text:
County in California, United States
County of Siskiyou
Images, from top down, left to right: Mount Shasta, the historic West Miner Street in Yreka, Indian Tom Lake
"Mountains of Opportunity"
Interactive map of Siskiyou County
Location in the state of California
Coordinates: 41°35′N 122°30′W / 41.583°N 122.500°W / 41.583; -122.500Coordinates: 41°35′N 122°30′W / 41.583°N 122.500°W / 41.583; -122.500
Shasta Cascade
The Siskiyou Trail
County seat
• Type
Council–Administrator
• Chair
Brandon Criss
• Vice Chair
Ed Valenzuela
• Board of Supervisors[1]
Michael N. Kobseff
Nancy Ogren
Ray A. Haupt
• County Administrator
Terry Barber
6,347 sq mi (16,440 km2)
69 sq mi (180 km2)
14,162 ft (4,317 m)
(April 1, 2020)[3]
6.9/sq mi (2.7/km2)
UTC−8 (Pacific Time Zone)
UTC−7 (Pacific Daylight Time)
FIPS code
GNIS feature ID
www.co.siskiyou.ca.us
Siskiyou County (/ˈsɪskjuː/ ( listen), SISK-yoo) is a county in the northernmost part of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 44,076.[3] Its county seat is Yreka and its highest point is Mount Shasta.[4] It falls within the Cascadia bioregion.[5]
Siskiyou County is in the Shasta Cascade region along with the Oregon border. Because of its outdoor recreation, Mt. Shasta, McCloud River, and Gold Rush era history, it is an important tourist destination within the state.[citation needed]
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Siskiyou County was created on March 22, 1852, from parts of Shasta and Klamath Counties, and named after the Siskiyou mountain range. Parts of the county's territory were given to Modoc County in 1855.
The county is the site of the central section of the Siskiyou Trail, which ran between California's Central Valley and the Pacific Northwest. The Siskiyou Trail followed Native American footpaths, and was extended by Hudson's Bay Company trappers in the 1830s. Its length was increased by "Forty-Niners" during the California Gold Rush.
After the discovery of an important gold strike near today's Yreka, California, in 1851, prospectors flooded the area. This was described in detail by Joaquin Miller in his semi-autobiographical novel Life Amongst the Modocs.
In the mid-1880s, the construction of the Central Pacific Railroad along the Siskiyou Trail brought the first wave of tourism. Visitors were drawn by the county's many summer resorts, and to hunt or fish in the largely untouched region. The Southern Pacific railroad, the successor to the Central Pacific, called its rail line "The Road of A Thousand Wonders."
In the early 1940s, Siskiyou County was home to the semi-serious State of Jefferson movement, which sought to create a new state from several counties of northern California and the adjoining counties of southern Oregon. The movement has seen a revival in recent years.
The origin of the word Siskiyou is not known. It may be a Chinook Jargon word for a "bob-tailed horse" (ultimately originating in Cree),[6] or as was argued before the State Senate in 1852, from the French Six Cailloux (six stones), a name given to a ford on the Umpqua River by Michel Laframboise and his Hudson's Bay Company trappers in 1832. Others claim the Six Cailloux name was appropriated by Stephen Meek, another Hudson's Bay Company trapper who discovered Scott Valley, for a crossing on the Klamath River near Hornbrook.
The county is home to the Black Bear Ranch, a commune started in 1968 with the slogan "Free Land for free people."
On September 4, 2013, the Siskiyou County Board of Supervisors voted 4 to 1 to secede from the State of California.[7]
Mossbrae Falls, near Dunsmuir, California
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 6,347 square miles (16,440 km2), of which 6,278 square miles (16,260 km2) is land and 69 square miles (180 km2) (1.1%) is water.[8] It is the fifth-largest county by area in California.[citation needed]
Siskiyou County is geographically diverse. From towering Mount Shasta (elev. 14,179 ft/(4,322 m)) near the center of the county, to lakes and dense forests, as well as desert, chaparral, and memorable waterfalls, the county is home to world-famous trout-fishing rivers and streams, such as the Sacramento and McCloud rivers. The county is dotted as well with lakes and reservoirs,[9] such as Castle Lake and Lake Siskiyou. Mount Shasta itself has a winter sports center. Pastoral Scott Valley in the western part of the county has many wide, tree-lined meadows, supporting large cattle ranches. The basins of northeastern Siskiyou County, including Butte Valley, Lower Klamath and Tule Lake basins, have some of the deepest and richest soils in the state, producing alfalfa, potatoes, horseradish, and brewing barley. Butte Valley nurseries are the leading source of premium strawberry plants in North America. Much of the county is densely forested with pine, fir, incense-cedar, oak, and madrone; Siskiyou County is also home to the rare Baker's Cypress Tree, Cupressus bakeri, which grows in only eleven scattered locations in the world, five of which are in Siskiyou County. The county's natural resources are most often used these days for skiing, snowboarding, hiking, mountain biking, camping, and wilderness recreation, as historic logging practices have been largely discontinued due to Federal and State environmental regulations. The county's water is viewed as sufficiently pure and abundant that the county is a source of significant amounts of bottled water, distributed throughout the country. A large Crystal Geyser plant is at the base of Mt. Shasta, near Weed.
Substantial amounts of the county are forested within the Siskiyou and Cascade Ranges, including significant oak woodland and mixed conifer forests. Siskiyou County is the northern extent of the range for California Buckeye,[10] a widespread California endemic. The Klamath National Forest occupies 1,700,000 acres (6,900 km2) of land which includes elements in Siskiyou County as well as Jackson County, Oregon.[11]
Adjacent counties
Josephine County, Oregon - northwest
Jackson County, Oregon - north
Klamath County, Oregon - northeast
Modoc County - east
Shasta County - southeast
Trinity County - south
Humboldt County - southwest
Del Norte County - west
National protected areas
Cristobalite on obsidian, found near Lava Beds National Monument.
Butte Valley National Grassland
Klamath National Forest (part)
Lava Beds National Monument (part)
Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (part)
Modoc National Forest (part)
Rogue River National Forest (part)
Shasta National Forest (part)
Six Rivers National Forest (part)
Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge (part)
Tule Lake Unit, World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument (part)
Southern Pacific 4449 at Bray, en route to Railfair 1981.
Major highways
U.S. Route 97
State Route 3
State Route 89
State Route 139
Siskiyou Transit And General Express (STAGE)[12] operates buses connecting the more populated areas of the county. Amtrak trains stop in Dunsmuir. Amtrak California motorcoaches operate from Sacramento and Medford, OR, with stops in Yreka, Weed, Mount Shasta, and Dunsmuir, for passengers connecting to and from Amtrak trains in Sacramento or Stockton.
Siskiyou County owns and operates Butte Valley Airport, Happy Camp Airport, Scott Valley Airport, Siskiyou County Airport and Weed Airport (all general aviation). Dunsmuir Municipal-Mott Airport and Montague-Yreka Rohrer Field are also within the county.
The closest airports for commercial domestic plane departures are Rogue Valley International-Medford Airport north of the county in Medford, Oregon, Crater Lake–Klamath Regional Airport, northeast of the county in Klamath Falls, Oregon, and Redding Municipal Airport south of the county in Redding, California.
Voter registration statistics
Population and registered voters
Total population[13]
Registered voters[14][note 1]
Democratic[14]
Republican[14]
Democratic–Republican spread[14]
-2,205 -8.6%
Independent[14]
Green[14]
Libertarian[14]
Peace and Freedom[14]
Americans Elect[14]
1 0.0%
Other[14]
No party preference[14]
Cities by population and voter registration
Population[13]
Registered voters[14]
[note 1]
D–R spread[14]
Dorris 872 42.5% 30.5% 42.3% -11.8% 8.4% 22.4%
Dunsmuir 1,663 56.2% 41.5% 24.5% +17.0% 13.7% 24.6%
Etna 721 58.5% 29.1% 46.0% -16.9% 9.7% 18.7%
Fort Jones 595 63.5% 30.4% 44.4% -14.0% 10.1% 18.8%
Montague 1,510 47.8% 24.8% 44.6% -19.8% 12.3% 23.8%
Mount Shasta 3,411 59.8% 42.6% 25.3% +17.3% 10.4% 25.3%
Tulelake 981 24.9% 22.5% 54.5% -32.0% 8.6% 18.4%
Weed 2,947 44.8% 45.6% 24.0% +21.6% 14.5% 21.7%
Yreka 7,696 52.3% 30.8% 42.5% -11.7% 11.0% 20.3%
Siskiyou is a strongly Republican county in Presidential and congressional elections. The last Democrat to win a majority in the county was Lyndon Johnson in 1964; however, Bill Clinton won a plurality of votes in 1992.
United States presidential election results for Siskiyou County, California[15]
2020 13,290 56.62% 9,593 40.87% 589 2.51%
2016 11,341 55.34% 7,234 35.30% 1,918 9.36%
1968 6,334 46.13% 6,260 45.59% 1,138 8.29%
1924 2,437 40.58% 584 9.73% 2,984 49.69%
1912 29 0.58% 2,465 49.57% 2,479 49.85%
Siskiyou County is in California's 1st congressional district, represented by Republican Doug LaMalfa.[16]
In the state legislature Siskiyou is in the 1st Senate District, represented by Republican Brian Dahle,[17] and the 1st Assembly District, represented by Republican Megan Dahle.[18]
On November 4, 2008, Siskiyou County voted 60.1% for Proposition 8 which amended the California Constitution to ban same-sex marriages. Dunsmuir and Mount Shasta voted against Prop 8.[citation needed]
On September 3, 2013, the Siskiyou County Board of Supervisors voted 4–1 in favor of secession from California to form a proposed state named Jefferson.[19][20] A similar move was made in 1941, but was shelved due to the attack on Pearl Harbor.[21]
The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense.
Population and crime rates
Violent crime[22]
Homicide[22]
Forcible rape[22]
Robbery[22]
Aggravated assault[22]
Property crime[22]
Burglary[22]
Larceny-theft[22][note 2]
Motor vehicle theft[22]
Arson[22]
Cities by population and crime rates
Violent crimes[23]
Violent crime rate
per 1,000 persons
Property crimes[23]
Property crime rate
Dorris 939 1 1.06 23 24.49
Dunsmuir 1,650 5 3.03 41 24.85
Etna 737 1 1.36 2 2.71
Fort Jones 841 0 0.00 14 16.65
Lake Shastina 2,460 0 0.00 0 0.00
Montague 1,443 2 1.39 6 4.16
Mount Shasta 3,396 5 1.47 79 23.26
Tulelake 1,010 1 0.99 5 4.95
Weed 2,970 18 6.06 125 42.09
Yreka 7,768 42 5.41 293 37.72
Population, race, and income
White[13]
Black or African American[13]
American Indian or Alaska Native[13]
Asian[13]
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander[13]
Some other race[13]
Two or more races[13]
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)[24]
Per capita income[25]
Median household income[26]
Median family income[27]
Places by population, race, and income
Places by population and race
Type[28]
Black or African
American[13]
Native American[13]
(of any race)[24]
Carrick CDP 123 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Dorris City 872 83.9% 11.6% 1.0% 0.0% 3.4% 25.1%
Dunsmuir City 1,663 85.9% 8.5% 1.5% 1.6% 2.4% 7.5%
Edgewood CDP 49 85.7% 14.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 14.3%
Etna City 721 86.8% 10.1% 0.6% 0.0% 2.5% 9.3%
Fort Jones City 595 91.8% 3.2% 0.2% 2.4% 2.5% 6.6%
Gazelle CDP 153 71.2% 24.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.9% 22.2%
Greenview CDP 376 89.4% 10.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Grenada CDP 322 81.4% 8.7% 0.0% 0.0% 9.9% 2.8%
Happy Camp CDP 1,170 61.3% 12.2% 6.9% 0.8% 18.8% 4.6%
Hornbrook CDP 334 89.8% 1.5% 2.4% 0.0% 6.3% 5.7%
McCloud CDP 1,288 94.5% 1.6% 2.2% 0.8% 1.0% 5.1%
Macdoel CDP 108 38.0% 62.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 72.2%
Montague City 1,510 80.7% 12.5% 0.6% 0.2% 6.0% 16.9%
Mount Hebron CDP 72 94.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 5.6% 31.9%
Mount Shasta City 3,411 93.3% 6.5% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 8.6%
Tennant CDP 55 65.5% 5.5% 29.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Tulelake City 981 83.1% 8.1% 1.0% 5.2% 2.7% 55.2%
Weed City 2,947 87.8% 5.0% 1.1% 3.7% 2.5% 15.8%
Yreka City 7,696 84.6% 8.9% 1.9% 1.3% 3.4% 10.3%
Places by population and income
Carrick CDP 123 $13,418 $12,269 $37,386
Dorris City 872 $15,058 $32,500 $37,880
Dunsmuir City 1,663 $21,465 $36,813 $47,958
Edgewood CDP 49 $26,247 $44,063 $43,438
Etna City 721 $16,854 $30,455 $31,875
Fort Jones City 595 $15,363 $26,875 $38,947
Gazelle CDP 153 $13,808 $19,333 $27,344
Greenview CDP 376 $19,574 $45,640 $45,640
Grenada CDP 322 $21,354 $27,955 $40,417
Happy Camp CDP 1,170 $13,909 $23,438 $30,500
Hornbrook CDP 334 $13,494 $27,143 $36,528
McCloud CDP 1,288 $19,543 $31,630 $49,922
Macdoel CDP 108 $17,961 $51,534 $53,750
Montague City 1,510 $15,971 $33,438 $44,875
Mount Hebron CDP 72 $18,090 $25,875 $24,464
Mount Shasta City 3,411 $24,705 $39,575 $62,500
Tennant CDP 55 $13,035 $18,365 $18,250
Tulelake City 981 $13,174 $26,389 $36,500
Weed City 2,947 $15,124 $25,659 $37,917
Yreka City 7,696 $21,169 $31,151 $41,750
1860 7,629 —
U.S. Decennial Census[30]
1790-1960[31] 1900-1990[32]
1990-2000[33] 2010-2015[3]
The 2010 United States Census reported Siskiyou County had a population of 44,900. The racial makeup of Siskiyou County was 38,030 (84.7%) White, 571 (1.3%) African American, 1,814 (4.0%) Native American, 540 (1.2%) Asian, 80 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 1,491 (3.3%) from other races, and 2,374 (5.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4,615 persons (10.3%).[34]
Population reported at 2010 United States Census
two or
or Latino
(of any race)
Siskiyou County 44,900 38,030 571 1,814 540 80 1,491 2,374 4,615
Dorris 939 764 19 18 5 8 77 48 197
Dunsmuir 1,650 1,443 32 17 15 4 30 109 167
Etna 737 627 0 28 1 1 6 74 26
Fort Jones 839 650 33 61 8 0 23 64 103
Montague 1,443 1,251 4 67 8 1 17 95 107
Mount Shasta 3,394 3,041 61 19 56 2 51 164 277
Tulelake 1,010 563 1 15 1 0 365 65 601
Weed 2,967 2,221 206 70 121 27 132 190 475
Yreka 7,765 6,495 57 491 94 9 168 451 753
Census-designated
Carrick 131 110 7 2 2 0 1 9 8
Edgewood 43 41 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
Gazelle 70 65 0 4 0 0 1 0 5
Greenview 201 161 0 10 1 0 8 21 19
Grenada 367 307 2 35 1 0 3 19 12
Happy Camp 1,190 814 2 277 7 1 18 71 95
Hornbrook 248 195 0 15 0 0 10 28 19
Macdoel 133 57 0 6 0 0 69 1 78
McCloud 1,101 1,039 8 10 6 0 5 33 65
Mount Hebron 95 73 0 1 0 0 18 3 41
Tennant 41 36 0 2 0 0 1 2 4
unincorporated areas
All others not CDPs (combined) 20,536 18,077 139 666 214 27 487 926 1,561
As of the census[35] of 2000, there were 44,301 people, 18,556 households, and 12,228 families residing in the county. The population density was 7/sq mi (3/km2). There were 21,947 housing units at an average density of 4/sq mi (1/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 87.1% White, 1.3% Black or African American, 3.9% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.8% from other races, and 3.7% from two or more races. 7.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 13.5% were of German, 12.0% English, 9.8% Irish, 9.5% American and 7.1% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 91.7% spoke English and 5.7% Spanish as their first language. As of March 2012, the largest self-reported ancestry groups in Siskiyou County are 15% German, 13% English, 12% Irish and 6% Italian.[36]
There were 18,556 households, out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.87.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.0% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 22.7% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $29,530, and the median income for a family was $36,890. Males had a median income of $31,936 versus $22,650 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,570. About 14.0% of families and 18.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.6% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.
Dunsmuir
Fort Jones
Tulelake
Yreka (county seat)
Census-designated places
Happy Camp
Lake Shastina
Macdoel
Mount Hebron
Other unincorporated communities
Bestville
Big Springs
Black Butte
Cecilville
Forks of Salmon
Fort Goff
Grass Lake
Hatfield (partial)
Horse Creek
Klamathon
Lake Siskiyou
Little Shasta
Mott, a hamlet between Shasta Springs and Azalea[37]
Mugginsville
Oro Fino
Pondosa
Sawyers Bar
Scott Bar
Seiad Valley
Somes Bar
Thompson Creek
Gullion's Bar
Negro Flat
Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Siskiyou County.
† county seat
City/Town/etc.
Municipal type
Population (2020 Census)
1 † Yreka City 7,807
2 Mount Shasta City 3,223
3 Weed City 2,862
4 Lake Shastina CDP 2,401
5 Dunsmuir City 1,707
6 Montague City 1,226
7 McCloud CDP 945
8 Happy Camp CDP 905
9 Tulelake City 902
10 Dorris City 860
11 Fort Jones City 695
12 Etna City 678
13 Karuk Reservation[38] AIAN 578
14 Grenada CDP 314
15 Hornbrook CDP 266
16 Greenview CDP 208
17 Quartz Valley Reservation[39] AIAN 202
18 Carrick CDP 143
19 Mount Hebron CDP 103
20 Gazelle CDP 95
21 Macdoel CDP 86
22 Edgewood CDP 72
23 Tennant CDP 63
List of school districts in Siskiyou County, California
List of museums in the Shasta Cascade (California)
National Register of Historic Places listings in Siskiyou County, California
Upper Soda Springs
Shasta Springs
Yreka Western Railroad
^ a b Percentage of registered voters with respect to total population. Percentages of party members with respect to registered voters follow.
^ Only larceny-theft cases involving property over $400 in value are reported as property crimes.
^ Other = Some other race + Two or more races
^ Native American = Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander + American Indian or Alaska Native
^ "Board of Supervisors | Siskiyou County California". www.co.siskiyou.ca.us.
^ "Mount Shasta". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^ a b c "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
^ "Boundaries". Cascadia Institute. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
^ Golla, Victor (February 2022). California Indian Languages. p. 236. ISBN 9780520389670.
^ "Siskiyou County supervisors vote to pursue seceding from state", The Record Searchlight, redding.com, September 4, 2013
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "Siskiyou Archives". FishingWorks. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013.
^ C.Michael Hogan (2008) Aesculus californica, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Archived November 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ Siskiyou County factsheet Archived October 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ "STAGE". Transit.wiki. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B02001. U.S. Census website. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q California Secretary of State. February 10, 2013 - Report of Registration Archived July 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org.
^ "California's 1st Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
^ "Senators". State of California. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
^ "Members Assembly". State of California. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
^ Longoria, Sean, Siskiyou supervisors support withdrawal from California Archived June 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Redding Record Searchlight, September 4, 2013, accessed September 4, 2013
^ Mather, Kate, Siskiyou County votes to pursue secession from California, Los Angeles Times, September 4, 2013, accessed September 4, 2013
^ Northern California County Board Votes For Secession From State, CBS, San Francisco, September 4, 2013
^ a b c d e f g h i j Office of the Attorney General, Department of Justice, State of California. Table 11: Crimes – 2009. Retrieved 2013-11-14. Archived December 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United States, 2012, Table 8 (California). Retrieved 2013-11-14.
^ a b U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B03003. U.S. Census website. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
^ a b U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. U.S. Census website. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
^ U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B01003. U.S. Census website. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
^ "2010 Census P.L. 94-171 Summary File Data". United States Census Bureau.
^ "Siskiyou County, CA - Siskiyou County, California - Ancestry & family history - ePodunk". www.epodunk.com.
^ "Mott Populated Place Profile / Siskiyou County, California Data".
^ Staff, Website Services & Coordination. "U.S. Census Bureau 2020 Census". www.census.gov.
Harry L. Wells, History of Siskiyou County, California: Illustrated with Views of Residences, Business Buildings and Natural Scenery and Containing Portraits and Biographies of Its Leading Citizens and Pioneers. Oakland, CA: D.J. Stewart and Co., 1881.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siskiyou County, California.
Museum of the Siskiyou Trail
Siskiyou County Visitors Bureau
Places adjacent to Siskiyou County, California
Josephine County, Oregon Jackson County, Oregon and Klamath County, Oregon
Del Norte County
Humboldt County Trinity County and Shasta County
Municipalities and communities of Siskiyou County, California, United States
County seat: Yreka
Cheeseville
Hatfield‡
Indian reservation
Quartz Valley Indian Community
Hooperville
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
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California sound
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state historic landmarks
Index of articles
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text:
Accueil > Issues > Ciel variable 69 – BEHOLDING THE CITY > SYN- : Prospectus, Ville intérieure, randonnée dans un hyperbâtiment – Johanne Sloan, Appropriating the Megastructure
SYN- : Prospectus, Ville intérieure, randonnée dans un hyperbâtiment – Johanne Sloan, Appropriating the Megastructure
Issue: Ciel variable 69 – BEHOLDING THE CITY | Tags: Portfolios | Authors: Johanne Sloan | Artists: SYN–
[Fall 2005]
Les photographies présentées ici sont tirées d'un diaporama numérique de plus de 1500 images rendant compte des espaces et ambiances sonores traversés dans l'hyperbâtiment. Cette installation a été intégrée à la vitrine extra-muros du Centre canadien d'architecture, située dans un des corridors de la ville intérieure (voir image 52). Cette présentation de PROSPECTUS est une version adaptée de l'imprimé paru en 2004 constituant une composante de l'installation en vitrine. © SYN–
SYN–, Hypothèses d'amarrages, Montréal, 2001-2003. Photos : Guy L'Heureux. Produced with the assistance of : centre des arts actuels SKOL, Montréal. © SYN–
SYN–, Hypothèses d'amarrages, Montréal, 2001-2003. Photos : Luc Lévesque. Produced with the assistance of : centre des arts actuels SKOL, Montréal. © SYN–
SYN–, Hypothèses d'insertions, Hull / Gatineau, 2002. Photos : SYN–. Produced with the assistance of : centre d'artistes Axenéo7, Gatineau. © SYN–
By Johanne Sloan
SYN–'s Prospectus (2003–04)1 points to contradictions in the relationship between contemporary artists and the city. This sequence of eighty-one photographs shows the SYN– members wandering around and engaged in play at various locations in the "hyperbuilding" otherwise known as Montreal's underground city.
Their sensibility might be akin to that of the surrealists and the situationists, and also to that emblematic observer of the modern city, the flâneur. It is not possible, however, to regard SYN's– project solely within this aesthetic tradition, in which the artist's subjectivized experience creates a counter-reality to the commodified spectacle of the city. This is because the SYN– pseudo-flâneurs are clad all in white with orange safety vests, while the "city" in question consists primarily of the interior space of corporate and commercial Montreal; also, the photographs of the artists "at play" are presented to us as imagery resembling that which is captured every day by surveillance cameras. All of this suggests a high degree of control and institutionalization. The uniform-like clothing, in particular, serves to locate the SYN– figures alongside the security guards and maintenance workers who assume custodial duties in relation to this interiorized cityscape. Some years ago, Jeff Wall created a character wearing a fictitious "Office of the Stumbling Block" badge and uniform (in The Stumbling Block, 1991), as if the municipal government had taken on the responsibility of creating obstacles for its citizenry. And so perhaps SYN–, in a similar fashion, has invented a cadre of unionized workers who are sent out by the city's official Bureau de flânerie.
If the artists are indeed adrift in the underground city, it was Guy Debord who explained how the dérive (drift) could be a radical (situationist) practice within the city. "In a dérive one or more persons during a certain period drop their relations, their work and leisure activities, and all their other usual motives for movement and action, and let themselves be drawn by the attractions of the terrain and the encounters they find there."2 While the entire city bears the imprint of political and economic forces, Debord argued that it was possible, with such practices, for individuals to respond to unexpected spaces (interstices), objects, and gestures. These encounters are meant to serve as triggers for an imaginative transformation of the urban environment; thus the reified city comes back to life. In certain ways, the situationist project seems to have inspired Prospectus: Debord described the necessary suspension of work, and indeed SYN–'s curious costumes suggest that some job is meant to be performed, even while the "workers" are playing games with rackets and balls, or have simply ceased all activity and are apparently idling away the time or lost in a contemplative state. These actions must be read as "not-work" or "anti-work," inserted into a work environment.
As viewers of these images, we might choose to identify with the artists' mild transgressions in the underground city, but our visual access to these performances is due to an elevated, omniscient gaze embodied in the photographs. Orchestrating this project, the SYN– members have taken on dual roles – performing their dérives or flânerie at ground level, and also occupying a position of surveillance vis-à-vis these activities. Certainly the SYN– members' bright plumage ensures that they will stand out and be immediately locatable to the people (whoever these might be) manning the inevitable surveillance cameras. One of the effects of Prospectus, then, is to make us aware that the "public" space of the hyperbuilding is characterized by its super-visibility. There is nowhere to hide in the twenty-first-century city: this message went out to the world after the London bombings of July 2005, when everyone could immediately see the faces of suspects caught by the thousands of cameras positioned within the city. What happens to all this footage? Will all the daily recordings of every city's comings and goings be stored somewhere, in some sort of enormous visual archive of urban space under threat?
SYN–'s Prospectus, in acknowledging this visual episteme, suggests a darker, more dystopian view of urban experience than was implied in earlier projects such as Hypothèses d'amarrages (2000) and Hypothèses d'insertions (2002). These works had attempted to locate and activate "interstices" within the otherwise repressive or regimented narratives of city life. In the first instance, ordinary picnic tables placed in vacant lots, beside highways, or under bridges were quickly used and symbolically appropriated by Montrealers; the inserted tables thus became a way of framing genuine, everyday social interaction. But there is no equivalent opportunity for meaningful social interaction in Prospectus; the SYN– figures move alongside the urban crowd, singly or in pairs, but they are markedly different, and they fraternize only with each other. Hypothèses d'insertions involved the insertion of ping-pong tables in unlikely locations around the Hull area, and here, too, the unusual sites were illuminated through this artistic gesture. In both earlier projects, the photographic documentation of the artworks took the form of postcards, showing a nocturnal ping-pong game on the roof of a parking garage, for instance, or a table set up in the shadow of stately civic architecture. These postcards convincingly demarcate a poetic or playful interlude in the workaday life of the city, in a way that is dramatically different from the monitored and institutionalized "play" of Prospectus.
In their writings, SYN– members refer to the interior space of Prospectus as a "hyperbuilding" or "megastructure," and indeed the megastructure concept has a strong Montreal connection. The architectural critic Rayner Banham wrote a book about megastructures that devoted a chapter to Montreal in the 1960s, which he described as "the capital city of megastructure in Expo year 1967."3 Besides the Expo 67 site, this urban vision encompassed the Métro, the new indoor plazas and shopping malls, the large number of subterranean passageways, and other features that would eventually be identified as parts of the underground city. For the sixties generation, the megastructure was understood as a structural framework that allowed modular units within it to be continually rearranged. This experimental model was an attempt to infuse architecture with flexibility and spontaneity, challenging the tendency of cities to calcify into monumentality and ideological fixity. People would supposedly move through such spaces with a heightened responsiveness and a sense of pleasure and play. At the end of his Montreal chapter, Banham voiced the optimistic view that "some sort of full civic life could . . . be lived in totally artificial environments."4
More recently, Rem Koolhaas has suggested that such environments – airports, shopping malls, offices, and all the agglomerations of interconnected and interiorized spaces that characterize much of the built world – can more accurately be termed "junkspace." He states clearly, furthermore, that "architects thought of Junkspace first and named it Megastructure."5Koolhaas's description of living in junkspace is a kind of parodic inversion of the situationist dérive, because the aimless drift through endless interiorized space is no longer an emancipatory form of consciousness. In fact, Koolhaas actually talks about the "enforced dérives" characteristic of the contemporary built environment. The endless movements through incoherent spaces have now become "grotesque journeys."6
Can we look to artists to interrupt the spatial consciousness of this interiorized urban environment? Can the corridors, vestibules, and between-spaces of the underground city become inspiring interstices? Or are the SYN– artists illustrating the kind of "enforced dérive" now programmed into everyday urban experience? There are a few photographs in the Prospectus sequence that suggest an alternative to the relentless interiority of the underground city. One of the SYN– figures stands at a window and looks outside, as if this inaccessible other world were worth dreaming about.
1 These photographs are drawn from a digital slideshow comprising over 1,500 images chronicling the spaces and ambient sounds encountered within the hyperbuilding. This installation was set up in the Canadian Centre for Architecture Vitrine in one of the underground city's pedestrian passageways (see image 52, page 11).
2 Guy Debord, "Theory of the Dérive," translated by Ken Knabb. Internet site:
http://www.socialfiction.org/derive.htm. (Originally published in Internationale Situationniste, No. 2, December 1958.)
3 Reyner Banham, Megastructure: Urban Futures of the Recent Past (London: Thames and Hudson, 1976), p. 105.
5 Rem Koolhaas, "Junkspace," October, No. 100 (Spring 2002): 178.
SYN– atelier d'exploration urbaine was created in 2000 by architect Luc Lévesque and by artist and fellow architect Jean-François Prost. Jean-Maxime Dufresne, an artist with a background in architecture and in interactive media, and Louis-Charles Lasnier, a designer with a degree in architecture and graphic design, joined the collective in 2002 and 2003 respectively.
Johanne Sloan teaches art history at Concordia University. Her research interests include landscape art and aesthetics, as well as issues in public art and urban culture.
www.amarrages.com
This text is reproduced with the author's permission. © Johanne Sloan.
The article SYN– : Prospectus, VILLE INTÉRIEURE _ RANDONNÉE DANS UN HYPERBÂTIMENT was originally published only in French. You can read it by switching over to the French version of this page.
← Beholding the City
Pierre Granche, Miroirs / reflets / trouées – Alain Laframboise, Dans la ville instable →

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The mounting parts for the force transducers are so designed that the force is applied in an optimum way. The installation kit AZK01X011 for the compression load cell F1215 allows an easy, trouble-free implementation of the load cell in a construction. It provides an integrated lift-off and plate system against lateral forces, combined with a very low height. The unit is secured with screws.


PROVO, Utah, September 27, 2014—Five Star Painting will commemorate its 10-year anniversary by partnering with Habitat for Humanity of Utah County to help restore a historic landmark for a local family in need. Employees from Five Star Painting's corporate headquarters will provide interior baseboard and trim painting, to help bring the house up to safety standards while preserving its historic integrity. This 139-year-old iconic landmark, known as the George Taylor Jr. House, is listed as a "gable roof, cross wing, vernacular house type with Gothic Revival styling," on the National Register of Historic Places. This partnership represents a nationwide call to action for Five Star Painting's 89 franchises across the U.S. and Canada. Through our Five Star Cares initiative, franchises are challenged to seek out worthy causes in their communities and do what they do best—transform lives and enhance beauty through the use of color.
It is named for the man who built the home, George Taylor, Jr., who knew his share of hardship. His parents sacrificed everything they owned to venture from England to the Utah Territory in 1863—a journey that ultimately resulted in the burial of two children along the way. Taylor's first home was mud adobe. Perhaps that explains why he, at the age of 21, went to such lengths to ensure his beloved bride and future children would be well sheltered in a strong, welcoming, and reliable house. This 1,800 square-foot, 4-bedroom, 2-bath house will be a welcome upgrade for the Blair family, who will move in once renovations are complete. This family of 7, with children ranging from ages 3 to 13, currently lives in an 800-square-foot, 2-bedroom duplex. Fortunately, their situation is about to improve—big time!
For more than a year, Habitat for Humanity of Utah County has been entrusted to spearhead this monumental task of restoring The George Taylor, Jr. House to its original glory. This is no small task considering the fact that the project had to meet federal and local historic landmark standards and must be completed in a timely manner within a strict budget.
Upon completion, Habitat for Humanity of Utah County will host a ribbon cutting ceremony and an all-day open house to honor efforts of the volunteers, donors, experts, and leaders who made this transformation possible and allow the community to walk through the historic home and enjoy the intricate details.
Whether you've spent the last year restoring a historic landmark, the last decade growing a thriving business, or the last century providing shelter for families, one common truth remains the same—integrity matters.
Details: The George Taylor Jr. House is located at 187 North 400 West in Provo, Utah. Five Star Painting's headquarters' effort will be on Saturday, September 27, 2014 from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. and Scott Abbott, CEO of Five Star Painting, will be available at that time for questions. Five Star Painting's headquarters is also accepting food donations to fill the pantry for the Blair family. Drop off unopened, nonperishable food items at 1570 N. Main Street, Spanish Fork, Utah. Visit https://habitatuc.org/ to make financial donations to the project.
Five Star Cares is a community outreach program designed to give back to local communities within the Five Star Painting franchise system, highlighted by Five Star Cares National Day of Paint on September 27, 2014. As a national painting company located in various cities across the United States and Canada, Five Star Painting's mission is to capture customers' dreams and enhance their lifestyle by adding color to their world. For more information about Five Star Painting, please visit www.fivestarpainting.com/about-us/.


50 Days Of Vape - E-Juice Reviews: 'Vanity Flair' and 'Gummy Junk' Created By Barry Peach.
'Vanity Flair' and 'Gummy Junk' Created By Barry Peach.
Juice Review 11/06/2013 - 'Vanity Flair' and 'Gummy Junk' Created By Barry Peach.
Today I am reviewing two juices. Created By Barry Peach, A member of 'Vapers Unite' Facebook page.
This is a written review of both juices, and my opinion on this juice will be my true and honest opinion as always. The flavours I am reviewing are both 18mg 50pg/50vg.
The first juice I am reviewing is 'Gummy Junk'.
On opening the bottle, I could smell an array of sweet, fruity aromas. The smell was strong and punchy and very difficult to distinguish one fruit from another.
On the inhale, It burst onto my tongue and into my mouth, casting a spell that consumed all of my senses and teased my tastebuds. On my palate, I got hints of maybe, citrus orange, lemon, and lime, hints of berries, such as, raspberry, strawberry, lingonberry and blackberry, I could also taste the tartness of grape and pineapple. A multitude of sweet juicy flavours, all bursting with flavour. Too many to mention. It was sweet, but also fizzy, with acidic notes, which gave this juice a sherbety tartness, with a fizzy zing, which sizzled on my palate, and drew my cheeks together. This juice reminded me of both the gummy candy 'swedish fish', and the adult cocktail of the same name.
On the exhale, wow!, a taste explosion of the same fruity flavours hitting my lips, with that same punchiness it gave on the inhale. This juice had mountains of flavours. It was refreshing and fruity, zingy and fizzy, sweet and sour, an absolute taste sensation, seducing your senses with a different taste explosion with every draw. It lingered on my tastebuds for a while afterwards.
I couldn't vape this juice all day but if I fancied something sweet, then this is the juice I would go for.
A beautiful juice, packed full of sweet, fruity goodness, and one I would recommend to anyone.
On opening the bottle, I could sense cherries. A nice strong cherry aroma, not a fresh cherry, but a hard boiled, cherry pastille sweet. The bottle was oozing flavour.
On the inhale, a mystical mix of cherry berry goodness, coating your palate, caressing your tongue and seducing your lips. Creamy and soft, beautifully blended, sweet but not overly sweet. On the exhale, the taste of a natural, creamy madagascan vanilla, smooth, creamy and delicate on the palate and blending perfectly together to become one delectable juice, which subdues the senses leaving you begging for more.
If you wish to try any of these gorgeous flavours. Contact Barry Peach on facebook, through the 'Vapers Unite Group'.


Sign up for an Engage.Social Smart Share account.
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You can now see which content is popular among your visitors and a lot more analytics, which no other platform provides. You can also feature article and promote your content in the trending tab.
Does your current share button tell you, who shared what? I bet not.
This widget shares with you what other share buttons don't. Sign up now and try it for yourself.
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The Score widget is a leaderboard that will help attract visitors to sign up for your Influencer program. Ideally you can add this widget after you have already had some visitors that have shared articles on your website via your Share widget. The leaderboard displays the top influencers from your website visitors and gets new visitors to join the program.
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text:
Cavalier fans didn't steal a firetruck, they just danced on one
"They're not unruly. They're just happy."
By Ryan Creamer on June 20, 2016
Credit: twitter/cleveland police
With the Cleveland Cavaliers bringing a championship to their city for the first time since 1964, celebration was bound to near "stealing a firetruck from the Cleveland Police Department" level.
Shortly following the 93-89 victory over the Golden State Warriors, rumors of theft of the emergency vehicle surfaced from the Cleveland Police Department's scanner.
SEE ALSO: Nike celebrates LeBron's NBA win with a nod to Cleveland fans
The police were quick to dismiss the thieving rumors.
The truck hadn't been stolen, but it had became an elevated stage for celebration.
At 12:09 AM, a Cleveland dispatcher(Opens in a new window) noted that the celebrations were not riotous or cause for concern, "They're not unruly. They're just happy."


Did you mean: Percentage availability of medicines on the EDU Public health facilities (suggested by dictionary)?
Summary of median of median percent availability of three types of medicines in the public health facilities.
Median Availability of key medicines (country list) in public health facility dispensaries, in private drug outlets, and in warehouses supplying the public sector. PSA-HFS Level II, Ghana, 2008.
or transportation charges. Availability of key medicines was high in all drug outlets. It was slightly higher in public facilities and district warehouses then in private pharmacies. .


text:
Q: Reuse static variable in Hadoop I am trying to reuse a static hash inside a setup method in a hadoop job.
    private static Map<Long,String> amostraTable = null; //class variable

    protected void setup(Context context) throws IOException,
            InterruptedException {

    if (amostraTable == null){
                amostraTable = new HashMap<Long,String>();
                System.out.println("Hashmap allocated!");
            } else{
                System.out.println("Hashmap reused");
                return ;
            }
}

I set mapreduce.job.jvm.numtasks=-1
I just want to reuse the hashmap. but every mapper are logging: Hashmap allocated!
Is there any other parameter to set?
The mappers task are consuming to many CPU to allocate/populate the hashmap.
EDIT:
Look at this post: http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/hadoop-mapreduce-user/201206.mbox/%3COFC497A21A.62B05EC6-ON85257A14.006F8FF6-85257A14.006FE8C7@freddiemac.com%3E
"If i understood correctly,
then if I initialize a static variable (say var) in setup() and when
mapper is started for the 2nd time on same JVM, the that var would be
already initialized before setup() is called i.e it is retaining its value
from previously run mapper.
Is this the way ?"
EDIT
mapred.job.reuse.jvm.num.tasks: JVM reuse no longer supported
mapreduce.job.jvm.numtasks: JVM reuse no longer supported
EDIT
Hadoop 2.x does not support JVM Reuse. So my first option is to use: MultiThreadedMapper. I will make my HashMap thread safe. Is this a good option?

A: I'm guessing you have multiple threads not seeing the variable update. Why don't you just declare it inline and make it final? Also a CHM might be more appropriate:
private static final Map<Long,String> amostraTable = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It is a locked down version of Windows 8 but for ARM devices like the Microsoft Surface RT.
You can only install software from the Windows Store. The familiar Desktop and most basic applications are included such as the Explorer, Notepad, Paint.
It also includes a stripped down version of Microsoft Office 2013 called Office RT, only Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote.
Microsoft includes their regular Modern Apps that come with the full Windows.
OEM's can also include additional Apps for the Modern Interface.
Due to a bug in the Surface RT 8.1 update which left the device in a unbootable state, you could only recover when you restored your machine, but you needed the original Recovery Image but during the Update the recovery image is overwritten so Microsoft released the Recovery Files for a short time, from that we now know that there are 7 regions with their included languages.


D-4 The Cold Powers In D-8 To What Extent Can A Relationship to Naval Warfare Activities Be Determined?
The naval war in the autumn and winter of 1939/40 was a gigantic field study with verifiable effects. Researchers should have realised this and drawn conclusions relevant for the current climate discussion long ago.
What had happened? In the summer of 1939, everyone was talking about war, and shortly afterwards the Second World War began indeed. Poland was razed to the ground within three weeks. Three million soldiers immediately moved into position on both sides of the Rhine, and a number of war navies "were unleashed onto the oceans." (Fig. 1) Thousands of ships criss-crossed the North Sea and Baltic day and night, ordered to fight, to monitor, to train. Huge areas of water were agitated, and consequences were quickly felt. Before the year had come to an end, the weather was beginning to display the extremes that would lead to record winter conditions in January and February 1940. Could anyone have foreseen this? Should the politicians have been warned? The possibility was certainly there, if sufficient consideration is given to the influence of the seas on weather and climate. But meteorology had not reached such an advanced stage at the time, and meteorologists did nothing to prevent cruising and fighting warships from conducting a gigantic "field study". Even today, the extreme winter of 1939/40 remains largely neglected, although this winter in particular would be an outstanding object of study to explore the effects of human activities. Simply change the condition of the oceans, and weather and climate promptly begin to undergo long-term changes.
SECOND: The claim, so frequently heard, that an increased concentration of aerosols, especially sulphate aerosols, was responsible for the cooling is fundamentally irrelevant for the winter season in the northern hemisphere when there is little sunshine, and especially for an extreme winter such as that of 1939/40. The climate is affected, according to the widely held theory, when more aerosols reflect more sunlight back into space or when more aerosols cause more clouds to form, with the consequence that less solar energy reaches the Earth's surface. This may have an effect on temperatures during the summer months, but it can have only negligible effects, if any at all, during the winter months when there is so little sunshine. So the possibility that the winter of 1939/40 was caused by fluctuations in solar radiation or its reflection back into space as a consequence of an increase in industrial aerosols can be excluded.
The striking significance of the climate story of the war winter 1939/40 is therefore not the sun or industrial aerosols or greenhouse gases, but rather the immediate effect which a sudden human intervention had on the oceans, which in turn affected the weather and climate. The story of the effects of naval warfare on the climate, which possibly extend over a period from 1939 to about 1970, has been told in detail elsewhere so that it is expedient to restrict the discussion here to the first war winter 1939/40. This winter is distinct from the later winters during the war in that human activities suddenly intervened in the natural course of the seasons in this year, whereas in the following years the "unnatural" intervention meant that weather statistics no longer described the "natural" course of events.
While on the subject of statistics, an important note: Evidence of the premature cooling of the North Sea and Baltic as a consequence of naval warfare cannot be provided in the form of measurements of seawater temperatures. The observation network which would be required for this did not exist at that time and, indeed, does not exist even today. Conclusions about the temperatures found in the oceans can be drawn only from measurements of the air. In addition to the air temperatures, the process and scope of the freezing over of the seas is important indicator, and both of these factors reached such extreme values that the cause cries out for a convincing explanation.
REMARK: This researcher has taken note of the claim by S. Brönnimann et al. (Nature 2004), that the "global climate anomaly in 1940 to 1942 constitutes a key period for our understanding of large-scale climate variability and global El Niño effects." As this is not the place to add further comments as done already elsewhere, only one question should be raised: "What effect does an extreme Northern Hemisphere climatic anomaly have in the South Pacific and elsewhere?" The situation during the Second World War period changed many "common statistical weather aspects" dramatically. As Brünnimann et al. bases their research on the assumption that the "El Niño event started in autumn 1939, reached full strength in January 1940 and lasted, with varying intensity, until spring 1942," they actually paid little attention to the possibility that an El Niño culminated already in summer 1939, and whether it is possible and was actually the case that there was "one El Niño event from autumn 1939 to spring 1942" without proving such a claim to be correct. It seems that the matter is much more complex than Brönnimann et al. assume.
Adolf Hitler soon found out what "Great Rain" can mean politically. As early as the beginning of October 1939, Hitler had given orders to develop the plan "Yellow" for an invasion of France. But the masses of water which fell as rain on Western Europe were enormous. There was no doubt in November that any attack would bog down in mud. The invasion was postponed by 9 months. Had Hitler's war machinery on land, on sea and in the air caused this precipitation? The situation can be described statistically like this: The war had hardly begun when the rain started coming down in buckets in Western Europe, from Basle to Paris, Amsterdam and London, for three long months. (Fig. 3) To be precise: 200% more than average in September, 300% more in October and 200% more again in November. In some of the regions of Western, Central and Southern Germany, measured rainfall was twice, in some cases three and a half times as much as usual: for example, Augsburg 366%, Nördlingen 362%, Kaiserslautern 336%, Würzburg 316%. Three times the normal amount also fell in the southeast of England in October. Greenwich had seen this type of rainfall only in 1888 and 1840. This was also the case for Camden Square in London, where it rained 50 hours longer than the statistical average. In Freiburg im Breisgau, it rained on 30 of 31 days in October, other locations near the battle-ready Maginot/Westwall line had 24 days of rain. (Details in: Climate Change and Naval War, 2005, Chapter 2-31 & 2-32, pages 107 –122, also http://www.seaclimate.com/).
Massive fighting in Poland and along the front lines on the Rhine involving thousands of artillery pieces, aircraft, tanks and ground troops undoubtedly released enormous quantities of aerosols which could serve as condensation nuclei for a lot of rain.
The warships cruising and fighting on the North Sea and the Baltic would have ensured a constant supply of atmospheric moisture.
The key to the constant rainfall is found in the second factor. The rising of warm air favours the formation of low-pressure areas, and air must flow in to replace it. In 1948, M. Rodewald pointed out an extreme anomaly of the air pressure in November 1939, when a deviation of ‑17 mb in the sea area from the Central Norwegian coast to southwest of the Faroe Islands appeared. Even more astonishing is what was happening further to the east over Scandinavia and Northern Germany, driving masses of moist air to the Rhine. (Fig. 4) Meteorologists at the Naval Observatory (Seewarte) in Hamburg determined at the end of October that the wind had suddenly "shifted" contrary to the long-term wind statistics. Where 24% of the wind, in the average of many years, had come from a south-westerly direction, it was now only 6%, and 65% instead of the usual 26% of the wind was suddenly coming from the north-east quadrants. A dramatic rise in the evaporation rate of the North Sea and Baltic and the enormous quantities of rain over the war-front along the Rhine could have been a major cause of these wind shifts.
The extreme situation is also illustrated by another observation in England in 1943. Over an observation period of 155 years (1788 – 1942), the prevailing wind direction in winter in 134 years was from the west; the wind came from the east-south quadrant in only 21 years, and from the north-east quadrant only in the years 1814, 1841 and the winter of 1939/40 (Fig. 6).
Note: War was being waged in China and Outer Mongolia as well in the autumn of 1939. Following heavy rainfall on the East Coast of the USA in September, large regions of the USA had almost no rain at all in October and November.
The weather report of the Naval Observatory from 2 November 1939 referred to an important weather anomaly: "The current reports have pointed out a number of times that the west wind drift in the moderate latitudes is very slight this year and is almost completely lacking over Europe." The first effect of the naval war on the North Sea and Baltic became apparent here: higher evaporation rates and the inflow of cold air from a north-easterly direction prevented the west wind drift. Moreover, the atmospheric moisture usual during the autumn in the northern hemisphere was reduced to such a degree by the widespread war events in Europe (and in the Far East) that the circulation was disrupted. The German meteorologist Richard Scherhag described this phenomenon in 1951: "In complete contrast to the situation of the severe winter 1928/29 … the remarkable winter of 1939/40 was caused by a general disruption of circulation,"with the closing remark: "So there is still no plausible theory to explain the large inflow of cold air over the Arctic" Indeed, the explanation has still not been provided even today, although the primary cause will be found in the reduction of atmospheric moisture in the air circulating in the northern hemisphere caused by the war. This not only resulted in disruptions of the circulation, but also cleared the way for very cold Arctic air masses to push forward without difficulty into the middle latitudes of the USA, China and Central Europe in January 1939/40. But while there was only one cold wave in January 1940 in the USA and China (see reference books and websites), Northern Europe was battered by a second one in February, making the winter of 1939/40 the coldest one in more than 100 years. The reasons for this will be described in the following section.
When are the deviations from a statistical mean of such magnitude that the search for convincing explanations becomes mandatory?
To what extent can a relationship to naval war activities be derived from the course of the winter, e.g., temperatures and freezing of the seas?
The following discussion seeks to answer these questions.
In evaluating the deviations, it is absolutely essential to distinguish between the first cold wave in January and the second in February 1940, even though they must have had a common cause. While the January wave affected large areas in the USA, China, Russia and Northern Europe, the second wave basically affected Northern Europe only. This is emphasised in further remarks by Richard Scherhag (1951): "The temperature anomalies which were observed in the northern hemisphere in January 1940 can easily be explained by the occurrence of the pressure deviations. A shift of the Asian cold pole to Western Russia is linked to the expansion of the Siberian high to the Arctic, whereby the greatest negative temperature deviations of ‑10° occurred along an axis stretching from the northern Urals to the heart of Central Europe. The additional eastern flow components over the Atlantic region simultaneously allowed the air masses, which had been warmed significantly over the ocean, to enter Canadian space where a positive temperature deviation of the same magnitude occurred in the area where the cold pole was normally located. The American cold pole had shifted to the south so that the United States also suffered from an extremely cold January. Eastern Siberia, on the other hand, was much too warm, just like Canada, because this allowed the strong polar high and apparently the Pacific air masses as well to push frequently far to the west." See also the Scherhag graph: "Temperatures Anomalies in January 1940" – Fig. 7 – (remarks and colours added).
The situation was especially remarkable as early as the second half of December in Finland, which was attacked by the Soviet Union on 30 November. The New York Times correspondent James Aldridge reported on 25 December 1939: "The cold numbs the brain in this Arctic hell, snow sweeps over the darkened wastes, the winds howl and the temperature is 30 degrees below zero (‑34.4° C). Here the Russians and Finns are battling in blinding snowstorms for possession of ice-covered forests. … I reached the spot just after the battle ended. It was the most horrible sight I had ever seen. As if the men had been suddenly turned to wax, there were two or three thousand Russians and a few Finns, all frozen in fighting attitudes. Some were locked together, their bayonets within each other's bodies; some were frozen in half-standing positions; some were crouching with their arms crooked, holding the hand grenades they were throwing; some were lying with their rifles shouldered, their legs apart…. (T)heir fear was registered on the frozen faces. Their bodies were like statues of men throwing all their muscles and strength into some work, but their faces recorded something between bewilderment and horror."The Hamburger Anzeiger reported on 22 December that the temperatures in North Finland ranged between 30° and 36° below zero. The December statistics for Helsinki (Fig. 9) are more moderate, but they also bear witness to the coming plunge in temperatures.
Northern Germany also suffered early from colder temperatures. Fig. 10 shows that the first cold phase occurred between 7 and 23 December. The Hamburger Anzeiger reported that the Alster had frozen over, even though the ice was very thin (20/12), called on the city's citizens to clear away snow and ice (22/12) and boasted: "The Elbe will never freeze over again; ice-breakers which keep the channel clear have been patrolling the river since 1874/75" (23-24/12), a claim which was to prove false within only a few weeks. The second cold wave started before the year came to an end and had a dramatic effect all over Europe: -48° in Northern Europe, -32° in Bulgaria and -18° in Spain (see Fig. 8).
Even Great Britain was affected. January 1940 was the coldest month since 1895. The southern part of the country was much more severely hit, and it was possibly the coldest winter there in 100 years, wrote H. C. Gunton, chronicler of the Royal Met Society, only a few months later. A report for the Kew Observatory (near London) noted that January was the coldest month since 1791 and had the most days below freezing. It was with some surprise that Drummond determined in 1943: "The present century has been marked by such a widespread tendency towards mild winters that the 'old-fashioned winters', of which one had heard so much, seemed to have gone for ever. The sudden arrival at the end of 1939 of what was to be the beginning of a series of cold winters was therefore all the more surprising. Never since the winters of 1878/79, 1879/80 and 1880/81 have there been in succession three such severe winters as those of 1939/40, 1940/41 and 1941/42." The January data document the lowest temperatures measured for the past 100 years in Greenwich as well. Finally, there was the "Great Snow" of 26 – 29 January 1940 in Southern England, with cold, wind and snow drifts measuring 3 metres and more in height. The Neue Zürcher Zeitung reported on 29 January 1940 that the Thames had frozen over near London for the first time since 1814. The fact that it was the south-east of England which was especially affected by the cold is strong evidence that the large military presence in the southern North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea was a contributing factor.
The low temperatures in Hamburg fell below -20° C four times within a two-month period, dropping below -28° C on 13 and 14 February 1940, the coldest temperatures ever recorded in Hamburg. (Fig. 13) The Finish expert Erkki Palusuo noted: "A cold air pool in the German area in mid January and lasting for about a week began to move on January 24 towards the Baltic region from where, reinforced, it pushed back to German territory on February 7. February 12 its centre was in the region of Hamburg, from where, moving slowly, it arrived in East Germany about February 20." Why did such a rare event happen in winter 1939/40, and then in Hamburg, a city close to two seas?
One must only recall that the Germany Bight was travelled by an extremely large number of warships, that the English flew a number of bombing attacks, that English submarines penetrated the bay and engaged in battles and that a gigantic carpet of sea mines numbering about 60,000 to 100,000 mines, thousands of which exploded before the end of the year, was laid from Holland all the way up to Skagerrak within the first three months of the war. The same was true for the western and southern Baltic Sea which had been the scene of tremendous activity for naval warfare, training and monitoring since the invasion of Poland. It should therefore come as no surprise that the largest cold zone in February 1940 stretched from Königsberg to Amsterdam and that Hamburg was, so to speak, at the centre of this zone.
D-8 To What Extent Can A Relationship to Naval Warfare Activities Be Determined?
It is really more than surprising that no answers have yet been found to such important questions as the lack of the west wind drift over Europe, the rain along the Rhine, the shifting of the winds and the two plunges in temperature, first in January and then in February 1940. There is excellent, extensive documentation of the meteorological autumn 1939. This autumn was the starting mark of a climate change as determined by A. J. Drummond as early as 1943 (see above) and was noteworthy for a large number of unusual aspects which indicate a decisive effect of naval warfare activities in the waters of the North Sea and Baltic, still warm from the summer.
Phase 1: The cooling process is first accelerated, and more heat and moisture is transferred to the atmosphere (late autumn).
Phase 2: Although the surface of the sea has cooled off sufficiently for the water to begin to freeze, cruising ships or battles "stir up" warmer water from greater depths, preventing early freezing (turn of the year).
Phase 3: The upper seawater layer has cooled to a depth of more than 10 metres and to a greater extent than normal, leading to a very sudden and substantial freezing of the seas.
The Baltic Sea along the coasts of Finland had not frozen over such a wide area and to such a depth since 1883. The most intense battles ever conducted in these waters had been going on in the Gulf of Finland (80 – 100 metres deep in part) since 30 November. They continued until the middle of January 1940. The naval war activities were not stopped for military reasons; naval movements came to a complete standstill for a number of weeks in the Baltic Sea because of the very sudden and deep freezing over of the sea, ultimately spreading over the entire Baltic. The chronology of the process reads as described in the following.
In the middle of October 1939, the first lakes and rivers froze over in Northern and Central Norrland (northernmost province in Sweden) and in the north-west of Svealand (Central Sweden), a phenomenon which usually did not occur until the end of the month. On 11 December 1939, ship traffic was suspended in Kalix and Oulu (Gulf of Bothnia) because of the freezing of the water. The ice began to grow near Hanko, at the western outlet of the Gulf of Finland, from 27 December, and an "ice bridge" formed between Turku and the Swedish Åland Islands, where the water is shallower, on 6/7 January 1940, about two and a half weeks earlier than usual.
Nevertheless, the Gulf of Finland was still open to about 50 km east of Helsinki on 15 January 1940. The fact that the Gulf had only moderately iced over despite the very low temperatures which had dominated since 20 December (see Fig. 9) can be seen as a consequence of the intensity of the naval warfare activities. The naval war theory is supported further by the fact that the complete icing over the Gulf which followed happened within a very short time span. "The ice formed very rapidly on the parts of the sea still open, and on January 27, with a fairly weak 3-4 Beaufort NE wind blowing, the northern Central Baltic even, off Utö (ca. 100 km west of Hanko) froze,", observed the Finish expert E. Palosuo.
The Swedish expert C. J. Östman had the following remarks about ice conditions in Swedish waters in winter 1939/40: The ice was generally thicker than is usually the case. In the Gulf of Bothnia, it was only slightly thicker, while the ice in the southern Baltic and on the west coast of Sweden reached thicknesses of up to 60 centimetres, twice that of normal winters.
The ice began to form in the middle of December and quickly spread into shipping lanes. As many as 115 ice days were recorded. The last ice floating in the sound was observed on 19 April 1940. (Fig. 15, Sea Ice – 13 Feb. 1940) Owing to the early formation of ice, 1940 became one of the most severe ice winters ever. Low temperatures reached -22.2° in December, ‑24.3° in January, -27.4° C in February and -22.0° C even in March. The monthly temperatures in Copenhagen, even in February, do not otherwise fall below zero as an average. Ships securing supply lines were able to pass through the frozen channels only by travelling in convoys accompanied by ice-breakers.
The first ice-breakers were deployed on the Elbe as early as 16 December 1939. Temperatures in Hamburg had remained almost constantly below zero since 8 December. The pack ice spread even further from 26 December and did not melt for more than 90 days – until the middle of March 1940. (Fig. 16) The first ice in the German Bight was registered in Tönning at the mouth of the Eider on 17 December. The freezing over did not begin until two weeks later only at Germany's northernmost point, the island of Sylt. This is a clear indication of deeper water – and of the still relatively warm water masses in the northern North Sea. Moreover, the navy was more active in the shallower waters south of Tönning. Helgoland was a key naval base. In the southern region (Borkum), the ice remained 60 – 70 days – until the end of February. 102 days were counted at the mouth of the Elbe, 100 days in Tönning. North of this region, there were 60 days from the beginning of January until early March.
Even after having existed for many decades, the science of weather and climate did not attach the importance to the oceans which they deserved. In 1939 at the latest, it should have become apparent to experts that climate is a function of water. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) put it succinctly long ago: "Water is the driver of nature." Since the oceans exceed the total amount of atmospheric moisture by a factor of 1000, there is ample justification for defining climate as the "continuation of the seas by other means," because they feed gigantic quantities of heat and water into the atmosphere (see above). If climate had been understood in this sense at the time, it would have been possible to mitigate the rising political turbulences in 1939 at least to some degree by warning about the climate changes which would occur. But the science of meteorology did not understand much at that time and said nothing.
For more than 20 years now, scientists have believed they are called upon to predict apocalyptic scenarios of climate change and to demand costly programmes and taxes from politicians. They do so without any consideration of events which their fathers and grandfathers experienced themselves. Those generations marched off to a world war in 1939, and only four months later there was a collapse of the climate. The temperatures in Northern Europe fell to a level which was extreme even for the small ice age. Such low temperatures had not been experienced in more than 100 years. The temperatures were 5 – 10 degrees below the average of many years. Although this was not even 69 years ago, the extreme winter of 1939/40 remains un-investigated. The two following winters, 1940/41 and 1941/42, set a large number of records for cold in Northern Europe as well as marking the start of a noticeable cooling of the northern hemisphere lasting more than three decades. In 1948, the German meteorologist M. Rodewald described it in this way: "(It is … shown) … – a "secular heat wave" made itself felt over most of the Earth. We noticed this especially in the increasing mildness of the winters which, while beginning in the previous century, became more and more striking between 1900 and 1939. So it is all the more surprising that there was a series of three severe winters in succession in 1939/40, 1940/41 and 1941/42, appearing to indicate a sudden reversal of the previous development rather than a slow deceleration, contrary to the sustainment tendency of circulation and temperature deviation." Anyone who claims to understand climate change must also be able to explain these events. Anyone who can explain these events will recognise that the oceans play the key role in any and all questions of the climate.
Published by Trafford Publishing, Victoria/Canada.
Dr. Arnd Bernaerts trained as seaman and served as ship master before becoming a jurist, lawyer and international consultant.
A more recent study explains the warming since 1980 with improved cleanliness of the air: "The cleaner air has fewer small particles known as aerosols, which tend to block sunlight from reaching the Earth's surface. A reduction in aerosols leads to an effect known as 'solar brightening,' which increases surface warming"; Ruckstuhl, C., et al. (2008), Aerosol and cloud effects on solar brightening and the recent rapid warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L12708, doi:10.1029/2008GL034228.
 Brönnimann, S.; Luterbacher, J.; Staehelin J., Svendby, T.M.; Hansen, H. & Svenøe, T.; ' Extreme climate of the global troposphere and stratosphere in 1940–42 related to El Niño', in NATURE, Vol. 431, 21 October 2004, pp. 971-974. See also Brönnimann et al., 2006, "ENSO influence on Europe during the last centuries", Climate Dynamics, 28, 181-197; Brönnimann, 2007, Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 45.
 See below References: 'War Changes Climate', 2006, Chapter B, p. 98-100.
 Diaz, Henry F. & Kiladis, G. N. (p. 7-28), 1992; in Diaz & Markgraf (ed), "El Niño – Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of Southern Oscillation", Cambridge University Press, 1992; which refers concerning the WWII period only to 1939 as a 'warm year event', and 1942 as a 'cold event year'.
 See for example: Cooper, Neill S., et al., 1989, "Recent Decadal Climate Variations in the Tropical Pacific", Int. Journal of Climatology, Vol. 9, p. 221-242.
 M. Rodewald, 1948 "Die barische Vorbereitung strenger und milder mitteleuropäischer Winter", Annalen der Meteorologie, Vol. 4/5, p. 99 (101).
 Established in the second half of the 19th century, the German Naval Observatory (Deutsche Seewarte) was under the authority of the Ministry of Transport from 1919. In 1934, the weather service department was assigned to the authority of the Minister of Aviation (headed by Minister Hermann Göring), while the other services were under the high command of the war navy until the end of the war. After 1945, all of the responsibilities were transferred to the DHI (1945 – 1990) and after 1990 to the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH). For more details, see: Peter Ehlers, 1999, "Die Geschichte maritimer Dienste in Deutschland – Das BSH und seine Vorgänger". http://www.bsh.de/de/Das_BSH/Organisation/Geschichte/Geschichte.pdf .
 W. Naegler, 1940, "Der kälteste Januar seit mindestens 112 Jahren in Dresden", Zeitschrift für angewandte Meteorologie, pp. 91/92.
 According: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/index.html, (Section: English Climate, Wales): The lowest recorded temperature in Wales has been recorded, -23.3 °C at Rhyader on 21 January 1940.
 See: Hawke, M.A.; 1940 "The Snowstorm and Drifts in January 26-29, 1940 in the Northern Chilterns", QJR Met. Society, Vol. 66, pp. 152 and following; and Cave, C. J. P.; 1940; "The Ice Storm of January 27-29, 1949", QJR Met. Society, Vol. 66, pp. 143 and following. See also The New York Times from 28th January 1940.
 Palosuo, Erkki; 1953, "A Treatise on severe ice conditions in the central Baltic", Fennia 77, No.1, Helsinki, p. 92.
op. cit., Palosuo, Erkki; 1953.


2013 Porsche Cayman that makes its debut at the 2012 Los Angeles auto show, will go on sale in the U.S. next spring. Based on on the latest-generation Boxster convertible, the new Porsche Cayman is more powerful, more efficient, and more expensive than the outgoing version: the base Cayman will start at $53,550 (including a $950 destination charge), and the Cayman S starts at $64,750.
Although new Cayman continues family resemblance by sharing basic underpinnings, powertrains and sharper design of its cousin Boxster, the difference between them lies in a fact that this latest generation of Porsche's compact coupé is bigger, slimmer, lighter and faster than its predecessor.
At 172 inch long, 70 inch wide, 50 inch tall and riding on a 97 inch wheelbase, the new Cayman is 1.29 inch longer and 0.35 inch lower than the old model and has grown 2.36 inch between the wheels. Despite its stretched stature, the new-generation Cayman is up to 66 pounds lighter than the model it replaces, depending on the specific model and equipment level, yet its body is said to be 40 percent stiffer.
The car's standard wheels have been upsized by one inch, so the Cayman wears 18-inch alloys and the Cayman S has 19-inch wheels. Like the Boxster and 911, the Cayman switches from hydraulic to fuel-saving electric power steering. As we've experienced with the new Boxster, the changes should make the Cayman a more athletic track star.
Powering the entry-level Porsche Cayman is a mildly uprated version of the new Boxster's 2.7-litre flat six-cylinder. The engine generates 202kW and 290Nm – up 7kW over the old car's 2.9-litre motor but down 10Nm. The result is a six-speed manual model that is one-tenth quicker from 0-100km/h (now 5.7 seconds) and a PDK version that's three-tenths sharper, stopping the clock at 5.4 seconds. The new Cayman PDK is 15 per cent more fuel efficient than the old model, consuming 30.5 MPG (7.7 litres per 100km) on the combined cycle, while the manual is 13 per cent cleaner at 28.7 MPG (8.2L/100km).
The new Cayman continues with cornering capability of its predecessor while also improving ride comfort. Buyers can opt for a new generation PASM active damping system linked to a button that allows the driver to choose between 'Normal' and 'Sport' suspension modes.


As usual, start by running the specs and reading the results. Then fix some things, run the tests again, and repeat.
You're probably pretty good at this right now — good luck!
To get our code to execute that function, we instead call functionName(), which executes the code within that function.
We can make the function execute by saying this: var theFunk = funkyFunction() But this returns ANOTHER FUNCTION! How would we tell that function to execute to return the string within it?
View Fix The Scope Lab on Learn.co and start learning to code for free.


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This shirt commemorates the iconic Democratic Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi. During the State Of The Union address Pelosi literally clapped back at Donald Trump. The iconic moment in feminist history was recognized around the world as proof Pelosi is a worthy adversary to Donald Trump the Worst President In American History.


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The European Commission updated the EU Air Safety List, clearing Zambia, Air Madagascar, Citilink, Lion Air and Batik Air from the list.
The Air Safety List contains airlines that do not meet international safety standards, and are therefore subject to an operating ban or operational restrictions within the European Union.
Following the update, all airlines certified in Zambia are cleared from the list, along with Air Madagascar and three airlines certified in Indonesia: Citilink, Lion Air and Batik Air. In addition most aircraft of Iran Air are allowed to resume operations to the EU.
A total of 216 airlines are now banned from EU skies: 214 airlines certified in 19 states, due to a lack of safety oversight by the aviation authorities from these states.
Two individual airlines, based on safety concerns: Iraqi Airways (Iraq) and Blue Wing Airlines (Suriname).
An additional six airlines are subject to operational restrictions and can only fly to the EU with specific aircraft types: Afrijet and Nouvelle Air Affaires SN2AG (Gabon), Air Koryo (Democratic People's Republic of Korea), Air Service Comores (the Comoros), Iran Air (Iran) and TAAG Angola Airlines (Angola).


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EventFilmReport
FEMME – a new documentary about women – Los Angeles film report
Painting by Nazim M. Nazim.
A celebration of Life and Love!
FEMME, a new documentary about the 'fair sex' — women — will screen in Santa Monica this month.
Directed by Emmanuel Itier, Femme is a quest to find and focus on the most important and influential women around the world, those who have impact on our daily lives and through religion, spirituality, science, history, politics, philosophy and entertainment.
Itier's documentary incorporates interviews with various leaders in each field as well as the ordinary women living in the many geographical areas that the filmmakers visit.
Executive produced by Sharon Stone, the documentary begins with an explanation of the various ancient Goddess cultures and traces how the loss of the Sacred Feminine, the diminished status of women, the rise of patriarchy and the development of capitalism have all affected our planet. It concludes that now is the time for women to step up and guide the way toward a world of caring economics that benefits everyone on the planet, not just men or a select group of elites.
Included are interviews with visionaries and scholars such as Jean Shinoda Bolen, Jean Houston, Marianne Williamson, Riane Eisler, Barbara Marx Hubbard, Gloria Steinem, Angela Davis, yogi Seane Corn, Rickie Lee Jones, shaman Sandra Ingerman, Nobel Peace Prize Laureates Shirin Ebadi, Mairead Maguide, Jody Williams, Celeste Yarnall, Barbara Lazaroff, Carole Wells, T.S. Wiley, Sharon Stone and many more.
Coming up is the first theatrical screening of the final cut of FEMME, with the filmmakers and cast in attendance.
FEMME: Women Healing The World
Laemmle Theatre
Santa Monica, CA, 90401
7:30pm.
For more event info and to purchase advance tickets, go here.
Angela Davis Arts Beat LA Arts In LA ArtsBeat ArtsBeatLA ArtsInLA Barbara Lazaroff Barbara Marx Hubbard Carole Wells Celeste Yarnall documentary Femme Film Gloria Steinem Jean Houston Jean Shinoda Bolen Jody Williams Mairead Maguide Marianne Williamson Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Pauline Adamek Riane Eisler Rickie Lee Jones shaman Sandra Ingerman Sharon Stone Shirin Ebadi T.S. Wiley yogi Seane Corn
Pauline Adamek is a Los Angeles-based arts enthusiast with twenty-five years' experience covering International Film Festivals and reviewing new Theatre, Film and Restaurants.
John Pollono's "Lost Girls" – interview article for LA Stage Times
"Prometheus Bound" dazzles at Getty Villa – Los Angeles theater review
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Ballet at the Soraya in February
Calling all ballet and dance aficionadi!! Two magnificent, world-class ballets can be experienced at The Soraya in Northridge next month, during February. Once again, The Younes and Soraya Nazarian Center for the...
"White Christmas" sing along with the LA Phil
Perfect outing for the holiday season! Get dolled up in your snazzy best outfit and sing along to White Christmas with Bing Crosby, Rosemary Clooney, Danny Kaye, Vera-Ellen. The LA Philharmonic's special holiday...
Four-artist show at Corey Helford Gallery
Downtown Los Angeles' Corey Helford Gallery is proud to announce a four-artist show with Iowa-based Vietnamese painter and illustrator Bao Pham, international award-winning Canada-based artist Josh Tiessen, Australian...
Theater1095
"Swan Lake" at the Ahmanson
The Industry to present "Sweet Land"
Night of Ideas at the NHM
Block Party at the Kirk
"Key Largo" at the Geffen Playhouse


From Nalbari, Assam: I have been listening to your radio program regularly. I am from a different religious background. I really love listening to the teachings of the program. Listening to the Bible study has given me the desire to know more about the Bible. I thank you for giving me a Bible and now I am able to read it. I have come to know many new things which I had not heard before.
From Assam: Currently I am a pastor. I live with my parents, my wife, my daughter, and son. I work in a tea factory in the Morongi Tea Estate. Previously, though I was born into a Christian family, I did not have a personal relationship with Jesus. But a believer convinced me to trust in Jesus. He also told me about your radio program and encouraged me to listen. Since then I listen regularly and I have given my life to Jesus. I want to serve Him always. I really thank God for such a wonderful program. Listening to the verse by verse explanation of the Bible has helped me grow spiritually. I am encouraged by listening to the program and in turn I have encouraged my neighbors to listen and be blessed by the program. My family and I are now able to serve the Lord because we have come to know the Word of God better than before and are now able to tell others what the Lord has done for us as He laid down His life and shed his precious blood for us.
From Assam: I am a 20-year-old boy from a non-Christian family. I have been listening to [TTB-Assamese] for the past two years. My parents also listen to it along with me. Personally, I really like listening to your program because its teachings are unique and meaningful. I have come to know many beautiful things from them about Jesus Christ and am very much interested to know more about Christianity.
A listener testimony reported to us by our production team: He has been listening to the Assamese TTB program since 2001. The Word of God through it has touched his heart and many definite changes have come in his life. The radio program is the only source for him to learn the Word as in his area there is neither a church nor any Christians. The program has helped him to do away with all his bad habits and live a life worthy of Christ. He thanks the Lord for making him a new creation. Today he serves the Lord full time by spreading the good news of Jesus Christ to the unreached villages like his. God is using him mightily for His glory in his own village and nearby villages and by His grace now he has been able to establish a church in his own locality. There are about 30 people attending his church. Praise the Lord!