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Home / Concepts / Transforming Growth Factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta
More general concepts than this:
Cytokine Growth Factors
Chapter [74] http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/Chapter
Article [14] http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/Article
MicrobiologySpectrumArticle [12] http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/MicrobiologySpectrumArticle
Backmatter [5] http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/Backmatter
2016 [12] http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/yearOfPublication 2016
2012 [1] http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/yearOfPublication 2012
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Interplay between Myeloid Cells and Humoral Innate Immunity
Authors: Sébastien Jaillon, Eduardo Bonavita*, Cecilia Garlanda, Alberto Mantovani
Citation: Jaillon S, Bonavita* E, Garlanda C, Mantovani A. 2016. Interplay between myeloid cells and humoral innate immunity. 4(6): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0051-2016
DOI 10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0051-2016
The innate immune system represents the first line of defense against pathogens and comprises both a cellular and a humoral arm. Fluid-phase pattern recognition molecules (PRMs), which include collectins, ficolins, and pentraxins, are key components of the humoral arm of innate immunity and are expressed by a variety of cells, including myeloid, epithelial, and endothelial cells, mainly in response to infectious and inflammatory conditions. Soluble PRMs share basic multifunctional properties including activation and regulation of the complement cascade, opsonization of pathogens and apoptotic cells, regulation of leukocyte extravasation, and fine-tuning of inflammation. Therefore, soluble PRMs are part of the immune response and retain antibody-like effector functions. Here, we will review the expression and general function of soluble PRMs, focusing our attention on the long pentraxin PTX3.
Dendritic Cells in the Immune System—History, Lineages, Tissues, Tolerance, and Immunity
Author: Jonathan M. Austyn
Citation: Austyn J. 2016. Dendritic cells in the immune system—history, lineages, tissues, tolerance, and immunity. 4(6): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0046-2016
The aim of this review is to provide a coherent framework for understanding dendritic cells (DCs). It has seven sections. The introduction provides an overview of the immune system and essential concepts, particularly for the nonspecialist reader. Next, the "History" section outlines the early evolution of ideas about DCs and highlights some sources of confusion that still exist today. The "Lineages" section then focuses on five different populations of DCs: two subsets of "classical" DCs, plasmacytoid DCs, monocyte-derived DCs, and Langerhans cells. It highlights some cellular and molecular specializations of each, and also notes other DC subsets that have been proposed. The following "Tissues" section discusses the distribution and behavior of different DC subsets within nonlymphoid and secondary lymphoid tissues that are connected by DC migration pathways between them. In the "Tolerance" section, the role of DCs in central and peripheral tolerance is considered, including their ability to drive the differentiation of different populations of regulatory T cells. In contrast, the "Immunity" section considers the roles of DCs in sensing of infection and tissue damage, the initiation of primary responses, the T-cell effector phase, and the induction of immunological memory. The concluding section provides some speculative ideas about the evolution of DCs. It also revisits earlier concepts of generation of diversity and clonal selection in terms of DCs driving the evolution of T-cell responses. Throughout, this review highlights certain areas of uncertainty and suggests some avenues for future investigation.
Myeloid Cell Turnover and Clearance
Authors: William J. Janssen, Donna L. Bratton, Claudia V. Jakubzick, Peter M. Henson
Citation: Janssen W, Bratton D, Jakubzick C, Henson P. 2016. Myeloid cell turnover and clearance. 4(6): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0005-2015
Given the dual and intrinsically contradictory roles of myeloid cells in both protective and yet also damaging effects of inflammatory and immunological processes, we suggest that it is important to consider the mechanisms and circumstances by which these cells are removed, either in the normal unchallenged state or during inflammation or disease. In this essay we address these subjects from a conceptual perspective, focusing as examples on four main myeloid cell types (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and myeloid dendritic cells) and their clearance from the circulation or from naive and inflamed tissues. While the primary clearance process appears to involve endocytic uptake into macrophages, various tissue cell types can also recognize and remove dying cells, though their overall quantitative contribution is unclear. In fact, surprisingly, given the wealth of study in this area over the last 30 years, our conclusion is that we are still challenged with a substantial lack of mechanistic and regulatory understanding of when, how, and by what mechanisms migratory myeloid cells come to die and are recognized as needing to be removed, and indeed the precise processes of uptake of either the intact or fragmented cells. This reflects the extreme complexity and inherent redundancy of the clearance processes and argues for substantial investigative effort in this arena. In addition, it leads us to a sense that approaches to significant therapeutic modulation of selective myeloid clearance are still a long way off.
Complement Receptors in Myeloid Cell Adhesion and Phagocytosis
Author: Michael L. Dustin
Citation: Dustin M. 2016. Complement receptors in myeloid cell adhesion and phagocytosis. 4(6): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0034-2016
Myeloid cells make extensive use of the complement system in the context of recruitment, phagocytosis, and other effector functions. There are several types of complement receptors on myeloid cells, including G protein-coupled receptors for localizing the source of complement activation, and three sets of type I transmembrane proteins that link complement to phagocytosis: complement receptor 1, having an extracellular domain with tandem complement regulatory repeats; complement receptors 3 and 4, which are integrin family receptors comprising heterodimers of type I transmembrane subunits; and VSIG4, a member of the Ig superfamily. This review will focus on the role of the different classes of complement receptors and how their activities are integrated in the setting of immune tolerance and inflammatory responses.
The Role of Host Genetics (and Genomics) in Tuberculosis
Author: Vivek Naranbhai
Citation: Naranbhai V. 2016. The role of host genetics (and genomics) in tuberculosis. 4(5): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0011-2016
DOI 10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0011-2016
Familial risk of tuberculosis (TB) has been recognized for centuries. Largely through studies of mono- and dizygotic twin concordance rates, studies of families with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease, and candidate gene studies performed in the 20th century, it was recognized that susceptibility to TB disease has a substantial host genetic component. Limitations in candidate gene studies and early linkage studies made the robust identification of specific loci associated with disease challenging, and few loci have been convincingly associated across multiple populations. Genome-wide and transcriptome-wide association studies, based on microarray (commonly known as genechip) technologies, conducted in the past decade have helped shed some light on pathogenesis but only a handful of new pathways have been identified. This apparent paradox, of high heritability but few replicable associations, has spurred a new wave of collaborative global studies. This review aims to comprehensively review the heritability of TB, critically review the host genetic and transcriptomic correlates of disease, and highlight current studies and future prospects in the study of host genomics in TB. An implicit goal of elucidating host genetic correlates of susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection or TB disease is to identify pathophysiological features amenable to translation to new preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic interventions. The translation of genomic insights into new clinical tools is therefore also discussed.
Cytokines and Chemokines in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Authors: Racquel Domingo-Gonzalez, Oliver Prince, Andrea Cooper, Shabaana A. Khader
Citation: Domingo-Gonzalez R, Prince O, Cooper A, Khader S. 2016. Cytokines and chemokines in mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. 4(5): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0018-2016
Chemokines and cytokines are critical for initiating and coordinating the organized and sequential recruitment and activation of cells into Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lungs. Correct mononuclear cellular recruitment and localization are essential to ensure control of bacterial growth without the development of diffuse and damaging granulocytic inflammation. An important block to our understanding of TB pathogenesis lies in dissecting the critical aspects of the cytokine/chemokine interplay in light of the conditional role these molecules play throughout infection and disease development. Much of the data highlighted in this review appears at first glance to be contradictory, but it is the balance between the cytokines and chemokines that is critical, and the "goldilocks" (not too much and not too little) phenomenon is paramount in any discussion of the role of these molecules in TB. Determination of how the key chemokines/cytokines and their receptors are balanced and how the loss of that balance can promote disease is vital to understanding TB pathogenesis and to identifying novel therapies for effective eradication of this disease.
Mechanisms of Myeloid Cell Modulation of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Filip K. Swirski, Matthias Nahrendorf, Peter Libby
Citation: Swirski F, Nahrendorf M, Libby P. 2016. Mechanisms of myeloid cell modulation of atherosclerosis. 4(4): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0026-2015
Inflammation furnishes a series of pathogenic pathways that couple the risk factors for atherosclerosis with altered behavior of the intrinsic cells of the arterial wall, endothelium, and smooth muscle and promote the disease and its complications. Myeloid cells participate critically in all phases of atherosclerosis from initiation through progression, and ultimately the thrombotic consequences of this disease. Foam cells, lipid-laden macrophages, constitute the hallmark of atheromata. Much of the recent expansion in knowledge of the roles of myeloid cells in atherosclerosis revolves around the functional contributions of subsets of monocytes, precursors of macrophages, the most abundant myeloid cells in the atheroma. Proinflammatory monocytes preferentially accumulate in nascent atherosclerotic plaques. The most dramatic manifestations of atherosclerosis result from blood clot formation. Myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and abrupt limb ischemia all arise primarily from thrombi that complicate atherosclerotic plaques. Myeloid cells contribute pivotally to triggering thrombosis, for example, by elaborating enzymes that degrade the plaque's protective extracellular matrix, rendering it fragile, and by producing the potent procoagulant tissue factor. While most attention has focused on mononuclear phagocytes, the participation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes may aggravate local thrombus formation. Existing therapies such as statins may exert some of their protective effects by altering the functions of myeloid cells. The pathways of innate immunity that involve myeloid cells provide a myriad of potential targets for modifying atherosclerosis and its complications, and provide a fertile field for future attempts to address the residual burden of this disease, whose global prevalence is on the rise.
Induction of Immunological Tolerance as a Therapeutic Procedure
Authors: Herman Waldmann, Duncan Howie, Stephen Cobbold
Citation: Waldmann H, Howie D, Cobbold S. 2016. Induction of immunological tolerance as a therapeutic procedure. 4(4): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0019-2015
A major goal of immunosuppressive therapies is to harness immune tolerance mechanisms so as to minimize unwanted side effects associated with protracted immunosuppressive therapy. Antibody blockade of lymphocyte coreceptor and costimulatory pathways in mice has demonstrated the principle that both naive and primed immune systems can be reprogrammed toward immunological tolerance. Such tolerance can involve the amplification of activity of regulatory T cells, and is maintained through continuous recruitment of such cells through processes of infectious tolerance. We propose that regulatory T cells create around them microenvironments that are anti-inflammatory and endowed with enhanced protection against destructive damage. This acquired immune privilege involves the decommissioning of cells of the innate as well as adaptive immune systems. Evidence is presented that nutrient sensing by immune cells acting through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway provides one route by which the immune system can be directed toward noninflammatory and regulatory behavior at the expense of destructive functions. Therapeutic control of immune cells so as to harness metabolic routes favoring dominant regulatory mechanisms has offered a new direction for immunosuppressive therapy, whereby short-term treatment may be sufficient for long-term benefit or even cure.
Anti-TNF Therapy
Authors: Irina Udalova, Claudia Monaco, Jagdeep Nanchahal, Marc Feldmann
Citation: Udalova I, Monaco C, Nanchahal J, Feldmann M. 2016. Anti-tnf therapy. 4(4): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0022-2015
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the most important cytokines produced by macrophages. TNF is a very important component of host defense, released very rapidly after all types of injuries and stimuli. The kinetics of TNF release are short, and so it is perhaps not surprising that prolonged TNF production is associated with pathology. This was first elucidated in rheumatoid arthritis but extends to other chronic inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease and psoriasis. In this chapter, the discovery of anti-TNF therapy is reviewed, with its benefit but also its limitations. The potential of anti-TNF therapy in other diseases, e.g., cardiovascular and fibrosis, is discussed, as is the opportunity to define ways of blocking TNF synthesis.
Macrophage Proresolving Mediators—the When and Where
Authors: Jesmond Dalli, Charles Serhan
Citation: Dalli J, Serhan C. 2016. Macrophage proresolving mediators—the when and where. 4(3): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0001-2014
Macrophages and neutrophils orchestrate acute inflammation and host defense as well as the resolution phase and return to homeostasis. In this article, we review the contribution of macrophages to local lipid mediator (LM) levels and the regulation of macrophage LM profiles by polymorphonuclear neutrophils and neutrophil-derived microparticles. We carried out LM metabololipidomics, profiling distinct phagocytes: neutrophils (PMNs), apoptotic PMNs, and macrophages. Efferocytosis increased specialized proresolving mediator (SPM) biosynthesis, including resolvin D1 (RvD1), RvD2, and RvE2, which were further elevated by PMN microparticles. In studies using deuterium-labeled precursors (d 8-arachidonic acid, d 5-eicosapentaenoic acid, and d 5-docosahexaenoic acid), apoptotic PMNs and microparticles contributed to SPM biosynthesis during efferocytosis. Assessment of macrophage LM profiles in M2 macrophages demonstrated higher SPM levels in this macrophage subset, including maresin 1 (MaR1), and lower amounts of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and prostaglandins than in M1. Apoptotic PMN uptake by both macrophage subtypes led to modulation of their LM profiles. LTB4 was downregulated in M2, whereas SPMs including lipoxin A4 were increased. Conversely, uptake of apoptotic PMNs by M2 macrophages reduced (∼25%) overall LMs. MaR1 displays potent tissue-regenerative and antinociceptive actions in addition to its proresolving and anti-inflammatory actions. In addition, the MaR1 biosynthetic intermediate 13S,14S-epoxy-maresin is also bioactive, inhibiting LTB4 biosynthesis and switching macrophage phenotypes from M1 to M2. Together, these results establish LM signature profiles of human phagocytes and related subpopulations. They demonstrate microparticle regulation of macrophage-specific endogenous LMs during defined stages of acute inflammation and their dynamic changes in human primary phagocytes.
Author: V. Hugh Perry
Citation: Perry V. 2016. Microglia. 4(3): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0003-2015
The concept of the immunological privilege of the central nervous system (CNS) has had a profound influence on studies of interactions between the immune system and the CNS. At one time there was considerable debate as to whether there were any cells in the CNS of myeloid origin, but we now know that there are a number of populations of myeloid cells in specialized compartments of the CNS and that there is an ongoing bidirectional dialogue between the CNS and the immune system. We briefly review what we know of the different myeloid populations, in particular the microglia: their phenotype and function; their role in CNS homeostasis; and also their role in pathology, focusing on chronic neurodegeneration.
Evolution of Myeloid Cells
Authors: Daniel R. Barreda, Harold R. Neely, Martin F. Flajnik
Citation: Barreda D, Neely H, Flajnik M. 2016. Evolution of myeloid cells. 4(3): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0007-2015
In 1882, Elie Metchnikoff identified myeloid-like cells from starfish larvae responding to the invasion by a foreign body (rose thorn). This marked the origins for the study of innate immunity, and an appreciation that cellular immunity was well established even in these "primitive" organisms. This chapter focuses on these myeloid cells as well as the newest members of this family, the dendritic cells, and explores their evolutionary origins. Our goal is to provide evolutionary context for the development of the multilayered immune system of mammals, where myeloid cells now serve as central effectors of innate immunity and regulators of adaptive immunity. Overall, we find that core contributions of myeloid cells to the regulation of inflammation are based on mechanisms that have been honed over hundreds of millions of years of evolution. Using phagocytosis as a platform, we show how fairly simple beginnings have offered a robust foundation onto which additional control features have been integrated, resulting in central regulatory nodes that now manage multifactorial aspects of homeostasis and immunity.
Innate Immunity to Candida Infections
Authors: Mihai G. Netea, Neil A. R. Gow
Source: Candida and Candidiasis, Second Edition , pp 155-170
The tasks of recognition of the invading pathogen and host defense activation are accomplished by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense conserved chemical signatures of the microorganisms called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The most important cell populations involved in the phagocytosis of fungal pathogens are neutrophils and macrophages, and together with the monocytes they have been shown to represent the major producers of proinflammatory cytokines. These innate immunity cell populations have subsequently been shown to be the most important cellular component of host defense against disseminated Candida infections. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are members of a large family of PRRs including dectin-1, the macrophage mannose receptor (MR), dendritic cells (DC)-specific ICAM3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), dectin-2, and the circulating mannose-binding lectin (MBL). Recent progress in understanding host defense against fungal infections in general, and Candida infections in particular, has provided important novel targets for potential novel immunotherapeutic approaches. As vaccination is one of the most cost-effective treatment strategies and probably the most powerful tool to protect humans and animals against infectious disease, further vaccine development could significantly lessen the burden of Candida infections in patients at risk.
Vaccines and Passive Immunity against Candidiasis
Authors: Brad Spellberg, Yue Fu, Ashraf S. Ibrahim
This chapter reviews the rationale for and latest advances in development of passive and active immunization against invasive candidal infections. The major form of immunosuppression that predisposes to development of disseminated candidiasis is a defect in innate phagocytic activity. Treatment with antibiotics is the most promising risk factor to identify a high attack rate of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) as a basis for enrollment into clinical trials of an active vaccine. Development of a vaccine for oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is complicated by the host immunosuppression and by the fact that effective immune reconstitution therapy is now available for most patients. The majority of patients at risk for disseminated candidiasis are those undergoing emergent or elective gastrointestinal or cardiac surgery, those with central venous catheters, those receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics, or in general those patients receiving their care in intensive care units, including both civilian and military trauma patients receiving abdominal, chest, or burn wounds. Passive immunization strategy focusing on β- glucan has been based upon raising protective antibodies by actively vaccinating with β-glucan conjugated to a carrier protein. To determine the potential for an Als3-based vaccine, the recombinant N terminus of Als3p (rAls3p-N) was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and purified by Ni-agarose affinity purification, in the same manner as described for rAls1p-N. The concept of niche vaccination of acutely at-risk patients or patients in restricted geographical areas is a new idea in vaccinology.
Adaptive Immune Responses to Infection and Opportunities for Vaccine Development (Anaplasmataceae)
Authors: Susan M. Noh, Wendy C. Brown
Source: Intracellular Pathogens II: Rickettsiales , pp 330-365
The critical interface between the host immune system and the pathogen in large part determines the outcome of an infection. In this chapter, the author presents a discussion on immunity to enable the readers understand how a pathogen is able to establish infection and how the immune system is able to control or clear infection. The adaptive immune response is of particular interest because under the appropriate conditions it can lead to long-lasting, pathogen-specific immunity, which is the basis for vaccine development. One of the challenges when considering Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia, and Wolbachia is the extent and variety of ways in which many of these organisms modulate the host immune response. A. phagocytophilum and A. marginale modulate the host immune response, though in a somewhat different fashion. Importantly, most animals that survive acute disease are able to control but not clear the infection. In a study conducted, both immunized and infected animals had comparable antibody repertoires to major surface protein 2 (MSP2) in terms of breadth of response and titer. Among the immunized animals, there was no association between either breadth or magnitude of the anti-MSP2 response and either complete protection from infection or control of bacteremia. Together, these data argue that protection afforded with the outer membrane vaccine is due to immune responses directed at outer membrane proteins (OMPs) other than the immunodominant and antigenically variable MSP2. Virulence factors are targets for some of the most effective vaccines currently in use.
T Cell and Dendritic Cell Immune Responses to Cryptococcus
Authors: Karen L. Wozniak, Stuart M. Levitz
Source: Cryptococcus , pp 387-396
This chapter reviews current knowledge regarding the role of dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells in the generation of protective immunity against Cryptococcus neoformans infections. DCs function as sentinels in the innate immune system. They are the most effective antigenpresenting cells (APCs) for inducing cell-mediated immune responses and are uniquely capable of activating naive T cells. DCs phagocytose pathogens, endocytose foreign antigens, process and present antigens to T cells, and are key mediators in the initiation of adaptive immune responses. DCs are uniquely capable of decoding fungal-associated information and translating it into different adaptive Th-type immune responses. The protective immune responses correlated with accumulation of myeloid DCs in the draining lymph nodes, while nonprotective responses were associated with accumulation of lymphoid DCs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected donors have profoundly impaired proliferative and cytokine responses to cryptococcal antigens. Immunization of mice with heat-killed C. neoformans conferred protection against challenge in wild-type mice but did not induce protection in nude mice (lacking T cells), demonstrating the importance of T cells in protection in the central nervous system (CNS). The lungs and brain are the most common sites of infection for C. neoformans and C. gattii. In pulmonary, systemic, and CNS infections, Th1-type cytokines are required for a protective cell-mediated immune response. The necessity of T cells for host defenses against cryptococcosis has prompted research into identifying immunoreactive cryptococcal antigens that could serve as vaccine candidates and as diagnostic reagents to measure T-cell responses in infected or at-risk patients.
Regulation of Antimicrobial Immunity
Authors: Yasmine Belkaid, Sharvan Sehrawat, Barry T. Rouse
Source: The Immune Response to Infection , pp 109-120
This chapter focuses on inducible Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs). This cell type plays a dominant role in contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis and in limiting collateral tissue damage caused by chronic effector cell responses to pathogens. Microbial infections could trigger the expansion and activation of natural Treg (nTreg) in several ways, some of which may not involve engagement of the nTreg specific T-cell receptors (TCR), although this latter event might facilitate responses. Only a few reports have focused on Treg during acute infections and some have concluded that regulatory cells have little influence on the outcome. Even when Treg successfully preserve homeostasis in the host by controlling excessive immune responses, one consequence of such control is enhanced pathogen survival and, in some cases, long-term pathogen persistence are provided in the chapter. Some pathogens may cause Tr1 induction by producing a homolog of IL-10, but these are chronic infectious agents and are discussed in the chapter. Although hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection does expand the Treg population, no compelling evidence shows that the extent of one or more types of Treg responses correlates with the eventual outcome of infection. Importantly, Treg purified from the lymph node of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients maintain their suppressive capacity against antiviral responses. The authors have evaluated whether or not manipulating Treg activity represents a useful way to modulate immunoinflammatory lesions caused by ocular infection with HSV.
Acquired Immunity to Helminths
Authors: David Artis, Rick M. Maizels
The strongest indication that acquired immunity to helminth infections may develop in humans comes from the changing patterns of infection with age. Eosinophils, a characteristic feature of the Th2 response to helminths, have long been associated with enhanced killing of larval schistosomes, with recent studies demonstrating greater immunity in eosinophilic humans. Our understanding of acquired immunity to helminths is based on a rich substrate of animal models, most importantly, the mouse. It is entirely plausible that the halting nature of human immunity to helminths can be ascribed to the strength of regulatory restraints that have evolved to minimize pathological outcomes. The influence of mast cells on immunity to intestinal nematode infection is species specific. In addition to recruitment of inflammatory cells, expulsion of most intestinal nematodes is commonly associated with dramatic alterations in IEC proliferation, turnover, and/or differentiation. Changes in glycosylation status of mucins also occur following intestinal nematode infection, although at present, there is limited evidence to support a direct role for mucins in expulsion of intestinal nematode parasites. Successful resolution of helminth infections requires the appropriate mode and degree of immune responsiveness if full immunity is to be achieved without severe pathological consequences.
Suppression of Immune Responses to Protozoan Parasites
Author: David L. Sacks
This chapter focuses on three protozoan parasites: malaria, Leishmania, and Trypanosoma cruzi, that have in common their transmission by insect vectors, their intracellular lifestyle in the mammalian host, and the requirement for Th1 responses to control these infections. It discusses the mechanisms used by these parasites to actively suppress the development and/or expression of cell-mediated immunity that contribute to the state of equilibrium that is established between the host and the parasite in sites of chronic infection. The chapter describes the manner in which protozoan pathogens have learned to condition their initial encounter with dendritic cells (DCs) as a means to suppress or delay the onset of the adaptive response. Infection with T. cruzi parasites typically produces an acute blood and tissue parasitemia that is controlled, followed by long-term persistence of low numbers of parasites in muscle and nerve tissue, leading to chronic inflammation in these tissues and the formation of Chagas' disease. In leishmaniasis, there has been a concerted effort to understand the immunologic defects controlling both the delayed onset of acquired resistance and the long-term persistence of organisms in the immune host following clinical cure. The chapter talks about a number of regulatory T-cell populations that have in common their ability to suppress the generation and function of effector T cells. For T. cruzi, its ability to infect any nucleated cell type and to subsequently escape from endocytic vacuoles, allows it to persist in cell types and in an intracellular compartment that minimizes exposure to the toxic metabolites of activated cells.
Theileria-Induced Leukocyte Transformation: an Example of Oncogene Addiction?
Authors: Marie Chaussepied, Gordon Langsley
In the case of Theileria parva, the initial invasion and developmental steps can be successfully completed in caprine (goat) lymphocytes in vitro after proteolytic cleavage of surface proteins. Importantly, long-term culture of Theileria annulata-infected field isolates that leads to attenuation is associated with a significant reduction of the matrix metalloproteases (MMP) activities. A recurrent theme in Theileria research has been the search for putative parasite oncogene(s). A number of receptor-associated and cytosolic kinases, as well as transcription factors, were found to be permanently active in various Theileria-infected cell lines. The development of Theileria inside its host cell involves highly interdependent interactions between the intracellular parasite and the parasitized cell. With the determination of the genome sequences of T. parva and T. annulata in 2005, combined with the availability of the B. taurus genome, research on Theileria-infected bovine leukocytes has entered the postgenomic era. These resources make it possible to screen both bovine and parasite microarrays. Screening of bovine arrays will allow the identification of host cell genes that are either up or down regulated during infection and leukocyte transformation. Screening of T. annulata microarrays with mRNA isolated from virulent and attenuated macrophage vaccine lines should allow the identification of parasite genes whose expression is down regulated during host cell attenuation (i.e., loss of metastatic potential).
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Ovnimoon Records brings you to a state of Nirvana with the new single from Merlin's Apprentice which is the fullon-psy and psy-progressive project of Steve Birch, a well known artist for Joof records. Nirvana is a top quality high intensity heater of a dance floor filler with full power acid dipped hyperspace synths, then things ease back a few notches and the progressive side of his project shines through while putting the listener Under the Influence it seems, last were introduced to those mysterious Star Children through a complex geometric tribal stomping proggy track of epic depth. We know now that there is a much bigger story about to unfold for Merlin's Apprentice through the melding of all of his knowledge into his soon to be released full album with Goa Records called Star Children.


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Meet Sven Larsen
by Rinda Elliott | Oct 3, 2017 | Rinda Elliott, Ward Security | 0 comments
Sven Larsen works as a protection agent for Ward Security. He's thirty-four years old, and prides himself on his self-discipline and self-control. He's independent, private, and doesn't have social media accounts. He's a big man at 6'7″ and has the type of broad, heavy form that can easily turn to fat, so he works out often. (Our actual inspiration for Sven is the model Lasse Matberg. We have a lot of images on our Tumblr and our reader's group Unbreakable Readers!)
In addition to his work as a bodyguard, one of his favorite things to do is teach the self-defense courses that Ward offers. He sincerely believes it's important for a person to know how to defend themselves, to be aware and capable in dangerous situations. So he uses the large and strong form that nature gave him to advantage to help others. He studies martial arts and boxing and when he moved to Ohio, he was happy to land the job at Ward Security. He's been there two years and originally moved to Cincinnati with his younger sister when she was offered a management job at the Macy's headquarters. They have three other siblings—all older brothers—but Sven and Alida were always the closest. They spent most of their time together until the last year when she got married and started a family.
Sven isn't into the club scene and has to be in them enough while on the job, so meeting someone just hasn't been a priority. He occasionally hooks up with men—ones similar in build—but that's never been a priority either. Though he's protective and can come off fierce and remote, he's actually pretty calm. But he's also stubborn and has trouble relating to people who live life loudly, both in person and online. And though he's often incredibly attracted to men much smaller than himself, he stays away for very personal reasons.
You'll get to know a lot more about our Sven in Pyscho Romeo and you can now pre-order your copy!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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About Deep Economics
Most US citizens are very upset about the economy. We experience it as severe and unfair. We just can't agree on what needs to be done. We are constantly bombarded by economic statistics, pronouncements, and warnings, but are rarely told who's political agenda is being served. The resulting confusion serves the wealthy few, at the expense of everyone else.
Part 1 – 4
Deep Economics clears the fog. In Part 1 through 4, it:
Provides a straight-forward analysis of our economy, strictly from a common citizen's perspective.
Presents key facts that every US citizen should know, and that conservative economists ignore or work hard to discredit.
Shows how to identify economic theories and statistics that do not serve the general welfare.
Traces our current economic problems all the way back to the Country's founding.
Reviews past decisions that enabled our current financial crisis.
Reveals shocking imbalances in our economy that greatly advantage the wealthy few at the expense of common citizens.
The last section of the book, Part 5, aggressively answers a simple question: How would you redesign our economy to best serve the general welfare? We rarely ask this question of fellow citizens, and even less frequently answer it wholeheartedly. It makes us very uncomfortable. We are constantly told by most public media that we have the best economy and the best government in the world. We've come to fear we'll face financial ruin if we don't follow a conservative economic agenda. These myths are not true!
Seriously Flawed
Our economy is seriously flawed. The only answer is to dream big. We must overcome those voices, inside and out, that say: "We can't fix it." Instead, have courage! Listen to your inner FDR, and once again realize: "All we have to fear is fear itself." It's time to proudly and aggressively embrace a liberal economic agenda, and follow that road, without hesitation, all the way through to its logical conclusion.
The Problem With Compromise
We've been compromising with extremely powerful economic forces for centuries. We are told that finding the middle ground is an honorable act; an essential part of the democratic process. But compromise only works in a fair game. For the last 200 years, the wealthy few have been dealt cards from the bottom of the deck. Their favorite dealers are:
The Supreme Court, which has made numerous amendments to the constitution, but without citizen approval.
The Corporate Legal System, which is headquartered in the tiny state of Delaware, and consistently marginalizes common citizens and their interests.
The Federal Reserve, which is not federal; it is owned by, and operated for, commercial banks, not American citizens.
Accounting Rules, which are managed by Corporate America for the benefit of corporations, and banks in particular.
The Constitution itself, because the amendment process is too restrictive and onerous.
The core institutions that regulate our economy must be accountable to the people. Otherwise, as history has proven, they will continue to favor the wealthy few at the expense of everyone else.
If you are open to a fresh examination of the facts from a common citizen's perspective,
and if you are willing to consider ambitious, comprehensive economic solutions,
then Deep Economics is for you.
The author, Mark Blessington, has an insider's view of Corporate America. His career was launched by earning a marketing MBA from Northwestern University, often ranked as one of the top business schools in the country. Then he pursued a 20-year career as a senior management consultant for some of the world's largest corporations such as Pfizer and Allstate. He spent much of that time as a rich, conservative Republican. But his perspective changed after a business deal went sour and promises were broken. Subsequently, he spent some time as a stock and futures trader, and as a personal financial coach, where he frequently observed financial hardships created by unjust economic policies and laws.


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Mental-health memoirs, funny reads and addictive thrillers: meet January's best books
Francesca Brown
Discover January 2019's biggest, must-read books before everyone else.
Welcome to January's books…
Always one of the most exciting months of the year, this is where the breakout debuts make some noise; memoirs and non-fiction start off zeitgeisty conversations (see Bella Mackie's Jog On and Emma Rosen's The Radical Sabbatical) and quality fiction (Therese Anne Fowler's A Well-Behaved Woman) makes reading pure pleasure even when the rain is lashing down outside. Enjoy!
The moving thriller: My Sister The Serial Killer by Oyinkan Braithwaite
My Sister the Serial Killer by Oyinkan Braithwaite
"Perhaps a normal person would be angry, but what I feel now is a pressing need to dispose of the body." Korede is a nurse in Lagos – a highly competent and respected one – and in love with a kind doctor named Tade. She also has a beautiful, charismatic sister called Ayoola who has now killed three of her boyfriends and caught Tade's eye…
Mixing black comedy (Korede explaining that Ayoola shouldn't be posting pictures of food on Instagram after her boyfriend has gone missing is particularly funny) with easy, spellbinding writing, Braithwaite has created a debut novel that is utterly addictive and a pure joy to read. Exploring everything from sibling rivalry to family violence and sisterly protection, My Sister The Serial Killer packs one heck of a punch in fewer than 250 pages. Braithwaite is a name to watch this year.
(Atlantic, out 3 January)
The mental-health memoir: Jog On by Bella Mackie
In journalist Bella Mackie's open and honest account of how running saved her mind, it's how she got started that conjures up one of the most enduring images: slowly-but-surely she took herself to a dark side street near her house (any further would induce a panic attack) and she'd just start running. For a few seconds to begin with… stopping if she saw another human being but from such small steps, she found salvation.
Tackling the mental health issues which afflict so many of us – from generalised anxiety and panic disorder to OCD – Mackie has created a book of real hope and one that will truly inspire you to stick on some trainers.
(William Collins, out now)
The absorbing lit fiction: A Well-Behaved Woman by Therese Anne Fowler
What makes a feminist? In Alva Belmont's case it was marrying into the new wealth of the Vanderbilt family, fighting to get them a prominent place in New York society then turning a blind eye to her husband's constant infidelities until she could lie to herself no more.
And, in the wonderful writing hands of Therese Anne Fowler, Alva's life – from acquiescent daughter and wife to one of the leading figures of US suffrage – has been elevated into a fascinating tale of liberation and self-sufficiency that conjures up the work of Edith Wharton (thankfully Alva has a much happier ending than that of Lily Bart in The House Of Mirth) and a wholly absorbing tale that transports the reader to the Gilded Age of the 1800s. It's the perfect Sunday afternoon-in-bed read.
(Two Roads, out 24 January)
Properly funny feminism: We Are Never Meeting In Real Life by Samantha Irby
Samantha Irby is a no-holds-barred comedian, blogger and writer and this new collection of essays is pure genius. In need of some proper belly laughs? Irby totally has you covered while embracing everything from politics, health and mental issues, sex and poverty to being a woman of colour.
Whether trying out a strap-on (her cat promptly starts clawing it to pieces) or putting herself forwards for The Bachelorette ("35ish but I could pass for 47 to 52, easily; sixtysomething if I stay up all night"), Irby tells things as they are. She's also not afraid of laying bare her vulnerabilities or the rubbish life can throw at people – making for wise and poignant notes that elevate this collection into something truly special. She's someone we'd really like to hang out with…
(Faber, out 17 January)
The moving read: When All Is Said by Anne Griffin
Warning: it is impossible to read the last chapter of this book without weeping copious tears. In an ingenious narrative, Griffin tells the life story of 84-year-old Maurice Hannigan who's spending the night in a hotel bar in County Meath. Raising a glass to each of the five people who have influenced his life (from his brother to his wife, Sadie), Hannigan reflects on a life of regret, happiness, stubbornness, loss and love while slowly revealing a decades-old secret related to a missing coin Edward VIII had made for Wallis Simpson.
It's Maurice's toast to his late wife that will leave you reeling though. Here is a man who deeply loved a woman but just didn't know how to show it (often held back by his own parsimony), stifling her in the process until one day she rebels in the smallest but most moving of ways. When you read that page, you might want to get the tissues at the ready…
(Hodder & Stoughton, out 24 January)
The buzzed-about mystery: The Last by Hanna Jameson
There's something of Stephen King's The Stand about this book – strange goings on, a post-apocalyptic backdrop and strangers thrown together for survival… And like any King novel, we defy you to pick up The Last, read the first page then put it back down again.
The story follows a man named Jon staying in a remote hotel in Switzerland. On the first day of the book, Washington is destroyed by a nuclear bomb, London and Berlin follow suit then all contact with the outside world is lost. Guests start killing themselves and the 20 survivors become increasingly distraught. And, just when things can't get darker, a body is found in the hotel's water tank…
Ambitious and disturbing, this is British writer Jameson's fourth novel and one that will make a lasting impression. The perfect thriller to read in one gulp – and also make you appreciate civilisation (such as it is).
(Penguin, out 31 January)
The breakout debut: Golden Child by Claire Adam
The Golden Child is Sarah Jessica Parker's second acquisition for her SJP for Hogarth imprint in the US and is being published in the UK simultaneously by Faber. And it's not surprising that Adam's story of a family in 80s Trinidad is causing such a buzz – beautifully and lyrically written, it's also a gut-punch of a tale that evokes Greek tragedies or a lament for a lost love.
Peter and Paul are 13-year-old twins but they are nothing alike. Peter is considered a genius destined for amazing things; Paul is an odd boy that leaves his parents, Clyde and Joy, baffled ("even from here, twenty or thirty feet away, Clyde can tell that it's Peter, not Paul. Paul tends to slink around – like he playing invisible"). Then one day, Paul goes missing and, as his father attempts to find his whereabouts, Clyde is forced to make a sacrifice that will have shocking repercussions. Keep an eye on Adam – she'll be turning up prize selections all over 2019.
The epic new fantasy: The Binding by Bridget Collins
"A shudder when through me: I was either going to vomit or please with Pa to take me home." Emmett Farmer has had a calling – taken from his family, he's to become an apprentice for the Bookbinder. However, this is no ordinary bookbinding business, each volume he creates will contain a memory (something you want to forget, a trauma to be erased or something you need kept secret) and be safely stored away…
With a twisting narrative that explores humans' darkest moments and morals, Collins has created a fascinating fantasy world that evokes the atmosphere of Sarah Waters' books with a nod to Philip Pullman. And, with a love story holding much of the story's emotion together, this is definitely a book you'll want to lose yourself to for hours on end.
(HarperCollins, out 10 January)
Surreal short stories: Picnic In The Storm by Yukiko Motoya
One of Japan's most lauded and talented writers and theatre directors, Yukiko Motoya is a writing talent who's not afraid of doing things her own way. In this first English translation of her work, 11 mind-bending short stories tackle everything from a married couple whose faces are slowly becoming identical to someone unable to concentrate on a conference meeting thanks to a slight bulge in a curtain.
Mixing the absurd with the psychological, Motoya takes the reader on flights of fancy that also seem to capture the bizarreness of our own minds, preconceptions and concerns. If you feel like reading something that little bit different this year then these stories are the perfect place to start.
(Little, Brown, out 10 January)
The millennial handbook: The Radical Sabbatical by Emma Rosen
Rosen is not happy. Buying a house, leaving uni without a mountain of debt, job security – all the things that were given to previous generations are being denied to Millennials (and then patronisingly blamed on one too many smashed avocados). But she's got a plan and it's all about finding a job (and a life) that makes you happy (she points to the astounding statistic that 72% of Millennials want to change their career completely).
Rosen herself took this search for a job she loves to extreme levels – she jacked in her stable, well-paid career then tried out 25 different jobs via work placements before she turned 25. From archaeology in Transylvania to letting flats in London, she took insight and inspiration from each of her placements and has transformed them into a practical and inspiring guide that'll leave you planning a whole new achievable future. Lady, we salute you.
(John Catt Educational, out 10 January)
Images: Supplied
Black Identity
Female Authors
Francesca Brown is books editor for Stylist magazine and Stylist Loves; she also compiles the Style List on a weekly basis. She is a self-confessed HBO abuser and has a wide selection of grey sweatshirts. Honestly, you just can't have enough. @franabouttown
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Perfect for a fairy tale-themed wedding or bridal shower,even a little girls's birthday party-a touch of fantasy to any event-these carriage favor boxes call for being filled with pretty treats, gourmet chocolates or a special trinket. The fine detailing of the boxes includes silver scroll work and pink accents.
Each enchanted carriage favor box measures 3" x 3.5" x 1.75".
This is a D.I.Y. (Do it Yourself) item as boxes comes flat. Require simple assembly only. Should you require us to assemble the boxes for you, please contact us for additional charges.


Spruce Run has some beautiful Brook Trout, but good luck getting there!
We fished Spruce Run, a small mountain stream on the northern edge of Centre County in late November and had great fun chasing the lively Brookies that call the stream home. Access to the stream is either by a 2+ mile hike in some wild and steep terrain; or by following Keating-Karthaus Road east out of Pottersdale, turning right on New Garden Road, following New Garden in a high-clearance vehicle until it dead-ends at the Susquehanna River, and then canoeing across the river to the mouth of Spruce Run. Any way you cut it, it's an adventure!
Fishing in late-November, we explored the bottom mile of Spruce Run and found numerous Brook Trout willing to take simple patterns like Pheasant Tails and Hare's Ears. As the sun peaked through the trees and warmed the water, standard attractor flies like Wulffs and Adams brought the tiny mountain torpedoes blasting to the surface.
Spruce is a blue-liner's dream with the bottom mile of stream holding a consistent pool-run-riffle character and maintaining a width of 15-25 feet. Most of the trout we caught were the standard 5-6 inch mountain Brookies, but on two occasions we landed trout that pushed 9-inches which is a lunker for this type of water.
Check out Spruce Run when you are feeling adventurous and are more concerned with having a fun day then catching big fish. Or look at a map of your area, find a blue line, and go catch Trout!


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Media: Frith returns to Bauer
Bauer Media has appointed Mark Frith to oversee the editorial quality of its lifestyle magazines and digital brands.
Frith, who played a key role in the rise of Bauer's Heat magazine in the 90s and went on to edit Time Out, will become editorial director, lifestyle in early 2012.
Bauer Media CEO Paul Keenan said of Frith: 'He did amazing work at Emap (Bauer's predecessor). We've kept in touch and I've been looking for an opportunity to re-engage him when the time is right.
'It's a role of developing, mentoring, supporting, coaching, looking at new projects and products and supporting editors on specific evolutions that they are working on.'
Frith resigned from his high-profile position as editor-in-chief of Heat magazine in early 2008 following ten years at the celebrity title.
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CNN GOP Debate Wrap-Up: Ted Cruz Had a Good Night
U.S. Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) was crisp, parried attacks well, and won an exchange he had with U.S. Senator Marco Rubio (R-FL) at the CNN GOP Debate.
Photo credit: Gage Skidmore (CC-By-SA 2.0)
Robert P. George Is Home from the Hospital
Ben Carson,
Carly Fiorina,
Chris Christie,
CNN GOP Debate,
George Pataki,
Jeb Bush,
John Kasich,
Lindsey Graham,
Mike Huckabee,
Rand Paul,
Rick Santorum,
Cruz and Rubio sparred during the CNN GOP Debate.
Just a few quick thoughts about tonight's CNN GOP Debate in Las Vegas, NV. U.S. Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) had a good night being center stage for the first time.
Before I get to that I was pleased to see some substantive debate and a divergence of opinions on how to best handle national security and radical Islamic terrorism. There were definitely two different schools of thought on balancing security vs. liberty, as well as, on the topic of toppling dictators in the Middle East.
This was far, far better than the last CNN debate so well done.
For the prime-time debate I would call Cruz the winner because held his own, he parried attacks well, and he gave crisp answers. I believe he won the exchange with Rubio on immigration. He also should thank U.S. Senator Rand Paul (R-KY) who almost seemed at times a tag-team partner.
Rubio mischaracterized Cruz's position on immigration due to a legislative strategy Cruz employed to try to derail the gang of eight bill in 2013. Attacking Cruz on voting to end the NSA's metadata program which was wildly unpopular when it was revealed I'm not sure is a winning approach. Also Rubio's criticism of Cruz's no vote on the National Defense Authorization Act was disingenuous as it also authorized, for instance, the Employment Discrimination Act where conservatives had legitimate religious liberty concerns. (Correction: I was thinking about an attempt to amend the House version of NDAA which ended failing. I apologize for the error. Update: Here is some additional information about why Cruz voted against it.) There was additional crap added to that bill. The question should be why did Rubio vote for it? Senate Republicans should have demanded a clean bill.
I believe Cruz and Paul drew blood in their criticism of Rubio's involvement in the 2013 gang of eight immigration bill. I also don't think Rubio helped himself doubling down on ousting Bashir al-Assad in Syria. While certainly he's a bad actor it's unfathomable to me how one could defend that particular policy when the last three countries the U.S. has supported regime change – Egypt, Libya and Syria we've seen a rise in radical Islamic terrorism.
This isn't to say I think Cruz had a perfect night, I think he needs to get away from the term "carpet bombing" as that is a strategy we have not employed in recent conflicts. He eluded to precision bombing, along with an increased number of sorties, but calling it "carpet bombing" muddies the water.
Cruz addressed the question of criticizing Donald Trump at a fundraiser well, and reaffirmed support of everyone on stage should they become the nominee.
I don't think this will give Cruz a boost in the polls, but he didn't hurt himself which is exactly what he needed to do.
Outside of the exchanges with Cruz I think Rubio had a decent debate, but if his goal was to draw blood with Cruz he failed.
Former Florida Governor Jeb Bush's back and forth with Donald Trump was ill-advised. Trump almost always comes out on top with those. Ben Carson, in my opinion, was a non-entity and I don't believe did anything to stop his free fall in the polls. This was not Carly Fiorina's best debate and I can't really think of anything that I would say stood out.
Christie's belittling of legislators especially in a national security debate I believe fell flat, especially when he wasn't advancing any unique ideas.
Trump survived, but I am not sure what would bring him down. His statement on ISIS families was concerning, and it was clear he was out of depth discussing the nuclear program.
Rand Paul had a good night. Ohio Governor John Kasich didn't really stand out.
With the undercard debate I think it's pretty clear that former U.S. Senator Rick Santorum (R-PA) was the winner. The topic is his wheelhouse. U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham (R-SC) "whatever it takes, for however long it takes" is not what the American people want to hear after spending years in Iraq and Afghanistan. He also didn't appear to have the knowledge of the enemy we have in ISIS like Santorum did.
He's had impressive undercard debates before and it doesn't seem to help with his polling so I'm not sure we'll see him rise as a result. Former New York Governor George Pataki seemed like he had a better handle on the issue than former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee did, but I don't think either men had the best debate.
I don't think either the undercard or the prime-time debates will move polling.
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The whipped butters came all the way to FL unscathed; The Candy Blended Butter is my favorite. My little girl has eczema, so I have used it on her skin, hair, and scalp with great result. Will be buying a bigger size!
Best body butter EVER!! The texture is super smooth, luxurious and absorbs very quickly. Fantastic product!!
I bought two of the lemongrass and one of the lemon creams. I read that lemongrass and lemon oil have antiseptic properties and help to reduce scarring. I tried them along with the African Black Soap and they make for a great combination. The hyperpigmentation on my chin is lightening up noticeably. However, I am experiencing breakouts most likely from the coconut oil. Would it be possible to make a blend of only Shea and lemon oil or Shea and lemongrass without the coconut oil?


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China: Found in translation
If, as is said, you cant judge a book by its cover, then you probably dont want to draw conclusions aboutBig Breasts and Wide Hips,a novel recently translated from Chinese by Howard Goldblatt, research professor in the Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures at Notre Dame.
The novel, Goldblatt says, is a sweeping historical piece with touches of fantasy by one ofChinas most renowned authors, Mo Yan. Goldblatts translation ofMy Life as Emperor,by Su Tong, also has been recently published.
If youre going to read an English translation of a Chinese novel, youre probably going to read one translated by Goldblatt. The field, says one ofAmericas best-known noveliststwo-time Pulitzer Prize winner John Updike, in a New Yorker review of the two novelsis Goldblattslonely province.
Lonely or not, it is certainly a busy province. Goldblatt came to Notre Dame from theUniversityofColoradoin 2002 with his wife, Sylvia Lin, an assistant professor of Chinese. His opportunities for translating literature are so ample, he accepts only part-time teaching and administrative duties on campus.
Chinese fiction has not developed the cachet enjoyed in theU.S.by such writers as Gabriel Garcia Márquez. Goldblatt says he wonders if Americans arent naturally suspicious of literature that has been translated, as though they think it has been sanitized, rendered somehow inauthentic.
Its a loss, Goldblatt believes, becauseyou can learn best aboutChinafrom the Chinese.
You can learn about the breadth and depth of a country from one person, if that person is a writer or a poet,he says.Theres something about a writer who participates in events, that intuits what defines these events, then expresses it.
Goldblatt became the premier Chinese-to-English translator with episodic flair worthy of some of the characters he has brought to life. A less-than-stellar college student and less-than-ambitious young adult at the height of the Vietnam War, Goldblatt enlisted in the Navys officer training school. The time he spent stationed inTaiwan, where he learned Chinese, led him to graduate study.
He earned his doctorate in Chinese fromIndianaUniversity, where the hours he spent translating texts for his dissertation led him to believe that someday this might be a way to make a living. His translation of an earlier Mo Yan book,Red Sorghum,became popular as a novel and, later, an internationally regarded movie.
Goldblatts translations are, he insists, faithful to the written text; there is an art involved in creating the essence of the authors intent in a way that can be experienced in English. Updike called Goldblatts challengemidwifery.Goldblatt describes a process of mixing words, syntax and idioms while remaining true to the authors design. —
Goldblatt also negotiates on the authors behalf with publishers, who sometimes suggest cuts and other changes they think would make the books more accessible to Western readers.Its the authors call,he insists, but he does not shy away from recommending editorial cuts, since novels are virtually never edited for style or story in China.
His status in the field is never more apparent than when he discovers a bootlegged copy of one of his books in a third languageHebrew, Portuguese or Slovenian, for example. When his cuts, his idioms and even occasional mistakes are replicated, Goldblatt knows hes seen piracy.
If his role as a Chinese translator is alonelyone, his job as a scholar of Chinese literature and languages is not. A mix of Chinese and Chinese-American authors and scholars became his colleagues and cohorts when, in 1984, he founded the journal Modern Chinese Literature. Now known as Modern Chinese Literature and Culture, it is a peer-review publication devoted to the study of literature and culture of contemporaryChina.
Its editors and contributors are among the invitees to the conference on campus March 19 and 20, titledCrisis and Detour: 25 Years of Today , which will gather expatriate and exiled Chinese authors and the international scholars who have toiled to bring translations and interpretation of those works to the rest of the world.


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the lost planet (tv series)
My 2 sons loved this book. Their take-off and voyage are trouble free, but a mechanical fault causes a crash-landing on Hesikos, damaging the radio, and making it almost certain that the ship cannot take off again. Review on the website of the Israeli Science Fiction and Fantasy Association, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lost_Planet_(novel)&oldid=965619981, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 2 July 2020, at 11:56. It transpires that Oppenheim is a spy and saboteur working for a rival expedition, led by Professor Hermanoff, from an Eastern European country. All trademarks are property of their respective owners in the US and other countries. The Lost Planet is a 1953 juvenile science fiction novel by Angus MacVicar, published by Burke, London.It is the first of the popular novel series The Lost Planet, which was adapted for radio and television.. III. Love it! We recommend this good book! Reviewed in the United States on October 30, 2019. Unable to add item to List. Reviewed in the United States on February 20, 2016. Chase goes on a space adventure to figure out who he is, where he came from and what his message means. Please try again. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Click. Oppenheim's place is taken by Grant. They didn't ever want me to stop reading. Sign in to add this item to your wishlist, follow it, or mark it as not interested. They gradually realise that much of the planet is covered by deep snow and ice in the winter, making all but plant life impossible and their own survival unlikely. . Reviewed in the United States on March 28, 2014. THE LOST PLANET is a super fun space adventure that both boys and girls will love. Please try again. . We don't share your credit card details with third-party sellers, and we don't sell your information to others. There was a problem loading your book clubs. The extreme and unpredictable conditions that characterized the Lost Planet series return, harsher than ever before. It's EVERYTHING I imagined as a child the future would be like when we finally became adults; teleportation, inner galactic travel, android robots, food magically appearing out of walls from nowhere. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. "- Time is running out. overall this is an amazing book that you should definitely read! - He has no memory.- He is now under the protection of a mysterious benefactor. A planet in turmoil. Sign in to see reasons why you may or may not like this based on your games, friends, and curators you follow. TV Series Download. To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number. Hermanoff's personality has also mellowed, and he immediately offers to take McKinnon and his colleagues back to Earth before the imminent onset of winter. My son is nine and was captivated by the Lost Planet. Popular user-defined tags for this product: 60 Curators have reviewed this product. Sci-fi, adventure and a look at the future. Please try your request again later. Sign in to add your own tags to this product. Read more about it in the, There are no more reviews that match the filters set above, Adjust the filters above to see other reviews. Prime members enjoy FREE Delivery and exclusive access to music, movies, TV shows, original audio series, and Kindle books. fun and accessible." ―School Library Journal. Reviewed in the United States on March 15, 2016. All rights reserved. Rachel Searles lives in Los Angeles with her rocket scientist husband. Español - Latinoamérica (Spanish - Latin America). - His name is Chase Garrety. THE LOST PLANET is a super fun space adventure that both boys and girls will love. Find all the books, read about the author, and more. To view reviews within a date range, please click and drag a selection on a graph above or click on a specific bar. Please select a specific package to create a widget for: Enter up to 375 characters to add a description to your widget: Copy and paste the HTML below into your website to make the above widget appear. 8 year old is loving this book, 40 year old mom not so much. Index of TV Series. - He has an annirad blaster wound to the back of his head. The narrator, 16-year-old Jeremy Grant, who has been recently orphaned, travels from Australia to Scotland to stay with his scientist uncle, Dr Lachlan McKinnon, at his estate, Inverard. Two further books continue the adventures of the Space Agent: Space Agent and the Isles of Fire (1962), and Space Agent and the Ancient Peril (1964). The Lost Planet is a 1953 juvenile science fiction novel by Angus MacVicar, published by Burke, London. Filter reviews by the user's playtime when the review was written: When enabled, off-topic review activity will be filtered out. Our payment security system encrypts your information during transmission. - He woke up on planet Trucon, inside of a fence line he shouldn't have been able to cross. With Roddy McDowall, Ron Harper, James Naughton, Mark Lenard. . It's a fantastic middle grade novel about a boy who's lost his memory with only one clue "Guide the star!" Please try again. Planet of the Apes The series begins with the crash of an Earth spaceship that encountered a time warp while approaching Alpha Centauri on August 19, 1980. The spaceship is manned by three astronauts, one of whom has died in the crash. Within a few days Hermanoff and Stranahan have taken off to rescue him. There is more than one way to buy this game. It also analyzes reviews to verify trustworthiness. LOST PLANET® 3, LOST PLANET® 3 - Assault Pack, LOST PLANET® 3 - Freedom Fighter Pack, LOST PLANET® 3 - Hi Res Movies, LOST PLANET® 3 - Map Pack 1, LOST PLANET® 3 - Map Pack 2, LOST PLANET® 3 - Map Pack 3, LOST PLANET® 3 - Punisher Pack, LOST PLANET® 3 - Survival Pack. A powerful robot. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. The sequel Return to the Lost Planet continues from this point. Reviewed in the United States on April 12, 2014. With the fast pace and the many different worlds and aliens the characters encounter, kids (and adults) will be turning pages quickly to see what happens next. The Lost Planet is her fiction debut. Billions The Simpsons Game of Thrones Ted Lasso The Boondocks Des Schitt's Cree The Third Day Black Lightning Ratched Bates Motel Arrested Development Away The Tudors Parks and Recreation Black Sails A Series of Unfortunate Events Merlin Jane the Virgin Hoops Grimm Raised by Wolves Cobra Kai Blindspot Succession Bodyguard Lovecraft Country Under … Thankfully, it appears that we won't have to wait long for his next film, "The Last Planet," though we … "This fun, adrenaline-filled story is perfect for younger teen sci-fi fans." ―Booklist, "A rousing space adventure, filled with government conspiracies, a quest for identity, and nonstop action. Square Fish; Reprint Edition (January 27, 2015). it has a sense of mystery that i haven't seen as well portrayed in any other book that i have read! Watch trailers & learn more. We work hard to protect your security and privacy. You're listening to a sample of the Audible audio edition. I was sad to see the last page, but am hoping for the next book to continue on in the action-packed journey! Created by Anthony Wilson. Parker is a snarky boy who helps him find his way through the galaxy. Nevertheless, the crew start to explore the area, finding an atmosphere of peace which calms their anxieties and tempers. On one trip they encounter Hermanoff and his assistant, Andrieff, whose spaceship has landed a few miles away. With the fast pace and the many different worlds and aliens the characters encounter, kids (and adults) will be turning pages quickly to see what happens next. The writing is spectacular and the plotting reveals some unexpected twists, setting you up for another adventure in book two. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. - 63% of the 1,424 user reviews for this game are positive. It was the first science fiction series ever translated to Hebrew and had considerable impact on the development of this genre in Israel.[2]. Includes 9 items: There's a problem loading this menu right now. Bring your club to Amazon Book Clubs, start a new book club and invite your friends to join, or find a club that's right for you for free. McKinnon is worried about overloading the spaceship, and at the last minute, unbeknown to the rest, he leaves the ship to return to his own, hoping to survive the cold until a relief expedition can be organised. The Stolen Moon (The Lost Planet Series, 2), The City of Ember (The City of Ember Book 1), The Wonderful Flight to the Mushroom Planet. It is the first of the popular novel series The Lost Planet, which was adapted for radio and television. With "A Hidden Life" finally coming to theaters later this month, the world has been graced with yet another incredible film from the master filmmaker Terrence Malick. A doctor with dark secrets. © 2020 Valve Corporation. I can't wait for book 2! Son loves it and that's that counts. Two astronauts and a sympathetic chimp friend are fugitives in a future Earth dominated by a civilization of humanoid apes. There was an error retrieving your Wish Lists. Aliens, Androids and Intergalactic Battles, oh my! Wherever the Robinsons go, danger's never far behind. Oppenheim is dismissed, and later Hermanoff visits Inverard to try and persuade the two expeditions to join forces, but there is too much suspicion and animosity. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations, Select the department you want to search in, + $17.91 Shipping & Import Fees Deposit to India. Lost Planet 3 reveals new truths about the foreboding planet and the colonial history of E.D.N. This defaults to your Review Score Setting. Top subscription boxes – right to your door, © 1996-2020, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. This shopping feature will continue to load items when the Enter key is pressed. Ein guter Buch der die Spannung gut aufbaut und mich dazu gebracht hat die letzte 100 Seiten in einem Zug zu lesen.
Anime For Sale, Brakes Near Me, The Tuesday Club Podcast Email, I Wanna Rule The World I Want What I Deserve, Have I Told You Lately That I Love You Lyrics Jim Reeves, This Wasn't Supposed To Happen Meme, Tom Segura Spanish, West Ham V Brentford On Tv, Green Party Of Canada Leader,


The first volume of the Adaptive Environments series focuses on Robotic Building, which refers to both physically built robotic environments and robotically supported building processes. Physically built robotic environments consist of reconfigurable, adaptive systems incorporating sensor-actuator mechanisms that enable buildings to interact with their users and surroundings in real-time. These require Design-to-Production and Operation chains that are numerically controlled and (partially or completely) robotically driven. From architectured materials, on- and off-site robotic production to robotic building operation augmenting everyday life, the volume examines achievements of the last decades and outlines potential future developments in Robotic Building.
This book offers an overview of the developments within robotics in architecture so far, and explains the future possibilities of this field. The study of interactions between human and non-human agents at building, design, production and operation level will interest readers seeking information on architecture, design-to-robotic-production and design-to-robotic-operation.


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Now running Drupal 6. And it even works!
Views went a way for a bit, but then I found them hiding in a corner.
Publishing images is still a bit … wonky. Where is your Image API Drupal 7?!
I got a new MacBook Pro at work.
Good: Beautiful (if shiny) display, gestures are cool and hey, look a RIGHT-CLICKING TRACKPAD.
Bad: Unibody means stupid port placement; all ports on the left, disc drive on the right.
First up: The Day After Ragnarok.
Wolfenstein: It's time to stomp supernatural Nazis once again.
CORE: A first person shooter for the Nintendo DS. A throw back to DOOM … but not in a good way.
Jedi AcademyTraining Manual [rpg]: Because Jedi didn't have enough cool stuff to do already. That said … lightsaber form powers are hella cool.
November 13-15, 2009 near Scranton, Pa.
"Essays and commentary about the final frontier." Covers government and private space ventures from around the world. Great if you like to keep up with current thinking on the exploration and commericalization of space.


In 2012 I returned to Burma/Myanmar. The Lady, as she's known there, was a topic that once could only be spoken of in whispers—now, she plays an active, public role in her nation's life. She has courageously championed democracy and human rights throughout her life, but she paid a stiff price by spending almost 15 years under house arrest. She was the transformative figure in Burma/Myanmar who combined the nonviolent vision of Gandhi and King with the determined clarity Mandela showed during his long imprisonment. Over the past few visits to Burma/Myanmar, I've been delighted to see Suu Kyi win a seat in the Parliament and be covered in the press. Hopefully her input will be valued in shaping a new future for her country.
** This blog was originally posted in 2014, but in 2017 a crisis erupted in Myanmar in which the Rohingya people were extensively targeted with communal and military violence leading to mass expulsions into neighboring Bangladesh. Aung San Suu Kyi's role has been one of being an apologist for the government rather than a voice for justice and human rights. See the UPDATE below for more.
Aung San Suu Kyi is a figure to Burma similar to Nelson Mandela in South Africa. She was a leader and key visionary for a liberation struggle in her country. She was imprisoned or under house arrest for many years. After release, she was elected to Parliament. However, her story also has some significant dimensions of interfaith learning and unfinished business.
Aung San Suu Kyi rose to prominence during the brief democracy uprising in Burma in 1988. (Burma's name was changed formally by the military dictatorship to Myanmar, but many democracy advocates, ethnic minorities and the U.S. government still refer to the country as Burma.) During the month of demonstrations before the massive military crackdown that re-imposed military dominance, Suu Kyi (pronounced sue she) was the main speaker, galvanizing the crowds with her speeches and her presence.
She bears the name of her father, Aung San, the general who led the independence struggle in Burma against the British. On the verge of independence, Aung San was assassinated. His daughter was only 2 years old, at the time. But, the late Aung San remains a hero in the hearts of most Burmese. Until 1988 Suu Kyi had a relatively quiet life, growing up in her well-to-do family, living in India and England. She studied at Oxford, married a British scholar and became a scholar herself while raising a family.
Her widowed mother served as Burma's ambassador to India during Suu Kyi's high school and early college years. There she was exposed to the life and philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi. She explored his work related to the anti-colonial struggle, comparing Gandhi to her honored father. In her studies she noted especially how, while remaining in his Hindu tradition, Gandhi had the intellectual flexibility to learn from and accept elements of other traditions that could fit into his ethical understanding and strengthen his work.
Aung San Suu Kyi arrvies to give speech to the supporters during 2012 election campaign at her constituency Kawhmu township, Myanmar/Burma on 22 March 2012.
As a scholar, then as a democracy activist, Suu Kyi took the teachings of nonviolent resistance in Gandhi and the Christian Martin Luther King, Jr. and welded them into the non-elitist philosophy of Buddhism to build a broad-based sense of a movement for freedom. She also connected to Buddhist teachings about education, often focused in the monastery, as the way to come to enlightenment.
Aung San Suu Kyi gives speech to supporters at Hlaing Thar Yar Township in Yangon, Myanmar on 17 November 2011.
A central lesson Suu Kyi learned from Gandhi was how to deal with fear. In facing the overwhelming might and brutality of the Burmese military, dealing with fear would be a critical challenge, a challenge picked up in the title of her book Freedom from Fear. Jawaharlal Nehru's description of Gandhi was especially meaningful to her: The essence of his teaching was fearlessness and truth, and action allied to these, always keeping the welfare of the masses in view. Looking at the struggles of her own people she wrote, A people who would build a nation in which strong, democratic institutions are firmly established as a guarantee against state-induced power must first learn to liberate their own minds from apathy and fear. Another Hindu, Rabindranath Tagore, gave her a special image in his poem Gitanjali in which he spoke of a state, … where the mind is without fear and the head is held high.
In an action that has become legendary for the people of Burma and other nonviolent activists around the world, Suu Kyi directly confronted the Burmese Army. Defying a military ban on her political activity, she was on a campaign tour for the parliamentary election called by the military, running as a candidate with her National League for Democracy. Soldiers under the command of a captain knelt down to take aim at her. Suu Kyi motioned her followers to get off to the side of the road while she continued walking straight toward the guns aimed at her. It seemed so much simpler to provide them with a single target than to bring everyone else in, she wrote. The order to fire was halted, and she walked through the line of soldiers. In July 1989 Suu Kyi was arrested. Despite having their leader under detention for months, the NLD overwhelming won the election in May 1990, but the military refused to let the elected parliamentarians be seated. Hundreds of NLD members were arrested and others fled into exile.
Aung San Suu Kyi greeting supporters from Bago Region on 14 August 2011.
In 2010 after a constitution was approved that established a democratic form of government that was still under heavy military control, the new government released Suu Kyi. She ran for a seat in the lower house of Parliament during by-elections in 2012, winning handily. She recently announced that she will contest the presidential election in 2015.
Aung San Suu Kyi came under severe criticism for her silence and then support of the government during the Rohingya crisis. The Rohingya people in the southern Rakhine province have been victims of discrimination and targets of sporadic government and mob violence for the past few years, sometimes led by robed militant Buddhist monks. In 2017 a Rohingya insurgent attack on a police post that killed a number of policemen sparked more extensive violence against the Rohingyas. Many people were slaughtered and villages burned. Hundreds of thousands fled to Bangladesh.
As of this update, Suu Kyi is visiting the Rakhine province, though whether she will get much exposure to the Rohingya perspectives and experiences remains to be seen.
Click here for the BBC report on her visit.
The U.N. released a report which said the Myanmar military had committed acts of genocide in relation to the Rohingya people. It said the Aung San Suu Kyi should have at best been silent and preferably should have resigned and spoken out even to the point of going back to house arrest rather than becoming a spokesperson for the military's line about the genocide.
Click here for the BBC report on the U.N. report.


text:
How to spot a TV station in Louisiana
LOUISIANA, LA—In a country that has struggled to get its first big television networks, the Louisiana Department of Public Safety has found a way to get the news it needs: through radio and television.
In Louisiana, state law allows the state public safety department to order up to three television stations to operate, but only if they can be seen from a certain distance, and can afford to pay for the privilege.
This is because most stations in the state are privately owned and operate without public subsidies.
"We can do this because the people of Louisiana are so willing to pay to get information to them," said Lieutenant Governor Jeff Landry, adding that a recent survey showed that only 12% of Louisianaans think the government should be providing a local news service.
The state's television system, which broadcasts local news to residents across the state, was launched in 1985.
It is one of the largest in the nation.
It has a national reach and reaches more than 300 million people in over 30,000 local markets.
It broadcasts news on nearly 600 local stations, and it serves as the home for nearly 300 television stations, including CNN, MSNBC, and CBS.
It also serves as a forum for news organizations to broadcast stories and debate issues.
But in recent years, some of its news organizations have been facing complaints from constituents.
A lawsuit in May filed by a group of citizens accused the Louisiana television station of having a history of being politically biased.
In response, the station issued a statement saying it "does not and will not make any comments on the legal action."
Landry said the law gives the public safety agency authority to order public radio stations to begin broadcasting local news, but that he has no authority to compel them to do so.
"If I want to order the station to broadcast a story on a particular subject, then I will," he said.
"But it is not the right thing to do.
I'm not going to order that."
In recent years the Louisiana public safety system has been under fire for how it handles complaints about bias.
In a 2015 study, nearly 80% of complaints received by the department's inspector general were from people of color.
The state also received an unprecedented number of complaints about its handling of race-based complaints.
Critics of the department have argued that the system has a history that shows it has a bias against black and brown residents.
The watchdog group Louisiana Watchdog called the department a "system of systematic and intentional discrimination" in a report in 2015.
Landry, in his response to the complaint filed by the citizens, said the public security agency would review the complaint.
"It will be investigated and we will determine the facts, and we look forward to making a decision based on all the facts and evidence," Landry said.
Landriez, who is also the Louisiana state auditor, said he had been involved in numerous efforts to improve the state's news media in recent decades.
"There is no reason why there should be a distinction made between local and national news and that's not a bad thing," he told reporters.
"That's a fact."
The inspector general's office found that the department "has not consistently provided information on local and statewide coverage and has not taken reasonable steps to ensure that local and regional coverage reflects the facts."
The department also found that "there is no transparency or accountability in the manner in which the department handles complaints related to local and state media coverage," according to the report.
Landrey said he has already ordered the public broadcasting of several local news stories.
"If you need local news in your town, you need to come to me," he joked.
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text:
Spassky's Inheritance, Mikunn
The Dukes of Mikunn have begun sanctions against the dictatorial Law Party of HR 7327, in the HR 7327 system. As such, commerce to the Law Party owned Gabriel Station will be under blockade until such time as a regime change occurs. As the Dukes of Mikunn currently hold majority influence in the system, the reins of power at Gabriel Station should naturally pass to the Duchy of Mikunn.
For the safety of all private traders, their Graces the Dukes have requested that independent pilots should stay clear of HR 7327, and Gabriel Station in particular, until further notice.
Traffic should be routed to the neighbouring systems of Sukua, Kwatee and of course, Mikunn. Commanders interested in toppling the dictatorship of the Law Party should make their way to Mikunn and contact Commander Lucifer Wolfgang, Commander Calomiriel, or his Lordship the Count of Monte Fisto.
Soda Popinski, Media Relations, Duchy of Mikunn
It's Not All About Sovereignty
The past few months have seen dozens of frontier systems launch initiatives to break away from Sol, due in no small part to the higher taxes being charged by the Federal government.
The most recent referendum on Federal membership took place in the Dulos system, where an overwhelming 75% of the population voted to leave the Federation and become an Independent state.
However, in recent weeks there has been a surge of support for the Federal government all across occupied space. Where previously there were tens of dozens of independent movements pushing to break away, all but a small handful of them have now fizzled out.
Pundits point to actions taken by Admiral Vincent of the Federal Navy to protect the interests of member states at short notice, as the cause of this most recent shift in opinion.


text:
Huawei Y6 II Compact — смартфон середньо-бюджетного рівня, розроблений компанією Huawei, що є зменшеною версією Huawei Y6 II. Був представлений у вересні 2016 року. У деяких країнах смартфон продавався як Honor 5A.

Дизайн
Екран виконаний зі скла. Корпус виконаний з пластику.

Знизу розміщені роз'єм microUSB, динамік та стилізований під динамік мікрофон. Зверху розташований 3.5 мм аудіороз'єм та другий мікрофон. З правого боку розміщені кнопки регулювання гучності та кнопка блокування смартфона. Слоти під 1 або 2 SIM-картки (залежно від версії у Y6 II Compact,  тільки під 2 у Honor 5A) й карту пам'яті формату microSD до 128 ГБ знаходяться під задньою панеллю, яку можна зняти.

Смартфони продавалися в 3 кольорах: чорному, білому та золотому.

Технічні характеристики

Платформа
Y6 II Compact отримав процесор від компанії MediaTek MT6735, а Honor 5A — MT6735P. Обидва процесори працюють в парі з графічним процесором Mali-T720MP2.

Батарея
Батарея отримала об'єм 2200 мА·год. Також є можливість її заміни.

Камери
Смартфони отримали основну камеру 13 Мп, f/2.0 (ширококутний) з автофокусом та можливістю запису відео в роздільній здатності 720p@30fps. Фронтальна камера отримала роздільність 5 Мп та можливість запису відео у роздільній здатності 720p@30fps.

Екран
Екран IPS LCD, 5.0", HD (1280 × 720) зі щільністю пікселів 294 ppi та співвідношенням сторін 16:9.

Пам'ять
Смартфони продавалися в комплектації 2/16 ГБ.

Програмне забезпечення
Смартфони були випущені на EMUI 3.1 на базі Android 5.1 Lollipop. Були оновлені до EMUI 4 на базі Android 6.0 Marshmallow

Примітки

Y6 II Compact
Honor (бренд)
Пристрої на базі Android
Мобільні телефони, представлені в 2016 році
Смартфони, зняті з виробництва
Мобільні телефони із знімною батареєю

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia