text:
"use strict";

var assert = require('assert'),
    events = require('events'),
    Gossipmonger = require('../index.js');

var test = module.exports = {};

test["on 'digest' gossipmonger retrieves remote peer from storage"] = function (test) {
    test.expect(1);
    var remotePeer = {id: "remote", transport: {}};
    var peerMock = {
        markContact: function () {}
    };
    var storage = {
        get: function (id) {
            test.equal(id, remotePeer.id);
            test.done();
            return peerMock;
        },
        on: function () {},
        put: function () {}
    };
    var transport = new events.EventEmitter();
    transport.deltas = function () {};
    var gossipmonger = new Gossipmonger({id: "foo"}, {
        storage: storage,
        transport: transport
    });
    transport.emit('digest', remotePeer, []);
};

test["on 'digest' gossipmonger marks contact on previously stored peer and "
    + "stores it"] = function (test) {
    test.expect(4);
    var remotePeer = {id: "remote", transport: {}};
    var peerMock = {
        id: "mock",
        markContact: function () {
            test.ok(true);
        }
    };
    var storage = {
        get: function (id) {
            test.equal(id, remotePeer.id);
            return peerMock;
        },
        on: function () {},
        put: function (id, peer) {
            test.equal(id, peerMock.id);
            test.strictEqual(peer, peerMock);
            test.done();
        }
    };
    var transport = new events.EventEmitter();
    transport.deltas = function () {};
    var gossipmonger = new Gossipmonger({id: "foo"}, {
        storage: storage,
        transport: transport
    });
    transport.emit('digest', remotePeer, []);
};

test["on 'digest' gossipmonger creates new peer if not in storage, emits 'new "
    + "peer', and stores it"] = function (test) {
    test.expect(6);
    var remotePeer = {id: "remote", maxVersionSeen: 17, transport: {host: 'localhost'}};
    var peerMock = {
        markContact: function () {}
    };
    var storage = {
        get: function (id) {
            test.equal(id, remotePeer.id);
            return null;
        },
        on: function () {},
        put: function (id, peer) {
            test.equal(id, remotePeer.id);
            test.equal(peer.id, remotePeer.id);
            // we haven't seen any versions, so make sure we mark it as such
            test.equal(peer.maxVersionSeen, 0);
            test.deepEqual(peer.transport, remotePeer.transport);
            test.done();
        }
    };
    var transport = new events.EventEmitter();
    transport.deltas = function () {};
    var gossipmonger = new Gossipmonger({id: "foo"}, {
        storage: storage,
        transport: transport
    });
    gossipmonger.on('new peer', function (peer) {
        test.equal(peer.id, "remote");
    });
    transport.emit('digest', remotePeer, []);
};

test["on 'digest' if gossipmonger finds unknown peer in digest it creates it, "
    + "emits 'new peer' and stores it"] = function (test) {
    test.expect(3);
    var remotePeer = {id: "remote", transport: {host: 'localhost'}};
    var digest = [{id: "new1", maxVersionSeen: 3422, transport: {host: 'new1host'}}];
    var peerMock = {
        id: "mock",
        markContact: function () {}
    };
    var storage = {
        get: function (id) {
            if (id == "remote")
                return peerMock;

            return null;
        },
        on: function () {},
        put: function (id, peer) {
            if (id === "new1") {
                // we haven't seen any versions, so make sure we mark it as such
                test.equal(peer.maxVersionSeen, 0);
                test.deepEqual(peer.transport, {host: 'new1host'});
            }
        }
    };
    var transport = new events.EventEmitter();
    transport.deltas = function () {};
    var gossipmonger = new Gossipmonger({id: "foo"}, {
        storage: storage,
        transport: transport
    });
    gossipmonger.on('new peer', function (peer) {
        test.equal(peer.id, "new1");
        test.done();
    });
    transport.emit('digest', remotePeer, digest);
};

test["on 'digest' if gossipmonger finds unknown peer it does not create it "
    + " if it is itself"] = function (test) {
    test.expect(0);
    var remotePeer = {id: "remote", transport: {host: 'localhost'}};
    var digest = [{id: "foo", maxVersionSeen: 3422, transport: {host: 'new1host'}}];
    var peerMock = {
        id: "mock",
        markContact: function () {}
    };
    var storage = {
        get: function (id) {
            if (id == "remote")
                return peerMock;

            return null;
        },
        on: function () {},
        put: function (id, peer) {
            if (id === "foo")
                assert.fail("treated self as remote peer");

        }
    };
    var transport = new events.EventEmitter();
    transport.deltas = function () {};
    var gossipmonger = new Gossipmonger({id: "foo"}, {
        storage: storage,
        transport: transport
    });
    transport.emit('digest', remotePeer, digest);
    test.done();
};

test["on 'digest' if gossipmonger has no deltas to send it does not send it"] = function (test) {
    test.expect(1);
    var remotePeer = {id: "remote", transport: {host: 'localhost'}};
    var digest = [{id: "new1", maxVersionSeen: 3422, transport: {host: 'new1host'}}];
    var peerMock = {
        id: "mock",
        markContact: function () {}
    };
    var storage = {
        get: function (id) {
            if (id == "remote")
                return peerMock;

            if (id == "new1") {
                return {
                    id: "new1",
                    maxVersionSeen: 3421
                };
            }
            return null;
        },
        on: function () {},
        put: function (id, peer) {
            test.equal(id, "mock");
        }
    };
    var transport = new events.EventEmitter();
    transport.deltas = function (rPeer, lPeer, deltasToSend) {
        assert.fail("deltas sent via transport");
    };
    var gossipmonger = new Gossipmonger({id: "foo", transport: "bar"}, {
        storage: storage,
        transport: transport
    });
    transport.emit('digest', remotePeer, digest);
    test.done();
};

test["on 'digest' if gossipmonger has local peer with larger version it sends "
    + "delta to remote peer"] = function (test) {
    test.expect(5);
    var remotePeer = {id: "remote", transport: {host: 'localhost'}};
    var digest = [{id: "new1", maxVersionSeen: 3422, transport: {host: 'new1host'}}];
    var peerMock = {
        id: "mock",
        markContact: function () {}
    };
    var storage = {
        get: function (id) {
            if (id == "remote")
                return peerMock;

            if (id == "new1") {
                return {
                    id: "new1",
                    deltasAfterVersion: function (version) {
                        test.equal(version, 3422);
                        return [["foo", "bar", 3423]]; // deltas returned
                    },
                    maxVersionSeen: 3423
                };
            }
            return null;
        },
        on: function () {},
        put: function (id, peer) {
            if (id === "new1") {
                test.equal(peer.maxVersionSeen, 3422);
                test.deepEqual(peer.transport, {host: 'new1host'});
            }
        }
    };
    var transport = new events.EventEmitter();
    transport.deltas = function (rPeer, lPeer, deltasToSend) {
        test.deepEqual(rPeer, remotePeer);
        test.equal(lPeer.id, "foo");
        test.equal(lPeer.transport, "bar");
        test.deepEqual(deltasToSend, [["new1", "foo", "bar", 3423]]);
        test.done();
    };
    var gossipmonger = new Gossipmonger({id: "foo", transport: "bar"}, {
        storage: storage,
        transport: transport
    });
    transport.emit('digest', remotePeer, digest);
};

test["on 'digest' if gossipmonger has self with larger version it sends "
    + "delta to remote peer"] = function (test) {
    test.expect(4);
    var remotePeer = {id: "remote", transport: {host: 'localhost'}};
    var digest = [{id: "local", maxVersionSeen: 3422, transport: {host: 'new1host'}}];
    var peerMock = {
        id: "mock",
        markContact: function () {}
    };
    var storage = {
        get: function (id) {
            if (id == "remote")
                return peerMock;

            return null;
        },
        on: function () {},
        put: function (id, peer) {
            if (id === "local")
                assert.fail("treated self as remote peer");

        }
    };
    var transport = new events.EventEmitter();
    transport.deltas = function (rPeer, lPeer, deltasToSend) {
        test.deepEqual(rPeer, remotePeer);
        test.equal(lPeer.id, "local");
        test.equal(lPeer.transport, "bar");
        test.deepEqual(deltasToSend, [["local", "foo", "bar", 3423]]);
        test.done();
    };
    var gossipmonger = new Gossipmonger({
        data: {
            foo: ["bar", 3423]
        },
        id: "local",
        maxVersionSeen: 3423,
        transport: "bar"
    }, {
        storage: storage,
        transport: transport
    });
    transport.emit('digest', remotePeer, digest);
};

test["on 'digest' if gossipmonger has deltas to send, only oldest up to "
    + "MAX_DELTAS_PER_GOSSIP will be sent"] = function (test) {
    test.expect(5);
    var remotePeer = {id: "remote", transport: {host: 'localhost'}};
    var digest = [{id: "new1", maxVersionSeen: 3422, transport: {host: 'new1host'}}];
    var peerMock = {
        id: "mock",
        markContact: function () {}
    };
    var storage = {
        get: function (id) {
            if (id == "remote")
                return peerMock;

            if (id == "new1") {
                return {
                    id: "new1",
                    deltasAfterVersion: function (version) {
                        test.equal(version, 3422);
                        return [
                            ["foo", "bar", 4003],
                            ["fuz", "buz", 4002],
                            ["fox", "bix", 4001],
                            ["fir", "bor", 4004]
                        ]; // deltas returned
                    },
                    maxVersionSeen: 4004
                };
            }
            return null;
        },
        on: function () {},
        put: function (id, peer) {
            if (id === "new1") {
                test.equal(peer.maxVersionSeen, 3422);
                test.deepEqual(peer.transport, {host: 'new1host'});
            }
        }
    };
    var transport = new events.EventEmitter();
    transport.deltas = function (rPeer, lPeer, deltasToSend) {
        test.deepEqual(rPeer, remotePeer);
        test.equal(lPeer.id, "foo");
        test.equal(lPeer.transport, "bar");
        test.deepEqual(deltasToSend, [
                            ["new1", "fox", "bix", 4001],
                            ["new1", "fuz", "buz", 4002],
                            ["new1", "foo", "bar", 4003]
                        ]);
        test.done();
    };
    var gossipmonger = new Gossipmonger({id: "foo", transport: "bar"}, {
        MAX_DELTAS_PER_GOSSIP: 3,
        storage: storage,
        transport: transport
    });
    transport.emit('digest', remotePeer, digest);
};

test["on 'digest' if gossipmonger has deltas to send, only oldest up to "
    + "MAX_DELTAS_PER_GOSSIP will be sent from peer with most deltas to send"] = function (test) {
    test.expect(6);
    var remotePeer = {id: "remote", transport: {host: 'localhost'}};
    var digest = [
        {id: "new1", maxVersionSeen: 3422, transport: {host: 'new1host'}},
        {id: "new2", maxVersionSeen: 3422, transport: {host: 'new2host'}}
    ];
    var peerMock = {
        id: "mock",
        markContact: function () {}
    };
    var storage = {
        get: function (id) {
            if (id == "remote")
                return peerMock;

            if (id == "new1") {
                return {
                    id: "new1",
                    deltasAfterVersion: function (version) {
                        test.equal(version, 3422);
                        return [
                            ["foo", "bar", 4003],
                            ["fuz", "buz", 4002],
                            ["fox", "bix", 4001],
                            ["fir", "bor", 4004]
                        ]; // deltas returned
                    },
                    maxVersionSeen: 4004
                };
            }

            if (id == "new2") {
                return {
                    id: "new2",
                    deltasAfterVersion: function (version) {
                        test.equal(version, 3422);
                        return [
                            ["foo", "bar", 5003],
                            ["fuz", "buz", 5002],
                            ["fox", "bix", 5001],
                            ["fir", "bor", 5004],
                            ["ful", "bir", 5007]
                        ]; // deltas returned
                    },
                    maxVersionSeen: 5007
                };
            }
            return null;
        },
        on: function () {},
        put: function (id, peer) {
            if (id === "new1") {
                test.equal(peer.maxVersionSeen, 3422);
                test.deepEqual(peer.transport, {host: 'new1host'});
            }
        }
    };
    var transport = new events.EventEmitter();
    transport.deltas = function (rPeer, lPeer, deltasToSend) {
        test.deepEqual(rPeer, remotePeer);
        test.equal(lPeer.id, "foo");
        test.equal(lPeer.transport, "bar");
        test.deepEqual(deltasToSend, [
                            ["new2", "fox", "bix", 5001],
                            ["new2", "fuz", "buz", 5002],
                            ["new2", "foo", "bar", 5003]
                        ]);
        test.done();
    };
    var gossipmonger = new Gossipmonger({id: "foo", transport: "bar"}, {
        MAX_DELTAS_PER_GOSSIP: 3,
        storage: storage,
        transport: transport
    });
    transport.emit('digest', remotePeer, digest);
};

test["on 'digest' if gossipmonger has deltas to send, up to "
    + "MAX_DELTAS_PER_GOSSIP will be sent with first selection coming "
    + "from peer with most deltas and then others"] = function (test) {
    test.expect(6);
    var remotePeer = {id: "remote", transport: {host: 'localhost'}};
    var digest = [
        {id: "new1", maxVersionSeen: 3422, transport: {host: 'new1host'}},
        {id: "new2", maxVersionSeen: 3422, transport: {host: 'new2host'}}
    ];
    var peerMock = {
        id: "mock",
        markContact: function () {}
    };
    var storage = {
        get: function (id) {
            if (id == "remote")
                return peerMock;

            if (id == "new1") {
                return {
                    id: "new1",
                    deltasAfterVersion: function (version) {
                        test.equal(version, 3422);
                        return [
                            ["foo", "bar", 4003],
                            ["fuz", "buz", 4002],
                            ["fox", "bix", 4001],
                            ["fir", "bor", 4004]
                        ]; // deltas returned
                    },
                    maxVersionSeen: 4004
                };
            }

            if (id == "new2") {
                return {
                    id: "new2",
                    deltasAfterVersion: function (version) {
                        test.equal(version, 3422);
                        return [
                            ["foo", "bar", 5003],
                            ["fuz", "buz", 5002],
                            ["fox", "bix", 5001],
                            ["fir", "bor", 5004],
                            ["oxd", "fsj", 5005]
                        ]; // deltas returned
                    },
                    maxVersionSeen: 5005
                };
            }
            return null;
        },
        on: function () {},
        put: function (id, peer) {
            if (id === "new1") {
                test.equal(peer.maxVersionSeen, 3422);
                test.deepEqual(peer.transport, {host: 'new1host'});
            }
        }
    };
    var transport = new events.EventEmitter();
    transport.deltas = function (rPeer, lPeer, deltasToSend) {
        test.deepEqual(rPeer, remotePeer);
        test.equal(lPeer.id, "foo");
        test.equal(lPeer.transport, "bar");
        test.deepEqual(deltasToSend, [
                            ["new2", "fox", "bix", 5001],
                            ["new2", "fuz", "buz", 5002],
                            ["new2", "foo", "bar", 5003],
                            ["new2", "fir", "bor", 5004],
                            ["new2", "oxd", "fsj", 5005],
                            ["new1", "fox", "bix", 4001]
                        ]);
        test.done();
    };
    var gossipmonger = new Gossipmonger({id: "foo", transport: "bar"}, {
        MAX_DELTAS_PER_GOSSIP: 6,
        storage: storage,
        transport: transport
    });
    transport.emit('digest', remotePeer, digest);
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


One of the most important meetings in a project is the tender handover meeting from estimating to QS. I've been in hundreds of these meetings and they're a hot spot for waffle! So much is discussed that is completely unimportant and irrelevant, particularly at this stage of the project.
Some projects are so big that you will never be able to answer every question and it can be counterproductive to sit in these drawn-out meetings and trawl through page after page of information to try and find answers that will become apparent at a later date, or in a one-on-one conversation.
What are the key sub-contract packages?
What are the areas of risk?
Methodology – how did we envisage doing the works?
Is there anything with a long lead-in time?
Are there any potential programme risks?
Do I need to procure anything early?
These eight key items not only helped me manage my time, but also helped me to identify where the value was in the project.
Estimators are adept in quickly analysing a project and as they only have a limited time to produce a tender, they will have assessed the areas of risk and created opportunities within their clarifications and allowances. Extract this information from them so you can make your own analysis and plan of attack.
Another key area for me was methodology and programme – here I could identify key packages that would benefit from early procurement. By procuring these packages early, we could iron out any design unknowns, construction details and interfaces with other trades. This allowed me to get ahead and make sure the onsite works ran a lot more smoothly as the design and scheduling was done far in advance rather than being an after thought and rushed to get on site.
Create your own tender handover form with the key information you're looking for. This can also help form the agenda of the meeting and allow you to take "the lead" during these meetings.
If you already have mechanisms in place for tender handovers, you can send your questions to the estimating department – this will help them form their documentation and agenda for that meeting, so your requests get dealt with.
If you don't have the opportunity to do these and you want to cut out the waffle, have your questions with you, and make a point early on of what you're looking to get out of the meeting.
Ultimately the meeting is normally chaired by the estimating team, but it's important that you have your own voice and to take an element of control during the tender handover. They can seem very construction and programme oriented, but extracting the important commercial aspects from the tender will not only benefit you, it will also raise the commercial awareness of your construction and design teams at where the risks and opportunities lie.


text:
namespace HomeCinema.Entities
{
    public interface IEntityBase
    {
        int Id { get; set; }
    }
}


text:
Pegaz – w mitologii greckiej skrzydlaty koń
 Pegaz – gwiazdozbiór nieba północnego
 "Pegaz" – polski magazyn telewizyjny
 "Pegaz" – polskie wydawnictwo książkowe
 "Pegaz" – galeria sztuki w Zakopanem
 Pegaz 1, 2, 3 – amerykańskie sztuczne satelity
 HWL Pegaz – motoszybowiec
 Pegaz – Poznańska Wytwórnia Produktów Spożywczych
 PeGaZ – Polska Grupa Zbrojeniowa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


COSTA MESA — A white man accused of yelling racial remarks while intoxicated and then punching two Hispanic men was scheduled to be arraigned Monday on hate-crime charges.
The defendant, Chad Martin Jurjaks, 30, of Costa Mesa, is being charged with two felony counts of hate crime battery and faces a maximum sentence of seven years and four months in state prison.
Jurjaks allegedly yelled, "F--- Mexicans!" at a Hispanic man, his wife, cousin and nephew as they entered a 7-Eleven on March 5.
He then punched the 42-year-old man and his 26-year-old nephew one time each in the head. The other family members were unharmed.
Jurjaks was arrested that day by Costa Mesa police near the 7-Eleven.
Jurjaks posted the $500 bail on March 6 and was released.
The district attorney's office filed the felony charges March 24 and put a warrant out for his arrest. The next day, Costa Mesa police brought Jurjaks into custody at the Central Jail in Santa Ana. His bail is now set at $200,000.
Jurjaks has previously been convicted of criminal threats in 2005 and of public intoxication in January of this year.
He also has a case open from October 2010 regarding charges of public intoxication, trespassing and battery of peace officer/emergency personnel.


text:
Economics Student Shares Upper Peninsula Research | Northern Today – Northern Today
by News Feed Editor | Apr 13, 2022 | Financial
Northern Michigan University Student Max Steele presented at the Association for Private Enterprise Education (APEE) Conference in Las Vegas, Nev., in its undergraduate research competition."The conference was very academic," Steele said. "It was divided into two parts, plenaries or long talks that took place three times a day and break-out sessions that happened in between the plenary sessions. It was a very informative experience for me, I learned a lot about economics and the role of government in public markets."Steele, a senior studying economics, presented his research A Ten-Year Recovery Analysis of GDP in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, which examines the Upper Peninsula and its economic recovery after the great recession. "I started working on this project for Rural Insights and published it in May of last year. The analysis was focused on gross domestic product (GDP) recovery by county and industry in the Upper Peninsula. I would say that the big takeaway is that the U.P., for the most part, did recover, albeit a little slower than the rest of Michigan and the United States as a whole."Also, counties with larger populations and one …

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Condi, you're on the clock.
March 28, 2007 - The sands of the hourglass are approaching a critically low level for this administration. With regards to its Middle Eastern foreign policy, there is one thing--perhaps THE only thing of which they can be certain: Time is running out, and the window of opportunity is about to shatter. That is the only explanation for the direction the Bush administration has chosen as they continue to push Israel toward her destruction under the guise of the facilitation of "peace".
In the media spotlight which illuminates the region's current peace process stands one Condoleezza Rice, whose preoccupation with facilitating the elusive "two-state solution" between Israel and the "Palestinians"--an objective the Bush administration has, in the past, branded as its "cornerstone", has rapidly evolved into an obsession--one that must come to fruition regardless of the degree to which it compromises Israel's national security. Throughout history, the Middle East peace process has proven to be a "Pandora's box" to those leaders who would advance a doctrine that seeks to facilitate peace at the expense of Jewish blood. As such, the future will become most unfavorable for the Bush administration and specifically, Condoleezza Rice, should they choose to continue treading in the dangerous waters in which they have so willfully placed themselves.
If only for a season, the future could not look anymore promising for the so-called "Palestinians" and an ideology predicated upon the so-called "liberation" of so-called "Palestine" from a so-called "illegal occupation". Under the guise of the erroneously-coined "Arab Peace Plan"--an initiative formulated in 2002 by the members of the Arab League, and the "Palestinian unity government"--a terrorist tag team of sorts consisting of a recent merger between the PA's Fatah and Hamas, the Jewish state is right where they want her: against the ropes and forced to make a decision. Under this plan, Israel would FIRST withdraw from much of Judea and Samaria (although the politically-correct dolts would prefer you use the term, "West Bank"), turn the Golan Heights back over to Syria, and hand over East Jerusalem to the Palestinians which would serve as the "capital" of what would be a newly-created "Palestinian" state. In so doing, Israel would become instantly infused with millions of hostile Arabs, who have garnered sympathy from the international community for years as self-imposed "refugees", with an "all or nothing" philosophy.
AFTER Israel complies with these requirements, her enemies will agree to peace negotiations designed to facilitate "normal relations" between the Jewish state and her Arab neighbors. "Normal" relations. Nowhere under this plan is the unity government required to adhere to the three conditions, as outlined by the Quartet's "Roadmap for Peace": the affirmation of Israel's right to exist, the abandonment of terrorism, and the adherence to prior peace agreements. Quite frankly, for Israel to ink its signature on such a plan would be the literal signing away of her existence--IF the Arabs had their way. Israel's agreement to the plan's requirements would make her borders completely indefensible, and would be nothing short of political suicide.
The Arab world will undoubtedly relish the position in which they find themselves, and they should. After all, it's a "win-win" for them. If Israel caves under the pressure from the West, something Ehud Olmert does too well, then her enemies will have effectively redrawn the frontlines of the war against Israel by bringing it right into the streets of Jerusalem. Furthermore, the strategic value of the Golan Heights will have been turned over to Syria--a country with which Israel is still technically at war. Conversely, should Israel reject the Arab Peace Plan, then they will be seen, by the international community, as a country that refuses to live at peace with her neighbors. At the end of the day, Israel had her chance for "peace", but refused it. The Palestinian "unity government" will effectively garner accolades and sympathy for Israel's rejection of their "olive branch". Boycotts would be lifted. Intifadas and terrorist incursions would be launched. As recently as today, the Saudi foreign minister was quoted as stating if Israel refused said peace initiative, her fate will be determined by the "lords of war". PA Chairman Abu Mazen (aka Mahmoud Abbas) was quoted as saying this is Israel's last chance to live "in a sea of peace".
And there, essentially shoving the "cyanide capsule" down the throat of the Jewish state, sits Condoleezza Rice--who as recently as today felt compelled to remind the world that the Bush administration "still has 18 months" in which to facilitate peace in the Middle East through the "two-state solution". Time is running out, Condi. Your legacy, and that of your employer is at stake here. You're on the clock.
Posted by Mikael at Wednesday, March 28, 2007
Labels: Arab, Bible, Boycott, Christ, Christian Zionism, Gaza, Israel, Middle East, Occupation, Palestine, Terrorism


This post contains some affiliate links. This means that if you decide to click on them and make a purchase, I might receive, at no extra cost to you, a small commission that goes back into helping me keep the blog running. Thank you so much for your support.
I bought myself a packet of cassava flour a few months ago and I just can't stop myself. Pancakes, gnocchi, pastries, crispy-fried coating on stuff - I love it. It's quite a handy flour to have in the cupboard and it works really well for people on special diets that are avoiding gluten and grains.
These empanadas were inspired by the ones I ate in Argentina - although they mainly use beef in theirs - while I've used lamb and green olives. There's a speckling of dried parsley on top, and they're totally nut free, dairy free and gluten free. Hurray for that.
If you're wondering which cassava flour I use, it's the Tiana brand, which I buy from Amazon. I once bought some cassava flour in a huge bag, which was very cheap, in a local supermarket but it tasted bitter and just didn't behave the same when it was cooked with. I'd recommend this brand if you're making cakes, pastries or pancakes, definitely.
First, heat the oven to 200ºC/gas mark 6/400ºF and get on with your empanada filling.
Take out a large frying pan and trickle in the olive oil. Fry the onion and the pinch of salt until softened but not coloured, and add the garlic. Stir-fry for another minute or so and then add the minced lamb. Cook, stirring, until browned and fully cooked through. Tumble in the olives, and turn off the heat.
Lave to cool slightly, while you make the pastry.
Measure out the cassava flour and the salt into a bowl and mix together. Take the lard and rub it into the flour with your fingertips, until you end up with a floury mixture that looks a bit like fine breadcrumbs. Pour in the cold water - a little at a time, you might not need the full 50ml) and work with your fingertips until the mixture forms a smoothish, firm dough.
Dust a work surface or board with a little cassava flour and roll out the dough to about 5mm thick. Cut out circles - I use a small dish to make a template and then ran a sharp knife around it.
Pick up a circle of the pastry and moisten the edge of one side of it with a fingertip dipped in cold water. Put a tablespoon or two of the lamb and olive filling onto the pastry and fold in half to seal. If the pastry splits, don't worry - just take a small piece of the dough and press it back together.
Crimp the edges of the pastry half-circle by using a fork, and place on a tray lined with greaseproof paper. Brush with beaten egg, if you like, for a glazed finish and sprinkle over the dried parsley. Bake in the oven for about 20-25 minutes, until the pastry is firm and golden and the filling is hot.
Remove from the oven and eat hot - the filling may be very hot so allow to cool slightly before giving them to young children.


World-class wildlife right on your doorstep — that's the area around Nethy Bridge. You can walk straight out of the house onto the Speyside Way. Within a few hundred metres, you would be walking through the farm which won a National Farmers Union Excellence Award for Farmland Biodiversity!
Local, village walks can be pre-arranged through Explore Abernethy Ranger during summer months. The ranger has asked us if we would record wildlife as we walk through the area – you can print out the list and mark them off if you wish.
A local father & son, keen wildlife watchers has created Strathspey Wildlife, a website full of images which may be worth browsing.
The Wildlife Park at Kincraig gives you a view of the Highlands as it was with wolves and bears and, of course, you may always go along to the The Cairngorm Reindeer to see, and maybe walk out to feed, the only herd of reindeer free to roam in Britain.
To make the most of your enjoyment of all this wildlife and so much more, you could have an expert guide. For more informationon on organising a trip specially geared your group, both large or small Speyside Wildlife can help. They also run wildlife watching evenings at their 'state of the art' viewing hide on the famous Rothiemurchus Hide. There are regular sightings of Pine Marten and Badger, with the possibility of Red Deer, Roe Deer and you never know what else!
The RSPB Osprey Centre is a must for anyone interested in birds and their conservation. Primary & secondary schools may wish to have a look at the organised by schools visit programme.
The Pine Marten is very shy but here he is looking to see what is going on!
Golden Eagle hunt wild uplands, Slavonian Grebe nest on forest lochs, and ancient pines harbour Scottish Crossbill and Capercaillie, Pine Marten and Red Squirrel.
There are delicate Twinflower and Emerald Damselfly, Ptarmigan croak amidst the snow patches of the Cairngorm plateau and Bottlenose Dolphins can be found along Moray Firth shores which are alive with seaduck.


Plant Aurora kinases are divided in two families, the Alpha and Beta type Auroras (Demidov et al., 2005). Whereas the Beta type Aurora of Arabidopsis localizes to centromeric regions, both Alpha type Auroras associate with the prophase spindle, kinetochore fibers during metaphase and anaphase and accumulate at the forming cell plate during cytokinesis, both in tobacco BY-2 cells as in Arabidopsis root cells.
Time lapse movie of an AURORA1-GFP expressing tobacco BY-2 cell going through mitosis. AURORA1 labels the prophase spindle, kinetochore spindle microtubules and the cell plate.
If you are unable to play the movie, you need to enable Flash in your browser (click in front of the URL on the lock for Chrome or the 'battery' for Firefox).
A specific combination of two mutant alleles in Arabidopsis Aurora 1 and Aurora 2 yielded viable double mutant plants which are stunted and show division plane defects associated with formative divisions from embryogenesis onward with the most profound effects occurring during the first formative divisions leading to lateral root primordia development (Van Damme et al., 2011). How Alpha aurora kinases function in determining the orientation of the division plane in various formative divisions throughout plant development remains however completely unknown.
Confocal sections of the first formative divisions during lateral root primordia development in Arabidopsis WT seedlings and the alpha aurora double mutant (aur1-2/aur2-2) expressing pPIN1::PIN1-GFP as membrane marker. While the first two formative divisions in WT are anticlinal (tangential to the growth axis), these divisions in the aurora double mutant are misoriented and periclinal (parallel to the growth axis).
Time lapse movie of initial lateral root primordium pericycle cell divisions in an Arabidopsis WT seedling and in the double mutant for aurora 1 and aurora 2 (aur1-2/aur2-2) expressing PIN1-GFP as a membrane marker and RFP-MBD to label the Mts. Whereas the initial divisions are anticlinal in a wild-type lateral root primordium and lead to the formation of two small adjacent cells, these divisions in the aurora double mutant are oblique and lead to an unstructured primordium lacking defined cell layers.
Like any kinase, Auroras function via the phosphorylation of their substrates. To investigate the causality of the aberrant division plane orientations, we are hunting for aurora kinase substrates. Preliminary evidence indicates that the animal aurora kinase phosphorylation motif is at least partially conserved in plant substrates of aurora kinases. We have identified the microtubule-bundling protein MAP65-1 as a substrate for alpha Aurora kinases (Boruc et al., 2017) and we are currently focusing on several family members of the TPX2-like protein family as well as other candidate substrate proteins, found using affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry analysis both in Arabidopsis and in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Moss has two aurora kinases and due to the availability of homologous recombination and the ease of imaging dividing protonemata cells, it provides an ideal model organism to study the role on Aurora in division plane determination.
Boruc J, Weimer AK, Stoppin-Mellet V, Mylle E, Kosetsu K, Cedeño C, Jaquinod M, Njo M, De Milde L, Tompa P, Gonzalez N, Inzé D, Beeckman T, Vantard M, Van Damme D. (2017). Phosphorylation of MAP65-1 by Arabidopsis Aurora Kinases Is Required for Efficient Cell Cycle Progression. Plant Physiol. 173, 582-599.
Demidov D., Van Damme D., Geelen D., Blattner F.R., Houben A. (2005). Identification and dynamics of two classes of aurora-like kinases in Arabidopsis and other plants. Plant Cell 17, 836-848.
Van Damme D., De Rybel B., Gudesblat G., Demidov D., Grunewald W., De Smet I., Houben A., Beeckman T. and Russinova E. (2011). Arabidopsis alpha Aurora kinases function in formative cell division plane orientation. Plant Cell 23, 4013-4024.


With low-bandwidth transmission of top-quality digital images, high-value exporter enhances security at trade shows and in offices.
"Our Axis network video solution delivers extreme image quality at exceptionally low bandwidth. So we get crystal clear images that we can access from wherever we are. This helps us enhance security and make better use of our manpower resources, both at tradeshows and in our offices." Ken Ng, General Manager, Christelle Limited.
Christelle Limited, a Hong Kong-based manufacturing jeweler, has been producing and exporting exceptional jewelry for more than three decades. Known for its unique designs and high quality materials, it participates in more than 30 tradeshows around the world each year. At these shows, and in their international offices, security and staff safety are key concerns.
To enhance security, Christelle selected a new digital video surveillance system from Axis Communications. The system is easy for sales staff to set up and operate during tradeshows as well as reliable and powerful enough for around-the-clock office surveillance. The system comprises advanced and unobtrusive Axis network cameras and AXIS Camera Station software. It allows monitoring of real-time and recorded images as well as remote monitoring via an authorized PC or 3G smartphone.
With this advanced Axis technology in place, Christelle can prevent theft while reducing costs in a more effective way. The cameras capture high-resolution images so that personnel can distinguish individual pieces of jewelry and more readily spot suspect behavior. Compressed for low-bandwidth IP transmission, these images can even be accessed remotely to confirm false alarms and hence, increase the efficiency of the security team. Furthermore, staff does not need special training, and can also set up or use the new security system.


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Event Website for CEC Robothon

CEC Robothon was a 3 day long Robotic Hackathon - consisting of workshops and competitions, and a one day IEEE RAS Volunteer Meet.
The event was conducted at College of Engineering Chengannur from January 8 - 11, 2015.

The website is based on the Flatfy HTML5 theme.


A stay at Grassland Bushman Lodge is a one-of-a-kind safari experience with numerous activities different from traditional safari locations. You'll experience a true introduction to the spell-binding Kalahari Desert. Adding this diversity to any Botswana itinerary is highly recommended – a must for those with a serious interest in Bushman culture.
Grassland Bushman Lodge provides a unique look into Kalahari life – both the people and the wildlife. The de Graff family, who own and operate the lodge, will teach you firsthand about the life of a Botswana family that settled the land 120 years ago. Throughout that time, the de Graffs have worked side by side with the San bushmen and know them like no one else. DNA studies confirm the bushmen are the original human culture on earth that we all descend from.
While typical tourist interactions with bushmen consist solely of going on a walk with adult male bushmen, at Grassland Bushman Lodge, you will meet women and children as well, gaining a more true and complete impression of the bushmen culture. You can accompany a group of these charismatic people as they gather food from the bush and share the secrets of the area with you. They will build a fire, men by rubbing sticks and women by sparking a metal striker – the competition is fun to watch. Then you can try the various foods if you like. Each gathering walk is different as the seasons change what is available. You will also learn survival skills such as how to find water in the Kalahari and the source of their deadly poison for arrow tips. Later in the day you can visit a traditional boma and see how these nomadic people live when traveling the desert. They also share their games, songs, and dances and welcome you to their way of life. You can also learn the ancient skills of tracking from these unrivaled masters of bushcraft.
While the bushman cultural focus is the highlight of a visit to the Grassland Bushman Lodge, other unique activities are offered as well. The lodge features a predator rescue project. At the request of the government, lodge staff have captured predators that were going to be shot by cattle farmers in retribution for preying on livestock. Some predators have been relocated back into the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. Others have returned to the farms and now live in large (27 square acre) enclosures. Bill Given of The Wild Source conducted revolutionary research in partnership with the lodge testing a taste aversion method on these captive lions in an effort to mitigate predator / livestock conflict. Some of the captive African wild dog pack have been released into the wild to augment on going reintroduction projects.
Grassland Bushman Lodge drives visitors into an enclosure to observe a magnificent pride of captive lions. You can also walk with a guide to a captive pack of African wild dogs. Entering the enclosures is not the same as seeing predators in the wild, but it's a guaranteed close-up view of these tremendous animals who still have the spirit of the wild, and who serve as wonderful ambassadors to help us address conflict issues for future wild generations.
A stay at the Grassland Bushman Lodge gives you access to typical Kalahari wildlife. Large populations of eland, kudu, wildebeest, red hartebeest, oryx (gemsbok), and springbok are all present, as well as a wide array of birds. The best wildlife viewing takes place at the floodlit waterhole right in front of the lodge, where every night, a parade of species comes to drink. Predators are rarely sighted here, with the exception of the brown hyena which sometimes visit the waterhole in the evening. Another unique encounter is with the sandgrouse, who come from miles away, one pair at a time. They join a flock that grows into thousands of birds, swooping over the waterhole to drink. A carefully placed chair gives you a front-row seat at this amazing spectacle.
Horseback riding offers a refreshing change from being in a vehicle. Often, grazing animals feel more relaxed about approaching horses than they feel around motor vehicles. Grassland Bushman Lodge is a rare safari location that can properly provide an experience for both novice riders and experts. Horseback riding should be arranged in advance so let us know if that's desired.
Lodging consists of eight comfortable, concrete chalets with thatched roofs. These are very practical for the Kalahari Desert where it tends to be hot in the day but cold at night. Lounge time centers around a fire pit with a view of an extremely active, flood-lit waterhole where desert game comes to show itself. There is a large swimming pool to refresh during the mid-day heat.


Business is dynamic by nature. To optimize a company's competitive set up, its ownership and business structures must match current circumstances. Ownership structure means how the holdings in a company are divided and is the company owned by people or other companies, institutions or organisations. Business structure means how the company is organised: is it a group, or companies owned by different shareholders, or a conglomerate of companies owned by the same shareholders.
Appropriate and relevant tax planning can assist in building up a set of companies that is commercially effective and yields tangible results.
Our experts are always happy to help you with all these and other questions that are related to arranging your business in the most effective manner.


A porcelain veneer is a very thin piece of dental porcelain that is bonded to the front surface of a tooth. It is often used in Cosmetic Dentistry to change the appearance of a tooth, by changing its shape, colour or alignment. It is also used to repair small to medium fractures in front teeth.
Dental porcelain is a versatile and attractive material that can be customised to match nearby teeth, or to create a whole new look. It looks very similar to dental enamel and gives teeth a very natural appearance. Perfect for creating the smile you have always desired.


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The Efficacy of Cannabis on Seizures, As Explained by Dr. Rasmussen
One of the most frightening, life-threatening events that can occur in susceptible patients is developing a seizure that conventional medications cannot prevent or break. It's called status epilepticus.
Here's the main problem. During a seizure there is uncontrolled firing of neurons in parts of the brain or globally. During this period of increased brain activity, the involved neurons use a tremendous amount of oxygen. Within minutes the brain can become hypoxic (without oxygen) if the person cannot move air effectively because of the seizure. In a very short time (about three minutes of hypoxia), irreversible brain damage can occur should the seizure continue unabated.
This is truly a medical nightmare for both patient and physician.
STATUS EPILEPTICUS DEFINED
From E Medicine:
Status epilepticus (SE) is a common, life-threatening neurologic disorder that is essentially an acute, prolonged epileptic crisis.. SE can represent an exacerbation of a preexisting seizure disorder, the initial manifestation of a seizure disorder, or an insult other than a seizure disorder. In patients with known epilepsy, the most common cause is a change in medication. Most seizures terminate spontaneously
Most patients with status epilepticus who are treated aggressively with a benzodiazepine, fosphenytoin, and/or phenobarbital experience complete cessation of their seizures. If status epilepticus does not stop, general anesthesia is indicated.
Medications used in the treatment of status epilepticus include the following:
• Benzodiazepines (eg, lorazepam, diazepam, midazolam): First-line agents
• Anticonvulsant agents (eg, phenytoin, fosphenytoin)
• Barbiturates (eg, phenobarbital, pentobarbital)
• Anesthetics (eg, propofol)[ref](http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1164462-overview) 06/21/2015[/ref]
In case you missed it the ultimate treatment for this life-threatening condition, when all else fails, is to go under anesthesia as if you were having surgery. That's because general anesthetics are the most powerful drugs we have to "slow down" brain activity. This is performed to save the brain from hypoxia and to arrest the seizure.
As an anaesthesiologist I have never seen a case go this far but it is done often enough. Yet, it's as if we need a jackhammer to kill a fly, even if the fly weighs two pounds.
All of the drugs we use for seizure disorders read like a who's who of drug adverse effects. Perhaps one of the worst, and most familiar, is gingival hyperplasia from phenytoin use. You can recognize an adolescent chronically on phenytoin by their gums which tend to grow right over their teeth.
Yet, doctors who question the use of medical marijuana still reject it claiming they do not know enough of the safety profile of cannabis. That's said with a straight face. Scientists still languish over "hypothetical harms" in spite of the fact that much of the planet uses the plant regularly, and have been for millennia, without much fanfare.
Meanwhile, to the amazement of people everywhere, a certain preparation of cannabis made national headlines last year. An extract from a strain called Charlotte's Web was able to dispatch a "status" patients' seizure with no more effort than it takes to fall off your roof.
Considering the big guns we sometimes need to control seizures, and the risks they entail, this news is very comforting.
I have a friend whose daughter was having dozens of seizures throughout the day. It went on for at least a year before being discovered. These are the type often missed except by the astute teacher with the eye of an Accipiter. Often called absence seizures or the old term petite mal. She was put on three antiseizure medications with little effect. Lucky for her, this was a condition that she eventually outgrew. Not so fluky for many others who must deal with relentless debilitating seizures.
PATHWAY OPENED FOR CLINICAL TRIALS
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has given approval for studies to begin on a medicinal form of marijuana for the treatment of intractable epilepsy in children.
The drug, cannabidiol (Epidiolex, GW Pharmaceuticals) is the largest nonpsychoactive component of the cannabis plant. The product has also been granted orphan drug status for the treatment of children with Dravet syndrome, a rare and severe syndrome of infantile-onset, genetic, drug-resistant epilepsy.
Medscape Medical News reported an interview with lead author Dr Orrin Devinsky, of New York University School of Medicine. He mentions that this is the first formal study of CBD. The study was inspired by anecdotal reports of "miraculous" benefits using high CBD medicines for intractable seizure disorders or severe epilepsy.
THE AMERICAN EPILEPSY SOCIETY
Recently, a report was issued at the 68th annual meeting of the American Epilepsy Society (AES). After a lengthy review of case reports, open-label trials and informal surveys, they concluded that cannabis extracts high in CBD can be an effective adjunct to traditional medications.
This appears especially true for children with relatively rare disorders, such as infantile spasms, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Dravet syndrome. And these products appear to be well tolerated.[ref](http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/837487) 06/22/2015[/ref]
At the meeting, study researcher Dr Shaun Hussain, a pediatric neurologist at UCLA Medical Center, reported the results of an anonymous, online survey of parents treating their children's seizure disorder with CBD. They had a total of 117 respondents who administered CBD extracts to their kids for an average of nearly 7 months.
Appallingly, over half of the parents surveyed could NOT accurately tell how much CBD their child was getting per day. The better-informed parents reported that each child was receiving on average about 4 mg/kg CBD per day. As such, a 40 kg child would be getting about 160 mg CBD per day. This dose was considerably less, about 1/3rd the CBD, than other study programs used.
Regardless, the conclusions were remarkable.
The study found that of the 53 patients with infantile spasms or LGS, 92% had seizure reduction and 13% had seizure freedom. The only adverse effect reported more often after initiation of CBD was increased appetite. Many patients had improved sleep (53%), alertness (71%), and mood (63%).
Although these survey results "are nothing to scoff at," they're not evidence of efficacy, stressed Dr Hussein.
Notice the extraordinary side effects: improved sleep, greater alertness and enhanced mood. Not too shabby for a boutique oil.
MORE EFFICACIOUS?
Is CBD oil better, or more efficacious, than prescription medications? At this point it is too early to tell. Efficacy is how well drug A does in comparison to an equipotent dose of (a different category) drug B. Drug A is said to be more efficacious than drug B if it can quell a greater percentage of seizure activity than drug B. To do that we need formal studies which are underway, not online surveys.
Based on anecdotal reports, high CBD preparations are effective anti-seizure medications. As effective as most pharmaceuticals, and in special cases such as status epilepticus in Dravet syndrome, MORE effective.
Here, the research drug was Epidolex which is a nearly pure CBD pharmaceutical preparation. Note the dose here is much higher: 25 mg/kg body weight. That's 1,000 mg CBD in a 40 kg patient. Let's examine this in greater detail shall we?
Yet another study, an open-label, investigator-initiated trial of Epidiolex (25 mg/kg per day) in children and young adults with treatment-resistant epilepsy, was carried out by Orrin Devinsky, MD, also at New York University, and his colleagues.
The researchers collected efficacy data on 58 patients followed for 3 months. Of these patients, almost 40% had a greater than 50% reduction in seizures. For patients with Dravet syndrome, this reduction was just over 50% while for all other patients, it was about 30%.
Seizure freedom at 3 months was also highest for patients with Dravet syndrome (22%) compared with other patients (10%).
"These rates were much higher than we would expect from a placebo response alone," noted Dr Devinsky…
Researchers followed 40 of the patients to 4 months and found no "drop off" in effectiveness from 3 months, said Dr Devinsky. "There does not appear, from this preliminary snapshot we have in this open-label study, that there is tolerance or loss of effectiveness over time."
Again, the drug was very well tolerated, said Dr Devinsky. The most common adverse effects, reported by more than 10% of patients, were somnolence (19%) and fatigue (11%).
The "critical take-home message" from this study, stressed Dr Devinsky, "is that these are early promising results, but we need controlled trials to know how to move forward.[ref](http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/837487) 06/22/2015[/ref]
The effect of adding CBD to patients taking anti-epilepsy drugs was investigated in an observational study of patients enrolled in an expanded access, compassionate use of CBD program.
These patients were also taking Epidolex which is a purified 98% oil-based CBD extract. Here, the dose was 10-20 mg/kg of Epidolex per day.[ref](http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/837487) 06/22/2015[/ref]
So your average 40 kg child might be receiving 400-800 mg of medication per day. Contrast this to parents giving their children only 160 mg per day of CBD for their seizures (part two), and achieving excellent results.
This efficacious "low dose" CBD may be important if we find that the higher doses interfere too greatly with the metabolism of other drugs the patient may be taking.
CBD INTERFERES WITH DRUG METABOLISM
An important finding was that many of the patients witnessed an increase in their serum levels of two key anti-seizure medications: Valproic acid and clobazam.
Patients were on a background regimen of at least one to four medications in addition to CBD," noted researcher Daniel Friedman, MD, assistant professor, New York University School of Medicine.
They found that levels of CBD were also elevated in addition to valproic acid and clobazam. About ¼ of the study participants on clobazam and about 1/3 of those on valproic acid needed their dose reduced.
If you or one of your children are on CBD, and you are taking other pharmaceuticals, be sure to have your serum levels checked of those other medications if any can become toxic at higher levels. Check in one month after starting CBD. If your source is through an artisanal preparation be aware that it is not the same thing as Epidolex.
Ben Whalley, professor, neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, United Kingdom, pointed out that artisanal preparations contain about 500 different chemical compounds, and many have high amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive element of the marijuana plant.
In contrast, he said, preparations such as Epidiolex that are approved for clinical trials are 98% CBD and are specifically formulated as a conventional medicine.[ref]IBID[/ref]
MORE POSITIVE RESULTS
At Children's hospital in San Diego, California, Dr Jeffrey Gold reports a case of a boy with Doose syndrome. It's another rare disease which can morph into status epilepticus. This syndrome can eventually lead to learning problems and profound developmental delays if seizures are not controlled.
After juggling their child's medication doses and still not happy with the results, the parents informally began daily CBD treatment from an unknown boutique source. Again they found that the CBD may have increased the patient's levels of valproic acid.
Now comes the interesting part:
After valproate levels were lowered, the parents reported that their son had become seizure-free over about 4 months. Another EEG verified that the boy "was completely normal — honestly to our surprise," said Dr Gold.
Although resolution of seizures and normalization of EEG have been reported before in Doose syndrome, and this can happen spontaneously or as a result of medication change, "it was very interesting that it happened shortly after the CBD was used, and then the valproate acid was normalized," noted Dr. Gold.
Parents of children with seizure disorders should stay in the loop with their physician and be sure to tell him or her that you started giving your child CBD.
It looks as if CBD can interfere with the liver's metabolism of many drugs not just anti-seizure medicines. This can become very important depending on the pharmaceutical being taken.
In summary, we have excellent early reports of CBD being an effective anti-seizure medication at varying doses. Furthermore, it appears that CBD may interfere with the metabolism of many drugs including anti-seizure medicines which could lead to toxicity mandating the checking of serum levels.
CBD's most promising role may be in the treatment of several orphan diseases for which conventional anti-seizure medication has little impact.
Dr Hussein's closing remarks were in reference to the titanic levels of bureaucratic red tape, and the frustration researchers must endure while cannabis still holds its absurd schedule 1 classification.
"It's a tragedy that we're being held back by bureaucracy when these patients, parents, and practitioners are so desperate," commented Dr Hussein.
By Dr. Christopher Rasmussen| 2015-07-09T13:00:38+01:00	July 3rd, 2015|Categories: Seizures|2 Comments
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Winnie Innes 3rd October 2015 at 10:41 pm - Reply
I live in the UK and my daughter who is now 38 was diagnosed with Rasmussen's encephalitis when she was younger and had surgery to remove her right hemisphere and although she didn't lose any of her faculties that she had before the op she still has daily different types of epileptic activity do you think she would benefit from cannabis oil in this article she has hemi plegia and learning disabilities as well and is on lamotrigine and tegratol slow release and midazolam;clobazam for prolonged seizures so her epilepsy disturbs her daily routine at times can you be of any help ???
Darla 1st February 2016 at 5:41 am - Reply
Warning: DO NOT use VALPORIC ACID (DEPAKOTE), PHENOBARBITAL or Tylenol—- if the patient has abnormal ANK3 (Ankyrin-G nodes of ranvier) variant! Doctors don't routinely test for this in autistic patients so beware! If an autistic patient with epilepsy develops abnormal behaviors while taking any of these drugs a genetic test should be done to rule out ANK3 de novo missense mutations! Better to use CBD, Lamictal and Racetams like Keppra


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Gonatista är ett släkte av bönsyrsor. Gonatista ingår i familjen Liturgusidae.

Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life:

Bildgalleri

Källor

Externa länkar

Bönsyrsor
Gonatista


Update: Placed the songs on my Nano and they play just fine. Why won't they play on the Shuffle??
How large are the songs? It could just be they are very large song files and the Shuffle can't fully buffer them.
Thanks for the reply - but they are average length and the Shuffle plays longer songs with no problem.
I'd email them-- I think the link is at the bottom of the iTunes store. I got responses in the past very quickly.
Well that takes care of my only idea on why then. Did you try burning them to a CD and then ripping them to another Codec then? You might want to right down the song info first though.


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Gunhild Svang (Lier, 21 januari 1875 – 12 augustus 1974) was een Noors pianiste.

Ze werd geboren binnen het gezin van Johannes Svang (1827-1893) en Lene Marie Jonsdatter Kornerud (1830-1922). Ze huwde op 23 november 1918 met psychiater Ragnar Vogt. Zij was na Karen Mathea Olsen zijn tweede vrouw. Detail daarbij is dat Ragnar Vogt samen begraven is met Karen Olsen en niet met Svang.

Ze is een leerlinge van pianisten Arvesen en Martin Knutzen (beiden Noorwegen) en Artur Schnabel in Berlijn. Ze is slechts van een enkel concert bekend. Op 25 maart 1903 begeleidde ze Adée Leander-Flodin tijdens een concert in Oslo. Gedurende die tijd verschenen regelmatig advertenties dat ze muzieklessen gaf. In 1911 kreeg ze vanuit de staat nog een studiebeurs.

Noors pianist


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Pheroze Tamboli, MBBS
Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology-Lab Medicine Div
About Dr. Tamboli
I have been the lead pathology collaborator in most clinical and basic science trials, and numerous other funded and non-funded research protocols related to renal tumors at MD Anderson Cancer Center. I was also a member of the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Renal Cell Carcinoma disease working group and the analysis working group.
Professor, Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
1989 Dow Medical College, Karachi, PAK, MBBS, Medicine
1998-1999 Fellowship, Surgical Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
1997-1998 Fellowship, Urologic Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
1992-1997 Residency, Anatomic and Clinical Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
2002 Anatomic Pathology, American Board of Pathology
Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 2006 - 2012
Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 2000 - 2006
Faculty Associate, Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 1999 - 2000


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Q: Parsing many Date items I have a list with many Date Strings such as "Fri, 08 Apr 2011 22:28:00 -0400" and need to parse them to a proper format (Friday, 08. April 2011).
My problem is that the device needs a very very long time parsing > 10 date objects and occasionally runs out of memory. Is there a more efficient way parsing dates as:
SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("E, dd MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss Z", Locale.ENGLISH);
// later in code
try {
        Date date = sdf.parse(myDateString);
        return DateFormat.format("dd. MMMM yyyy", date).toString();
    } catch (java.text.ParseException e) {
    }

How can I parse many date Strings very fast?

A: Try this : Alternatives to FastDateFormat for efficient date parsing?

A: One thing you can do is to store the output DateFormat, like you do with the input DateFormat, so that you don't have to create a new one every time:
DateFormat parser = new SimpleDateFormat("E, dd MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss Z", Locale.ENGLISH);
DateFormat formatter = new SimpleDateFormat("dd. MMMM yyyy");

// later in code
try {
    Date date = parser.parse(myDateString);
    return formatter.format(date);
} catch (java.text.ParseException e) {}

A: If possible, assign this task to your database (assuming SQLite) and see if its Date and Time function are useful in your case.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Live at The Castle Raises £150
On Sunday 16th April, Forever Manchester was delighted to be the beneficiary charity of a gig at The Castle in Manchester, which raised a fantastic £150!
The evening was jam-packed: entertainment included author and music journalist Mick Middles (who has written books on Joy Division, The Smiths, and many other big musical acts) and promoter Chris Coupe (who held nights for Steve Coogan and John Bradwell of I Am Kloot, among others) in conversation with Salford City Radio's DJ Stephen Doyle, who hosted the event.
Guests were also treated to music from Field Manual, a Macclesfield band who are an offshoot of The Christophers; KIT B, a Mancunian band building a good reputation on the live circuit and signed to Salford label German Shepherd Records, and legendary performer George Borowski (who is reputedly the 'George' from Dire Straits' Sultans of Swing).
Forever Manchester would like to thank the acts and performers, the organisers of the event, and to all that attended for helping to raise money for us to help support community activity across Greater Manchester.


text:
La Association Sportive et Culturelle Jaraaf, es un club de fútbol senegalés de la ciudad de Dakar. A veces su nombre es escrito ASC Diaraf debido a la francesización del nombre oficial escrito en lengua wolof.

Su lema es  YARU YEEWU YEETE, que significa disciplina, despertar y educación.

Historia
Fue fundado el 9 de mayo de 1933 en la capital Dakar con el nombre Foyer France Sénégal, nombre que utilizaron hasta 1960, año en que lo cambiaron por su nombre actual.

Estadio

Palmarés
 Liga senegalesa de fútbol: 12
 1968, 1970, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1982, 1989, 1995, 2000, 2004, 2010, 2018

 Copa senegalesa de fútbol: 15
 1967, 1968, 1970, 1973, 1975, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2008, 2012, 2013
 Finalista: 6
 1971, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1992, 2004

 Copa de la Liga de Senegal: 0
 Finalista: 1
 2010

 Copa de la Asamblea Nacional de Senegal: 3
 1987, 1991, 2003
 Finalista: 3
 2000, 2004, 2005

 Copa del África Occidental Francesa: 1
 1948

Participación en competiciones de la CAF

Jugadores

Jugadores destacados

  Henri Camara
  Niouky Desire
  Pape Cire Dia
  Mustapha Diallo
  Oumar Diallo
  Papa Bouba Diop
  Mame Biram Diouf
  Dieylani Fall

  Fary Faye
  Khadim Faye
  Sergine Ibrahima Moreau
  Moussa N'Diaye
  Ousmane N'Doye
  André Senghor
  Thierno Youm

Plantilla 2018/19

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Torneos Continentales
 Lista de Campeones
 soccerway.com
 Lista de Copas

Equipos de fútbol fundados en 1933
Equipos de fútbol de Senegal
Dakar
Francia en 1933


-Company founded in 1995 with game for Amiga called Beans.
-Hungry Software consists of one member, Tim Furnish.
"Who would've thought getting out of bed to grab a late nite snack would take you on an adventure? Join Hunford as he explores this new world in Out of Order."


text:
Q: How to move Hive data table to MySql? I would like to know how I can move date from Hive to MySQL?
I have seen example on how to move hive data to Amazon DynamoDB but not for a RDBMS like MySQL. Here is the example that I saw with DynamoDB:
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE tbl1 ( name string, location string )
STORED BY 'org.apache.hadoop.hive.dynamodb.DynamoDBStorageHandler'
TBLPROPERTIES ("dynamodb.table.name" = "table",
"dynamodb.column.mapping" = "name:name,location:location") ;

I would like to do the same but with MySQL instead. I wonder if I need to code my own StorageHandler?  I also to do not want to use sqoop. I want to be able to do my query directly in my HiveQL script.

A: You'd currently need a JDBC StorageHandler, which one has not been created just yet, but you could certain build your own.
There is currently an issue report for this which you can follow here:
https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-1555

A: Have you tried using Sqoop?. Its a good tool to do such kind of stuff.

A: There are many options. You can download the files in hive as csv file and then try bulk insert into mysql tables. You can use Sqoop. Or you can use some of the popular ETL tools like
Pentaho and many others.


text:
HomeHealthSupreme Court allows government to enforce abortion pill rule
Jan. 13, 2021 at 9:22 am
Supreme Court allows government to enforce abortion pill rule
martinward 1 week ago no commentAbortionCourtenforcegovernmentPillRuleSupreme
The Supreme Court on Tuesday lifted a nationwide injunction that has prevented the Trump administration from enforcing a rule to regulate a pill commonly used in medication abortions, allowing the rule to be enforced.
Since 2000, the Food and Drug Administration has said Mifeprex, a drug used during the first 10 weeks of pregnancy, must be given to patients by health care professionals in clinics, hospitals or doctors' offices. A patient must sign a form acknowledging that she has been counseled about the drug's possible risks. The patient can take the pill any time after she received it and does not have to swallow it in the presence of the health care professional.
Mifeprex abortion pills.Bill Greenblatt / Getty Images file
A group of doctors, led by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, sued to relax the restrictions during the Covid-19 pandemic. Medical offices and clinics have either closed or restricted appointments, they said, and requiring pregnant women to make in-person visits exposes them to a heightened risk of infection.
U.S. District Judge Theodore Chuang of Maryland agreed, ruling in July that keeping the FDA rule during the pandemic would "place a substantial obstacle in the path of women seeking a medication abortion and that may delay or preclude a medication abortion and thus may necessitate a more invasive procedure." Instead, he said, the pills could be sent by mail.
His order stopped enforcement of the FDA rule nationwide, but the Supreme Court's stay allows the rule to be enforced.
Chief Justice John Roberts said it was not a case about whether the rule imposed an undue burden on a woman's right to seek an abortion. Instead, he said, it was about a lower court's authority to block rules during the pandemic. "The courts owe significant deference to the politically accountable branches" with the background to assess public health, he said.
Writing for herself and Justice Elena Kagan, Justice Sonia Sotomayor said the majority of women seeking abortion care during the first 10 weeks of pregnancy rely on the medication at issue.
"The FDA's policy imposes an unnecessary, unjustifiable, irrational, and undue burden on a women seeking abortion during the current pandemic," Sotomayor wrote.
Justice Stephen Breyer also said he would have left the hold on enforcing the rule in place.
Pete Williams is an NBC News correspondent who covers the Justice Department and the Supreme Court, based in Washington.
Tags :AbortionCourtenforcegovernmentPillRuleSupreme
Soft Reviews – The Best You Can Get: K-Lite Codec Pack 7.1.0 Full, Standard and Basic
America v China Inc – NYSE boots out Chinese telecoms firms—then it doesn't, then does | Business
A glitzy debut for China's pop culture diva, overshadowed by her Huawei dad and imprisoned sister
My love affair with Sydney and my fears for its slow strangulation
Why Men Should Stop Giving Unsolicited Workout Advice to Partners
Wake Up! Trump's Politics of Division and Hate Are Already Here


exhibits. The exhibits are rotated as new items of history are available.
The TOOL MUSEUM is especially interesting, as it houses tools that represent farming, logging, mill work and other trades of early Shingletown.


Contact Me · Links · About AntiqueSportsShop.com. In addition to the sports relics on this site, I also have many sports items in auction format on I also have a large selection of Professional and College Pennants available in my Etsy Shop.
Our wide assortment of authentic sports memorabilia offers fans and collectors the largest selection of autographed sports merchandise on the web from across all professional sports including football, baseball, basketball, tennis, hockey, soccer, boxing, and much more.
Bill's Sports Collectibles. Bill's Sports is THE PLACE to find that perfect gift for the sports fan in your life. We have the absolute best Browse our store online.
Explore sports antiques and other rare art & antiques for sale from top dealers at Online Galleries, the UK's number one source of antiques.
Ultimate Sports Cards is the premier shop for vintage memorabilia in Las Vegas!
Antiques Village has a huge selection of Sports Memorabilia and Collectibles of all kinds. Coca-Cola, Vintage Advertising, Sports Memorabilia.


Progress at Disney Springs is clearly not slowing down which is awesome for news for guests. Downtown Disney is a local and tourist favorite making it a very crowded attraction, so these changes are much needed! As a local, I can see this area really turning into something special each time I revisit it! Exciting new tenants, including fashion retailers Tommy Bahama, Zara, Lilly Pulitzer, and PANDORA, are the latest to sign on as Downtown Disney continues its expansion into Disney Springs at the Walt Disney World Resort. Disney Springs is planned to be completed in 2016, by that time the area will have doubled the amount of shops! When complete, Disney Springs will include four distinct, outdoor neighborhoods with a luxury, diverse mix of retailers. Below is a complete list of retailers announced most recently!


French aerospace company Thales has added a new 'digital factory' to its stable of research labs in Singapore, with the aim of producing high tech data-based solutions for the region using local expertise.
The new lab at 8 Cross Street is the start of a 20 million euro (S$31 million) investment over the next five years, and staff numbers there are expected to increase in that time. The group hopes to draw from a talent pool of data scientists, software engineers, designers and cyber security experts from the region.


South Korean born jeweller Misun Won is inspired by traditional Korean wrapping cloth, Jogakbo, and its scientific interpretation of fractal geometry. She wants to associate the beauty of rhythmical structure from Jogakbo with her jewellery using a 'patchwork' of circles and ovals. She makes a variety of structures and patterns from one sheet of silver, creating playful forms on their own or with gemstones and other materials, such as Korean braided silk cord. She also applies the ancient Korean technique of Keum-Boo (24ct gold foil) to her jewellery to maximise the complexity of patterns and structures.


Transmission: Automatic Color:Blue Interior Color: Black Average Vehicle Review: (4.614 reviews) My car is a 2008 with over 115,000 miles on it and it looks and drives like a new car. I've had zero mechanical problems other than regular maintenance and the interior is in excellent condition! I can't recommend Infiniti enough. I've owned 10 cars of various makes and this is by far the best I've owned. If I had gotten a comparable BMW I doubt it would look as good as my Infiniti does at 9 years old. I love it!
Transmission: Automatic Color:Blue Interior Color: Black Average Vehicle Review: (4 reviews) What can I say about this luxury vehicle? First, let me start off by saying i own a 2005 G35 X sedan with roughly 94,000+ miles. The car is absolutely loaded with options and was well maintained. As with any used car it's important to get one that has been properly cared for. The car has great power and the 3.5 liter, V6 engine at 280 horsepower can truly be appreciated on the freeway.
Transmission: Automatic Color:Blue Interior Color: Black Average Vehicle Review: (4.417 reviews) Every time I start it, there is a wonderful exhaust note that I did not expect, but really love. With 330 HP standard, it really has the ability to move when you want it to or need it. There is something comforting about that. But beyond just the speed, there are decent brakes and handling to go along with a bit of stylish elegance. It doesn't shout "look at me!" like some cars (Porsche, Corvette, BMW, etc.) and I find that a compelling reason for ownership.


text:
Brain "rewires" itself to enhance other senses in blind people
Boston, Mass. — The brains of those who are born blind make new connections in the absence of visual information, resulting in enhanced, compensatory abilities such as a heightened sense of hearing, smell and touch, as well as cognitive functions (such as memory and language) according to a new study led by Massachusetts Eye and Ear researchers. The report, published online today in PLOS ONE, describes for the first time the combined structural, functional and anatomical changes in the brain evident in those born with blindness that are not present in normally sighted people.
Schematic figure illustrating the location of enhanced connections in the brain of individuals born with profound blindness. Credit: Bauer et al. PLOS ONE 2017
"Our results demonstrate that the structural and functional neuroplastic brain changes occurring as a result of early ocular blindness may be more widespread than initially thought," said lead author Corinna M. Bauer, PhD, a scientist at Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass. Eye and Ear and an instructor of ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School. "We observed significant changes not only in the occipital cortex (where vision is processed), but also areas implicated in memory, language processing, and sensory motor functions."
The researchers used MRI multimodal brain imaging techniques (specifically, diffusion-based and resting state imaging) to reveal these changes in a group of 12 subjects with early blindness (those born with or who have acquired profound blindness prior to the age of three), and they compared the scans to a group of 16 normally sighted subjects (all subjects were of the same age range). On the scans of those with early blindness, the team observed structural and functional connectivity changes, including evidence of enhanced connections, sending information back and forth between areas of the brain that they did not observe in the normally sighted group.
These connections that appear to be unique in those with profound blindness suggest that the brain "rewires" itself in the absence of visual information to boost other senses. This is possible through the process of neuroplasticity, or the ability of our brains to naturally adapt to our experiences.
The researchers hope that increased understanding of these connections will lead to more effective rehabilitation efforts that will enable blind individuals to better compensate for the absence of visual information.
"Even in the case of being profoundly blind, the brain rewires itself in a manner to use the information at its disposal so that it can interact with the environment in a more effective manner," said senior author Lotfi Merabet, OD, PhD, director of the Laboratory for Visual Neuroplasticity at the Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass. Eye and Ear and an associate professor of ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School. "If the brain can rewire itself – perhaps through training and enhancing the use of other modalities like hearing, and touch and language tasks such as braille reading – there is tremendous potential for the brain to adapt."
In addition to Drs. Bauer and Merabet, authors on the PLOS ONE paper include Gabriella V. Hirsch, of Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass. Eye and Ear, Lauren Zajac and Bang-Bon Koo of the Center for Biomedical Imagine at Boston University School of Medicine, and Olivier Collignon of the Crossmodal Perception and Plasticity Laboratory of the University of Trento. Support for the study includes NIH/NEI grant R01 EY019924, the Low Vision Research Award from Research to Prevent Blindness and the Lions Clubs International Foundation.
About Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Mass. Eye and Ear clinicians and scientists are driven by a mission to find cures for blindness, deafness and diseases of the head and neck. Now united with Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass. Eye and Ear is the world's largest vision and hearing research center, developing new treatments and cures through discovery and innovation. Mass. Eye and Ear is a Harvard Medical School teaching hospital and trains future medical leaders in ophthalmology and otolaryngology, through residency as well as clinical and research fellowships. Internationally acclaimed since its founding in 1824, Mass. Eye and Ear employs full-time, board-certified physicians who offer high-quality and affordable specialty care that ranges from the routine to the very complex. In the 2016–2017 "Best Hospitals Survey," U.S. News & World Report ranked Mass. Eye and Ear #1 in the nation for ear, nose and throat care and #1 in New England for eye care. For more information about life-changing care and research, or to learn how you can help, please visit MassEyeAndEar.org.
About the Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology
The Harvard Medical School (HMS) Department of Ophthalmology (eye.hms.harvard.edu) is one of the leading and largest academic departments of ophthalmology in the nation. More than 350 full-time faculty and trainees work at nine HMS affiliate institutions, including Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Joslin Diabetes Center/Beetham Eye Institute, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, VA Maine Healthcare System, and Cambridge Health Alliance. Formally established in 1871, the department has been built upon a strong and rich foundation in medical education, research, and clinical care. Through the years, faculty and alumni have profoundly influenced ophthalmic science, medicine, and literature—helping to transform the field of ophthalmology from a branch of surgery into an independent medical specialty at the forefront of science.
Suzanne Day
Media Relations Manager, Mass. Eye and Ear
Originally published on MassEyeandEar.org
See also: Corinna Bauer, PhD, Lotfi Merabet, PhD, OD, Research
Ophthalmology News
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Daisy Shu, PhD, Recognized with PISA Research Award
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Faculty Alumni Team Up to Give Residents the Night Off
Zhigang He, MD, PhD Elected to the National Academy of Medicine
Jonathan Lin, MD, PhD, to Participate in Resident and Fellow Research Forum
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2017 HMS Mentoring Awards (2)
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L: 56.5" x W: 82.5" x H: 46.5"
Willow Point Full Post Bed Create a stylish, functional bedroom your child will love with the Willow Point full post bed. The versatile white color coordinates with any design scheme, so as your child grows, it's easy to swap out bedroom accessories to accommodate changing tastes.
Create a stylish, functional bedroom your child will love with the Willow Point full post bed. The versatile white color coordinates with any design scheme, so as your child grows, it's easy to swap out bedroom accessories to accommodate changing tastes.
I purchased this bed for my daughter (6 yrs old) with trundle less than two months ago and unfortunately it's not the quality that you would expect from Raymour. The side rails that hold up the mattress are attached with cheap wood and 1.5" nails and I have already broken out the screw gun to re-attach.
We have a Raymour technician coming to check out the piece, so hopefully it is remedied, but candidly it seems cheap "behind the scenes" so to speak.
The exterior is beautiful and the matching dresser and night stand seem to be of better quality, but the bed with trundle should be stronger. I'm afraid to let an adult sleep in it without additional reinforcement.
This is a great purchase , for those who want stylish furniture.In a small space the full size bed looks amazing! The service was excellent, from the showroom to the delivery. Quality all the way!
Very good quality. Beautiful set.
I just love this bed. Very good quality and it will last a long time. Happy with this purchase!
Very nice bed. My daughter absolutely loves it. It compliments her "princess" room flawlessly. And Raymore and Flanagan gave me a great deal and an amazing shopping experience altogether. From hello to delivery and setup.
We purchased this bed set for my child's room. It looks great. The bed, dresser, mirror and nightstand were well built. My only concern is that I walked by the dresser and brushed it with my hip, the white actually came off the corner of the dresser. I called Raymour and have an appointment for someone to come over and look as it. I don't think the paint should have off because my jeans brushed the corner.
BEST ANSWER: This bed does require a box spring or a bunkie board for support.
What size mattress can fit on this?
BEST ANSWER: The Willow Point Full Post Bed will require a full mattress.
We are using a full size mattress without a box spring. The slats are not terribly thick or sturdy so we did order a bunkie board. It would sit too high if it had a box spring. Hope this is helpful!
I do not want the footboard. Can I just order the headboard?
BEST ANSWER: The headboard of the Willow Point is not offered for individual sale.


text:
in: Cryptids, Cryptid Wiki, Snakes,
Flying and Gliding
No Modern Sightings
Vision Serpent
The Vision Serpent is an important creature in Pre-Columbian Maya mythology, although the term itself is now slowly becoming outdated.
The serpent was a very important social and religious symbol, revered by the Maya. Maya mythology describes serpents as being the vehicles by which celestial bodies, such as the sun and stars, cross the heavens. The shedding of their skin made them a symbol of rebirth and renewal.
They were so revered, that one of the main Mesoamerican deities, Quetzalcoatl, was represented as a feathered serpent. The name means "beautiful serpent" (From Nahuatl, 'Quetzalli' means beautiful and 'coatl' meaning snake or serpent.).[1]
The Vision Serpent is thought to be the most important of the Maya serpents. "It was usually bearded and had a rounded snout. It was also often depicted as having two heads or with the spirit of a god or ancestor emerging from its jaws." During Maya bloodletting rituals, participants would experience visions in which they communicated with the ancestors or gods. These visions took the form of a giant serpent "which served as a gateway to the spirit realm." The ancestor or god who was being contacted was depicted as emerging from the serpent's mouth. The vision serpent thus came to be the method in which ancestors or Gods manifested themselves to the Maya. Thus for them, the Vision Serpent was a direct link between the spirit realm of the gods and the physical world.[2]
The Vision Serpent goes back to earlier Maya conceptions, and lies at the center of the world as they conceived it. "It is in the center axis atop the World Tree. Essentially the World Tree and the Vision Serpent, representing the king, created the center axis which communicates between the spiritual and the earthly worlds or planes. It is through ritual that the king could bring the center axis into existence in the temples and create a doorway to the spiritual world, and with it power."[3]
The Vision Serpent is prevalent in bloodletting ceremonies, in Maya religious practices, Maya jewelry, pottery and their architecture.
1 Bloodletting rituals
2 Maya religious rites
3 Maya jewelry and pottery
4 Maya architectural motifs
5 Contemporary observances
Bloodletting rituals
Main article: Bloodletting in Mesoamerica
Many have attempted to explain the manifestation of the Vision Serpent in association with Maya bloodletting. One conclusion is "that massive blood loss causes the brain to release an abundance of natural endorphins, which are chemically related to opiates. As the body goes into shock, a hallucinatory vision occurs." Once the actual bloodletting was over, the blood soaked ceremonial papers were burned, releasing a column of smoke. The smoke provided the perfect medium for the Vision Serpent to appear. Every major political or religious event involved bloodletting because it provided a medium by which the gods could be called upon to witness and actually participate in the ceremony. Sometimes the spirits of ancestors were also called upon to give guidance. The Hauberg Stela (A. D. 199) from the Maya Lowlands "is one of the first dated monuments that depict the Vision Serpent's connection to bloodletting". [1]
Lintel 25 depicts one of the bloodletting rituals. "One of Shield Jaguar's wives, is seen gazing up towards an enormous bicephalous Vision Serpent. In her left hand, she holds a bowl containing a stingray spine, an obsidian lancet, and papers spattered with blood. The Vision Serpent appears to be emanating from the bowl. From the jaws of the Vision Serpent, spews forth an ancestral Tlaloc warrior complete with spear and shield".[4]
Lintel 17 refers to "Bird Jaguars as Blood Lord of Yaxchilan" and shows him preparing to draw blood from his penis with a stingray spine. Opposite Bird Jaguar is Lady Balam-Ix, who proceeds to pass coarse rope through a gouge in her tongue. The blood is being collected in the vessel near Bird Jaguar's feet. The Vision Serpent's mouth is green and, the trickles of blood characteristic of bloodletting are red".[5]
Lintel 15 depicts the appearance of this Vision Serpent. "The serpent can be seen rising out of the bowl with trickles of blood along a column of blood scrolls. This lintel shows the queen of Yaxchilan involved in a visionary experience following an elaborate bloodletting ceremony. She holds the ritual paraphernalia in her arms while the vision serpent rises from a bowl of blood stained paper."[6]
Maya religious rites
There was a Vision Serpent named Och-Kan, lord of Kalak'mul.
One of the most common rituals associated with the Vision serpent involved invoking ancestral spirits. Especially during coronation rites, the kings would contact the spirits for guidance and blessings. It is the Vision Serpent who provides the medium for contacting these deities.
It is believed that Lord Pakal's sarcophagus lid, which was located at Palenque, is probably "the single most comprehensive image which relates the Vision Serpent to Maya religion." It depicts the death of Pakal and his descent into the Underworld. "The bicepalous serpent bar is placed horizontally on the World Tree and is the conduit for this transition. In the same way that the Vision Serpent represents a conduit between the physical world and the spirit realm of the ancestors, this bicephalous serpent bar represents a conduit between the realm of the living and the realm of the dead." [2]
Maya jewelry and pottery
A piece of Maya jewelry depicts an "anthropomorphic, bicephalous serpent." It is believed to have been worn during a bloodletting ceremony. It clearly shows the arrival of an ancestor from the spirit realm.
The portrayal of the Vision Serpent was very prevalent in Maya pottery. Vessels used during bloodletting ceremonies, depict the Vision serpent. The vessels below are excellent examples. They are carved in stone and are "some of the earliest depiction of Vision Serpent iconography. Blood spews forth from the open jaws of the front head. Although the rear is not physically attached, it sits just above the serpent's tail and also represents blood".[7]
Maya architectural motifs
The Vision Serpent also finds a place in Maya architecture and is especially prominent in the decoration of pillars on the interior and exterior of Maya temples.
"In the palace at Labna, serpents adorn the corners of the principle facade. Characteristic of the Vision Serpent, there appears to be either an anthropomorphic deity or the spirit of an ancestor emanating from the gaping jaws of the serpent's mouth".[8]
Contemporary observances
Remnants of the Vision Serpent have survived until modern times. Around 1930, J.E.S. Thompson noted in San Antonio, Belize, that the Q'eqchi' Maya still performed a ritual very similar to the vision quest of the classic Maya, although in a different context. The ritual marked the initiation of a new shaman for the village. The participant came into direct contact with a giant serpent, Ochan (Och-Kan). It was through this experience that he completed his initiation rites and gained the knowledge that is needed to become a powerful shaman.
Jump up^ Coe (1992, p.79)
Jump up^ Schele & Freidel (1990, p.395)
Jump up^ Schele & Freidel (1990, p.68)
Jump up^ Graham & von Euw (1977)[page needed]
Jump up^ Schele & Miller (1992)[page needed]
Jump up^ Ivanoff (1973)[page needed]
Coe, Michael D. (1992). Breaking the Maya Code. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05061-9. OCLC 26605966.
Graham, Ian; Eric von Euw (1977). Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions: Vol. 3, Part 1. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of Harvard University.
Ivanoff, Pierre (1973). Monuments of Civilization: Maya. New York: Brosset & Dunlap. ISBN 0-448-02020-3.
Schele, Linda; David Freidel (1990). A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-07456-1. OCLC 21295769.
Schele, Linda; Mary Ellen Miller (1992). Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art. Justin Kerr (photographer) (2nd pbk reprint with corrections ed.). New York: George Braziller. ISBN 0-8076-1278-2. OCLC 41441466.