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Venezuela: The Faultline in Chavismo
2018 has been riddled with political and economic upheaval around the world. Venezuela has taken center stage on the international platform with the growing political and economic chaos within the country. It currently faces an alarming humanitarian crisis due to acute food and medicine shortages, violence borne from desperation, and a growing refugee exodus.
The Economics of Political Stability
Venezuela's trouble started in 2014 when the current president Nicolas Maduro inherited both the Presidency and a growing economic crisis resulting from the crashing of oil prices in 2014. The mismanagement of this crisis and the systematic implementation of poor economic policies in the course of the last 4 years has brought Venezuela to its current state.
Venezuela was one of the largest oil exporters before the economic crisis took hold, and continues to have the largest untapped oil reserves in the world. Its oil producing company is the nationally held PDVSA, the largest oil producing entity in Latin America. This company was privately held until the 1990s when Hugo Chavez took power. He nationalized the company and expanded the workforce in order to create jobs for the Venezuelan economy. This increased production costs without a proportionate increase in investment as well as operational capacity, resulting in operational inefficiency and lack of facility upgrades.
Simultaneously, the government continued its expropriation drive, not sparing industry of any scale or size from nationalization. The Chavez administration was so intent on a government-controlled industry that its policies crippled all possibility of growth for even small and medium scale enterprises. This left the Venezuelan economy entirely oil-dependant with 95% of its export revenue comprising oil exports.
The oil revenue generated by PDVSA and its net worth were leveraged by the administration to fund ballooning public spending in the form of wages and social programs to cut poverty. Although this made for short-sighted economic policy sacrificed on the altar of political ideology, it continued to sustain the Venezuelan economy because of booming international oil trade.
However, the oil prices crashed in 2014, having a direct and immediate impact on the Venezuelan economy as well as on the government's revenues. It was also in this year that Nicolas Maduro was sworn in as the new president. At this point, instead of assessing the economic situation and revising economic policies to meet the exigency, Maduro's government continued with Chavez's policy.
Furthermore, Maduro exacerbated the crisis by making fundamental and equally debilitating mistakes in managing the economic fallout. His solution to the growing government debt was to mint currency. The subsequent devaluation of the Bolivar caused inflation levels to explode, with the latest IMF projection pegging it at 10 million percent in 2019.
The situation, as it currently stands today, is a complete collapse of the economy, unparalleled levels of hyperinflation, a shrinking oil trade due to decreased capacity as well as rising cost of production making Venezuelan crude uncompetitive, and a government in default.
Political Crisis
The dire economic straits of the country have spilled over into the political arena in the last couple of years. Hyperinflation had begun to create food and medicine shortages with larger sections of the population sliding rapidly into poverty. This led to mass protests against the administration's policies.
The turmoil caught international attention in 2016 when Maduro began to consolidate political power by declaring the National Assembly, the Venezuelan parliament, illegal due to the expanding influence of his political opponents therein. Not only did he essentially strip the National Assembly of its powers; he then formulated a Constituent Assembly, meant to draft a new constitution as per the provisions of the existing constitution, and bestowed on it illegitimate authority to legislate. This Constituent Assembly comprised primarily of party and government loyalists.
Thereafter, the Constituent Assembly called for elections in 2018, which Maduro won. These elections were viewed as fraudulent by the international community due to the illegitimacy of the Constituent Assembly, the ongoing imprisonment of political opponents, and the stifling of freedom of speech. Thus, a large part of the international community does not accept the consequent results and Maduro's legitimacy.
In the meanwhile, Maduro also changed the Supreme Court filling it with loyalists, thereby effectively compromising the independence of the Venezuelan judiciary. Hence, by the end of 2018, Venezuela has become an authoritarian regime.
The political climate became even more chaotic in January of 2019 when a relatively unknown political opponent Juan Guaido swore himself in as the interim president of Venezuela.
Guaido contends that Maduro is constitutionally illegitimate. Maduro held fraudulent elections, declared the National Assembly illegitimate, before which he was constitutionally bound to take the oath, and then proceeded to take his oath before the newly formed Supreme Court of Justice. Thus, his swearing-in is unconstitutional and Venezuela does not, technically, have a head of state. Based on this chronology of facts, Guaido contends there is an absence of executive authority, allowing him to take the mantle of interim president and giving him the constitutional authority to call for fresh elections within 30 days.
It is on the basis of this contention, that many western democracies led by the United States and including Canada as well as Brazil, have recognized Guaido as the legitimate center of executive authority in Venezuela.
Leading experts speculate that Guaido may successfully force a regime change in the country if he is able to garner military and police support. The military and police force are currently declared in support of Maduro. However, that may change as foreign exchange reserves dwindle and the government runs out of money. This will also be compounded by the economic sanctions on government officials imposed by the United States, which continue to choke Venezuelan oil trade.
Global Interface: U.S, Russia, and China
On the international front, Venezuela has become a hotbed for foreign policy agendas of different countries, especially as a proxy ground for a confrontation between the United States, Russia, and China.
The United States has declared its support for Guaido. It has also curtailed economic investment in Venezuela while leaving a narrow window open for its own oil companies to continue business there. The Trump administration is also weighing the possibility of sending military aid to Guaido, although there has been no official announcement of such a strategy as yet. The reason for this interest is the American administration's refusal to countenance a 'socialist' regime close to its southern borders, and an interest in further securing its hegemony in the global oil market.
Russian President Vladimir Putin has openly supported Maduro and his government. The reason behind this support is large-scale Russian investment in Venezuela, led by the national oil company Rosneft. The company has major assets in Venezuela and is owed a sizable debt. Russia is also eying a larger role in geopolitics with the systematic withdrawal of the United States leaving a power vacuum in the West.
China has also openly supported Maduro for similar reasons to Russia. It has already extended the embattled administration large loans. The sum total loaned by both China and Russia is in excess of $69 billion.
China has sought to barter money for oil with Venezuela. It has also taken control of 28% the PDVSA's oil-producing capacity in repayment of debts owed. Chinese oil companies have also sued PDVSA for recovery of debts. However, the country continues to support this administration because Maduro remains the key person who can guarantee oil shipments to China. Moreover, experts also speculate that China may consider taking ownership of Venezuelan oil reserves in recompense for debts owed, thereby creating something of a neo-colonial relationship between the two. However, this remains mere speculation at this point, although China's activities in Southeast Asia and Africa give it credence.
The Indian Equation
India's bilateral relationship with Venezuela is largely driven by the oil trade. India is a key importer of Venezuelan crude. However, Venezuela doesn't form the cornerstone of Indian energy security and is also removed from any regional sphere of influence.
The Venezuelan crisis has an effect on India to the extent that India is also owed debts. As Venezuela doesn't have money to repay these debts, it covers them in oil barrels. This exchange is threatened by the clapping of American sanctions on the oil trade as it creates the risk of Indian companies being viewed in violation of those sanctions and being penalized. However, the relationship has not yet deteriorated to this extent and it remains to be seen if the Indian administration will need to take preventive measures based on the developments taking place on the ground in Venezuela.
In light of the complex economic and political situation in Venezuela, its path forward is mired in challenges with a limited number of options at its disposal. Nicolas Maduro shows no signs of relinquishing power easily although pressure is mounting on him and military support for him shows signs of weakening. Meanwhile, people are being driven beyond desperation. There are widespread starvation and a full-fledged refugee crisis. Even if Juan Guaido succeeds in a regime change, Venezuela is in for a long fight. It will have to rebuild its democratic institutions and revive its domestic economy in the backdrop of growing global political turmoil, a shifting of the known world order, an inexorable move away from oil-based energy, and a volatile global economy heading towards the next recession. How Venezuelans will overcome these odds and what shape they will give to the new post-Chavismo Venezuela remains to be seen.


Hi! Sign in to let us know how Taco Pablos was?
Leo K. Jul 22 .
The food here was so so. I would say this is a more of an americanised mexican food shop. The price was a little pricy to.
Their food was average, and so were their prices. I did get my food in a timely manner. They do have a nice parking lot and nice location located closely to the freeway.
Food and prices were decent. I found the overall experience to be just okay. I am not sure if they will stay around.
Andrea M. Jul 09 .
Ok, I know it might seem funny to say world class to a taco place. But it IS that good. It is in a strip mall near a freeway in the back. But you will go out of your way to eat there. And the lunch specials are so reasonable. For around $5.00 and includes a drink and a combo plate very authentic Mexican food. Clean and great service.No need to say more. Go here, eat and really enjoy.
If you've been to or used Taco Pablos, leave a review.


Iconic design meets Scandinavian styling. Inspired by shapes and formations existing in the natural world surrounding us, the Skipper Lighting Range has an abstract, yet bold aesthetic.
Statement yet simplistic. Scandinavian-inspired and signature. The Skipper Pendant compliments a range of living spaces and yields shadow and light in equal measure.
Since its inception the Skipper Lighting Range has become integral to the Tom Raffield collection and its sought after, sculptural aesthetic has made it one of our bestselling, iconic products.
Our standard sized Skipper Pendants took centre stage at Heal's Festival of Light, Orange Square Belgravia for London Craft Week, our very own Pop Up Shop at 67 York Street in Marylebone for London Design Week and additionally, at Port Eliot Festival last summer.
As one of our very first designs (following the No.1 Pendant Lighting Range) it's no surprise that our Skipper Pendants have become one of our most distinguishable designs. Retailed through both John Lewis and Heal's department stores the Skipper is an established favourite among many, including Tom.
"I still have a soft spot for the Skipper Pendants. They give out light and shadow in equal measure and can really make an impact in any setting. I guess that's why I've got quite a few in the house - they are really captivating lights to look up at".
The Skipper Lighting Range comprises of three pendants (standard, large and giant) and a Floor Light.
All the Skipper Lights are available in our three popular wood types: Ash, Oak and Walnut.
Each skipper is made up for twenty strips of wood. The length and width of each piece is dependant on the size of the pendant being made.
Every light is given several coats of an eco-friendly water-based varnish, with a natural matt finish. This gives the wood more depth, seals the grain and gives the light a tactile feel.
The initial stage in making a Skipper Pendant, for every size, is to create a frame out of laser cut birch ply, which is then clamped down by a supporting plate, a cog and a support ring.
Each of the twenty wooden petals for each Skipper is then measured to size, cut and then organised into a specific pile, dependent on its length.
Five layers of wooden petals in alternating short - medium sizes are then assembled to the frame using a dry construction method that does not use any adhesives.
Once all five layers are in place, the wooden petals are counted with care, measured again to ensure upmost accuracy, and sanded until they are smooth. The whole Skipper light is then sandwiched by a second supporting plate and drilled into place.
To finish, the light is given a coat of eco-friendly varnish, which protects the raw wood from the heat of the bulb and gives it a smooth satin matt finish.
Known for its abstractness, our Skippers are best known for complementing hallways, bedrooms and living rooms where they yield striking shadow and light in equal measure.
Choose Ash wood for a pinky luminosity that will allow light to permeate through the wooden petals, Oak for a golden hour glow that will bathe and add warmth to any space or Walnut to draw the eye and add drama in abundance.


Remember that time this real-life robot told a human being, "Don't worry, if you're nice to me, I'll be nice to you"? Because I sure do.
With Amazon's new Cloud Cam and a compatible smart lock, you too can let a stranger into your home to deliver a package.
I like an automated conversation as much as the next introverted techie, but we all know what can happen when a major company introduces the internet to their new AI chatbot.
Whether they're spying or delivering packages, there may never come a time when drones aren't spooky.
Animals mate in captivity, and you can now mate with… your neighbors, the guy in line behind you at Starbucks, and so on.
Case in point: Disney's 1999 movie Smart House, in which a smart house rebels against its residents. We can't say we weren't warned.
Slack, Trello, and Google Hangouts. What's haunting is that I can do my job and pet my dog at the same time.
Oculus Rift and Google Cardboard have brought virtual reality into our homes and hands — with everything from touring cityscapes to semi-interactive horror movie-like games. (Haunting? Check.) And Pokémon GO, while wildly entertaining, had people crashing into parked cars while trying to catch a Charizard.
Sufficiently spooked? All that's left to do is stay ahead of the latest trends by getting design and development work done through Topcoder.


Dental professionals offering an uncompromising level and range of services.
We've served the local community for over 12 years, helping anyone on the NHS and those of you looking for comprehensive, preventive maintenance and a treatment plan.
Our compliment of staff comprises 5 dentists, 2 dental therapists, 1 hygienist and 12 support staff where several of our staff have gone on to have families and have returned to us part time. We are involved with the training of new dental graduates and dental nurses, which is a very rewarding process and helps keep everyone up to date with any changes in dentistry.
It seems like just yesterday that I was setting up Belhaven Dental Surgery as a one woman show in 2005! I am extremely proud of where we are now, what we have achieved and how we have grown since then.
We continually aim to grow as a team, to provide a happy, friendly, relaxed atmosphere for our patients and to provide the best possible care and treatment. Our aim as a practice is to make everyone feel welcome and make dental treatment a pleasant experience.
I am very fortunate to have a highly trained group of staff who share my vision to provide high quality care whilst treating patients with respect at all times. We also like to have fun at our practice and many patients comment that they feel very relaxed at our practice.
Now that we have become well established in Port Glasgow, one aspect of my job that gives me great satisfaction is seeing familiar faces and getting to know and be part of families lives.
One of my areas of particular interest is the Short Term Cosmetic Teeth Straightening. This uses systems like Invisalign (clear aligners) or Quick Straight Teeth (fixed tooth coloured braces) to straighten front teeth in a short period of time for adults. We have had amazing success with this and many adults who thought they could never have straight teeth are now delighted with their smile. It is definitely one of my favourite treatments as I love seeing how happy people become with their smile in a short period of time (usually around 6 months wearing braces).
We have an active commitment to charity and have an annual commitment to help provide financial assistance to Port Glasgow Juniors Football club to provide football strips for the children and have also recently decided to support the Riverside Youth Band.
I joined Belhaven in August 2008. I thought I was the only male dentist that would be capable of coping with all these women, until Lyall joined the team! They all spoil me and I love it here, and feel like I've always been part of the team. Although I've learned quickly that making them lots of tea and baking them cakes keeps them on my side!
I love the chat with my girls and my patients, and this is a strong point for our practice, helping our patients feel at home and relaxed. As part of the wide range of services and treatments on offer at Belhaven, I do IV sedation to help with our anxious and nervous patients as well as providing facial aesthetic treatments for those looking for a fresher look.
I'm originally from Belfast but love the charm of the Scots, its home from home now!
I graduated from the University of Glasgow in 2006. From there I furthered my training in community practices (treating exclusively adult special care patients and children), a hospital post specialising in restorative dentistry and in general practice, before joining Belhaven in 2009 as an associate dentist.
I enjoy all aspects of dentistry but have a keen interest in treating families and children with an emphasis on prevention.
Outside of work, I enjoy family time being a mum to two young children. Busy social weekends with friends and holidays to sunnier climates also put a smile on my face.
I graduated from the University of Glasgow in 2013 with a bachelor of Dental Surgery with commendation. I then carried out a year as a Vocational Dental Practitioner in Glasgow.
I joined Belhaven as an Associate Dentist in August 2014. I am originally from Inverclyde so felt right at home and have had a great time working here ever since. I have made great friends here and love getting to know my patients.
I have a keen interest in all aspects of family dentistry but currently I am interested in learning about the placement and restoration of dental implants. I am currently studying to sit the examinations for Membership to The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.
Ranj joins Belhaven as a Vocational Dental Practitioner. This means he is a fully qualified dentist and has a year within a dental practice with a mentor (Ryan) adding to his experience as a Dentist.
I'm known to be the mummy of the practice, well at least, Ryan's adopted Scottish mum! I love working with all the girls at Belhaven, and especially working with/ looking after "my boy" Ryan!
I've enjoyed being a hygienist for many years now, but since having joined Belhaven in 2005, I've really been able to put my skills and knowledge into helping patients become more active in their own oral health care at home. As with all of us in the practice, Catherine encourages us all to attend regular courses, to learn new skills and keep fresh with updates, so that we continually provide all the best, most up to date treatment for our patients. This is important to us all as we like to develop our techniques and our aims are to always better ourselves and our work! If our patients are happy, then we're happy, and that's one of our aims as a team here at Belhaven!
After being a dental nurse for 13 years I returned to university in 2007 and graduated from the Glasgow dental hospital in 2009 with a diploma in Dental Hygiene and Therapy awarded from the royal college of surgeons Edinburgh. I also have a diploma in hypnosis applied to dentistry from university college London in 2010.
As a therapist, I am entitled to perform most aspects of dentistry, including all routine fillings, and all aspects of hygiene work.
Together with Ryan, I am an experienced facial aesthetic practitioner and am more than happy to discuss these treatments with anyone looking for that fresher appearance.
I started working in Belhaven January 2013 and I enjoy working with the Belhaven gang.
Caroline joined the practice in August 2016 as a Dental Therapist. Like Kat, Caroline can perform hygiene work and carry out other dental work such as routine fillings.
Caroline leads a very active life, some things we only find out about over lunch on a Monday. For example, she gently dropped into the conversation one day that she had just completed the London Marathon!
The "meeter and greeter" of Belhaven! I'm usually the one at the desk when people arrive in for their appointments and always like to get the latest chat and banter from the locals. That's probably why I love this job as I get to meet so many different people! If there are any worries or queries or if you just want to have a chat about the place before registering, it is normally myself that will help in any way I can.
I'm proud to say I've been a member of Belhaven from the start, watching Catherine and the team grow from strength to strength over the years has been amazing. I enjoy attending a variety of courses to get myself up to date with the management side of the dental practice, which helps me to keep the practice running smoothly.
I am the practice appointed first aider.
I've been with Belhaven since Catherine re-booted the business in 2005.
I'm a busy mum to a six year old girl, who has a busier social life than me. I enjoy running for leisure in my spare time and maybe enjoy a wee cocktail at the weekends.
After qualifying as a dental nurse in 1998, I joined the fabulous Belhaven team in 2005. Since then I have studied Dental Sedation and qualified as a Childsmile dental health promoter and Oral Health Educator. I also enjoy assisting our team with CPR training.
No day is ever the same in Belhaven from assisting our dental team in surgery, to working on reception. I enjoy my dental health education sessions for both children and adults which means I get to know our patients on a 1-to-1 basis whilst giving lots on information on maintaining a healthy happy smile.
Being a busy mum of 3 gorgeous kids, my spare time consists of being a dance mum and touring the local swing parks at the weekends. I love nothing better than long walks with my kiddies and messing about in my wee garden.
I joined the practice back in 2006 as a trainee nurse. I worked and studied at the same time and trained to be a fully fledged dental nurse with Catherine and Allison's guidance and teaching, as well as college. It was definitely hard work, but worth it in the end, and Catherine helped me so much and made it fun and, dare I say it, entertaining!
I work part time but don't you worry, I'm back to mischief when I am in, as well as making our patients feel at home!
I started my Dental Nursing career 20 years ago. I joined Belhaven in 2008 and over the years I have furthered my skills from a Qualified Dental nurse to being Childsmile trained, qualified as an Oral Health Educator and now learning about short term adult orthodontics.
As well as being a busy mum of two boys, outside of work I am always learning and growing. I thoroughly enjoy working on personal development, as a Network Marketer and running a small business from home too. I love helping other mums to be able to do the same.
I joined Belhaven team as a trainee dental nurse in December 2014 after 5 years of doing Beauty therapy. This I thoroughly enjoyed but I always had a keen interest in Dentistry. I started Reid Kerr College in August 2015 whilst working full time at Belhaven. I then qualified in May 2017 and I've loved every minute.
I enjoy working with the public and the staff at Belhaven. I hope to do more courses to further my career at Belhaven. I recently attended a nurses courses for short term orthodontics and really enjoyed it.
I also recently got married and bought my own house in Gourock. It's been great so far and really looking forward to seeing what the future holds.
I joined the Belhaven team in 2011 but I started dental nursing way back in 2003 when I was only 16 and couldn't be happier with my career; every day is different which makes it interesting.
I qualified as a dental nurse in 2006 through the James Watt college in Greenock and gained an extra qualification as a sedation nurse August 2013 (Glasgow dental hospital) working alongside our dentist Ryan doing I.V sedation which I thoroughly enjoy.
I am also qualified in clinical photography helping Catherine with the appropriate photos for orthodontic (teeth straightening) assessments.
Having joined in summer 2009, I qualified from Reid Kerr College in August 2012. I've never worked anywhere where we have so much fun and a laugh! Most importantly though, all our care and attention is given to our patients, and we always give them the best quality of care possible.
I joined the practice in Feb 2015 and I'm loving every minute of it.
I've been a dental nurse since 1998 and after working in the same practice for 17 years I decided I needed a change and I couldn't have chosen a better practice to move to.
One of the things I love about being a dental nurse is meeting different people everyday and having a good blether.
It's great to be part of a big team as the previous practice I worked in only had one dentist.
I adore being a mum to my wee boy.
Natalie joined the practice in March 2015 .
I enjoy working at Belhaven because we have such a good team, we work well together and have good banter at the same time.
I love going on holidays (who doesn't ?!) my favourite holiday to date would have to be either Mexico or Rome.
I enjoy socialising at weekends, in my spare time I like doing nails for friends and family – from being creative doing nail art to anything that sparkles.
Kate first attended our practice as a trainee via a training programme with the Glasgow Dental Hospital. When she finished her training and qualified Kate then joined the Belhaven team full time.
I joined Belhaven in Feb 2016 following a 6 month placement from Glasgow Dental Hospital and have continued my career development with assisting in IV Sedation.
Outside of work I enjoy socialising with friends and going home to visit my family in the Outer Hebrides.


University of Rajasthan, Jaipur issued notification inviting online applications for Direct Recruitment to 101 non-teaching posts.
University of Rajasthan, Jaipur issued notification inviting online applications for Direct Recruitment to 101 non-teaching posts. Interested eligible candidates should apply online through the websites www.uniraj.ac.in or www.univraj.orgon or before 6 February 2014.
Educational Qualification: Senior Secondary or equivalent exam with "O" or Higher Level Certificate Course conducted by DOEACC.
Application Fee: Non-refundable application fees of Rs.1000 (Rs.500 for SC/ST category candidates) has to be paid in the form of crossed Demand Draft drawn in favour of 'Registrar, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur' payable at Jaipur.
Selection Procedure: Selection will be done on the basis of candidate's performance in Written Test.
How to Apply: Interested eligible candidates can apply online through either of the websites www.univraj.org or www.uniraj.ac.in on or before 6 February 2014.
On successful submission of the online application form, a control number and password will be generated by the system and displayed on the screen. These will also be sent to the candidate through SMS and e-mail.
After submission, candidates should take two print outs of the application form, retain one copy for records and send the other print out along with latest photo, attested photocopies of required certificates / documents / testimonials / mark-sheets and fees Demand Draft in original by ordinary post to 'The Record Branch, Room No. 205, Sardar Patel Bhawan, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur'so as to reach the concerned authority on or before 8 February 2014.
On the envelope containing the application form with the enclosures, candidates should mention Post Code and Name of the post applied for.


The Leeson Group specializes in multi-family investment services, providing real estate advisory services to their clients. Specializing in Orange County and Los Angeles apartment properties as well as multi-family income properties, The Leeson Group is an affiliate of Marcus & Millichap, fully specialized to provide custom services to clientele in the region.
To better serve that clientele and ensure the Leeson Group website offered the best possible experience, the firm contracted inMotion to build a completely new company website. The resulting website is fully responsive, mobile friendly and operates on both mobile and desktop devices seamlessly.
With quick access to current properties, recent closings, and new listings, the website makes it easy for clients and prospective clients to visit and engage with any of the multifamily properties in the Leeson Group portfolio.
Built with WordPress and a property portfolio integrated with Sharplaunch, the website offers a user-friendly property search experience that is easy to navigate and for staff to update.


Invisalign is a clear alternative to traditional braces. This orthodontic treatment straightens teeth by using a series of clear, custom-molded aligners, without metal brackets, bands, or wires. Invisalign can be used to treat the vast majority of common problems for adults and teens. It is successful in treating crowding or widely-spread teeth, as well as more complex issues including overbites, underbites, and even crossbites. Since the aligners are virtually invisible, they won't draw undue attention to your mouth like regular braces. Also, the aligners are removable so you can eat, drink, brush, and floss normally.
Contact our office today to schedule a consultation about Invisalign clear dental aligners.
Watch as our patient Kayla Lashae shares her Invisalign journey with her viewers.
Who wouldn't want to get results faster? The good news is accelerated treatment is a reality today. Over the past few ears, clinicians have increasingly used accelerated orthodontic treatment modalities. Some of these methods require surgeries which deter many patients, but pulse vibration technology has proven to be a safe and effective non-surgical method.
With pulse vibration technology, you can reduce your treatment time and get your teeth straighter faster without any surgery or discomfort.
There are currently a couple of devices now available. They both work with the same concept: a brief daily period of vibration to enhance the tooth movement process. You gently bite down on the appliance for 5-20 minutes in the privacy of your own home and this vibration is responsible for several key benefits discussed below. There are minor differences between the two different devices (shown below).
The Propel V5 is a high-frequency device whihch vibrates at 120 HZ with a recommended daily use time of 5 minutes.
The Acceledent Aura is a low-frequency device which vibrates at 30 HZ with a recommended 20 minute daily use time.
We plan every case for maximum results and the most ideal outcome. This comprehensive digital planning sets us apart from most providers because we incorporate not only the teeth, but the face and lips as part of the total treatment approach.
Normally, Invisalign treatment is focused on straightening rotations, improving the bite, and aligning crowded areas. What is missing? The significance of the lips which are the curtains to the oral cavity. All too often, beautifully aligned teeth still do not result in that million dollar smile because the position of the teeth relative to the lip was not addressed.
It all comes down to the level of planning. At the beginning of treatment, we measure and digitally plan the ideal end point for your teeth to ensure the teeth and lips are in unison. With this combination, your smile is in harmony.
The Invisalign Clincheck Pro software puts control of all movements in our hands. Digital planning can be carried out very precisely to match our overall treatment goals.
Invisalign offers a more advanced software for advanced and savvy users which gives precise control of final tooth position at our fingertips. Normally, changes to the Invisalign plan have to be conveyed verbally to technicians at Invisalign, but with this advanced pro software, we are able to directly make changes to the plan and this is essential to help deliver the treatment results you expect.
An example of an ideal smile with the lip and teeth position ideally planned.
No more gagging or discomfort from traditional dental impressions. We use a digital imaging impression system that not only improves your Invisalign experience but speeds up treatment time.
iTero Intraoral Scanner: Proven Imaging Precision.
Simulated outcomes for patients- see how your outcome can look at your first visit!
A little-known fact about Invisalign is that many cases could ultimately benefit from some minor tooth recontouring, bonding, or veneers to achieve the desired look. Every case is unique and many cases do not need any restorative treatment at the end, but we are able to accurately identify these factors at the onset of treatment and discuss what is possible with some restorative treatment if necessary. Patients benefit from having the expert cosmetic dentistry available in our office.


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#coronavirus: China To Build 1000-Bed Hopsital In Six Days
The Chinese city of Wuhan is set to build a hospital in six days in order to treat patients suspected of contracting the coronavirus.
There are currently 830 confirmed cases in China, 41 of whom have died.
HSENations understands the outbreak began in Wuhan, home to around 11 million people. Hospitals in the city have been flooded with concerned residents and pharmacies are running out of medicine.
According to state media, the new hospital will contain about 1,000 beds.
READ ALSO: Corona Virus: FAAN Issues Travel Advisory To Passengers
Video footage posted online by Chinese state media shows diggers already at the site, which has an area of 25,000 square metres (269,000 square feet).
It is based on a similar hospital set up in Beijing to help tackle the Sars virus in 2003.
"It's basically a quarantined hospital where they send people with infectious diseases so it has the safety and protective gear in place," said Joan Kaufman, lecturer in global health and social medicine at Harvard Medical School.
"China has a record of getting things done fast even for monumental projects like this," says Yanzhong Huang, a senior fellow for global health at the Council on Foreign Relations.
He points out that the hospital in Beijing in 2003 was built in seven days so the construction team is probably attempting to beat that record. Just like the hospital in Beijing, the Wuhan centre will be made out of prefabricated buildings.
"This authoritarian country relies on this top down mobilisation approach. They can overcome bureaucratic nature and financial constraints and are able to mobilise all of the resources."
Mr Huang said that engineers would be brought in from across the country in order to complete construction in time.
"The engineering work is what China is good at. They have records of building skyscrapers at speed. This is very hard for westerners to imagine. It can be done," he added.
In terms of medical supplies, Wuhan can either take supplies from other hospitals or can easily order them from factories.
On Friday, the Global Times confirmed 150 medical personnel from the People's Liberation Army had arrived in Wuhan. However it did not confirm if they would be working in the new hospital once it has been built.
Credit: BBC
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COVID-19 Cases In Nigeria Hits Almost 35,000, See Breakdown
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


If you're playing Kill Team and want to mark things with something other than a dice, then Bandua Wargames has been working on some Command Force Tokens which can be used during your games.
There are three different colours for you to pick from with Yellow, Blue and Orange being rather snazzy options for players. I think they fit the Sci-Fi aesthetic and that orange theme that Kill Team has been going with on all of its marketing.
...which can be used to make sure everyone is on top of their bookkeeping during games of Kill Team.
Whilst I'm usually loathed to use a lot of tokens in games as I feel like they can tend to break the immersion, I think that they are needed in many games. With that in mind, the style of these from Bandua does work to almost give you that 'vid-screen' style to your tabletops, as if you're watching this all play out from a monitor somewhere.
Considering the number of people playing Kill Team I could see these being very popular. It's always nice to be able to add some bling to games that you enjoy, and this would be functional bling so it's even better!
"...this would be functional bling so it's even better!"
Can be Handy to have spare markers.


text:
UPSC > Indian Polity for UPSC CSE > Test: Class 12 Contemporary World Politics NCERT Based-2 Download as PDF
Test: Class 12 Contemporary World Politics NCERT Based-2
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Test: Class 12 Contemporary World Politics NCERT Based-2 - Question 1
Consider the following statements regarding the Cold War.
1. The Cold War referred to the competition, the tensions and a series of confrontations between the United States and Soviet Union, backed by their respective allies
2. The eastern alliance, headed by the US, represented the ideology of liberal democracy and capitalism while the western alliance, headed by the Soviet Union, was committed to the ideology of socialism and communism
Which of these statements are correct?
C. Both of them
D. Neither of them
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Contemporary World Politics NCERT Based-2 - Question 1
The Cuban Missile Crisis was a high point of what came to be known as the Cold War. The Cold War referred to the competition, the tensions and a series of confrontations between the United States and Soviet Union, backed by their respective allies.
Fortunately, however, it never escalated into a 'hot war', that is, a full-scale war between these two powers. There were wars in various regions, with the two powers and their allies involved in warfare and in supporting regional allies, but at least the world avoided another global war.
The Cold War was not simply a matter of power rivalries, of military alliances, and of the balance of power. These were accompanied by a real ideological conflict as well, a difference over the best and the most appropriate way of organising political, economic, and social life all over the world.
The western alliance, headed by the US, represented the ideology of liberal democracy and capitalism while the eastern alliance, headed by the Soviet Union, was committed to the ideology of socialism and communism.
Consider the following statements regarding the concept of 'deterrence':
1. If one country tries to attack and disable the nuclear weapons of its rival, the other would not be left with enough nuclear weapons to inflict unacceptable destruction
2. Both sides have the capacity to retaliate against an attack and to cause so much destruction that neither can afford to initiate war
In the event of a nuclear war, both sides will be so badly harmed that it will be impossible to declare one side or the other as the winner.
Even if one of them tries to attack and disable the nuclear weapons of its rival, the other would still be left with enough nuclear weapons to inflict unacceptable destruction.
This is called the logic of 'deterrence': both sides have the capacity to retaliate against an attack and to cause so much destruction that neither can afford to initiate war. Thus, the Cold War — in spite of being an intense form of rivalry between great powers remained a 'cold' and not hot or shooting war. The deterrence relationship prevents war but not the rivalry between powers.
Consider the following statements
1. NATO was an association of twelve states which declared that an armed attack on any one of them in Europe or North America would be regarded as an attack on all of them
2. Warsaw Pact was created in 1945 and its principal function was to counter NATO's forces in Europe
The western alliance was formalised into an organisation, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation(NATO), which came into existence in April 1949.
It was an association of twelve states which declared that an armed attack on any one of them in Europe or North America would be regarded as an attack on all of them. Each of these states would be obliged to help the other.
The eastern alliance, known as the Warsaw Pact, was led by the Soviet Union. It was created in 1955 and its principal function was to counter NATO's forces in Europe. International alliances during the Cold War era were determined by the requirements of the superpowers and the calculations of the smaller states.
As noted above, Europe became the main arena of conflict between the superpowers. In some cases, the superpowers used their military power to bring countries into their respective alliances.
Arrange the following events Chronologically.
1. Signing of the Baghdad Pact, later CENTO
2. Cuban Missile Crisis
3. Fall of the Berlin Wall
4. Unification of Germany
Choose from the following options.
A. 1-3-2-4
B. 2-3-4-1
C. 1-2-3-4
D. 2-3-1-4
Consider the following statements regarding non alignment movement.
1. The first non-aligned summit was held in Belgrade in 1961
2. The first summit was attended by more than 100 member states
The roots of NAM went back to the friendship between three leaders — Yugoslavia's Josip Broz Tito, India's Jawaharlal Nehru, and Egypt's leader Gamal Abdel Nasser — who held a meeting in 1956. Indonesia's Sukarno and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah strongly supported them.
These five leaders came to be known as the five founders of NAM. The first non-aligned summit was held in Belgrade in 1961.
This was the culmination of at least three factors: (i) cooperation among these five countries, (ii) growing Cold War tensions and its widening arenas, and (iii) the dramatic entry of many newly decolonised African countries into the inter - national arena. By 1960, there were 16 new African members in the UN. The first summit was attended by 25 member states. Over the years, the membership of NAM has expanded. The latest meeting, the 17th summit, was held in Venezuela in 2016. It included 120 member states and 17 observer countries.
Assertion: The Non Alignment Movement become less homogeneous and also it became difficult to define very neat and precise terms
Reason: As it grew into a popular international movement, countries of various different political systems and interests joined it
Select the correct code:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
Over the years, the membership of NAM has expanded. The latest meeting, the 17th summit, was held in Venezuela in 2016. It included 120 member states and 17 observer countries.
As non-alignment grew into a popular international movement, countries of various different political systems and interests joined it. This made the movement less homogeneous and also made it more difficult to define in very neat and precise terms: what did it really stand for? Increasingly, NAM was easier to define in terms of what it was not. It was not about being a member of an alliance.
Consider the following statements about neutrality.
1. It refers principally to a policy of staying out of war
2. It means remaining aloof from world affairs
The policy of staying away from alliances should not be considered isolationism or neutrality. Non-alignment is not isolationism since isolation means remaining aloof from world affairs. Isolationism sums up the foreign policy of the US from the American War of Independence in 1787 up to the beginning of the First World War.
In comparison, the non-aligned countries, including India, played an active role in mediating between the two rival alliances in the cause of peace and stability. Their strength was based on their unity and their resolve to remain non-aligned despite the attempt by the two superpowers to bring them into their alliances.
Non-alignment is also not neutrality. Neutrality refers principally to a policy of staying out of war. States practising neutrality are not required to help end a war. They do not get involved in wars and do not take any position on the appropriateness or morality of a war. Non-aligned states, including India, were actually involved in wars for various reasons. They also worked to prevent war between others and tried to end wars that had broken out.
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) brought out a report in 1972 entitled Towards a New Trade Policy for Development. It proposed a reform of the global trading system so as to:
1. Give the LDCs control over the natural resources of developed Western countries
2. Reduce the cost of technology from the Western countries
3. Provide the LDCs with a greater role in international economic institutions
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
The idea of a New Inter - national Economic Order (NIEO) originated with this realisation. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) brought out a report in 1972 entitled Towards a New Trade Policy for Development. The report proposed a reform of the global trading system so as to:
(i) give the LDCs control over their natural resources exploited by the developed Western countries,
(ii) obtain access to Western markets so that the LDCs could sell their products and, therefore, make trade more beneficial for the poorer countries,
(iii) reduce the cost of technology from the Western countries, and
(iv) provide the LDCs with a greater role in international economic institutions.
Gradually, the nature of nonalignment changed to give greater importance to economic issues. In 1961, at the first summit in Belgrade, economic issues had not been very important. By the mid-1970s, they had become the most important issues. As a result, NAM became an economic pressure group. By the late 1980s, however, the NIEO initiative had faded, mainly because of the stiff opposition from the developed countries who acted as a united group while the non-aligned countries struggled to maintain their unity in the face of this opposition.
Consider the following statements regarding the advantages of non-alignments for India.
1. Non-alignment allowed India to take international decisions and stances that served its interests
2. India was often able to balance one superpower against the other
A non-aligned posture also served India's interests very directly, in at least two ways: First, non-alignment allowed India to take international decisions and stances that served its interests rather than the interests of the superpowers and their allies.
Second, India was often able to balance one superpower against the other. If India felt ignored or unduly pressurised by one superpower, it could tilt towards the other. Neither alliance system could take India for granted or bully it.
Test: Class 12 Contemporary World Politics NCERT Based-2 - Question 10
Consider the following statements about the Non-alignment as a strategy.
1. It was based on a recognition that decolonised states share a historical affiliation and can become a powerful force if they come together
2. It was based on a resolve to democratise the international system by thinking about an alternative world order to redress existing inequities
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Contemporary World Politics NCERT Based-2 - Question 10
However, non- alignment contained some core values and enduring ideas. It was based on a recognition that decolonised states share a historical affiliation and can become a powerful force if they come together.
It meant that the poor and often very small countries of the world need not become followers of any of the big powers, that they could pursue an independent foreign policy. It was also based on a resolve to democratise the international system by thinking about an alternative world order to redress existing inequities. These core ideas remain relevant even after the Cold War has ended.
Consider the following statements regarding Russian Revolution.
1. The revolution was inspired by the ideals of socialism, as opposed to capitalism, and the need for an egalitarian society
2. The makers of the Soviet system were against the state and the institution of the party
3. The Soviet political system centred around the communist party, and no other political party or opposition was allowed
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) came into being after the socialist revolution in Russia in 1917. The revolution was inspired by the ideals of socialism, as opposed to capitalism, and the need for an egalitarian society.
This perhaps the biggest attempt in human history to abolish the institution of private property and consciously design a society based on principles of equality. In doing so, the makers of the Soviet system gave primacy to the state and the institution of the party. The Soviet political system centred around the communist party, and no other political party or opposition was allowed. The economy was planned and controlled by the state.
Consider the following statements.
1. In the arms race, the Soviet Union managed to match the US from time to time
2. The Soviet Union was very ahead than the West in technology, infrastructure
3. Food imports decreased every year
C. 1 Only
D. 2 Only
In the arms race, the Soviet Union managed to match the US from time to time, but at great cost. The Soviet Union lagged behind the West in technology, infrastructure (e.g. transport, power), and most importantly, in fulfilling the political or economic aspirations of citizens.
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 weakened the system even further. Though wages continued to grow, productivity and technology fell considerably behind that of the West.
What are the reasons for the disintegration of the Soviet Union?
1. Ordinary citizens became more about the economic advance of the West
2. Soviet political and economic institutions were internally very weak
3. The party bureaucrats gained more privileges than ordinary citizens
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Contemporary World Politics NCERT Based-2 - Question 13 All the statements are correct.
Assertion: Soviet Union collapsed in spite of Gorbachev's accurate diagnosis of the problem and his attempt to implement reforms.
Reason: Sections of Soviet society felt that the Gorbachev is moving very fast and is unable to cope with the challenges
C. A is true but R is false
D. A is false but R is true
Gorbachev's reforms promised to deal with these problems. Gorbachev promised to reform the economy, catch up with the West, and loosen the administrative system. You may wonder why the Soviet Union collapsed in spite of Gorbachev's accurate diagnosis of the problem and his attempt to implement reforms.
Here is where the answers become more controversial, and we have to depend on future historians to guide us better. The most basic answer seems to be that when Gorbachev carried out his reforms and loosened the system, he set in motion forces and expectations that few could have predicted and became virtually impossible to control.
There were sections of Soviet society which felt that Gorbachev should have moved much faster and were disappointed and impatient with his methods. They did not benefit in the way they had hoped, or they benefited too slowly. Others, especially members of the Communist Party and those who were served by the system, took exactly the opposite view. They felt that their power and privileges were eroding and Gorbachev was moving too quickly. In this 'tug of war', Gorbachev lost support on all sides and divided public opinion. Even those who were with him became disillusioned as they felt that he did not adequately defend his own policies.
1. Lithuania becomes the first of the 15 Soviet republics to declare its Independence
2. Yeltsin, no longer in the Communist Party, becomes the President of Russia
3. Russia takes over the USSR seat in the United Nations
A. 1-3-4
B. 2-1-3
C. 1-2-3
D. 2-1-4
Self explanatory.
Consider the following statements about the 'shock therapy'.
1. It was the painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system
2. It varied in intensity and speed amongst the former second world countries with direction and features were completely different
The collapse of communism was followed in most of these countries by a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system.
The model of transition in Russia, Central Asia and east Europe that was influenced by the World Bank and the IMF came to be known as 'shock therapy'. Shock therapy varied in intensity and speed amongst the former second world countries, but its direction and features were quite similar.
Consider the following consequences of the Shock Therapy.
1. The value of the ruble declined dramatically
2. The collective farm system disintegrated leaving people without food security, and Import of the food steadily declined
Consequences of the Shock Therapy: The shock therapy administered in the 1990s did not lead the people into the promised utopia of mass consumption. Generally, it brought ruin to the economies and disaster upon the people of the entire region. In Russia, the large state-controlled industrial complex almost collapsed, as about 90 per cent of its industries were put up for sale to private individuals and companies.
Since the restructuring was carried out through market forces and not by government-directed industrial policies, it led to the virtual disappearance of entire industries.
This was called 'the largest garage sale in history', as valuable industries were undervalued and sold at throwaway prices. Though all citizens were given vouchers to participate in the sales, most citizens sold their vouchers in the black market because they needed the money.
The value of the ruble, the Russian currency, declined dramatically. The rate of inflation was so high that people lost all their savings. The collective farm system disintegrated leaving people without food security, and Russia started to import food. The real GDP of Russia in 1999 was below what it was in 1989. The old trading structure broke down with no alternative in its place.
Consider the following statements regarding the post-communist regimes.
1. Mafia emerged in most of these countries and started controlling many economic activities
2. Due to the reforms, the inequality among the people reduced
The old system of social welfare was systematically destroyed. The withdrawal of government subsidies pushed large sections of the people into poverty. The middle classes were pushed to the periphery of society, and the academic and intellectual manpower disintegrated or migrated.
A mafia emerged in most of these countries and started controlling many economic activities. Privatisation led to new disparities. PostSoviet states, especially Russia, were divided between rich and poor regions.Unlike the earlier system, there was now great economic inequality between people.
Consider the following statements regarding the relationship between Soviet Union and India during the Cold War.
1. The Soviet Union supported India's positions on the Kashmir issue in the UN
2. Soviet Union received most of its military hardware from India
3. India supported Soviet foreign policy in some crucial but indirect ways
India and the USSR: During the Cold War era, India and the USSR enjoyed a special relationship which led critics to say that India was part of the Soviet camp. It was a multi-dimensional relationship: Economic: The Soviet Union assisted India's public sector companies at a time when such assistance was difficult to get.
It gave aid and technical assistance for steel plants like Bhilai, Bokaro, Visakhapatnam, and machinery plants like Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd., etc. The Soviet Union accepted Indian currency for trade when India was short of foreign exchange. Political: The Soviet Union supported India's positions on the Kashmir issue in the UN. It also supported India during its major conflicts, especially during the war with Pakistan in 1971.
India too supported Soviet foreign policy in some crucial but indirect ways. Military: India received most of its military hardware from the Soviet Union at a time when few other countries were willing to part with military technologies. The Soviet Union Entered into various agreements allowing India to jointly produce military equipment. Culture: Hindi films and Indian culture were popular in the Soviet Union. A large number of Indian writers and artists visited the USSR.
Assertion: Most of these economies, especially Russia, started reviving in 2000, ten years after their independence
Reason: Export of natural resources like oil, natural gas and minerals increased
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Contemporary World Politics NCERT Based-2 - Question 20 Most of these economies, especially Russia, started reviving in 2000, ten years after their independence.
The reason for the revival for most of their economies was the export of natural resources like oil, natural gas and minerals. Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia,Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are major oil and gas producers. Other countries have gained because of the oil pipelines that cross their territories for which they get rent. Some amount of manufacturing has restarted.
1. The expressions South Asia includes Bangladesh and Maldives
2. China is an important player and is considered to be a part of South Asia
The expression 'South Asia' usually includes the following countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
The mighty Himalayas in the north and the vast Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal in the south, west and east respectively provide a natural insularity to the region, which is largely responsible for the linguistic, social and cultural distinctiveness of the subcontinent.
The boundaries of the region are not as clear in the east and the west, as they are in the north and the south. Afghanistan and Myanmar are often included in discussions of the region as a whole. China is an important player but is not considered to be a part of the region.
1. Sri Lanka and India have successfully operated a democratic system since their independence from the British
2. Nepal is a constitutional monarchy
3. Pakistan began the post- Cold War period with successive democratic governments
D. 1 and 2 only
The various countries in South Asia do not have the same kind of political systems. Despite many problems and limitations, Sri Lanka and India have successfully operated a democratic system since their independence from the British. You will study more about the evolution of democracy in India in the textbook that deals with politics in India since independence.
It is, of course, possible to point out many limitations of India's democracy; but we have to remember the fact that India has remained a democracy throughout its existence as an independent country.
The same is true of Sri Lanka. Pakistan and Bangladesh have experienced both civilian and military rulers, with Bangladesh remaining a democracy in the post-Cold War period.
Pakistan began the post- Cold War period with successive democratic governments under Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif respectively.
1. Pakistan joins the Cold War military blocs, SEATO and CENTO
2. India and Sri Lanka sign the Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
3. Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
4. Afghanistan joined SAARC
1. Sheikh Mujib-ur Rahman led the popular struggle against West Pakistanin domination
2. He demanded autonomy for the eastern region
Both of them
Neither of them
Sheikh Mujib-ur Rahman led the popular struggle against West Pakistani domination. He demanded autonomy for the eastern region. In the 1970 elections in the then Pakistan, the Awami League led by Sheikh Mujib won all the seats in East Pakistan and secured a majority in the proposed constituent assembly for the whole of Pakistan.
But the government dominated by the West Pakistani leadership refused to convene the assembly. Sheikh Mujib was arrested.
Under the military rule of General Yahya Khan, the Pakistani army tried to suppress the mass movement of the Bengali people. Thousands were killed by the Pakistan army. This led to a large scale migration into India, creating a huge refugee problem for India.
1. The government of India opposed the demand of the people of East Pakistan for their independence and helped them financially and militarily
2. This resulted in a war between India and Pakistan in 1971 that ended in the surrender of the Bangladeshi forces
The government of India supported the demand of the people of East Pakistan for their independence and helped them financially and militarily. This resulted in a war between India and Pakistan in December 1971 that ended in the surrender of then Pakistani forces in East Pakistan and the formation of Bangladesh as an independent country.
Bangladesh drafted its constitution declaring faith in secularism, democracy and socialism. However, in 1975 Sheikh Mujib got the constitution amended to shift from the parliamentary to presidential form of government. He also abolished all parties except his own, the Awami League.
1. Nepal was a Hindu kingdom in the past and then a constitutional monarchy in the modern period for many years
2. In 2002, the king established the parliament and the government, thus ending even the unlimited Dictatorship that existed in Nepal
The king accepted the demand for a new democratic constitution in 1990, in the wake of a strong pro democracy movement. However, democratic governments had a short and troubled career.
During the nineties, the Maoists of Nepal were successful in spreading their influence in many parts of Nepal. They believed in armed insurrection against the monarch and the ruling elite.
This Led to a violent conflict between the Maoist guerrillas and the armed forces of the king. For some time, there was a triangular conflict among the monarchist forces, the democrats and the Maoists. In 2002, the king abolished the parliament and dismissed the government, thus ending even the limited democracy that existed in Nepal.
In April 2006, there were massive, country wide, pro-democracy protests. The struggling pro-democracy forces achieved their first major victory when the king was forced to restore the House of Representatives that had been dissolved in April 2002. The largely non-violent movement was led by the Seven Party Alliance (SPA), the Maoists and social activists.
1. Initially, Sri Lanka was under military rule since its independence
2. After its independence, politics in Sri Lanka was dominated by a large number of Tamils who had migrated from India to Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka has retained democracy since its independence in 1948. But it faced a serious challenge, not from the military or monarchy but rather from ethnic conflict leading to the demand for secession by one of the regions.
After its independence, politics in Sri Lanka (it was then known as Ceylon) was dominated by forces that represented the interest of the majority Sinhala community. They were hostile to a large number of Tamils who had migrated from India to Sri Lanka and settled there.
This migration continued even after independence. The Sinhala nationalists thought that Sri Lanka should not give 'concessions' to the Tamils because Sri Lanka belongs to the Sinhala people only.
1. In 1987, India signed an accord with Sri Lanka and sent troops to stabilise relations between the Sri Lankan government and the Tamils
2. The presence of Indian troops was welcomed much by the Sri Lankans
3. In 1989, the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) pulled out of Sri Lanka with vanishing LTTE
The Sri Lankan problem involves people of Indian origin,and there is considerable pressure from the Tamil people in India to the effect that the Indian government should protect the interests of the Tamils in Sri Lanka.
The government of India has from time to time tried to negotiate with the Sri Lankan government on the Tamil question. But in 1987, the government of India for the first time got directly involved in the Sri Lankan Tamil question. India signed an accord with Sri Lanka and sent troops to stabilise relations between the Sri Lankan government and the Tamils.
Eventually, the Indian Army got into a fight with the LTTE. The presence of Indian troops was also not liked much by the Sri Lankans. They saw this as an attempt by India to interfere in the internal affairs of Sri Lanka. In 1989, the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) pulled out of Sri Lanka without attaining its objective.
1. India always welcomed Bangladesh's denial of illegal immigration to India but opposed its support for anti-Indian Islamic fundamentalist groups
2. Bangladesh is a part of India's Look East policy that wants to link up with Southeast Asia via Myanmar
Despite their differences, India and Bangladesh do cooperate on many issues. Economic relations have improved considerably in the last 20 years. Bangladesh is a part of India's Look East (Act East since 2014) policy that wants to link up with Southeast Asia via Myanmar.
On disaster management and environmental issues, the two states have cooperated regularly. In 2015, they exchanged certain enclaves. Efforts are on to broaden the areas of cooperation further by identifying common threats and being more sensitive to each other's needs.
The Indian government has been unhappy with Bangladesh's denial of illegal immigration to India, its support for anti-Indian Islamic fundamentalist groups, Bangladesh's refusal to allow Indian troops to move through its territory to northeastern India, and its decision not to export natural gas to India or allow Myanmar to do so through Bangladeshi territory.
Bangladeshi governments have felt that the Indian government behaves like a regional bully over the sharing of river waters, encouraging rebellion in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, trying to extract its natural gas and being unfair in trade. The two countries could not resolve their boundary dispute for a long while.
Consider the following statements about the relationship between India and Bhutan.
1. India enjoys a very special relationship with Bhutan too and does not have any major conflict
2. Indian security agencies see the Maoist movement in Bhutan as a growing security threat
India enjoys a very special relationship with Bhutan too and does not have any major conflict with the Bhutanese government.
The efforts made by the Bhutanese monarch to weed out the guerrillas and militants from northeastern India that operate in his country have been helpful to India. India is involved in big hydroelectric projects in Bhutan and remains the Himalayan kingdom's biggest source of development aid.
India's ties with the Maldives remain warm and cordial. In November 1988, when some Tamil mercenaries from Sri Lanka attacked the Maldives, the Indian air force and navy reacted quickly to the Maldives' request to help stop the invasion.
India has also contributed towards the island's economic development, tourism and fisheries. Indian security agencies see the Maoist movement in Nepal as a growing security threat, given the rise of Naxalite groups in various Indian states from Bihar in the north to Andhra Pradesh in the south.
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"); } $(".botmbtn .ans_ts_qsn").find(".fb_share_content").attr("onclick", "ShareFeedContent('" + url + "','1')"); $(".botmbtn .ans_ts_qsn").find(".tw_share_content").attr("onclick", "ShareFeedContent('" + url + "','2')"); $(".botmbtn .ans_ts_qsn").find(".gp_share_content").attr("onclick", "ShareFeedContent('" + url + "','3')"); if ($(".botmbtn .ans_ts_qsn").find(".em_share_content").attr("href") == "#myModalEmailPopup") { $(".em_share_content").attr("onclick", "openemailsharepopup('" + type + "','" + id + "')"); } $(".botmbtn .ans_ts_qsn").find(".copylinkbutton").attr("onclick", "copyToClipboard('" + url + "','copyToClipboard_url')"); if (/Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent)) { $("#whatsappShareButton").attr("href", "whatsapp://send?text=Please check this https://edurev.in?q=" + url); $("#whatsappShareButton").css("display", "initial"); } try { var clipboard = new Clipboard('.copylinkbutton'); } catch (e) { } } else { if ($(ctrl).parents(".FeedElementDiv").find(".fb_share_content").length == 0) { $(ctrl).parents(".FeedElementDiv").append($(".contentblocks.shareblock").html()); //title = decodeURIComponent(title); $(ctrl).parents(".FeedElementDiv").find(".fb_share_content").attr("onclick", "ShareFeedContent('" + url + "','1')"); $(ctrl).parents(".FeedElementDiv").find(".tw_share_content").attr("onclick", "ShareFeedContent('" + url + "','2')"); $(ctrl).parents(".FeedElementDiv").find(".gp_share_content").attr("onclick", "ShareFeedContent('" + url + "','3')"); if ($(ctrl).parents(".FeedElementDiv").find(".em_share_content").attr("href") == "#myModalEmailPopup") { //$(ctrl).parents(".FeedElementDiv").find(".em_share_content").attr("onclick", "OpenShareByEmailBox('" + type + "','" + id + "','" + url + "')"); $(".em_share_content").attr("onclick", "openemailsharepopup('" + type + "','" + id + "')"); } $(ctrl).parents(".FeedElementDiv").find(".copylinkbutton").attr("onclick", "copyToClipboard('" + url + "','copyToClipboard_url')"); if (/Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent)) { $("#whatsappShareButton").attr("href", "whatsapp://send?text=Please check this https://edurev.in?q=" + url); $("#whatsappShareButton").css("display", "initial"); } try { var clipboard = new Clipboard('.copylinkbutton'); } catch (e) { } } } } }; clickForgotPasswordEnter1 = function (event) { try { if ($("#ForgotPasswordEmail").val() == "") { $("#myModalForgotPassword .lg_1a_mt").show(); $("#myModalForgotPassword .lg_2a_mt").show(); } else { $("#myModalForgotPassword .lg_1a_mt").hide(); $("#myModalForgotPassword .lg_2a_mt").hide(); } } catch (e) { } if ($("#ForgotPasswordEmail").val() != "") { $(".frgtpswd_btn").attr("onclick", "return ForgotPassword();"); } if ($("#phnlgninpt").val() != "") { $(".frgtpswd_btn").attr("onclick", "return ForgotPassword_Phone();"); } } clickForgotPasswordEnter2 = function (event) { try { if ($("#phnlgninpt").val() == "") { $("#myModalForgotPassword .lg_1a_mt").show(); $("#myModalForgotPassword .lg_4a_mt").show(); } else { $("#myModalForgotPassword .lg_1a_mt").hide(); $("#myModalForgotPassword .lg_4a_mt").hide(); } } catch (e) { } if ($("#ForgotPasswordEmail").val() != "") { $(".frgtpswd_btn").attr("onclick", "return ForgotPassword();"); } if ($("#phnlgninpt").val() != "") { $(".frgtpswd_btn").attr("onclick", "return ForgotPassword_Phone();"); } } ForgotPassword_Phone = function() { var span = $("#ModelForgotPasswordspan"); var ph_no = $("#phnlgninpt").val(); if (ph_no != null && ph_no != undefined && ph_no != "") { var c_code = $("#myModalForgotPassword .cc_cd select").val(); $(".otptyp").val("3"); $.ajax({ contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8", dataType: "text", type: "POST", data: "{phoneNumber:'" + ph_no + "',c_code:'" + c_code + "'}", url: "/UserData/phn_check_cc", cache: false, async: true, success: function (data) { data = JSON.parse(data); if (data != "" && data != null && data != undefined) { if (parseInt(data.userId) > 0) { $(".otptyp").val("3"); $("#myModalForgotPassword").modal("hide"); generateOTP(data.message); } else { $("#ModelForgotPasswordspan").html("Incorrect Phone Number"); //bootbox.alert("Mobile number doesn't exists."); } } else { $("#ModelForgotPasswordspan").html("Incorrect Phone Number"); //bootbox.alert("Mobile number doesn't exists."); } }, error: function (a, b, c) { console.log(a + "," + b + "," + c); } }); } } show_sidebar_option = function () { try { $(".othr_optns_sdbr li").show(); $(".more_sd_br_opns").hide(); } catch (e) { } } $(document).on("click", ".frm_ftr_nav_bar_applnk", function () { var pgtype = "WebsitePage_Footer"; var pageType = 0; var pageKey = "open_in_App_floating_footer"; var pageId = ""; var cat_id = ""; if (window.location.href.indexOf("/studytube/") > -1) { pgtype = "ContentPage"; pageType = 1; try { pageId = ""; } catch (e) { } try { cat_id = "48"; } catch (e) { } } else if (window.location.href.indexOf("/courses/") > -1) { pgtype = "CoursePage"; pageType = 2; pageId = ''; try { cat_id = ""; } catch (e) { } } else if (window.location.href.indexOf("/course/quiz/result/") > -1) { pgtype = "TestResultpage"; pageId = ''; pageType = 5; try { cat_id = ""; } catch (e) { } } else if (window.location.href.indexOf("/question/") > -1) { pgtype = "QuesPage"; pageId = ''; pageType = 7; try { cat_id = "48"; } catch (e) { } } if (isiOS()) { window.location.href = "https://apps.apple.com/tt/app/edurev/id1529835494?utm_source="+pgtype+"&utm_medium=edurev_website&utm_campaign=Open_in_App_floating_footer"; } else { //debugger; var frt_type = "Open_in_App_floating_footer"; if ($(this).hasClass("footer_fixed")) { frt_type = frt_type + "footer_fixed"; } else if ($(this).hasClass("footer_fixed_2")) { frt_type = frt_type + "footer_fixed_2"; } else if ($(this).hasClass("frm_ftr_nav_bar_applnk")) { frt_type = "get_app_frm_ftr_nav_bar_applnk"; } _ShowLoader(); $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: '/Miscellaneous/getdeeplink', data: "{ link:'" + window.location.href + "',UtmCampaign:'" + frt_type+"',urlType:" + pageType + ",id:'" + pageId + "',key:'" + pageKey + "',UtmMedium:'edurev_website',UtmSource:'" + pgtype + "',cat_id:'" + cat_id + "',lnktyp:'1'}", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", dataType: "text", async: true, success: function (data) { debugger; $(".frm_ftr_nav_bar_applnk").attr("href", data); window.location.href = data; _HideLoader(); }, error: function (a, b, c) { _HideLoader(); console.log(a + "," + b + "," + c); } }); } }); if (isAndroid || isiOS()) { } else { try { setTimeout(function () { try { var LoginUserID = $("#uid").val(); if (LoginUserID == null || LoginUserID == undefined || LoginUserID == "0") { if (window.innerWidth > 800) { $.get(BaseCloudTemplates + 'templates/html/desktopfixedfooter.html?v=21', function (data) { data = replaceAllMethod(data, "https://edurev.gumlet.io/cdn_assets/v252/", BaseCloudAssets); data = replaceAllMethod(data, "@Html.Raw(new ER.Services.Variables().BaseCloudAssetsValue())", BaseCloudAssets); $(".loadhtml").append(data); var LoginUserID = $("#uid").val(); if (LoginUserID == null || LoginUserID == undefined) { LoginUserID = "0"; } }); } } } catch (e) { } }, 3000); } catch (e) { } }