Joe Daniels, the CEO of the Medal of Honor Museum Foundation, was previously the head of the Sept. 11 Memorial and Museum in New York City. File/Wade Spees.
In this letter, dated Nov. 18, 2014, members of the Medal of Honor Museum Foundation's board asked that Gen. James Livingston be "immediately" removed from their board.
On a warm afternoon in September, Mayor Will Haynie huddled with a small group at Mount Pleasant Town Hall hoping to salvage plans to build a lasting tribute to the nation's most celebrated war heroes.
Just days before, the head of the national Medal of Honor Museum had announced that after more than six years of planning, the $100 million project might abandon this growing harborside town for another city in a larger market.
The news didn't sit well with the town, but Haynie's closed-door confab didn't sway the museum CEO from his intention to leave. They did agree on one thing, though: Even if things didn't work out here, neither side should disparage the other.
It was a little late for that. Acrimony and suspicion had infested the much-vaunted project for many months. Each party involved, in some way, had felt bullied, misled or both over the years-long planning process as disagreements over the museum's design divided the town.
That picture became clear in a Post and Courier review of thousands of emails and other correspondence among town leaders, museum officials and board members at Patriots Point, the state attraction where the museum was to be built.
The records, obtained through a Freedom of Information Act request, reveal how a well-intentioned effort to showcase valor and courage devolved into a dysfunctional showdown in which each side jockeyed for the public high ground amid an atmosphere riddled with personal squabbles and distrust.
In emails to confidantes, Haynie groused about the arrogance of the foundation planning the museum while an ally on Town Council branded the group's redesign efforts a "campaign of deception." The museum CEO, in turn, chided town officials over perceived threats and misrepresentations about the project. The Patriots Point board chairman, meanwhile, bemoaned a lack of respect from the foundation, lamenting that one museum leader had not "eaten enough grits and boiled peanuts" to understand the politics of the South.
Both in private and in public, people called into question others' loyalty to the community, commitment to the project and even downright patriotism. In the balance hung a project that museum planners said would attract several hundred thousand visitors a year and put the town on the national map.
For anyone who closely followed the Medal of Honor Museum's saga, the conflict was abundantly clear. What's less known is the months-long meltdown that led to its unraveling.
The Congressional Medal of Honor Society, made up of medal recipients, already had its offices and a small museum aboard Patriots Point's signature attraction, the Yorktown, a World War II-era Navy aircraft carrier. And Mount Pleasant had a champion at the ready in retired Marine Maj. Gen. James Livingston, who received the Medal of Honor in 1970 after leading his troops through a key Vietnam War battle while seriously wounded.
"It made a lot of sense to a lot of people," Mac Burdette, Patriots Point's longtime director, said of the planned museum.
Livingston became one of the first board members for the Medal of Honor Museum Foundation, the South Carolina nonprofit formed to build the structure. An agreement gave Patriots Point exclusive rights to the project for 10 years. And the effort seemed to get off to a promising start.
The museum secured a $5 million pledge from the state of South Carolina, and the town agreed to contribute money to relocate a road to suit the museum's needs. Texas billionaire Ross Perot even paid a visit to Charleston to promote the museum's fundraising efforts, headlining a luncheon at King Street's four-diamond steakhouse, Hall's Chophouse.
"At some point, they were moving along and things were good," said Linda Page, Mount Pleasant's mayor from 2013 through 2017.
But some saw potential problems brewing. Former Town Councilman Paul Gawrych, for one, worried that the foundation wasn't talking enough with the town and Patriots Point about its plans to build a structure taller than town zoning allowed. He conveyed his concerns in a February 2016 email to Page, who replied that she had only seen the design so far in a book.
"I just detect that no one is properly talking and we do not want a final design coming our way on something this grand for the world to see and then tell them they need a variance to make it work," Gawrych wrote.
Meanwhile, Patriots Point officials increasingly felt they were being pressured to do what the foundation wanted.
The foundation insisted on building on a plot of land directly on the waterfront, a move that presented wetlands issues and required a complicated road relocation to open up space for the museum. Patriots Point officials preferred another spot but conceded to the foundation's wishes, agreeing to lease the desired property at a price of $1 a year for 99 years.
Being state land, the lease required approval from the Legislature. But when the time came to get lawmakers' blessing, Burdette and Patriots Point Chairman Ray Chandler found themselves alone at a critical hearing. No one from the foundation bothered to show up.
Though the foundation's lease was narrowly approved by one vote, "they never even said 'Thank you,'" Chandler recalled.
Having General Livingston as the face of the project gave it real clout, particularly in Columbia. But as time passed, tensions grew between Livingston and some of his fellow foundation board members, culminating with an unsuccessful attempt in November 2014 to oust him from the panel.
Livingston remained an active member despite the challenge but later chose to resign with six other board members during a showdown in early 2017 over the hiring of a new CEO. Livingston said at the time that he didn't like the way the board was being run and the hiring process only amplified his concerns. Livingston declined to be interviewed for this article.
The mass defection, and Livingston's departure in particular, alarmed town officials, who began to wonder about the project's viability and the foundation's ability to raise the necessary money. Those concerns only grew after the new CEO, Mark Updegrove, decided to leave the foundation after less than a year, citing personal health reasons.
As the foundation searched for its fourth CEO in five years, the project was dealt another blow when Mount Pleasant's nine-member Planning Commission voted down the Medal of Honor Museum's design in January last year. The commission cited issues with variances needed for the building's proposed height, setbacks and parking requirements.
Created by Israeli-Canadian architect Moshe Safdie, the about 90,000-square-foot museum design included three buildings: a pavilion for the lobby and an auditorium, the main museum building and a chapel. The museum structure was drawn to invoke the shape of the Medal of Honor itself, with five inclined gallery spaces surrounding a naturally lit central hall. The smaller, star-shaped chapel would be connected to the museum by a pedestrian bridge.
The original application asked that the maximum building height be increased from 50 feet to 140 feet for the museum and 80 feet for the other structures.
The day after the vote, Mount Pleasant and Patriots Point officials exchanged emails lamenting that foundation officials hadn't approached the town sooner to discuss their plans, saying they had been warned height would be an issue.
Haynie, elected mayor just months before on a platform aimed at curbing town growth, urged council members to hold their tongues while the foundation rethought its plans so as not to jeopardize the project.
Town officials seemed to assume the foundation would scale back its plans in response to the Planning Commission's denial. But the foundation's chairman, Bill Phillips, soon would disabuse them of that notion. A month after the vote, he suggested at a Patriots Point board meeting that the foundation might take the museum elsewhere if the design wasn't approved. That didn't go over well.
"We are doing the recipients a favor by not allowing that monstrosity," Waters added.
Chandler, the Patriots Point chairman, confided to his colleagues that he regretted championing the project and its intent to "dominate and distort Patriots Point." He found the notion that the museum would somehow rescue Patriots Point insulting.
Chandler wrote that the museum was conceived when its organizers saw Patriots Point as "a shabby, second-rate, bush-league attraction that was an embarrassment to Mount Pleasant and to the State." But a lot had changed since then. Now, Patriots Point was thriving while the museum effort was on life-support, a terminal, self-inflicted condition that left the foundation with little chance of drawing the 250,000 visitors needed to sustain it each year, he stated.
"The message for the Fathers of Mt Pleasant should be. We do not need it," Chandler wrote of the museum.
Over the past few years, Chandler had sent multiple letters to the foundation asking for updates on fundraising — requests he felt were never answered in full. He had also been looking into whether the foundation had violated its nonprofit status by lobbying officials to support the design. In the end, he decided they had not.
"It appears that being an (expletive) does not disqualify one from receiving tax exempt status," he wrote.
Far from dissuaded, Phillips requested a private audience with Haynie in March 2018 and reiterated the possibility of taking the museum elsewhere. The threat bothered Haynie, who relayed his concerns in an email to Phillips later that day.
Phillips replied that it was "patently false" that the foundation was not coordinating with the town. He also maintained that the state's $5 million investment was safe. He added that it was regrettable that the discussion so far had focused on issues like height when the museum stood to be a "wonderful beacon of inspiration" that would bring jobs and tax revenue to the town.
Into this breach stepped Joe Daniels, who had accepted an offer to lead the museum effort. Mount Pleasant officials saw in Daniels a smart, articulate and capable man with a proven track record as CEO of the National September 11 Memorial and Museum in New York City.
He helped lead a fundraising campaign that raised more than $450 million for the project, about quadruple the estimated cost for the Medal of Honor Museum. He had also navigated controversy to get it built, as one might expect for a structure that involved a swirl of ideas, emotions and opinions surrounding the deaths of nearly 3,000 people in the Sept. 11, 2011, attacks.
People railed against the 9/11 memorial's decision to include the names of the hijackers, its underground location and even the key chains in the gift shop. People opposed the fact that there even was a gift shop. The project took longer to complete, as New Yorker writer Nick Paumgarten noted, than it took to find the orchestrator of the attacks, Osama bin Laden.
But Daniels got it done.
For the first few months after his arrival in late March last year, things seemed hopeful. There were coffee meetings, lunch meetings, cordial follow-up emails and even a note from Daniels thanking Haynie and Bustos for playing a "critical role in allowing the beginning of a healthier environment to take root." Officials wondered if a compromise might actually be reached.
But, all the while, the museum's planned design loomed over the discussion.
Architect Safdie brought top-notch credentials, having built projects everywhere from Idaho to Singapore, including the Yad Vashem Holocaust History Museum in Israel, the Marina Bay Sands Hotel in Singapore and Habitat '67 in Montreal. Still, the building's height, the character of the $3.5 million design and the Planning Commission's denial had already set the public debate in motion.
In late May, an article in the Charleston Mercury newspaper drew Haynie's ire by portraying Daniels as a man on a mission going up against restless natives with their knives out to fight "something new and daring." In an email to Patriots Point officials, the mayor chafed at the way the town was being portrayed and questioned whether the foundation had any intention of modifying the museum's design.
"He has not eaten enough grits and boiled peanuts," Chandler wrote.
Leading into last summer, however, the Medal of Honor Museum Foundation made some changes. With the recommendation of the town, it had withdrawn its zoning application. Phillips quietly resigned, and a board member from Nevada, Peter Stent, took his place as chairman. And perhaps most importantly, Daniels announced dates for three public meetings where community members could view, and vote on, new design alternatives.
Tensions continued to simmer, nonetheless. When Daniels emailed Chandler at the end of June to thank for him appearing at a fundraiser, Chandler blistered the museum CEO over a sentence in a Post and Courier editorial that suggested the project would breathe new life into Patriots Point.
"I want to make this very clear if I hear this comparison again, I will withdraw all of my support from your project," Chandler wrote.
In the run-up to the first public meeting on a potential new design, Daniels emailed Bustos and Haynie to make sure they were coming. Haynie asked if town officials could get a preview before the session, but Daniels indicated the architect would be working on his plans right up until the final hours.
At the July 26 meeting at Alhambra Hall, attendees got a first look at two new variations, dubbed the "Pavilion" model and the "Village" model. Both were shorter — about 100 and 70 feet, respectively — though they still exceeded the town's height limit. Both also used the same shapes seen in the original design, though they were arranged differently.
Daniels cautioned Bustos against threatening a fight, calling it "highly counterproductive." He insisted the design had changed and bristled at the implication that his approach had been deceptive. "Let's skip the character attacks," he wrote.
As the days passed, Haynie, Bustos and their allies continued to fret about the town taking the blame for the museum's problems, which they considered unfair. They insisted the town had bent over backward to help the project succeed while the foundation ignored the town's rules.
The next day, a call from a New York Times reporter seemed to confirm Haynie's fears. The reporter's question had led Haynie to believe Daniels was casting the situation as recalcitrant locals fighting all changes to their formerly cozy small coastal town, he told allies in an email.
"I see that he has gone from being cooperative to critical. I think he sees the death spiral," Haynie wrote. "He has taken the gloves off so I am now also escalating my criticism."
Susan Marlowe of the Patriots Point board concurred, stating that Daniels' narrative was an attempt to hide the foundation's financial mismanagement of the project.
Owens and some other council members had been growing increasingly frustrated about being left out of discussions, insisting they were only learning of new developments on Facebook or in the media.
Haynie called Owens' comments "quite unfortunate and inaccurate." Still, no details of this potential new venture emerged.
Hurricane Florence struck the East Coast in September, the same week that Daniels was scheduled to speak to members of the Medal of Honor Society for the first time at their annual conference in Annapolis, Md. He was only supposed to be in town briefly but, due to the storm, stayed for two extra days.
During that time, he said, he heard new questions and concerns from medal recipients that made him look at the project differently. With the ultimate goal of building a nationally regarded museum, he said, he and other foundation board members were considering whether pivoting to another market would be the best way to get it done.
A little more than a week later, Daniels made the announcement: The Medal of Honor Museum Foundation was considering a national search. In comments to The Post and Courier, he referenced "headwinds" the foundation had faced from elected officials and others.
The statement caused some confusion among residents who assumed the town had officially denied a revised proposal from the museum. But aside from the January vote by the Planning Commission, the museum foundation hadn't submitted any formal plans for approval.
Several days after Daniels' announcement, Haynie called a private meeting at Town Hall, with himself the only representative from the town. Tommy McQueeney and Susan Marlowe of the Patriots Point Development Authority were invited, along with Livingston. Daniels brought along two staffers.
The parties staked out their respective positions, with Livingston telling Daniels he should have "manned up and discussed this with the mayor" before announcing plans to leave. The bottom line, Daniels said, was that "after six years of failure, one logical answer is to try somewhere else," according to minutes from the proceeding.
In the end, nothing changed.
When confronted by council members about the meeting, Haynie told them he felt pressure, as mayor, to take charge of the situation. He then suggested a way to get around open meeting laws if they wanted to take the discussion further.
Notes to town officials about the museum had been arriving in council members' inboxes for months, and they came in at a faster clip after Daniels's announcement.
The foundation announced on Oct. 5 that the museum board had officially authorized a national search. Councilman Santos told his colleagues in an email that the search was "unfortunate" but the foundation was at least keeping the town in the running for the museum.
The situation remained in limbo for about two months as a critical deadline came and went for reaching an agreement on moving Patriots Point Road.
The missed Nov. 30 deadline opened the door for either the foundation or Patriots Point to walk away from their lease. In December, Patriots Point decided to do just that, essentially bringing the project to a halt.
Daniels maintains that the main motivation for looking elsewhere was feedback from recipients and a desire to reach a larger market. The back-and-forth about the design and the pace of progress, however, "gave us the time to come to a different decision" about the project's future, he said.
Charleston regularly beats out larger destinations on "best of" travel lists, but in terms of scale, the tourists who flock to the area represent a fraction of those who visit some of the cities on the museum foundation's new shortlist.
In 2017, the latest year for which figures are available, almost 7 million people visited the Charleston area. Among others under consideration for the museum, New York City saw more than 65 million visitors last year; San Diego, about 36 million. Denver, another prospect, says it brings in more than 31 million — about 17.4 million of them stay overnight — and Dallas most recently reported around 27 million.
And though the Medal of Honor Museum Foundation's origins were inextricably linked to the Lowcountry, more than six years later, it had become a completely different body. Since Daniels took over as CEO, every board member has changed but one. None reside in South Carolina.
Daniels said he can't be happier with the foundation's search for a new home, though he declined to discuss specifics of that process. His group has returned the $5 million it received from the state of South Carolina, but he said he still hopes the town and Patriots Point can build something to commemorate the Medal of Honor.
"Let's turn the page," Daniels said.
The Medal of Honor Society, made up of recipients, continues to have a presence on the Yorktown and recently announced plans to add another staff member there. They're also exploring options for updating or expanding the existing Medal of Honor Museum on the ship, Chandler said.
It's unclear what ideas the town might have for assisting in that goal, or whether a public-private partnership may still be in the cards, but Haynie says the town's support for a Medal of Honor Museum, or other center or program devoted to the medal, still stands.
"I do not see the town's commitment changing if there is a viable effort to construct such," Haynie recently said over email. "The organization undertaking the project may change, but the honorees remain the same, and the town's commitment is to honoring them."
Others remained disappointed and more than a little confused as to how the dream of building the museum here got so far off track.
"I'm still dumbfounded by it," said Town Councilman Kevin Cunnane, who believes Mount Pleasant has lost all hope of landing the museum.
Former Mayor Linda Page said that would be a disappointing outcome given how much support there was from the community.
Reach Emily Williams at 843-937-5553. Follow her on Twitter @emilye_williams.
Emily Williams is a business reporter at The Post and Courier, covering tourism and employment. She also writes the Business Headlines newsletter, which is published twice a week. Before moving to Charleston, her byline appeared in The Boston Globe.


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July 11, 2020 Updated 10:20 GMT
Homepage : News
Homepage : News : Bosnia Muslims mourn their dead 25 years after Srebrenica massacre
Bosnia Muslims mourn their dead 25 years after Srebrenica massacre
Burials of victims of the massacre continue to the present day [Getty]
Date of publication: 11 July, 2020
On July 11, 1995, after capturing the ill-fated town, Serb forces killed more than 8,000 Muslim men and boys in Srebrenica in a few days.
Srebrenica, Coronavirus, Bosnia.
Bosnian Muslims on Saturday mark 25 years since the Srebrenica massacre, the worst atrocity on European soil since World War II, with the memorial ceremony sharply reduced as a result of the coronavirus pandemic.
Organisers said the number of people attending the anniversary -- usually in the tens of thousands -- is likely to be lower than usual because of lockdown measures aimed at stemming the spread of Covid-19.
Proceedings are scheduled to start in the morning.
Then, at 1100 GMT, the remains of nine victims identified over the past year will be laid to rest at the memorial cemetery in Potocari, a village just outside Srebrenica that served as the base for the UN protection force, FORPRONU, during the conflict.
The episode -- labelled as genocide by two international courts -- came at the end of a 1992-1995 war between Bosnia's Croats, Muslims and Serbs that claimed some 100,000 lives.
So far, the remains of nearly 6,900 victims have been found and identified from more than 80 mass graves.
Bosnian Serb wartime military chief general Ratko Mladic, still revered as a hero by many Serbs, was sentenced to life in prison by a UN court in 2017 over war crimes including the Srebrenica genocide. He is awaiting the decision on his appeal.
Radovan Karadzic, another Bosnian Serb wartime political leader, was also sentenced to life in prison in The Hague.
War against denial
The Srebrenica massacre is the only episode of the Bosnian conflict to be described as genocide by the international community.
And while for Bosnian Muslims recognising the scale of the atrocity is a necessity for lasting peace, for most Serbs -- leaders and laypeople in both Bosnia and Serbia -- the use of the word genocide remains unacceptable.
In the run-up to the anniversary, Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic described Srebrenica as "something that we should not and cannot be proud of", but he has never publicly uttered the word "genocide".
Several thousand Serbs and Muslims live side by side in impoverished Srebrenica, a lifeless town in eastern Bosnia with just a few shops in its centre.
On Friday, the town's Serbian mayor Mladen Grujicic -- who was elected in 2016 after a campaign based on genocide denial -- said that "there is new evidence every day that denies the current presentation of everything that has happened".
Bosnian Serb political leader Milorad Dodik has also described the massacre as a "myth".
But on Friday, the Muslim member of Bosnia's joint presidency, Sefik Dzaferovic, said: "We will tirelessly insist on the truth, on justice and on the need to try all those who have committed this crime".
"We will fight against those who deny the genocide and glorify its perpetrators," he said at the memorial centre where he attended a collective prayer.
In order to avoid large crowds on Saturday, organisers have invited people to visit the memorial centre over the whole month of July.
A number of different exhibitions are on display, including paintings by Bosnian artist Safet Zec.
Another installation, entitled "Why Aren't You Here?" by US-Bosnian artist Aida Sehovic, comprises more than 8,000 cups of coffee spread out on the cemetery's lawn.
"We still haven't answered the question why they are no longer here," she told AFP.
"How could this have happened in the heart of Europe, that people were killed in such a terrible way in a UN protected area? Not to mention the fact that the genocide is still being denied."
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The past few years have seen the steady rise, across much of the western world, of "populism": a style of politics whose leaders, instead of simply criticising the policies of political adversaries, align themselves with the interests of the "real people" against an allegedly corrupt, arrogant and out-of-touch political establishment.
Populist leaders, whether Trump, Farage, Le Pen, or Bolsonaro, claim a new kind of moral "high ground": whereas traditional politicians promise better policy outcomes, using rhetorical strategies that seem to assume something like "politics as usual", populists, tapping into a growing wave of voter discontent, rail against the "system" and its cronies and are not afraid to paint themselves as political saviours.
One generally encounters two rival perspectives on the significance of populism for western democracy: first, that of populists themselves, who view populism as a "shock treatment" designed to oust arrogant political elites and bring politics back in touch with "the people"; and second, that of critics of populism, who view populist movements as posing an insidious threat to liberal democracy, undermining rule of law, and peddling exclusionary and simplistic narratives of national identity.
Both of these viewpoints are partially correct, but neither grasps the true depth of the political crisis now confronting most western democracies.
Critics of populism are right to condemn certain elements of populism, such as its tendency to advance exclusionary narratives of national identity. However, in condemning populism as a looming threat to liberal democracy, anti-populists seem to insinuate that what is under threat – our democratic institutions – are otherwise more or less in good shape, that is, more or less participatory, inclusive and responsive to the public interest.
But this is a breathtakingly optimistic assessment. Populists, though they hardly offer convincing political solutions, are right to point out the chronic dysfunctions of our technocratic and quasi-oligarchic political institutions.
It is hard to deny, after all, that the European Union suffers from a deep-seated democratic deficit, and that "party discipline" in many western democracies is a euphemism for the blind subservience of career politicians to party bosses. And it is painfully obvious that a lot of mainstream parties are losing touch with their voter base, as evidenced by the election of a wildcard presidential candidate in the United States, and recent surges in support for anti-establishment parties across Europe.
Indeed, representative democracy in most parts of the world today would be more accurately described as oligarchy – the rule of a few – rubber-stamped by periodic elections. For most western democracies delegate power to highly centralised institutions, where it is easily captured and manipulated by elite actors, be they government ministers, legislators, activist judges, corporate lobbyists or party bosses.
This situation is not remedied by periodic elections of representatives, which give most citizens very little say over the content of legislation, public spending and government priorities. Not to mention the fact that government policy is often executed through large-scale bureaucracies that are anything but participatory.
Even if political elites wished to address citizens' problems, their hands would frequently be tied, for several reasons.
First, highly centralised and general-purpose governments, insofar as they rely on generalised rules and policies, cannot effectively adapt themselves to the intricate needs of large-scale, complex and fast-moving societies and economies.
Second, the traditional idea of a national state that polices and manages the economy in the interests of citizens is not credible in a world in which economic activities, products, services and technologies are continually changing, and many companies operate on a global scale.
Third, the basic premise of the modern welfare state, that the young are taxed collectively to support the old, is unsustainable in western countries, most of which have ageing populations.
Thus, modern polities as currently constituted, apart from facilitating the concentration of power in the hands of a few privileged citizens, are disabled from effectively discharging their traditional regulatory and welfare-providing functions.
Until such pathologies are addressed, we can expect the cycle of voter frustration and popular discontent to continue, whether it takes the form of populist politics, strikes, protests or other disruptive behaviour.
In the absence of far-reaching reforms in our political structures, putting a new leader in place to "shake things up", as populists propose to do, will not solve the ongoing political and economic crisis.
Even if populism suffers political setbacks, as some commentators have predicted, the appetite for anti-system or anti-establishment politics is unlikely to subside until we undertake radical institutional reforms. For the basic problem we confront is not a handful of troublesome politicians, but a political system that is no longer fit for purpose.
Quite possibly, the type of reform our political system requires is more radical than anything either populists or their critics are willing to contemplate.
Quite possibly, the time has come to undertake far-reaching decentralising reforms that anchor political and economic power not in a hyper-centralised national state, but in grassroots institutions of civil society, such as local citizen assemblies, professional associations and worker co-operatives.
Structural reforms of this sort may greatly enhance the democratic accountability of our institutions and help us significantly alleviate the crippling burden of governance currently afflicting the national state.


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Hurricanes fall to Capitals
Times-News
RALEIGH — The Carolina Hurricanes let one slip away Thursday night in painful fashion.
Instead, it was the Washington Capitals with the big reward.
Nic Dowd's slight redirection led to the winning goal as the defending Stanley Cup champion Capitals clinched a playoff spot with a 3-2 victory.
Dowd's seventh goal of the season came with 4:56 remaining when defenseman Nick Jensen delivered the puck from outside the right circle. Dowd put his stick on the puck, which slid between goalie Curtis McElhinney's pads.
Washington wrapped up an Eastern Conference playoff spot, and remains in the lead in the Metropolitan Division.
Brett Connolly and Jakub Varna also scored for the Capitals, who began a three-game road trip.
The outcome was frustrating for the Hurricanes, who are trying to at least keep a spot as a wild-card team for the playoffs.
Carolina lost consecutive games in regulation for the first time since Jan. 15 and 18. The teams also met Tuesday night, with the Capitals winning 4-1 in Washington.
After Dowd's goal, Carolina went on a power play for the first time in more than 125 minutes covering three games. The Hurricanes failed to convert.
Nino Niederreiter and Warren Foegele scored for Carolina, which led 2-1 after two periods.
Capitals goalie Braden Holtby made 24 saves, including 10 in the third period.
McElhinney finished with 17 stops.
Niederreiter scored on the game's sixth shot, reaching back to slap in the puck after he had slid past the goal mouth.
Carolina captain Justin Williams recorded an assist on Niederreiter's goal, giving him 50 points this season. Williams, 37, is the oldest player in the NHL with at least 50 points this season.
The Capitals scored 42 seconds later on Connolly's goal as he beat the defense and had an uncontested shot on McElinney.
Foegele made a 1-on-1 move around Washington defenseman Nick Jensen before putting the puck past Holtby. It was Foegele's eighth goal of the season, but his first since Feb. 8.
Vrana tied the game with his 23rd goal, just 1:35 into the third period.


text:
May 5, 2019|In Hot, Interviews|14 Minutes
The SPICYSAMURAI Interview
By UVC Staff
Up and coming musician/fashion designer Samurai offered insights into his art as well as his love of basketball in a new UVC exclusive interview.
First of all let everyone know who you are and what you do.
Samurai, BADSIDESAMURAI, & Spicysamurai. I go by all of those names! I am a recording artist & fashion designer.
Let's start by talking about the music, how did you get started with that?
Started with a ton of listening and observing of music mainly because my surroundings. Eventually began freestyling with friends, then later began recording songs with the SoundCloud recorder about 8 years ago lol.
I began taking music serious about 5 years ago at 16.
Were there any particular artists that inspired you when you got started?
Really I was inspired by speaker knockerz, yung lean, chief keef & soulja boy.
Solid list I can definitely pick up some of their influence in your stuff.
Switching up a little tell me a bit about your fashion design, how did that start?
With fashion I began about 5 years ago. I started off with tye dye and selling throughout high school under the brand called "illusion". Now I sell custom shows, cut&sewn garments, and jewelry all under "Retaliation" brand.
What inspired you to work with fashion? Any particular brands/designers.
Really with fashion, I just stumbled into it. People wanted to buy the clothes I made for myself off of me, so I began designing. Right now the brands that inspire me are Prada, and Vetements.
That's crazy you being that influential just off what you were making for yourself.
Do you find there's a lot of crossover with your design and your music?
Yeah, Most of the people I record with buy my clothes and I use them to model. I work on the two at the same time really, sew in the morning and record at night!
Are there any major projects your working on at the moment? Whether it be with music or fashion.
At the moment I am set to release a collection under "retaliation" called Dissect. This release will be insane. It's a mixture of my dyeing techniques with cut & sew as well of different 1 of 1 items dissected and put together. With music, I plan to drop a couple new songs every two weeks really, the main thing to look out for is new music videos!
Looking forward to seeing what comes out. Tell us more about the videos.
My persona besides Instagram is almost a mystery, so I have music video plans under construction. Will be shooting a video for "I don't believe anything you say" and videos to more trap songs I haven't released , so people can really understand my life and where I'm coming from musically.
Any plans on who will be shooting/directing?
I will be directing for the most part! But I will have Angel Studios by my brother Isaiah for shooting & editing.
Fire it's always good to have your own vision come through!
Switching up a bit how do you get in the zone for being creative? Whether it's recording or designing.
To get in the zone I just chill, smoke , and begin brainstorming. I have to have other people creating around me as well. Plus I tend to make better work in the nighttime.
I feel that, being around other creatives can help ideas flow.
Focusing on the music, are there any dream collabs you can think of? Artists you'd kill to work with.
Id love to work with future, thug, and more artists from Kansas City, Detroit, & the Bay Area.
That'd be fire I could see your styles working together well.
In 5 years time where do you see your career being?
In five years I see me being very successful! I've been working for so long and started to see tremendous changes already in 2019. Therefore, I imagine that in five years my clothing line will fully reach its target audience and grow outstanding. With music I see people catching on quickly as well.
For sure the way you're going already I don't doubt it!
Are you planning any live shows at the moment?
Thanks! Not at the moment, I hate doing shows right now really. But in the summer I bet I'll appear in a few!
Fair enough dude I'll keep my eyes open for any announcements.
With your music are there any producers you really want to work with?
Right now I just want to work with my main producers I've been sticking with for years. In the long run I'd love to work with zaytoven, Harry fraud, mike will made it, and white armour.
Would definitely be sick to hear you on some of those guys tracks.
Are there any major designers, brands or even musicians you would be interested in releasing a collab collection with?
Very soon I will be releasing a collab tape with isaiahiloveu, but for now that's it until I put out my first album. As far as designers, lately I haven't looked to collaborate but If people contact to work I would love to for sure.
Fire, look forward to listening.
If you weren't doing what you do now what kind of work do you think you'd be involved in?
I'd be in college playing basketball. I've played competitively for over 6 years, and I just love sports overall.
Fr? That'd be cool as hell.
Do you feel where you're at location wise influences the music you make?
I do to an extent, but really I make all kinds of music. But while I lived in Kc people had already said my music sounded Atlanta inspired.
It's good having a wide variety, Atlanta's impact on music is so big there's hints of its influence in almost everything now.
This question is kinda tough but what would you say is your favourite track you've made so far?
I'd say Diamonds Gotta Pee!
That's one of my favorites of yours for sure, kinda has old Tracy vibes.
What sets it apart in your eyes from the rest of your work?
I'd say the beat and the way i recorded the song. Really I just think the song is very different but slaps. I feel like if more people heard it it'd be bigger
It goes hard for sure.
Anything in the works atm with similar vibes?
Hell na but I wish, that song and Spice Drip and more older songs were produced by the cinco back in Kansas City but I haven't heard much from him. Definitely one of the hardest underground producers
I'll need to check more of his stuff. Another tough question, if you could only listen to one album for the rest of your life what would it be?
Damn haha, that's crazy. I'd say D&G by Drain Gang, or this old future tape FBG the album. But then again my favorite album is 808s & Heartbreaks so I don't know really.
Solid choices. What about them stands out for you?
Just the different usages of the auto tune wave over time. Plus all the emotions and memories attached to me from hearing the albums back then.
That's a damn good reason. Before we wrap things up is there anything you want to plug? Any words of wisdom for the people reading?
Check me out on SoundCloud for sure!
UVC Staff


Bishop John Stowe, O.F.M. Conv.
This petition is also a plea for us all to be involved in rebuilding the anti-nuclear weapons movement that helped disarm the world's nuclear arsenals from 90,000 down to 15,000 weapons in the 1980s. The KBP7 trial is expected to begin this spring in GA. Time is short. Please sign the petition and visit kingsbayplowshares7.org. Help KBP7 by forwarding their petition to your friends, to lists, and post it on social media.
The Kings Bay Plowshares 7 have offered us their prophetic witness. Now it's up to us!
We who share the moral vision of the Kings Bay Plowshares 7 proclaim our support for their courage and sustained sacrifice and call for the immediate dismissal of all charges against them. The defendants invite us to act creatively. They invite us to join global coalitions working to promote governments' adherence to, and full implementation of, the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. They also invite us to participate in campaigns for divestment from nuclear weapons as complementary efforts towards the realization of a world free of nuclear weapons.
Commander Robert D. Green - Royal Navy (Ret'd), Author of Security Without Nuclear Deterrence, Co-Director of Disarmament & Security Centre, New Zealand.
Archbishop Desmond Tutu - Nobel Peace Prize Recipient, Outspoken Critic Of Apartheid, & The First Black Anglican Archbishop Of South Africa.


The RNLI currently operate a total of 59 lifeboats from the 45 stations in the Republic and Northern Ireland.
Different classes of lifeboat are needed for various locations, depending on geographical features, the kind of rescue work that the station is asked to do and the cover provided by neighbouring stations.
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Developed in the early 1990s, the Severn class was introduced into the fleet in 1995 and is designed to lie afloat, either at deep-water moorings or at a berth.
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The D class is an inshore lifeboat (ILB). These fast, light inflatable boats are suited to shallow water and confined locations such as close to cliffs.
The B Class is one of the two classes of inshore lifeboats . There are two types of B class the Atlantic 75 and the Atlantic 85.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The study of parity and time invariance violation at low-energy in atoms,
molecules and nuclei is a relatively inexpensive
alternative to high-energy searches for new physics beyond the standard
model (see, e.g.  reviews~\refcite{Ginges,DK}).
Accurate measurements of the parity non-conservation (PNC) in atoms
is one of the most promising ways of exploring this path. It
culminated in a very precise measurement of the PNC in the
cesium atom \cite{Wood}. There was even an indication that this
measurement showed some disagreement with the standard model and might
indeed lead to new physics\cite{BW}. It took considerable efforts
of several groups of theorists to improve the interpretation of
the measurement and resolve the disagreement in
favor of the standard model. The disagreement was removed when the
Breit\cite{Breit} and quantum electrodynamic corrections\cite{QED}
were included and the accuracy of the treatment of atomic correlations
was improved\cite{DFG02,PBD09}.

The latter work\cite{PBD09} claimed a very small theoretical
uncertainty of just 0.26\%. Combined with the PNC measurement
\cite{Wood} it leads to perfect agreement between the measured weak nuclear
charge of the $^{133}$Cs nucleus and the value predicted by the standard
model. It also puts strong constraints on new physics beyond it.

The PNC amplitude calculated in Ref.~\refcite{PBD09} is about 0.9\% smaller
than that of earlier calculations~\cite{DFG02,Nov,ND,KPT01}. The
difference is significant given that all earlier works agree very well
with each other and theoretical uncertainty in them is estimated to be
0.4 - 0.5\%~\cite{BW,DFG02}. The effect of this difference on the
agreement with the standard model is not large, however, there are
important implications for the constraints on new physics beyond it.
The difference was attributed in Ref.~\refcite{PBD09} to the role of
high-order correlations. However, recently
in Ref.~\refcite{DBFR12} it was  found that the authors
of Ref.~\refcite{PBD09} overlooked some important correlation
contributions to the PNC amplitude. The uncertainty of 0.26\% claimed
in Ref.~\refcite{PBD09} is based mostly on analysis of the dominating
contributions. The uncertainty due to the correlation corrections in other terms has been
underestimated.  The result of Ref.~\refcite{PBD09} when corrected as
suggested in Ref.~\refcite{DBFR12} is in perfect agreement with the previous
calculations\cite{DFG02,Nov,ND,KPT01}.
PNC in Cs is discussed in more detail in the next section.

It is unlikely that any new measurements of the PNC in atoms can
compete with the cesium experiment in accuracy of the
interpretation. There are conflicting tendencies in the accuracy of
the measurements and the calculations. On the one hand, it is easier to get highly
accurate measurements for heavy atomic systems where the PNC
effect is larger.
On the other hand, advanced computational
techniques favor light alkaline atoms.
The best accuracy for both calculations and measurements have been
achieved for cesium atom: 0.35\% for the measurements\cite{Wood} and
0.4 - 0.5\% for the calculations\cite{DFG02,Nov,ND,KPT01,DBFR12}.
A higher accuracy of the interpretation is possible for the rubidium atom,
which is a lighter analog of cesium. The rubidium atom has been considered
so far for a different type of PNC effect: the nuclear spin-dependent
PNC in the ground-state hyperfine transition, which is mostly due to
the nuclear anapole moment \cite{RbAM} (see section 4). For the spin-dependent PNC
accurate calculations are also possible, but less important
than for measurements of the weak nuclear charge. It is unclear
whether the weak nuclear charge of rubidium can be measured to high accuracy.
A heavier analog of cesium, the francium atom, is considered for both types
of PNC measurements, the effect of weak nuclear charge and the anapole
moment\cite{RbAM,FrPNC}. The accuracy of calculations for francium
could be, at best, as good as for cesium, but may be slightly lower due to
the larger relativistic effects which increase the Breit,
quantum electrodynamics (QED) and neutron distribution
("neutron skin") corrections. There are
suggestions to measure  PNC in $s-d$ transitions of
Ba$^+\,$ \cite{BaII,Ba+} and Ra$^+\,$ \cite{KVI,Ba+} ions which have an electronic
structure similar to that of the cesium atom. Here again the accuracy
of the calculations  is unlikely to outperform cesium due to larger
correlations in $d$-states (only $s$ and $p$ states are involved in
cesium).  Note that some improvement here may be achieved using
experimental values
of the electromagnetic E1 $p-d$ amplitudes in the sum over intermediate $p$ states
in the calculation of the $s-d$ PNC amplitude  \cite{Ba+} .

However, there are areas of symmetry breaking in atomic systems
where we do not need
very high accuracy of atomic calculations: (i) the PNC measurements for a
chain of isotopes; (ii) the measurements of nuclear anapole moments; and
(iii) the measurements of the P,T-odd permanent electric dipole moments
of atoms and molecules. Accurate numerical atomic
calculations are not needed for the
interpretation of the PNC measurements for  a chain of isotopes since
the change of the atomic wave function is very small and may be
estimated analytically in the ratio of PNC effects for different
isotopes. The
interpretations of the anapole and electric dipole moment measurements
do rely on atomic or molecular calculations. However, high accuracy here is
not as important as for the measurements of the weak nuclear charge
(where we search for a small deviation from the Standard model predictions).

Below we briefly review parity non-conservation in cesium, and each of
the three subjects listed above.

\section{Parity non-conservation in cesium}

\begin{table}[pt]
\tbl{Correlated PNC amplitude in Cs [in $10^{-11}i(-Q_W/N)$
    a.u.] in different calculations. Breit, QED and neutron skin
    corrections are not included.\label{t:CsK}}
{\begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} \toprule
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Value} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Source and method} \\
\hline
0.908(9)  & CP+PTSCI, Ref.~\refcite{Nov} \\
0.909(9)  & CC SD, Ref.~\refcite{ND} \\
0.905(9)  & MBPT with fitting, Ref.~\refcite{KPT01} \\
0.9078(45) & CP+PTSCI, Ref.~\refcite{DFG02} \\
0.8998(24) & CC SDvT, Ref.~\refcite{PBD09} \\ \botrule
\end{tabular}}
\end{table}

Parity non-conservation in cesium is currently the best low-energy
test of the electroweak theory. It is due to the high accuracy of the
measurements and its interpretation.
The experimental value for the PNC amplitude is\cite{Wood}
\begin{equation}
Im( E_{\rm PNC})/\beta = 1.5935\,(56) \ {\rm mV/cm}.
\label{eq:Wood}
\end{equation}
where $\beta$ is the vector transition amplitude. The amplitude $ E_{\rm
  PNC}$ is proportional to the weak nuclear charge $Q_W$
\begin{equation}
   E_{\rm PNC} = K (-Q_W/N),
\label{eq:K}
\end{equation}
where $K$ is the electron structure factor which comes from atomic
calculations, $N$ is the number of neutrons ($N=78$ for $^{133}$Cs). The
main challenge in the calculation of the PNC amplitude is an accurate
treatment of the inter-electron correlations. There are also minor
contributions arising due to the effects of the Breit interaction, quantum
electrodynamics and neutron skin corrections. We first consider
the dominant term (the correlated PNC amplitude) and add minor corrections
later.

Table \ref{t:CsK} shows the most accurate values of the correlated
amplitude found in different calculations.
The abbreviation CP+PTSCI stands for the correlation
potential\cite{CPM} combined with the perturbation theory in screened
Coulomb interaction, CC SD stands for the coupled cluster with single and
double excitations, CC SDvT means the coupled cluster with single, double
and valence triple excitations.
One can see that all
results except those of Ref.~\refcite{PBD09} agree with each other within
0.4\%. The result of Ref.~\refcite{PBD09} is 0.9\% smaller than another
most accurate result of Ref.~\refcite{DFG02}. Table~\ref{t:all} shows the
reason for this difference. The authors of Ref.~\refcite{PBD09} used the
sum-over-states approach in which the PNC amplitude is expressed as a
sum over complete set of single-electron states, including states in
the core and states above the core. Contribution of each state is
calculated independently of others and the use of the same
approximation for all terms is practically impossible. A very
sophisticated coupled cluster method was used to calculate the main
term (contributions of the four lowest states above the
core). Significantly less accurate approximation was used for the tail
(contribution of the states above $9p$) and a very simple Hartree-Fock
approximation was used for the core. The uncertainty of just 10\% was
assigned for the sum of the core and tail contributions. However, as
it was shown in Ref.~\refcite{DBFR12} the inclusion of the core polarization
effect for the core contribution changes even the sign of the core
contribution brining the total change to about 200\%, far beyond
the declared 10\% uncertainty. The tail contribution is also
significantly larger when the Brueckner-type correlations are
included. When the core and the tail contributions are corrected as
suggested in Ref.~\refcite{DBFR12}, the result of Ref.~\refcite{PBD09}
comes into excellent agreement with the previous calculations (see
``Subtotal'' line in Table~\ref{t:all} and Table \ref{t:CsK}, the corresponding numbers are 0.9079 and 0.9078).

\begin{table}[pt]
\tbl{All significant contributions to the $E_{\rm PNC}$ [in
  $10^{-11}i(-Q_W/N)$ a.u.] for Cs.\label{t:all}}
{\begin{tabular}{@{}lccl@{}} \toprule
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Contribution} &
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Value} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Source} \\
 & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Ref.~\refcite{PBD09}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Ref.~\refcite{DBFR12}} & \\
\hline
Core ($n<6$)   &  -0.0020\,(2) & 0.0018\,(8)  & Ref.~\refcite{PBD09,DBFR12} \\
Main ($n=6-9$) &  \multicolumn{2}{c}{0.8823\,(17)} & Ref.~\refcite{PBD09} \\
Tail ($n>9$)   &  0.0195\,(20) & 0.0238\,(35) & Ref.~\refcite{PBD09,DBFR12} \\
Subtotal       &  0.8998\,(25) & 0.9079\,(40) & Ref.~\refcite{PBD09,DBFR12} \\
Breit          & \multicolumn{2}{c}{-0.0055\,(1)} & Ref.~\refcite{Breit} \\
QED            & \multicolumn{2}{c}{-0.0029\,(3)} & Ref.~\refcite{QED} \\
Neutron skin   & \multicolumn{2}{c}{-0.0018\,(5)} & Ref.~\refcite{Breit} \\
Total          & 0.8906(26) & 0.8977\,(40) & Ref.~\refcite{PBD09,DBFR12} \\
\botrule
\end{tabular}}
\end{table}

Table \ref{t:all} also lists all other significant contributions to
the PNC amplitude in cesium.
The resulting PNC amplitude is
\begin{equation}
 E_{\rm PNC} = 0.8977\,(45) \times 10^{-11}i(-Q_W/N)\,.
\label{eq:final}
\end{equation}
Note that the uncertainty coming from the analysis of Ref.~\refcite{DBFR12}
is smaller ($\pm 0.004$, see Table \ref{t:all}) due to the small
uncertainty of the main term claimed in Ref.~\refcite{PBD09}. For a conservative estimate we
use in (\ref{eq:final}) a slightly larger uncertainty of
Ref.~\refcite{DFG02}. The central
points of Ref.~\refcite{DFG02} and Ref.~\refcite{DBFR12} are
practically identical.

To find the value of the weak nuclear charge of $^{133}$Cs from
(\ref{eq:Wood}) one also needs the value for the  vector transition
amplitude $\beta$.
The most accurate value for $\beta$
comes from the analysis\cite{beta2} of the Bennett and Wieman
measurements\cite{beta1}
\begin{equation}
  \beta = 26.957\,(51)\, a_B^3,
\label{eq:beta}
\end{equation}
where $a_B$ is the Bohr radius.
Comparing (\ref{eq:final}), (\ref{eq:Wood}) and (\ref{eq:beta}) leads to
\begin{equation}
  Q_W(^{133}{\rm Cs}) = -72.58\,(29)_{\rm expt}\,(36)_{\rm theory}\,.
\label{eq:qw}
\end{equation}
This value is in a reasonable agreement with the prediction of
the standard model, $Q_W^{\rm SM} = -73.23\,(2)$\cite{SM}
(see also Refs. ~\refcite{Thomas,Rosner,Marciano}).
If we add theoretical and experimental
errors in (\ref{eq:qw}) in quadrature, the Cs PNC result deviates from
the standard model value by 1.4\,$\sigma$:
\begin{equation}
 Q_W-Q_M^{\rm SM} \equiv \delta Q_W = 0.65\,(46).
\label{eq:dq}
\end{equation}
For small deviations from the Standard Model values we may relate this to the
deviation in $\sin^2\theta_W$ using the simple relationship
$\delta Q_W \approx -4Z\, \delta(\sin^2\theta_W)$ which gives  $\delta (\sin^2\theta_W )= -0.0030\,(21)$ and
\begin{equation}
  \sin^2\theta_W = 0.2356\,(21) \,.
\label{eq:sint}
\end{equation}
This is 1.4$\,\sigma$ off the standard model value
$0.2386\,(1)$\cite{SM} at near zero momentum transfer.

The new physics originated through vacuum polarization of the gauge boson
propagators, and  is described by the weak isospin conserving $S$ and isospin
breaking $T$ parameters\cite{Rosner}
\begin{equation}
 Q_W-Q_M^{\rm SM} = -0.800\,S-0.007\,T.
\label{eq:ST}
\end{equation}
At the 1$\sigma$ level (\ref{eq:dq}) leads to $S=-0.81\,(58)$.

Finally, a positive $\Delta Q_W$ could also be indicative of an extra
$Z$ boson in the weak interaction\cite{Marciano}
\begin{equation}
 Q_W-Q_M^{\rm SM} \approx 0.4(2N+Z)(M_W/M_Z{_{\chi}})^2.
\label{eq:Zxi}
\end{equation}
Using (\ref{eq:dq}) leads to $M_{Z_{\chi}}>700$ GeV/c$^2$.

\section{Chain of  isotopes}

It is convenient in this section to present the values measured in
atomic PNC-experiments in a form similar to (\ref{eq:K})
\begin{equation}
 E_{PNC} = k_{PNC} Q_W,
\label{eq:Epnc}
\end{equation}
where $k_{PNC}$ is an electron structure factor which comes from atomic
calculations, and $Q_W$ is the weak nuclear charge. Very sophisticated
calculations are needed for accurate interpretation of the
measurements as has been discussed in the introduction and previous section.
An alternative approach was suggested in
Ref.~\refcite{DFK86}. If the same PNC effect is measured for at least two
different isotopes of the same atom than the ratio
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{R} =\frac{E'_{PNC}}{E_{PNC}} = \frac{Q'_W}{Q_W}
\label{eq:R}
\end{equation}
of the PNC signals for the two isotopes does not depend on the electron
structure factor. It was pointed out however in Ref.~\refcite{Fortson}
that possible constraints on the new physics coming from the isotope ratio
measurements are sensitive to the uncertainties in the neutron
distribution which are sufficiently large to be a strong limitation
factor on the value of such measurements. The problem was addressed in
Ref.~\refcite{DP02} and more recently in Ref.~\refcite{BDF09}. The authors
of Ref.~\refcite{DP02} argue that experimental data on neutron
distribution, such as, e.g. the data from the experiments with
antiprotonic atoms\cite{Trzcinska}, can be used to reduce the
uncertainty. In the  more general approach of Ref.~\refcite{BDF09} nuclear
calculations are used to demonstrate that the neutron distributions
are correlated for different isotopes. This leads to significant cancelations of
the relevant uncertainties in the ratio (\ref{eq:R}).

The parameter $\mathcal{F}$ of the sensitivity of the ratio
(\ref{eq:R}) to new physics can be presented in the form
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{F}= \frac{h_p}{h_0} = \left( \frac{\mathcal{R}}{\mathcal{R}_0}
  -1 \right) \frac{NN'}{Z\Delta N},
\label{eq:F}
\end{equation}
where $h_p$ is the new physics coupling to protons ($\Delta Q_{new} =
Zh_p+Nh_n$), $h_0$ comes from the SM, $\mathcal{R}_0$ is the ratio
(\ref{eq:R}) assuming that each isotope has the same proton and
neutron distribution (no neutron skin),
$N$ and $N'$ are the numbers of neutrons in two isotopes, $Z$ is the
number of protons and $\Delta N=N'-N$.
The constraints on new physics parameter $h_p$ are affected by the
experimental error $\delta \mathcal{R}_{exp}$ and uncertainties in
$\mathcal{R}_0$ due to insufficient knowledge of neutron
distributions. However, as is argued in Ref.~\refcite{BDF09}, these errors are
correlated and strongly cancel each other.  Indeed, the distribution of the core neutrons is nearly the same in different isotopes. Significant changes happen in a small number of valence nucleons only. Estimations of
Ref.~\refcite{BDF09} show that corresponding contribution to
$\delta\mathcal{F}$ is in the range $10^{-3} \div 10^{-2}$ which is
about an order of magnitude smaller than the uncorrelated one.
In the end, the isotope-chain measurements may be more sensitive to new
physics than current parity-violating electron scattering
measurements\cite{PVES} (by a factor of 10 for such atoms as Cs, Ba
and Dy).

Experiments on isotope chains are in progress at Berkeley for Dy and
Yb atoms\cite{DyPNC,YbPNC}, at TRIUMF for Fr atoms\cite{FrPNC},
at Los Alamos for Yb$^+$ ions\cite{Yb+PNC},  and at Groningen (KVI)
for Ra$^+$ ions\cite{KVI}. There is an interesting recent suggestion to
measure the PNC in metastable Xe and Hg\cite{XeHg}. Most of these
experiments consider also the measurements of the nuclear anapole moment.

\section{Anapole moment}

The notion of the anapole moment was introduced by
B. Ya. Zeldovich\cite{zeldovich1957}.
Nuclear anapole moment (AM) is the magnetic $P$ and $C$-odd, $T$-even
nuclear moment caused by the $P$-odd
weak nuclear forces.
Interaction of electrons with AM magnetic field (which may be called the
PNC hyperfine interaction) dominates the
nuclear-spin-dependent contribution to the atomic or molecular PNC effect.

First calculations of the nuclear AM and proposals for
experimental measurements were presented in
Refs.~\refcite{FKh80}-\refcite{HHM89}.
 Corrections to the AM interaction
with electrons due to
finite nuclear size were considered in Ref.~\refcite{FH93}. The status of the nuclear AM many-body calculations is presented in  reviews ~\refcite{Ginges,DK}.
The authors of Refs.~\refcite{SF78,FKh85} (see also
Ref.~\refcite{labzovsky1978}) note in particular
that the nuclear-spin-dependent PNC effect is strongly enhanced in diatomic
molecules due to mixing of the close rotational
states of opposite parity including mixing of $\Lambda$ or $\Omega$ doublets.
The PNC effects produced by the weak charge are not enhanced. Therefore
the AM effect dominates PNC in molecules.
This greatly simplifies the detection of AM in diatomic molecules
compared to atoms. In atoms the AM effect is 50 times
smaller than the weak charge effect; AM effect is separated as a small
difference of the PNC effects in different hyperfine transitions.
A review of the parity and time invariance violation in diatomic
molecules (including the AM effect) can be found in Ref.~\refcite{KL95}.

The idea of the AM contribution enhancement may be explained as follows.
After the averaging over electron wave function the effective operator
acting on the angular variables may contain three vectors:
the direction of molecular axis ${\bf N}$, the electron angular
momentum ${\bf J}$
and nuclear spin ${\bf I}$. Scalar products ${\bf NI}$ and
${\bf NJ}$ are $T$-odd and  $P$-odd. Therefore, they
are produced by the $T,P$-odd interactions discussed in the next section.
$P$-odd, $T$-even operator $V_P$ must be proportional to ${\bf N [J \times
  I]}$. It contains nuclear spin ${\bf I}$, therefore, the
weak charge does not
contribute. The nuclear AM is directed along the nuclear
spin ${\bf I}$, therefore, it contributes to $V_P$. The matrix elements of
${\bf N}$ between molecular rotational states are well-known, they produce
rotational electric dipole transitions in polar molecules. Therefore,
$V_P$ (induced by the magnetic interaction of the nuclear AM with
molecular electrons) mixes close  rotational-hyperfine states of opposite
parity.
The interval between these levels is five orders of magnitude smaller
than the interval between the opposite parity levels in atoms
(by the factor $m_e/M$ where $m_e$ and $M$ are the electron and
reduced molecular masses), therefore PNC effects are five orders
of magnitude larger.
Further enhancement may be achieved by a reduction of the intervals by an
external magnetic field\cite{FKh85}.

The effect is further enhanced for heavy
molecules. It grows with the nuclear charge as $Z^2A^{2/3}R(Z\alpha)$,
where $R(Z\alpha)$ is the relativistic factor which grows from $R=1$ at
low $Z$ to $R \sim 10$ for $Z > 80$ and the factor $A^{2/3}$ comes from the nuclear anapole, $A$ is the nucleon number. Good candidates for the
measurements include the molecules and molecular ions with the projection of the electron angular momentum on the molecular axis $\Omega=\Lambda_z+\Sigma_z=1/2$, i.e. in
$\Sigma_{1/2}$ ($\Lambda_z=0$) or $\Pi_{1/2}$ ($\Lambda_z=1$) electronic ground
states \cite{SF78,FKh85}, for example,  YbF, BaF, HgF, PbF, LaO,
LuO, LaS, LuS, BiO, BiS, YbO+, PbO+, BaO+, HgO+, etc.
Molecular experiments are currently
in progress at Yale\cite{DeMille} and Groningen KVI\cite{Jangman}.
An interesting idea of studying AM contribution to the NMR spectra of
chiral molecules was discussed in Ref.~\refcite{Nahrwold}.

Interpretation of the AM measurements requires electron structure
calculations. A number of semiempirical and {\em ab initio}
calculations have been performed for diatomic molecules of experimental
interests in Refs.
\refcite{MAM1}-\refcite{Isaev}.
So far the only nuclear AM which has been measured is the AM of the
$^{133}$Cs nucleus. It is done by comparing PNC
amplitudes between different hyperfine structure sublevels in the same
PNC experiment  where the Cs weak charge is
measured \cite{Wood} (the method was proposed in \cite{FKh80}). Interpretation of the
measurements\cite{Murray} indicates some problems.
For example, the value of Cs AM is inconsistent with the limit on the AM
of Tl\cite{Tlanapole}.

To resolve the inconsistencies and obtain valuable information about
P-odd nuclear forces it would be very important to measure
anapole moments for other nuclei. In particular, it is important to
measure AM for a nucleus with an unpaired neutron (Cs and
Tl have unpaired protons). AM of such nucleus depend on different
combination of the weak interaction constants providing important
cross-check. Good candidates for such measurements include odd isotopes of
Ra, Dy, Pb, Ba, La, Lu and Yb. The Ra atom has an extra advantage
because of a strong
enhancement of the spin-dependent PNC effect in the $^1$S$_0$ -
$^3$D$_2$ transition due to proximity of the
opposite-parity state $^3$P$^o_1$ ($\Delta E=5$ cm$^{-1}$)\cite{Ra}.

Experimental work is in progress for Rb and Fr at
TRIUMF\cite{RbAM,FrPNC} and for Dy and Yb at
Berkeley\cite{DyPNC,YbPNC}. Measurements for Xe and Hg are planned at
university of Crete\cite{XeHg}.

Calculations of the nuclear spin-dependent PNC amplitudes (including
the effect of AM) for a number of atoms and ions of experimental
interest were reported in Refs.\refcite{Ra}-\refcite{DF-hfs}.

\section{Electric dipole moment}

Permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) of neutron, atom or molecule
would violate both $P$ and $T$ invariance. Under conditions of the
$CPT$-theorem this would also mean  $CP$-violation. The
Kobayashi-Maskawa mechanism of the standard model leads to extremely small values
of the EDMs of the particles. It is also too weak to explain the
matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe. On the other hand, most
of the popular extensions to the standard model predict much larger EDMs which
are within experimental reach.
The EDM of an atom or a molecule is mostly due to
either electron EDM and T,P-odd electron-nucleon interactions in
paramagnetic systems (with non-zero total electron angular momentum $J$) or to the
$T,P$-odd nuclear forces in diamagnetic systems
($J=0$; nuclear-spin-dependent e-N interaction contributes here too).
The existence of the  $T,P$-odd nuclear forces leads to the $T,P$-odd
nuclear moments in the expansion of
the nuclear potential in powers of the  distance $R$ from the center of
the nucleus. The lowest-order term in the expansion, the nuclear EDM,
is unobservable in neutral atoms due to the total screening of the
external electric field by atomic electrons. It might be possible
however to observe the nuclear EDM in ions (see below). The first
non-vanishing electrostatic  terms which survives the screening in neutral systems are the octupole moment and the  Schiff moment. The octupole moment does not produce EDM in diamagnetic atoms. Below we discuss the effects of the  nuclear
and electron EDM and the Schiff moment.

\subsection{Nuclear EDM}

It was widely believed that one needs neutral particles (e.g.,
neutron, neutral atom or molecule) to study EDMs. This is because the
EDM is expected to be very small and it would be very hard to see the
effect of its interaction with external electric field on the
background of the much stronger interaction with the electric
charge. On the other hand, the EDM of neutral systems is very much
suppressed by the effect of screening of an external electric field by
electrons (Schiff theorem - see section 5.3).
The Schiff theorem may be violated by the relativistic effect (which
dominates in the case of the electron EDM), the hyperfine interaction and the nuclear finite
size effect \cite{Schiff}. For example, the lowest-order $T,P$-odd nuclear moment, the
nuclear EDM is practically unobservable in the neutral systems (except for a
small contribution due to the hyperfine interaction calculated in Ref. \refcite{PGF}). First observable $T,P$
-odd nuclear moment, the Schiff moment, is non-zero due to the finite nuclear
size.

It is important therefore to explore the possibility of studying EDMs of
charged particles (e.g. muons or atomic ions). There are realistic
suggestions of this kind in Refs.~
\refcite{Khriplovich}-\refcite{Baryshevsky}
based on the use of ion storage rings. There are also proposals to measure EDM
in molecular ions \cite{Cornell}.

The external electric field is not totally screened on the nucleus of
an ion. Its value is
\begin{equation}
  E_N = \frac{Z_i}{Z} E_0,
\label{eq:EN}
\end{equation}
where $E_0$ is the external electric field, $E_N$ is the electric field at the
nucleus, $Ze$ is the nuclear charge, $Z_ie$ is the charge of the ion, $e$ is
proton charge.
The formula (\ref{eq:EN}) can be obtained in a very simple way. The
second Newton law for the ion and its nucleus in the electric filed reads
\begin{equation}
  M_i a_i = Z_i e E_0, \nonumber \\
  M_N a_N = Z e E_N, \nonumber
\label{eq:Mi}
\end{equation}
where $M_i$ is the ion's mass,  $a_i$ is its acceleration,
$M_N$ is nuclear mass ($M_N \approx M_i$), and $a_N$ is its
acceleration. Since
the ion and its nucleus move together, the accelerations must be the
same ($a_i=a_N$),
therefore
\begin{equation}
 E_N = \frac{Z_i}{Z}E_0\frac{M_N}{M_i} \approx  \frac{Z_i}{Z} E_0.
\label{eq:E_N}
\end{equation}
Quantum mechanical  derivations of this formula can be found in
Refs.~\refcite{DFSS88}-\refcite{FK12a}.
Numerical calculations of the screened electric field inside an atomic
ion were performed in a number of our works (see, e.g. Ref.~\refcite{DFSS88}).

The Hamiltonian of the nuclear EDM ($d_N$) interaction with
the electric field is given by
\begin{equation}
  \hat H_d = d_N E_N = d_N\frac{Z_i}{Z}E_0.
\label{eq:Hd}
\end{equation}
Screening is stronger for diatomic molecules where we have an
additional suppression factor in  eq. (\ref{eq:E_N}),
$M_N/M_i=M_1/(M_1+M_2)$,
where  $M_1$ and $M_2$ are the masses of the first and second
nucleus.
For the average electric field acting on the first nucleus we obtain
\begin{equation}
 E_{1N}=\frac{Z_i}{Z_1}\frac{M_1}{M_1+M_2} E_0.
\label{eq:e1n}
\end{equation}
A Quantum mechanical  derivation of this formula can be found in
Ref.~\refcite{FK12a}.
Note that  the screening factor here contains both nuclear masses. This
indicates that the nuclear motion can not be ignored and the screening
problem is more complicated than in atoms. For example, in a naive ionic
model of a neutral polar molecule $A^+ B^-$, both ions
$A^+$ and $ B^-$ should be located in the area of
zero (totally screened) electric field since their average acceleration is
zero. This could make $A^+$ and $B^-$ EDM
unobservable even if they are produced by the nuclear Schiff moment or
electron EDM. In a more realistic molecular calculations the Schiff moment
and electron EDM effects are not zero, however, they may be significantly
suppressed (in comparison with a naive estimate of ionic EDM
in  a very strong field of another ion) and  the results of the calculations
may be unstable.

 Note also that contrary to atomic ions the contribution of the Schiff moment
to the T,P-odd effects in heavy molecular ions exceeds the contribution of the nuclear EDM
\cite{FK12a}.

In the case of monochromatic external electric field its frequency can
be chosen to be in resonance with the
atomic electron excitation energy.
Then for the effective Hamiltonian we can have
\begin{equation}
  \hat H_d = d_N E_N(t) \gg d_NE_0.
\label{eq:Hdt}
\end{equation}

\subsection{Electron EDM}

Paramagnetic atoms and molecules which have an unpaired electron are
most sensitive to the electron EDM. The EDM of such systems can be
expressed in the form
\begin{equation}
  d = K d_e,
\label{eq:d}
\end{equation}
where $d$ is the EDM of an atom or molecule, $d_e$ is electron EDM,
and $K$ is electron structure factor which comes from atomic
calculations. The factor $K$ increases with nuclear charge $Z$
as $Z^3\,$ \cite{Sandars65} times large relativistic factor
$R(Z\alpha)\,$\cite{Flambaum76} which may exceed the value of 3 in heavy
atoms. A rough estimate of the enhancement factor
in heavy atoms with external $s_{1/2}$ or $p_{1/2}$ electron is
$K \sim 3Z^3\alpha^2R(Z\alpha) \sim 10^2 -
10^3$\cite{Sandars65,Flambaum76}.

Several orders of magnitude larger $K$
$\sim 10^7 -10^{11}$ exist in molecules due to the
mixing of the close rotational levels of opposite parity (including
$\Lambda$-doublets)\cite{SF78}. Following Sandars
this enhancement factor is usually presented as a ratio of a  very large
internal molecular field to the external electric field which polarizes the
molecule.

The best current limit on electron EDM comes from
the measurements of the thallium EDM\cite{TlEDM} and reads
\begin{equation}
  d_e=(6.9 \pm 7.4) \times 10^{-28} e \ {\rm cm}.
\label{eq:deTl}
\end{equation}
Here the value $K=-585$\cite{Liu} was used for the interpretation of
the measurements. The value of $K$ for Tl is very sensitive to the
inter-electron correlations but three most complete
calculations\cite{Liu,DF09,PSK12} give very close results (there are
also calculations of Ref.~\refcite{Sahoo} which give smaller result).

In contrast to paramagnetic atoms the diamagnetic (closed shell) atoms
are much less sensitive to electron EDM. This is because the only
possible direction of the atomic EDM in this case is along nuclear
spin and hyperfine structure interaction must be involved to link
electron EDM to nuclear spin. For example, for the mercury atom $K \sim
10^{-2}$\cite{FK85,MP87}.  However, due to very strong constraints on
the mercury EDM~\cite{HgEDM} the limit on electron EDM extracted from
these measurements is competitive to the Tl result (\ref{eq:deTl})\cite{HgEDM}
\begin{equation}
  |d_e| <  3 \times 10^{-27} e \ {\rm cm}.
\label{eq:deHg}
\end{equation}

New strong limits on the electron EDM were recently found from the
measurements for the YbF molecule\cite{HindsNature}.
Experiments are in progress to measure the electron EDM in
Cs\cite{Gould}, Fr\cite{FrEDM},  ThO\cite{ThO},
PbO\cite{PbO}  and
in solid-state experiments\cite{Sushkov}.

Molecular EDM due to electron EDM were calculated for a number of
diatomic molecules in Refs.\refcite{Meyer08}-\refcite{Petrov}.

\subsection{Schiff moment}

Schiff moment is the lowest-order $T,P$-odd nuclear moment which appears
in the expansion of the nuclear potential when screening of the
 electric field by atomic electrons is taken into account.
This potential can be written as (see different  derivations, e.g. in
Ref.~\refcite{SAF,SAF08,FK12a,DK})
\begin{equation}
\phi (\mathbf{R}) = \int \frac{e\rho(r)}{|\mathbf{R}-\mathbf{r}|}d^3r
+ \frac{1}{Z}\left(\mathbf{d}\cdot\mathbf{\nabla}\right)
\int \frac{\rho(r)}{|\mathbf{R}-\mathbf{r}|}d^3r,
\label{eq:phi}
\end{equation}
where $\rho(\mathbf{r})$ is the nuclear charge density normalized to $Z$,
and $\mathbf{d}$ is the
nuclear EDM. The second term in (\ref{eq:phi}) is the  screening.
Taking into account the finite nuclear size the
dipole  term in the multipole expansion of (\ref{eq:phi}) can be written as\cite{FG02}
\begin{equation}
\psi(\mathbf{R}) = - \frac{3\mathbf{S}\cdot\mathbf{R}}{B} \rho(R),
\label{eq:psiS}
\end{equation}
where $B=\int \rho(R)R^4dr$ and
\begin{equation}
  \mathbf{S} = \frac{e}{10}\left[ \langle r^2\mathbf{r}\rangle -\frac {5}{3Z}
    \langle r^2 \rangle \langle \mathbf{r} \rangle \right]
\label{eq:S}
\end{equation}
is the Schiff moment. The expression (\ref{eq:psiS}) has no singularities
and can be used in relativistic calculations.
More accurate expressions, which include corrections for the finite
nuclear size  $\sim Z^2 \alpha^2$, were  obtained
in Refs.~\refcite{FG02,FK12a,FK12b}. The authors also considered a  partial screening of the  octupole moment \cite{FK12b}.
The Schiff moment is
caused by the $T,P$-odd nuclear forces. The dominant mechanism is
believed to be the $T,P$-odd nucleon-nucleon interaction. Another important
contribution comes from the EDMs of protons and neutrons.

Schiff moment is the dominant nuclear contribution to the EDM of diamagnetic
atoms and molecules. The best limit on the EDM of diamagnetic atoms
comes from the measurements of the EDM of mercury performed in
Seattle\cite{HgEDM}
\begin{equation}
  |d(^{199}{\rm Hg})| < 3.1 \times 10^{-29} |e| {\rm cm}.
\label{eq:HgEDM}
\end{equation}
Interpretation of the measurements requires atomic and nuclear
calculations. Atomic calculations link the EDM of the atom to its
nuclear Schiff moment. Nuclear calculations relate Schiff moment to
the parameters of the $T,P$-odd nuclear interactions. Summary of
atomic\cite{DFGK02,DFG07,DFP09} and nuclear\cite{FKS84,FKS86,octSM}
calculations for diamagnetic atoms of experimental
interest is presented in Table~\ref{t:EDM}.
To compare the EDM of different atoms we present only the results of our
nuclear calculations which all were performed by the same
method. For Hg and Ra there are several recent nuclear many-body
calculations available (see references in the most recent
calculation\cite{Ban}).

The dimensionless constant
$\eta$ characterizes the strength of the $P,T$-odd nucleon-nucleon
interaction (in units of the weak interaction Fermi constant $G$) which is to be determined from the EDM measurements. Using
(\ref{eq:HgEDM}) and the data from the Table one can get
\begin{equation}
  S(^{199}{\rm Hg}) = (-1.8 \pm 4.6 \pm 2.7) \times 10^{-13} e \ {\rm
    cm}
\label{eq:SHg}
\end{equation}
and for the $T,P$-odd neutron-proton interaction
\begin{equation}
  \eta_{np} = (1\pm 3 \pm 2) \times 10^{-5}.
\label{eq:eta}
\end{equation}

\begin{table}[pt]
\tbl{EDMs of diamagnetic atoms of experimental interest.\label{t:EDM}}
{\begin{tabular}{@{}rr ccl@{}} \toprule
\multicolumn{1}{c}{$Z$} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Atom} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{$[S/(\ e \ {\rm fm}^3)]$} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{$\eta \ e \ {\rm cm}$} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Experiment}  \\
&&\multicolumn{1}{c}{$\times 10^{-17}e \ {\rm cm}$} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{$\times 10^{-25}$} & \\
\hline
 2 & $^3$He    & $8\times 10^{-5}$ & $5\times10^{-4}$ & \\
54 & $^{129}$Xe & 0.38 & 0.7 & Seattle\cite{Seattle}, Ann
Arbor\cite{AnnArbor} \\
&&&& Princeton\cite{Princeton} \\
70 & $^{171}$Yb & -1.9 & 3 & Bangalore\cite{Bangalore},
Kyoto\cite{Kyoto} \\
80 & $^{199}$Hg & -2.8 & 4 & Seattle\cite{HgEDM} \\
86 & $^{223}$Rn & 3.3 & 3300 & TRIUMF\cite{RnEDM} \\
88 & $^{225}$Ra & -8.2 & 2500 & Argonne\cite{Argonne}, KVI\cite{KVIb} \\
88 & $^{223}$Ra & -8.2 & 3400 &  \\  \botrule
\end{tabular}}
\end{table}

\subsection{Nuclear  enhancement.}
In some nuclei with the quadrupole deformation there is a close opposite parity level with
the same angular momentum. This leads to an  enhancement of nuclear EDM \cite{HH} and
Schiff moment \cite{FKS84} up to an order of magnitude.
Significantly larger enhancement is possible in nuclei with the octupole deformation\cite{octSM}. This can be
explained in a very simple way. Nuclear deformation creates a collective
intrinsic Schiff moment in the rotating nuclear reference frame
\begin{equation}
  S_{intr} \approx eZR_N^3 \frac{9\beta_2\beta_3}{20\pi\sqrt{35}},
\label{eq:Sintr}
\end{equation}
where $R_N$ is the nuclear radius, $\beta_2 \approx 0.2$ is the parameter
of the quadrupole deformation, and $\beta_3 \approx 0.1$ is the parameter
of the octupole deformation. The intrinsic Schiff moment (\ref{eq:Sintr})
does not violate $T$ or $P$ invariance and, if no $T,P$-odd
interaction is present, it averages to zero in the
laboratory reference frame due to the  nuclear rotation. However, when
$T,P$-odd interaction is included, it can mix close rotational states
of opposite parity (which are similar to $\Omega$- doublet in diatomic molecules). Small energy interval between these states leads
to a strong enhancement of the nuclear Schiff moment in the laboratory
reference frame
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:Sbig}
  S_{lab} \sim \frac{\langle + | H_{PT} | - \rangle}{E_+ - E_-}
  S_{intr} \sim \\
0.05e\beta_2\beta_3^2ZA^{2/3}\eta r_0^3\frac{\rm eV}{E_+ - E_-} \sim
700\times 10^{-8} \eta e \ {\rm fm^3}, \nonumber
\end{equation}
where $r_0=1.2$ fm is the inter-nucleon distance $|E_+ - E_-| \sim$ 50
keV. The estimate (\ref{eq:Sbig}) is about 500 times larger than the
Schiff moment of a spherical nucleus like Hg.

It was pointed out in Ref.~\refcite{softSM} that the octupole deformation
doesn't need to be static. Soft octupole vibrations lead to similar
enhancement.

 Large values of the Schiff moment for Ra and Rn (see
Table~\ref{t:EDM}) are due to the nuclear octupole deformation.
Some additional enhancement of the atomic  EDM is due to the large nuclear charge.
The nuclear enhancement may also manifest itself in molecules,
e.g. in RaO \cite{RaO}, where the $T,P$-odd nuclear spin- molecular axis interaction
exceeds that in the experimentally studied TlF \cite{TlF,DFGK02} about 500 times.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
This work was supported by the Australian Research Council.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Rubus formosensis är en rosväxtart som beskrevs av Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze. Rubus formosensis ingår i släktet rubusar, och familjen rosväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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text:
Michigan Women's Golf Association (MWGA) Announces 2019 Hall of Fame Members
Written By: shelton@mwgolf.org
Honorary Members – Judy Figa and Jean Murray were named MWGA Honorary Members and will be honored on Friday, July 13 at Hawk Hollow Golf Club in Bath at the 2019 MWGA Hall of Fame Dinner.
Judy Figa has been a dedicated member of the MWGA, WMGA, GAM and Michigan Golf Foundation Hall of Fame Committee. Her 33 years of service includes being a GAM Governor, Course Rater and Captain and Rules Official.
Jean Murray is well-known as a Champion Golfer and for her service to the game. She has won 10 MWGA State Titles and the very first GAM Women's Senior Championship. She has played in 7 Atlas Cups and was on the GAM Senior Women's Honor roll 4 times and played in 2 US Senior Women's Championships. She won the prestigious Spring Lake Invitational at the age of 70 after two hip replacements. She has been a GAM Governor and Rules Official since 2003 and is a strong advocate of Senior Women's Championships.
Hall of Fame Members – Julia Baldwin, Debra Horning, Martha MacIntosh, Pat Meyers, Jeanne Myers, and Debbie Williams-Hoak will be inducted into the MWGA Golf Hall of Fame on Friday, July 13 at Hawk Hollow Golf Club in Bath at the 2019 MWGA Hall of Fame Dinner.
Julia Baldwin, an early City of Detroit Champion, has been involved in junior golf and for 27 years has taught golf to hundreds of young people in Detroit through the Tee Set, Police Athletic League (PAL), First tee, Midnight Golf and the MWGA LPGA/USGA Girls Golf Program. She is a delightful inspiration to both young people and adults.
Debra Horning has dedicated 23 years of service to the MWGA as Secretary and Tournament Administrator for the MWGA. She is a 7- time MWGA Player or Golfer of the Year and played 4 times on the Atlas Cup Team. She also played in the US Senior Women's Amateur Championship in 2009.
Martha MacIntosh, a MWGA member for 33 years and a former Governor of the GAM, has served as a Rules Official for numerous Championships. She served as a golf administrator for the MI Women's Amateur and the Women's Interstate Mid-AM Championship. She received the Women's Golf Leadership award in 2001.
Pat Meyers has been a dedicated MWGA member since 1986. She has also served in leadership roles for the Women's Suburban League and the WMGA. She is a supporter of the Michigan Golf Foundation, the Michigan Golf Hall of Fame, and the GAM and MWGA Foundations and College and Junior Golf Organizations.
Jeanne Myers was inducted into the Michigan Golf Hall of Fame in 2006 and received the GAM Distinguished Service award in 2018. She has been a Rules Official for National and International major Golf Championships. She has conducted hundreds of rules seminars with her famous "Rules Rug". She is the first female GAM Governor and President.
Debbie Williams-Hoak was an elite US Olympic javelin thrower before winning 2 Michigan Women's Amateur Titles and playing in 7 US National Championships and on the LPGA Tour. She coaches the MWGA LPGA/USGA Girls Golf Program. She has been named the Michigan High School Golf Coach of the Year 3 times. She received the LPGA's Sandy La Bauve Spirit Award for the top LPGA Teaching Professional in the LPGA Girls Golf Program in 2018. She was inducted into the Michigan Golf Hall of Fame in 2018.
Please visit www.mwga-hof.org for further details on the accomplishments of these outstanding women. All are invited to celebrate the 2019 MWGA Hall of Fame Dinner and Induction Ceremony on Friday, July 13 at Hawk Hollow Golf Club in Bath. Details will be on the website.
Also visit www.mwgolf.org to learn more about the Michigan Women's Golf Association and what membership has to offer. In addition to 10 planned competitions, such as stroke play, scrambles and four-ball, members receive:
New member briefing, rules clinic and skills clinic
Match play league
Discounted entry fee into the golf competitions
Timely online news and updates, an informative website
An MWGA Girls Golf Program, conducted in cooperation with the LPGA and USGA
Golf Association of Michigan membership, including the gold GAM golf discount card, the Michigan Links course directory and an official GAM/USGA GHIN handicap index
USGA Rules of Golf book
Some upcoming competitions include:
5/11 – Spring meeting, lunch and 2-Woman Scramble/Guest Day, Lake Forest, Ann Arbor
5/25 – 2-Person (male partners can play in this one) Four-Ball, Whispering Pines, Pinckney
6/9– Spring Stroke Play, Devils Ridge, Oxford
6/23 – Stableford, Eagle Crest, Ypsilanti