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Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 76 › National Bank v. Commonwealth
National Bank v. Commonwealth, 76 U.S. 353 (1869)
National Bank v. Commonwealth, 76 U.S. 9 Wall. 353 353 (1869)
National Bank v. Commonwealth
76 U.S. (9 Wall.) 353
1. The right of the states to tax the shares of the national banks reaffirmed.
2. The statute of Kentucky (set forth in the statement of the case) taxing bank stock levies a tax on the shares of the stockholders, as distinguished from the capital of the bank invested in federal securities.
3. This is true although the tax is collected of the bank instead of the individual stockholders.
4. The doctrine which exempts the instrumentalities of the federal government from the influence of state legislation is not founded on any express provision of the Constitution, but in the implied necessity for the use of such instruments by the federal government.
5. It is therefore limited by the principle that state legislation which does not impair the usefulness or capability of such instruments to serve that government is not within the rule of prohibition.
6. A state law requiring the national banks to pay the tax which is rightfully laid on the shares of its stock is valid under this limitation of the doctrine.
7. On a writ of error to a state court no question will be considered here which was not called to the attention of the state court.
Page 76 U. S. 354
The act of Congress establishing the national banks, [Footnote 1] enacts:
"Section 40. That the president and cashier of every such association shall cause to be kept a correct list of the names and residences of all the shareholders in the association and the number of shares held by each, and such list shall be open to the inspection of the officers authorized to collect taxes under state authority."
"Section 41. Provided, that nothing in this act shall be construed to prevent all the shares in any of the said associations held by any person from being included in the valuation of the personalty of such person in the assessment of taxes imposed by or under state authority at the place where such bank is located, and not elsewhere, but not at a greater rate than is assessed upon other moneyed capital in the hands of individual citizens of such state. Provided further that the tax so imposed under the laws of any state upon the shares of any of the associations authorized by this act shall not exceed the rate imposed upon the shares of any of the banks organized under authority of the state where such association is located."
Under the act of Congress which makes these provisions, the First national Bank of Louisville was established.
A statute of Kentucky, [Footnote 2] relating to revenue and taxation, lays a tax as follows:
"On bank stock, or stock in any moneyed corporation of loan or discount, fifty cents on each share thereof equal to one hundred dollars, or on each one hundred dollars of stock therein owned by individuals, corporations, or societies."
And the same statute goes on to enact:
"The cashier of a bank whose stock is taxed shall, on the first day in July of each year, pay into the Treasury the amount of tax due. If such tax be not paid, the cashier and his sureties shall be liable for the same and twenty percent upon the
amount, and the said bank or corporation shall thereby forfeit the privileges of its charter."
Acting in professed pursuance of the state statute, the Commonwealth of Kentucky demanded payment from the said bank of $4,000, with interest, the sum which a tax of fifty cents per share on the shares of the bank gave. Payment being declined, the state sued.
The suit was brought in one of the state courts, and according to the practice of the courts of Kentucky by a petition setting forth the amount of the tax and claiming a judgment for the same. The answer, by the same mode of practice, set up four distinct defenses to the action. These were:
1. That the bank was not organized under the law of the state, but under the bank act of the United States, and was therefore not subject to state taxation.
2. That it had been selected and was acting as a depositary and financial agent of the government of the United States, and therefore was not liable to any tax whatever, either on the bank, its capital, or its shares.
3. That its entire capital was invested in securities of the government of the United States, and that its shares of stock represented but an interest in the said securities, and were therefore not subject to state taxation.
4. That the shares of the stock were the property of the individual shareholders, and that the bank could not be made responsible for a tax levied on those shares and could not be compelled to collect and pay such tax to the state.
The commonwealth demurred, and the case resulting in a judgment in its favor in the Court of Appeals, this writ of error was prosecuted by the bank.
ERROR TO THE COURT OF
APPEALS OF KENTUCKY
MR. JUSTICE MILLER delivered the opinion of the Court.
In the several recent decisions concerning the taxation of the shares of the national banks, as regulated by sections forty and forty-one of the Act of Congress of June 3, 1864,
it has been established as the law governing this Court that the property or interest of a stockholder in an incorporated bank, commonly called a share, the shares in their aggregate totality being called sometimes the capital stock of the bank, is a different thing from the moneyed capital of the bank held and owned by the corporation. This capital may consist of cash, or of bills and notes discounted, or of real estate combined with these. The whole of it may be invested in bonds of the government, or in bonds of the states, or in bonds and mortgages. In whatever it may be invested, it is owned by the bank as a corporate entity, and not by the stockholders. A tax upon this capital is a tax upon the bank, and we have held that when that capital was invested in the securities of the government, it could not be taxed, nor could the corporation be taxed as the owner of such securities.
On the other hand, we have held that the shareholders, or stockholders, by which is meant the same thing, may be taxed by the states on stock or shares so held by them, although all the capital of the bank be invested in federal securities, provided the taxation does not violate the rule prescribed by the act of 1864.
It is not intended here to enter again into the argument by which this distinction is maintained, but to give a clear statement of the propositions that we have decided, that we may apply them to the case before us.
If, then, the tax for which the State of Kentucky recovered judgment in this case is a tax upon the shares of the stock of the bank and is not a tax upon the capital of the bank owned by the corporation, the first, second, and third grounds of defense must fail.
There are, then, but two questions to be considered in the case before us:
1. Does the law of Kentucky under which this tax is claimed impose a tax upon the shares of the bank or upon the capital of the bank, which is all invested in government bonds?
2. If it is found to be a tax on the shares, can the bank
be compelled to pay the tax thus levied on the shares by the state?
The revenue law of Kentucky imposes a tax
"on bank stock or stock in any moneyed corporation of loan and discount of fifty cents on each share thereof, equal to one hundred dollars of stock therein, owned by individuals, corporations, or societies."
We entertain no doubt that this provision was intended to tax the shares of the stockholders, and that if no other provision had been made, the amount of the tax would have been primarily collectible of the individual or corporation owning such shares in the same manner as other taxes are collected from individuals. It is clear that it is the shares owned or held by individuals in the banking corporation which are to be taxed, and the measure of the tax is fifty cents per share of one hundred dollars. These shares may, in the market, be worth a great deal more or a great deal less than their par or nominal value, as its capital may have been increased or diminished by gains or losses, but the tax is the same in each case. This shows that it is the share which is intended to be taxed, and not the cash or other actual capital of the bank.
It is said that there may be, or that there really are, banks in Kentucky whose stock is not divided into shares of one hundred dollars each, but into shares of fifty dollars or other amounts, and that this shows that the legislature did not intend a tax of fifty cents on the share, but a tax on the capital. But the argument is of little weight. What the legislature intended to say was that we impose a tax on the shares held by individuals or other corporations in banks in this state. The tax shall be at the rate of fifty cents per share of stock equal to one hundred dollars. If the shares are only equal to fifty dollars, it will be twenty-five cents on each of such shares. If they are equal to five hundred dollars, it will be two dollars and fifty cents per share. The rate is regulated so as to be equal to fifty cents on each share of one hundred dollars.
But it is strongly urged that it is to be deemed a tax on
the capital of the bank, because the law requires the officers of the bank to pay this tax on the shares of its stockholders. Whether the state has the right to do this we will presently consider, but the fact that it has attempted to do it does not prove that the tax is anything else than a tax on these shares. It has been the practice of many of the states for a long time to require of its corporations thus to pay the tax levied on their shareholders. It is the common, if not the only, mode of doing this in all the New England states, and in several of them the portion of this tax which should properly go as the shareholder's contribution to local or municipal taxation is thus collected by the state of the bank and paid over to the local municipal authorities. In the case of shareholders not residing in the state, it is the only mode in which the state can reach their shares for taxation. We are therefore of opinion that the law of Kentucky is a tax upon the shares of the stockholder. If the state cannot require of the bank to pay the tax on the shares of its stock, it must be because the Constitution of the United States or some act of Congress forbids it. There is certainly no express provision of the Constitution on the subject.
But it is argued that the banks, being instrumentalities of the federal government by which some of its important operations are conducted, cannot be subjected to such state legislation. It is certainly true that the Bank of the United States and its capital were held to be exempt from state taxation on the ground here stated, and this principle, laid down in the case of McCulloch v. State of Maryland, has been repeatedly affirmed by the Court. But the doctrine has its foundation in the proposition that the right of taxation may be so used in such cases as to destroy the instrumentalities by which the government proposes to effect its lawful purposes in the states, and it certainly cannot be maintained that banks or other corporations or instrumentalities of the government are to be wholly withdrawn from the operation of state legislation. The most important agents of the federal government are its officers, but no one will contend that when a man becomes an officer of the government, he
ceases to be subject to the laws of the state. The principle we are discussing has its limitation, a limitation growing out of the necessity on which the principle itself is founded. That limitation is that the agencies of the federal government are only exempted from state legislation so far as that legislation may interfere with or impair their efficiency in performing the functions by which they are designed to serve that government. Any other rule would convert a principle founded alone in the necessity of securing to the government of the United States the means of exercising its legitimate powers into an unauthorized and unjustifiable invasion of the rights of the states. The salary of a federal officer may not be taxed; he may be exempted from any personal service which interferes with the discharge of his official duties, because those exemptions are essential to enable him to perform those duties. But he is subject to all the laws of the state which affect his family or social relations or his property, and he is liable to punishment for crime, though that punishment be imprisonment or death. So of the banks. They are subject to the laws of the state, and are governed in their daily course of business far more by the laws of the state than of the nation. All their contracts are governed and construed by state laws. Their acquisition and transfer of property, their right to collect their debts, and their liability to be sued for debts are all based on state law. It is only when the state law incapacitates the banks from discharging their duties to the government that it becomes unconstitutional. We do not see the remotest probability of this in their being required to pay the tax which their stockholders owe to the state for the shares of their capital stock when the law of the federal government authorizes the tax.
If the State of Kentucky had a claim against a stockholder of the bank who was a nonresident of the state, it could undoubtedly collect the claim by legal proceeding in which the bank could be attached or garnisheed and made to pay the debt out of the means of its shareholder under its control. This is in effect what the law of Kentucky does in regard to the tax of the state on the bank shares. It is no
greater interference with the functions of the bank than any other legal proceeding to which its business operations may subject it, and it in no manner hinders it from performing all the duties of financial agent of the government.
A very nice criticism of the proviso to the 41st section of the National Bank Act, which permits the states to tax the shares of such bank, is made to us to show that the tax must be collected of the shareholder directly, and that the mode we have been considering is by implication forbidden. But we are of opinion that while Congress intended to limit state taxation to the shares of the bank, as distinguished from its capital, and to provide against a discrimination in taxing such bank shares unfavorable to them as compared with the shares of other corporations and with other moneyed capital, it did not intend to prescribe to the states the mode in which the tax should be collected. The mode under consideration is the one which Congress itself has adopted in collecting its tax on dividends and on the income arising from bonds of corporations. It is the only mode which, certainly and without loss, secures the payment of the tax on all the shares, resident or nonresident, and as we have already stated, it is the mode which experience has justified in the New England states as the most convenient and proper in regard to the numerous wealthy corporations of those states. It is not to be readily inferred, therefore, that Congress intended to prohibit this mode of collecting a tax which they expressly permitted the states to levy.
It is said here in argument that the tax is void because it is greater than the tax laid by the State of Kentucky on other moneyed capital in that state. This proposition is not raised among the very distinct and separate grounds of defense set up by the bank in the pleading. Nor is there any reason to suppose that it was ever called to the attention of the court of appeals, whose judgment we are reviewing. We have so often of late decided that when a case is brought before us by writ of error to a state court, we can only consider such alleged errors as are involved in the record and actually received the consideration of the state court that
it is only necessary to state the proposition now. As the question thus sought to be raised here was not raised in the Court of Appeals of Kentucky, we cannot consider it.
Judgment affirmed.
13 Stat. at Large 111.
Revised Statutes of Kentucky, vol. ii, pp. 239, 266.
76 U.S. 353


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Short-Form Writing
Johanna Fateman's writing focuses on feminist visual art and its overlap with pop culture and experimental literature. She will write about a new generation of feminist artists—both men and women—who have come of age in the Internet era. She has recently written about artist Ann Hirsch, who wrote a play and created an iPad app based on her childhood experience with a pedophile in an AOL chatroom, and about Marie Calloway's new book, in which the author sometimes eschews text to construct narratives of her sexual (mis)adventures from social media screen captures. Fateman is specifically interested in the "postporn" feminist generation's skepticism regarding both second-wave feminist analyses and third-wave appropriations of porn vernacular.
Johanna Fateman is a writer, musician and co-owner of Seagull Salon in New York City. She is a member of post-riot grrrl band Le Tigre, and has written and produced songs with artists such as Christina Aguilera and Pussy Riot. Fateman's earliest cultural criticism took the form of punk zines, notably Artaud-Mania… the Diary of a Fan (1997), which is reproduced in The Riot Grrrl Collection (Feminist Press, 2013). Her writing has appeared in the Whitney Biennial catalog (2004), Rhizome, LTTR, Apology, and frequently in Artforum and BookForum.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: Diagnosis, Classification, and Prognosis
Last update October 2, 2020
(Votes: 2, average: 3.00)
https://www.lecturio.com/magazine/langerhans-cell-histiocytosis/
Definition of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Clinical Presentation
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Image: "Histopathogic image of eosinophilic granuloma of the jaw" by KGH.Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), also called histiocytosis X, is a nonmalignant disease marked by proliferation of Langerhans cells. Langerhans cells are epidermal dendritic cells and present antigens to other defense cells. Dendritic cells are a form of histiocytes. In this condition, histiocytes circulate in the peripheral blood post-maturation, depositing in different organs and organ systems. Therefore, the disease may present as different syndromes, including Hand-Schüller-Christian disease, Abt-Letterer-Siwe disease, and Hashimoto-Pritzker disease.
Prevalence of histiocytosis X
The incidence is 0.4–1 in 100,000. Incidence of the disseminated course of the disease peaks in infants and toddlers. Incidence of localized disease peaks between ages 5 and 15. Boys are 1.3 times more likely to have the disease than girls are.
The assumed pathophysiology is disturbed intercellular communication between effector cells, specifically T cells and antigen-presenting Langerhans cells. Proinflammatory mediators are released, contributing to cytokine imbalance and therefore massive proliferation and accumulation of dendritic cells. Tissue damage and ultimately fibrosis are caused by collection of histiocytes in organs.
Although a clonal origin of dendritic cells has been verified, certain indications of malignancy are missing. Some research has explored a connection between LCH and nicotine abuse, finding isolated manifestation in the lungs.
Histiocytosis X on a cellular level
Dendritic cells are marked by a tender eosinophilic cytoplasm and a nucleus akin to a coffee bean. Langerhans cells show typical Birbeck granules and typical antigen patterns. They are positive for S100, vimentin, and CD1a. Birbeck granules look like X particles under an electron microscope. Furthermore, different inflammatory cells, such as eosinophilic and neutrophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells, can be found in the granulomas.
Image: "Histopathogic image of eosinophilic granuloma of the jaw." License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Image: "CT of periorbital Langerhans cell histiocytosis," by BetacommandBot. License: CC BY 2.5
Eosinophilic granuloma is a localized form of histiocytosis X and largely affects bones. Eosinophilic granuloma accounts for 70% of histiocytosis X cases. Eosinophilic granuloma arises in the skull, spine, pelvis, and long bones, with the possibility of disease in more than one bone at the same time. A painful, pliable swelling often covers the bone(s). With spinal involvement, compression fractures and development of so-called vertebra plana and neurologic deficiencies can occur.
Lesions in jaw bones can be accompanied by tooth loss or premature eruption of adult teeth.
Hand-Schüller-Christian disease
Hand-Schüller-Christian disease is marked by multiple eosinophilic granulomas of the bone, in addition to soft tissue involvement. It makes up 15%–40% of all Langerhans cell histiocytoses. With sella turcica involvement, children suffer from diabetes insipidus. Additional symptoms are growth abnormalities, fever, swollen lymph nodes, exophthalmos, dyspnea, and hepatosplenomegaly.
Image: "A rare case of 'switch on and off' multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult patient," by J Med Case Rep (2011). License: CC BY 2.0
Note: The classical Hand-Schüller-Christian triad with bone lesion, exophthalmos, and diabetes insipidus is rather rare.
Abt-Letter-Siwe disease
Image: "Langerhans cell histiocytosis: an illusion of hope," by Int J Clin Pediatr Dent (2013). License: CC BY 3.0
LCH affecting the skin is predominantly defined as Abt-Letter-Siwe disease, which makes up 10% of histiocystosis X cases. Skin presentation is reminiscent of seborrheic dermatitis on the buttocks and scalp. Polymorphic maculopapular exanthema with hemorrhaging, ulceration, and formation of crusts are observed. Additionally, hair may be thinning, and affected children may suffer from fever. In many children, the oral mucosa is affected by whitish granulomatous plaques, which exhibit a tendency for ulceration and bleeding. Generalized lymphomas and hepatosplenomegaly are observed. Also, thrombopenia with petechiae, anemia, and granulocytopenia are possible symptoms, along with infiltration of the bone marrow.
Diagnosis of LCH requires:
Physical examination and history.
Neurological exam to check the spinal cord and nerve functions. Additionally, the neurological exam should establish mental status, senses, and reflexes.
Complete blood count with differential: amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cells, number of red blood cells, and platelets.
Blood chemistry studies to determine the substances released into the body by organs and tissues.
Urinalysis to check the color of urine as well as its contents.
Radiologic diagnosis
Image: "Ultrasound of eosinophilic granuloma in a 1-year-old," by Kinderradiologie Olgahospital Klinikum Stuttgart. License: CC BY-SA 4.0
The main diagnostic modality is radiologic investigation.
On skull X-ray, an eosinophilic granuloma appears as an osteolytic lesion with a punched-out appearance and clear margins, surrounded by a sclerotic area or periosteal reaction. Observation of several lesions of the skull in Hans-Schüller-Christian disease is referred to as geographic map skull.
Image: "A rare case of 'switch on and off' multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult patient," by Karpathiou G, Koutsopoulos A, Froudarakis ME. License: CC BY 2.0
Computed tomography of the lung can detect the so-called Cheerio sign, a thickening in the walls of the bronchial system that looks like the breakfast cereal.
With liver involvement, examination of a child will lead to observation of edema and ascites formation, and routine laboratory tests will show coagulopathy, cholestasis, and hyperbilirubinemia caused by a functional disturbance of the liver.
When involvement of the hypophyseal hypothalamic tract occurs, with diabetes insipidus as the prevalent symptom, magnetic resonance imaging will typically show a thickening of the infundibulum.
Further diagnosis
Skeletal scintigraphy, bone marrow aspiration, and lumbar puncture procedures, as well as testing of endocrinological functioning of the hypophyseal anterior and posterior lobes, serve to exclude disseminated disease.
Diagnosis is completed via biopsy, which can present proof of Birbeck granules.
Note: Per recommendation of the Histiocytosis Society, definitive diagnosis of LCH is based on immunohistochemical proof of CD1a antigens or observation of Birbeck granules by electron microscope.
Image: "Very high magnification micrograph of Langerhans cell histiocytosis," by Nephron. License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Division of Langerhans cell histiocytosis
According to criteria from the Histiocytosis Society, differentiation should be made between localized disease and disseminated disease. For purposes of therapy planning, patients should be classified into categories of either high or low risk, depending on the number of systems with evidence of disease as well as involvement of high-risk organs (e.g., liver, lung, spleen) or the hematopoietic system.
Single-system disease Multisystem disease
Bones 2 or more organs or organ systems with or without organ failure
Skin High-risk patients with involvement of high-risk organ system
Lung Low risk; no involvement of high-risk organ system
Treatment of eosinophilic granulomas consists of surgical curettage of the lesion. Radiation is justified in cases of inoperable or recidivating lesions.
Diagnostic therapy
Disseminated courses are treated with cytostatic therapy including prednisone and vinblastine, which also minimizes delayed damage such as diabetes insipidus, stunted growth, and deafness. Abt-Letterer-Siwe disease may necessitate stem cell transplantation.
Generally, prognosis is positive. Spontaneous arrest of disease is possible. Factors negatively affecting prognosis are young age, poor overall condition, and organ infiltration. Involvement of high-risk organs combined with poor response to therapy within the first 6–12 weeks are independent prognostic criteria associated with fatally in about 75% of cases.
Malignant histiocytosis
Malignant histiocytosis is marked by destructive infiltration of malignant histiocytes into lymph nodes, liver, spleen, bone marrow, and skin. Boys are affected more often than girls are; the rapidly progressing disease can occur at any age. Differentiation from benign histiocytosis is essential. Treatment is similar to B-cell lymphoma via chemotherapy.
Follow-up care over the course of many years is important for all LCH patients. Follow-up care includes checking of known bone lesions via X-ray at regular time intervals until bone reconstruction is observed. In case of systemic disease with involvement of other organs such as the lungs, regular functional tests should be conducted. In case of reactivation, the entire diagnostic program should be conducted as if it were the initial diagnosis.
Note: Due to radiation exposure, X-ray follow-up should be conducted only at locations that have symptomatic lesions.
Recurrent LCH
Recurrence of LCH is common and may affect the ears, skins, bones, or pituitary gland. The most common interval of recurrence is one year after cessation of medication.
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S. H. Chou, G. Kicska, J. P. Kanne, S. Pipavath: Cheerio sign . In: Journal of Thoracic Imaging . 28, Januar 2013, S. W4.
Favara BE, Feller AC, Pauli M et al (1997) A contemporary classification of histiocytic disorders. The WHO Committee on Histiocytic/Reticulum Cell Proliferations. Reclassification Working Group of the Histiocytic Society. Med Pediatr Oncol 29:157–166
Gadner H, Grois N (1993) The histiocytosis syndromes. In: Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff KF et al (eds) Dermatology in general medicine, pp 1002–2017. McGraw-Hill, New York
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Onorelucanus aequatorianus is een keversoort uit de familie vliegende herten (Lucanidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1989 door Bartolozzi & Bomans.

Vliegende herten

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Minnesota Department of Natural Resources: Knife River forest improvement project
Staff from the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the University of Minnesota-Duluth collaborated to address the impacts of forest health and climate change on a property adjacent to a high-quality trout stream in the northern headwaters of the Knife River watershed on Minnesota's North Shore of Lake Superior. The team used the Adaptation Workbook to consider climate impacts and to develop adaptation actions appropriate to this site.
Located in the northern headwaters of the Knife River, the 358 acre project area contains the only naturalized wild steelhead trout population in Minnesota. The project parcel contains 1.5 miles of the West Branch Knife River with no natural barriers preventing fish migration. The parcel is on state-owned lands that have been set aside as Minnesota School Trust Land, where forests are managed to generate revenue for the Permanent School Fund. Forest cover on-site primarily consists of paper birch (Betula papyrifera), bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata), other hardwoods, and balsam fir (Abies balsamea).
Management goals are to sustainably manage timber to generate revenue for the Permanent School Fund, and to protect water quality. Stands throughout this parcel have declined in recent years largely due to age-related succession of paper birch and aspen. Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) outbreaks have occurred on balsam fir stands and other forest health issues are present. Primary project objectives in the following 5 years included responding to forest health concerns and maintaining forest cover, particularly conifer cover.
Information on the potential climate change effects and vulnerability of forests in Northern Minnesota (Handler et al, 2014) was used to identify potential climate related risks to forests on this property. The team used their knowledge of this parcel to identify how larger-scale projections may interact with on-site biophysical characteristics to aggravate existing forest health issues and accelerate water quality degradation. For example, shallow, rocky soils with relatively low soil-water field capacity are a dominant site characteristic, meaning that snow strongly influences aspects of the hydrologic regime such as soil moisture and stream temperature. The team determined changes in precipitation and snowmelt represented the greatest climate change related impacts to site hydrology.
Increased warming is projected to contract the duration of winters
Altered the frequency of winter freeze-thaw cycles
Increase frequency of rain-on-snow events
Reduced seasonal snowpack depth and retention
Changes in precipitation and snowmelt may result in more frequent overland flows
Some boreal species on-site are projected to lose suitable habitat by end of century (Handler et al. 2014)
Longer growing seasons likely to increase forest pest life-cycles and pathogen infestations were also considered long-term risks for this site
After defining important site-level impacts and vulnerabilities, the team evaluated the long-term feasibility of meeting the state mandate to manage this parcel for economic output through sustainable forestry, and the provision of clean water through the end of century. The team identified climate-related challenges and potential opportunities for the site (shown below). Overall, the team determined property-wide goals were feasible into the long-term, but would require added focus and attention in the near-term.
Overland flows can initiate or aggravate erosion and worsen water quality in the adjacent trout stream (immediate and long-term risks for this site)
Warming winters poses the largest risk to achieving goals in the short- and long-term
Past forest health issues have opened gaps in the canopy that expose the forest floor to greater wind and solar radiation, altering snowmelt timing & runoff. Managing disturbed areas to enhance productivity may maintain function as boreal species decline
The team were most concerned with projected changes in the site's snow-driven hydrology and the associated potential for an increase in erosion (decrease in water quality), which was reflected in their choices of strategic approaches to adaptation. Project participants used the menu of Forested Watershed Strategies and Approaches to develop several adaptation actions for this project, including:
Area/Topic
Site-wide
3.6: Enhance species age classes and structural diversity in forests
Harvest 173 acre (scheduled for 2018) to regenerate paper birch and aspen, reserving all white pine yellow birch, cedar, tamarack, black spruce and white spruce below 9-inch diameter limits.
1.1: Maintain and enhance infiltration and water storage capacity of forest soils
Harvest and retain key species on-site to improve soil conditions, and buffer risks related to changing precipitation patterns and extreme events.
3.2: Promptly revegetate areas after disturbance
4.1: Favor or restore native species that are expected to be adapted to future conditions
5.4: Respond to or prepare for excessive overland flows (surface runoff)
Accelerate timing of plantings post-harvest (scheduled 2019). Plant a diverse mix of native species and species expected to be adapted to future conditions
Prior to seedling establishment and growth on-site, use strategically retained conifers to shade snow that may reduce the rate and timing of snowmelt
Use coarse woody debris to deflect and intercept snow melt to reduce erosion of open sites and reduce delivery of turbid waters to river
5.2: Enhance the ability of systems to retain water
Increase riparian area management areas, reserving a larger areas around wetlands and seasonal pools.
The team are collaborating with the University of Minnesota-Duluth to define a monitoring plan that measures the effectiveness of forest management actions, beginning in 2018-2019. Monitoring plans thus far include:
Observe site productivity and retention of snow over time by conducting vegetation surveys to evaluate forest regeneration post-harvest
Conduct snow cross surveys to evaluate snow depth and snow-water equivalent
Conduct water quality observations will evaluate turbidity associated with overland flows and soil loss
Observe stream discharge, peak flow and duration using existing stream gauge near site
Knife River project map - B013347_Map.pdf
Forest threats


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Home > Blog > An Uber driver arrested for a DUI in California
An Uber driver arrested for a DUI in California
Uber services is one of the most effective ways to avoid a DUI. Uber claims that its drivers help people avoid getting DUIs because instead of using their vehicles while intoxicated the people are relying on Uber. Recent researches show that there is no statistical proof that ride-sharing system prevents DUIs. Recently, shockingly, some Uber drivers were arrested for drug and alcohol-related crimes. That casts even bigger doubt on the usefulness of Uber.
Recently, in Orange County, California the police suspected that Ramon Iribe, an Uber driver was in possessing a concealed weapon, methamphetamines and other drugs and Xanax without a prescription. Immediately after the arrest, the ride-sharing company banned Mr. Iribe from continuing to work for Uber. Ramon Iribe worked for Uber for less than four months.
The arrest took place at about 2:30 a.m after Mr. Iribe was pulled over with three female passengers in the car. According to the Costa Meca Police Department, the officer who stopped Iribe's Nissan Altima in the 400 block of Fair Drive found a warrant for the driver's arrest. Before the release, three female passengers managed to inform company about the arrest using the feedback option. This function can be used within two weeks after calling for an Uber driver. Feedback option in the Uber app is now a main source of data about driver's performance.
As a result of this arrest Ramon Iribe, 23, of Corona was permanently banned from working for Uber. Tracey Breeden, a spokeswoman for the company, said that there's zero tolerance for alcohol and drugs in ride-sharing network. Currently Uber is looking for evidence of Iribe's guilt. While driver's account is on suspension, the company carries out an internal investigation. Uber has the team which prioritizes in working with police officers on investigating cases of company's drivers.
Notably, Uber checks driver's vacancy application and rechecks their employees regularly to make sure they have no arrests or problems with their driver's license. The interviewing process involves going through candidate's driving record, any crime commitments for the last seven years and any records in the sex offenders registry. According to Breeden, Iribe's record was clean, both times, when he applied for the job and during the regular recheck in April. However, his previous police records shows that Mr. Iribe is capable of committing crimes.
Here's a summary of Mr. Uribe's legal troubles before he applied for his job at Uber:
In January, he was accused of causing corporal injuries to his wife, and was listed as a fugitive, according to the Orange County Superior Court data. He plead guilty to a misdemeanor on that charge.
Mr. Iribe divorced with his wife after a five-year marriage.
In September, Mr. Iribe was charged with four counts of misdemeanor battery and a misdemeanor charge of child abuse.
Maria Iribe, Ramon's mother, posted $25,000 bail on Monday. Mr. Iribe was arraigned on Sept. 12. In a telephone interview, Iribe said that the drugs in the car were not his. According to him, three passengers he picked up were intoxicated and one of them left methamphetamine in the vehicle. His only mistake, Iribe says, is that he signed out from the Uber app, but forgot to put away the Uber sticker from the car, when he drove the passengers.
Iribe's not sure what waits for him. «But I'm not a felon», he said. Though the occupation in Uber is impossible for him now, he still uses the app. Meanwhile he financially supports him through another job in a a warehouse in Corona.
2 responses to "An Uber driver arrested for a DUI in California"
This guy crashed into my car. rear ended my car on 9/1/2016 in the city of Eastvale. He appeared to be under the influence of some type of substance. On the same day 20 minutes later, he caused another car accident in the city of Chino. Police report taken, be was under the influence of alcohol.
Sorry to hear that. Hope you are doing ok?


> That was the right question, Carlo.
> I had exactly three packages in my ~/octave folder.
> this version of homebrew Octave and io-2.4.1 don't get along.
seeing is only a warning, not an error.
be fixed to not use this deprecated function call.
No need to worry any further about it at this point.


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Illustration by Dave Cutler
Can Financial Crises Be Predicted?
Contrary to expert belief, some financial crises can be predicted—and perhaps averted.
Three Pairs of Shoes by Vincent van Gogh
Image courtesy of Harvard Art Museums; © President and Fellows of Harvard College
A Common Underground
Redrawing community at Harvard
Right Now | Rays Ban
Light Blitzes Plaque
Fast forward a decade and imagine what a drugstore shelf might hold. A pill containing an entire day's nutrients? A gadget that confers the benefits of aerobic exercise as you sit in your armchair? Among such items it's possible, even likely, that you'll find a little blue light that you pop briefly into your mouth each day to prevent gum disease. Two researchers at the Harvard-affiliated Forsyth Institute have developed a prototype of just such a device after discovering, wholly by accident, that blue light kills the bacteria that are the prime cause of periodontal disease.
Associate clinical professor of periodontal medicine J. Max Goodson, the institute's director of clinical research, was using intense blue light (its wavelength falling within the blue segment of the visible light spectrum) to whiten patients' teeth, the same way sunlight bleaches laundry hanging in a backyard. Because he expected the light to cause a sunburn-like reaction as a side effect, he measured the inflammation of the patients' gums. "Much to our surprise," he says, "rather than an irritating effect, we actually found a diminution of inflammation."
One prototype of a blue-light-emitting device proposed by Harvard researchers resembles an electric toothbrush. Using it inside the mouth for 30 seconds daily might help prevent much periodontal disease.
Photograph by Jim Harrison
Goodson had stumbled on a discovery with important implications for preventing and treating periodontal disease, which affects 30 percent of Americans to a degree that threatens tooth loss. After a single one-hour treatment with blue light, patients' gingival index scores—which measure inflammation, a symptom of gum disease—not only dropped, but stayed down for six months. On a scale of zero (normal, healthy gums) to three (spontaneous bleeding, without any probing), the average patient's score went from 0.64 before the whitening treatment to 0.33 three months later, and 0.28 six months later.
Upon reflection, the finding made sense. Several species of bacteria that cause periodontal disease, known as black-pigmented bacteria, transport hemoglobin into their bodies as an iron source (this is thought to be why they make the gums bleed, by using enzymes that weaken blood vessels), and store the hemoglobin's dark-colored, photosensitive porphyrin. Light directed at these bacteria is absorbed by the porphyrin and, through a chemical reaction, produces substances that are toxic within the bacterial cell.
Because the whitening treatment used peroxide, an antibiotic, as well as light, Goodson—working with instructor in dermatology Nikolaos S. Soukos, who directs the Forsyth Institute's applied molecular photomedicine lab—tested the finding using light alone. Their results, reported recently in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, showed that in the mouths of control-group members, who were told they were receiving light therapy, black-pigmented bacteria constituted 6 percent of all oral bacteria. In the mouths of people who received the blue-light treatment, just 1 percent of the bacteria were black-pigmented. (The researchers' goal is not to banish all bacteria from the mouth, but to get rid of the most harmful types—Soukos speaks of restoring "balance and harmony in dental plaque.") Goodson and Soukos also experimented with other colors of light and found that blue worked best. At this point, they aren't sure why.
Goodson and Soukos envision an over-the-counter device, available at drug stores, that people could use for 30 seconds a day. Their electric-toothbrush-like prototype resembles a glow-in-the-dark popsicle; another design concept would run on batteries and fit fully within the mouth. Because the light frequency used lies within the visible range, users wouldn't even need protective eyewear. The scientists are seeking a corporate investor to manufacture and promote the product.
Will light therapy replace flossing? Not likely. Of the 700 species of bacteria that live in human mouths around the world, blue light works only on the black-pigmented group. (Periodontal disease and tooth decay are caused by two different groups of bacteria that tend to be mutually exclusive: if you've got gum disease, you probably won't get cavities, and vice versa.) Blue light has no effect on the bacteria that cause tooth decay (chiefly oral streptococci), whereas flossing gets at the cavity causers that nestle between the teeth and under the gums.
One product that light therapy might replace is the breath mint. Black-pigmented bacteria are also to blame for halitosis, and light therapy gets at its root cause by killing the bacteria, rather than simply masking their odor as mints and mouthwashes do. Goodson isn't optimistic that U.S. consumers will buy a product designed to prevent a disease they don't care much about until it strikes, especially a product that adds one more task to the hectic morning list of shower, shave, brush, and floss. But he does think they might respond to a marketing approach that targets their vanity: they spent $300 million last year on Crest Whitestrips tooth-whitening kits. A one-hour whitening treatment, of the type Goodson was performing in his initial study, costs $600. "People will go out and pay incredible amounts of money for whiter teeth, but to cure their disease, they won't," Goodson says. "Bad breath, they care about."
~Elizabeth Gudrais
Max Goodson e-mail address: mgoodson@forsyth.org
Nikolaos Soukos e-mail address: nsoukos@forsyth.org


Last night I was so pleased to be a finalist in two categories of the Women With Altitude Awards. These awards are to recognize people in business in the Western Sydney Region. Lovely to have this acknowledgement amongst peers. I am finalist in two categories - Climb Every Mountain & Regional Businesswoman of The Year 2014. Winners to be announced on 4th December at Women With Altitude end of year lunch in Penrith.


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Тихоокеанская школа религии () — экуменическая семинария в г. Беркли, Калифорния. Входит в Аспирантский богословский союз. Аффилирована с Объединённой церковью Христа, Объединённой методистской церковью и «Учениками Христа». К этим трём деноминациям принадлежит более половины студентов семинарии. В Тихоокеанской школе религии проходят обучение служители культа самых разных религиозных традиций и деноминаций: буддизма, иудаизма, язычества, пятидесятничества и католицизма.

История
Тихоокеанская школа религии была основана в Сан-Франциско в 1866 г. как Тихоокеанская теологическая семинария. Это была первая протестантская теологическая семинария к западу от реки Миссисипи. Вскоре после основания семинария переместилась в Окленд, а в 1901 г. — в Беркли. В 1916 г. семинария получила своё нынешнее название. В 1962 г. Тихоокеанская школа религии профинансировала создание Аспирантского богословского союза, а в 1964 г. вошла в него. На протяжении своей истории, Тихоокеанская школа религии тесно сотрудничала с Калифорнийским университетом в Беркли.

В 1971 г. семинарию закончил первый открытый гей. С тех пор Тихоокеанская школа религии является лидером по защите прав ЛГБТ в религиозной среде. В 2000 г. при семинарии был создан Центр лесбийских и гомосексуальных исследований в религии и духовенстве. Основная деятельность центра направлена на исследования в области сексуальности, сексуальной ориентации/идентичности в сфере религии.

Известные выпускники и преподаватели
 Джей Стиллсон Джуда

Примечания

Ссылки
 Тихоокеанская школа религии
 Центр лесбийских и гомосексуальных исследований в религии и духовенстве
 Музей библейской археологии
 Объединение высших богословских образовательных учреждений

Духовные учебные заведения
Тихоокеанская школа религии


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With These Hands may refer to:
With These Hands (album and song)a 1996 release by Alejandro Escovedo
 With These Hands (film), a 1950 documentary film
 With These Hands (album), a 1985 album by The Farmer's Boys
 With These Hands..., a 1956 album by Randy Weston
 "With These Hands" (song), a 1950 song with music by Abner Silver and words by Benny Davis, recorded by many artists.
 With These Hands, a 1951 short story by Cyril M. Kornbluth


We aim to give an insight into the process of brewing in Betteridge's Brewery in Hurstbourne Tarrant, to offer information on our beers, how and where to buy them, and to encourage responsible drinking of truly southern style English beer, and the sheer pleasure of it whether with food or on it's own.
All of our beers are brewed with malted barley from Warminster Maltings. This is the closest maltings to us but more importantly preserves the old way of doing things. Producing malted barley from locally grown crops where possible, they still rake, plough and turn the malt on raised floors by hand.
2015 Hampshire Octoberfest – Jenny Wren awarded second place.
2015 Southampton Beer Festival – Awarded 1st in under 4.5% ABV and 3rd overall.


The new tax law or 2017 "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act" includes five changes that every real estate agent and broker should know for their serious real estate investor clients. Because real estate is all about building relationships, your education on these tax changes is a must for 2018 sales. And the more you know about the tax plan changes, the more likely you are to close deals with these high-end clients.


YFN Lucci has been around Atlanta for a while and has collaborated with some big artists. It's now his turn to bring out his official solo album after dropping Freda's Son EP. His debut album has a total of 20 tracks with features from Offset, Wale, Meek Mill, T.I., and more!


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A model of the International African American Museum currently housed in the temporary offices on Calhoun Street.
Adam Parker/Staff
A rendering of the International African American Museum at Gadsden's Wharf. The building will be elevated on pilars and include a mezzanine of office space.
The layout of the International African American Museum, describing the various galleries and rooms to be built.
Work is expected to start on the International African American Museum next year.
Mayor John Tecklenburg (from left), former Charleston Mayor Joe Riley, IAAM president and CEO Michael Moore and Councilman Dudley Gregorie at an October press conference announcing a $10 million grant from the Lilly Endowment. Grace Beahm Alford/Staff
File/Grace Beahm Alford/Staff
International African American Museum CEO Michael Boulware Moore describing features of the museum in July.
File/Dave Munday/Staff
Former Vice President Joe Biden with former Charleston Mayor Joseph P. Riley Jr. and IAAM director Michael Boulware Moore at the Charleston Branch NAACP 100th anniversary gala fundraiser in September.
File/Michael Pronzato/Staff
This rendering shows the Tide Tribute beneath the planned International African American Museum.
Former Charleston Mayor Joe Riley (right) and Michael Moore (left) show the International African American Museum site to Lonnie Bunch, director of the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture in June.
File/Brad Nettles/Staff
Sacred Ground: Charleston's International African American Museum's big plans
By Adam Parker aparker@postandcourier.com
Adam Parker
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Since the idea for the International African American Museum was publicly announced almost two decades ago, the project has swung on a pendulum of uncertainty. Until now.
The museum nearly has the money it needs to break ground. It's made much progress toward finalizing the exhibitions and floor plan. And it's tapping into a rich and powerful history with broad appeal.
But will it succeed?
Museums of black history have been known to struggle financially and find themselves caught in a niche that doesn't always achieve broad appeal. The Charleston museum project has garnered significant support, but it also has raised concerns about how it will present history and, in particular, how it will describe the role Charleston has played in the African-American experience.
Some observers also have wondered how the IAAM will differ from other such museums, whether it will embrace the history of great African civilizations before the start of the transatlantic slave trade, how it will engage the local community and what measures will be adopted to ensure long-term viability.
Museum officials are enthusiastic about the opportunities they face and upbeat about the value of the International African American Museum. They say it's likely to draw many patrons and garner significant philanthropic support as it develops programming that is at once truly international and unique to Charleston.
"We want to create a space where people can feel safe to dive into different issues, and hopefully become better as a result," said museum director Michael Boulware Moore.
Some local concerns
Millicent Brown, a retired history professor who helped integrate Charleston's public schools and who remains a proponent of economic and education reform, attended early meetings, starting around 2003, and quickly became concerned that local resources — historians with a Ph.D. like hers and other "indigenous, knowledgeable African Americans" — were not being embraced.
Fifteen years later, that concern persists, she said. And she continues to wonder how the museum will be different from the Old Slave Mart Museum on Chalmers Street, or the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C., or local historic sites, all of which already provided a wealth of information about the African-American experience.
"The biggest problem is limiting the story," Brown said. "In the wake of Emanuel (the 2015 church shooting), Charlottesville, Black Lives Matter and police brutality, we are able now to admit that the problem of America is white supremacy." Will the museum address this problem?
Museum director Moore noted that the African-American experience has included significant resistance at every stage. The museum's Social Justice Action Lab is where patrons can pursue current forms of resistance, whether it's protecting heirs property, expanding voting rights or addressing police violence, he said.
"Most museums are driving and looking into the rearview mirror," he said. But this will be an evergreen space "to bring things to the present, and into the future."
Brown wants the museum's historical narrative to begin not with the transatlantic slave trade, but with 12th- or 13th-century Africa, when the continent's great civilizations were flourishing.
"How do you truly appreciate the lack of humanity of slavery if you don't have a conception of the humanity of free Africans?" she said. To begin with victimhood is to start off on the wrong foot, Brown said. "That's why we want more about African origins and culture, portraying empowered blacks and, in so doing, challenging the notion of white supremacy," she said. "If you start with victimhood, how are you going to make black children feel good about themselves? How are you going to get white children to see blacks as not inferior?"
It's not enough anymore for a museum merely to tell a story, she added.
"Museums tell the victim's story well," Brown said. "They must be challenged to offer solutions to oppression."
Moore said Africa features prominently in the museum exhibits.
"The most prominent gallery we have is about Africa," he said. And a changing exhibit space can be used to showcase aspects of African history and culture. "The whole point is to try to present the humanity of the people who came here."
Perhaps the strongest local advocate of adopting a historical narrative that delves into the glories of early African civilization is Robert "King David" Ross, a local storyteller and interpreter of ancient African history. Ross said it's important to present visitors with affirmative interpretations of African achievements and not just those that conjure servitude and bondage.
Ross objects to the museum's effort to secure two stones from Bunce Island, Sierra Leone, on which captured Africans perhaps took their last steps before leaving the continent.
Moore said these stones would help forge the connection between the museum and West Africa, providing visitors a powerful opportunity to lay their hands on something their ancestors once touched. And since the building will sit at Gadsden's Wharf, a major point of entry for slaves arriving in North America, the stones would represent a geographic as well as a spiritual and historic link.
For Ross, though, they only would heighten the sense of trauma and anger over slavery and white supremacy. Better than "rocks of subjugation and oppression" would be a replica of the ancient Ishango Bone, which was a sub-Saharan mathematical tool developed about 25,000 years ago and which symbolizes the intelligence and capabilities of ancient African peoples.
Ajani Ofunniyin, a College of Charleston adjunct professor who holds a Ph.D. in anthropology and took courses in museum studies, said he teeters between optimism and skepticism. He appreciates his interactions with Moore but wishes museum planners would invite more West African scholars to the table.
His feelings about former Mayor Joe Riley's leadership are similarly mixed. Riley is well-intended to be sure, and a successful fundraiser, but he can be autocratic in his management of the project, he said.
"Riley is the guy who gentrified the city," Ofunniyin said. "Is this the payoff?"
International focus
Bernard Powers, a history professor at the College of Charleston and head of the museum's program committee, noted that the history of black people is long, and that the museum — any museum — can only tell a part of it. "So the challenge is picking and choosing what to tell," he said.
IAAM's historical narrative will not begin with slavery.
"An initial gallery will be devoted to the African background but will tie into the African-American experience," Powers said. The gallery's purpose will be to examine aspects of African culture that were manifested in populations forcibly transferred to North America.
The museum is not going to be about the great kings and queens of Africa, he said. Rather, it will focus on the use and abuse of power in Charleston, the significance of its location, Gadsden's Wharf and the accomplishments and contributions of African-Americans.
"Charleston is the jumping off point," Powers said. "The thrust is to take what happened here and use this as a springboard to talk of the experiences of African people internationally."
So the museum will explore how cultural practices of enslaved Africans in America morphed into something new, how some of those who landed in Charleston and their descendants then moved on to the Caribbean, Nova Scotia and other parts of the Western Hemisphere, and even back to Africa.
"A big part of the international emphasis is how black people migrated from the Charleston area and seeded African-American culture throughout North America and beyond," Powers said. "This is not a slavery museum. ... We want to be able to reinterpret American history."
Artist and board member Jonathan Green has long maintained an interest in the historical significance of the Lowcountry rice economy and has pushed to ensure the museum make that a focus of its exhibition. In so doing, he has helped the museum achieve its "international" aspirations.
"My interest was helping to find a way, from the perspective of an artist and history buff, to begin to find a sequence of events that led to where we are right now," Green said. "You can look at rice culture from the perspective of the people who made the money or from the perspective of those who did the work, and that leads back to Africa."
Rice, he said, is international by definition: the knowledge and engineering required for cultivating it came from Africa, the product was shipped around the world and the wealth it created benefited white planters and traders up and down the East Coast.
"Charleston always has been an international city, largely because of the culture of rice," Green said. And global trade in enslaved Africans transplanted millions who brought their cultures with them to the New World. That human experience, among other things, must be conveyed by the museum, he said. "It's not about the grandeur of the building, it's about a sacred space."
'Hub and spoke model'
Powers expanded on Green's comments, pointing out how difficult it can be to describe the transatlantic slave trade.
"You can't just focus on the horrors, you've got to dig deeper, explore, link oneself to specific groups of people, help repair oneself," Powers said.
The program committee has considered ideas presented by an extended group of academics and community advisers to determine exhibition content, Powers said. Museum professionals and academics from England, Brazil, Sierra Leone, Barbados and the U.S. also have offered input.
Early on, several people, including local activist James Campbell, insisted that the museum have an international focus, Powers said. "We gravitated toward that. ... If this were about just Charleston, it would have less appeal. ... The fact that we're casting it in this larger framework makes it possible for people around the world to lay claim to what we're doing."
Powers and Moore said that the museum will not duplicate the work of other local and regional institutions, such as the historic plantations, Old Slave Mart Museum, Avery Research Center, Penn Center and Georgetown Rice Museum. Rather, it will encourage patrons to visit these sites.
"The idea of being a hub and spoke model, where the hub is a downtown Charleston interpretive research, a gathering center that sends people out into the community, would be the model I think would be very successful," said Tracey Todd, chief operating officer of Middleton Place, a historic plantation along the Ashley River.
Melanie Ide, a project director at the exhibit design firm Ralph Appelbaum Associates, said that the exhibit space is purposefully designed to make its own implicit connection between Africa and America, the past and future. At one end is the Atlantic Connections gallery, which looks out onto the harbor; at the other is the Family History Center, which looks out onto the city.
"These two anchor spaces create a circularity," she said. Visitors can look back and forward in time, connecting past and future. The museum will facilitate such connections and serve as a "trailhead," a place to begin one's own custom heritage tour, Ide said.
The museum project should be a force for achieving, or at least striving for, economic parity, argued Clay Middleton, director of business services for the city of Charleston. Its contractors should include minority-run businesses. "Anything other than that does not do justice," he said.
Moore noted that one of the architectural firms responsible for designing the building, Moody Nolan, is black-owned. So is the landscape architecture firm Hood Design Studio. Construction contracts are secured and managed by city officials but will include arrangements with minority-owned businesses using the city's diversity goals as a baseline, Moore said.
What's more, the museum will seek ways to address economic disparities and participate in economic development initiatives, he said.
"We can't ignore the local dynamic," Moore said. "For an institution to tell the truth and claim to represent the African-American community, it's got to engage in economic development."
To that end, Moore hopes that the museum eventually will be able to award prizes and grants, work on current social and economic justice issues and maintain an open dialogue about issues such as gentrification.
Riley said the public presentation of African-American history is relatively new and in flux.
"We will be peeling away layers, discovering more and more," he said.
In some ways, the museum's initiatives will contribute to this history in real time. Its Family History Center will help visitors research their genetic heritage and discover connections they would not otherwise have made. And the rotating shows will present up-to-date research on a variety of topics.
Moore, who will eventually work from offices in a mezzanine atop the museum building, said the project is meant in part as a historical corrective that empowers African Americans with the ability to tell their own story.
"America is a social experiment, a tapestry of different cultures," he said. "If you buy into that, this is a critical piece of the story that needs to be told. ... But we want to tell the truth in a way that ultimately is uplifting, for all Americans."
Contact Adam Parker at aparker@postandcourier.com or 843-937-5902.
A brief history of Gadsden's Wharf
Tens of thousands of people in chains entered Charleston at Gadsden's Wharf.
Black history museums face financial challenges
The International African American Museum's Lilly Endowment grant of $10 million consists of…
Museum configuration
Visitors will enter the International African American Museum from beneath the building, which will be elevated on pillars. A central staircase and elevator will bring patrons into a long space divided into two parts.
On the east end, looking over Charleston Harbor, is the main "Atlantic Connections" gallery flanked by "African Roots" and "Carolina Gold" galleries. Here the story of African innovation and of American slavery will be told, how an empire of rice and cotton and indigo became a global economic force, and how it shaped black life.
Also on this end of the building are the "Gullah-Geechee" gallery, a room devoted to South Carolina's unique historical role, a corridor featuring dynamic multimedia content provided in part by supporters who upload materials via the museum website, and a small theater.
On the other side of the building is the Family History Center, where visitors can research their genealogy, request DNA tests and study history. A historical timeline surrounds the Social Justice Action Lab. The lab is a place where history is brought up to date, according to museum director Michael Boulware Moore. It's also a space to host touring exhibitions on a variety of topics, from ancient Africa to contemporary issues facing the African diaspora.
The timeline will present American history from the colonial period to the present, "through the South Carolina lens," according to Bernard Powers. "It will look at ways the South Carolina story has had an impact on the larger history."
At the moment, International African American Museum staff consists of Executive Director Michael Moore, Director of Museum Planning Marion Gill, and Program Manager Victoria Smalls, who also is an officer of the Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor and the SC Heritage Commission.
Its 27-member board has been active in fleshing out the project and setting the stage for construction.
A program committee led by College of Charleston historian Bernard Powers has worked closely with Ralph Appelbaum Associates, a museum exhibition design firm active around the world, to develop the information displays, interactive features and historical narrative visitors to the museum will encounter.
Hood Design Studio, based in Oakland, Calif., is designing the memorial garden. Moody Nolan and Pei Cobb Freed & Partners are the two architecture firms that have designed the building.
Michael Boulware Moore
Bernard Powers
Clay Middleton
Ajani Ofunniyin
Melanie Ide
Social Justice Action Lab
Old Slave Mart Museum
Joe Riley
Gadsden Wharf
Penn Center
Millicent Brown
Hood Design Studio
Georgetown Rice Museum
Tracey Todd
Jonathan Green
Robert "king David" Ross
Ralph Appelbaum Associates
Moody Nolan
Pei Cobb Freed & Partners
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text:
Industry station
Industry (band)
Uniqueness quantification
Unique (DJ Encore album)
Unique (band)
Industry is the production of goods or services within an economy. The major source of revenue of a group or company is the indicator of its relevant industry. When a large group has multiple sources of revenue generation, it is considered to be working in different industries. Manufacturing industry became a key sector of production and labour in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution, upsetting previous mercantile and feudal economies. This occurred through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the production of steel and coal.
Following the Industrial Revolution, possibly a third of the world's economic output is derived that is from manufacturing industries. Many developed countries and many developing/semi-developed countries (People's Republic of China, India etc.) depend significantly on manufacturing industry. Industries, the countries they reside in, and the economies of those countries are interlinked in a complex web of interdependence.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Industry
Industry Metrolink is located at 600 S. Brea Canyon Road in Industry, California. It is owned and operated by the City of Industry. Metro and Foothill Transit provide connecting service at the station with lines 484 and 482, respectively. There are approximately 1,440 parking spaces available. Foothill 482 is a local bus route serving the area There is no rail service to this station on weekends, but connecting buses continue to run with a limited schedule. In 2011, the Industry station had the highest ridership in the Riverside line, averaging 1,378 daily boardings, representing 34.5% of all boardings for the Riverside line.
The City of Industry station opened on June 14, 1993, and built at a cost of $2.4 million. In 1994, the Riverside line, which then ran from downtown Los Angeles to the Industry station, had Metrolink's highest ridership per week, averaging 2,000 passengers. In 2012, 8,000 solar panels were installed to cover 940 parking spaces in an $11 million project that generates 2.2 megawatts (3,000 hp) of electricity per hour. The project also included the installation of 64 electric car charging stations. Most of the funding came from Proposition 1A, although the South Coast Air Quality Management District also provided a $2 million grant.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Industry_station
Industry was an American new wave band formed in 1978 in New York as Industrial Complex, their name later changing to Industry. In 1981, the band became commercial but disbanded three years later. Their only album was Stranger to Stranger, released in 1984 which included the hit single, "State of the Nation".
Andrew Geyer - vocals, guitar, tape loops
Mercury Caronia - vocals, drums, bass guitar
Sean Kelly - vocals
Jon Carin - lead vocals, keyboards, synthesizers
Brian Unger - guitar, backing vocals
Mercury Caronia - drums, backing vocals
Rudy Perrone - bass guitar, backing vocals
Mercury Caronia - drums, keyboards, vocals
Andrew Geyer - guitar, tape loops, vocals
Sean Kelly - bass, keyboards, vocals
Steven Northshield - guitar
Industry was founded as Industrial Complex in 1978 by Mercury Caronia (drummer, vocalist, keyboard player, composer and studio engineer), Andrew Geyer (guitarist) and Sean Kelly (bass guitarist and backing vocalist). The band's name was later changed to Industry. Caronia and Geyer worked with experimental electronic music, odd time signatures, tape loops, synthesizers and innovative guitar playing into various methods of recording.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Industry_(band)
In mathematics and logic, the phrase "there is one and only one" is used to indicate that exactly one object with a certain property exists. In mathematical logic, this sort of quantification is known as uniqueness quantification or unique existential quantification.
Uniqueness quantification is often denoted with the symbols "∃!" or ∃=1". For example, the formal statement
may be read aloud as "there is exactly one natural number n such that n - 2 = 4".
Proving uniqueness
The most common technique to proving uniqueness is to first prove existence of entity with the desired condition; then, to assume there exist two entities (say, a and b) that should both satisfy the condition, and logically deduce their equality, i.e. a = b.
As a simple high school example, to show x + 2 = 5 has only one solution, we assume there are two solutions first, namely, a and b, satisfying x + 2 = 5. Thus
By transitivity of equality,
By cancellation,
This simple example shows how a proof of uniqueness is done, the end result being the equality of the two quantities that satisfy the condition. However, that existence/expressibility must be proven before uniqueness, or else we cannot even assume the existence of those two quantities to begin with our current knowledge to date.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Uniqueness_quantification
Unique is the second album by the Danish eurodance producer DJ Encore, with vocals by Swedish singer Johanna Elkesdotter, whereas the first album featured the vocals of Danish singer Engelina. It was released on May 8, 2007 on US label Koch Records.
The song "You Can Walk on Water" is a cover version of the 2002 song "Walk on Water (Baby U Can)" by Danish dance act Catch. "Out There" was originally released on DJ Encore's first album, Intuition, with vocals by Engelina.
Unique at Discogs
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Unique_(DJ_Encore_album)
Unique was a short-lived post-disco studio act from New York, best known for their crossover number "What I Got Is What You Need" released in 1983 for a well-established dance label, Prelude Records. The group was formed by producer/songwriter Deems J. Smith in 1982 and consists of Smith and Darryl K. Henry. The said hit song somewhat established itself on the Billboard Dance Singles and Black Singles charts and even scored over the atlantic reaching No. 27 on UK Singles Chart.
Around 1982, record producer Deems J. Smith hired studio musicians to appear in a project he named Unique. He was signed to dance record label Prelude and under this name released two singles: "What I Got Is What You Need" in 1983 and "You Make Me Feel So Good" in 1984. Other people involved in the group were Mona Maria Norris and Darryl K. Henry who co-wrote "What I Got Is What You Need." Smith wrote the second song alone and it was mixed by an aspiring dance-pop producer Shep Pettibone.
Chart performance
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Unique_(band)
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This year, the competition drew about 200 applicants whose designs were reviewed by a panel of industry experts, said Elizabeth Solomeina, the cooperative's founder. "Sofia's designs are unique ... "With blue jeans, it could be an exception, but the rest of the pieces are pretty unique."....
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With the unique challenges facing businesses and industries today, it often is not enough to have just superior products and services — those which truly succeed will do so only by earning the loyalty and appreciation of their customers....
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Enabled by our industry leading rapid biopsy to treatment turnaround time and the unique design of this study, the Geneos personalized therapy will be initiated at the same time the patient receives the first dose of the PD-1 inhibitor - we believe this is a critical success factor for neoantigen-based combination trials."....
Borg Warner acquiring Delphi
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CADILLAC — Borg Warner is buying Delphi Technologies for $3 billion ... The combined company would offer a unique, more comprehensive portfolio of industry-leading propulsion products and systems across combustion, hybrid and electric, resulting in greater content per vehicle relative to BorgWarner today,' the news release stated ... ....
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Let's face it: school uniforms are a pain.
Sure, they are designed to level the fashion playing field – and maybe I will appreciate that more when my daughter gets older. But, for now, it just feels like a referendum on buying stark white shirts that are bound to end up destroyed before breakfast is over. Yes, I said white shirts, because my particularly school uniform requirement is evil like that.
But whatever you need to get your kid to look passable for school, here are some ideas to make spending on items that will likely end up in shreds a bit less painful.
Hit them up for the best hand-me-downs and you will be surprised what great stuff you can find!
Many schools offer "uniform clothing swaps" scheduled around back-to-school nights. If they don't, offer to start one – it's super easy!
You can also check your community's consignment sales, garage sales, and yard sales for uniform-appropriate steals.
How strict is your school about some clothes that meet the color standards but have a ruffle or a slight pattern? You didn't hear it from me, but if you are already the owner of some school color stripped leggings or tops with a bit of flare, maybe your kid can pull it off?
If you have to shop, buy at least one size up.
Remember that Saturday Night Live skit from the '90s with the Gap Girls where they just told everyone to cinch it? Well, buy a size up and cinch it. Utilize those buttons on the top inside of boy's pants that make them smaller. Roll those cuffs. Do the most with the least.
So you have to spend? Here's some of my (affiliate link) approved buys that will Prime to you in an overnight pinch.
Amazon Essentials Girls' 5-Pack Short-Sleeve Interlock Polo works out to $6/top.
How do you simplify uniform shopping/unshopping?


text:
Q: Laravel Unit test with code coverage throws ReflectionException I am trying to see code coverage of my PHP Unit tests in PHP-Laravel 6.13.1 project.
My test cases are running fine and succeed when not trying to see code coverage with the command ./vendor/bin/phpunit  --filter=testSomeMethod.
However, as soon as I add --coverage-html ./log/codeCoverage flag, I start getting following errors
./vendor/bin/phpunit --filter=testSomeMethod --coverage-html ./log/codeCoverage
PHPUnit 8.5.2 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.

PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught ReflectionException: Class config does not exist in /var/www/ProjectName/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Container/Container.php:803
Stack trace:
#0 /var/www/ProjectName/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Container/Container.php(803): ReflectionClass->__construct('config')
#1 /var/www/ProjectName/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Container/Container.php(681): Illuminate\Container\Container->build('config')
#2 /var/www/ProjectName/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Container/Container.php(629): Illuminate\Container\Container->resolve('config', Array)
#3 /var/www/ProjectName/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/helpers.php(121): Illuminate\Container\Container->make('config', Array)
#4 /var/www/ProjectName/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/helpers.php(283): app('config')
#5 /var/www/ProjectName/app/helpers.php(43): config('app.sso_prefix')
#6 /var/www/accounts in /var/www/ProjectName/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Container/Container.php on line 805

Here, line 43 in helper.php is $protocol = config('app.sso_prefix') === 'local' ? 'http://' : 'https://'; and whole helper function is:
if (!function_exists('idp_api_url')) {
    /**
     * Returns API url
     *
     * @return string
     */
    function idp_api_url()
    {
        $protocol = config('app.sso_prefix') === 'local' ? 'http://' : 'https://';
        return $protocol . sso_prefix() . env('IDP_API_URI') . '/' . env('IDP_API_VERSION') . '/';
    }
}

I installed XDebug and configured it. (Same configurations worked for other projects earlier) phpunit.xml is the default that comes with Laravel and env is <server name="APP_ENV" value="testing"/>.
Could someone suggest what mistake I might be doing?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange