text:
Atz Lee Kilcher's Wiki: Children, Wedding, Injuries, Net Worth
By David Leigh September 3, 2022
Atz Lee Kilcher is an American hunter and personality, born on 26 August 1977 in Homer, Alaska USA. He's known from appearing in the reality TV show "Alaska: The Last Frontier".
2.1 Hunting and Fishing
2.2 TV Debut
3.1 Sister
3.2 Marriages and Children
3.3 Injuries
3.4 Legal Issues
6 Interesting Facts
Atz Lee is the first of three children of Atz Kilcher and Lenedra Carroll; his younger siblings are named Shane and Jewel. His parents divorced when Atz Lee was very young, and his father married to a woman named Linda, welcoming a son named Nikos. Their marriage ended at a time unknown, and Atz Sr. married a third time, to Bonnie Dupree.
There's not much information about Atz Lee Kilcher's early childhood and education. However, following his sister Jewel's revelations, they didn't have running water in their Alaskan household.
No better feeling than smoking fresh fish in the wilderness. It was awesome to have @janekilcher show me her childhood fishing spot, fell in love all over again. #mobilesmoker #subsistence #love
A post shared by Atz Lee Kilcher (@atzlee) on Dec 18, 2018 at 10:18am PST
Atz Lee developed a strong independent will from an early age, along with a passion for music. This led him to leave his house in his teens, to wander across the US, performing on a variety of stages playing guitar. Although he was able to survive this way, he never became a professional musician, and ultimately returned to his hometown.
Back in Alaska, Atz Lee built a cabin. As stated in his biography on Discovery Channel's website, Atz Lee's reason for returning to his family was that he realized he belonged to the insulated place he used to call home in his childhood.
There's no information on the exact time Atz Lee learned to fish and hunt, though these skills were supposedly learned in his childhood, when he and his family lived off the land in the Alaskan wilderness.
Nowadays Atz Lee hunts and fishes to provide for his family. Aware of the dangers of these activities, he manages to supply himself with enough meat before winter: 'Surviving a single Alaskan winter is a huge challenge, surviving a life time of winters though, becomes the ultimate test'.
TV Debut
Atz Lee Kilcher appears in Discovery Channel's reality series "Alaska: The Last Frontier". The show is focused on Kilcher's family, as they survive in one of the most remote places of the world, living a sustainable life, surviving and providing for their families through hunting, fishing and farming.
Kilcher's family way of living was learned from Atz Lee's grandfather Yule, who was a Swiss immigrant, journalist, and a pioneer of this type of self-reliant lifestyle in the area.
Here's the skis me and my dad made that got cut from last weeks episode. It's always great to spend time w family doing something the old fashioned way that especially when it has such a great practical use and can be passed on to future #generations pic.twitter.com/YcQifim2zd
— Atz Lee Kilcher (@AtzLee) October 30, 2019
Yule Kilcher also entered Alaska's State Senate, and was a member of the Ordinances and Transitional Measures Committee. He died in 1998, though he was remembered for his invaluable contributions to his community: 'He sure impacted my life and the lives of everyone who met him by the force of his personality. He had tremendous life force.'
"Alaska: The Last Frontier" has been on air for nine seasons.
Atz Lee Kilcher's sister is the award winning pop singer Jewel. Just like her older brother, Jewel left her hometown at a young age in search of a professional music career. Thanks to a scholarship she was granted at 15 years of age, she attended Michigan's Interlochen Arts Academy to study operatic voice.
During her time at music school, Jewel started writing and composing her own songs. She moved to San Diego after her matriculation, though her financial situation didn't allow her to pay rent, so she lived out of her car for years while travelling and performing in various local bars.
In August 1993, Jewel's talent was discovered by the band Rust's lead singer John Hogan, who introduced her to his agent Inga Vainshtein. Soon Jewel was signed with Atlantic Records, and her debut album "Pieces of You" was released in 1995, which topped Billboard's number four, ultimately selling 7.3 million copies, and was certified Platinum 12 times.
In an interview in 2018, Atz Kilcher Sr. said how important his daughter Jewel was for him and the family: 'Recently I left her a voice message and I told her how much she has inspired me.
Atz Lee Kilcher
Jewel didn't have a perfect childhood. I was an alcoholic and a single parent. I'm still a recovering alcoholic. She grew up in a dysfunctional home, but she overcame adversity and turned her negative experiences into something positive through her art. She transformed her life and inspired others.'
Marriages and Children
Atz Lee Kilcher married Nantia Krisintu in the late 1990s, welcoming a son together. Although there's not much information about Krisintu, it's known that the pair divorced a few years into their marriage.
Despite the couple's separation, Atz Lee maintains a close relationship with his son Etienne, and is not afraid of showing his affection for him, as can be seen on an Instagram post of 2018: 'My son managed to turn 18 and graduate high school all in the same week, amazing.
I honestly don't have much faith in the public school system, and personally couldn't care less if he graduated or not. I'm more concerned with him setting goals and gaining the self love and confidence one obtains upon completion of a dream. So damn proud, the world is a better place with you in it. Dream big, work hard and never stop believing in yourself. Much love.'
Atz Lee Kilcher married Cristina Jane in 2005, and they're apparently lived happily together ever since. Kilcher also adopted Cristina's daughter Piper, the result of a previous marriage.
Atz Lee Kilcher suffered a severe accident in 2015 when he fell off a cliff in Alaskan Resort Otter Cove.
Posted by Atz Kilcher on Thursday, February 28, 2019
The event that almost ended his life resulted on two collapsed lungs and various other injuries, such as fractures to his left shoulder, right hip, ribs and ankles. In 2019 Kilcher filed a $100,000 lawsuit against the hotel for damages, claiming '(they) failed to adequately warn of and/or provide measures to prevent guest and other individuals from falling over the precipice at the resort'.
In 2015 Atz Lee Kilcher and his wife Jane, along the production company of "Alaska: The Last Frontier" Wilma TV, were accused of using a helicopter to hunt a black bear, which is deemed as an 'unlawful method of taking or attempting to take big game' by State's laws.
Although it's unknown if the hunting scene was shown on the series, a spokesperson reported authorities were alerted of the alleged crime by a former member of the production company.
In 2016, charges against the Kilchers were dismissed, as it was determined a bear was never hunted by the couple, as Jane's attorney stated: 'Though they saw an animal, there was no attempt to take that specific animal.'
However, Wilma TV had to pay a fine of $17,500, as the company allegedly forced Kilcher and his wife to board the helicopter to go hunting.
Atz Lee Kilcher earns on average $10,000 per episode of "Alaska: The Last Frontier". From this and his various other activities, he has an estimated net worth of $2 million, as of mid-2020.
Atz Lee Kilcher is a man of white ethnicity, whose hair is dark brown and eyes green. His weight and height are unknown.
Atz Lee's parents married in the late 1960s, and divorced 20 years later.
Atz Lee Kilcher's grandfather, Yule also divorced from his first spouse Ruth.
It's said Atz Lee's family inherited their musical talent from matriarchal Ruth, who was a classical singer.
Atz Lee's sister Jewel has published a book entitled "The Architecture of All Abundance: Seven Foundations to Prosperity", in which she recalls her difficult childhood and the hard times she had to endure when their mother Lenedra abandoned their household when Jewel was still a kid.
Jewel accused her mother of stealing million dollars from her over the years she worked as her manager. Nowadays, mother and daughter are estranged from each other.
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text:
require "google/cloud/errors"
require "google/cloud/pubsub/service"
require "google/cloud/pubsub/credentials"
require "google/cloud/pubsub/topic"
require "google/cloud/pubsub/batch_publisher"
require "google/cloud/pubsub/snapshot"

module Google
  module Cloud
    module Pubsub
      ##
      # # Project
      #
      # Represents the project that pubsub messages are pushed to and pulled
      # from. {Topic} is a named resource to which messages are sent by
      # publishers. {Subscription} is a named resource representing the stream
      # of messages from a single, specific topic, to be delivered to the
      # subscribing application. {Message} is a combination of data and
      # attributes that a publisher sends to a topic and is eventually delivered
      # to subscribers.
      #
      # See {Google::Cloud#pubsub}
      #
      # @example
      #   require "google/cloud/pubsub"
      #
      #   pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new
      #
      #   topic = pubsub.topic "my-topic"
      #   topic.publish "task completed"
      #
      class Project
        ##
        # @private The Service object.
        attr_accessor :service

        ##
        # @private Creates a new Pub/Sub Project instance.
        def initialize service
          @service = service
        end

        # The Pub/Sub project connected to.
        #
        # @example
        #   require "google/cloud/pubsub"
        #
        #   pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new(
        #     project_id: "my-project",
        #     credentials: "/path/to/keyfile.json"
        #   )
        #
        #   pubsub.project_id #=> "my-project"
        #
        def project_id
          service.project
        end
        alias project project_id

        ##
        # Retrieves topic by name.
        #
        # @param [String] topic_name Name of a topic.
        # @param [String] project If the topic belongs to a project other than
        #   the one currently connected to, the alternate project ID can be
        #   specified here. Optional.
        # @param [Boolean] skip_lookup Optionally create a {Topic} object
        #   without verifying the topic resource exists on the Pub/Sub service.
        #   Calls made on this object will raise errors if the topic resource
        #   does not exist. Default is `false`. Optional.
        # @param [Hash] async A hash of values to configure the topic's
        #   {AsyncPublisher} that is created when {Topic#publish_async}
        #   is called. Optional.
        #
        #   Hash keys and values may include the following:
        #
        #   * `:max_bytes` (Integer) The maximum size of messages to be
        #     collected before the batch is published. Default is 10,000,000
        #     (10MB).
        #   * `:max_messages` (Integer) The maximum number of messages to be
        #     collected before the batch is published. Default is 1,000.
        #   * `:interval` (Numeric) The number of seconds to collect messages
        #     before the batch is published. Default is 0.25.
        #   * `:threads` (Hash) The number of threads to create to handle
        #     concurrent calls by the publisher:
        #     * `:publish` (Integer) The number of threads used to publish
        #       messages. Default is 4.
        #     * `:callback` (Integer) The number of threads to handle the
        #       published messages' callbacks. Default is 8.
        #
        # @return [Google::Cloud::Pubsub::Topic, nil] Returns `nil` if topic
        #   does not exist.
        #
        # @example
        #   require "google/cloud/pubsub"
        #
        #   pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new
        #   topic = pubsub.topic "existing-topic"
        #
        # @example By default `nil` will be returned if topic does not exist.
        #   require "google/cloud/pubsub"
        #
        #   pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new
        #   topic = pubsub.topic "non-existing-topic" # nil
        #
        # @example Create topic in a different project with the `project` flag.
        #   require "google/cloud/pubsub"
        #
        #   pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new
        #   topic = pubsub.topic "another-topic", project: "another-project"
        #
        # @example Skip the lookup against the service with `skip_lookup`:
        #   require "google/cloud/pubsub"
        #
        #   pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new
        #   topic = pubsub.topic "another-topic", skip_lookup: true
        #
        # @example Configuring AsyncPublisher to increase concurrent callbacks:
        #   require "google/cloud/pubsub"
        #
        #   pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new
        #   topic = pubsub.topic "my-topic",
        #                        async: { threads: { callback: 16 } }
        #
        #   topic.publish_async "task completed" do |result|
        #     if result.succeeded?
        #       log_publish_success result.data
        #     else
        #       log_publish_failure result.data, result.error
        #     end
        #   end
        #
        #   topic.async_publisher.stop.wait!
        #
        def topic topic_name, project: nil, skip_lookup: nil, async: nil
          ensure_service!
          options = { project: project }
          return Topic.new_lazy(topic_name, service, options) if skip_lookup
          grpc = service.get_topic topic_name
          Topic.from_grpc grpc, service, async: async
        rescue Google::Cloud::NotFoundError
          nil
        end
        alias get_topic topic
        alias find_topic topic

        ##
        # Creates a new topic.
        #
        # @param [String] topic_name Name of a topic.
        # @param [Hash] async A hash of values to configure the topic's
        #   {AsyncPublisher} that is created when {Topic#publish_async}
        #   is called. Optional.
        #
        #   Hash keys and values may include the following:
        #
        #   * `:max_bytes` (Integer) The maximum size of messages to be
        #     collected before the batch is published. Default is 10,000,000
        #     (10MB).
        #   * `:max_messages` (Integer) The maximum number of messages to be
        #     collected before the batch is published. Default is 1,000.
        #   * `:interval` (Numeric) The number of seconds to collect messages
        #     before the batch is published. Default is 0.25.
        #   * `:threads` (Hash) The number of threads to create to handle
        #     concurrent calls by the publisher:
        #     * `:publish` (Integer) The number of threads used to publish
        #       messages. Default is 4.
        #     * `:callback` (Integer) The number of threads to handle the
        #       published messages' callbacks. Default is 8.
        #
        # @return [Google::Cloud::Pubsub::Topic]
        #
        # @example
        #   require "google/cloud/pubsub"
        #
        #   pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new
        #   topic = pubsub.create_topic "my-topic"
        #
        def create_topic topic_name, async: nil
          ensure_service!
          grpc = service.create_topic topic_name
          Topic.from_grpc grpc, service, async: async
        end
        alias new_topic create_topic

        ##
        # Retrieves a list of topics for the given project.
        #
        # @param [String] token The `token` value returned by the last call to
        #   `topics`; indicates that this is a continuation of a call, and that
        #   the system should return the next page of data.
        # @param [Integer] max Maximum number of topics to return.
        #
        # @return [Array<Google::Cloud::Pubsub::Topic>] (See
        #   {Google::Cloud::Pubsub::Topic::List})
        #
        # @example
        #   require "google/cloud/pubsub"
        #
        #   pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new
        #
        #   topics = pubsub.topics
        #   topics.each do |topic|
        #     puts topic.name
        #   end
        #
        # @example Retrieve all topics: (See {Topic::List#all})
        #   require "google/cloud/pubsub"
        #
        #   pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new
        #
        #   topics = pubsub.topics
        #   topics.all do |topic|
        #     puts topic.name
        #   end
        #
        def topics token: nil, max: nil
          ensure_service!
          options = { token: token, max: max }
          grpc = service.list_topics options
          Topic::List.from_grpc grpc, service, max
        end
        alias find_topics topics
        alias list_topics topics

        ##
        # Retrieves subscription by name.
        #
        # @param [String] subscription_name Name of a subscription.
        # @param [String] project If the subscription belongs to a project other
        #   than the one currently connected to, the alternate project ID can be
        #   specified here.
        # @param [Boolean] skip_lookup Optionally create a {Subscription} object
        #   without verifying the subscription resource exists on the Pub/Sub
        #   service. Calls made on this object will raise errors if the service
        #   resource does not exist. Default is `false`.
        #
        # @return [Google::Cloud::Pubsub::Subscription, nil] Returns `nil` if
        #   the subscription does not exist
        #
        # @example
        #   require "google/cloud/pubsub"
        #
        #   pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new
        #
        #   sub = pubsub.subscription "my-sub"
        #   sub.name #=> "projects/my-project/subscriptions/my-sub"
        #
        # @example Skip the lookup against the service with `skip_lookup`:
        #   require "google/cloud/pubsub"
        #
        #   pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new
        #
        #   # No API call is made to retrieve the subscription information.
        #   sub = pubsub.subscription "my-sub", skip_lookup: true
        #   sub.name #=> "projects/my-project/subscriptions/my-sub"
        #
        def subscription subscription_name, project: nil, skip_lookup: nil
          ensure_service!
          options = { project: project }
          if skip_lookup
            return Subscription.new_lazy subscription_name, service, options
          end
          grpc = service.get_subscription subscription_name
          Subscription.from_grpc grpc, service
        rescue Google::Cloud::NotFoundError
          nil
        end
        alias get_subscription subscription
        alias find_subscription subscription

        ##
        # Retrieves a list of subscriptions for the given project.
        #
        # @param [String] token A previously-returned page token representing
        #   part of the larger set of results to view.
        # @param [Integer] max Maximum number of subscriptions to return.
        #
        # @return [Array<Google::Cloud::Pubsub::Subscription>] (See
        #   {Google::Cloud::Pubsub::Subscription::List})
        #
        # @example
        #   require "google/cloud/pubsub"
        #
        #   pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new
        #
        #   subs = pubsub.subscriptions
        #   subs.each do |sub|
        #     puts sub.name
        #   end
        #
        # @example Retrieve all subscriptions: (See {Subscription::List#all})
        #   require "google/cloud/pubsub"
        #
        #   pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new
        #
        #   subs = pubsub.subscriptions
        #   subs.all do |sub|
        #     puts sub.name
        #   end
        #
        def subscriptions token: nil, max: nil
          ensure_service!
          options = { token: token, max: max }
          grpc = service.list_subscriptions options
          Subscription::List.from_grpc grpc, service, max
        end
        alias find_subscriptions subscriptions
        alias list_subscriptions subscriptions

        ##
        # Retrieves a list of snapshots for the given project.
        #
        # @param [String] token A previously-returned page token representing
        #   part of the larger set of results to view.
        # @param [Integer] max Maximum number of snapshots to return.
        #
        # @return [Array<Google::Cloud::Pubsub::Snapshot>] (See
        #   {Google::Cloud::Pubsub::Snapshot::List})
        #
        # @example
        #   require "google/cloud/pubsub"
        #
        #   pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new
        #
        #   snapshots = pubsub.snapshots
        #   snapshots.each do |snapshot|
        #     puts snapshot.name
        #   end
        #
        # @example Retrieve all snapshots: (See {Snapshot::List#all})
        #   require "google/cloud/pubsub"
        #
        #   pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new
        #
        #   snapshots = pubsub.snapshots
        #   snapshots.all do |snapshot|
        #     puts snapshot.name
        #   end
        #
        def snapshots token: nil, max: nil
          ensure_service!
          options = { token: token, max: max }
          grpc = service.list_snapshots options
          Snapshot::List.from_grpc grpc, service, max
        end
        alias find_snapshots snapshots
        alias list_snapshots snapshots

        protected

        ##
        # @private Raise an error unless an active connection to the service is
        # available.
        def ensure_service!
          raise "Must have active connection to service" unless service
        end

        ##
        # Call the publish API with arrays of data data and attrs.
        def publish_batch_messages topic_name, batch
          grpc = service.publish topic_name, batch.messages
          batch.to_gcloud_messages Array(grpc.message_ids)
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Chapter: Part I: Introduction, 1. Exploring New Tools for Environmental Protection
« Previous: Front Matter
Page 1 Share Cite
Suggested Citation:"Part I: Introduction, 1. Exploring New Tools for Environmental Protection." National Research Council. 2002. New Tools for Environmental Protection: Education, Information, and Voluntary Measures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10401.
PART I INTRODUCTION
1 Exploring New Tools for Environmental Protection Thomas Dietz and Paul C. Stern Many believe that the nature of environmental policy is changing. In much of the world during the last third of the 20th century, environ- mental policy was dominated by "command-and-control" approaches.) Under command and control, government agencies develop a set of rules or stan- dards. These determine technologies to be used or avoided; amounts of pollutant that can be emitted from a particular waste pipe, smokestack, or factory; and/or the amounts or kinds of resources that may be extracted from a common pool such as a fishery or forest. The agencies then issue commands in the form of regulations and permits to control the behavior of private firms, other government agencies, and/or individuals.2 This approach is venerable. It can be found in the 4,000- year-old Code of Hammurabi, which prescribes penalties for faulty construction.3 In the past fifteen years, experiments with market-based environmental poli- cies have proliferated. This change came in response both to theoretical develop- ments in economics and to the continued resistance to command-and-control poli- cies by those regulated. In market-based approaches, instead of detailing what can and cannot be done, government places a constraint or tax on pollution or resource extraction and lets those targeted by the policy decide how best to economize on those activities. One of the best known market-based strategies is the tradable environmental allowance (Tietenberg, 1985, 2002; Rose, 2002~. Government de- termines an appropriate level of emissions and issues permits to emit that are limited to that level.4 Permits can be bought and sold in the market. The theory is that individual firms and plant managers are in a better position than government regulators to determine how to meet the targets most economically. Because the permits can be sold, firms that are especially efficient at reducing emissions can actually profit from their efforts at preventing pollution.
4 EXPLORING NEW TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Another market-based approach flows from the insight that markets do not normally include environmental impacts in the costs of production or the prices of goods and services. When this happens, society, which shares the costs of the environmental impacts, is providing a hidden subsidy for these products. The subsidy can be countered with an environmental impact or pollution tax that would compensate society as a whole and provide an incentive for producers to reduce environmental impacts.5 Current discussions of a carbon tax to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide follow this logic. TOWARD NEW TOOLS Although command-and-control and market-based approaches have domi- nated U.S. environmental policy in recent decades, other approaches have also been employed. Environmental education efforts aimed at both the public and at students have been used since the 1960s. Information-based efforts for ener- gy conservation, such as home energy audits and appliance labeling programs, began in the aftermath of the energy crises of the 1970s. The environmental impact assessment provisions of the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 provided a wealth of new information on proposed policies and projects for stakeholders to evaluate. In much the same spirit, the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 required private firms to provide the federal government with information on releases of toxic substances. A major goal of the effort was to inform the public about tonics. Starting in the 1990s, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Energy initiated several plans for voluntary action by industry, while as early as 1989 the Chemical Manufacturers Association (now the American Chemistry Council) began the Responsible Care program a voluntary effort conducted by the chemical manufacturing industry without direct government involvement. In this volume we refer to approaches that are neither command and control nor market based as "new tools." What do we mean by "new tools?" As will be clear in this and subsequent chapters, a strict taxonomy of environmental policy tools is not possible and perhaps not necessary.6 Our analysis has been based on a fivefold classification of policy types: · Command and control, · Market-based policies, · Education, · Provision of information, and · Voluntary measures. The first two approaches constitute the "old tools" that have been most prominent over the past quarter century; the last three are the "new tools" that are the subject of current experiments.7 With the old tools, explicit external
THOMAS DIETZ AND PAUL C. STERN s controls are placed on behavior: Those who do not do as prescribed face specific tangible sanctions. The new tools rely more on implicit sources of behavioral control, so that the resulting behavior is likely to be perceived as voluntary. Education includes the provision of information in a systematic and structured way, but usually goes further, encouraging deeper understanding and, perhaps, values and norms regarding behaviors. Simple provision of information offers "just the facts." The line dividing these two categories is not always distinct, but the contrast is useful for comparing, for example, a school- or community-based program of education on toxic substances in the environment with the mainte- nance of the Toxics Release Inventory on the World Wide Web by the EPA. Voluntary measures include agreements between regulatory agencies and private firms, agreements among firms in an industry, and voluntary actions across in- dustries, such as when firms set environmental requirements for their suppliers. Some other taxonomies also include plans (e.g., Andrews, 1994~. Clearly plans can play an important role in defining general expectations and setting goals. But we have not included them in our taxonomy because plans require implementation methods that will usually involve the five policy types in our taxonomy. We also do not include the development of new technologies that lead to reduced environmental impact. Policy to encourage technological devel- opment is as complex as policy intended to change the environmental behavior of individuals, communities, or organizations, and thus deserves separate treat- ment. Encouraging technological development may be one of the most effective ways of reducing environmental impact, and that technological innovation may be driven by a range of policy approaches: new tools, direct regulation, and market forces, as well as technological policy per se. Finally, we include codes and norms of "best professional practices" established by professional or indus- try groups within the broad category of voluntary measures. In engineering and management, such practices can do a great deal to reduce environmental impact. They deserve more attention than they have been given to date as a means of reducing environmental impact. The new tools are an evolving set of supplements to command-and-control and market-based methods. They take many forms, as is obvious from the diverse policies considered in subsequent chapters. But they all have one or both of two features. They use education and the provision of information to try to change behavior, and the changes in behavior are voluntary in the sense that they are not driven by specific regulatory directives, externality taxes, or permit mar- kets. Of course, concerns about market threats, opportunities, and risks, such as consumer boycotts, may provide indirect financial incentives. Categorizing an approach to environmental protection as "command and control," "market based," or based on "education, information, and voluntary measures," although useful analytically, overlooks the fact that every tool is actually a hybrid of all these forms. Individual and organizational response is normally a function of prices, the lure of economic opportunities, the threat of
6 EXPLORING NEW TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION sanctions, the availability of useful information, concern with reputation, and various intrinsic motivations. For example, market considerations often influ- ence compliance with regulations. Few major command-and-control regulations in the United States are implemented without lawsuits from both environmental groups and industry. The targets of regulation certainly weigh the economic costs of a lawsuit and its chances of success against the costs of complying with a new regulation. Noninstrumental goals also may drive responses to command- and-control regulations. Some corporate managers operate on a strict profit maximization principle, but many others have serious environmental concerns and want to do as good a job as possible at minimizing their environmental impact within the fiscal limits they face. Given the apparent increase in green consumerism, such motivations are not unrelated to concerns about market share and profitability. Just as command-and-control approaches engage market incentives, so too do market incentives involve some of the characteristics of command and con- trol. Government, often in cooperation with stakeholders, must design the insti- tutions that will implement tradable permits or pollution taxes. They must set the level of pollution allowed or the tax rate, as well as penalties for breaking the rules. They may also require market participants to provide accurate informa- tion on their resource use or pollutant emissions. All these activities involve command and control. New tools based on education, information, and voluntary measures are present in every command-and-control and market-based policy as well. New measures, whether command and control or market based, always involve a learning curve in which those affected must learn how to operate efficiently in the face of the changed environment. The cost of information needed to comply with a new regulation or to strategize effectively in the face of a market-based policy may be high. Those affected educate themselves, sometimes by trial and error, sometimes by imitation of others, sometimes by discussion with those implementing the new regulatory regime. Governments provide information as a part of every command-and-control strategy. One of the major arguments in favor of market-based schemes is the view that markets are fast, accurate, and efficient transmitters of information. So although the distinction among "command- and-control," "market-based," and "new tools" approaches to environmental protection is useful analytically, analysis also will benefit from attention to the degree to which each approach is embedded in, and embeds within itself, the others. Calling education, information, and voluntary measures new tools is some- thing of a misnomer. Certainly, command-and-control and economic instru- ments are very old, dating to the earliest states. We alluded earlier to a safety "regulation" in the Code of Hammurabi; taxes to provide public goods or dis- courage undesirable behavior are probably about as old. But the "new tools" based on education, the provision of incentives, reputation, and peer pressure are
THOMAS DIETZ AND PAUL C. STERN 7 even older. Before the state emerged, humans lived in groups with relatively little hierarchy, and the market was not a feature of daily social life. Societies of food foragers and early horticulturalists usually had no permanent political lead- ership and traded mostly for things not produced locally. Governance involved discussion, ritual, tradition, and peer pressure. Although debate continues about how well preagricultural societies managed the parts of the environment that supported their lives, the management tools they used were surely closer to what we are calling "new tools" than to the "old tools" of command-and-control and market incentives.8 Thus, although these approaches may be considered inno- vations in the contemporary policy system, they have an ancient lineage. WHY NEW TOOLS? What changes in the past decade or so have led to the interest in new tools? This is a question that has not attracted as much careful scholarship as it has speculation, so we don't have a clear answer. But a number of hypotheses are available. New Targets One hypothesis is that the rise in interest in new approaches is a result of a shift in the sources of pollution that need attention. Proponents of this view (reviewed in Rejeski and Salzman, this volume, Chapter 2) argue that command- and-control regulations were effective with the major manufacturing and re- source-extractive corporations to which they were applied from the 1960s on.9 Once their legal resistance to a regulation ceased, these corporations could af- ford the capital investments required to comply with the regulations and could hire technically competent staff from within or from consulting firms to interpret and implement themes According to this argument, complying with command- and-control regulations became a normal part of doing business for these firms, and they responded with major decreases in pollution. This arrangement could work because any regulatory agency had a relatively modest number of firms with which to deal, making the tasks of contacting, negotiating, and monitoring manageable. As large firms were regulated, attention turned to other forms of pollution (or in a few cases, the same pollutants) that were emitted by thousands or even millions of sources. These small and "nonpoint" sources were hard to identify and difficult to monitor. Moreover, those responsible for their emissions often lacked the ability to understand or comply with regulations because of cost and technical capacity. Although applying command-and-control approaches to such sources is not possible, it makes sense to try alternative approaches. Proponents of the new-target view also note a growing frustration with the fragmented character of U.S. environmental policy, which involved dozens of
8 EXPLORING NEW TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION separate legislative mandates that were not well coordinated (Andrews, 1999:358- 362; National Academy of Public Administration, 1995; Esty and Chertow, 1997~. A single manufacturing plant might be regulated under a dozen different statutes and have to deal with that many or more offices at the EPA and other federal agencies. They sometimes note that other industrial nations are developing inno- vative, integrative, and seemingly effective approaches to comprehensive environ- mental policy that rely on additional tools (Janicke and Weidner, 1996~. There is hope the new tools will provide for a more integrated and coordinated approach to environmental policy by encouraging responses that go beyond compliance with assorted regulations to address underlying problems. In parallel with an interest in more integrated approaches to regulation has come exploration of new technologies that allow for multipollutant, multimedia emissions control. Work under the general heading of "industrial ecology" at- tempts to find technologies that reduce overall environmental impacts of produc- tion, consumption, and waste disposal, often by reengineering entire product life cycles rather than focusing on "end of pipe" control technologies. Because, as noted, most environmental regulations are designed to regulate specific kinds of pollutant emissions to specific media, they can sometimes create obstacles to this more holistic approached New Attitudes A complementary explanation for the increased interest in new tools is that attitudes about the environment have changed substantially since around the first Earth Day in 1970. Although survey research on national samples does not provide unambiguous evidence of striking attitude change among individuals, there is evidence of aggregate change, perhaps because older birth cohorts have been replaced by newer ones whose members hold more proenvironmental views (Jones and Dunlap, 1992; Kanagy et al., 1994~. So it is reasonable to propose that cohorts who have received their education since about 1970 are far more aware of and concerned with environmental issues than prior cohorts. The increased environmental consciousness of the public corresponds with the rise of green consumerism, which is actively promoted by many environ- mental organizations. In response, some firms may be seeking a niche market defined in terms of minimal environmental impact from their products. Even firms that do not see environmentalism as part of their marketing strategies acknowledge that environmental impacts play some part in the purchasing deci- sions of many consumers. In addition, many firms are sensitive to the possibility of boycotts orchestrated by environmental groups. Not all of the shift in corporate concern should be attributed to external pressures. Some firms have accepted the idea from the emerging field of indus- trial ecology that pollutant emissions are a result of inefficient processes. The precursors to many pollutants are expensive, and the release of the pollution into
THOMAS DIETZ AND PAUL C. STERN 9 the environment is thus a waste of money.l2 Furthermore, the current genera- tion of corporate environmental managers and a growing number of senior exec- utives are members of environmentally aware cohorts.l3 Although managers always must be attentive to the bottom line, many are also anxious to protect the environment because they believe it is important and ethical to do so. Such a shift in attitudes can provide new opportunities for environmental protection. It may be possible to see many firms not as recalcitrant actors who must be dragged to better environmental practice, but as ready partners with regulatory agencies, environmental groups, and local stakeholders in designing approaches that go beyond what is minimally required by command-and-control regulations. This idea has led to a call for more emphasis on some of the new tools and less on regulation. New Distribution of Power Michel's notion of agency capture offers another hypothesis about the move toward new tools. This view emphasizes the strong resistance from the private sector to the wave of environmental regulation in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The rise of conservatism to power in U.S. politics during the 1980s and l990s made the highest levels of federal agencies less antagonistic and more sympa- thetic to industry concerns. Evidence includes the observation that many of the political appointees in environmental agencies under the Reagan and two Bush administrations were drawn directly from industry or from think tanks, research institutes, or lobbying firms highly sympathetic to industry. In the view of those who emphasize the shift to conservatism, complete deregulation was not politi- cally viable because of the strong opposition from the public and environmental movement organizations to efforts to eliminate or weaken key federal command- and-control regulations. However, a shift from command-and-control strategies to market-based approaches and to the new tools was a viable way for the new regulatory authorities to make environmental policy less antagonistic to industry concerns. 14 Nothing New Yet another possible explanation for the increased interest in new tools is that it is not really a recent phenomenon. Since the start of the new wave of environmental regulation in the late 1960s, considerable emphasis has been placed on education, information, and voluntary measures. Environmental edu- cation directed at individuals has been an important element of both government and environmental organization strategy for decades. Though the relationship between the regulated and the regulators often has been stormy, it also has always involved elements of the education, information flow, and voluntary cooperation that characterize the new tools. What is new is simply the evolution of under-
10 EXPLORING NEW TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION standing. More experience has led to more sophisticated approaches. In addition, the past decade has seen a substantial move toward using education, information, and voluntary strategies not just with individuals, but also with communities and especially with private firms. Toward a Synthesis Each of the hypotheses described has some validity. The new tools are of increased interest now as the limits of command-and-control and market-based controls become better understood (see Rejeski and Salzman, this volume, Chap- ter 2~. Partly because of new attitudes, some of the new tools may be more applicable than before to traditional regulatory targets. The new distribution of power has induced regulators to seek alternatives to command and control, and the new tools are attractive options. Whether they are effective for achieving traditional environmental policy goals is still a matter of controversy, however. Reasonable arguments also suggest that the new tools are not a better way to protect the environment or a good way to handle new priorities, but rather the result of increasing resistance to traditional approaches. In this view, they are a weak compromise at best. All these developments in environmental policy offer good reasons for look- ing closely at the potential of the new tools at the turn of the millennium. Com- mand-and-control regulations may be reaching a point of diminishing returns, and their tendency to be monolithic and to slow innovation limits their value. If there is increasing heterogeneity in the kinds of sources generating environmen- tal impact, approaches that allow flexibility of response are required. Market- based mechanisms often are put forward as the way to meet the needs for flexi- bility and for accommodating heterogeneity, but such mechanisms are not always practicable and when they are, experience with their actual operation shows they do not work well for all environmental problems (Tietenberg, 2002; Rose, 2002~. The new tools offer hope that strategies might be tailored to specific contexts. The new tools need to be considered not only on their own, but also in combination with each other and with traditional policy tools. Few propose eliminating regulation entirely in fact, it is a central element of all policy tools. What changes when new tools are adopted is what is regulated and the balance of emphasis across policy tools. For example, tradable allowance policies still require regulations of the maximum allowable extraction or pollution, though not of the way the limit is met. Information-based policies like the Toxics Release Inventory include a regulatory requirement not to limit releases, but to provide information to the public on those releases. Policies based on voluntary agreements normally are presented as a way to decrease pollution faster or fur- ther than regulations require. The backdrop of regulation is what motivates participation in voluntary agreements.
THOMAS DIETZ AND PAUL C. STERN 11 With these considerations in mind, examining the new tools provides a new way to think about environmental policy in general. Instead of debating which policy strategy is best or most cost-effective, policy analysts can consider the best policy package for a particular purpose, activity to be controlled, and actor. They can consider a combination of tools and evaluate outcomes from various standpoints, including environmental quality, economic efficiency, and equity. To do this, it is necessary to build an understanding of the behaviors and the individuals or organizations whose behavior is to be changed (see National Re- search Council, 1997~. It is also necessary to understand how each available tool works, when it works more or less effectively, and the conditions (including target behaviors, actors, and the use of complementary tools) under which it can produce the best results. This volume begins to undertake this task for educa- tion, information, and voluntary measures. THE GOALS OF THIS VOLUME We do not focus here on controversies about the best policy strategy. Wheth- er one views education, information, and voluntary measures as an important step forward, evidence of a retreat in commitment to environmental protection, or a set of complementary approaches to the old tools of command and control and market mechanisms, the research agenda remains the same. Careful taxono- mies of the new tools are needed, including consideration of whose behaviors they are intended to affect, which behaviors, and how the change is brought about. It is important to examine the theories of individual and organizational behavior that underpin the tools, to view each use of a new tool as an experiment in policy design, and to analyze these experiments to provide for as much social learning as possible. Our goal in this volume is to bring together state-of-the-art research on the new tools for environmental protection. The chapters examine empirical re- search on new tools, extract lessons from adjacent policy and research traditions that can inform work on new tools, and consider the conceptual and theoretical issues that must be addressed. A great deal of excellent research already has been conducted, and much can be learned from it. We hope this volume will provide practical guidance to those who are working to make the new tools more effective. We also hope it will foster the theoretical and empirical research needed to improve new approaches to environmental policy. Many key research questions remain open. There is a real need for concep- tualization, taxonomies, and theorizing, as well as analysis of historical and con- temporary innovations. As is evident from the chapters that follow, research on new tools also addresses a number of important basic social and behavioral science questions about information processing, learning, behavioral and organi- zational change, and other topics. This research also requires attention to some of the central theoretical and methodological questions of the social sciences.
12 EXPLORING NEW TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION The effort to better understand the tools for environmental protection, new and old, will benefit not only efforts to protect the environment, but also the science of human-environment interactions. The book is divided into four sections. Part One, which includes this chap- ter, provides a context for the emergence of interest in new tools. Chapter 2 by Rejeski and Salzman, explores some of the shifts that are (and are not) occurring in pollution sources and outlines some emerging technological developments that are transforming manufacturing and transportation processes and that have profound implications for environmental policy. Chapter 2 suggests that we will need even newer tools to meet the challenges and opportunities that will accom- pany technological and organizational changes. Parts Two and Three are organized around targets and strategies. Part Two examines the potential of information and education campaigns to change the behavior of individuals, households, and communities. Part Three focuses on the private sector and the potential of voluntary agreements between government and industry and among firms. Part Four consists of a concluding chapter of reflections on what we know and need to know about the new tools. NOTES 1 Andrews (1999) provides an excellent history of American environmental policy. Hays (1987) covers most of the period of command-and-control regulation in the United States. Many important experiments in environmental policy have been and are being conducted outside the Unit- ed States; some chapters in this volume draw on these experiences. Ultimately, understanding of environmental policy must be comparative. This book, however, focuses on the U.S. case as a necessary prelude to a more robust analysis that draws on global experience. International compari- sons are beginning to appear (tenBrink, 2002). 2 In the United States, most discussion of command-and-control and market-based approaches to environmental policy assumes the federal government develops regulations or sets up market mechanisms to control the behaviors of private firms. In fact, most U.S. federal command and control regulations apply to federal agencies and to state and local governments as well. In some cases, the state or local government has the responsibility for implementing regulations developed by federal agencies. These complexities are consequential in developing practical strategies and theo- retical understanding. For simplicity of language, in this chapter we refer to federal regulation of private firms, but the other regulators and the others being regulated should also be kept in mind. 3 For example, Articles 229-233 read: If a builder build a house for some one, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built fall in and kill its owner, then that builder shall be put to death. If it kill the son of the owner the son of that builder shall be put to death. If it kill a slave of the owner, then he shall pay slave for slave to the owner of the house. If it ruin goods, he shall make compensation for all that has been ruined, and inasmuch as he did not construct properly this house which he built and it fell, he shall re-erect the house from his own means.
THOMAS DIETZ AND PAUL C. STERN If a builder build a house for some one, even though he has not yet completed it; if then the walls seem toppling, the builder must make the walls solid from his own means." 13 There are comparable penalties for flooding a neighbor's field, grazing sheep in a neighbor's pasture, and other offenses against property. This text is available online at http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/ avalon/hammenu.htm. 4 As Tietenberg (2002) and Rose (2002) note, determining how the permits will be allocated initially is a political decision, and one that is often critical to the acceptability of traceable environ- mental allowance policies. 5 Freeman (1993:93-140) provides an overview of neoclassical welfare economics as applied to environmental problems. Kneese and Bower (1968) were early advocates of the impact tax approach. Of course, hidden subsidies benefit those who profit from the factory's output. If one factory is receiving such social subsidies by being allowed to generate adverse environmental im- pacts, it has a competitive advantage over a factory that does not receive such subsidies. It is interesting to note that although neoclassical economists and Marxists use different language to describe this situation, their analysis follows the same logic. For a Marxist analysis of environmental problems see Foster (1999, 2000) or Anderson (1976). 6 Kaufmann-Hayoz et al. (2001) offer a thoughtful discussion on the logic of taxonomies of environmental policies. 7 Kaufmann-Hayoz et al. (2001) suggest a parallel fivefold classification of environmental policy instruments: command-and-control, economic, service and infrastructure, collaborative agree- ments, and communication and diffusion policies. Their first two categories exactly match our first two. Their category of service and infrastructure provision includes everything from mass transit infrastructure to recycling centers to databases on pollutant emissions. Although this is an important class of policies, we do not emphasize it here except when the service or infrastructure in question involves the provision of information. Their category of collaborative agreements matches our voluntary measures. Their concept of communication and diffusion instruments overlaps closely with our concepts of education and information provision. Neither our typology nor that of Kauffmann- Hayoz et al. (2001) has a separate place for policies of institutional design, such as those that are central to a large literature on institutions for managing common-pool resources (e.g., Ostrom, 1990; National Research Council, 2002). Although changes in institutions do not fit within any of the categories just listed, they often embody several categories at once. For example, traceable environ- mental allowances are a market-based institutional innovation that involves much more than eco- nomic incentives: government control and information diffusion are both critical to their operation, and infrastructure and voluntary agreements also may be necessary for measuring and monitoring . . emlsslons. 8 Krech (1999) provides an overview of the controversy and an analysis of the sustainability of Native American ecological practices. 9 See Commoner (1992) for a dissenting view regarding how effective such efforts were. 10 Dietz and Rycroft (1987) show there has been a high degree of job mobility among federal regulatory agencies, law and consulting firms, and corporations, so the corporate employees often have experience in regulatory agencies and vice versa. 11 Andrews (1994) provides a seven-nation comparison of policies to encourage clean technolo- gies. See also Allenby (1999). 12 Socolow et al. (1994) introduce the key ideas of industrial ecology. Esty and Chertow (1997) suggest that ideas from industrial ecology can provide a basis for the next generation of environmen- tal regulation. Some theorists have suggested that the insights of industrial ecology along with increased societal demand for environmental quality, are leading to a new form of development termed "ecological modernization" (Mol and Sonnenfeld, 2000). Rosa et al. (2001) offer a some- what skeptical view of ecological modernization.
4 EXPLORING NEW TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 13 The extent to which corporate managers can act with some autonomy from profit maximiza- tion has been a subject of debate at least since Galbraith. It is an important area for research if sound assumptions are to underpin new policy tools. 14 Several of the key innovations in EPA policy that are considered part of the new tools and discussed in subsequent chapters were initiated under the first Bush administration and continued under the Clinton administration (Andrews, 1999). REFERENCES Allenby, B.R. 1999 Industrial Ecology: Policy Framework and Implementation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Anderson, C.H. 1976 The Sociology of Survival: Social Problems of Growth. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press. Andrews, C.J. 1994 Policies to encourage clean technologies. Pp. 405-422 in Industrial Ecology and Global Change, R. Socolow, C.J. Andrews, F. Berkhout, and V. Thomas, eds. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. Andrews, R.N.L. 1999 Managing the Environment, Managing Ourselves: A History of American Environmen- tal Policy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Commoner, B. 1992 Making Peace with the Planet. New York: New Press. Dietz, T., and R.W. Rycroft 1987 The Risk Professionals. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Esty, D., and M. Chertow 1997 Thinking Ecologically: The Next Generation of Environmental Policy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Foster, J.B. 1999 Marx's theory of metabolic rift: Classical foundations for environmental sociology. American Journal of Sociology 105: 366-405. 2000 The ecological tyranny of the bottom line: The environmental and social consequences of economic reductionism. Pp. 135-153 in Reclaiming the Environmental Debate: The Politics of Health in a Toxic Culture, R. Hofrichter, ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Freeman, A.M., III 1993 The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future. Hays, S.P. 1987 Beauty, Health and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955- 1985. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. Janicke, M., and H. Weidner 1996 National Environmental Policies: A Comparative Study of Capacity Building. New York: Springer Verlag. Jones, R.E., and R.E. Dunlap 1992 The social bases of environmental concern: Have they changed over time? Rural Soci ology 57:28-47. Kanagy, C.L., C.R. Humphrey, and G. Firebaugh 1994 Surging environmentalism: Changing public opinion or changing publics? Social Sci- ence Quarterly 75:804-819.
THOMAS DIETZ AND PAUL C. STERN 15 Kaufmann-Hayoz, R., C. Battig, S. Bruppacher, R. Difila, A. DiGiulio, U. Friederich, M. Garberly, H. Gutscher, C. Jaggi, M. Jegen, A. Muller, and N. North 2001 A typology of tools for building sustainable strategies. Pp. 33- 107 in Changing Things— Moving People: Strategies for Promoting Sustainable Development at the Local Level, R. Kaufman-Hayoz and H. Gutscher, eds. Basel, Switz.: Birkhauser. Kneese, A.V., and B.T. Bower 1968 Managing Water Quality: Economics, Technology and Institutions. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Krech, S., III 1999 The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. New York: W.W. Norton. Mol. A.P., and D.A. Sonnenfeld 2000 Ecological Modernisation Around the World. London: Frank Cass Publishers. National Academy of Public Administration 1995 Setting Priorities, Getting Results: A New Direction for EPA. Washington, DC: Na- tional Academy of Public Administration. National Research Council 1997 Environmentally Significant Consumption: Research Directions. Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change. P.C. Stern, T. Dietz, V.W. Ruttan, R. Socolow, and J. Sweeney, eds., Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 2002 The Drama of the Commons. Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change. E. Ostrom, T. Dietz, N. Dolsak, P.C. Stern, S. Stonich, and E.U. Weber, eds., Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council. Wash- ington, DC: National Academy Press. Ostrom, E. 1990 Governing The Commons. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. Rosa, E.A., R. York, and T. Dietz 2001 Modernization and the Environment: Modeling the Impacts of Economic Development. Pullman, WA: Department of Sociology, University of Washington. Rose, C. 2002 Common property, regulatory property and environmental protection: Comparing com- mon pool resources to tradable environmental allowances. Pp. 233-257 in National Research Council, The Drama of the Commons, Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change, E. Ostrom, T. Dietz, N. Dolsak, P.C. Stern, S. Stonich, and E.U. Weber, eds., Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Re- search Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Socolow, R., C. Andrews, F. Berkhout, and V. Thomas 1994 Industrial Ecology and Global Change. New York: Cambridge University Press. tenBrink, P. 2002 Voluntary Environmental Agreements: Process, Practice, and Future Use. Sheffield, Eng.: Greenleaf Publishing. Tietenberg, T. 1985 Emissions Trading: An Exercise in Reforming Pollution Policy. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future. 2002 The tradable permits approach to protecting the commons: What have we learned? Pp. 197-232 in National Research Council, The Drama of the Commons, Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change, E. Ostrom, T. Dietz, N. Dolsak, P.C. Stern, S. Stonich, and E.U. Weber, eds., Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Educa- tion, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
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HomeArtsAlbum Review: "Gone Now" by Bleachers
Album Review: "Gone Now" by Bleachers
February 2, 2018 The State Times Arts 0
Photo Credit: bleachersmusic.com
Hanna Da'Mes, Staff Writer |
On June 2, 2017, Jack Antonoff, under his performance artist name, Bleachers, released the album "Gone Now." Antonoff, lead guitarist of the band Fun. and producer for many pop artists including Lorde, Grimes, Sia, St. Vincent, started up Bleachers as a "side project." However, it's turning out to be not so much of a side project after all.
Antonoff's two albums have garnered attention from those who are interested in a sound that somehow manages to be both new and reminiscent of the oldies. The indie/alternative pop music is influenced in part by music from the 60s to the 90s, including Fleetwood Mac, Weezer, and even the themes of John Hughes films. However, the synthetic impression, saxophone solos, and various recordings give the album a unique sound that reveals Antonoff's true artistic vision.
The song "Don't Take the Money" introduced the album as the first single released on March 31, 2017. Its upbeat rhythm is juxtaposed with the bittersweet, slightly cynical view on relationships presented in the lyrics.
The second single, "Everybody Lost Somebody" is largely inspired by the death of Antonoff's sister when he was 18. In an interview with Rolling Stone, Antonoff revealed that the song was inspired by the events of 9/11 (the title of the song is a common phrase coined after the attacks), and the added trauma that his sister's death brought him. The overwhelming sense of anguish and mortality is subtle, but not diminished in the single. Some might view the music as too buoyant for the theme of death to hold any true emotion, however, one can argue that the lyrics provide a stark contrast to the tone of the instrumentals, which is effective in creating an insightful message about the contradictory nature of loss and grief.
"Gone Now" has a few references to Bleachers' last album, "Strange Desire." "Like a River Runs," which was also inspired by the death of Antonoff's sister, has connections to "Everybody Lost Somebody." The song is largely about a recurring dream that Jack has had about his sister, which he talks about in the 15 minute recording of "Dreams Aren't Random." He sings, "I saw you standing on the corner," indicative of him feeling like his sister is still alive, only to wake up and remember that she is gone.
In "Everybody Lost Somebody," he sings, "The pain of waiting alone at the corner," which signifies his acceptance of her loss despite the grief that will never subside. The two songs, although concerning the same subject, are about very different points in both Jack Antonoff's life and grief in general. The universal experiences that the album presents are some of the many aspects that make the music so enticing.
The theme of grief is carried throughout the whole album, supplemented with motifs of certain imagery and diction. The incorporation of similar lyrics and imagery in his songs appeals to the very humanistic affinity for familiarity. There is even an instance of direct parallelism, in which the song "Goodmorning" is basically repeated, except the word "Goodbye" takes its place. Critics have described this as tacky and unnecessary, but for many, it creates a sense of cyclical nostalgia that most albums do not possess.
"Gone Now" is a great example of how an album can be listened to and interpreted in different ways, allowing for a wider range of atmospheres to be set, which is perhaps what makes it so appealing. It feels timeless, familiar, nostalgic; it is fun and heartbreaking, a perspective on the heightened sensations felt in life.
Team LeBron vs. Team Steph


It's not much of a secret when I confess that I make typos. Usually, they are of the stupid sort, wrong words in the wrong place, they're/their/there types - the really silly ones. Don't get me wrong, quite often I will completely arse up a word and not notice.
Don't be surprised, you know I'm evil.
However, my blog is read by a core of regular readers, and then whoever wanders in over the course of the day. On average, I get about 100-150 hits a day, plus the extras that are reading via feeds here and there. No more than 200 a day I would think. That's fine be me. While I would love fame, fortune and infamy stuff, I am quite happy that at least one person reason.
But you know, that's just me... ESPECIALLY if it was a news story that is in the headlines Every. Single. Day. You would think the writer would have noticed such an error. Well, obviously not.
I do believe I may have been on the recieving end of typo piss taking before!


In many communities, inventory is still down, and prices continue to rise. One perfect example of this is in one of Boston's most expensive neighborhoods. Not only is inventory down 10%, but 98% of Weston Homes for Sale are priced over $1Million. Granted Weston is one of Boston's most luxurious suburbs, so it's expected that prices would be higher than many other neighborhoods, but there is only 1 house in Weston under a million out of 60 houses currently on the market. Is this healthy for the Weston housing market, or is it just making it more difficult for new families to move to one of Boston's most desirable suburbs? If you're a seller, it's great thing, but if you are looking to buy in Weston, get ready to pay over a million, and even at that price, you still need to do some renovations.
So what's a buyer to do? Fortunately over the last couple weeks more inventory has been coming on the market in Weston, but all of those homes have been over $1million. If you're set on finding a home in Weston under $1million, you'll just have to be patient and be ready to jump on anything that comes on the market in your price range. Another option would be to expand your search in to border towns like Wayland, Newton, or Wellesely where there is more inventory under a million. All three towns have phenomenal school systems, amenities, and are similar commuting distance to Boston. In housing markets like the current environment, if buyers want something more affordable, the majority of the time it requires they go a few miles farther from Boston, and that may be what buyers need to do if they can't afford Weston.


I loved it to pieces, but as soon as I started, I found it to be harder than I thought it would be, so although I was very inspired by the wonderful dress, I found this hard. So I have changed most everything on the card and made a much simpler version.
I used a stamp that I made from the Tim Holtz tree die, and I stamped it on the edge several times to get the Christmas tree. I added jewels to the tree in two colors. My attempt to make the wonderful dress came out pretty good, but I only managed to get two layers. Laine, yours is just gorgeous and I am very impressed. I first stamped the dress, then cut out and brayered two layers of the bottom and popped them up. It turned out better than I expected and took more days than I expected too.
Kudos to you, Laine, for a great card. I am honored to attempt one like it.
This is beautiful Carol. A stunning festive creation. Thank you so much for your kind words and for casing my card! My head is still spinning with this lovely honor!
Lovely card. Your dress came out really well.
And a good lesson to me. I might look at the dress, and think wedding. It totally works as a Christmas dress! I have to push past initial thoughts at times.
I love this warm, vintage and festive feel you've created with your Christmas dress Carol. Simply lovely.
This is so adorable Carol. I love how you sponged/stamped the pine on the side of the card The dress is wonderful.
Congratulations! In the General Stamping forum, you're in the FAVORITES for the week ending December 13, 2015. See post #9.


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One Way Flights from Australia to South Korea (AU to KR)
Discover alternate routes & cheap one way flights from Australia to South Korea (AU to KR) within a departure date range.
Perth (PER) → Jeju City (CJU)
Thu Jan 26th 2023 Scoot · TR 17 Depart at 9:15 pm from Perth (PER) Fly for 5h 5m Arrive at 2:20 am in Singapore (SIN)
Layover in Singapore for 2h 50m
Fri Jan 27th 2023 Scoot · TR 812 Depart at 5:10 am from Singapore (SIN) Fly for 6h 15m Arrive at 12:25 pm in Jeju City (CJU)
Perth (PER) → Seoul (ICN)
Thu Jan 26th 2023 Scoot · TR 9 Depart at 5:55 pm from Perth (PER) Fly for 5h 15m Arrive at 11:10 pm in Singapore (SIN)
Fri Jan 27th 2023 Scoot · TR 842 Depart at 3:00 am from Singapore (SIN) Fly for 6h 25m Arrive at 10:25 am in Seoul (ICN)
Sat Jan 21st 2023 Scoot · TR 17 Depart at 9:15 pm from Perth (PER) Fly for 5h 5m Arrive at 2:20 am in Singapore (SIN)
Layover in Singapore for 5h 5m
Sun Jan 22nd 2023 Scoot · TR 304 Depart at 7:25 am from Singapore (SIN) Fly for 2h 5m Arrive at 8:30 am in Ho Chi Minh City (SGN)
Layover in Ho Chi Minh City for 3h 45m
Sun Jan 22nd 2023 VietJet Air · VJ 860 Depart at 12:15 pm from Ho Chi Minh City (SGN) Fly for 5h 20m Arrive at 7:35 pm in Seoul (ICN)
Sun Jan 22nd
Perth (PER) → Busan (PUS)
Sun Jan 22nd 2023 AirAsia X · D7 237 Depart at 9:10 am from Perth (PER) Fly for 5h 45m Arrive at 2:55 pm in Kuala Lumpur (KUL)
Layover in Kuala Lumpur for 3h 45m
Sun Jan 22nd 2023 AirAsia · AK 524 Depart at 6:40 pm from Kuala Lumpur (KUL) Fly for 2h 5m Arrive at 7:45 pm in Ho Chi Minh City (SGN)
Mon Jan 23rd 2023 VietJet Air · VJ 868 Depart at 12:35 am from Ho Chi Minh City (SGN) Fly for 5h 10m Arrive at 7:45 am in Busan (PUS)
Layover in Kuala Lumpur for 8h 5m
Sun Jan 22nd 2023 AirAsia X · D7 504 Depart at 11:00 pm from Kuala Lumpur (KUL) Fly for 6h 30m Arrive at 6:30 am in Seoul (ICN)
Tue Jan 24th 2023 AirAsia X · D7 237 Depart at 9:10 am from Perth (PER) Fly for 5h 45m Arrive at 2:55 pm in Kuala Lumpur (KUL)
Tue Jan 24th 2023 AirAsia X · D7 504 Depart at 11:00 pm from Kuala Lumpur (KUL) Fly for 6h 30m Arrive at 6:30 am in Seoul (ICN)
Sydney (SYD) → Seoul (ICN)
Sun Jan 22nd 2023 Jetstar Airways · JQ 47 Depart at 12:00 pm from Sydney (SYD) Fly for 10h 15m Arrive at 8:15 pm in Seoul (ICN)
Melbourne (MEL) → Busan (PUS)
Sat Jan 21st 2023 Jetstar Airways · JQ 63 Depart at 4:40 pm from Melbourne (MEL) Fly for 8h 25m Arrive at 9:05 pm in Ho Chi Minh City (SGN)
Sun Jan 22nd 2023 VietJet Air · VJ 868 Depart at 12:35 am from Ho Chi Minh City (SGN) Fly for 5h 10m Arrive at 7:45 am in Busan (PUS)
Fri Jan 27th 2023 Tway Airlines · TW 172 Depart at 2:30 am from Singapore (SIN) Fly for 6h 30m Arrive at 10:00 am in Seoul (ICN)
Melbourne (MEL) → Seoul (ICN)
Sun Jan 22nd 2023 VietJet Air · VJ 862 Depart at 2:40 am from Ho Chi Minh City (SGN) Fly for 5h 10m Arrive at 9:50 am in Seoul (ICN)
Sun Jan 22nd 2023 Scoot · TR 812 Depart at 5:10 am from Singapore (SIN) Fly for 6h 15m Arrive at 12:25 pm in Jeju City (CJU)
Tue Jan 24th 2023 Scoot · TR 17 Depart at 9:15 pm from Perth (PER) Fly for 5h 5m Arrive at 2:20 am in Singapore (SIN)
Wed Jan 25th 2023 Scoot · TR 812 Depart at 5:10 am from Singapore (SIN) Fly for 6h 15m Arrive at 12:25 pm in Jeju City (CJU)
Sydney (SYD) → Busan (PUS)
Sun Jan 22nd 2023 Jetstar Airways · JQ 61 Depart at 4:30 pm from Sydney (SYD) Fly for 8h 35m Arrive at 9:05 pm in Ho Chi Minh City (SGN)
Sat Jan 21st 2023 Scoot · TR 9 Depart at 5:55 pm from Perth (PER) Fly for 5h 15m Arrive at 11:10 pm in Singapore (SIN)
Sun Jan 22nd 2023 Scoot · TR 842 Depart at 3:00 am from Singapore (SIN) Fly for 6h 25m Arrive at 10:25 am in Seoul (ICN)
Fri Jan 20th 2023 Jetstar Airways · JQ 47 Depart at 12:00 pm from Sydney (SYD) Fly for 10h 15m Arrive at 8:15 pm in Seoul (ICN)
Thu Jan 26th 2023 Tway Airlines · TW 502 Depart at 12:45 pm from Sydney (SYD) Fly for 10h 50m Arrive at 9:35 pm in Seoul (ICN)
Sun Jan 22nd 2023 Tway Airlines · TW 502 Depart at 12:45 pm from Sydney (SYD) Fly for 10h 50m Arrive at 9:35 pm in Seoul (ICN)
Sat Jan 21st 2023 Tway Airlines · TW 502 Depart at 12:15 pm from Sydney (SYD) Fly for 10h 50m Arrive at 9:05 pm in Seoul (ICN)
Tue Jan 17th 2023 AirAsia · AK 524 Depart at 6:40 pm from Kuala Lumpur (KUL) Fly for 2h 5m Arrive at 7:45 pm in Ho Chi Minh City (SGN)
Tue Jan 17th 2023 VietJet Air · VJ 864 Depart at 10:15 pm from Ho Chi Minh City (SGN) Fly for 5h 10m Arrive at 5:25 am in Seoul (ICN)
Sun Jan 22nd 2023 Malindo Air · OD 152 Depart at 1:45 pm from Perth (PER) Fly for 5h 40m Arrive at 7:25 pm in Kuala Lumpur (KUL)
Sun Jan 22nd 2023 Tway Airlines · TW 122 Depart at 1:30 am from Ho Chi Minh City (SGN) Fly for 4h 55m Arrive at 8:25 am in Seoul (ICN)
Thu Jan 19th 2023 Jetstar Airways · JQ 61 Depart at 4:30 pm from Sydney (SYD) Fly for 8h 35m Arrive at 9:05 pm in Ho Chi Minh City (SGN)
Fri Jan 20th 2023 VietJet Air · VJ 862 Depart at 2:40 am from Ho Chi Minh City (SGN) Fly for 5h 10m Arrive at 9:50 am in Seoul (ICN)
Wed Jan 18th 2023 Jetstar Airways · JQ 47 Depart at 12:00 pm from Sydney (SYD) Fly for 10h 15m Arrive at 8:15 pm in Seoul (ICN)
Sun Jan 22nd 2023 Tway Airlines · TW 172 Depart at 2:30 am from Singapore (SIN) Fly for 6h 30m Arrive at 10:00 am in Seoul (ICN)
Sun Jan 22nd 2023 Scoot · TR 17 Depart at 9:15 pm from Perth (PER) Fly for 5h 5m Arrive at 2:20 am in Singapore (SIN)
Mon Jan 23rd 2023 Scoot · TR 812 Depart at 5:10 am from Singapore (SIN) Fly for 6h 15m Arrive at 12:25 pm in Jeju City (CJU)
Thu Jan 26th 2023 Malindo Air · OD 152 Depart at 1:45 pm from Perth (PER) Fly for 5h 40m Arrive at 7:25 pm in Kuala Lumpur (KUL)
Thu Jan 26th 2023 AirAsia X · D7 504 Depart at 11:00 pm from Kuala Lumpur (KUL) Fly for 6h 30m Arrive at 6:30 am in Seoul (ICN)
Tue Jan 17th 2023 Jetstar Airways · JQ 61 Depart at 4:30 pm from Sydney (SYD) Fly for 8h 35m Arrive at 9:05 pm in Ho Chi Minh City (SGN)
Wed Jan 18th 2023 VietJet Air · VJ 868 Depart at 12:35 am from Ho Chi Minh City (SGN) Fly for 5h 10m Arrive at 7:45 am in Busan (PUS)
Fri Jan 20th 2023 Scoot · TR 17 Depart at 9:15 pm from Perth (PER) Fly for 5h 5m Arrive at 2:20 am in Singapore (SIN)
Sat Jan 21st 2023 Scoot · TR 842 Depart at 3:55 am from Singapore (SIN) Fly for 6h 30m Arrive at 11:25 am in Seoul (ICN)
Tue Jan 24th 2023 Tway Airlines · TW 502 Depart at 12:45 pm from Sydney (SYD) Fly for 10h 50m Arrive at 9:35 pm in Seoul (ICN)
Gold Coast (OOL) → Seoul (ICN)
Wed Jan 25th 2023 Jetstar Airways · JQ 401 Depart at 6:05 am from Gold Coast (OOL) Fly for 1h 30m Arrive at 8:35 am in Sydney (SYD)
Layover in Sydney for 3h 25m
Tips to help you find the cheapest flights from Australia to South Korea (AU to KR).
❝As someone who works remotely & travels frequently, I always book one way flights and I'm flexible on my departure dates. I look for the best deals. Most sites require you to enter a specific departure date and clutter the page with uneccessary options, images and ads. I want something simple and minimal which allows me to search by departure date range & display a list of flights with the ability to filter according to my needs. So, I built FlightList to solve my own problem & help other travelers who may have the same frustration. It's how I imagine a flight booking site should be.❞


How can you guys wear bp ALL DAY!?
I used the CSR for about 1-2 months last year before I went on accutane, it was around this time that I was using the Clear skin regimen with Dan's bp.
So I am getting a small reaccurance of acne. Anyway I said I may as well try the CSR again, I have some BP left over from early 2006. So I used that, anyway I just forgot how bad it feels having the BP + moisturizer on your face. I am not allergic to BP and it doesn't really burn at all.
So I'm wondering how can you stand having that stuff on your face ALL day? I mean for guys, it must be a mission. I am 15 and I tried it for the first week last week and although it is good, the smell, the feel of it and that makes me want to just wash it all off immediatly. I wonder if people can even smell the BP, and it feels so weird. I don't remember how I got through the first month before...I had alot of motivation back then I guess.
For the guys who use CSR, how do you handle being out in public and around girls and stuff with this on your face and the way it feels, don't you ever think that others might notice the smell and way it makes your skin look?
Dan's CSR is the best, no doubt there, but I am on a rant and can't figure this out.
2. I put a finger length of the BP on each cheek morning and night. It's not noticeable except for very little redness. If it was noticeable i wouldn't do it.
3. Must just be you.
Once everything has dried COMPLETELY, maybe 20 minutes after I apply moisturizer, it definitely doesn't feel like I have anything on my skin. I notice it when things are still absorbing and when the BP has made my face dry and tight, but when I'm done with it all, I don't feel anything on my skin, I don't smell anything, and I don't see anything, nobody would ever know I had just applied several layers of products. Also, Dan's gel is totally scentless. I think if you are smelling something then you must be using a heavily fragranced wash or moisturizer.
I dont notice it once it dries & I dont smell BP very much at all. I wear makeup though & that is what I feel on my face. Plus my skin is oily & I always feel that too & am just used to it.
I don't really notice anything as dramatic as you describe - but my face does always look a little bit different. It's kind of white and pasty where I missed with the moisturizer. And it doesn't feel very good having layers of crap on your face either. I am a little afraid that people can notice. Sorry I don't have any advice except "kind-of-strange-face" is better than "zit-face".
Interests: Without a daily supply of proteins, vitamins, and minerals, no matter how much energy we get in the form of calories, our bodies and minds deteriorate because we are not able to fully replace the dying cells in our internal and external organs.
hey y'all, thanks for replies.
I still have BP from early January/February of 2006, it expires this year sometime but it might be that the smell is because its old. I fear trying the new bp though because of the new preservatives I keep hearing about.
I also don't use fragrances washes/cleansers or anything. It is definatly the BP I am smelling. I mean, I don't smell it when its on my forehead obviously, but when I put it around problem area's such as chin/jaw/mouth I can smell it. I don't use scented moisturizer.
NOTE: BP BURNS WHEN YOU GO OUTSIDE WHEN IT HASN"T DRIED WITH MASSIVE WIND CHILL PLUS -10-20 degrees.
Yes, white and pasty. I get that as well...also something which I don't like. BTW That advice is true plagueface.
Hey Helpalife, man sorry to hear that. Yeah BP is a bich, it bleaches every-fricken-thing. I've ruined countless shirts AND jackets because of it. I'm not a biologist or anything, but I'm pretty sure BP won't bleach your skin no matter what color it is. It's just that pale/white look your getting that everyone gets from it. It happens, and it goes away as soon as you wash it off, so that proves it can't be really "bleaching" your skin persay, because bleaching is permanent in like 100% of all cases. I'm guessing it didn't work for you because you didn't follow the regimen correctly or have severe acne.
...I'm fairly sure nothing can "bleach" skin cells, well at least to a noticable extent. I dunno, it's a very debatable topic imo since no one here is a biologist and can thus make correct statements. I really have no idea if it bleaches skin color or not, but in my opinion including my intelligence level, it doesn't.
So yeah, Im going to my derm this week sometime. So I'll see what she gives me or what happens. If she just gives me BP, I'll order some of Dan's BP and stick with the regimen.
Thanks again for replies, appreciate it.
Uhh..well Im a girl and I always am wearing makeup anyway so I guess Im just used to having something on my face.
The BP goes into your skin so its not like something sitting on your face anyways..if I dont wear makeup the lotion looks sorta greasy so I can understand that being annoying, but you can always blot the excess with a tissue.
It works for me, as long as I use moisturizer and dose it up.


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Home / How We Help
By Courtney Ruppert
May 20, 2016 / By Courtney Ruppert
We came to know Brayden through his uncle and former SOS trainer, Kirk McElroy.
Brayden was 5 years old In January of 2014 when he was diagnosed with a malignant tumor in his kidneys. As any loving uncle would, Kirk came to us to brainstorm ideas and to ultimately collaborate on an event to show Brayden and his family the system of support and strength around them and to help ease the burden of the situation.
Enter Keep Moving.
Our first Outdoor Class for a Cause was born that year with all profits dedicated and donated to Brayden and his family. Just shy of 100 people from our community banded together for a two hour workout, and to donate to this amazing and beautiful boy.
We raised $3,750 that day.
Fast forward to today, and Brayden is a healthy 8 year old who loves basketball, baseball, the Cavs, and spending time with his friends. He has been cancer-free for over two years and this coming August marks two years off-treatment.
Brayden is and always will be an SOS warrior. Keep Moving Brayden!!!
Chase Life
We first met the Gage family in 2013 when their mom, Laura started working out with us at our very first studio on Delashmut Ave. It wasn't long after that Laura introduced her two beautiful and dynamic, rock star kids, Selby and Chase, both to the studio and to our hearts. On special occasions we would be treated with the presence of their dad Quint, whom they would drag along (only by promise of a post torture Egg McMuffin treat.) The Gage family quickly became one of our favorites. They all carried such a vibrant energy and gratitude with them. They had smiles that lit you up and an awareness and presence of each moment. They made us stronger just by being themselves and allowing us to share in their day.
On May 14th, 2015 we learned that Chase had suddenly passed away at just 19 years old. We couldn't comprehend the pain. We could not understand how such a brilliant and enthusiastic soul was lifted so quickly from us. All we could do was figure out a way to wrap this beautiful family as tightly as we could with a system of strength, in hopes that they knew we were with them as they tried to move forward one step at a time.
Chase was an unbelievable runner and a member of the Wittenberg Cross Country team. In June of 2015, a 5 mile race was coordinated by Chase's friends in his honor. In addition to providing volunteers for the event, Keep Moving was able to step in and produce graphic tees that were sold online via pre-sale before the event, as well as day of the event. 100% of all profits were donated directly to Chase's scholarship fund set up on behalf of him at Wittenberg.
The Chase Life t-shirt struck a cord with everyone in the SOS community and they continue to be a best seller, due in large part to the profound message, encouraging people to "Chase Life". Any revenue from the Chase Life brand will continue to be donated to the Chase Gage Scholarship fund as well as Keep Moving.
Chase Life is a cause is very near and dear to our hearts, and we will continue to support the Gage family and Chase Life in any way that we can.
In the words of Selby's finance, Oliver Rouch, "We will remember Chase for being the sunlight on our cloudy days and our music in a quiet space. No one will ever replace you Chase, but we owe it to the world to be a whole lot like you. To chase our passions, to chase our joy, quite simply, to chase life".
Libby Strong
Born and raised in Upper Arlington, Erin was one of SOS's early rockstar members. A friend and classmate of SOS co-owner, Gretchen Dusseau, Erin joined us back in 2013 when SOS was still in the glorified storage unit on Delashmut Ave. We could always count on Erin for giving it 110% during each and every class.
In September of 2015, Erin's youngest daughter Libby, merely a year and a half old, was diagnosed with brain cancer, and that's when her fight began.
KM put together a few options for SOS members and non-members to help raise money for Libby's medical bills. There was a straight donation option, as well as a libbystrong class pass that people could purchase.
Thanks to the huge hearts and tremendous generosity of the SOS community we raised $4,000 on behalf of Libby.
Currently, Libby is at St. Jude and is starting cycle 5 of chemo as we speak. We all carry Libby, Erin and their entire family in our hearts every single day as she fights her little beautiful warrior heart out against this disease.
Fight Libby, fight!


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Sales Toll Free
History Free Essay
Home > Free Essays > History > Columbian Exchange
"Columbian exchange" is a term introduced by an American historian Alfred W. Crosby, in 1972. The term implies a process of extensive interchange of cultural and environmental commodities, and communicable diseases, which occurred between the Old World, including the entire Eastern Hemisphere, not just Europe alone, and the New World, represented by the continents of South and North America. This started in XV century and involved transmission of extrinsic flora, fauna, and diseases from the Afro-Eurasian Hemisphere to the American continent, and vice versa. It had a crucial impact on the transformations, which took place in both biological and ecological spheres of life in the Hemispheres.
Columbian Exchange began after the famous explorer and navigator Christopher Columbus and his crew aboard ships Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria arrived in the Caribbean and eventually washed ashore in the Bahamas, in 1942. The event initiated European conquest of the New World, starting with the Spanish establishment of colonies, and marked the beginning of the Grand Exchange.
In spite of the divergent evolutionary histories of the Afro-Eurasian and the American continents, the Columbian Exchange came into totally opposite effects for the populations. It sufficiently benefited the European nations, simultaneously resulting in a complete disaster for indigenous peoples of the Americas. Subsequently, numerous Native American nations collapsed while European colonies thrived, developed and flourished.
The explorers of America discovered not only new lands, but also vital crops like potatoes, tomatoes, and maize, which were previously unknown, but became truly essential in Eurasia by the XVIII century. Potatoes originally were not grown outside of South America. However, in the course of history, most European countries became dependent on this vegetable, to the point that, for instance, in Ireland, a diseased potato crop brought on a desolating famine. Furthermore, new staple crops introduced via Spanish colonizers resulted in a dynamic population growth, in Asia, and a discovery of quinine resulted in finding the first effective treatment for malaria, which eventually devolved into the slave trade.
Meanwhile, the European explorers brought to Americas a variety of domesticated animals, which was much larger in the Old World, than it was in the New. The introduction of horses changed the lives of many Native American tribes on the Great Plains and allowed them to adjust to a nomadic lifestyle.
Along with people, plants and animals, numerous infectious diseases, from which the populations of Asia, Europe, and Africa deliberately suffered, migrated west, after 1492. Whereas Europeans and Asians throughout centuries of history acquired immunity to many diseases, the Native American populations did not have such natural immunity. New infections, which were brought from Europe, Asia and Africa, had the most devastating impact on these peoples. Contemporary historian scientists argue that the diseases, which were introduced after the arrival of first European explorers, eradicated about 90% of the indigenous population of the American continents, thus ravaging entire cultures and societies of the native citizens. Those who managed to survive were often simply unable to challenge European colonists.
The story of the Columbian Exchange is most starkly illustrated by the eloquent demographic statistics. Before 1492, the population of Europe population was about 60 million people. It is believed that the population of the New World at the intervening time has reached between 40 and 100 million population. Historians also believe that just before the arrival of Spanish colonists, the city of Tenochtitlan, which was the Aztec capital, was more inhabited, clean, and beautiful than contemporary Paris.
After three centuries of the Columbian Exchange, the population of Europe has grown to 150 million, whereas that of South and North America lessened to only 25 million, the majority of which was represented by European colonists' descendants and African slaves.
The reason as to why European imperialism in the "New World" was so successful was first and foremost underwritten by the ecological and environmental factors. The impact, which Columbian Exchange has had on contemporary life, is hard to undervalue. It explains the collapse on Indian nations, the essence of the slave trade, and the reasons for which European nations suddenly became so wealthy and dominant on the international arena starting from the XV century. It is the outcome of Columbian Exchange that oranges are nowadays so common in Florida, bananas – in Ecuador, potatoes – in Ireland. Italy owes the Columbian Exchange its traditional pasta marinara as well as Colombia owes its coffee or Switzerland – its famous chocolate. However, it is also a result of the Grand Exchange that such prominent nation as the Aztecs has entirely disappeared from the globe.
Goals of Native Americans
The Life of John Rolfe
Neoclassicism and Romanticism
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Hydraulics Kayanza
Gatara commune faces dire shortage of drinking water
KAYANZA August 3rd (ABP) – The inhabitants of Gatara commune in Kayanza province (northern Burundi) are currently facing an apparent lack of drinking water. The channel that supplied that commune with drinking water from the Kibira natural forest no longer works and has been so for more than a year, a check on the site by ABP has revealed.
The communal administration and the officer in charge of the communal water supply authority in Gatara say they are aware of the situation; the check by ABP got informed from the inhabitants of the headquarters of that commune.
Some residents of the headquarters of Gatara commune who were contacted say they had water in the taps during the last rainy season, but this glimmer of hope did not last long. They indicate that since then, the water has completely dried up in the taps. The same residents contacted let it be known that it is difficult for them today to find water for cooking or hygiene because they have to travel long distances to reach a source of water. They are calling for rapid intervention to remedy that problem.
According to the officer in charge of the communal water supply authority in Gatara, Mr. Stany Niyongabo, the problem dates back to 2020 when pouring rain destroyed the pipes that supplied water to the said commune from the Kibira. He goes on to say that the crux of the problem is the obsolescence of the galvanized pipes forming the hydraulic network that supplies the Gatara commune. He is therefore asking the government to take the issue in hand because, he adds, efforts to repair that channel have been unsuccessful. According to him, a rehabilitation of the whole channel is necessary, which the communal water supply authority is not able to do.
Contacted in that connection, the adviser to the communal administrator of Gatara in charge of political, social, administrative and legal affairs, Mr. Donatien Ndikubwimana, said that the problem was a concern of the administration. He calls for the intervention of hierarchical superiors and other partners for a lasting resolution of the problem.
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