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I know, might be boring to see another battery pack with almost identical specs (3.3Ah instead of 3.2Ah), but trust me, this is like night and day – or like quality China and Wan Hung Lo.
Of course these two batteries were purchased at the same time for the same thing, and they cost around the same as well. But (spoiler!): These two units work fine.


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Advocates of domestic abuse victims encourage people to speak up following double murder suicide
By Kelvin Reynolds
TUSCALOOSA, Ala. (WBRC) - Tuscaloosa County authorities said a mother and her young son were killed in Thursday morning's double murder-suicide. Advocates for people dealing with domestic violence believe the situation encouraged more people to come forward about that in this community.
It didn't take long for news about the deaths of Derika McGhee and her 8-year-old son Aiden Williams to make it to people at Turning Point.
"We started getting some phone calls and the news was brought to us about what happened and it was very tragic," explained Savannah Tatum, the Education and Outreach Coordinator for the domestic violence advocacy group.
Tatum told us people who worked with McGhee reached out to them after they were killed. She says those calls were similar to the domestic violence claims made by McGhee's aunt.
"I would tell any woman or man, if you're in a abusive relationship get out. This has been going on for how ever many years. My niece has been moving from house to house trying to quote, unquote to get rid of him," expressed Susie Patrick.
WBRC could not find any records of domestic abuse charges ever filed against Darrin Patton Jr. He's the man investigators identified as McGhee's boyfriend and suspect of killing the mother and son before turning the gun on himself.
Tatum told us it's common for abuse victims to not file charges against their abusers. But there are steps they can take to protect themselves.
"We've got any kind of resource that you need that you need. We've got a court advocate. So if its really to that level of that, you can always get a PFA. I think as long as people educate themselves it should never have to get to that point."
A P-F-A is a Protection From Abuse Order. Authorities continue to investigate what lead up to those deaths.
The number to Turning Point is also a 24 hour crisis line. That number is (205)758-0808. You can call it if you or someone you know is in a relationship where domestic violence is happening.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


L630 receptacle wiring diagram I can handle drywall painting and flooring but wiring makes me cringe. With wiring diagrams you can check out a dozen basic just the basics on how to connect to receptacles a light to a switch I was planning on replacing these old outlets with new grounded outlets myself but in the end felt it was best to have a licensed electrician do the work. Figure. This wiring diagram shows the path Students learn to read wiring plans and electrical schematic diagrams. Students wire up and troubleshoot electrical circuit breaker panels single pole switches receptacles three way switching four.
L630 receptacle wiring diagram This allows the user to charge the earbuds on the go without being dependent on a power outlet wire. Click for larger image figure 3 proposal for data communication over 5v power line source Putting in the wrong size is a common mistake for newbies writes online electrician dean johnson so discuss the sizes with the electrical inspector when you submit diagrams if you are wiring new Draw a schematic diagram of your house including each use location to speed up the process by laying out pairs together. At each outlet youll wire each cable into an ethernet keystone jack..
L630 receptacle wiring diagram Depending on the model used the wiring harness will likely have a couple extra pins and receptacles in the connectors it may also be necessary to study some wiring diagrams. Whichever method of High voltage electrical boxes work great for light switches and outlets but not so great when running especially in the case of large projects dont trust the wiring diagram to memory alone. Upgrading an existing outlet is a straightforward job for the most part but you may be apprehensive about working with electrical wiring. In this guide well walk you through how to install a usb.
Then rather than splicing in a new length of wire we used the factory wiring diagram to follow the wire we had cut s no such thing as over grounding something. 22. The molex receptacle on the.
It's possible to get or download caterpillar-wiring diagram from several websites. If you take a close look at the diagram you will observe the circuit includes the battery, relay, temperature sensor, wire, and a control, normally the engine control module. With an extensive collection of electronic symbols and components, it's been used among the most completed, easy and useful wiring diagram drawing program. L630 Receptacle Wiring Diagram. The wiring diagram on the opposite hand is particularly beneficial to an outside electrician. Sometimes wiring diagram may also refer to the architectural wiring program. The simplest approach to read a home wiring diagram is to begin at the source, or the major power supply. Basically, the home wiring diagram is simply utilized to reveal the DIYer where the wires are.
In a parallel circuit, each unit is directly linked to the power supply, so each system gets the exact voltage. There are 3 basic sorts of standard light switches. The circuit needs to be checked with a volt tester whatsoever points. L630 Receptacle Wiring Diagram. Each circuit displays a distinctive voltage condition. You are able to easily step up the voltage to the necessary level utilizing an inexpensive buck-boost transformer and steer clear of such issues. The voltage is the sum of electrical power produced by the battery. Be sure that the new fuse isn't blown, and carries the very same amperage.
The control box may have over three terminals. After you have the correct size box and have fed the cable to it, you're almost prepared to permit the wiring begin. Then there's also a fuse box that's for the body controls that is situated under the dash. L630 Receptacle Wiring Diagram. You will find that every circuit has to have a load and every load has to have a power side and a ground side. Make certain that the transformer nameplate power is enough to supply the load that you're connecting.
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Once again, the New Year is upon us. Not only is it a time of regeneration and renewal, but an opportunity to examine and glean insights from past and present circumstances. Two articles particularly, Michael Wolff's "Preschool Confidential" and Beth Landman Keil's "The Man Who Had Everything", both found in the December 2, 2002 edition of New York magazine, magnificently complement one another and act as a springboard to focus in on the genuine virtues that we must hold sacred and pass on to our children — not the ersatz values of an elitist class.
Wolff's trenchant piece explores the surreal passion exhibited by the New York City Brahmans in their quest to have their young children accepted into premier nursery schools. On the surface, this may seem silly. But why indeed is it considered a pivotal play on the part of savvy NYC parents? Simply because preschools, such as Brick Church, Madison Avenue Presbyterian Day School, Temple Emanu-El, All Souls, and the 92nd Street Y, are the gateway into the all-important private school system of Manhattan.
Once children gain entry and do well in one of these preschools, they continue in this rarefied education milieu that keeps on giving throughout their lives, and will not only help them land in the right universities, but in the right business and social environments thereafter. Being a product of this venerated private school system imparts a type of invaluable cache that holds sway with the wealthy aristocracy, and which opens doors into adulthood, facilitating the right marriages and the right business relationships.
I can well see how these cultivated contacts would be helpful in life. However, I doubt that Bill Gates was concerned with any of this as he orchestrated his rise to the top. And I still believe that if you're sufficiently bright and persevering, some degree of success will follow. Most Americans are egalitarian enough to find this emphasis on class and upward mobility a bit abhorrent. But the truth is, most family-oriented Americans who accrued wealth and reside in Manhattan quickly succumb to the process.
Well, how would you get your children into one of these elite schools? Moneyed parents willing to make hefty donations are key, which certainly comes as no surprise. However, personal connections, especially those fostered by legacies who previously attended one of these prestigious NYC schools, is viewed as social currency as well. Does meritocracy play any part in the equation? Only peripherally, and it's only of consequence if the child is a real misfit that can't be reasonably shaped-up by the school. Wolff only half-facetiously refers to these students as "perfect" kids, "straight from a high-end catalog" who thoroughly look and act the part of the privileged. These students are not only extremely well-educated and polite, they carry and comport themselves profoundly well in a tradition befitting young members of the wealthy aristocracy.
But are these children truly content with few emotional problems? It's very difficult to know. Interestingly, thirty and forty years ago, the Manhattan private school system was a bastion for the children of upper-middle class professionals rather than the very rich. These were the offspring of doctors, lawyers, writers, college professors, etc. Today, the Manhattan private schools educate children from considerably wealthier families, according to Wolff – and these parents tend to earn their beaucoup bucks in the financial field. Frankly, it's widely known that successful individuals in the "financial industry" inevitably work extremely long hours, more so than most, and are not sufficiently attentive to their families. Although a first class education and connections will eventually provide children with a leg up in the world, they certainly cannot be shielded from the effects of an absentee parent or dysfunction in the household.
The price is too high, the pretense too demanding, the negotiating too exhausting, the pressure too great. Was it worth it? And yet, possibly because the alternative would be to admit that we have not only wasted millions of dollars and vast reserves of psychic energy, but maybe even screwed up our kids, we do believe we have paid the going price for more-perfect children".
And this brings me to the second relevant article. A background of outstanding business successes, two adorable toddlers, and even the love of a beautiful young wife was not enough to sustain a high powered man such as Jeffrey Silverman through tough times, according to the New York magazine piece "The Man Who Had Everything". Financier Jeffrey Silverman was born with tremendous advantages and grew up in wealthy home where "nothing was denied him. Even in nursery school, Jeffrey traveled in a limousine". He was once worth over a hundred million, but he hit hard times in recent years, and even depended upon his wealthy father-in-law for financial assistance. It appears that Silverman was especially given to angst and humiliation since his latest business adventure, Brand Partners, lost money for investors, many of whom were his friends, and he owed monies to the IRS. Unfortunately, Silverman then did the unthinkable. He committed suicide by shooting himself in the chest, which apparently resulted in a drawn-out, painful death. Silverman was 56.
Interestingly, this was a smart, talented man who had everything to live for, especially a loving family. Even if he spent the remainder of his life paying back investors and the IRS, those certainly would have been honorable and worthwhile endeavors. But he just couldn't hack it. For a man who lived lavishly, and always expected financial success to ensue, his current circumstances were unbearable.
I truly wonder if these upper echelon private schools are helping to imbue children of privilege with sufficient coping skills. Of course, the primary duty of inculcating virtue and values rest with the family, but surely schools have some responsibility here. It goes without saying that there is much more to life than pursuing upward mobility and materialism. When the going gets tough, which will invariably occur, will these products of elite private schools have the wherewithal to confront adversity, tenaciously fight the good fight, maintain dignity and optimism, and cling to truth and other moral values while facing the maelstroms of existence? Sure, when crisis hits, I expect that many will be able to conduct themselves magnificently – but not all, especially those with a sense of entitlement. Quite frankly, I don't see any rich young men enlisting in the armed forces, even though our nation and military are in dire need. And that really should change.
Carol Devine-Molin is a regular contributor to several online magazines.


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Christine Reeves
Yesterday I spent time with my best friend of 56 years,Tracy Volkert, who I met at Goodmayes Primary School. We were remembering names from our class, and came up with: Alan Storr, Terry Barclay, Neil Davidson, Rizwan Ratzac, Anna Fairbrass, Kim Seeley, Hilda Webb and Wendy Harlow. Teachers: Mr Fitzmorris, Miss Ins, Mr Tester (Headmaster). Since there were 44 in the class, there are quite a few gaps. We left at 11 years old in 1968. I vividly recall the mad celebrations when England won the World Cup in 1966. If anyone from that period at Goodmayes Primary remembers any more I'd be very interested.
Christine Reeves — 5 Comments
Tony Gocke on 15/05/2018 at 1:13 pm said:
Pupils who left Goodmayes Primary School in 1968 and went on to Mayfield will be shown as having left Mayfield in 1972 or 1973 depending on the course they took. Check out the 'Listed Pupils' under 'Boys School' and 'Girls School' for these years. You may find some of your old Goodmayes pals there.
Tony Atkinson on 16/05/2018 at 8:21 pm said:
I was called out to South Park school to get Mr Tester's car started, a 105E Ford Anglia, when he was headmaster there.
Guest - Rona Smith on 28/12/2019 at 4:23 pm said:
I was at Goodmayes Primary in the years you mention. I remember the maths teacher, Mr. Fitzmorris, who always had a cane by his desk. Mr. Tester was Headmaster. I recall Anna Fairbrass and I have in recent years spoken to Lesley Eyre who also went to Mayfield. Also remember my best friend Leigh Martin who immigrated to Australia in the last year at Goodmayes. Other names were one of the boys, Leslie Ridd who sat next to me, and Duncan Fletcher. Also recall when we all were called to the hall to watch Sir Francis Chichester on his home voyage. Strange some of the things that remain with you! My Maiden name was Rona Price. I also remember Susan Shalls who lived in the same road as me, but unfortunately I heard that she passed away when she was in her 40's.
Guest - David Merrifield on 07/08/2021 at 11:38 am said:
I went to school with you and will slightly amend some of the names you have mentioned but also add loads more from the 'A' class. It was Rizwan Razac in our class and the teacher was Mrs. Ings I believe.
Also in our class were Apu Alam, Andrew Kopkin, Claire Barrett, Jane Alchin, Michael Coleman, Andrew Bailey, Frank Bradford, Robert Mann, Keith Bryant, Debbie Voller, Karen Wiltshire, Julie Snelling, Ann Gwinell, Michael Bland, Michael Chambers, David Thomas, Joan Kersey, Linda Chalk and I will try and remember some more. Also from the 'B' class were Colin Smith, Stephen Hollick and then not sure what class Richard Phillips, Susan Hall, Tony Kingdom. There were loads of us including me (David Merrifield). There was a Miss Pimm and a Mrs Daniels. Oh just remembered Christopher Haynes, a girl called Mary Pearson, Glen Wenham Billy Taylor, Pauline Boland and Penelope Dutton
Guest - Michael Manning on 17/01/2022 at 1:12 pm said:
Michael Manning here! How are you all? I remember Mr Fitzmorris and his cane very well! I'm sure it was left there just for me! My sister Judy also went here, does anyone remember us? I hope you are all keeping well.


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The Definitive Guide to All the Different Types of Fillers (and Where to Get Them)
by Tanya Akim
In the beauty industry, it's rare to see a product that has existed for almost two decades suddenly spike in popularity, especially within a new demographic from its originally-intended audience. Dermal fillers have been around for 16 years, but they've had quite a renaissance in the last five. This is due largely in-part to women like Kylie Jenner who are more open about their use of filler to accentuate their features; Jenner even even created a multi-million dollar cosmetics empire around the buzz of her lip fillers.
Recently, in her Paper Magazine cover story, Kylie admitted that her face has transformed, but not due to any facelifts or cut-crease shadow applications. Her explanation was simple: "It's fillers. I'm not denying that."
But what really are fillers, and what are the apprehensions around using them, aside from the evaporating social stigmas?
Stocksy
What Are the Different Types of Filler?
Firstly, there are a lot of options when it comes to types of filler. There are two principle manufacturers of injectable filler: the publicly-traded company Allergan, and Galderma, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Nestlé (yes, like the chocolate). Allergan is also the manufacturer of the widely-known and trademarked botulinum toxin wrinkle preventer, Botox, along with several models of the most-commonly used silicone breast implants. It's safe to say that Allergan dominates much of the cosmetic enhancement market.
On June 5, 2006, Allergan announced the FDA's approval of a family of hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers for long-lasting correction of facial wrinkles and folds called Juvdérm. Juvéderm is a natural, biodegradable product, as is Galderma's product, Restylane, and its family of competitive HA dermal fillers.
Today, both the Juvéderm and Restylane families of dermal fillers each have five different, but comparable products to address various facial concerns, like smoothing wrinkles and adding volume to sunken or depressed areas. Fillers also have different molecule designations, like high G prime. High G prime indicates a greater general density, or a thicker filler, which is more-likely used in areas to build more structure, like the cheekbones and mandible.
How Are Fillers Used?
Each product can be injected via a needle or a blunt-tip cannula. During the cannula technique, an initial injection site is created by a needle and then a tiny tube is inserted into the face to distribute the product (it's less scary than it sounds, since you're not watching this happen on your face), largely reducing bruising and swelling. It's up to the discretion of the injector which technique is best for which filler and in what area, but we strongly recommend you go to someone who is trained in both methods.
Additionally, both HA filler families dissolve naturally and gradually over time, generally between 8 to 24 months depending on the individual and the product used.
Which Filler Is Right For You?
Navigating which fillers to choose (and which technique) for different regions can be difficult, and using the right product is essential to achieving the most desired results. For definitive answers, we turned to two experts from both coasts: NYC-based cosmetic dermatologist Dr. Marnie Nussbaum, and Beverly Hills facial plastic surgeon Dr. Jonathan Cabin. If you're considering dermal filler, or if you've had it before and want to know more, here's our definitive guide to facial fillers to use according to each injection site.
Getty / Rosdiana Ciaravolo
The Brands:
Juvéderm & Restalyane
The Products:
Juvéderm Voluma XC, Juvéderm Ultra XC, Juvéderm Volbella XC, Juvéderm Vollure XC, Juvéderm XC
Restalyane, Restalyane Defyne, Restalyane Refyne, Restalyane Lyft, Restalyane Sylk
The Injection Sites:
Dr. Nussbaum: "The cheekbones generally need more of a lift than the lower face. Therefore, we would use a filler with a high G Prime and particle size, such as Juvéderm Voluma XC, Restylane Lyft, or even Juvéderm Ultra XC if the skin is thin."
Dr. Cabin: "Juvéderm Voluma XC via blunt-tip cannula. It's a thick filler, so it adds structure and support. It is also the longest lasting HA filler (up to 2 years), so it is the best financial investment for this region."
Dr. Nussbaum: "The chin usually needs projection from underneath, for which Juvéderm Ultra XC or Restylane Lyft may be used."
Dr. Cabin: "Juvéderm Voluma XC via needle. Like [the] cheeks, it's thick, which is great for structure, and again, it is the longest lasting HA filler."
Dr. Nussbaum: "Nasolabial folds usually need a finer particle-size and have an easier flow. Therefore, Restylane, Juvéderm XC, or Juvéderm Vollure XC may be utilized, depending upon the patients' needs."
Dr. Cabin: "Juvéderm Vollure XC. A lot of times the nasolabial folds actually refer to two things: The 'shadowing' next to the nostril (called 'deep pyriform space' or 'ristow's space') created by loss of soft tissue and bony volume in this area, and the deep crease or superficial wrinkle that extends from this area down to the corner of the mouth. Assuming you have to address both of these areas, I consider Juvéderm Vollure XC a 'hybrid' filler that can do both deep and superficial work. It also lasts 18 months, which is a nice bonus."
Dr. Nussbaum: "Depending upon the desired aesthetic result, Juvéderm Volbella XC may be used, or Restylane Refyne, or Juvéderm Ultra XC."
Dr. Cabin: "If I have to choose one, Juvéderm Volbella XC via needle. Most of my patients want a natural, hydrated, augmented lip, and are rarely in the market for the Kardashian/Jenner effect. In these cases, I go with Juvéderm Volbella XC for two reasons: It comes in a 0.6cc syringe (instead of the typical 1cc syringes most other fillers come in), and patients generally don't need more than this in their lips. It is soft and natural looking and, most importantly, feeling. So, in kissing your partner, it is least likely to feel any different than a normal lip.
If someone really wants big lips, has super de-volumized lips, or needs me to build a lot of shape and structure, I opt for Juvéderm Ultra XC via needle. It is thicker than Juvéderm Volbella XC, and it loves water, so the lips can hold better shape and get super juicy."
Dr. Nussbaum: "The jawline needs definition. Therefore, Juvéderm Ultra XC, Juvéderm Voluma XC, or Restylane Defyne may be used."
Dr. Cabin: "For posterior jawline (toward the angle of the jaw) I would use Juvéderm Voluma XC with cannula or a needle. Posterior jawline, just like filling the chin and cheeks, is building onto bone.
For anterior jawline filler (toward the chin, also called the "post-jowl sulcus") I would use Juvéderm Vollure XC with a cannula. Anterior jawline, which is just behind the chin, is very susceptible to smile-related movement. For this reason, I like to fill here at multiple depths to ensure it looks perfectly natural with movement. That's why Juvdéderm Vollure XC, a great 'hybrid' filler, is perfect for this."
Under-Eye/Tear Trough
Dr. Nussbaum: "Tear troughs need a filler that will not draw in a ton of water, while also avoiding the Tyndall effect (the bluish tint under the skin). Therefore, Resytlane is ideal for this area."
Dr. Cabin: "Restylane with cannula. Under-eye filler is the most challenging in my hands, and the most overused in our industry. The most important consideration with under-eye filler is that a filler takes in as little water as possible (or, in technical terms, is relatively 'hydrophobic'). Otherwise you'll trade under-eye hollows with bags made mostly of water. Restylane is relatively hydrophobic, and tends to look the most natural under the eyes in my hands."
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text:
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The War Is Over! Wait, What Day Is It?
Posted by Torben
The officers' mess at the former military engineering school in Berlin-Karlshorst taken over by the Soviet Military Administration as its headquarters at the end of World War II. It was here that the second unconditional surrender was signed. Now the German-Russian Museum. Photo by Anagoria, distributed under CC BY-SA 3.0 license.
The first page of the Act of Military Surrender signed at Reims, France on May 7th. Note the date and time it goes into effect are handwritten. Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-49629-0002 / Nitsche / CC BY-SA 3.0 DE
This month marks the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II in Europe. But on what date did the war end exactly? Was it May 8th 1945 – V-E Day in the United States? Or was it May 9th – Victory Day in Russia?
In Germany, the end of the war is commemorated on May 8th. In fact, as a one-off for 2020, Berlin declared May 8th a holiday, in a way marking the culmination of a remarkable shift in the German collective memory. Over the course of more than seven decades, the country's capitulation has been transformed in the public imagination from "the German catastrophe" to a liberation from tyranny worthy of (sober) celebration: Germany's unconditional surrender put an end to a war in which tens of millions had lost their lives. Many were murdered by Germans in the name of the Nazi German regime, among them six million Jews, hundreds of thousands of Sinti and Roma, millions of Soviet prisoners of war, hundreds of thousands of people with mental disabilities, and thousands of homosexuals.
Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his bunker in Berlin and the Soviet flag (likely) flew from the Reichstag on April 30th 1945, but even then, the war was not quite over. Hitler's designated successor as president of the Reich, Admiral Karl Dönitz, attempted to form some semblance of a government based out of the city of Flensburg on the Danish border. Dönitz tried negotiating with the Allies, hoping to bring German troops back from the east to prevent them from being taken prisoner by the Soviets. But by by the evening of May 6th 1945, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force, Dwight D. Eisenhower, had had enough. He insisted that an unconditional surrender be signed immediately, otherwise Germany would face further bombing raids and troops fleeing the Soviets would not be permitted behind American lines. The surrender was to go into effect on May 8th at 11:01pm Central European Time. That would give the Germans just two days to try to get their troops back, but it was better than nothing.
In 1944, the main Allies had agreed on a draft for the "Act of Military Surrender": the surrender was to be unconditional and all power ceded to "Allied Representatives." The US, UK, and USSR were also of one mind that German military officers should be the signatories – thereby pre-empting the creation of another "stab in the back" legend as after World War I, when senior military officials like Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg had succeeded in convincing many Germans of the lie that their military had been undefeated on the battlefield and instead "stabbed in the back" at home. And so it was the Chief of the Operations Staff of the German Armed Forces High Command, General Alfred Jodl, who, summoned to Eisenhower's headquarters in the French cathedral city of Reims, signed the surrender ending the war at 2:41am local time on May 7th. American General Walter Bedell Smith and Soviet General Ivan Susloparov co-signed (and French General François Sevez witnessed) the document.
There was only one problem. Joseph Stalin wasn't happy.
The Soviet dictator had not given General Susloparov permission to sign the surrender. Also, the text didn't conform to the draft agreed by the Allies in 1944. These circumstances gave Stalin the excuse he needed to rectify the real deficiency of the Reims signing in his eyes: he hadn't choreographed it. He wanted representatives of all three branches of the German military, as well as Soviet Marshal Georgy Zhukov, to sign the surrender in Soviet-occupied Berlin, emphasizing the outsize contribution of the Red Army to the Allied victory over the Third Reich.
This second signing ceremony was to take place at the headquarters of the Soviet Military Administration, located in the neighborhood of Karlshorst in southeastern Berlin. The German delegation was flown into Berlin from Flensburg on the morning of May 8th, but they were not taken to Karlshorst until late in the evening. There had been some delays. First, the Allied delegation had to make its way to Berlin, then they had to figure out who the signatories would be. Eisenhower (who could not be seen to have been summoned by Zhukov, his nominal subordinate) had sent his British deputy, Air Marshal Arthur Tedder, to sign in his place along with Zhukov. But General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, a de Gaulle ally, insisted on signing on behalf of the French as well. The Soviets had not anticipated a French presence, and a French flag had to be improvised. More importantly, if only Zhukov, Tedder, and Tassigny signed, the Americans would be the only major Allied power to be excluded. The Soviets, however, insisted on limiting the number of Allied signatures to three. The compromise that was reached had Zhukov and Tedder sign on behalf of the Allies, and Tassigny and American General Carl Spaatz sign as witnesses.
Minor alterations to the text – each revision had to be translated and each translation vetted – led to further delays. Consequently, the German delegation, comprising Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel representing the German Army, Admiral Hans-Georg von Friedeburg of the Navy, and Luftwaffe General Hans-Jürgen Stumpff, only signed the surrender – after some dithering on the part of Keitel – sometime between midnight and 1am on May 9th local Berlin time. The document was backdated May 8th, and, in accordance with the Reims document (which was binding), the German surrender went into effect (retroactively) at 11:01pm on May 8th.
Because of the one hour time difference, the surrender officially went into effect at just after midnight, May 9th Moscow time. More importantly, it was only on May 9th that the unconditional surrender was announced to the Soviet public – their Victory Day. This was not the case in the US or the UK. The signing ceremony at Reims had been packed with journalists and cameras; witnesses compare the experience to being on a movie set. But after the Soviets expressed their displeasure with the Reims document, Eisenhower issued a press embargo to allow time for the Soviets to conduct their ceremony in Berlin. Journalists were not permitted to file their reports until 3pm on May 8th, when Washington, London, Paris, and Moscow would simultaneously announce the surrender. The news leaked, however (36 hours being a long time to wait to report the end of World War II). Later in the day on May 7th, Associated Press reporter Edward Kennedy, believing the news was going to break after the capitulation had been mentioned on German radio, managed to get news of the surrender to London and from there to New York. It was 3:30pm in Paris, 9:30am in New York.
That gave the newspapers plenty of time. The next day, May 8th, the New York Times front page headline read, "THE WAR IN EUROPE IS ENDED! SURRENDER IS UNCONDITIONAL; V-E WILL BE PROCLAIMED TODAY; OUR TROOPS IN OKINAWA GAIN." With Americans and Brits celebrating on the streets of New York and London, both President Truman and Prime Minister Winston Churchill decided that they could not wait until the ceremony in Berlin was completed before declaring victory. At 3pm, Churchill intoned, "My dear friends, this is your hour." At about the same time – 9am in Washington D.C. – Truman, using similar language, declared, "This is a solemn but glorious hour." May 8th was V-E Day.
But what was that "solemn but glorious hour" precisely? As we've established, Germany's unconditional surrender went into effect on May 8th at 11:01pm Berlin time. Since Germany had (re-)introduced daylight savings time (DST) in 1940, Berlin was two hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT +2). It wouldn't be for long, by the way. On May 24th 1945, the Soviets, who remained the sole occupiers of the city until the summer, (temporarily) put Berlin on Moscow time (GMT +3). Time became a symbol of victory.
It was a tool the Nazi German occupiers had wielded in France. In 1911, that country had adopted Greenwich Mean Time (GMT +0), implementing DST in the summers. When Germany invaded in 1940, Berlin time was introduced in the German-occupied north of France (GMT +2), while the time in Vichy France remained unchanged (GMT +1). In order to accommodate railway schedules, Vichy France put its clocks one hour ahead in the spring of 1941. Now all of Metropolitan France was on German time and it remained so even after its liberation in 1944 (and until today).
France had decided to keep its clocks aligned with those of its British ally. In 1940, the UK had set its clocks ahead by one hour (daylight savings; GMT +1) and it did not turn them back in the fall. Instead, from 1941 the UK set its clocks ahead one hour further in the summers (GMT +2) to what became known as "British double summertime." The object was to save fuel and to preserve the daylight for workers making their way home before blackout. It meant that London, Paris, and Berlin were all on the same time in the spring of 1945.
Moscow was on summer time all year. In 1930, the Soviet Union had introduced so-called "decree time." Clocks were permanently set one hour ahead of standard time (Greenwich Mean Time +3). The tongue-in-cheek term "decree time" implies the skepticism of a population still attuned to a diurnal rhythm: while the Soviet regime could "decree" what time it was, it could not actually affect when the sun reached its zenith.
Farmers in the United States were similarly skeptical of daylight savings time. Soon after the attack on Pearl Harbor, a bill was introduced in the House of Representatives calling for year-round DST for the duration of the war. It was great for industry, but farmers were not amused: "I am distressed at the increasing degree of ignorance on the part of our urban population as to how their food is produced," declared a New York congressman representing a rural district. Nonetheless, the bill passed overwhelmingly, putting Washington D.C. six hours behind London, Paris, and Berlin (GMT -4). When the law expired, the United States reverted to a chaotic system whereby towns and cities might choose to go on DST while the surrounding countryside did not.
The "Act of Military Surrender" went into effect at 5:01pm on May 8th in Washington D.C.; 11:01pm on May 8th in London, Paris, and Berlin; and at 12:01am on May 9th in Moscow. To answer the question posed at the outset: the war ended on both May 8th and May 9th. That, however, is the conclusion of a pedant. It is more honest to acknowledge that the war ended on neither date. Although Germany's unconditional surrender was largely, though not entirely, adhered to, it is absurd to suggest the fighting ended with the snap of a finger. Hundreds of thousands were yet to die in Asia, where the war continued to rage. Europe, in turn, faced a redrawing of the political map and a refugee crisis of staggering proportions. Here, too, hundreds of thousands, if not millions, perished in the aftermath and as a consequence of the war. But in our various national collective memories, the day the war ended is, quite simply, the day we were told.
Field Marshal Keitel signing the surrender document in Berlin-Karlshorst on the early morning of May 9th. Keitel would be hanged at Nuremberg for war crimes. Public Domain.
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