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Summary: thirty years of climate mitigation
Home > Publications > Summary: thirty years of climate mitigation
Nick Eyre
Research paper Policy & Governance
Opens in a new tabSummary: Thirty years of climate mitigation in the UK, pdf (12 pages, 792 KB)
The energy context by 1989
Eoin Lees and Nick Eyre
The UK was an early mover in understanding the scientific and political importance of climate change and on 26 April 1989, the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher convened a cabinet seminar. The speaker on climate mitigation was the Head of the Energy Technology Support Unit (ETSU), the late Dr Ken Currie OBE. Here we use data from the original paper which is Opens in a new tabavailable from the ECI website, pdf (9 pages, 4.7 MB) and which we refer to throughout as the ETSU89 report.
The ETSU89 report considered options that might be deployed in the UK to reduce carbon dioxide emissions over the period to 2020, i.e. a period of 31 years. It was the first significant attempt to undertake a long term projection for UK carbon dioxide emissions and the scope for their mitigation, predating both the first IPCC report on global emissions and the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution report in 2000. By modern standards, the data available and analysis were limited. However, the task of considering options for climate abatement over a 30-year period has an obvious resonance with the current focus on the ambitious mitigation target for 2050. It is already evident that 2020 energy use will be greatly affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, and so not a suitable comparator in the context of long term energy trends. Thus we compare ETSU89 projection to 2019 with actual 2019 data.
This summary revisits ETSU89's analysis and conclusions, compares with actual changes between 1989 and 2019, and discusses implications for future 30 year scenario construction. The full paper is available from the Opens in a new tabEnergy Efficiency journal.
The two major rises in oil price in 1973 and 1979 had caused significant reductions in energy consumption, both by causing recessions and incentivising increased energy efficiency. Although a positive association between energy consumption and GDP was resumed after each oil price rise, the effect was weaker as shown by the decreasing gradient in Figure 1. The oil crises of the 1970s marked the beginning of more active government energy policy globally. In the UK, a separate Department of Energy (DEn) was formed in 1974.
Figure 1: UK primary energy use and GDP 1954 to 1988.
As a result of the oil price rises, the received wisdom in energy policy from the late 70s to early 80s was that future oil prices, and hence energy costs more generally, would be on a steadily upward trajectory. Policy focus was on nuclear and coal.
The Sizewell B enquiry into the first proposed Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) in the UK began in January 1983. The received wisdom on future energy prices had a major impact on government thinking and evidence to the enquiry. In 1982, the DEn produced three scenarios on the future costs of electricity and other fuels to 2010 and all anticipated significant future increases in energy prices.
After the second world war and until the late 1980s, the UK energy industries were nationalised, with the exception of the oil and upstream gas industries. In 1982, Nigel Lawson (then Secretary of State for Energy) decided to move energy policy to a strongly market based framework. This policy changed the role of DEn from planning energy provision and supply through state monopolies to one of the Government setting a framework for the energy market to operate.
At the time of ETSU89, the 1975 EU Directive that banned the use of natural gas for power generation was still in force. Its repeal in 1991 stimulated the so-called "dash for gas" in electricity generation in Britain in the 1990s.
By 1989, the UK Government still considered coal and nuclear power to be the likely main contributors to electricity generation until 2010. However, cracks in the argument were appearing. The difficulties that would be faced by nuclear power in attracting private finance were already becoming apparent. It was also already known that coal generation would be affected by the growing environmental concerns over acid emissions of NOx and SO2, due to the 1988 EU Large Combustion Plant Directive.
It was into this energy policy context that climate change became an emerging issue. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher instigated a seminar on the issue in Downing Street for the Cabinet on 26th April 1989. There were presentations by Professor Tom Wigley, Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia on "Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its impacts" and by Dr Ken Currie, Head of ETSU on "Options for Mitigating the Greenhouse Effect". Also present was the UK's UN Ambassador Sir Crispin Tickell who was a strong advocate of international action on climate change.
Background to the 1989 ETSU Report
ETSU was established in 1974, to support the DEn and based at the Harwell Laboratory of the UK Atomic Energy Authority. Early on, a unit known as the Chief Scientist's Group was established at ETSU to assist the DEn's Chief Scientist in assessing the technical, economic, environmental and strategic implications of various energy policies or technology strategy options.
In 1985, ETSU began one of its periodic assessments of RD&D programmes for DEn (published as UK Energy Paper 54) which provided a realistic assessment of the cost-effectiveness of the wide range of possible energy technologies and future energy options.
The ETSU89 presentation on mitigation was developed quickly in early 1989 by a small team, of which the authors of this paper were part. It drew on its analysis for UK Energy Paper 54 and ETSU's practical knowledge from management of the UK programmes on energy efficiency and renewable energy.
Methodology of the ETSU89 Report
The methodology of ETSU89 was to consider individual mitigation options already identified within ETSU work and likely to make a significant contribution to the UK energy system by 2020. The report used the economic assessment of the 1986 Energy Paper 54.
ETSU concluded that there would be no significant contribution to CO2 reduction by 2020 from the following technologies:
nuclear fast reactors
conversion of coal to synthetic natural gas
conversion of coal to synthetic liquid fuels
In retrospect, all of these judgements were clearly correct.
For those technologies which were deemed likely to contribute to UK energy production and consumption by 2020, the ETSU89 report evaluated total mitigation savings potential by 2020. Given the dominance of CO2 emissions from energy use and ETSU's particular expertise in energy production and consumption, ETSU focused exclusively on a reduction of CO2 emissions, as opposed to other greenhouse gases. The first task was to estimate how much 'business as usual' carbon dioxide might be emitted by 2020.
For the business as usual (bau) projection, ETSU took the most recent energy intensity (energy per unit of economic activity) for each sector and fuel and projected the trend forwards assuming the UK's historic average annual GDP growth rate of 2.25%.
ETSU89 then developed an energy efficiency (EE) projection for the energy intensity that conceivably could be attained by 2020. This drew on a series of ETSU studies which had highlighted the enormous potential for reducing the energy required to provide energy services in all end-use sectors. The two projections are shown in Figure 2. It should be noted that the energy efficiency projection projected a falling demand for energy consumption by 2019.
Figure 2: Historical UK energy intensity 1983 to 1988 and ETSU's business as usual (bau) and energy efficiency (EE) projections to 2019.
The future energy requirement of the energy efficiency projection was converted into a carbon dioxide emissions figure by 2020. Based on the analysis of the 1988 Toronto Conference, ETSU assumed that it would be necessary to cut UK emissions by 50% by 2020, from 1988 actual levels. This required a reduction to annual emissions of 303 Mt CO2 in carbon dioxide emissions from 1988 emissions by 2019. Options for reducing emissions were considered individually against this business as usual projection.
ETSU89 Appraisal estimates of potential CO2 saving and comparison with 2019 outturn
For the details of the calculations and full reference sources, the published document should be read. There section 5 shows how the eight options identified in the ETSU89 report were quantified and section 6 compares the ETSU options for CO2 savings by 2019 and 2019 outturn. The data used for 2019 outturn are taken from BEIS publications available by August 2020.
A comparison between the ETSU89 report's projections on energy intensity and the outturn using the latest BEIS data are shown in Figure 3. UK GDP has grown at an average of 1.97% per year rather than the assumed 2.25% per year in the period 1989 to 2019. As a result, GDP in 2019 is 8% below the ETSU89 report projection and explains the mismatch of the actual data and ETSU EE projection in Figure 3.
Until 2000, energy efficiency improvement was broadly in line with the ETSU business as usual projection; total primary energy demand fell 20% from the 2005 peak by 2019 and is 6 Mtoe below the ETSU89 energy efficiency projections.
BEIS data for energy and CO2 are summarised in Table 1.
Figure 4: Contributions to UK CO2 emissions reductions, 1988-2019: expectations versus outcome.
Table 1: BEIS data on 1988 and 2019 outturns for the key energy and carbon dioxide emissions required for the 8 options proposed in ETSU89
Final energy use
Primary Energy Mtoe pe 217.7 191.7 –26
Total final energy use Mtoe 148.6 142.0 –6.6
Electricity final end use TWh 274.5 276.8 2.3
CCGT electricity supplied TWh negligible 129.5 129.5
Renewable electricity supplied TWh 5.2 114.3 109.1
Coal & Oil electricity supplied TWh 225.0 7.5 –217.5
Nuclear electricity supplied TWh 55.6 51.0 –4.6
Carbon Dioxide Emissions Annual 1988 2019 Change
All energy MtCO2 590 351.5 –238.5
Electricity generation MtCO2 197 57.4 –139.6
Other energy related MtCO2 393 294 –99
CO2 content of electricity kgCO2/kWh 0.74 0.19 –0.55
In Table 1, the most notable change is the near elimination of coal and oil fuelled electricity supplied to the grid. The increase in UK renewable energy generation has been remarkable and it supplied the electricity grid with 114.3 TWh in 2019 growing from 5.2TWh in 1988, which was largely from hydro plants. The nuclear electricity supplied to the grid has slightly dropped from 55.6 TWh in 1988 to 51.0 TWh in 2019.
The CO2 emission reductions from UK electricity generation and other energy uses are 139.6 Mt CO2 and 99 Mt CO2 respectively. The BEIS data imply that in 2019, electricity delivered to final users had an average carbon emissions value of 0.19 kgCO2/kWh, compared to a 1988 value of 0.74 kgCO2/kWh.
Allowing for the zero emission generators in 1988 (nuclear and hydro), this implies that coal and oil fuelled electricity to final users in 1988) had an average carbon dioxide emission of 0.88 kgCO2/kWh.
The reduction from actual 1988 emissions required to meet the 50% target reduction set out in the ETSU89 report would have required a reduced annual emission rate by 2019 of 303 MtCO2. The 2019 actual UK CO2 emissions are provisionally 351.5 MtCO2, implying a shortfall of 48.5 MtCO2 from the ETSU89 report mitigation target.
For the CO2 savings from CCGT gas replacing coal and oil fired generation, we have multiplied the increase in CCGT electricity supplied to the grid in 2019 by the difference between the 1988 fossil fuel figure of 0.88 kgCO2/kWh and the CCGT figure of 0.37 kgCO2/kWh in 2019. For the CO2 savings from renewable electricity supplied to the grid, we followed a similar approach but with zero emissions from renewable electricity.
As well as making substantial cuts to CO2 savings, CCGT and renewables have also made a significant reduction in primary energy due to their greater generation efficiency. Therefore to measure the CO2 savings from end use energy efficiency, we focused on final energy consumption in 2019 compared to the ETSU business as usual projection. ETSU89 assumed all cost effective energy efficiency measures in 1988 would be installed by 2020: insulation; lighting; motors & drives; appliances; Building Regulations; process control; road transport; CHP. The BAU projection drew on the 1983 to 1988 trends in end use energy with final energy demand assumed to grow annually by 1.2%, 1.6% and 0.5% for transport fuels, electricity, and heating fuels respectively. The different rates of increase were based on past data and reflected expectations about structural changes in the economy away from heating towards transportation and services provided by electricity.
Figure 4 shows the differences between the mitigation potentials identified in the ETSU89 report for the 8 possible CO2 reduction options and their actual impacts by 2019.
It is clear that energy efficiency improvements have been the major contributor to emissions reduction across all forms of energy use. The largest absolute reductions in energy demand have been in heating fuels a 34% reduction compared to ETSU89 bau; this has saved 68 MtCO2. However, electricity efficiency improvement has contributed more to carbon emissions reduction, because of the higher CO2 emissions factor of electricity in 1988; a 32% reduction compared to ETSU 1988 bau has saved 129 MtCO2.
Despite considerable increases in annual vehicle mileage since 1988, the increase in CO2 emissions from road transport has been modest at 5.4 MtCO2. This is primarily due to improved vehicle energy efficiency, through increased diesel usage and improved engine efficiency. The switch to diesel cars has been much faster than the 1989 ETSU report envisaged. Road vehicle efficiency improvements have produced a 16.5% reduction in energy demand compared to ETSU 1988 bau projection and saved 33 MtCO2.
Since 1990, the increase in land use CO2 sequestration has been 9.3 Mt CO2, so the improvement from 1988 is probably around 10 Mt CO2. This is very similar to the mitigation potential of 10 MtCO2 set out in the ETSU89 report, although the latter figure was solely for 10% of land reforestation.
For heat and power from waste, ETSU89 assumed that 50% of waste streams would generate heat and power, mainly from landfill or anaerobic digestion (including chicken litter) with smaller straw and municipal incineration contributions. In 1988, landfill gas and sewage gas provided 0.4 TWh electricity to the grid. By 2019, generation from bioenergy which includes these sources plus energy crops had increased to 31.5 TWh. We exclude incineration of municipal waste, tyres etc. (5.9 TWh in 2019) as this has not been counted as a renewable energy source in UK Government statistics since 2013. Eligible electricity from waste has saved 27.4 MtCO2. We are not able to quantify exactly the CO2 savings in renewable heat from waste, but that has probably saved up to 10 Mt CO2.
ETSU89 excluded EVs and hydrogen fuels, but assumed some form of gas for all vehicle types. In practice, CO2 savings from transport fuel switching have come from using biofuels in road transport rising from negligible levels in 1988. By 2018, ethanol was 1.6% of total road transport fuel and biodiesel 3.4%; LPG and natural gas consumption remain negligible. The CO2 savings in 2019 were, for bioethanol 1.65 MtCO2, and for biodiesel 4.04 MtCO2, so a total of 5.7 MtCO2 overall saving from transport biofuels. The ETSU89 report did not anticipate that EU legislation in 2009 would require Member States, by 2020, to source 10% of petrol and diesel from biofuels.
For directly generated renewables, ETSU89 assumed a median figure from Energy Paper 55 with a contribution growing from 4.8 TWh/year to 40 TWh in 2020. In 2019, 82.8 TWh were generated by renewables, primarily from wind (onshore and offshore). The additional 78 TWh of renewable generation achieved by 2019 results in an estimated saving of 68.6 MtCO2. The reasons for ETSU's under-estimate was the failure to anticipate the dramatic drop in costs of wind and photovoltaics and also the active policy support for their deployment. Additionally, electricity wholesale market reform that enabled low-risk contracts for investors has been critical, especially for offshore wind.
ETSU89 assumed one commercial demo of CO2 capture & sequestration would be built by 2020 using the captured CO2 for enhanced oil recovery. The proposed demo scheme in 2015 did not proceed, and therefore there has been no contribution to emissions reduction.
ETSU89 assumed nuclear power would provide 50% of electricity generation by 2020 and that 24 PWRs would be built by then. No nuclear power plant construction has been completed in UK since Sizewell B was commissioned in February 1995. The 2019 annual load factor for nuclear dropped to 62.9% resulting in the energy supplied to the grid in 2019 by nuclear power being 56 TWh, which represents a decline of 4.6 TWh from 1988. This was clearly the biggest single mitigation potential identified in the ETSU89 report which has not been delivered.
The ETSU89 report envisaged significant contributions to emissions reductions from a range of alternative methods of fossil fuel generation, including cleaner coal technologies and cogeneration. In practice, fuel switching to natural gas combined cycle gas turbines has dominated. Gas-fired power stations generated 129.5 TWh in 2019 compared to a negligible amount in 1988. So CCGTs have saved 66.0 MtCO2. Electricity from CHP plants which do not use renewable fuels in 2019 is less than 4% of the CCGT generation figure.
It is clear that natural gas has taken a much bigger share of the market than envisaged in the ETSU89 report. A critical factor has been the EU and subsequently UK legislation that allowed natural gas to be used as a fuel for electricity generation. Coupled with the liberalisation of the GB electricity market, new entrants chose to build low cost capacity quickly and prompted the "dash for gas" in power generation. Coupled with increasingly stringent constraints on acid emissions from coal-fired power stations, this has resulted in coal fired generation coming out of the electricity mix quicker than anyone anticipated in 1989.
Projecting forward expectations of energy production and demand is a difficult exercise and the ETSU89 report attempted to project forward 31 years. Improvements in energy efficiency have made the largest contribution, ultimately achieving more than set out in the ETSU89 report, although implementation of energy efficiency on a significant scale lagged till 2005.
Low carbon electricity has provided the second largest contribution, although the balance between nuclear and renewable contributions has been very different from what was expected in 1989. We put this down to two factors. First, the commitment in UK Government to a major new nuclear programme of Pressurised Water Reactors ultimately proved incompatible with the policy commitment to a liberalised electricity market. Second, there has been a rapid rise in the role of renewables for direct electricity generation in the last five years due to the falling costs of renewables. The ETSU89 estimated potential of 40 TWh/year was not exceeded until 2014, but that contribution has now more than doubled.
The successful low carbon policies for energy efficiency and renewable energy adopted by the UK since 1988 have been driven by different policy and regulatory levers, which can be broadly divided into three categories.
The first category is policies driven by UK Government. These include specific regulatory interventions in buildings, notably the requirement for all replacement boilers to be condensing from 2005, which alone gave a 25% improvement in energy efficiency. Early privatisation and regulation of the energy sector in the 1990s prompted the UK to be the first country in the world to use Energy Efficiency Obligations (EEOs) on electricity and gas companies in liberalised markets from 1994. Some financial support schemes for renewable electricity in the UK also pre-dated EU level drivers.
The second categories are policies driven by EU Directives, but with discretion for the UK to adopt the policy or regulatory mechanisms. In the buildings sector, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (1996) has shaped buildings regulations in all parts of the UK and the EU. The Energy Efficiency Directive (2012) established an explicit energy saving target for all member states. The Renewables Energy Directive (2009) set explicit targets and rules for to Member States, including a 15% renewable energy contribution for UK total energy needs, which has proved very influential in driving UK renewable energy policy.
The third category is EU Directives related to traded goods which have direct EU wide requirements. The Energy Labelling Directive (1994) paved the way for differentiation between "good" and "bad" energy using products in terms of their energy efficiency. While the initial direct impact on consumer decision making was modest, the label underpinned many of the EEO activities in the UK. The Ecodesign Directive (2009) including minimum energy performance standards for energy using products has had a large impact in securing absolute reductions in appliance electricity use. Similarly the Vehicle Labelling Directive (1999) enabled the introduction of mandatory standards for new vehicle fuel economy from 2015. This has proved effective although it is well-documented that actual fuel economy has not matched test data.
Now that the UK has left the EU and the European Single Market, it is clear that in planning for a future net zero UK, more attention will need to be paid to those policy areas in which EU Directives previously shaped progress. This applies particularly in the field of energy using products in which EU policymaking has been central. The UK market is small compared to the EU, and the domination of most markets by multinational manufacturers is likely to make the creation of separate UK product lines uneconomic. Maintaining the undoubted benefits that UK energy efficiency has had from these EU directives points towards retaining close alignment in such standards.
A big missing element in the 1989 ETSU report's analysis was the neglect of political and institutional change. Most importantly, the analysis did not allow for gas-fired generation, as it was not legal at that time under European Law. However, this is not an adequate excuse; laws and governments are just as susceptible to change as technologies, and should be allowed for in foresight exercises. Our analysis shows that changes in legislation, environmental considerations, technical innovation and market mechanisms all play a part in determining climate change policy. For example, the decline of coal has been driven by natural gas eligibility as a fuel and acid emissions legislation; the rise of renewable electricity by explicit legal requirements and early entry financial support; the rise in biofuels for transport by explicit legal requirements; energy efficiency improvements by regulatory energy efficiency obligations on energy suppliers.
By revisiting this work from 31 years ago, we can draw some relevant conclusions for the very much larger body of analysis now being undertaken for the next 30 years of climate mitigation in the UK.
First, the central role of energy demand
The major success of the ETSU89 report was that it correctly identified energy efficiency improvement as likely to be the biggest contributor to climate mitigation over the following 30 years. Major contributions were projected to come from efficiency improvement across the economy and this is what has happened. Although perhaps uncontroversial now, it was viewed with suspicion within government and much of the energy industry in1989.
Linked to electrification of many other end uses, energy efficiency and demand side management should be the dominant approach to thinking about decarbonisation. Yet, current UK Government policy set out in the Clean Growth Strategy in 2017 still presents energy supply as the primary instrument of climate mitigation. Energy efficiency policies have been weakened since the period of their major success from 2005 to 2012 and it seems highly unlikely that decarbonisation at the rate hoped for can be achieved without reversing this decline, as without a reduction in the energy required for energy services, energy bills to end users will rise.
Second, the role of small-scale, mass-produced technologies
In the ETSU1989 report, the dominant approach to innovation was focussed on what RD&D might achieve to reduce costs. There was little attention to cost reduction in production as there was no significant use of the learning curve concept in energy policy until early 2000s.
The lessons of the last 30 years are that cost reductions can be significant and even dramatic when the technology is manufactured in the millions. Progress in wind and PV technology has exceeded expectation. There are similar examples in energy demand technology – light emitting diodes (LEDs) now dominate sales of new lighting despite being an unproven technology in 1989 and product regulation has continually lowered the standby electricity consumption of electrical goods and improved the efficiency of gas boilers. The energy efficiency of information, entertainment and communication equipment has also been markedly improved in recent years.
However, such progress in cost reduction is not universal. Much of what was written in 1989 about nuclear fission, fusion, large tidal barrages, wave energy and CCS could be reproduced today without much amendment. In general, technologies dependent on large engineering projects have demonstrated less opportunity to progress and learn from experience than mass-produced manufactured technologies. Such lessons need to be heard in current debates.
Third, progress is not just a matter of technical change
The adoption of legal and regulatory measures has been critical to delivering progress in UK climate mitigation. In some cases, this has been achieved via highly visible and popular measures such as the PV feed in tariff, which enabled solar generation on one million buildings and the development of many community energy initiatives. In other cases, such as the Building Regulation requirement for gas and oil boilers to be condensing, the change has been almost invisible outside the relevant industry sector.
In the next 30 years, the way energy is supplied and used will need to be more radical than in the last 30 years, if the net zero target is to be reached. This will require social change and political leadership. However, there is cause for optimism. For example, community energy which aims to put people at the heart of the energy system was unknown 20 years ago. Over 5,000 community energy groups in UK have now built local projects on renewable electricity generation, energy efficiency, heat networks, energy supply arrangements and energy storage; all are either wholly owned and/or controlled by communities or through partnership with commercial or public sector partners. There are also signs of political movement; for example, Scotland has the goal of reaching 2GW of renewable energy capacity in local ownership by 2030. What can be achieved remains uncertain, but the key lesson from the last 30 years is that change is possible.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of ETSU colleagues to the ETSU89 report: the late Ken Currie, Beth Taylor and all other members of ETSU's Chief Scientist's Group in the 1980s.
Lees, E. & Eyre, N. 2021. Thirty years of climate mitigation: lessons from the 1989 options appraisal for the UK. Energy Efficiency, 14: 37. doi: Opens in a new tab10.1007/s12053-021-09951-2 Open access


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Q: Trouble getting POST input trough jQuery Dual Boxes in Django 2.0 i'm using THIS script to select multiple options in my Django Project. My code is like this:
<form method="POST" id="demoform" action="/gestionPDD/HabilitarPDD" > {% csrf_token %}
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</form>
<script>
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    alert($('[name="duallistbox_demo1[]"]').val());
    return false;
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</script>

The problem is when you click submit button, a pop-up confirmation appears and when you click SEND nothing happens. My views are okay, and server doesn't get any response from that button.
If you change the return value in the script (False to True) it actually works and server get a POST request (with all selected options), but you can't cancel the pop-up; When you click submit button and check in the pop-up if you select something wrong you can't go back, the request is sent anyway.
Any idea of how to fix it?

A: Use confirm($('[name="duallistbox_demo1[]"]) instead of alert().
This will give you the option to cancel the window.
More here

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In the margins of an event on the EU data protection reform, Vice-President Viviane Reding, the EU's Justice Commissioner will meet Ronan Dunne, CEO of Telefónica UK to discuss the importance of the Commission's proposed reform of EU data protection rules (see IP/12/46 and IP/13/57) for the ICT sector.
"We share the view that a single Data Protection Regulation, which strengthens and builds on the existing EU data protection framework, is essential to facilitate a level playing field for the ICT industry.
What we need for Europe is a deal that is good for citizens and that is good for business.
The new rules will help realise the potential of the internal market for digital content and services and will enhance European industry's competitiveness while at the same time, encourage more consumers to embrace internet and take-up digital services, in line with the Digital Agenda goals."
Vice-President Reding added: "The European Commission is designing rules that strengthen data protection and are at the same time good for businesses, especially for SMEs. Our rules make sure that there is no unnecessary administrative burden for companies. We have for example proposed that a group of undertaking may appoint one single data protection officer.
We are also creating a 'one-stop-shop' for data protection in the EU. Data protection compliance will be simpler than ever before. The Commission has calculated that the revamped rules can save companies up to EUR 2.3 billion per year. The benefits of such a one-stop-shop should also be available to groups of undertakings, such as Telefónica to make exchange of information within such a group easy."
The European Commission will continue to work closely with the telecoms industry to create the right legal framework for a competitive telecoms sector that can take advantage of the EU's Digital Market.
The European Telecommunications Network Operators' Association (ETNO) of which Telefónica is also a member already expressed its support for uniform EU data protection rules that create a level-playing field (see MEMO/13/86). Work in the European Parliament on the data protection dossier is progressing swiftly: last week the Legal Affairs committee (JURI) backed the main innovations of the EU data protection reform (see MEMO/13/124). The votes in the JURI Committee followed the publication of the draft reports on the reform of the EU's data protection rules by the LIBE Committee's rapporteurs on 10 January 2013 (MEMO/13/4) and the votes in the ITRE (MEMO/13/124), EMPL and IMCO Committees. The LIBE Committee (which is the lead Committee) will then vote on its own report in spring 2013.
The Council of Ministers is also working full-speed on the reform proposals with the Irish Presidency of the EU aiming for a political deal by the end of their Presidency. At the Justice Council in March, Justice Ministers and the Commission agreed to continue work on a risk-based approach calibrating the obligations of businesses to the nature of the data and to the purposes of the processing (see SPEECH/13/209). Significant progress was also made on addressing the issue of flexibility for the public sector within the proposed Regulation.
Ronan joined O2 prior to demerger from BT in 2001 and became CEO of Telefónica UK in January 2008. Prior to O2, Ronan held senior financial positions in Banking and the Corporate sector, most recently at Exel plc. He was born and educated in Ireland and moved to the UK in 1987.Ronan is Chairman of Tesco Mobile, Telefónica's highly successful joint venture with Tesco and a non executive former director of Amobee Inc, the company defining mobile advertising. Ronan chairs Telefónica UK's Sustainability Taskforce and sits on Telefonica Europe's Executive Committee.
Ronan is a fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland (ICAI) and of the Association of Corporate Treasurers (ACT).


text:
15 procent consumenten
15% OF CONSUMERS ACCOUNT FOR 1.5 BILLION BRAND IMPRESSIONS PER DAY, ONE THIRD OF ALL WORD OF MOUTH IN THE U.S.
Women influencers more likely than men to act on word of mouth, study finds
NEW YORK – November 30, 2006 – Fifteen percent of consumers account for 1.5 billion brand impressions per day, according to the results of a new research report released today by the Keller Fay Group, a market research company specializing in word of mouth and sponsored by IM MS&L, the influencer marketing specialty of global public relations firm Manning Selvage & Lee (MS&L).
The report, an in-depth look inside the conversations of top word of mouth (WOM) leaders, is the largest and most comprehensive study of the brand-related conversations of consumer influencers and is the first to provide estimates of the daily volume of word of mouth in the United States.
According to the survey, these 32 million WOM leaders – dubbed "Conversation Catalysts™" by Keller Fay – are involved in 184 word of mouth conversations a week, more than 1.5 times the average consumer. This 15 percent of consumers is responsible for one third of all word of mouth, clearly indicating the disproportionate impact of influencers on WOM. The study also found that the impact of word of mouth is more likely to prompt women to action than men. A full 58 percent of women Catalysts said they would be highly likely to pass along information to others they heard in word of mouth exchanges, versus 51 percent of men. Women Catalysts are also more likely to be spurred to buy products recommended to them (55% vs. 47%) and to find the recommendations more credible (55% vs. 47%).
"These findings tell us that companies that actively and effectively reach out to these talk leaders will have an impact that goes far beyond that of traditional marketing methods," said Renée Wilson, senior vice president and director, strategic services and innovation for MS&L's New York office. "They also indicate that companies relying heavily on traditional mass marketing campaigns aren't effectively maximizing their budgets, and are therefore failing to reach the consumers that can have the most impact on their brands."
The identification of Conversation Catalysts – and a deep probe into their conversational behavior – brings to light certain game-changing insights into how marketers should approach WOM programs. For example:
Baby boomers remain extremely relevant to word of mouth campaigns.
More than a third (37%) of Conversation Catalysts are baby boomers ages 40 to 59. This finding is contrary to marketers' popular, long-held belief that WOM campaigns should be targeted to a younger demographic.
People with influence are power listeners – not just power talkers.
Catalysts' conversations are split between those in which the Catalyst gives the most advice (38%), those in which someone else does (25%) and those in which advice is shared from both directions (37%), but they are involved in more conversations about brands.
The Internet acts as resource for word of mouth, more than a channel of conversation. Consistent with previous Keller Fay research, most WOM conversations by Conversation Catalysts (72%) happen in face to face conversations, rather than online. But results from this study indicate that Conversation Catalysts rely heavily on the Internet as a resource for the information they pass along to their friends and families. In fact, in several categories, the Web is the most cited marketing and media resource.
The study also found that Conversation Catalysts talk about a broad range of industries, products and services. Not surprisingly, entertainment and media brands are most talked about, with 16 brand mentions per week. But brands in seven other
categories – including beverages, public affairs, food and dining, shopping and retail, travel, automotive and technology – are also talked about with high frequency (10 or more brand mentions per week).
"Major consumer marketers have awakened to the powerful influence of consumer word of mouth. This report provides compelling new evidence about the disproportionate impact that a select group of consumer influencers have in word of mouth, and highlights the ways these consumers spread information and insight beyond a narrow area of singular expertise," said Ed Keller, CEO of Keller Fay and co-author of The Influentials. "We now know more about the everyday conversations of these important influencers than we have ever known before. Armed with this new information, there is a real opportunity for marketers to engage this group and turn these findings into actionable, measurable word of mouth programs."
http://www.emarketer.com/Article.aspx?1004331
http://www.kellerfay.com/
http://www.kellerfay.com/news/Conversation%20Catalyst%20Release%20FINAL.pdf
http://www.mslpr.com/
http://www.mslpr.com/index.php?id=buzz/press_releases/Creative-Catalysts-113006.html&state=buzzPress
http://www.mslpr.com/buzz/press_releases/pdf/a2_promotions_113006.pdf
http://www.kellerfay.com/download_page.php
http://www.kellerfay.com/news/WOMMA%20-%20KF%20Paper%2011-2006.pdf
http://www.kellerfay.com/news/The%20More%20The%20Better%20White%20Paper%20-%20Oct%202006.pdf
http://www.kellerfay.com/news/Keller%20Fay%20WOM%20Drivers%20Study%20July%202006.pdf
onderzoek,
Het Aldi-effect: 'Grote supers UK helpen vooral de discounters aan klanten'
'M&M's nodigt uit tot Chinese overmacht en lesbische invasie'
De effecten van merksponsoring in muziekvideo's


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cPanel is among the hosting Control Panels that you'll be able to choose with all of the virtual private servers plans that we supply, provided that you pick the CentOS Operating System for your server. You'll be able to acquire it during the registration process or at another time through your billing area and after completing several effortless setup steps when you sign in for the first time to the WebHost Manager, you can begin creating website hosting packages and accounts for your domains. There is no limit on the total number of accounts that you may have, so you will be able to decide whether each of your domain names will be in a separate account or if several domain names will be hosted together. Considering that you'll have root-level access, you can install any kind of software that your web sites may require. With all the cPanel-equipped virtual servers, we also provide you with a domain reseller account plus a billing and support solution at no additional cost, giving you the means start your own website hosting company with ease and with minimum effort.
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There are 33 public schools and 7 private schools listed on our site for Jackson.
There are 746 full-time teachers educating a total of 12,707 students. 7,300 students receive a free lunch while 857 receive a reduced-price lunch.


I've consulted on a #1Paranormal TV show and helped cast several paranormal themed shows. My experience and my knowledge of the occult and the paranormal spans 20 years. I don't believe in "woo." Instead I believe that combining the occult with science and investigation is the way to go.
Describe your areas of expertise.My most useful skill is spirit identification. The is a vast difference between ghosts: there are ancestors, intranquil spirits and lost souls. Each case is unique. I've shudder when every investigation claims that they are being haunted by demons. Most of the time it is something else that can be remedied. However, I am familiar with the Goetic Demons/Djinn, evil spirits from all cultures and Native American Spirituality.
How long have you been aware of your abilities, and how have you developed them?I've been developing my abilities and studying the occult and the paranormal for over 20 years. I am a member of several legitimate paranormal organizations.
Name some specific experiences where you've used your abilities.I consulted for a year on a popular haunted house whose owners thought they were being bothered by demons. By investigating the history of the location I discovered that the spirits in fact Native Americans who were attached to the land which turned out to be the historical site of a massacre.
What can a caller expect from a consultation with you?Paranormal Investigators deserve to know the truth about how to handle investigations. Not every spirit is a demon or grandma's ghost. It's time they had access to a psychic and investigator that knows the difference.
Weather permitting I may be going on a short ghost hunt this afternoon. Will post video of readings when I can.
A dear friend just lost her grandmother. Told her, "Look for signs. She's still with YOU.
If you are calling about an investigation u can message me the details and then call. I can go over a report with u.


text:
A fascinating insight into Britain's canals
You are in: Media Centre: News 2012
This winter, a Team Van Oord partner and the Canal & River Trust will open up a dozen projects for members of the public to meet canal engineers and walk through the bottom of lock chambers.
The initiative is part of a five-month, £50m restoration programme of canals and rivers across the country which will, in part, be carried out by Team Van Oord partner May Gurney. The programme of essential maintenance will include the replacement of worn-out lock gates, brick work repairs, relining of channels and repair of aqueducts, reservoirs and other important structures.
Vince Moran, the Canal & River Trust's operations director, said: "The Canal & River Trust cares for a remarkable network of historic waterways which are still working just as they were designed to 200 years ago.
"Keeping them open and safe requires a huge amount of planning, investment and craftsmanship and involves a wide range of experts, from civil engineers and hydrologists to heritage experts and ecologists.
"Many of these projects provide a fascinating insight into how our canals were built and how we care for them, and this year we have picked out 12 of the best projects which members of the public can visit free.
"We hope that by showcasing the repair works we can give people a chance to see the scale of the work we do to ensure that the waterways, which are at the heart of many communities, are preserved for today's visitors and future generations."
Eddie Quinn, May Gurney's framework manager for the Canal & River Trust, added: "We are incredibly proud to play our part in the Trust's essential work to preserve the canals and rivers of England and Wales.
"Few people realise that many canal locks, buildings and structures are listed monuments and that the waterway network is one of the finest living references to Britain's industrial revolution.
"Repairing and maintaining these waterways is a painstaking task, which requires traditional materials and methods to be used to preserve this vital part of our heritage.
"However, they've become more than just a historical monument; they're now widely recognised for being crucial for wildlife and are a well-loved leisure resource for millions of people every year."
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text:
Table of contents for Rhode Island
Last updated April 2020
An individual who is a party to an in-person, telephone or electronic conversation, or who has the consent of one of the parties to the conversation, can lawfully record and disclose it, unless the person is doing so for the purpose of committing a criminal or tortious act. R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-35-21. An in-person, telephone or electronic conversation may also be disclosed if its contents (defined as the identities of the parties or the existence, substance, or meaning of the conversation) have become common knowledge or public information. R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 11-35-21, 12-5.1-1.
The consent of at least one party to a conversation is required to record "any oral communication uttered by a person exhibiting an expectation that the communication is not subject to interception under circumstances justifying that expectation." R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 11-35-21, 12-5.1-1. Thus, consent is not required to record conversations in public where there is no reasonable expectation of privacy.
The consent of at least one party to any telephone call is required to record it. R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-35-21. And because the provision of the law dealing with wireless communications applies to "any transfer of signs, signals, writing, images, sounds, data, or intelligence of any nature," consent likewise is required to disclose the contents of text messages sent between wireless devices. R.I. Gen. Laws § 12-5.1-1.
It is a crime to photograph or record the "intimate areas" of a person in a place where the person has a reasonable expectation of privacy, to disclose any images obtained by these means, or to "look into" (using an imaging device) and record images of the interior of an occupied dwelling "for the purpose of sexual arousal, gratification or stimulation". R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-64-2. The law, however, does not criminalize the use of recording devices for other purposes in areas to which the public has access or there is no reasonable expectation of privacy (e.g., filming conversations on public streets or in a hotel lobby).
One who illegally records an in-person or electronic conversation faces a maximum of five years' imprisonment. R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-35-21.
Anyone whose telephone, electronic or oral conversation has been recorded or disclosed in violation of the law can bring a civil suit to recover the greater of actual damages, $100 a day for each day of the violation, or $1,000, and can also recover punitive damages and attorney's fees and costs. R.I. Gen. Laws § 12-5.1-13.
One who discloses the contents of a telephone, electronic or oral conversation obtained through illegal recording faces a maximum of five years' imprisonment. R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-35-21. However, an in-person, telephone or electronic conversation may be disclosed if its contents (defined as the identities of the parties or the existence, substance, or meaning of the conversation) have become common knowledge or public information. R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 11-35-21, 12-5.1-1.


text:
APRIL 7, 1977: THE DAY THE BLUE JAYS BEGAN
By David Singh in Toronto
The Toronto Blue Jays played their first official MLB game on a snowy April afternoon 40 years ago. Paul Beeston remembers every minute of it.
Paul Beeston sits comfortably in his third-floor office at Rogers Centre, feet stretched out on the coffee table in front of him. It's 10 a.m. and he's sipping on his third coffee of the day. In one hand is the mug, in the other a cigar — a Montecristo that stays unlit. From time to time Beeston will raise his right hand and put the Cuban classic up to his mouth for a taste, briefly drawing attention to the 1992 World Series ring on his finger.
The president emeritus of the Toronto Blue Jays is enjoying his second retirement. He's on a few corporate boards and involves himself with charity, and maintains his old office as a base to work from. He comes in basically every day.
"When I'm in town, I gotta get up and do something," says the 71-year-old Beeston, who served as team president for two separate terms, including during the franchise's 1990s glory years. "It gives you a place to go."
Report: MLB focusing on plan that could see season start as early as May
by Sportsnet Staff
How Blue Jays rode ex-nemeses Molitor, Stewart to second straight title
As the organization's first employee, Beeston has seen it all — from five straight last-place finishes in the late 1970s and early '80s to consecutive World Series wins to the reinvigoration of the franchise in 2015.
Today he'll celebrate the anniversary of an event that preceded all of that. April 7 marks exactly 40 years since the Blue Jays played their first game: A snowy 1977 contest against the Chicago White Sox at Exhibition Stadium in Toronto.
Beeston was 32 at the time, working as the team's vice president of administration. The following is his recollection of the day, which resulted in a 9–5 victory for the home team.
"They remember Doug Ault"
Selected 32nd overall in the 1976 MLB expansion draft, Ault hit two home runs in the Blue Jays' debut game
When I woke up in the morning, there was the excitement that it was here. I started on May 15 of 1976. There was a group of us who'd invested somewhere in the neighbourhood of 10 months getting ready for the one day. Now, it's showtime. And then you know it's cold and the question is "What about that snow?" We're going to have a problem.
There's no doubt that when the snow was coming down, I was thinking, "How much is going to come down? Is it going to stop and are we going to play the game?" If there was another inch of snow, it probably wouldn't happen. People in the United States were expecting snow because baseball had come to Canada. We gave snow and gave 'em a game and gave 'em a picture.
The commissioner was here, the president of the American League was here. They were determined to get this game in. But there comes a time when you say it's not reasonable, it's not safe. But the umpires worked very, very closely with everybody to make sure that game happened. In less than ideal conditions, we played the game. You didn't know how much it was going to snow. It was more than a dusting, but it wasn't so much that we couldn't clean off and play the game.
"We gave 'em a picture"
Beeston said the snow on opening day was fitting — Americans expected snow, and they got it
We had our own Zamboni. I don't know if we used one from the [Toronto] Maple Leafs that day or not. Could well have been.… We had squeegees out there because the water didn't drain, it had to be pushed off. This was a bad stadium. This stadium clearly was the worst. Except, it was ours. That's where we were playing so we had a lot of good memories of the thing.
It felt like a baseball stadium to us but it wasn't like walking into Tiger Stadium or Yankee Stadium or old Forbes Field, which were all built for baseball. As was Wrigley, as was Fenway. It was a football stadium that was adapted for baseball.
We knew we had the worst stadium in sports. There were benches, there were the covered stands in the outfield — 20,000 seats there but you were so far away from the play. There was turf. But it was baseball. It was opening day. We didn't know what to expect.
Fans were late to the game because we didn't have enough gates. The game was delayed first of all, which allowed for fans to get in. But if the game started on time, we probably wouldn't have had anybody in. That's a fact. Sure, there were traffic problems, parking problems, and then there was the congestion at the gates. When you're putting in a small city — I'm from Welland, Ont., which has [roughly 50,000 people] — it's like taking everybody from Welland and saying, "In a matter of an hour, you're all going to go through these gates and get counted."
We had a group of inexperienced ushers and usherettes who knew the stadium by the middle of the summer, but were learning it now. They'd been through their orientation, but there wasn't that whole body of knowledge that exists for a more mature organization. When you go to Rogers Centre now, these people could tell you everything about the stadium.
Fans were excited to be there. They didn't care. It was an experience, it was fun. There was this feeling of happiness and "Let's see what we've got here." You can only do it once. You can only be at that first game once and that was it. And they were going to be there. The weather didn't seem to impede anybody from enjoying themselves.
"You can only be at that first game once. And they were going to be there. The weather didn't impede anybody from enjoying themselves."
"We want beer." They chanted it all the way through till we [began serving] beer in '78 or '79. The bottom line is it didn't bother them anyway because everyone brought in flasks or mickeys, as we used to call them, or bottles. A lot of hard liquor was consumed. We would take out a ton of bins of bottles at the end of each game. Literally bins. People would just come and bring in their rum or their rye or their scotch, or whatever they wanted to take in. They would use that to keep warm.
The "We want beer" started right then, then it escalated through the season, because we were the only team in baseball that didn't sell beer. That was probably a good indicator of the happiness in the stadium. It's [0 degrees] out, it's snowing, and they're sitting out there saying, "We want beer." It was all part of the attitude: "We'll show them. We'll play in the snow. We'll drink beer." It's like the McKenzie brothers.
Man in the middle of it all
A 32-year-old Beeston surveys a mass of potential team paraphernalia before the first game
[The front-office members] were sitting in the press box. It was open, it was cold, it was concrete. We had [subpar] chairs. We watched the game from up there, but then we wandered around during the game. The place was full. The place was exciting. [We wanted to be] part of the action. Take it all in.
It took some time for these ugly faces to wear on people so they'd know who you are. At the time, people really didn't know us other than they identified us by the blue jacket we all wore. Every [front office employee] wore a blue blazer with a Blue Jays logo on it. But when you're walking around in that cold, you had a coat on!
The hot dogs [being served in the concourses] were steamed. They were done in volume and wrapped and sold there. The menus you see at ballparks and arenas these days are not nearly the same menus as back then. They were quite rudimentary. There was hot dogs and might have been pizza. I can't remember. Popcorn, peanuts, those types of things. But there wasn't the variety that you get today. We didn't have the ability to grill. Everything was done in a commissary and steamed. Get ready, put it out, sell it.
There were all kinds of mistakes. We had lineups. There weren't enough washrooms for the number of people. It was all kinds of issues, but there was this collegiality among the fans. That, you know, it was an event. It was a happening.
Everything wasn't going perfect to begin with, but winning made a huge difference. Doug Ault's home runs brought some excitement to the game.
[His second homer of the game] wasn't one of those ones when you start crying like when Joe Carter hit the home run [in the 1993 World Series]. It wasn't quite like that or like the final out in Atlanta to win [the '92 Series]. But there was this excitement, like, "Man we might be pretty good — you'd think we can win another 161 of these things." A moment of joy for everyone who was involved.
When the game was done, people were happy. The right team won. You couldn't complain about anything. There were runs, there were home runs. And they were our home runs. To this day people know who Doug Ault was. They don't remember Billy Singer [the Blue Jays' starting pitcher that day]. Singer won 20 games in both leagues! They remember Doug Ault. That was what made the whole thing.
I don't know how we'd look back on that day if we hadn't won. Because the winning made it all special. Forget the delay with the weather. Forget the coldness. When you walked away, you could say, "We beat the Chicago White Sox. A big city in the States came here and we won."
"We beat the Chicago White Sox. A big city in the States came here and we won."
I would say it was a feeling of happiness, one of euphoria. There was no mean spirit throughout the entire stadium. It was, "We're in this together. Baseball's back in Toronto." Remember, baseball was a pretty successful venture in Toronto at one point in time. The Maple Leafs [of the International League] led the minor leagues in attendance when they had the old Maple Leaf Stadium [at Lake Shore Boulevard, formerly Fleet Street].
Bottom line was baseball wasn't new to Toronto. Baseball wasn't something that we didn't know about. We all had our favourite teams, whether it was Cleveland or Detroit. People knew the game; it wasn't just something that was being taught for the first time and you had to learn the rules. People played the game and had been to spring training before. They'd seen the game. There was this feeling: "It's Toronto. It's ours. We're in the major leagues. Montreal has the Expos. Now we have the Blue Jays. Let's play the games."
Opening days are special — they start the season. But this started our life. This was different than opening day of 1978, '79, '93, '94. Different than the one in 2000. This was the first game. There were 44,000 people there, and I guarantee you that in my life 144,000 people have told me they were there.
Dick Loek/Toronto Star via Getty Images
Graham Bezant/Toronto Star via Getty Images
Boris Spremo/Toronto Star via Getty Images
Frank Lennon/Toronto Star via Getty Images
Catching up with Pat Borders, the elusive Blue Jays hero
Pat Borders made his name winning back-to-back World Series with the Blue Jays, but he's had another life in the game since leaving MLB. This is his story.
How Canada's Mike Soroka grew into one of baseball's best young arms
Inside the mentorship with a former big-leaguer that set Atlanta Braves hurler Mike Soroka on track to be one of the best-ever Canadian pitchers.


Comco Business Systems has started on 2004, we are been located in India (Madurai) we are been very experts in exporting fruits, vegtables, hair. We are exporting fruits of Butter fruit to US and Uk. We been exporting hair for Germany.


text:
Bongani Sandile Khumalo (Manzini, Szváziföld, 1987. január 6.) dél-afrikai válogatott labdarúgó, aki jelenleg az angol Tottenham Hotspur hátvédje, kölcsönben a Doncaster Roversben játszik.

Pályafutása

Khumalo Szváziföldön született, de kétéves korában a család átköltözött Dél-Afrikába. Az Arcadia Shepherds ifiakadémiáján kezdett futballozni, de profi pályafutását már a University of Pretoriában kezdte meg. 2007-ben átigazolt a Supersport Unitedhez, 2011. január 7-én a Tottenham-hez.

Válogatott

Khumalo 2008 óta tagja a dél-afrikai válogatottnak. Részt vett a 2009-es konföderációs kupán és a 2010-es világbajnokságon is, ahol gólt szerzett.

Jegyzetek

Külső hivatkozások
Adatlapja a FIFA honlapján
Pályafutása statisztikái

Fordítás

Dél-afrikai labdarúgók
Labdarúgóhátvédek
A 2010-es világbajnokság labdarúgói
A University of Pretoria labdarúgói
A Supersport United labdarúgói
A Tottenham labdarúgói
1987-ben született személyek
A Preston North End labdarúgói
A Reading labdarúgói
A PAOK Szaloniki labdarúgói
A Doncaster Rovers labdarúgói
Élő személyek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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Please note that the other country, regional, and practice specific webpages contained within ICF Network are provided by other entities within the ICF Network and are not provided by ICF Canada and are not governed by this Privacy Statement. We encourage visitors to review each applicable ICF Network Privacy Statement.
1. Information ICF Canada Collects and How We Use It
1.1 Collection of Personal Information. When you have Interactions with ICF Canada by phone, mail, in person, in texts, online, or mobile application, we sometimes collect, use, and store your Personal Information our you also may choose to provide Personal Information on our Site. Our usage or treatment of this Personal Information will be consistent with this Privacy Statement.
1.2 How We use cookies and other similar technology. Like most companies, we use cookies and similar technologies ("Cookies"). Cookies are text files we place in your computer's browser to store your preferences. Cookies, by themselves, do not tell us your e-mail address or other Personal Information unless you choose to provide this information to us by, for example, registering at one of our Sites. However, once you choose to furnish the Site with Personal Information, this information may be linked to the data stored in the cookie. We, for example, may use cookies to:
facilitate and improve your online experience;
understand Internet usage and to improve our content, offerings and advertisements;
offer you products, programs, or services; and
personalize your experience at our web pages (e.g., to recognize you by name when you return to our site), save your password in password-protected areas and enable you to use shopping carts on our sites.
We also may use small pieces of code such as "web beacons" or "clear gifs" to collect anonymous and aggregate advertising metrics, such as counting page views, promotion views or advertising responses. These "web beacons" may be used to deliver cookies that conform to our Cookie Notice.
Read our Cookie Notice for more information regarding cookies. Unless you disable the cookies on our Site by clicking here, we understand that you agree to our use of the cookies and construe such action as you are providing us with your affirmative consent to the terms within this Privacy Statement.
1.3 Mobile Information We Collect. Personal Information that we collect consists only of what you share with us. For example, certain programs or services may ask for this type of information so that we may contact you by phone or email at your request. You choose what, how, and when you want to share.
If you use any location-enabled services, you may be sending us location information. ICF Canada does not store or use this information other than to provide the service you requested. For example, a mobile product may use GPS data to find a nearby restaurant you requested. Location-enabled features are opt-in, and you have control over your participation and can turn these services off at any time.
Web-enabled mobile applications may use cookies or web beacons and other methods to customize your browsing experience. Some mobile applications will utilize Google Analytics (or similar tool) to help us better serve you through improved services and revisions to the mobile applications. This collected information will not identify you to ICF Canada. It may, however, let us know anonymously, which services and features you are using the most within the application, as well as device type and hardware features, country and language of download.
1.4 Blogs, forums, wikis, and other social media. The user-generated content functionality provides the opportunity to share knowledge and post other helpful or meaningful information. Our Site also may host various forums, wikis, and other social media applications or services that allow you to share content with other users (collectively "Social Media Applications"). Use of third party services such as Social Media Applications") is governed by the privacy practices of those services. ICF Canada does not capture or store your login information or other Personal Information for Social Media Applications, however, session information or cookies may be stored. Any Personal Information or other information that you contribute to any Social Media Application can be read, collected, and used by other users of that Social Media Application over which we have little or no control. Therefore, we are not responsible for any other user's use, misuse, or misappropriation of any Personal Information or other information that you contribute to any Social Media Application.
2. How We Use Personal Information
2.1 Use of Personal Information - Site. We may use the Personal Information collected about you for the following purposes:
Provide, administer, and communicate with you about programs, services, events, surveys and promotions by ICF Canada or our affiliates, for example, by sending you marketing communications;
Process, evaluate, and respond to your requests, inquiries, and applications;
Create, administer, and communicate with you about your account, including any purchases and payments;
Verify your identity to ensure security for the other purposes listed here;
Operate, evaluate, and improve our organization, for example, in developing new programs and services; manage our communications; perform market research, etc.;
Determine and manage the effectiveness of our advertising and marketing; analyze our programs, services, and Sites;
Administer our Sites and perform accounting, auditing, billing, reconciliation and collection activities;
Evaluate your interest in employment and contact you regarding possible employment. Please click here for Our Candidacy Privacy Notice;
Protect against and prevent fraud, unauthorized transactions, claims and other liabilities, and manage risk exposure and quality; and
Conduct investigations and comply and enforce applicable legal requirements or, industry standards and our policies and terms, such as this and other ICF Canada sites' terms of use; and ensure the safety of ICF Canada network services, information resources and employees.
2.2 Use of Personal Information - Mobile. We may use the Personal Information collected about you for the following purposes:
Personalize your experience with the application and to improve your overall experience, including the development of new programs, services, and features;
User support, and when applicable, register, and administer your account;
Contact you about updates to our programs and services; and
Fulfill the services or implement the transactions you have requested or authorized.
2.3 Additional Purposes. We may use Personal Information for other additional purposes. We will identify these additional purposes at the time of collection.
3. Sharing and Transferring of Your Personal Information
3.1 We do not sell or otherwise disclose Personal Information about Site visitors outside ICF Canada and its affiliates, except as described in this Privacy Statement.
3.2 We may share information provided by Site visitors or ICF Canada affiliate site visitors with our carefully selected service providers to perform services on our behalf. These service providers are contractually restricted from using or disclosing the information except as necessary to perform services on our behalf or to comply with legal requirements.
3.3 We may disclose information about you (i) if we are required to do so by law or legal process, (ii) to law enforcement authorities or other government officials as required to comply with a legitimate legal request, or (iii) when we believe disclosure is necessary to prevent physical harm or financial loss, or in connection with an investigation of suspected or actual illegal activity.
3.4 We reserve the right to transfer any information we have about you in the event we sell or transfer all or a portion of our organization or assets (including through bankruptcy).
3.5 We may transmit the Personal Information we collect on this Site or to other countries, in which we operate, including any Site accessed in the European Union ("EU"), to the United States ("U.S."), but we will do so only for the purposes described herein.
3.6 We may provide some Personal Information to trusted partners, which are providing services essential to your mobile user experience. All requests are sent through your mobile carrier's network and your carrier may have access to it. Consult your carrier's privacy policies for additional information. Certain mobile products and services and manufacturers allow you to interact and share your information with others. For example, you may want to Tweet or post to your Facebook page content from a ICF Canada mobile application. Consult your mobile device manufacturer, or mobile product or application developer's privacy policies for additional information.
4.1 At ICF Canada, we aim to protect Personal Information submitted to us through the Site. We maintain administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to protect against unauthorized disclosure, use, alteration, or destruction of the Personal Information you provide on this Site. We also employ commercially reasonable technologies to help keep the Personal Information you provide on this Site secure.
5.1 The Site may contain links to other websites. As this Privacy Statement and the related Terms of Use apply only to the Site' visitors should always be aware when they are moving to another site and read the privacy statement of any site, which collects Personal Information. We cannot be responsible for the privacy statements, policies, or practices of other sites even if you access them using links from the Site.
5.2 We do not pass on any Personal Information about our Site visitors to any other site. In addition, if you linked to the Site from a third party site, we cannot be responsible for the privacy policies and practices of the owners and operators of that third party site and recommend that you check the policy of that third party site and contact the owner or operator if you have any concerns or questions.
6.1 We will always seek your consent to collect or use your Personal Information in the ways that we have described in this Privacy Statement by giving you the option to say 'no' to its use. When we seek your consent to use your Personal Information, we will tell you what we want to use it for and, other than as described in this Privacy Statement, we will not use it for any other purpose.
6.2 In the case of sensitive personal information (e.g., bank account or credit card details), we will ask you to indicate your express consent in allowing us to use it, which may involve one of the following methods: giving us your permission verbally; ticking a box; clicking an icon; submitting a form; or subscribing to a service.
6.3 Please refer to our Privacy Choices page for your registration, preferences, or opt out options.
7. How to Determine What Personal Information We Hold About You
7.1 If you would like a copy of the information we hold on you, please contact us at:
ICF Canada
Toronto, Ontario M5G 1S7 CA
Email: dataprotection@icf.com
It will help us to find your information if you can include within your request verification of your identity and something about the nature of your contact with us.
8. How to Access, Correct, Update, or Suppress Your Personal Information
8.1 We want to make sure that your Personal Information is accurate and up to date. You may request to review, correct, update, suppress, or otherwise modify any of your Personal Information, or object to the use or processing of such Personal Information. You have the ability to update your Personal Information at any time.
8.2 To access, change, or correct your Personal Information or if you have any privacy concerns regarding access to or the correction of your Personal Information, please email dataprotection@icf.com. In your request, please verify your identity, make clear what, if any, Personal Information you would like to have changed, or what, if any, limitations you would like to put on our use of your Personal Information. In all cases, we will treat such requests in accordance with applicable legal requirements.
8.3 If you want to have your details removed from our marketing mailing lists, or to change your marketing preferences, please email dataprotection@icf.com to opt-out.
9. Retention and Deletion
9.1 ICF Canada will retain your Personal Information for as long as your active with us; as needed to provide you services; as needed for the purposes outlined in this Privacy Statement or at the time of collection; as necessary to comply with our legal obligations (e.g., to honor opt-outs), resolve disputes, and enforce our agreements; or to the extent permitted by law. At the end of the retention period, we will delete your Personal Information in a manner designed to ensure that it cannot be reconstructed or read.
10. How We Help Keep Children Safe
10.1 We recognize that we must be vigilant in protecting the safety and privacy of children online, and neither the Site nor our Interaction is directed toward children aged thirteen or under. This Site is not directed to children under the age of thirteen and we do not knowingly collect Personal Information from children under the age of thirteen on our site.
10.2 If we become aware that we have inadvertently received Personal Information from a visitor under the age of thirteen, we will delete the information from our records as quickly as possible.
10.3 If you are aged thirteen or under' you must obtain your parent/guardian's permission beforehand whenever you provide Personal Information to the Site. Users without this consent are not allowed to provide us with Personal Information.
10.4 If you believe that we might have collected any Personal Information from a child under thirteen, please contact us immediately at:
11. Questions and Contact Information
11.1 If you have any questions or comments about this Privacy Statement or if you would like us to update information we have about you or your preferences, you also may contact us by visiting our contact us form.
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This is the time of year where most electric utility tree maintenance takes place. National tree companies like Nelson, Asplundh, and Trees Inc patrol the local power line easements indescriminately trimming tree limbs within 10 feet of power lines (ususlly the top lines on the poles). This creates an incredible amount of distress with tree owners worried about the future of their trees. Unfortunately the tree companies put themselves between the proverbial "rock and a hard place."
Here's what makes this bad for everyone: First, these companies bid for contracts with the utility companies which ensures that pricing is ultra competitive and rock bottom. As a result, these companies employ as few "skilled" workers as possible to keep their costs down and you will rarely find an arborist involved. Most of the cost is in purchasing and maintaining the specialized bucket trucks and chippers needed to perform the task. Next, the utility company requires a clear zone at least 10 feet from lines. That space is their "property" and anything outside of that belongs to the tree owner, more or less. As a result, tree companies diligently avoid "trespassing" and incurring more expense by trimming beyond that 10 feet - even if sound tree trimming practice would require it.
As a result, tree limbs are left as stubs and not trimmed back to the next limb junction. Many bad things result from stub cutting including poor branching, decay and insect infestation. Homeowners that are worried about their trees should have a certified arborist do an assessment to identify any issues resulting from utility pruning. This is usually very inexpensive and gives the owner good information to make decisions about their trees. The result is often a healthier tree with an improved shape and extended lifespan.


Provide comfort for the family of Alexander Melvin with a meaningful gesture of sympathy.
Mr. Alexander Melvin was born on March 1, 1942 to Alex Melvin and Jean Melvin. Alexander attended the local schools in Jacksonville, Florida, James Weldon Johnson and Stanton High School. He worked at CI Cap Iron Foundry Company for years and he was a resident at Cathedral Nursing Home.
Alexander departed this life on Thursday, March 14, 2019. He was preceded in death by his parents.
Alexander leaves to cherish his memory: one sister, Annie Mae Edwards; nieces, Dorothy Scott, Andrea Bell and Juanita Stephens (Henry Sr.); nephew, Andrew Lee Edward (Trudy) and Jeffery Green (Sharon); grandnieces, Angela Myers and Tracy Edwards; grandnephews, Larry Myers, Antonio Myers, Eric Myers, Andreas Bell, Gregory McNair and Henry Stephens, Jr.; great-grandnieces, Jasmine McNair, Akia McNair and Tiana Myers; cousin, Eddie Warren Robinson; a host of other relatives and friends.
To send flowers to the family of Alexander Melvin, please visit our Heartfelt Sympathies Store.
We encourage you to share any memorable photos or stories about Alexander. All tributes placed on and purchased through this memorial website will remain on in perpetuity for generations.
Provide comfort for the family of Alexander Melvin by sending flowers.


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Top Open-Wheel Cars in Monterey
Posted on August 13, 2014 by classiccarweekly
Open-Wheel Race Cars
Offered during the Pebble Beach Concours Weekend | August 15-17, 2014
1986 March 86C Cosworth
Offered by RM Auctions
Photo – RM Auctions
This was the car in CART in 1986. Fielded by Truesports, the March 86C was campaigned by Bobby Rahal for the 1986 season. It is powered by a 700 horsepower 2.7-liter Cosworth turbo V-8. Just take a look at this car's competition history:
1986 Indianapolis 500 – 1st (with Bobby Rahal)
5 other wins that season
1986 CART Championship
The chance to own an Indy 500-winning car is a very rare thing, and one this cool driven by such a legend makes it even better. The car still retains its race-winning engine. It should sell for between $1,750,000-$2,500,000. Click here for more info.
S/N: 86C-13
Update: Not sold, high bid of $1,550,000.
2000 Ferrari F1-2000
The F1-2000 was, you guessed it, Ferrari's F1 car for the 2000 season. And guess who drove for Ferrari in 2000? That's right, Michael Schumacher. And it was one of those seasons that he had with Ferrari where he nearly won everything on the calendar. He also won the championship. This car won the 2000 Brazilian Grand Prix. The engine is a monster: 3.0-liter V-10 making 770 horsepower. It should sell for between $1,750,000-$2,500,000. Click here for more.
S/N: 198
1970 Brabham-Cosworth BT33
Offered by Bonhams
You're looking at the final car driven by Jack Brabham in Formula One. In fact, he won his final grand prix in this car – the 1970 South African Grand Prix. What's even better, this is a Brabham chassis and he remains the only person to ever win in a car bearing his own name. The car looks fabulous. The engine is too: it's a Cosworth V-8 of 3.0-liters and puts out 430 horsepower at an ear-shattering 10,000 rpm. It can be yours for between $1,000,000-$1,400,000. Click here for more info.
1978 Ferrari 312 T3
The Ferrari 312 T3 was Ferrari's second car for the 1978 Formula One Season. The car used for the first two races was a carryover from 1977. The T3 was introduced for the third race. This car was driven primarily by Carlos Reutemann (who won the 1978 British Grand Prix in it). It also driven by Gilles Villeneuve. Villeneuve won the 1978 Race of Champions (a non-points F1 race) in this car. The engine is a 530 horsepower 3.0-liter Flat-12. Ferrari built five of these cars and this one is offered in more-or-less as-raced conditions and has spent many years in the Maranello Rosso Collection. It should sell for between $1,500,000-$2,000,000. Click here for more info.
1969 AAR Eagle-Santa Ana
Here's the last open-wheel car we'll feature from Monterey (mostly because I just lost all of the work I did on this post and had to start over – there are other awesome racers this weekend). This car comes from AAR, Dan Gurney's All American Racers. It was their car for 1969 and it uses a 5.2-liter Ford V-8. AAR built four of them, three of which raced at the Indy 500 that year. This one did not, although Gurney did run it in practice. The only racing this car has ever done is on the historic circuit and it has been in the same ownership for nearly a quarter of a century. It can be yours for between $125,000-$175,000. Click here for more info.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged 1970, 1986, 2000, 86c, auctions, brabham, bt33, car, classic car, cosworth, f1-2000, ferrari, ford, indy car, march, race car, rm auctions by classiccarweekly. Bookmark the permalink.
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Trey Bociek found a pretty efficient way to get around Oak Crest Golf Course on Wednesday. The sophomore simply played bombs away off the tee, pounding his drives some 280 to 300 yards with deadly accuracy over the rolling, tree-lined 5,903 yards.
Another big weekend of MHSAA Championships take place on Friday and Saturday (March 2-3) on MHSAA.tv, as March Magic marches onto the Individual Wrestling and Girls Competitive Cheer mats.
Games involving three of the top-ranked teams in Michigan high school hockey highlight this week's schedule of high school sporting events on MHSAA.tv produced by Association members taking part in the School Broadcast Program.
The MHSAA Football Playoff Finals – powered by the Michigan Army National Guard – dominate the schedule for FOX Sports Detroit's first annual "Football Week In Michigan" this November.
History could be made Friday night when Powers North Central attempts to break the MHSAA boys basketball record for consecutive victories when the Jets host Bark River-Harris in a battle of unbeatens.
The MHSAA Division 4 Team Wrestling Finals feature the smallest schools competing in our state. But they also included the headlining finish from last season's championship matches at Battle Creek's Kellogg Arena.
About a month ago, there was some doubt whether Hancock High School would have a golf season this year. The Copper Country was getting hit with heavy snowfall in April and early May, and area athletic directors were forced to consider cancelling the season.
Norway senior Dani Gagne might not be a familiar name among the Lower Peninsula track and field community. But in the Upper Peninsula, she's built a legacy that will be talked about for years to come.


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Q: Re-aligning return value from php function in the html I have am trying to create a simple voting page.  There are a few links on each side and when the user click the up arrow the vote is counted and the vote count value is increased.  Everything works right now except that when the vote is increased the new value appears on top of the upvote arrow (which makes sense since I am echoing the new value).  I have not been able to figure out how to set the updated vote count into the SPAN which should show the vote count.
Here is the code:
HTML
<?php
$sql=mysql_query("SELECT * FROM discussion_links WHERE link_side = 'Michigan'");
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($sql)) {
    $link_id=$row['link_id'];
    $url=$row['link_url'];
    $title=$row['link_title'];
    $source=$row['link_source'];
    $votes=$row['vote_count'];
?>

        <a class="link-title" href="http://<?php echo $url ?>"><?php echo $title . ""; ?>

<?php echo $source . "
" ?>

            <?php echo $votes; ?>

        <a href="#" class="vote" id="<?php echo $link_id; ?>" name="up" title="Up vote">

<?php
    }
?>

I would like to replace the value returned from the PHP function below into the SPAN in the code above.
PHP
<?php
$ip=$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];

if($_POST['id']) {
    $id=$_POST['id'];
    $id = mysql_escape_String($id);
    //Verify IP address in Voting_IP table
    $ip_sql=mysql_query("select ip_add from Voting_IP where link_id_fk='$id' and ip_add='$ip'");
    $count=mysql_num_rows($ip_sql);

    if($count==0) {
        // Update Vote.
        $sql = "update discussion_links set vote_count=vote_count+1 where link_id='$id'";
        mysql_query( $sql);
        // Insert IP address and Message Id in Voting_IP table.
        $sql_in = "insert into Voting_IP (link_id_fk,ip_add) values ('$id','$ip')";
        mysql_query( $sql_in);
    }
    else {
        echo "";
    }
    $result=mysql_query("select vote_count from discussion_links where link_id='$id'");
    $row=mysql_fetch_array($result);
    $up_value=$row['vote_count'];
    echo $up_value;
}
?>

This $up_value is the one I would like to replace the current vote count in the HTML.
jQuery

Thanks and any help would be greatly appreciated.

A: Assuming that you are returning the appropriate (int) total back in the success function,
then you should just set the InnerHTML of the span element to that value
It would be convenient if you were to give each link-votes element a unique ID and use that id to change the InnerHTML of the span element. on ajax success
Since you are already associating the vote_id with the event handler, then you
could simply add a prefix to the span id element, and then in the success function,
call something like this:
       $("#myPrefix"+id).html(html);


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