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June 30: Korean Mission Anniversary
30 June, 2014 in June 2014 by archivist | No comments
Eighty years ago, on June 30, 1934, there was an observance of the fiftieth anniversary of the Korean mission started by the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. Other denominations had their own missions in that land. The Southern Presbyterian Church (properly, the Presbyterian Church, U.S.) had a substantial mission there as well, one which was greatly blessed of the Lord, and we may speak of the PCUS mission later.
But for today, reading briefly in The fiftieth anniversary celebration of the Korea Mission of the Presbyterian church in the U.S.A., June 30-July 3, 1934 by the Rev. Harry A. Rhodes, we come to what is for us the heart of the subject, a paper presented by the Rev. Herbert E. Blair, under the title of "Fifty Years of Development of the Korean Church."
The Role of Missionaries
According to the Rev. Herbert E. Blair, three main principles undergirded the PCUSA mission to Korea in the period between 1884-1934. These were: (1) the supreme place given the Bible, with its simple Gospel message as the inspired, authoritative Word of God. (2) the common determination to make the Korean Church an indigenous church from the beginning, self-propagating, self-instructing, and self-governing. And (3) a spirit of comity and cooperation.
But Blair also notes that there was great opposition to the gospel ministry in Korea in those days. "Men were imprisoned and flogged and threatened with death for helping the foreigners bring in the Gospel. Terrible persecutions were inflicted by hostile communities or privately by families or by fathers and husbands. Young widows of the Church were snatched and sold by heathen relatives and terribly abused. Wives were beaten, dragged out of churches and through the streets by their hair and cursed, and their clothes hidden so that they could not go to church again. Some were locked up and food denied them. They were cast off for Christ's sake. Young boys suffered terrible beatings at the hands of brothers and fathers and were driven from home. Young girls were dragged away to heathen marriages and tortured if they protested. If they fled they were arrested and forced back into weddings they could not escape."
The Bible and the Korean Church
Rev. Blair continues: "But by God's grace, the Korean Church grew and became established—established upon the very best and only true Foundation. Writing from his vantage point in 1934, Dr. Blair states, "Bible study has been magnified in the Korean Church. The Bible has been ever at the side of leaders and followers alike. The Bible has been a passion with many pastors and teachers. Rev. Kil Sun-chu [or, Kil Son-ju, 1869-1935], the blind preacher of Pyongyang, has been first of all a diligent Bible student. He had studied all the old cults, but nothing brought peace till his soul began to feed on the Word of God. Pastor Kil has been an inspiring model before the eyes of the whole Church. His sight failed him but Dr. H.C. Whiting operated and enabled him to read again. This past generation pictures Pastor Kil always standing in the midst of great Bible classes, holding up his Bible close to his big, round, radiant face so that through his immense lenses he could himself read the Scriptures and then pour out his great soul in vision and plea. He has so studied and taught the Bible that he can repeat whole books. He has repeated the Revelation hundreds of times. Similarly, most of the leaders of the Church have been good Bible students. Their Bibles are filled with notes, worn and black from Genesis to Revelation. Some of them know their Bibles so well that they are veritable concordances. Such examples have helped the whole church to become a Bible-studying, Bible-loving church. Even old grandmothers and ignorant farmers have been inspired to learn to read so they too could know God's Word."
"One can tell a Christian home by the Bible on the floor or on the box at the window or the little table. In their homes family prayers have not only been for daily devotion but they have also been the family schools where the fathers and mothers, aged parents and little children, have gathered in circles about the little oil lamps on the floors, with their Bibles open before them, reading around, verse after verse, the fathers often pronouncing syllable after syllable for the little children to repeat till all have learned to read. Probably all who have spent any length of time in Syen-chun, have been impressed when late at night or earlyt in the morning, while going through the street, passing house after house, they have heard the sound of family prayers or the muffled tone of song. The open Bible is the family altar. All over Korea for years, in multitudes of homes, they have had such family prayers."
Words to Live By:
Much of this account seems so similar to accounts of other times of God's great blessing upon His Church. And consistently in each case, a faithful devotion to the Word of God and to prayer undergirds each of those times of blessing. Christian, where is your Bible? Is it gathering dust? Or is it your daily companion? And are you constant in prayer, seeking your Father's face, drawing near not just with your daily burdens, but also with groanings and petitions for the Church at large, that the Lord would be glorified before a watching world? Be constant in God's Word and in prayer, and watch expectantly to see how the Lord will work. Pray that once great denominations in the U.S.A. would again be seized with the truth of the Bible and return to a faithful proclamation of the Gospel. Pray too that we who consider ourselves orthodox would indeed maintain our first love in all humility and obedience.
Tags: God Word, Korean Church, Pastor Kil, Presbyterian Church
June 29: Remember What It Cost
Keeping in mind that newspapers were little different then than now, subject to the same human foibles*, nonetheless the following coverage of the modernist controversy and the resulting denominational split is interesting, as it offers some different perspectives on what a division means to those involved.
[*There are two errors mainly in the text below, both of which will be noted in brackets in their first appearance.]
This article is from a Wilmington, DE newspaper, dated June 29, 1936, and is found preserved in one of seven scrapbooks gathered by the Rev. Henry G. Welbon, covering the modernist controversy in the years 1935-1939. The photographs have been added and were not part of the original article.
Dissension with all the heartaches and strained loyalties that civil war brings, is definitely wedged in the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.
Where it will lead and the effect of the wedge, no one knows.
But this much is already evident in the Presbytery of New Castle, which embraced Delaware and parts of Maryland: families are divided, parents against children, husbands against wives, and friend with friend.
This is a time when members of congregations are torn between loyalty to their established church, when men are being accused of dogmatism, heresy, apostasy and free will.
Out of the seething cauldron has been born a new church, the Presbyterian Church in [sic; should be "of"] America, in contrast to the old Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.
The nature of the wedge that is lodged in the church of the U.S.A. today is itself controversial.
Question Not Doctrinal
Those who are remaining loyal say the split is on a church constitutional question and among the loyalists are both fundamentalists and modernists.
"The matter now and never has been a controversy between 'fundamentalists' and 'modernists' the general council of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. states.
It is a question the general council states, of whether ministers shall disobey the established constitution of a church and agree to the will of the majority.
The secessionists–all fundamentalists–say the differences are based upon doctrinal questions and liberty of conscience.
In any case, the immediate cause of the secession and the controversy has been the Independent Board of [sic; should be "for"] Presbyterian Foreign Missions, a board with no official connection with the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.
The leading personality in the Independent Board of Presbyterian Foreign Missions has been the Rev. Dr. J. Gresham Machen of the Presbytery of New Brunswick, N.J.
Four Judicatories in Church
For those not familiar with Presbyterian Church government, it should be explained that the judicatory and administrative bodies of the church are: First, the session, composed of representatives of a congregation, governing the church; second, the Presbytery governing a group of sessions in a district; third, the synod, a group of Presbyteries and fourth, the General Assembly which is the national ruling body of the Presbyterian Church which also is the supreme court and lawmaking body of the entire church.
Also as part of the story of the Independent Board of Presbyterian Foreign Missions is Pearl Buck, a missionary in China, whom it was charged was too much a modernist.
Dr. Machen Heads Movement
Though she resigned, the charges persisted from the militant fundamentalists of the Presbyterian Church against the alleged modernism in the foreign mission groups. In 1933, Dr. Machen introduced into the Presbytery of New Brunswick a proposed resolution to be presented to General Assembly relating to what he called "modernism" in the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions.
A large majority of the Presbytery of New Brunswick refused to send this resolution to General Assembly but similar resolutions did reach General Assembly in 1933. The assembly received it and Dr. Machen was heard by the committee to which the resolutions had been presented for consideration.
By a vote of 43 to 2, the committee reported unfavorably and expressed its confidence in the Board of Foreign Missions and by a nearly unanimous vote, the General Assembly approved the report of this committee.
But Dr. Machen did not pause there. Accepting neither the views of the committee nor the "judgment of the General Assembly," he was influential in the establishment of the Independent Board of Presbyterian Foreign Missions, incorporated in December of 1933, with Dr. Machen as president. It is not a recognized body of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., being just what its name indicates, "independent."
H. S. Laird Member of Board
To this board came the Rev. Harold S. Laird, pastor of the First and Central Presbyterian Church of Wilmington, an ardent fundamentalist.
But before he joined the independent board, he consulted with his session. He did not join against their counsel.
Another point, not widely known, is that Mr. Laird during his pastorate at First and Central Presbyterian Church never solicited for the Independent Board of Presbyterian Foreign Missions.
"It was only after much earnest prayer and careful consideration," he said, "that I came to the conviction that this movement was of God, and being thus convinced, I agreed to throw what little influence I have in the church to the lifting high of this standard. This was my primary motive in allowing myself to be elected a member of the Independent Board for Presbyterian Foreign Missions.
"It is from this board that I was ordered to resign. I believe the board is of God and I also believe that my call to membership on that board was of God. Under such circumstances, how can I resign? Shall I obey man rather than God?"
Taking note of this independent board and that ministers and elders were prominent in its membership, the General Assembly directed that all ministers and laymen affiliated with the board sever their connections with the organization.
Those who declined to obey this direction were ordered tried by their Presbyteries. A number were found guilty and either rebuked or suspended.
Mr. Laird tried before the Presbytery of New Castle, protested that his affiliation with the independent board had been guided by his conscience and that in refusing to sever his connection, he was placing the word of God above the courts of man.
Rebuked, But Not Suspended.
Mr. Laird, however, was found guilty, with one dissenting vote in his favor. He was ordered rebuked but allowed to remain [in] his pulpit.
But Mr. Laird continued in the membership of the independent board. The Presbytery recently suspended him from the ministry–an act regarded as illegal by Mr. Laird who immediately renounced the authority of the Presbytery.
Unity is a precious thing, to be cultivated and prized. But Christian unity must be centered on the saving Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. Where we have that unity, it is glorious. Without Jesus Christ as our Cornerstone, there can be no Church.
Luke 12:49-53 (ESV)
49 "I came to cast fire on the earth, and would that it were already kindled!
50 I have a baptism to be baptized with, and how great is my distress until it is accomplished!
51 Do you think that I have come to give peace on earth? No, I tell you, but rather division.
52 For from now on in one house there will be five divided, three against two and two against three.
53 They will be divided, father against son and son against father, mother against daughter and daughter against mother, mother-in-law against her daughter-in-law and daughter-in-law against mother-in-law."
1 Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity!
2 It is like the precious ointment upon the head, that ran down upon the beard, even Aaron's beard: that went down to the skirts of his garments;
3 As the dew of Hermon, and as the dew that descended upon the mountains of Zion: for there the Lord commanded the blessing, even life for evermore.
Tags: Central Presbyterian Church, General Assembly, New Brunswick, New Castle
June 28: Eliza Edmunds Hewitts
28 June, 2014 in June 2014 by davidtmyers | No comments
Wonderful Songs Despite a Life of Sorrow
She could have been bitter. She could have blamed God for what happened to her. She could have lived a life of depression and hopeless sorrow. But Eliza Edmunds Hewitts did not do any of these. Instead she lived a life of joy in anticipation of heaven's shores.
Born June 28, 1851, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, she attended public schools in the city. Graduating valedictorian from the Girls Normal School, he became a teacher in the public school system of Philadelphia. During one of those classes, an unruly student threw a large piece of slate at her. Her career was cut short in teaching as the effect of that slate gave her a spinal injury. She was confined to bed at first. Eventually she was able to be partially restored, but the rest of her life was spent in great pain.
She began to study English literature at that time. That study enabled her to sing and write Christian hymns and songs. With the help of several composers, she wrote the words for approximately seventy-one hymns. Several of her best hymns are "More about Jesus would I know," "My faith has found a resting place," "Stepping in the Light," "Sunshine in my soul," "When we all get to heaven," "Give me thy heart, says the Father above," and "Will there be any stars in my crown?"
Her other field of labor was still in the teaching field. She became the Sunday School superintendent at Calvin Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia. At one point, she oversaw 200 children. She was a regular contributor to "Sunday School Helps."
She died on April 24, 1920, to receive the stars in her crown for her spiritual work, despite a life and final bed of pain.
Words to Live By: The New Trinity Hymnal has only "More about Jesus would I know" on page 538. The blue (old) Trinity Hymnal has "Give me thy heart" on pg 723. Other evangelical hymnals will give you other favorites of Eliza (or E.E.) Hewitt. Why not join with a group of Christians, or on Sunday evening for a hymn sing, to lend your voice to singing her hymns of the faith? Then discuss her life, of being by God's strength, able to write and serve the Lord despite her physical pain. It would be a profitable study.
Tags: Born June, Girls Normal School, Sunday School Helps
June 27: Rev. James Rodgers (1785-1863)
27 June, 2014 in Uncategorized by archivist | No comments
When Christ is rich, how can I be poor?
Today's post is excerpted from the history written by P. H. Fowler—Historical Sketch of Presbyterianism within the bounds of the Synod of Central New York. (1877), pp. 639-640:—
Rev. James Rodgers was born at Roxburyshire, in the South of Scotland, 1785, and labored on a farm there until 1819, when he immigrated to this country, settling in Hammond Township, a section of St. Lawrence county, a region then covered by dense forest. A number of Scotch families joined him, and affected by the spiritual destitution of the community, Mr. Rodgers decided to open school-house meetings. Devotional exercises alone were attempted at first, but soon the reading of printed sermons was introduced, and after that brief addresses and Scripture expositions, which gradually superseded the reading of sermons. Half of Saturday for a time, and then the whole of that day was occupied in preparing for the Sunday service, and neighbors took turns in doing the lay preacher's work on the farm. As word of this arrangement spread throughout the region, friends of religion, and particularly Judge Fine, persuaded Mr. Rodgers to put himself under the care of the Presbytery of St. Lawrence. He was licensed by that body at Canton on March 23, 1823, and ordained on June 9, 1824. He continued in Hammond, but extended his labors to the neighboring towns, and organized and built up a flourishing church. He also occasionally served the Second Church, Oswegatchie, formed in 1823, and settled there as stated supply in 1827, and as pastor beginning May 13, 1839, continuing there until June 27, 1848. The hard work of his early life in Scotland, and the toil and exposure of his immigrant life, began now to show themselves in his impaired constitution; and though exerting himself still to the utmost of his strength, and frequently preaching here and there, and excited almost to his former activity in the revival of 1858, he gradually broke down, often suffering excruciating torture, hard even to witness, but patiently borne, and finally gave way, August 20, 1863, in the 78th year of his age.
Mr. Rodgers was, in many respects, a remarkable man. His career indicates this. With nothing but a common school education, and pursuing manual labor, and associating with unlettered farmers, he became an acceptable, instructive and useful lay preacher; and after a brief special preparation for it, entered the gospel ministry and prosecuted it with signal success. He must have had, and did have, great determination and force, and showed excellent judgment. None of his professional training was in the schools, but in the family, with the Bible and catechism as text books, and the open field which he was cultivating, for times of thoughtful reflection. His pulpit power was the Word of God, which he constantly searched, and whence his sermons were brought forth. This furnished him with both matter and spirit, supplemented by a Christian experience with which affliction was largely concerned. He dated his conversion from his 14th year, and a consistent life and a peaceful death demonstrated its genuineness. As a loving daughter looked on his last sufferings, she could not repress the words, "Poor father!" "Not poor father," he replied; ""when Christ is rich, how can I be poor?" To some inquiries he answered, "I do not fear to die, and have no desire to live." He had asked for the reading of the 17th chapter of the gospel of John, and awakening from a slumber into which he fell immediately after, he exclaimed, "Oh, that weight of glory!" He breathed his last, August 20, 1863. Mr. Rodgers owed much to his wife, Margaret Hill, whom he married in 1805, and who for fifty-five years shared his life and contributed largely to it. She was taken from him by accident in 1860, and he never recovered from the bereavement and shock. Two sons and three daughters survived him, both sons ruling elders, and two grandsons became preachers of the gospel.
"Not that I speak in respect of want: for I have learned, in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content. I know both how to be abased, and I know how to abound: every where and in all things I am instructed both to be full and to be hungry, both to abound and to suffer need. I can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me."—Philippians 4:11-13, KJV.
Tags: Hammond Township, Judge Fine, Margaret Hill, Scotland
June 26: J. J. Janeway's Resolve
A Desire to Effect a Reformation
The Rev. Jacob Jones Janeway [1774-1858] was an early Philadelphia pastor who served initially as an associate alongside the Rev. Ashbel Green. Rev. Janeway was also a close friend and supporter of the early Princeton Seminary faculty.
When the new year of 1800 opened, the Rev. J. J. Janeway was found on its threshold with a strong desire to "effect a reformation" in his heart and life. He wrote in his diary, "On examination, it is found that early rising, fervency in devotion, religious reflections in company, humility, courage, disinterested benevolence, and much engagedness are particularly worthy my attention in this reformation. May God enable me to reform. Amen."
It was not a short-lived expectation or goal for Rev. Janeway. He persisted. On June 26th of that same year, he wrote in his diary:
"This day I spent in fasting and prayer for the blessing of Almighty God on my ministry. I have read the Scriptures; meditated and prayed. Confession of sins has been made. I have entreated God to bestow on me courage, wisdom, prudence, ardent piety, circumspection, a feeling sense of the importance of divine truth, compassion for the souls of men. I have prayed that I may propose divine truth with clearness, illustrate it with wisdom, and urge it with affection and energy; that I may be furnished for my work abundantly; that I may be a wise, faithful, able and successful minister of the Lord Jesus."
An able, effective, and pointed prayer for any pastor. And in a similar way, for any and all who claim Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord. May each of us press closer to know the Lord, to seek His face, to draw near to Him day by day. Read the Scriptures. Dwell upon their meaning and pray. Confess your sins and ask God to give you what is needed for this day, to live to His glory.
Tags: Almighty God, Ashbel Green, Jacob Jones Janeway, Lord Jesus
June 25: B.B. Warfield & Revision of the Standards
REVISION OR REAFFIRMATION?
The following letter was sent by Professor Warfield to the Stated Clerk of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., with Warfield declining to serve on the Committee of Revision appointed by the last Assembly. For at least a decade prior, certain elements in the PCUSA had worked to bring about a revision of the Westminster Confession of Faith. Warfield opposed this effort with a number of articles and short works, but in the end. lost this battle. In 1903, the Assembly approved the addition of two chapters to the Confession—a "chapter 34" on the Holy Spirit and a "chapter 35" on "The Love of God and Missions." The PCA, OPC, RPCNA and most other conservative American Presbyterian denominations have rejected these added chapters, and it is worth noting that the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Synod has this year voted to remove these added chapters from their edition of the Confession.
Princeton, N. J., June 25, 1900.
To the Rev. Dr. William Henry Roberts, D.D., LL.D.,
Stated Clerk of the General Assembly.
My Dear Dr. Roberts :
The intimation you have sent me of my appointment to the committee, authorized by the last General Assembly, "to consider the whole matter of the restatement of the doctrines most surely believed among us," reached me duly. I am deeply sensible of the honor of such an appointment, and as well of the duty of the servants of the Church to address themselves diligently to the tasks assigned to them by its highest court. Nevertheless, I am constrained to ask to be relieved from this service. There are circumstances arising from illness in my family, and others arising from losses sustained lately in the teaching force of the Seminary in whose immediate service I am employed, which would require me to hesitate to undertake additional labors at this time. But I should not be true to myself did I not say frankly that the decisive reason moving me to request release from service on this committee is an unconquerable unwillingness to be connected with the present agitation for a revision of our creedal formulae in any other manner than that of respectful but earnest protest.
I cannot think that the violent assault upon certain of our confessional statements—statements which are clearly Scriptural and as clearly lie at the centre of our doctrinal system—in which the agitation originated, was a fitting occasion for a movement of this kind, or for any action of the Church except the rebuke of the assailants by the courts to which they were directly amenable. I cannot think the precipitate action of a few presbyteries following these assaults with a request for some review of our confessional position other than unwise. I cannot believe that the Assembly acted with that regard for the peace of the Church and the integrity of its testimony to the truth which is becoming in our highest court, when it paid such heed to these few discordant and, as I must believe, ill-considered overtures that it ignored the eloquent silence of five-sixths of the Presbyteries of the Church and precipitated an agitation as to its doctrinal standards upon the whole Church. My conviction is clear that, in the circumstances, it was rather the duty of the Assembly, in fulfillment of its high function of guardian of the truth professed by this Church, to reaffirm the doctrines that had been assailed; to quiet the disturbance that had been raised; and, by renewed hearty commendation of our Standards to the churches under its care, to strengthen in them a firm and intelligent attachment to these Standards and their forms of sound words. It is greatly to be feared that the effect of its contrary action, by which on so small an occasion it has invited every Presbytery to subject the fundamental law of the Church to searching inquisition, will be to foment carping criticism and discontents if it be not taken in some quarters as a license to unrebuked assaults upon the very bond by which our churches are held together, and on the very substance of the truth delivered into our keeping by the great Head of the Church. It is my hope and prayer that the. Presbyteries may be led by the Divine grace to avert these dangers and to repair the evil already done, by entering an effective protest against this whole movement through a reaffirmation of their hearty loyalty to the system of doctrine brought to such admirable expression in our Standards.
In my own person at least I feel constrained to make this protest and reaffirmation with the utmost emphasis, and I am unwilling to enter into any relations which may seem to any to lessen this emphasis in any degree. I am thoroughly out of sympathy with the whole movement of which the work of this committee is a part. I desire above all things to see the Church pass quietly away from this disturbing agitation concerning its fundamental beliefs, which form the basis of its unity. It is an inexpressible grief to me to see it spending its energies in a vain attempt to lower its testimony to suit the ever changing sentiment of the world about it. I would fain see it, rather, secure in the peaceful possession of its well-assured doctrinal system, and animated by an enthusiastic loyalty to it and to the Standards in which it is expressed with such singular clarity and power, go forth in strength to win the world to the evangelical truth it has drawn from the Scriptures and professed through so many years of struggle and suffering, of progress and triumph. That God may bless the Church through these coming months with a double portion of the knowledge of His truth and of wisdom from on high, and with a double portion of holy courage to believe in its heart and to reassert in the face of whatever unbelief or doubt the whole truth that He has delivered to its keeping, is my constant and fervent prayer.
Will you kindly, my dear Dr. Roberts, communicate to the Moderator of the Assembly this my request to be released from service upon the committee, and make my excuses in whatever manner may be proper.
I am very truly yours,
BENJAMIN B. WARFIELD.
"Hold fast the form of sound words, which thou hast heard of me, in faith and love which is in Christ Jesus. That good thing which was committed unto thee keep by the Holy Ghost which dwelleth in us." — 2 Timothy 1:13-14, KJV.
Image source: Frontispiece photograph in The Power of God unto Salvation. The Presbyterian Pulpit series, no. vi. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath-School Work, 1903.
Tags: General Assembly, Professor Warfield, Stated Clerk, William Henry Roberts
June 24: Rev. John Lycan Kirkpatrick
He did not serve God's people with that which cost him nothing.
John Lycan Kirkpatrick was born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, on 20 January 1813. Alfred Nevin notes that his parents were pious Presbyterians, members of Providence Church, and that John was baptized by the Rev. James Wallis, pastor of that church. Nevin also provides information that his family moved to Morgan county, Georgia when he was four years old, and later to DeKalb county when he was 15. Kirkpatrick was educated at Franklin College, Athens, Georgia, attending there in 1830, and then transferring to Hampden-Sydney College and graduating there in 1832 with the Bachelor of Arts degree. He taught at Charlotte Court House, Virginia for two years, 1833-1834 and then moved on to train for the ministry at the Union Theological Seminary in Richmond, VA, 1834-1837.
He was licensed to preach by West Hanover Presbytery in March of 1837 and ordained by the same Presbytery in November of that same year, being installed in his first pastorate at the Second Presbyterian Church in Lynchburg, VA. He served that church as pastor from 1837-1841, and in the second year of that pastorate, married Mary Elizabeth Turner of Lexington, VA. Rev. Kirkpatrick and his wife subsequently moved to Gainesville, Alabama when Rev. Kirkpatrick answered a call to pastor the PCUS church there, remaining in that post, his longest pastorate, from 1841-1853. He next served as pastor of the historic Glebe Street Church in Charleston, South Carolina from 1853-1860. From roughly 1856 until 1860, Kirkpatrick served as the editor of The Southern Presbyterian.
Leaving the Glebe Street Church, Rev. Kirkpatrick spent the remainder of his years in academia, serving first as president of Davidson College, from 1860-1866. Then from 1866-1885, he was Professor of Moral Philosophy at Washington & Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, and it was during these years that his wife died, on August 8, 1874. Rev. Kirkpatrick also served as interim supply for the Lexington Presbyterian Church, from the Spring of 1867 until August of 1868. He continued as Professor at the University until his death on June 24, 1885.
Suffering for over a year from a painful malady, among his final words, shortly before he died, he wrote:
I trust I am prepared for whatever may be the will of my heavenly Father. It gives me courage now to recall my feelings at a time when I verily believed that a few hours only separated me from the realities of the great hereafter. I seemed to have no dread of meeting God. He did not wear the visage of an angry God, but of a loving father. My trust in my Redeemer was unshaken, and his righteousness all-sufficient. I thank him for the experience of that hour. It was not dying grace then, as I now know; but it was a token of the Saviour's love, of unspeakable preciousness.
Honors conferred on John Lycan Kirkpatrick during his life include the Doctor of Divinity degree, conferred by the University of Alabama in 1852. He also served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America (PCCSA) in 1862. Five published works have been located thus far. Dr. Kirkpatrick is also noted as the editor of The Southern Presbyterian, and undoubtedly many of his published works appeared in that journal.
"Let no one look down on your youthfulness, but rather in speech, conduct, love, faith and purity, show yourself an example of those who believe." (1 Timothy 4:12, KJV) — And if that is Paul's charge for younger men, how much more so for older men, to live as befits the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. Indeed, we must all, men and women, so live as examples of those who believe. In your speech, your conduct, your love, faith and purity, live day to day with the purpose of honoring and glorifying the Lord who saved you by His grace.
Hunter, Robert F., Lexington Presbyterian Church, 1789-1989 (Lexington, VA : Lexington Presbyterian Church, 1991), p. 92.
Nevin, Alfred, The Encyclopedia of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (Philadelphia : Presbyterian Encyclopedia Publishing Co., 1884), pp. 1172-1173.
Scott, E.C., Ministerial Directory of the Presbyterian Church, U.S., 1861-1941 (Austin, TX : Press of Von Boeckmann-Jones Co., 1942), p. 379.
Image source : Alfred Nevin, The Encyclopedia of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (1884), p. 1172.
Chronological Bibliography—
Oration delivered before the Philistorian Society of Georgetown College, D.C. on the 22d of February, 1840 … to which are prefixed the remarks of W.L. Warren, Ga., previous to his reading the farewell address of Washington. (Washington [D.C.?] : Jacob Gideon, Jr., 1840), 16 p.
The moral tendency of the doctrine of falling from grace examined: a sermon preached before the Synod of Alabama at the opening of its sessions in Gainesville, October 24th, 1844 (Mobile, Register and Journal Office, 1845), 28 p.
A sermon, preached on the occasion of the death of Mrs. Mary Chamberlain Brackett : in the Presbyterian Church, Gainesville, Ala., March 2, 1851 (St. Louis: Hill & M'Kee, printers, 1851), 24 p.
A funeral discourse, delivered on Sunday morning, April 10, 1859, in the Independent or Congregational (Circular) Church, of Charleston, on the death of the Rev. Reuben Post, D.D., late Pastor of that church (Charleston, S.C. : Walker, Evans & Co.'s Steam Powered Press, 1859), 32 p.
" The Waldenses and Infant Baptism, " in The Southern Presbyterian Review, 14.3 (October 1861) 399-430.
Tags: Alfred Nevin, Evans Co, Georgia, Lexington Presbyterian Church
June 23: The Pioneer of Irish Presbyterianism
Josiah Welsh had cried out at the moment he entered glory, "O victory, victory, forevermore," on June 23, 1634. He was only thirty-six years of age. But what he had accomplished for Christ in those short thirty-six years was remarkable.
Born in 1598 in Scotland, he was of good Presbyterian stock! How could this not be said when we acknowledge that his mother was one of John Knox's—yes, that John Knox—daughters. Elizabeth was the third daughter of the great Reformer from his second wife. So that made our topic of today's post the grandson of John Knox. In addition, his own father John Welsh was a Presbyterian minister as well.
Josiah studied first at Geneva, Switzerland, much as his grandfather had done. Then he returned to Scotland to study at St. Andrews. He even taught some at the University of Glasgow. He evidently moved to Northern Ireland, or Ulster, due to his opposition to papacy. Yet God moved in two men as the helps of that move.
Humphrey Norton was an English Puritan layman who first employed Joshua Welsh as the chaplain for his household. This was followed by the Rev. Robert Blair, the first Presbyterian preacher in Ulster, who had come over himself from Scotland to Ireland.
It was said that Josiah Welsh had "outstanding spiritual qualities" which enabled him to settle down as the pastor of Templepartrick, Ireland in 1626. While many of his fellow Scottish Presbyterians under-shepherds who moved to Ireland accepted Church of England parishes under the bishops of that land, Josiah Welsh did not and labored without the benefit of membership in an organized presbytery.
It was said of Josiah Welsh that he possessed an ability to preach directly to the consciences of his people in the pew. He was a fervent preacher of the Word which was backed up by a godly lifestyle. One of three famous revivals in Ulster, called the Six Mile Water Revival, occurred under benefit of his preaching to the Irish populace.
Words to Live By: There is an old saying which states "Only one life will soon be past; only what's done for Christ will last." Certainly this was true in the life and ministry of John Welsh. Question? Is it true in your life, dear reader? Talk to your pastor to see what biblical counsel he might impart to you on how it might be your life testimony as well.
Tags: John Welsh, Josiah Welsh, Northern Ireland, Scotland
June 22: The Sanquhar Declaration
Do you own the Sanquhar Declaration? That question would be asked again and again by the authorities in the land of Scotland in the latter part of the seventeenth century against Presbyterians in the kingdom. If it was answered in the affirmative, then your very life was in danger, either at that very time or later.
The name of the declaration was in reference to a small town in the southwest part of Scotland. It was the very center of persecution. Fugitives from the east or west naturally passed through it for passage to safer areas. On one of its streets was a village cross to which people would affix various messages to the outside world.
It was on this day, June 22, 1680, that a band of horsemen who were heavily armed with swords and pistols rode into the town early in the morning. Led by a Presbyterian minister by the name of Richard Cameron, the group stopped, sand a psalm, prayed, and then publicly read the following declaration. It is found at the bottom of this post. There was no doubt as to what it maintained, namely, a declaration of war against the present king in London, England.
Consider its chief sentence: "Therefore, although we be for government and governors, such as the Word of God and our covenant allows; yet we, for ourselves, and all that will adhere to us as the representative of the true Presbyterian Kirk and covenanted nation of Scotland, considering the great hazard of lying under such a sin any longer, do, by these presents, disown Charles Stuart, that has been reigning, or rather tyrannizing, as we may say, on the throne of Britain these years begone, as having any right, title to, or interest in the said crown of Scotland for government."
And further, "As also we being under the standard of our Lord Jesus Christ, Captain of salvation, and his cause and covenants, do declare war with such a tyrant and usurper, and all the men of his practices, as enemies to our Lord Jesus Christ, and his cause and covenants . . . ."
There was no doubt as to the intention of this declaration. The sword was to be taken up from its sheath and used to bring about the Presbyterian cause once and for all. There was equally no doubt as to what it proclaimed from the Crown. They, in a Proclamation on June 30, 1680 that Richard Cameron and his followers were Rebels and Traitors. Large rewards were offered for them dead or alive.
Words to Live By: Alexander Smellie in his book "Men of the Covenant" says regarding this declaration, "What had they done? They had cast off the authority of their monarch. But they had not done it in mischievous anarchy and blatant revolt. They made their adjuration a religious act. They prefaced and followed the oath of insurrection by the worship of God. Moreover, they had disavowed King Charles in the interest of King Jesus. They disobeyed the unworthy ruler, that they might obey the Ruler who is incomparable…We may not approve every phrase in their Declaration…It contends for the essentials, for a free Parliament and an unshackled Church…Its principles triumphed in 1688 (the arrival of William and Mary."
The text of The Sanquhar Declaration:—
"The Declaration and Testimony of the True Presbyterian, Anti-prelatic, Anti-erastian, persecuted party in Scotland," published at Sanquhar, 22 June 1680.
It is not amongst the smallest of the Lord's mercies to this poor land, that there have been always some who have given their testimony against every cause of defection that many are guilty of; which is a token for good, that he doth not, as yet, intend to cast us off altogether, but that he will leave a remnant in whom lie will be glorious, if they. through his grace, keep themselves clean still, and walk in his way and method as it has been walked in, and owned by him in our predecessors of truly worthy memory; in their carrying on of our noble work of reformation, in the several steps thereof, from Popery, Prelacy, and likewise Erastian supremacy—so much usurped by him who, it is true, so far as we know, is descended from the race of our kings; yet he hath so far debased from what he ought to have been, by his perjury and usurpation in Church matters, and tyranny in matters civil, as is known by the whole land, that we have just reason to account it one of the Lord's great controversies against us, that we have not disowned him, and the men of his practices, whether inferior magistrates or any other, as enemies to our Lord and his crown, and the true Protestant and Presbyterian interest in this land—our Lord's espoused bride and Church. Therefore, although we be for government and governors, such as the Word of God and our covenant allows; yet we, for ourselves, and all that will adhere to us as the representative of the true Presbyterian Kirk and covenanted nation of Scotland, considering the great hazard of lying under such a sin any longer, do, by these presents, disown Charles Stuart, that has been reigning, or rather tyrannizing, as we may say, on the throne of Britain these years bygone, as having any right, title to, or interest in, the said crown of Scotland for government, as forfeited, several years since, by his perjury and breach of covenant both to God and his Kirk, and usurpation of his crown and royal prerogative therein, and many other breaches in matters eccelesiastic and by his tyranny and breach of the very reges regnandi in matters civil. For which reason we declare, that several years since he should have been denuded of being king, ruler, or magistrate, or of having any power to act or to be obeyed as such. As also we' being under the standard of our Lord Jesus Christ, Captain of Salvation, do declare a war with such a tyrant and usurper, and all the men of his practices, as enemies to our Lord Jesus Christ, and his cause and covenants; and against all such as have strengthened him, sided with, or anywise acknowledged him in his tyranny, civil or ecclesiastic; yea, against all such as shall strengthen, side with, or anywise acknowledge any other in like usurpation and tyranny-far more against such as would betray or deliver up our free reformed mother Kirkunto the bondage of Antichrist, the Pope of Rome. And, by this, we homologate that testimony given at Rutherglen, the 29th of May 1679, and all the faithful testimonies of those who have gone before, as also of those who have suffered of late, and we do disclaim that Declaration published at Hamilton, June 1679, chiefly because it takes in the king's interest, which we are several years since loosed from, because of the aforesaid reasons, and others which may, after this, if the Lord will, be published. As also, we disown and by this resent the reception of the Duke of York, that professed Papist, as repugnant to our principles and vows to the Most High God, and as that which is the great, though not alone, just reproach of our Kirk and nation. We also, by this, protest against his succeeding to the crown, and whatever has been done, or any are essaying to do in this land, given to the Lord, in prejudice to our work of reformation. And to conclude, we hope. after this, none will blame us for, or offend at, our rewarding those that are against as they have done to us, as the Lord gives opportunity. This is not to exclude any that have declined, if they be willing to give satisfaction according to the degree of their offence.
Tags: Lord Jesus Christ, Presbyterian Kirk, Rome, Scotland
June 21: MacRae's Canyon Rescue
A Rescue on Their Honeymoon
The seminary president had finally tied the knot in marriage with his secretary Grace Sanderson. The happy couple went west from the campus in Delaware to the Grand Canyon for their honeymoon. It was a trip which included the joys of married love, the rapture of God's creation in the Canyon, the thrill of hiking on the trails of that part of the state of Arizona, the rescue of the World War II flyers who had crashed in their bomber over the Canyon . . . wait, while on their honeymoon, they rescued crashed flyers? Yet that was the experience of Allan and Grace MacRae on their honeymoon on June 21, 1944.
The event was widely reported in newspapers around the country. Even a year later, the daring rescue was still being talked about. We quote from an article written by the Rev. Donald E. Hoke (later to become one of the founding fathers of the PCA), that appeared in the June 1945 issue of Sunday magazine :
When he rescued three army airmen from the depths of the Grand Canyon last summer, the Philadelphia Bulletin headlined him as "Bearded, Bespectacled, Theological Bridegroom."
The editor's description was timely, but by no means exhaustive of the versatile mountain-climber's talents and appearance. For by profession, Allan A. MacRae is a semitic scholar, archaeologist, teacher, and president of a fast-growing interdenominational seminary with a nation-wide influence.
Front page publicity sky-rocketed him into prominence last June when together with a veteran ranger he descended the heretofore unscaled north wall of the Grand Canyon (Ariz.) and led out three fliers who had been marooned in the inaccessible gorge for a week.
Pictures of him, looking more like a Forty-niner than a dignified theologian as he brought the men out, made the front page on all big city dailies and news reels, for the marooned fliers had been spot news for a week. And the circumstances surrounding his presence in the canyon made a human interest story the news hounds devoured.
For Allan MacRae and his bride of less than a month were honeymooning in the beautiful but desolate valley where he was drafted for the rescue….
Rushed to the opposite side of the canyon by army jeep, MacRae and a veteran ranger studied maps of the steep north wall and started down. Soon they discovered a narrow deer trail, invisible on air maps, and followed it 550 feet down the famous precipitous Red wall. Camping over night at its base, they found the three men the following day and started back the miraculous route they had discovered.
The Rev. Vaughn Hathaway adds to our story with this interesting comment:
[The news clipping] refers to the bomber as a "heavy" bomber. It was not. It was a "medium" bomber, a B-25.
The B-25 normally carried a five-man crew. The accounts I have read said that this flight had only four men aboard. It had taken off from Nellis Air Base in Nevada on a training mission. Over the Grand Canyon, the plane had a mechanical problem which prompted the pilot to instruct the other three men of the crew to bail-out, thus setting up the circumstances of the rescue that followed.
The accounts that I heard said that the pilot was able to recover the plane and return to base. The stories did not indicate that the reduction of weight or a correction of the mechanical problem permitted the safe return of the plane.
Dr. MacRae was alleged to be one of only a few Caucasian men who were allowed to hike and camp in the northern part of the Grand Canyon park. His presence in the Canyon area at the time was a providence of God. The accounts given by Myers and Hoke indicate that the fliers were isolated for nearly a week during which several failed attempts to rescue them had taken place.
Mr. Tom Taylor, an Old Testament and Hebrew professor at Faith Seminary once gave an account of a long "walk" that he had taken with Dr. MacRae. He said that he had taken off like the rabbit in "The Turtle and the Hare," while Dr. MacRae set out at a pace he had learned hiking in Europe. Taylor said that initially, he had taken a considerable lead on MacRae; but as the "walk" progressed, MacRae gradually overtook Taylor and reached their destination in the lead.
Back in Wilmington, Delaware a few weeks later, MacRae was besieged with invitations to tell his story. At first he demurred, then decided that there might be an unparalleled opportunity to give a gospel message…
"Like the fliers, all men are lost, in the abyss of sin. For them, there is no way out. Their need? A revelation from above, like the messages parachuted to the marooned men. But it is not enough to then just know your lost condition, some one must help you out. And Jesus Christ, he concludes, is God's rescuer to lost men—He descended to our level that He might bring us back to His."
Tags: Grace Sanderson, Grand Canyon Ariz, Philadelphia Bulletin, Theological Bridegroom
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Presbyterians of the Past
The Continuing Story
January 17:
17 January, 2020 in January 2020
January 16: "The Man Who Moved a Mountain"
The Rev. Robert W. Childress passed into glory on this day, January 16, 1956. When the Master has a big work to do, He raises up a big man to do it. The Lord does not always choose a man from places such as those where men would look. Such a man, from a most unlikely […]
January 15: Philip Livingstone
One of the Twelve Signers by Rev. David T. Myers Many Presbyterians know that the Scotch-Irish had a pivotal part in the birth of our country. But they may not be aware that there were twelve Presbyterians who put their names on the line as well as their sacred honor to actually sign their name […]
January 14: David Brainerd
A Most Solemn Season of Prayer by Rev. David T. Myers It was on January 14, 1744 that Presbyterian missionary David Brainerd recorded in his famous diary a personal prayer session he had with his God and Father. Meditate on his words: "This morning I enjoyed a most solemn season in prayer: my soul seemed enlarged, and assisted […]
January 13: On Christian Compassion
Under the Sovereign Eye of a Merciful God. The following letter to Rev. John C. Lowrie was penned upon the occasion of the death of his brother, the Rev. Walter M. Lowrie, who had gone to Shanghai, China, as a member of the committee for the translation of the Bible. As he was returning to […]
January 12: School & Family Catechist, WSC Q. 76 & 77
THE SCHOOL & FAMILY CATECHIST by Rev. William Smith (1834) The Westminster Shorter Catechism, Questions 76 & 77. Q. 76. Which is the ninth commandment? A. The ninth commandment is, "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor," Exod. xx. 16. Q. 77. What is required in the ninth commandment? A. The ninth commandment […]
January 11: Presbyterian Ministers Fund
Another Presbyterian First by Rev. David T. Myers Looking at a listing of the Nationwide Life Insurance Company today in the phone book, the average reader would not guess that part of that company constituted the nation's first life insurance. And certainly, that same average citizen would not know that this first life insurance company had […]
January 10: Politics and Religion
Bestow On Us a Spirit of Prayer Given some recent discussion on the Web, over whether it is appropriate to speak on political matters from the pulpit, the following seems an appropriate post today, an excerpt from the diary of the Rev. Jacob Jones Janeway, a prominent Philadelphia pastor in the early 19th-century. Politics ran […]
January 9: The Auburn Affirmation (1924)
9 January, 2020 in January 2020
The Root of the Presbyterian Apostasy [For those wanting to do more reading on this matter, click here to see the resources gathered at the PCA Historical Center.] When church historians evaluate the history of American Presbyterianism, the publication of the "Auburn Affirmation" will stand out in importance like the nailing of Luther's ninety-five theses […]
January 8: Rev. William Hooper Adams
In God's kingdom, there are no little people. Nor are any forgotten by our Lord, though we ourselves may forget. Today we will touch on the life of a pastor that most of us have never heard of. William Hooper Adams was born in Boston, MA on this day, January 8, 1838, the son of […]


Nellaiappar Temple - The Nellaiappar Temple is one of the oldest standing and most famous Hindu temples in India. Dedicated to the god Shiva, it is located in the city of Tirunelveli in the state of Tamil Nadu. Dating back to about 700 A.D., it is perhaps the best example of the unique Dravidian architecture known as kovils (which means "King's House" in Tamil). One of its most interesting characteristics is the famed musical pillars inside, which produce sound in various pitches when struck.


Dillard High School senior power forward Raiquan Gray grew up in a football family and he wanted to be different. Build a legacy that was his.
Gray is a Ft. Lauderdale, Florida native and he said living there, you have some crime but he likes where he's from.
"It's a calm city, everybody knows each other so it's a fun city to me. You'll enjoy yourself. Everybody knows each other but it can get crazy sometimes," he said.
Gray's head basketball coach, Darryl Burrows was familiar with the Gray family since Raiquan was really young.
Gray plays the game for his mother and his sister because in seeing them work every day when he was younger, he wants to give back to them everything they gave him.
The six-foot-eight, 240 pound, power forward has received 19 scholarship offers from schools including West Virginia, Tennessee, Auburn, Baylor, Virginia Tech, Florida, Florida State, Memphis, Oklahoma State, and more. According to the 247Sports Composite, Raiquan Gray is a four-star recruit in the 2017 class, the 38th best power forward and 16th best player in Florida.
He has high interest in Baylor, Memphis, Oklahoma State, Auburn, West Virginia and Ole Miss and plans to make his commitment decision sometime in early August.
In 2015, with the Dillard Panthers, Gray averaged 17 points, 11 rebounds and 4 assists as Dillard went 28-5 (6-0 District) and won the FHSAA state title beating the Largo High School Packers, 66-55.
"It was a good experience, my team, we won 20 straight games toward the end of the year. That was a big, big, year. Everybody on the team stepped up. …Knowing that we can get to that stage and get beyond that point, I think will, get us more accolades and get back there next year," Gray said.
In order to become a complete player and better power forward, Raiquan Gray said he needs to work on playing with his back to the basket. His mentality is defense first and play hard. If that shows on the court and the Panthers win another title, he could see his recruiting stock rise significantly.
Four Star Dillard High School (FL) power forward Raiquan Gray has chosen his top six schools: Ole Miss, Maryland, Memphis, Virginia Tech, Florida State and Baylor. Expect his decision to come later this month.


Navy afloat units become disadvantaged users, once disconnected from the pier, due in part to the high latency associated with SATCOM. Unfortunately recent gains in SATCOM capacity alone do not overcome throughput limitations that result from latency's effect on connection-oriented protocols. To mitigate the effect of latency and other performance inhibiting factors, the Navy is improving its current WAN optimization capabilities by implementing Riverbed Steelhead WOCs. At-sea testing has shown Steelhead increases effective SATCOM capacity by 50%. Laboratory testing demonstrates that by encoding structured and semi-structured data as EXI rather than XML, compression ratios can be further improved, up to 19 times greater than Steelhead's compression capability alone. Combining EXI with Steelhead will further improve the efficient use of existing SATCOM capacity and enable greater operational capabilities, when operating in a communications constrained environment. Not only does EXI improve compactness of traffic traveling over relatively high capacity SATCOM channels, it also expands net-centric capabilities to devices operating at the edge of the network that are restricted to lower capacity transmission methods. In order to achieve these substantial improvements the Navy must incorporate the already mandated DISR standard, EXI, as the single standard for all systems transferring structured and semi-structured data.


text:
November 12, 2018 / 8:59 PM / 8 months ago
Screen superheroes lead tributes to Stan Lee
LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Comic book superhero creator Stan Lee, who died on Monday, got a superstar send off from Hollywood, where he was celebrated for creations like Spider-Man, Black Panther and the Hulk that made the careers of actors and directors alike.
FILE PHOTO: Marvel Comics co-creator Stan Lee attends a tribute event "Extraordinary: Stan Lee" at the Saban Theatre in Beverly Hills, California, U.S., August 22, 2017. REUTERS/Mario Anzuoni/File Photo
Following is a list of reactions on social media and by statement:
"I owe it all to you," "Iron Man" actor Robert Downey Jr.
"No one has had more of an impact on my career and everything we do at Marvel Studios than Stan Lee. Stan leaves an extraordinary legacy that will outlive us all," Kevin Feige, President of Marvel Studios.
"Damn... RIP Stan. Thanks for everything," "Deadpool" actor Ryan Reynolds.
"For decades he provided both young and old with adventure, escape, comfort, confidence, inspiration, strength, friendship and joy. He exuded love and kindness and will leave an indelible mark on so, so, so many lives. Excelsior!!," "Captain America" actor Chris Evans.
"I'm proud to have been a small part of his legacy and .... to have helped bring one of his characters to life," "Wolverine" actor Hugh Jackman.
"Thank you for making my childhood, teen years and adulthood so fun, especially during darker days," singer Josh Groban.
"Thank you Stan Lee for making people who feel different realize they are special," actor Seth Rogen.
"Rest In Peace, Mr. Lee. Thanks for everything," "Supergirl" actress Nicole Maines.
"Stan Lee was as extraordinary as the characters he created. A superhero in his own right to Marvel fans around the world, Stan had the power to inspire, to entertain, and to connect. The scale of his imagination was only exceeded by the size of his heart," Bob Iger, Chairman and CEO, The Walt Disney Company.
"Original and genius are two very overused words in the world today, but Stan was both. Add irrepressible and irreplaceable, and you begin to describe the man. We have all lost a true superhero," Tim Rothman, chairman of Sony Pictures.
"The legacy of Stan Lee, through his creative genius and his universes of characters, will continue to reach the world of true believers for generations to come. Our thoughts and prayers are with his family and the fans of not only his work, but of him, as a friend who made the world a better place," Shane Duffy, chief executive of Lee's POW! Entertainment.
Reporting by Jill Serjeant and Lisa Richwine; Editing by Sonya Hepinstall

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Technology advancements have amplified to a greater number and so is the usage of electronic devices. The tech advanced world is often called as digital age where life is easy and passing information has become convenient with the help of mobile phones, tablets, and computers.
But the increased usage of such devices has brought in some technological issues which can be parted as proper tech help or self-help. The difference between the two is that in the first part one needs proper expert help to fix the issue and the latter one deal with day to day issues which can be easily handled by a layman.
Why antivirus is important for a system?
An antivirus protects against virus definitions, worms and other infected files that cause the slowdown of the performance of the device.
Some of the users believe that they perform secure browsing and don't feel the need to upgrade the system with an antivirus program. For all such users who think like that, a piece of advice is everyone does a secure browsing and you are not aware about the backstage story.
Any website or any of your email could bring viruses and malwares into your system. Don't become the doctor of your system, try to become the patient and understand the need.
Proper knowledge of antivirus is important for a layman as which one to download or not and what all features it offers.
Some of the users keep two cleaners in their system which is not the ideal situation. Two cleaners in one system will be redundant and ultimately slow down the performance of the PC.
Every program that you run on your system uses RAM and two programs running simultaneously with same functions will slow down the computer twice as much.
How to cure the system?
Every problem that arises has a solution. So, if your computer is facing problem download antivirus and protect against all odds.
A reliable anti-virus protects system against hackers and viruses because both run side-by-side. The protection begins the moment when you start browsing on the internet and prevent from hackers to trace your personal information such as linked passwords, credit card or debit card details.
The basic feature of a cleaner is to shield against all types of viruses such as malwares, Trojans, and spyware. The number of viruses increases from time to time if you become ignorant towards them. A cleaner does it automatically without prior having a prior instruction.
It acts as a complete package for a computer as it protects from many unwanted activities and enhances the performance of the PC and let user enjoy the browsing. If at any point, there is some tech issue, you can always call on the customer care number for antivirus free tech support and access the information you are looking for.
CPU acts as a heart of the system which requires protection from unwanted heart attacks.


Specializing in electrical, mechanical and fire protection services for multifamily and mixed-use construction projects, IMC has a great deal of experience cooperating with other contractors to fulfil the specific needs of your project. From fire alarms and sprinkler systems to heating, cooling and complete electrical systems, IMC is the safe, reliable expert for your multifamily and mixed-use projects.
Contact us today to discuss your multifamily and mixed-use construction services needs.


The Priory range is manufactured from high quality vitreous china and has a clean, contemporary feel. Stylish designer sanitaryware to complement any bathroom, offering contemporary curved designs in line with the latest trends. The Priory basin is supplied with a full pedestal which will conceal unsightly pipework from view. Designed to be used with a Mono basin mixer (not Included).


There are several options for spray foam kits on the market today, each designed to meet specific demands in an industry where wear and tear is the norm. The U2-120 by Touch N Seal is perfect for all types of jobs, including residential, industrial, commercial, and institutional sites. 120 Spray foam kits are very easy to use and are self- contained. The Touch N Seal plural component spray foam kits can be used in new applications, but also for repairs in existing work. It is this mixture that blocks heat gain in the scorching summers and heat loss in the cold winters, therefore preventing crazy temperature changes in your home. Insulation delivers comfort and lower energy bills during the hottest and coldest times of the year. You can save up to 20% on your heating and cooling as insulation works best when air is not moving through or around it. For repairs, use the Touch N Seal kit for blisters, pitch pockets, parapet corners and more.
With the Touch n' Seal U2-120 spray foam kits, it is also an ideal spray foam kit for the do it yourself roofer. It is easily used for roofing and touch ups on your home or office roofing system. It is very lightweight and at an extremely reasonable cost, it is exactly what is needed for the do it yourself touch to keep your roof perfect all year round.
Ideal for new roofing applications, repairs and touch ups.
Order your Touch N Seal spray foam kits online today, or browse the Intech Equipment online store for spray foam equipment and much more!


Clojure is an umbrella level project that hosts many additional libraries called Clojure contrib, which all exist under the Clojure organization on GitHub.
Every project has one or more owners (often community members) who determine the direction of their library, triage patches, etc. Project owners have full commit rights and authenticated access to their project on the build box for releases.
Contrib libraries are open source libraries, like any other open source Clojure library. They vary widely in development activity and quality and may or may not be the best alternative for their functionality in the overall ecosystem. You should evaluate them before use as you would any open source library you intend to use as a dependency.
If you find that active development for a library has ceased and you would like to take over as owner, please contact Alex Miller at alex.miller@cognitect.com. Good stewards for a library typically tend to be those actively using the library and knowledgable about the goals and alternatives of the functionality.
Additionally, the following libraries are dependencies of Clojure itself managed directly by the core team. These libraries use the same shared infrastructure as the Contrib libraries, so are largely the same in that regard. Development in these libraries is often linked to development in the core language itself.
Prior to Clojure 1.3, Clojure had a single "batteries included" library called clojure-contrib that consisted of many independent helper namespaces contributed by the community. In the Clojure 1.3 timeframe, this library was split into the independent libraries that exist today with independent owners. Some of the namespaces were seen as experimental and not promoted into any public library. Stuart Sierra recounts this in more detail in his post.
At the time there was an idea that some of the contrib libraries could eventually be promoted into Clojure's core library itself. With time, there has been a desire to keep Clojure's core library small and to allow these independent libraries to stay independent and evolve at their own pace.


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Q: iOS: Keeping views proportionally sized to each other using autolayout I have an UIImageView called 'logo' inside a UIView called 'container'. The logo is centred inside the container both horizontally and vertically.
Depending upon the screen size the app is running in the height of the container changes based on constraints. I would like the size of the logo to change proportionally to the height of the container as on the 3.5 inch display it is too large at its normal size.
Can anyone tell me what constraint I should be placing on the logo and/or container to change the logo's size? I'd love to be able to do this without resorting to code as I believe I should be able to set this up in IB. Many thanks.

A: *

*You can press control and at the same time drag the image "logo" to it`s superview container and chose equal height . click the logo and chose the size inspector on the right, you will find a lot constraints then chose Equal Height to.

*Double click Equal Height and you will see the detail constraints, the first item: the logo image,relation :equal ,second item:you should chose the super view,Multiplier set 1. it means firstItem.propery = secondItem.propery relation Multiplier + constant;

I hope it can help you ,if you want to know more ,you can read some thing about AutoLayout in WWDC 2014

A: In your xib file, first check the imageview logo is in subview of your container view, then select your imageview and the container view using command key. Once both are selected, go to editor menu and select Heights equally and width equally one by one under pin option.
Then select the constraint you just added, go to attributed inspector, change the multiplier in the ratio you want, like 2:3 (it means the height of your logo will be in the ratio of 2:3 of your container view's height  if your first item is logo or else set it to 3:2).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Looking for something fun and creative to do during the school holidays? This April, Mercy Care will be offering two workshops available for young people between 10 - 13 years old. Limited places are available so registrations are essential.


The best seafood is offered on the shores overlooking the vast ocean. Ideal locations allow patrons to dine while watching beautiful waves crashing on the sea shore. They present a cool relaxed atmosphere upon which diners can enjoy their meal and reflect on issues. Trust these establishments to serve only the freshest products that are bound to entice. Equipped with a la carte menu, seafood restaurants in Gaithersburg offer a variety of seafood such as crabs, lobsters, oysters, prawns, shellfish and a variety of fish. These can be souped, roasted, baked, steamed or grilled to produce a delicious meal depending on the chef's culinary abilities.
Depending on the type of management, most of these restaurants operate on an open kitchen style whereby one can easily watch seasoned chefs assembling platters of oysters and sashimi with great skill. Despite the fact that seafood restaurants are only known to serve sea food, there are a variety of accompaniments and side dishes that are served with these delicacies. Some of the finest wines have been known to have a place in such establishment being a great accompaniment for shrimp and lobster. Coffee is also served at certain times, outside the prescribed lunch and dining hours.
Menus for seafood restaurants are derived not only from the local cuisines but also international cuisines such as Thailand and Goa which are predominantly seafood locations. Look out for restaurants that serve chef's special original dishes because these may provide one with an exciting experience while exploring seafood options. Seafood restaurants in Gaithersburg understand that such establishments have got a responsibility in taking care of fish reserves in the ocean. Recently, it has been realized that there is a decline in populations of various fish as a result of irresponsible fishing methods. Seafood restaurants have a social responsibility to ensure that mismanagement of fishing resources is stopped to ensure there is enough fish for the future generations. Most establishments have undertaken measures to ensure that certain rare fish are eliminated from their menus in support of the preservation of such species. Visit website and access our menu for some of the most tasty seafood in town.


Unwind in this spacious contemporary room decorated in cool calm tones. Take in views from the large opening windows, get to work at the desk with wireless internet access or simply relax and watch a movie on the LCD flat panel TV. Enjoy executive lounge access for snacks and refreshments.
With a panoramic view over the city and beauties of Florence, this high floor room is a great place to relax and unwind. Enjoy exclusive access to the Executive Lounge offering complimentary breakfast and refreshments.
The room includes a king-sized bed, an LCD TV, air conditioning and bathroom amenities. Stay productive at the desk and keep in touch with WiFi (fees apply). Special touches include bathrobes and slippers.
Our 18 Deluxe Rooms are bright and airy corner rooms for more demanding clients, with soundproof double windows.
Panoramic view over the city and of Florence from this high floor room, Executive Lounge access, LCD TV, bathrobe, slippers.
Partial Duomo views, Executive Lounge access, LCD TV, bathrobe, slippers.
Stay in optimum comfort in this modern guest room, featuring a king bed, air conditioning and bathroom amenities. This room offers Executive Lounge access with complimentary breakfast and refreshments.
Admire the partial Duomo views. Work away at the desk with WiFi (fees apply) or unwind with a movie on the TV. Special touches include a bathrobe, slippers and newspaper.
Enjoy panoramic views over the city from this contemporary room with 1 king-sized bed.
After a busy day, relax and make yourself a cup of tea/coffee or choose a refreshment available from the minibar.
City views, Executive Lounge access, LCD TV, bathrobe, slippers.
Take in delightful city views from this stylish guest room, featuring a king bed, air conditioning and bathroom amenities. This room offers Executive Lounge access with complimentary breakfast and refreshments.
Work away at the desk with WiFi (fees apply) or unwind with a movie on the LCD TV. Special touches include a bathrobe, slippers and newspaper.
From our guest rooms, you can admire beautiful views of the city of Florence or Tuscan Hills.
By selecting this room, you are entitled to access our Executive Lounge on the 15th floor with complimentary breakfast, snacks and different types of drinks.
Stay in optimum comfort in this modern guest room, featuring twin beds, air conditioning and bathroom amenities. This room offers Executive Lounge access with complimentary breakfast and refreshments.
This room offers Executive Lounge access with complimentary breakfast and refreshments.
Take in delightful city views from this stylish guest room, featuring twin beds, air conditioning and bathroom amenities. This room offers Executive Lounge access with complimentary breakfast and refreshments.
Take in delightful city views from this stylish guest room, featuring 2 beds, air conditioning and bathroom amenities.


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« The Prodigal Witch IX: Lauren Stratford Part III
Saudi Arabia's Witchhunters Ride Again »
Featured Idiot: David Icke
By Dave | July 23, 2011 - 4:01 am | July 23, 2011 Uncategorized
We've profiled some amazing freaks and goofballs in this column, but David Icke sets a new standard for nutty. He may be one of the most ambitious of conspiracy nuts, going beyond normal levels of delusion and paranoia to offer us a unified theory of global conspiracies, with all the various paranoid fantasies favored by others united into one giant conspiracy. Sure, he hates the Jews for being the secret masters of the world, but they're just the front men. Behind them are alien intelligences which ontrol everything and have guided human evolution. But wait, there's more. Apparently there are also reptilian alien shapeshifters from another planet and/or another dimension living among us, breeding with us and stealing our natural resources and feeding on our fear and emotions.
Ok, so Icke is a clinical paranoid delusional case. What's really scary is that he has apparently gained some legitimacy with the far right political fringe and there are people who are politically active who take some of what he spews seriously. Many on the conservative fringe pick up on Icke's anti-globalism and seem to get drawn into his whole rather intricately developed cosmology, including the ever-present clown prince of the fringe, Alex Jones. Apparently it's just a few steps from the Queen of England running the drug trade to reptilian aliens using mind control to feed off of our life energy. But it's enough for now to point out that Icke is as nuts as they come, and if you run into one of his followers head in the opposite direction as quickly as possible.
If Icke ever starts making sense to you, just remind yourself that the TV show "V" was a work of fiction and not a good basis for a personal philosophy.


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Gelbcke ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Ferdinand Adolf Gelbcke (1812–1892), deutsch-russischer Pädagoge, Schriftsteller und Komponist
 Friedrich Gelbcke (1842–1922), deutsch-russischer Pädagoge

Siehe auch:
 Gelbke
 Gelpke

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Charles Kraus, also known as "Charles the Clown", is an American clown, magician, writer, and comedian.

Biography

Early life
Kraus was born in New York City.  He attended acting classes in various Manhattan drama schools including summer classes at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, for three years was a student of Jack Miller, well known magic teacher and Dean of the Society of American Magicians.  He acted in 8 plays at the New London Barn Playhouse, and performed a Houdini escape routine at the Rivera Terrace Night Club on Broadway.  Kraus graduated from The Roosevelt School in Stamford, Connecticut, attended Emerson College, Columbia College Chicago, and received a BA from California State University in Los Angeles. He attended graduate school at California State University Northridge and the University of West Los Angeles. He spent one year teaching media studies at Lane Community College in Eugene, Oregon.

Career
A well-known children's entertainer and author, Kraus has performed shows throughout the United States, as well as overseas.  He stars in the "Charles the Clown" performance video produced by A&M Records.  It was taped on the Charlie Chaplin Sound Stage where Chaplin filmed many of his movies and where Red Skelton shot his variety program.  Charles is also known for his children's audio stories, Cross Country Cats Not Just Clowning Around, and Tall Tales & Tall Tales.

With his wife, psychologist Linda Kirschner Kraus, he wrote Charles the Clown's Guide To Children's Parties, a book published by Jalmar Press. In 2015 his book The Teen Magician That's You was published by Otherthannow. He has written and recorded 20 children's stories. In the 1980s Kraus was the Articles Editor for LA Home & Entertaining Magazine. His articles have appeared in many newspapers and magazines including The Baltimore Sun, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune and USA Today.

As Charles the Magician, Kraus began appearing on television in the 1950s. He was the junior magician on the Magic Clown television show in New York. Later, he performed on Ted Mack's Original Amateur Hour. Kraus wrote, produced and starred in five specials for Teleprompter Cable Television, and has appeared on more than 75 television and radio shows. As the "Kraft Foods Children's Party Expert", he appeared on television and radio shows throughout the Midwestern United States. He was a consultant and appears in Children at Risk, funded by the U.S. Department of Education and Washington.

After serving in the US Navy and Construction Battalion during the Vietnam War, he returned to the United States and began experimenting with clown routines. Since then, "Charles The Clown" has performed thousands of live shows for movie, television, sports stars and entertainment industry figures. He has appeared at the Roxy Theatre on Hollywood's Sunset Strip, Disneyland, Knotts Berry Farm, in theaters and festivals, schools, libraries and other venues.

In 1972, Kraus worked in Music Clearance at CBS Television City in Hollywood.  Then, for four years, he was the public service coordinator at KLCS-TV, where in addition to working in a management position, he wrote educational scripts and appeared in numerous television productions.  During this period he was an associate producer at "Time Capsule" a syndicated radio program.

Awards
Los Angeles Community Service Award
Martin Luther King Humanitarian Award
International Brotherhood of Magicians – various awards
Parenting Magazine Award for Best Children's video

References

External links

Living people
American clowns
American magicians
American male writers
Writers from New York City
Writers from Seattle
1946 births


Mario Tosi is an Italian-American cinematographer and cameraman. Tosi's works include Report to the Commissioner, Carrie, and Sybil, for which he was nominated for an Emmy. Tosi was the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2009 Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival.


the Moonies led by Reverend Myung, where I have currently visited.
sects are against church attempts to accommodate to secular society.
specific spirituality group that they know other people will follow.
of the in thing to do and they felt more secure about themselves.
agents engaged in a shoot out with cult leader David Koresh.
puts emphasis on community and on direct experience with the divine.
questioned about brainwashing people, and found it to be true.
Cargo cults are usually neutralist and are in it for money.
isolation from victims' families and from familiar surroundings.
whose membership committed mass suicide.
innocent citizens from being taken advantage of.
CDROM: Contemporary Cults. Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc.. 1993.
CDROM: Cargo Cults. Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc.. 1993.
CDROM: Religious Cults. Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc.. 1993.
CDROM :Contemporary Cults. Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc.. 1993.
CDROM :Contemporary Cults . Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc.. 1993.
CDROM :Cargo Cults . Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc.. 1993.


Antares Hostel i Nice, Frankrike: Bestill nå!
Nice straff, free drinks and clean room! Loved it!
We stayed her for four nights in a four bed dorm. The atmosphere was good with a fully equipped kitchen and a out side seating area. The hostel in it self is not very modern, but for us it worked well when we were on the beach all day, not spending much time in the room. There is about a 15-20min walk to the beach from the hostel. The electrical outputs by our beds did not work for either of us and the beds was a bit short. Over all a good experience, but would not stay more than 4 nights.
Located right by the trainstation which makes it easy to find. A 15 min walk to the beach It would have been nice to be closer to the citycentre. The staff helped me when I asked them for something. The floor was constantly dusty and did not seem to be washed, but they gave us a clean towel every day. The breakfast was not that good.


As it is one of the most beloved of all songs, I'm happy that WHITE CHRISTMAS has been illustrated.
A Collection of Singable Picture Books that celebrate CHRISTMAS!
"Un, deux, trois, nous irons au bois" a cute French counting song about going into the woods and picking cherries.


I grew up with a love for all things fashion, hair and make-up. After graduating from International Law and Relations, my passion for the fashion industry remained and I pursued work as an editorial and run-way model. Then I went back to school and graduated with honours from IBI, receiving my diploma in makeup artistry and also from Marca college for hairstyling. Since then I have had the chance to work for several renowned brands and fashion events.
I currently specialize in a variety of makeup styles from glamour to bridal, editorial, theatrical, run-way and SFX. I also love to work with hair colour and enjoy providing exceptional haircuts, up-dos and braids.
I know this is just the beginning of a long exciting journey!!


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When Web Apps Trump Native Apps
And now, back to our regularly scheduled programming. It may seem counterintuitive, but sometimes web apps are better than native apps. Now that browsers are so advanced and powerful, web apps can integrate with the operating system, are fast and easy to update.
Take the new YouTube app for iOS. Now that Apple removed the YouTube app from iOS 6, Google had to develop its own app for YouTube. The application looks just like the YouTube for Android, but it doesn't properly integrate with the operating system. It doesn't support AirPlay, so you can't redirect videos to on an Apple TV or a computer. You can't close the YouTube app and continue playing videos in the background, which is especially useful for music videos. The new YouTube app doesn't let you switch to the low-quality video flavor, which is better suited for slow Internet connections.
Perhaps the most annoying issue is that the YouTube app doesn't buffer the video when you pause it and the unused buffer is discarded when you close the app. Let's say you start watching a 10-minute video and you close the app after 3 minutes (for example, you get a phone call). Even if the video has been completely buffered, the YouTube app will download it again once you go back and tap the "play" button. The same thing happens when you open the Notification Center or double-click the Home button.
What if you're trying to find a video and you enter multiple queries? How do you go back to the start page? Just the tap the "back" arrow for each query you've typed. That's really annoying.
What if you want to see the most popular YouTube videos today and you're signed in to your Google account? Just scroll the entire list of subscriptions from the sidebar and you can finally see the "popular" section.
Surprisingly, none of these issues happen in YouTube's mobile web app available at m.youtube.com. Sure, the web app doesn't look so polished and you can't read the comments while watching a video (you're not missing too much), but it works pretty well. Google will probably fix these issues in the future releases, but for now YouTube's mobile site is better.
And speaking of mobile apps, if you have an iPhone 5 or you've updated an iPhone/iPod Touch/iPad to iOS 6, it's worth trying the mobile Google Maps available at maps.google.com and even adding a shortcut to the home screen. Google takes its time developing the Google Maps app for iOS.
Labels: Mobile, YouTube
al zwikker September 28, 2012 at 5:44 AM
Yeah,Alex is back !
Diatônica September 28, 2012 at 7:32 AM
We just need a simple way to do a better 'iconization' of web apps. Seel web apps in app stores and manage then into your mobile system like a native app do.
Cookie Lee September 28, 2012 at 8:28 AM
Finally another new post!
Steason September 28, 2012 at 9:03 AM
From this blog post , i can feel that how Google's culture spreading across their employee....Apple please don't be evil.
I couldn't make any sense out of what you just said. :-\
This doesn't feel like a "web apps vs. native apps" kind of discussion, but more like a "The YouTube app for iOS has some limitations" type of discussion...
Chris September 28, 2012 at 12:08 PM
The buffering problem would be an iOS limitation. Apple let's Safari run with true multitasking, but won't let the Youtube app do it.
If the buffering worked fine in the old Youtube app, that would be because it was written by Apple and allowed to bypass any restrictions like Safari is.
The deep you dig into the subject and give us the accurate data is appreciable.
android marketplace
hellanadam June 21, 2017 at 1:01 AM
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The New Google Trends
Google Contacts Sync Using CardDAV
YouTube's Updated Design Experiment
Google Docs No Longer Exports Files in the Old Mic...


text:
search filter Books & JournalsAll Journalsboundary 2
About boundary 2: an international journal of literature and culture
Research Article|August 01 2010
The Right to Translation: Deconstructive Pedagogy in Comparative Literature, 1979/2009
Emily Apter
boundary 2 (2010) 37 (3): 29-56.
Emily Apter; The Right to Translation: Deconstructive Pedagogy in Comparative Literature, 1979/2009. boundary 2 1 August 2010; 37 (3): 29–56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/01903659-2010-015
Deconstruction arguably marked the last time that comparative literature was truly confident as a discipline; with a clear sight of its philological inheritance and posthumanist telos. Post-2000 comp lit, by comparison, has been plagued by insecurity over what it is and what it is not. At the present pass, even the discipline's recognized opportunity—which lies in its being well positioned institutionally to develop a worldly critical praxis responsive to the politics of the aesthetic—is experienced as a special burden; for no discipline wants to be responsible to "allness" (that is to say, to teaching all the world's languages and literatures) under the Malthusian market conditions that govern an enrollment-driven modern education. While there may be no ready solutions to the problems posed by the planetary imperative, one place to look for them is in the substantive discussions of translation and technics that lent self-assurance to literary education in the 1970s and 1980s. In the memos, letters, seminar notes, and texts written in this period, what emerges is a "right to translate" as the covenant of a deconstructive comparative literature.
Drawing on the transcript of Derrida's 1979 seminar "The Concept of Comparative Literature and the Theoretical Problems of Translation," this essay explores topics for a new comparative literature: the theology of translation, translation and pedagogy, the right to untranslatability, and comparative literature as such as a translation problem.
© 2010 by Duke University Press
In Translation Studies
Manolos, Marriage, and Mantras: Chick-Lit Criticism and Transnational Feminism
Teaching General Education Writing: Is There a Place for Literature
Configuration and Government: Stefan George's The Star of the Covenant
Relational Virtue: Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor, and Puritan Marriage
Covenant Ceremony
Before and After Punk The Comp as Teaching Tool
Teaching Deconstructively
Deconstructing Performativity


Bunmore Hill a low level hill situated between the coast and the Nephin Beg range with fantastic views both inland and across to Achill that is if you ignore the disused aerial and shed close to the summit.
I parked beside an old cottage roof collapsed at F81698 12425 A and walked 25 meters further in road turning right which allowed me open mountain access to the summit at F81429 11500 B. On the ascent I stopped at an old famine cottage in ruins at F81566 11885 C.


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Q: How to log in to admin account from a non-admin account? I have an admin account with sudo privilege. I have created a new user but haven't given a sudo privilege to it. Then I logged in as that new user:
sudo -i -u foo_user

Now I want to get back to my admin account but cannot do the same thing and get an error:
foo_user@ubuntu:~$ sudo -i -u admin1
[sudo] password for foo_user:
foo_user is not in the sudoers file.  This incident will be reported.

So how is it possible to get back to my admin account now?

A: exit is the command you are looking for.
It will exit the current user's shell session and return to its parent, which in this case is the session of the admin user.

A: simply use su. This would be like the following
su admin1
Password:

Give the correct password of admin1. Done. To know more about -i option that you are using see the manpage
-i [command]
               The -i (simulate initial login) option runs the shell
               specified by the password database entry of the target user
               as a login shell.

A: use su command to do this.
using man su command you can get more detail.
su admin1

Then type your admin account password.