin films become hydrophobic. The FTIR study shows that increasing the annealing temperature causes deoxidation of the CuO film's surface, resulting in changes in the surface's adhesive qualities. The SEM analysis showed that the morphology of the elaborated samples is nanostructured with agglomerates of different shapes, of the order of a few hundred nanometers randomly distributed on the surface. As the annealing temperature rises, these agglomerates condense, resulting in a thick and rough structure. According to DRX research, the copper oxide (CuO) films on our substrates are extremely textured. The DRX data also demonstrate that the size of the crystallites grows as the temperature rises, which verifies the earlier findings (the phenomenon of recrystallization and growth of crystallites).
$\gamma_{l v}$
Surface free energy of the liquid mJ.m-2
$\gamma_{s}$
Surface free energy of the solid mJ.m-2
$\gamma_{l s}$
Interfacial energy between solid–liquid mJ.m-2
$\gamma_{s}^{p}$
Polar interaction mJ.m-2
$\gamma_{s}^{d}$
Dispersive interaction mJ.m-2
$W_{a d h}$
Adhesion work mJ.m-2
$\theta$
The contact angle °
$\lambda$
Wave length of incident CuKα radiation
$K$
Constant equal to 0.94
$L$
Crystallite size
Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM)
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[6] Bououd, S., El-Aggadi, S., Kaichouh, G., Bouziane, K., El-Hourch, A., El-kacemi, K., Guessous, A. (2021). Electrodeposition route to synthesize nanocrystalline MnPO4. H2O thin films. Electrochimica Acta, 370: 137670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137670
[7] Touka, N., Tabli, D., Badari, K. (2019). Effect of annealing temperature on structural and optical properties of copper oxide thin films deposited by sol-gel spin coating method. Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, 21: 698-701.
[8] Klochko, N.P., Kopach, V.R., Tyukhov, I.I., Zhadan, D.O., Klepikova, K.S., Khrypunov, G.S., Petrushenko, S.I., Lyubov, V.M., Kirichenko, M.V., Dukarov, S.V., Khrypunova, A.L. (2018). Metal oxide heterojunction (NiO/ZnO) prepared by low temperature solution growth for UV-photodetector and semi-transparent solar cell. Solar Energy, 164: 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.01.054
[9] Bellel, A., Sahli, S., Ziari, Z., Raynaud, P., Segui, Y., Escaich, D. (2006). Wettability of polypropylene films coated with SiOx plasma deposited layers. Surface and Coatings Technology, 201(1-2): 129-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.11.100
[10] Kreve, S., Dos Reis, A.C. (2021). Bacterial adhesion to biomaterials: What regulates this attachment? A review. Japanese Dental Science Review, 57: 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.05.003
[11] Naveena, D., Logu, T., Dhanabal, R., Sethuraman, K., Bose, A.C. (2019). Comparative study of effective photoabsorber CuO thin films prepared via different precursors using chemical spray pyrolysis for solar cell application. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 30(1): 561-572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-0322-4
[12] Wang, G., Chen, L., Weng, D., Wang, J. (2020). Role of extracellular polymeric substances in the adhesion interaction of Streptococcus mutans on TiO2 and SiO2 surfaces with different wettability. Colloid and Interface Science Communications, 39: 100315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2020.100315
[13] Hashim, H., Samat, S.F.A., Shariffudin, S.S., Saad, P.S.M. (2018). Investigation of annealing temperature on copper oxide thin films using sol-gel spin coating technique. Materials Science and Engineering, 340: 012008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/340/1/012008
[14] Awaja, F., Gilbert, M., Kelly, G., Fox, B., Pigram, P.J. (2009). Adhesion of polymers. Progress in Polymer Science, 34(9): 948-968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.04.007
[15] Chang, F.M., Cheng, S.L., Hong, S.J., Sheng, Y.J., Tsao, H.K. (2010). Superhydrophilicity to superhydrophobicity transition of CuO nanowire films. Applied Physics Letters, 96(11): 114101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3360847
[16] Ghorannevis, Z., Hosseinnejad, M.T., Habibi, M., Golmahdi, P. (2015). Effect of substrate temperature on structural, morphological and optical properties of deposited Al/ZnO films. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Physics, 9(1): 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40094-014-0157-1
[17] Al Armouzi, N., Najih, Y., El Yagoubi, M. (2016). Effect of temperature on the wettability of CuO nanowires. Nourreeddine Kouider, Mustapha Mabrouki. IOSR-JESTFT. 10: 31-36. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1011013136
[18] Wang, G., Zhang, T.Y. (2012). Oxygen adsorption induced superhydrophilic-to-superhydrophobic transition on hierarchical nanostructured CuO surface. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 377(1): 438-441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2012.03.035
[19] Long, J., Zhong, M., Zhang, H., Fan, P. (2015). Superhydrophilicity to superhydrophobicity transition of picosecond laser microstructured aluminum in ambient air. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 441: 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.11.015
[20] Abd-Elnaiem, A.M., Abdel-Rahim, M.A., Moustafa, S. (2020). Comparative investigation of electronic properties of As-70 at.% Te thin films: Influence of Ga doping and annealing temperature. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 540: 120062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2020.120062
[21] Sandu, C.S., Teodorescu, V.S., Ghica, C., Canut, B., Blanchin, M.G., Roger, J.A., Brioude, A., Bret, T., Hoffmann, P., Garapon, C. (2003). Densification and crystallization of SnO2: Sb sol–gel films using excimer laser annealing. Applied Surface Science, 208: 382-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(02)01412-5
[22] Kang, Y., Chen, Y., Wen, Y., Wu, B., Song, M. (2020). Effects of structural relaxation and crystallization on the corrosion resistance of an Fe-based amorphous coating. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 550: 120378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2020.120378
[23] Estella, J., Echeverría, J.C., Laguna, M., Garrido, J.J. (2007). Silica xerogels of tailored porosity as support matrix for optical chemical sensors. Simultaneous effect of pH, ethanol: TEOS and water: TEOS molar ratios, and synthesis temperature on gelation time, and textural and structural properties. Journal of Non-crystalline Solids, 353(3): 286-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.12.006
[24] Lillo-Ramiro, J., Guerrero-Villalba, J.M., Mota-González, M.D.L., Aguirre-Tostado, F.S., Gutiérrez-Heredia, G., Mejía-Silva, I., Carrillo-Castillo, A. (2021). Optical and microstructural characteristics of CuO thin films by sol gel process and introducing in non-enzymatic glucose biosensor applications. Optik, 229: 166238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.166238
[25] Scheuermann, T.R., Camper, A.K., Hamilton, M.A. (1998). Effects of substratum topography on bacterial adhesion. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 208(1): 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1998.5717
[26] Fujimoto, K., Oku, T., Akiyama, T., Suzuki, A. (2013). Fabrication and characterization of copper oxidezinc oxide solar cells prepared by electrodeposition. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 433: 012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/433/1/012024
[27] Wang, D., Chen, Z.Q., Wang, D.D., Gong, J., Cao, C.Y., Tang, Z., Huang, L.R. (2010). Effect of thermal annealing on the structure and magnetism of Fe-doped ZnO nanocrystals synthesized by solid state reaction. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 322(22): 3642-3647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2010.07.014
[28] Benramache, S., Benhaoua, B. (2012). Influence of annealing temperature on structural and optical properties of ZnO: In thin films prepared by ultrasonic spray technique. Superlattices and Microstructures, 52(6): 1062-1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2012.08.006
[29] Rajalekshmi, E.S., Raj, A.M.E. (2021). Effect of substrate temperature on structural and morphological studies by spray pyrolysed ZnO thin films. Solid State Communications, 338: 114479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2021.114479


FULLSCREEN recommended if you have a mouse lag or fps issues (press "F" ingame)!
Project was started before the Mini LD officially started. So it has some already made stuff like a golden statue, skybox, frog with AI and animation, grass texture, bricks, rock and a simple lighting. Other stuff was made in 48hours.
This is meant to be a relaxing experience. You can carry stuff and design your own garden or do what ever else you want. You can interact with frogs in many ways. Find a mysterious object and figure out what you can do with it. Put your headphones on, play fullscreen and relax!
I'll upload stand alones later.
I would add more interactivity with the environment. And more "life" to the garden. In a type of game like this, the little details are very valuable. For example, make some ants that go in line to a piece of food.
- I used the rocks to built a small hill so I could jump over the trees which mark the barrier and are not pickable.
- Placing the red floor elements is nice done, but the grass under it should be removed so it's not shown on top of the floor element.
I hope you progress on and add more elements and ground-textures for a deeper visual experience.
I liked it. I made a little curvy path out of square tiles, and one time a frog sat on the one I was carrying for a moment. I found the hidden... bug statue thing. I moved bushes. I had the statue set on the hill to watch over it all. It's good and relaxing. For some reason I could not move rocks.
Really calming and tranquil. Had fun catching frogs and listening to the birds' singing.
I'd like to see more time-wasting action, like more flowers and animals.
Great! There's something special about just running around green fields under a blue sky, it's like some universal Nice Thing. Like others suggested the next step for me would be more interactivity.
It is a lot of fun to pick up a frog and start hitting trees and other objects. If you do it right they go flying, it's funny. I never heard any sound though. do I have to turn it way up? Any way nice job.
Amazing (not)game! It was really fun wandering around :-) Can you make a little walkthrough please?
@ahm99 sound levels are quite low so you have to turn them quite up.
A very pleasant experience! Good choice of colors and atmospheric sounds.
Very nice. A bit of warning though, never ride that statue. You'll get blasted into the sky. I fell back down after a while, but now I'm just in a wide, grass plane.
I went out of the screen upon excessive collision with the buddah statue and the trees. SUCCESS!


text:
import os, sys, shutil, string, uuid, re, zipfile, glob
from string import capitalize
from StringIO import StringIO

# template_dir simply points to the directory that this file lives in on disk
template_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(sys._getframe(0).f_code.co_filename))
sdk_dir = os.path.dirname(template_dir)
# add the SDK directory (the parent directory of this file) to the load path so we
# can resovle libraries from this path
sys.path.append(sdk_dir)

ignoreFiles = ['.gitignore', '.cvsignore', '.DS_Store'];
ignoreDirs = ['.git','.svn','_svn','CVS'];
nonFilterFiles = ['.png','.gif','.jpg','.zip','.a','.o', '.jar']

class PluginProject(object):
	def __init__(self, project_dir, config):
		self.project_dir = project_dir
		self.config = config
		self.project_id = config['id']
		self.guid = str(uuid.uuid4())
		self.sdk_version = os.path.basename(sdk_dir)
		all_templates_dir = os.path.join(template_dir,'all')
		if os.path.exists(all_templates_dir):
			self.copy_template_files(all_templates_dir)

	def replace_tokens(self, string):
		string = string.replace('__PROJECT_ID__',self.project_id)
		string = string.replace('__VERSION__',self.sdk_version)
		string = string.replace('__SDK__',sdk_dir)
		string = string.replace('__GUID__',self.guid)
		return string

	def get_file_dest(self, template_dir, from_path):
		file_dest = os.path.expanduser(from_path.replace(template_dir, self.project_dir, 1))
		return file_dest

	def copy_template_files(self, template_dir):
		for root, dirs, files in os.walk(template_dir):
			for name in ignoreDirs:
				if name in dirs:
					dirs.remove(name)	# don't visit ignored directories
			for file in files:
				if file in ignoreFiles:
					continue
				prefix = root[len(template_dir):]
				from_ = os.path.join(root, file)
				to_ = self.get_file_dest(template_dir, from_)
				to_ = self.replace_tokens(to_)
				to_directory = os.path.expanduser(os.path.split(to_)[0])
				if not os.path.exists(to_directory):
					os.makedirs(to_directory)
				fp = os.path.splitext(file)
				filter = True
				if len(fp)>1 and fp[1] in nonFilterFiles:
					# if a non-filter file, just copy
					filter = False
				if os.path.exists(to_): os.remove(to_)
				shutil.copy(from_,to_)
				if filter:
					contents = open(from_).read()
					tof = open(to_,'w')
					contents = self.replace_tokens(contents)
					tof.write(contents)
					tof.close()

def usage(prop,required,optional=None):
	print "Couldn't find required '%s' argument" % prop
	print
	print "Usage: %s <options>" % os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])
	print
	print "Required arguments:\n"
	for key in required:
		disp = key + ' <value>'
		print "	 --%s %s" % (string.ljust(disp,20),required[key])
	if optional:
		print
		print "Optional arguments:\n"
		for key in optional:
			disp = key + ' <value>'
			print "  --%s %s" % (string.ljust(disp,20),optional[key])
	sys.exit(1)

def sysargs_to_dict(args,required=None,optional=None):
	c = 1
	props = {}
	while c < len(args):
		key = args[c]
		if key[0:2]=='--': key = key[2:]
		value = None
		if c + 1 < len(args):
			value = args[c+1]
		props[key]=value
		c = c + 2
	if required:
		for key in required:
			if not props.has_key(key):
				usage(key, required, optional)
	return props

#
# this is the main entry point for the script
# this script is setup to run from the titanium.py script although you
# could also invoke it directly if you want or run from command line
#
def main(args):
	required_opts = {
		'directory':'the directory to create the plugin',
		'id':'the module id in dotted notation: such as com.yourcompany.foo'
	}
	config = sysargs_to_dict(args,required_opts)
	plugin_name = config['id']
	project_dir = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(config['directory'])),plugin_name)

	if os.path.exists(project_dir):
		print "Error. Directory already exists: %s" % project_dir
		sys.exit(1)

	plugin = PluginProject(project_dir,config)

if __name__ == "__main__":
	main(sys.argv)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home » England » Cumbria & Lakes » Cumbria & The Lake District » Dodd
Dodd
Bassenthwaite, Cumbria & The Lake District	(Ref. 17847)
< January 2021 February 2021 March 2021 April 2021 May 2021 June 2021 July 2021 August 2021 September 2021 October 2021 November 2021 December 2021 January 2022 February 2022 March 2022 April 2022 May 2022 June 2022 July 2022 August 2022 September 2022 October 2022 November 2022 December 2022 >
{{row['book']}}
All prices above are inclusive of the booking fee.
Ground floor accommodation
Melbecks
Bassenthwaite 1 mile.
A mile out of Bassenthwaite village and around 2 miles from the shores of Bassenthwaite Lake, these five holiday cottages nestle under the Skiddaw mountain range, in peaceful surroundings where you can sit and admire the breathtaking views or stroll through glorious countryside. These delightful cottages have been carefully created from old farm buildings and each is uniquely furnished and decorated, retaining character and charm. Scattered around the courtyard, each of these cottages has shared use of the extensive grounds and also a well-equipped games room and a children's play area. With a variety of accommodation across these five cottages, there is plenty of flexibility for all party sizes, and together they can accommodate 21 people, perfect for that special family get-together. There is plenty to do in the local area. These cottages are near the Osprey Project, where visitors can observe wild ospreys in their nests. There are numerous walks from the doorstep, in Whinlatter Forest there is the Go Ape tree-top adventure course, plus walks and mountain bike trails, while the Honister Slate Mine is a fascinating destination at any time of year. Keswick, sitting on the shores of Derwentwater, is 7 miles away, with many interesting shops and cafes. With ghyll scrambling, canoeing and whitewater rafting all available locally, there is something for everyone at these idyllic cottages.
Dodd is a semi-detached cottage in a small group near Bassenthwaite.
The cottage has a double room tucked under the eaves with a gallery overlooking the sitting room, and downstairs, a twin room, shower room, kitchen with dining area and a sitting area.
Outside is ample off road parking and shared grounds including a games room and play area.
Dodd makes a lovely base for families or couples to enjoy the walking, climbing and touring of this beautiful area.
Two bedrooms: 1 x galleried double, 1 x ground floor twin. Ground floor shower room with shower, basin and WC. Open plan living area with kitchen, dining area and sitting area. Shared games room with pool table, table tennis and table football.
Electric central heating
Electric oven and hob, microwave, fridge/freezer, washer/dryer, dishwasher, TV with Freeview, DVD, selection of books and DVDs
Fuel and power inc. in rent
Lockable bike storage
Shared lawns and gardens including furniture, BBQ and children's play area
Two well-behaved dogs welcome
Shop 1.5 miles, pub 1 mile
Note: Private water and drainage supply
Note: Not suitable for infants or children under 2
Note: Restricted headroom in double bedroom.
Note: Not suitable for infants or children under 2.
Keswick 8 miles; Cockermouth 9 miles.
Impressive mountains, open fells and clear-water lakes, the Lake District has it all. From walking in the mountains to exhilarating watersports or just a gentle cruise on a steam-powered yacht, Cumbria is the perfect holiday destination.
Situated just a short distance to the north east of Bassenthwaite Lake is the attractive village of Bassenthwaite itself. This charming settlement retains its traditional, rural feel and boasts a stream which winds through the outskirts of the village in addition to whitewashed Lakeland cottages, a well-maintained green and a real ale inn, full of character. Bassenthwaite Lake offers rolling hillside scenery and remains one of the most picturesque places in England. Points of interest nearby include Mirehouse - a grand home and gardens on the shores of the Lake - Trotters Farm, and Dodd Wood. Most of the attractions of the wider region are within easy driving distance whilst the quieter Northern Fells are almost on the doorstep. The towns of Cockermouth and Keswick and close by and both host weekly markets and a good range of other amenities.
This site is operated by Sykes Cottages.
Mail Travel Cottages
Mail Travel Blog


People around the world are mourning the loss of Celebrity Chef, Anthony Bourdain. While in France to film for his role as host of the popular CCN show 'Parts Unknown,' he was found dead in his hotel room in an apparent suicide. Bourdain leaves behind a (recently divorced) wife and daughter as well as millions of shocked and saddened fans, acolytes and colleagues.
This most recent loss once again brings mental health to the forefront, as we grapple with our societal views of mental health and the apparent supports and education needed.


One is straightforward fifa globe cup plain, fifa globe cup the other is ornamented with chain fifa globe cup pattern.
In the author's opinion, the primary one is too ordinary fifa globe cup it is not very eye-catching fifa globe cup outstfifaing.
Hammitt Westwood is not a well known brfifa, but its hfifabag is wonderful. It is typical of LA design. Its leopard design is so fabulous that the writer falls for each other with it at first sight.


text:
Tag: biotechnology
Biotechnology Definition
Such a brand new technology can be launched relatively simply and built-in with existing products. An instance of a generational innovation is the introduction of the Boeing 777, a brand new class of plane totally different from previous fashions. While similar in look to the 767 and its predecessor, the 777 launched a complete new set of technologies and capabilities, requiring tremendous funding by Boeing and its enterprise partners.
Your Educational Digital Dna – Get Ready For Edtech Innovation
The 2010's embody MOOCs, a consolidation of speedy elearning in business, a return of a sort of simulations via severe gaming and a technical pattern towards supply with HTML5 (versus proprietary options). Non-instructional on-line purposes are main-stream now, e.g. shared office applications, note pads, ang numerous instant messaging purposes.
A radical innovation in plane was the introduction of the jet engine, which completely changed the performance of aircraft compared to propeller-pushed airplanes. Finally, the idea of a flying machine as envisioned by the Wright Brothers exemplifies an architectural innovation. Prior to the Wright brothers, the idea of mechanical flight had been invented and discussed. The Wright brothers really developed and demonstrated a design that made human flight a reality.
English To
Taggedbiotechnology, definition


Why doesn't my 2011 Toolbox key work with 2012?
Go to "My Account / Retrieve Codes" in the top left of this screen (below the big PA icon, enter your email and password to find your 2012 code.
If you dont remember your password you can enter your email in the lost password form at that page as well.


text:
Q: Change color in paint I have coded a program that will allow user to paint with pen in the Form.
But there is a problem.
I can set just 2 color in the form e.g. I set Black color for left buttons and red color for right buttons.
Everything I need is how can I change this code to a code which user can choose his own Color.
I tried different ways like Color Dialogue but I couldn't.
My code:
private void Form1_MouseMove(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
{
    if (e.Button == System.Windows.Forms.MouseButtons.Left)
    {
        Graphics graphic = this.CreateGraphics();
        graphic.DrawLine(Pens.Black, e.X, e.Y, e.X + 1, e.Y + 1);
    }

    if (e.Button == System.Windows.Forms.MouseButtons.Right)
    {
        Graphics graphic = this.CreateGraphics();
        graphic.DrawLine(Pens.Red, e.X, e.Y, e.X + 1, e.Y + 1);
    }
}

A: Use some dialog to select a colour for left and right mouse buttons and store that in a class level variable i.e.
if (_leftPen != null) { _leftPen.Dispose(); }
_leftPen = new Pen(selectedColour, 1f);

Note that 1f is the thickness of the Pen, this can be changed to meet your requirements.
Then in your drawing method just use _leftPen. Then just apply similar logic for the right mouse button i.e. _rightPen. You then have:
private Pen _leftPen = Pens.Black;
private Pen _rightPen = Pens.Red;

private void Form1_MouseMove(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
{
    if (e.Button == System.Windows.Forms.MouseButtons.Left)
    {
        Graphics graphic = this.CreateGraphics();
        graphic.DrawLine(_leftPen, e.X, e.Y, e.X + 1, e.Y + 1);
    }

    if (e.Button == System.Windows.Forms.MouseButtons.Right)
    {
        Graphics graphic = this.CreateGraphics();
        graphic.DrawLine(_rightPen, e.X, e.Y, e.X + 1, e.Y + 1);
    }
}

All you need to do is find a way for the user to select their own colour.
Also note the comment by @Taw:

Winforms graphics basic rule #1 : Never use control.CreateGraphics! Never try to cache a Graphics object! Either draw into a Bitmap bmp using a Graphics g = Graphics.FromImage(bmp) or in the Paint event of a control, using the e.Graphics parameter..The system needs to draw all the controls' surfaces at times you can't control; therefore all you want to add to those surfaces must be created from the one event that the system will call, which is the Paint event.

You should use your code in the Paint event and in the MouseMove event you should store the positions of the line that you want to draw then update this later.
private Pen _leftPen = Pens.Black;
private Pen _rightPen = Pens.Red;

private List<Point> _leftPoints = new List<Point>();
private List<Point> _rightPoints = new List<Point>();

private void Form1_MouseMove(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
{
    if (e.Button == System.Windows.Forms.MouseButtons.Left)
    {
        _leftPoints.Add(new Point(e.X, e.Y));
    }

    if (e.Button == System.Windows.Forms.MouseButtons.Right)
    {
        _rightPoints.Add(new Point(e.X, e.Y));
    }

    this.Invalidate();
}

private void Form1_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e)
{
    foreach (Point point in _leftPoints)
    {
        e.Graphics.DrawLine(_leftPen, point.X, point.Y, point.X + 1, point.Y + 1);
    }

    //Similar code for _rightPoints here
}

Note the call to Invalidate forces the form to repaint itself. If applicable you may use this.Refresh() or this.Update() instead.

A: Color BackColor = Color.Black;
Color ForeColor = Color.Red;

Then get user colors and set the Backcolor and Forecolor
      private void Form1_MouseMove(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
    {
        if (e.Button == System.Windows.Forms.MouseButtons.Left)
        {
            Graphics graphic = this.CreateGraphics();
            graphic.DrawLine(new Pen(ForeColor), e.X, e.Y, e.X + 1, e.Y + 1);
        }
        if (e.Button == System.Windows.Forms.MouseButtons.Right)
        {
            Graphics graphic = this.CreateGraphics();
            graphic.DrawLine(new Pen(BackColor), e.X, e.Y, e.X + 1, e.Y + 1);
        }
    }

A: You can use something like this:
using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

public partial class Form1 : Form
{
    private readonly Graphics graphics;

    public Form1()
    {
        InitializeComponent();

        this.graphics = this.CreateGraphics();

        this.Load += (s, e) =>
        {
            foreach (var color in Enum.GetValues(typeof(KnownColor)))
                this.UserColors.Items.Add(color);
        };
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Painting (left button use changed color, right-white to erase)
    /// </summary>
    private void Form1_MouseMove(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
    {
        if (e.Button == MouseButtons.Left)
            this.graphics.DrawLine(
                new Pen(
                    Color.FromKnownColor(
                        (KnownColor)Enum.Parse(typeof(KnownColor),
                        this.UserColors.SelectedItem.ToString()))),
                e.X,
                e.Y,
                e.X + 1,
                e.Y + 1);

        if (e.Button == MouseButtons.Right)
            this.graphics.DrawLine(
                Pens.White,
                e.X,
                e.Y,
                e.X + 1,
                e.Y + 1);
    }
}

Where this.UserColors is ComboBox on your main window.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
desserts • $
Paradis Ice Cream at Westfield Valencia Town Center
1/31 - 2/1
Paradis is handcrafted ice cream made fresh every day from fresh milk, fresh fruit, and only the finest ingredients in the world. Our ice cream is made fresh daily and served by ice cream lovers for ice cream lovers. Paradis offers over 100 handcrafted ice cream and sorbet flavors made from scratch in a cup or a cone, milkshakes, frappes, sundaes, and to go containers, called "love boxes." We use fresh milk in our ice cream and pure water in our sorbets. Paradis ice cream and sorbets are relatively low in fat and calories while remaining flavorful and rich. In fact, a typical scoop of our sorbet is only 75-125 calories, and a typical scoop of our ice cream has only 150-200 calories!


Taxi From London To Portsmouth – Transport From London London To Portsmouth.
For Your Transfer by Taxi From London To Portsmouth Your driver will pick you up from any Hotel, Office or Residential address in London. He will then drive you directly to any Hotel, Office or Residential address in Portsmouth at a Fixed Price with No Hidden Charges.
The cost of a taxi from London To Portsmouth is shown below.
Majestic Taxis & Chauffeurs – Taxis From London London To Portsmouth or any UK destination.


text:
In the Gynecological Department of Israel's leading private clinic "Herzliya Medical Center" the most modern endoscopic procedures aimed at the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the organs of the female genitourinary system are carried out. In the hospital "Herzliya Medical Center" hysteroscopy is performed by the country's leading specialists with vast experience in minimally invasive gynecological surgery.
What is hysteroscopy?
Hysteroscopy is a type of endoscopic examination of the uterus that is executed with the help of the elastic optical instrument called hysteroscope. The optics of high-quality help to get the clearest enlarged image that reveals minimal structural changes of the mucous membrane of the vagina, cervix and uterine cavity. The modern endoscopic technology allows both, to diagnose pathological processes and to perform a number of surgical procedures directly during the examination. Hysteroscopy permits the prevention of open or laparoscopic surgery. The minimally invasive nature of the examination maintains the function of the uterus, minimizes the recovery period, and also reduces the risk of infectious complications.
Indications of hysteroscopy
Depending on the indications, two main types of hysteroscopy are distinguished:
Diagnostic hysteroscopy. The purpose of the diagnostic hysteroscopy is the visual examination of the cervix and uterine cavity. The doctor, having found suspicious changes or neoplasms, makes a decision to conduct a biopsy or to completely remove the pathological focus with the subsequent laboratory examination of tissues. Diagnostic hysteroscopy is important in the differential diagnosis of bleeding in the abdominal cavity and pelvis, uterine bleeding, uterine tumors, pain syndrome, female infertility, inflammatory processes and malformations of female genital organs.
Therapeutic hysteroscopy. It is carried out for minimally invasive organ-saving surgical procedures that include the removal of tumors localized in the endometrium (mucous membrane of the uterus).
Hysteroscopic removal of uterine polyps in the "Herzliya Medical Center" hospital
Hysteroscopy is a profiling method for the removal of uterine polyps. Uterine polyps expand on the surface of the mucous membrane and can have both, benignant and malignant (a noninvasive form of uterine cancer) impacts. Some types of uterine polyps can undergo malignant transformation and are related to precancerous processes that require surgical removal. During hysteroscopy, the polyp is removed with the special surgical instrument (flexible manipulators together with the hysteroscope are inserted into the uterus cavity). Optical magnification allows obtaining full control over the procedure, which helps to determine the polyp's boundaries accurately, and, if necessary, to conduct hemostasis (in order to stop bleeding). All tissues that are removed during hysteroscopy are sent to the laboratory, where the thorough histological analysis is carried out, which include:
Determination of the neoplasia's type – benignant or malignant polyp;
Determination of the type of malignant cells, the degree of differentiation and the presence of specific hormonal and/or biological receptors;
Determination of the degree of invasion (penetration into the submucosa) of a malignant neoplasm.
The further treatment is affected by the results of the histological examination and the polyp that is removed during the execution of hysteroscopy.
How is hysteroscopy carried out?
It is recommended to carry out a plan hysteroscopy a week after menstruation. However, the doctors of the clinic may also carry out emergency examinations, when the clinical indications are present (for example, bleeding, not related to the menstrual period). The specialists of the gynecology department of the hospital "Herzliya Medical Center" tend to conduct all the necessary preparation (interruption of the use of anticoagulants, blood coagulation, consultation about anesthesia). The endoscopic intervention is executed under both, the regional (epidural or spinal) and the general anesthesia. The effective methods with the use of anesthesia eliminate pain during the procedure. In most cases, the hysteroscopic examination is carried out within the day hospital. The long hospitalization is not required even if surgical procedures are necessary. Patients are discharged for further outpatient monitoring in the absence of bleeding and at stabilization of vital indicators after anesthesia.
The benefits of hysteroscopy in the "Herzliya Medical Center" hospital
Experienced doctors specialized in diagnostic and therapeutic hysteroscopy in the leading gynecological centers of the world are practicing in the hospital of Herzliya Medical Center in Israel. The most advanced medical equipment guarantees maximum safety for this examination, as well as eliminates the risk of complications that might arise after the examination. The modern histopathological laboratory of the clinic allows to conduct the full analysis of tissue samples as quickly as possible and helps to establish an accurate diagnosis. Usually, the price of hysteroscopy in Israel depends on the type of procedure performed (visual diagnostics, biopsy and laboratory diagnostics, hysteroscopy for the removal of the polyp). The price of hysteroscopy and other necessary procedures in the Herzliya clinic is discussed individually with a medical consultant.
Uterine Cancer Treatment
Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
The PGD Procedure
The IVM Procedure
IVF Procedures and Process
IMSI Procedure
The ICSI Procedure
Endometriosis Treatment
Uterine Fibroids Treatment
Removal of the uterus for gynecological reasons
Tubal Cannulation Procedure
Hysterography
Pelvic Organ Prolapse Surgery
Trichotomy
Laser Treatment of Gynecological Problems
IVF and Fertility Treatments
Treatment of Irregular Bleeding
Termination of Pregnancy (Abortion)
Therapeutic Curettage


text:
Edition English
Wednesday 20 January |
Saint of the Day: St. Sebastian
Issues & Implications
Why breastfeeding in public is modest
Anna O'Neil - published on 03/09/19
Nursing your baby, wherever that needs to happen, is fundamentally about your intention.
I don't love nursing my daughter in public. She's wiggly, and always manages to get a finger up my nose when my guard is down. And even though I've never detected judgey-eyes from anyone, people are a little afraid to look at me. They don't want to make me uncomfortable, or appear to be staring.
I don't have much choice. The baby gets hungry at the library just as often as she gets hungry at home, and I can't see my toddler putting up with hanging out in a public bathroom for 15 minutes when we're out, so I have to accept the fact that some people are going to be a little uncomfortable when I nurse my baby.
Sometimes I feel guilty about that. Am I being somehow immodest? I don't enjoy making people uncomfortable. But the more I do it, the more I see that breastfeeding — public or private — is as near to the definition of modesty as anything could be. And while I don't breastfeed to make a statement, the act itself sends a message about a woman's body that the world really needs and it's this:
It's not about you.
First things first: Modesty is about so much more than how we dress. In a nutshell, modesty is just telling the truth about yourself. It's about helping the world to see you the way God sees you — as a complete person with unchangeable value, never a means to an end, never a thing to be used.
So flaunting anything — whether that's your skin, your shape, your money, or your all-kale diet — is immodest. That's because those things aren't the source of your inherent dignity. Acting as though your value is based on any of those things tells a very dangerous lie.
Immodesty is manipulative. Instead of resting in our value, we take something wonderful — beauty, talent, intelligence, power — and try to convince the world that we deserve to be loved because of that thing we've got. Modesty knows "I am worthy of love"; immodesty tries to elicit a response from the world — love, or if it can't get that, attention and admiration.
So where does breastfeeding come into all this? Well, it's a radically simple act. You're just feeding a hungry baby. You're using your body in accordance with a logical function, to meet a need. It's snuggly and sweet (unless somebody sticks a finger up your nose), but it's also purely practical. Breastfeeding tells the truth about your body: that you have a body, that it makes milk, and that your baby needs and loves it.
You're probably not breastfeeding to show others how good you are at motherhood. Who does that? You're not trying to be sexy, or make people uncomfortable, or draw attention to yourself. You're just trying to get some calories into that baby. If you do happen to be drawing attention to yourself, that's not the point of what you're doing.
Because modesty is a virtue, it hinges on your intentions. All the virtues work that way. If you make a remark that looks like kindness, but it's actually a clever passive-aggressive snub, you don't get points for being loving. Likewise, if your best attempt at a loving gesture falls flat and gets totally misunderstood, you were still being loving, no matter how it came across.
While I get why breastfeeding in public might look like I'm trying to get a reaction out of people, that's a misunderstanding I can't control. It's truly not about anyone else but my baby. No matter what skin I might be showing, that makes it about the most modest thing I can think of.
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For one day in London every June and December, the Russian assets which regularly pass through greased palms on terms dismal for their repetitiveness, are of a beauty to make you forget the damage the trade does to the country and its people. The Russian Art Week auctions are the occasion. The results are an indicator of the price the Russian market, and also the foreign one, place on this beauty.
The auction houses claim not to know who buys and who sells. In fact, they keep the identities and addresses secret. That's because the money for which the art works were exchanged may have been dishonestly come by at the start, hot in transit, and laundered now.
For the last survey of the market after Russian Art Week in November-December 2016, click to open. For a comparison of this week's results with those of June 2015, when the demand and price had collapsed, read this.
Sotheby's reports that its sale fetched £9.9 million. This compares with £10.9 million in June 2015; £13.8 million last December. The top-priced pictures at the Sotheby's auction were both by Isaak Levitan, "Summer" (below, left) and "Overgrown Pond" (right), and both were sold at £908,750, fractionally below the minimum estimate of £1 million. Levitan painted them in 1881 and 1891, respectively.
Compared to Sotheby's and Christie's, MacDougall's remained in third place in the amount of money traded for paintings. However, with total auction proceeds this week of £4.5 million, the house beat its previous best — £2.7 million in June 2015; £3.7 million six months ago. Konstantin Korovin's painting, "Quai de l'Amiral Courbet, Villefranche-sur-Mer" (pictured below) set the highest price on the day. Painted in 1922, Korovin was in French exile by then. The work was sold by an unidentified owner who had bought it from Sotheby's in 2002. The price of the new sale, £629,700, was 57% above the top estimate MacDougall's had given before the auction.
"I believe that this result demonstrates that the Russian art market is recovering rapidly. We see a great level of activity on the part of buyers, collectors and art dealers," commented William MacDougall.
Dmitri Stelletsky, "Fox Hunt" (1912) – sold for £257,000.
Lot clearance is a measure of how well the auction house has calibrated its supply with the market demand; and also the price which works consigned for sale are likely to fetch in present market conditions. The value of the picture sales is a measure of what buyers, principally now Russian buyers, can afford; and also the price they believe will grow in future.
This week's buyers have shown they are willing to pay premiums for works which have Crimea in the title and show scenes of the Crimean coast, hinterland, or scenes of Crimean history. Sotheby's sold several late-19th century canvasses by Ivan Aivazovsky. The one titled "Ship off the Crimean Coast" (lead image, left), painted in 1881, was sold for £87,500, 49% above the estimated top. Another Aivazovsky seascape, inscribed Odessa 1868, fetched £320,750; it had been estimated at a maximum of £180,000. A third Aivazovsky, titled "The Bay of Naples", was sold for £52,500, at the bottom of its estimated range between £50,000 and £70,000.
However, Aivazovsky's "Greeting an American Ship" (lead image, right), estimated between £40,000 and £60,000, failed to sell at all.
"I expect the 'Crimean theme' will be a red rag for a long period of time," Lukashin observes. "The popularity of such works of art depends on the political views of the buyers. Nevertheless, the auction houses themselves are still trying to avoid the 'Crimean theme'".
Iosif Krachkovsky, "Spring in Crimea", 1904 – estimated by Sotheby's to fetch between £30,000 and £50,000, it sold for £75,500.
In the run-up to this week's auctions, MacDougall's promoted an early work by Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, titled "Portrait of an African Boy" (below, right). According to the promotional materials, "he painted the masterpiece in 1907 during a two-month trip to Algeria and Tunisia." The house set a reserve price range between £400,000 and £600,000 on the work. But there was no taker.
Left: Boris Grigoriev, Portrait d'un jeune garcon, 1930s – sold by Christie at £257,000, almost double the reserve price and the second best-seller for the house. Right: "Portrait of an African Boy" by Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin.


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HomeProjectsInstitutional Architecture
ProjectsInstitutional Architecture
Avenues Shenzhen Early Learning Center
Bridging Education: Connecting an Urban Campus for Future Generations
Shenzhen, China, 2021-07-06 –
Efficiency Lab for Architecture PLLC, a firm comprising a team of architects, planners, designers, and educators committed to a better understanding of efficiency in the built environment, is proud to announce the completion of an Early Learning Center in Shenzhen, China, the first school building of an innovative Avenues Shenzhen Campus master plan. The project marks the 5th collaboration between Efficiency Lab and Avenues: The World School, an organization dedicated to providing transformative, world-focused learning experiences to students around the globe.
"We have developed an organic relationship with Avenues over the past four years, and that has included joint research in the education sector," says Aybars Asci, AIA, LEED, President of Efficiency Lab. "Many factors derived from that research have been incorporated into the Shenzhen project, including bridges, canopies, portals, thresholds, niches, and an overall focus on the importance of architecture in education."
Tanglang Industrial Zone is one of the few remaining underdeveloped "urban villages" of Nanshan District in Shenzhen. As opposed to a previous strategy of tearing down and building anew, the government has shifted its focus to projects that embrace the adaptive reuse of existing structures. The area is now slated for redevelopment as an education and research zone, and Efficiency Lab is at the heart of the master planning, architectural design, interior design, and furnishings of an urban campus comprised of seven existing industrial buildings to be connected by bridges above the city's public streets. In addition to connecting the structures through a series of elevated walkways, each rooftop of the campus buildings will be landscaped and will include playgrounds, outdoor learning spaces, and gardens.
"The elevated walkways will continue to be built over the next two years and will connect all seven buildings of the campus together," explains Asci. "As a result, students will safely be able to access all of the facilities via an experiential pedestrian circulation network."
Avenues Shenzhen Early Learning Center was based on the adaptive reuse of a three-story warehouse and parking lot. Efficiency Lab approached the project from the perspective of strategic subtraction and addition, which included making very precise cuts in the existing building to create greater connectivity. The concept of 'connections' forms the heart of the project, from physical connections in the form of bridges and pedestrian walkways to visual connections enabled by carefully choreographed atriums strategically carved from the existing warehouse structure.
The first strategic addition that will connect the Early Learning Center to other buildings on the campus is a bridge that has been built to pass through a series of existing banyan trees, providing a unique and inspirational path for entering the facility. Vertical playgrounds descend from the connector bridge, forming a sort of rooftop treehouse environment that weaves among the root structure of the trees. The bridge immerses students in the beauty of the surrounding environment, helping to nurture feelings of empathy towards nature.
Inside the Early Learning Center, multi-level atria were cut from floor slabs of the existing building, creating a series of openings arranged to provide diagonal views across all three floors. The main atrium is centered in the middle of the floor plate, infusing natural light into the building. The concept of connections continues throughout the interior, with color-coded learning pods, thresholds, and niches providing children with the duality of partial seclusion and visual connectivity. Glazed walls provide writable surfaces in a fun and interactive learning zone created around the main atrium, while 'keyhole' pods serve as gateways from one zone to another.
"We're proud to be providing the children of Shenzhen with a playful learning environment that is woven into the urban fabric of the city," says Asci. "The Early Learning Center is a shining example of adaptive reuse, and a precursor for even greater things to come as the campus is completed."
Location: Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
ELC Program: Toddler – Kindergarten: classrooms, art classroom, science classrooms, dance classrooms, common spaces, support spaces, recreation areas, offices, multipurpose room, playgrounds
ELC Floor Area: 82,000 ft2
Campus Masterplan Floor Area: 300,000 ft2
Masterplan: Efficiency Lab for Architecture
Design Architect: Efficiency Lab for Architecture
Interior Design: Efficiency Lab for Architecture
Local Design Coordination: WAY Design
Local Design Institute: CCDI
Local Planning Institute: Shenzhen Urban Planning Institute
Structural Design: Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill
Landscape Design: Terrain
Lighting Design: Claude Engel
Acoustic: WSDG
Completion date: Fall 2019
About Efficiency Lab for Architecture PLLC
"Efficiency is Beautiful" is the ethos behind Efficiency Lab's research-driven design philosophy for building a more sustainable, inclusive, and equitable future. The firm applies first-principles thinking to every new challenge, combining conceptual clarity and analytical processes, including the use of algorithmic tools and building performance modeling, to pave the road towards greater efficiency in the built environment.
Many of the firm's staff are higher education teachers, and the firm has developed a collective passion for the education sector. In the past four years alone, the firm's commitment to education has generated 2.7 million square feet of master planning for campuses in Asia, North America, and South America. The firm's dedicated team of design professionals provides a full range of services, from campus master planning to feasibility studies, architectural design, interior design, furniture design, product design, efficiency consulting, Building Information Modeling (BIM), data visualization, and pedestrian simulation.
www.efficiencylab.org/
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Pénélope Fortin
View of the Pedestrian bridge connecting the Administration Building to the Early Learning Center.
Si Hu
View of the vertical playgrounds. The supports of the bridges are designed as vertical playgrounds offering students an immersive experience with nature.
View of the playground and the bridge.
View of the playground looking towards the bridge.
Bridge perched high up within the canopies of the Banyan trees.
View of the Bridge crossing over the local street and going in between the Banyan trees, creating a visual marker for the school.
View of the bridge going through the Banyan trees.
Aerial rendering of Avenues Shenzhen Masterplan.
Efficiency Lab for Architecture
Birdseye view of the playground.
Zheng Chao
View of the school entrance from the playground.
Dusk view of the playground with the play fountains on the foreground looking towards the building entrance.
View of the interconnecting atria marked by niches and suspended feature lights.
View of the central atrium looking towards the clerestory windows.
View of the central atrium looking towards the blue keyhole niche.
Blue keyhole niche acts both as a gateway and a fun area to hang out.
The pods organized around the atrium with views across one another. The writable glazing creates a fun and interactive learning surface.
Students playing in the small commons around the interconnecting atria.
View of the Student commons.
View of the typical classroom.
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When the S2600 allocates hot spare disks, a selected hard disk fails to be assigned as a hot spare disk. An alarm is generated, indicating that allocating hot spare disks fails.
The ISM version is V001R002.
The controller software version is 1.04.02.110.T04.
The SES firmware version is 33.
Step 1 Remove and insert the hard disk. Reassign it as a hot spare disk. The fault persists.
Step 2 Power off the storage system. Remove and insert the hard disk. Power on the storage system. Reassign the hard disk as a hot spare disk. The fault persists.
Step 3 View the health status of the hard disk, and the status is Failing. Check the alarm statistics of the storage system, and a warning "The disk (Disk enclosure 00, slot-id: 05) is failing" exists.
Step 4 Assign another hard disk whose health status is Normal as a hot spare disk. The operation succeeds.
1. The hard disk is improperly inserted into the slot.
2. The hard disk is faulty.
3. The firmware of the storage system is defective.
The S2600 ISM has the disk detection function, which predefines some conditions, and sets the health status of the matched hard disks to Failing. Although these hard disks are not really faulty, they cannot be used to create RAID groups or hot spare disks on the ISM.
On the ISM physical view, the icon of a hard disk that is failing is marked with a cross mark on its upper left corner, as shown in the following figure. (A picture deleted here) Note that on the GUIs of certain manufactures, the cross mark is used to distinguish a hot spare disk. On the S2600 ISM, no special mark is specified for a hot spare disk. Therefore, engineers of other manufactures need to learn about the differences between HS products and their own products, and learn about the unique features of HS products.


In a blunder too stupid to contemplate let alone explain the US Special Forces Information Operation (IO) team in Afghanistan designed leaflets that contained the Shahada "There is no God but God, and Muhammad is his prophet" printed on the side of a dog. Dogs are considered unclean to adherents of the Islamic faith; placing a Shahada on the picture of a dog is a grave insult to the faithful. In fact it is so grave that there will be no way any Afghan will believe this to be a simple mistake. This is an amateur hour self inflicted wound that for which we will pay a stiff price….take that to the bank.
The leaflets were dropped over Parwan province (I've also seen stories that it was dropped in the northern provinces) which has a literacy rate of 27% and most of those Afghans are Dari speakers. The leaflet is in Pashto – the language of the southern provinces. The Taliban were quick to respond sending a suicide bomber to one of the entry control gates at the Bagram airbase yesterday where he detonated his vest and wounded six soldiers (there of them Americans) and killed an interpreter.
Regardless of what the review of procedures reveals there is no way to explain such a reckless mistake after 16 years of fighting in Afghanistan. All this incident does is to reaffirm the wisdom of the Prince plan which focused on getting knowledgeable trainer/mentors into the country for the duration. What general Linder is going to find is someone on his/her first deployment thought this leaflet a good idea. Which is to say someone doesn't know a damn thing about the country of Afghanistan yet is running IO ops there. The Prince plan specifically avoided putting inexperienced people in country to avoid self inflicted wounds of this nature.
Why dropping leaflets in a province where a vast majority of the population in illiterate seems a good idea at this late stage is a bigger issue than the content. It speaks to another component of the Prince plan and that is not having people in country who do not complement the mission which we have been told is training the Afghanistan National Security Forces. This is the problem with the American military today; it is a gigantic bureaucracy designed to fight the military forces of other nation states. After 16 years of fighting in Afghanistan it is still unable to task organize into a force that reflects it's stated mission.
Adding insult to injury former Afghanistan president Karzai took to the press accusing the U.S. of launching "a psychological war against the Afghan people". He is correct; that is what exactly what information operations are designed to do and there is no reason for us to be doing them in Afghanistan.
Misfires of this nature are part of "a cyclic pattern to the erosion of faith in government, in which politics saps the state's capacity to protect people, and so people put their trust in other institutions". That quote comes from an article in the New Yorker about Hurricane Harvey yet explains well the reason Private Military Companies (PMC's) remain a viable business model in the face of unanimous condemnation by international elites.
Titled Why Does America Need a Cajun Navy? the article, in the words of Richard Fernandez, expressed alarm that "the Texas disaster instead of emphasizing the importance of Climate Change and greater government funding has perversely glorified community volunteerism with deleterious effect".
What the New Yorker was describing and what the world witnessed in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey was the high degree of social capitol resident in America's fly over country. The Cajun navy is a reflection of that social capitol as was the hundreds of people who launched their boats onto the flooded roadways and started saving people.
I called Frito-Lay and said, rather than manufacturing your entire product line, manufacture your bestsellers. I need Lay's, I need Doritos, I need Fritos. I need a variety pack. I don't need Funyons and I don't need Munchos. Just make your best sellers. I won't turn down any delivery. We'll take it as fast as we can.
We are about to see how much social capitol remains in the state of Florida. Florida has more cowboys (and cows) than Texas; but it has also seen a huge influx of life long democrats moving into the state from frigid northern blue states. This is why we have odious, ethically challenged congress persons like Debbie Wasserman Schultz on the national stage. She is a second rate hack who has the audacity to claim her support for the Awan brothers (the biggest political scandal of my life that is being studiously ignored by legacy media) is a victory of diversity and a blow against racism. Unhinged lunacy of that nature is why I suspect Florida is lacking in the human capitol department. People who elect the Wasserman Schultz's of the world are not the kind of people to risk their lives or property helping strangers.
America's melting pot is history's sole exception of E pluribus unum inclusivity: a successful multiracial society bound by a common culture, language and values.
Is Florida a successful melting pot or a dangerous salad-bowl of politically sanctioned, envy driven separatism? We shall soon see.
Right now the evacuation efforts in Florida are being stymied by a lack of fuel. The governor has been brow beating suppliers about getting more and is urging citizens to not top off their fuel tanks if they don't need to drive that far to local shelters. Does anyone on planet earth believe that will happen? He can hammer away at fuel suppliers all he wants but he won't get far. The Colonial Pipeline that carries 100 million gallons of gasoline, aviation fuel and heating oil a day from Texas refineries to the east coast is closed.
Wait…a pipeline carries 100 million gallons of gas a day from Texas to New York? Doesn't that make all the drama surrounding the Keystone pipeline rather moot? Yes it does and it illustrates the disservice being done to our national discourse by the legacy media and virtue signalling politicians rather obvious. America can and should be energy independent; for years the oil and gas industry has been asking to expand both pipelines and refinery capacity yet congressional democrats, blue state politicians and climate alarmists have worked in tandem to prevent those investments to our energy infrastructure. That is another self inflicted wound that is already impacting Florida and may well impact the other states in the south who are in the path of Hurricane Irma.
As the cheerleaders for climate alarmism take to the airwaves to tell you how 'climate change' is responsible for the intensity of the current hurricane season remember the graph below. Climate models that have their inputs artificially tweaked are not reliable. Legitimate scientific observation is as are your own two eyes.
Most Americans, just like most people in other parts of the world, do not like to wait for the government to swing into action when a natural disaster strikes. The effectiveness of the help they can provide to their fellow citizens is a direct reflection of the social capitol that resides within the affected areas. Let us hope and pray that the citizens of Florida are able to put aside petty politics and rise to the occasion. Their test is at hand; the rest of the world is watching and we will soon know if the blue state model can match the red states in human decency and real (vice virtue signaling) compassion.
Last week in one of the stronger passages of a solid speech President Trump said "We are not nation-building again. We are killing terrorists." Most Americans, to include myself normally like bold, unambiguous statements like that. Our nation building efforts in Afghanistan have not born much fruit, Americans don't, as a general rule, like terrorists. Killing them is, in theory, not a problem.
What is a problem is defining who is or is not a terrorist in the context of Afghanistan today. The US and her allies do not have reliable human intelligence networks in Afghanistan resulting in a 15 year run of raiding Afghans who are not connected to the Taliban and also killing some of the strongest supporters we had in that country. For example Razi Khan, the district governor of Chora district in the Taliban controlled Oruzgan province. Razi Khan had fought the Taliban all his life and was a strong ally of the Australian military who were assigned to Oruzgan province. He was killed by the Australian SAS during a night raid that was based on faulty intelligence.
There is also the problem of tribal leaders who are congruent with our goals in Afghanistan but rejected government officials sent by Kabul who the locals viewed as little more than criminals. Ajmal Khan Zazai, Canadian citizen and head of the tribal federation in the Zazai valley of Paktia province is one of those. As I wrote here back in 2010 he was considered an AOG (Armed Opposition Group) leader by the US Army and thus, today, could be considered a "terrorist".
The American military in general and Secretary Mattis in particular is not adverse to learning bitter lessons, adapting to those lessons and overcoming them in time. But it is not an institution that values creativity which results in change in small increments. The military attracts smart, orderly people who master the discipline they work in but view change as micro steps of improvements to the existing structure. People like this fit well inside the evaluation structures these institutions use to judge performance.
That is a function of human nature. The military, like all bureaucracies, is chocked full of conscientious people who can work very hard at going the wrong direction for years on end. Creativity is a high risk, high gain game best played by highly creative people. It is much safer for the high intelligence segment of the population to find a functioning entity and operate as a cog within that entity. Highly creative people tend to go off on tangents all the time but the probability that one of those tangents is exactly what is needed at the exact time it is proposed are ridiculously low. The most reasonable response to the tangential ideas from a highly creative person is "that's stupid". Take a few minutes to listen to one of my favorite Canadians explain this dynamic in detail.
Damn, I just went off on tangent again. The purpose for that was to, once again, point out that dismissing creative solutions like the one Eric Prince proposed is to be expected but that doesn't mean it is necessarily well informed.
It is important to note that our stated strategy of preventing a terrorist organization from planning and launching attacks against America from Afghanistan is a red herring. As friend of FRI, J Harlin pointed out in the comments section, the 9/11 attacks were planned in Hamburg, Germany; controlled from Yemen and the vital training for the attack took place in Arizona and Florida. Afghanistan housed bin Laden, the founder of al Qaeda, which was a good reason to go there and smoke check him. It is also the reason we should have never let him slip away once we had him trapped in Tora Bora.
Second, focusing on the application of force alone to "win" is not a coherent solution to our commitment in Afghanistan. The war there will end with a political settlement, not a military victory. Crafting that settlement will take creative diplomatic thinking that isolates the Taliban affiliated tribes and clans from the rest of the Afghan population. All the military can do now is provide the space for these efforts by keeping the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) in the fight.
Do we have the talent resident in our diplomatic corps to take advantage of the time/space being generated by military? We have people with the requisite language skills, connections and time in country seeded throughout the various government establishments (DoS, DEA, CIA, NSA, USAID, etc…) to foster an acceptable endstate. Are these people being sent back into the fray? Is there a plan or even a single unifying leader with the authority of a Viceroy to implement a plan?
The answer, I fear, is no because the idea of splitting the Taliban from the rest of the population while playing India off against Pakistan is, in the eyes of our federal bureaucracies, stupid. Yet in the eyes of creative, strategic thinkers it is the only plan that will work. Inshallah somebody with the traits of the later will emerge to shepherd the efforts of the former to a logical end.