A wind-driven wildfire scorched ranch land south of Saratoga Thursday afternoon, burning a haystack in its path, before firefighters managed to corral it.
The Town of Sinclair will host its fouth annual Christmas Tree lighting ceremony and area residents are invited to join in on the festivities.
In Saratoga, after discovering some individuals living in recreational vehicles on lots where that type of use is not allowed, the town's Zoning Officer is looking to the planning commission for direction on resolving the violations.
Tickets are still available for those interested in attending Saturday's Wine and Beer Festival hosted by the Rawlins Soroptimist Club. Proceeds from the event will be given in the form of scholarships to local women and girls hoping to further their education.


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Paris Property – Five of the most popular districts to live in
Jul 22, 2020 | PARIS | 0 |
To some people, Paris means the Eiffel Tower or perhaps the Arc de Triomphe and its surrounding streets, however, for residents of the city of light, Paris means so much more.
Paris is divided across 20 different neighbourhoods, known as arrondissements, each offering something unique and interesting. If you are looking to invest in a luxury Paris property, what are the best locations to live in Paris?
We have put together a small list of must-dos and some of the best Paris apartments money can buy in five of the most popular arrondissements across the city.
First Arrondissement: The Louvre
The First arrondissement sits on the right bank of the Seine. It's close to the business district and is one of the oldest neighborhoods in Paris. Here are just a handful of ways to spend your days in the First district:
Explore the Les Halles underground shopping centre, originally the Paris food market.
Wander around the Jardin du Palais Royal, which has gardens and boutique shops.
Pay multiple visits to the Louvre, home to the Mona Lisa and more art than you can explore in a week. There are also lovely outdoor gardens, fountains and statues. Afterward, walk to the Place de la Concorde by way of the Jardin des Tuileries.
Stroll along Pont Neuf, the oldest bridge in Paris, which links the right and left banks of the Seine.
The Rue de Rivoli is lined with elegant boutiques. This is where you can experience Coco Chanel's Paris, including her first boutique and her home.
For those looking to invest in a slice of Parisian property in the first arrondissment, then this apartment is bright and sunny and located on the sought-after Place Dauphine with lovely views over the square. This duplex apartment has exposed beams and lots of charm along with a host of modern luxuries, as well as tall ceilings, a fireplace and lots of other features.
Fourth Arrondissement: Le Marais
Known for its narrow streets and vibrant nightlife, the Fourth, also called Le Marais, will give you a taste of Medieval Paris. Even though Napoleon III widened many of Paris' streets post-French Revolution to prevent barricades, Le Marais still has many pre-revolutionary streets and buildings.
Here are a few things you'll find in this bustling district of Paris:
Centre Pompidou, a modern building that displays modern art. It's also where you'll find the city's public library.
Ile de la Cité, where you'll find Notre Dame
Ile Saint-Louis, a natural space that's home to cafes and shops.
Place des Vosges, one of Paris' oldest squares.
This two-bedroom apartment is a rare find in the heart of Le Marais, with accommodation over two floors, you need to be prepared to do some work but it is full of charm, has a private terrance and is near the metro station and shopping.
Sixth Arrondissement: Saint-Germain-des-Prés
The Sixth, also called Saint-Germain-des-Prés is on the Left bank of the Seine and has a cozy, neighbourhood vibe. In addition to chic cafes, galleries and nightclubs, the Sixth also has the Jardin du Luxembourg, the perfect spot for stroll or a picnic. This arrondissement is known for its classic Parisian feel, possibly because it's so artsy.
The Sixth is also the district for foodies, especially if you have a sweet tooth – there are an abundance of chocolate and pastry shops here. You'll also be near the Quartier de l'Odéon, with cinemas, theatres, shops and restaurants. Pay a visit to Église Saint-Sulpice, too, one of Paris' largest churches.
This spacious, four-bedroom apartment in the Sixth has been recently renovated to a really high standard. It is located on the third floor of a stone building (with lift) close to the Jardin du Luxembourg and several renowned schools.
Seventh Arrondissement: Eiffel Tower
The Seventh is right in the heart of the action and close to the Eiffel Tower, making it perfect for Paris first-timers. Centrally located on the left bank of the Seine, this chic neighborhood has just about everything you think of when you think of Paris:
Champs de Mars, a huge green space and the perfect spot to relax with a view of the Eiffel Tower.
Les Invalides, where you'll find Napoléon's Tomb and where you can also learn about France's military history.
Musée d'Orsay and its large collection of impressionism, plus the Musée Rodin sculpture museum and the Musée du Quai Branly, with works from all over the world.
For those looking to settle in this prestigious area of Paris will find properties such as this luxury apartment, which is housed in a beautiful stone building from 1898. This charming home has large living areas; a bright living/dining room with custom, fitted kitchen, two bedrooms and a marble bathroom. It's retained many of its original elements while being newly renovated.
Eighth Arrondissement: Champs-Élysées
The posh Eighth arrondissement is located on the right bank of the Seine. The neighborhood boasts the best shopping in Paris along the Champs-Élysées, which runs from the Place de la Concorde (where Marie Antoinette was executed) to the Arc de Triomphe. Aside from boutiques and shops, you'll also find fine dining restaurants and movie theatres.
Here are three more experiences in the Eighth:
The Grand Palais has art exhibits year-round.
The Arc de Triomphe honors those who fought in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Underneath is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, with an eternal flame overhead.
Visit the beautiful Parc Monceau on the Norther border of the 8th, originally built as a private garden for the Duke of Orléans in 1778.
Stroll along the Champs-Elysées, arguably the most famous street in the world. Some Parisian still call it "la plus belle avenue du monde". On the first Sunday of the month, the avenue is car free!
Property in the eighth arrondissement includes this unique garden apartment which has been beautifully renovated throughout and has five bedrooms, plus a 73 m2 garden with various plants and a jacuzzi.
Hopefully, this has helped to give you a flavour of some of the best locations to live in Paris. Should you wish to find out more about luxury property in Paris then contact us, we will be able to select luxury Paris apartments based on your specific search criteria.
Alternatively, search our website and its wide selection of luxury homes. You can also speak directly to one of our property consultants by calling +33 (0)970 44 66 43.
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Latest Escalations in the South China Sea
Latest Escalations in the South China Sea 4.6666666666667 out of 5 based on 6 ratings. 6 user reviews.
Written by Brian Kalman exclusively for SouthFront;
Brian Kalman is a management professional in the marine transportation industry. He was an officer in the US Navy for eleven years. He currently resides and works in the Caribbean.
On July 12, 2016 the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague ruled in favor of the Republic of the Philippines in its arbitration case against The Peoples Republic of China. The intervening weeks have seen a marked escalation in military deployments, activities and political rhetoric from China, the United States, Japan and quite interestingly, Vietnam. The Philippines has made efforts to deescalate the highly charged situation since its legal victory at the PCA.
China has instituted the practice of regular combat patrols over the disputed islands in the South China Sea, beginning with the first such patrol carried out on July 18th. In addition, China has dispatched numerous maritime surveillance vessels and civilian fishing fleets to the waters around Scarborough Shoal. These combat air patrols are to continue into the foreseeable future. China continues to develop its manmade islands' military capabilities and continues to launch powerful naval vessels at breakneck speed.
The United States has heralded the PCA ruling as the definitive ruling on the dispute and has called on China to accept the the will of the international community and abide by international law. This, quite hypocritically, coming from one of a handful of nations that has refused to ratify the treaty. The U.S. has taken the unprecedented measure of stationing THAAD missile systems in South Korea, ostensibly aimed at defending this country from North Korean ballistic missiles. China has seen this move as one that changes the strategic situation in the region, and putting it at a distinct disadvantage. The U.S. announced the deployment of additional B-52 Stratofortress bombers to Guam on August 12th. More importantly, the additional deployment of B-1 and B-2 strategic bombers to the island was also announced. This marks the first time these nuclear-capable strategic assets have been deployed to Guam.
Vietnam quietly deployed defensive rocket artillery systems to a number of islands that it has occupied in the Spratly Archipelago. China almost immediately announced that Vietnam's actions were a "terrible mistake". It is hinted that the rocket artillery batteries will target the airfields built on Chinese occupied islands in the Spratlys.
The Permanent Court of Arbitration Ruling
The South China Sea Crisis took a decidedly ominous turn when the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled in favor of the Philippines in the arbitration initiated by that nation on January 22, 2012. The Court ruled that it did have authority to rule on the arbitration, that China need not take part in the arbitration for it to be legitimate and binding, and that China's "Nine Dash Line" was not valid as it did not comply with the UNCLOS (whose authority supersedes any historic rights), that China had taken actions to aggravate and not alleviate the dispute between it and the Philippines, and that no entitlements granted by islands within a nations EEZ or continental shelf can be obtained by artificial islands built on previously low-tide elevations. The PAC also ruled that Mischief Reef is within the EEZ of the Philippines.
China predictably refused to acknowledge the validity of the ruling or the authority of the PCA to preside over the arbitration in the first place. China officially went on record in 2006, a full six years before the arbitration was put forth by the Philippines, declaring under Article 298 of the UNCLOS that, "The Government of the People's Republic of China does not accept any of the procedures provided for in Section 2 of Part XV of the Convention with respect to all the categories of disputes referred to in paragraph 1 (a) (b) and (c) of Article 298 of the Convention."
The United States wasted little time in officially supporting the ruling and calling on China to abide by it. A State Department spokesman said that it "hopes and it expects" both parties to abide by the ruling. Chinese President Xi Jinping stated flatly that, "The islands in the South China Sea have been Chinese territories since ancient times. China opposes and will never accept any claim or action based on these awards."
Many main stream media outlets have praised the PCA ruling and have concluded that it deals a heavy blow to the legitimacy of China's actions in the South China Sea. Commentary from a cross section of the MSM seems to draw the conclusion that China must now abandon its "Nine Dash Line" claim, halt island reclamation efforts, and surrender the occupied Mischief Reef and Scarborough Shoal, or face mounting international diplomatic and legal pressure. They fail to either acknowledge or realize that the "Nine Dash Line" claim was never a serious territorial claim on the part of China, but a time-gaining policy of "strategic ambiguity" from the outset, that allowed China the time and diplomatic wiggle-room to establish a real and concrete military presence at key points in the region. Following age-old naval strategy, China has been busy occupying the "central position" in the region, fortifying this position to take advantage of internal lines of communication, movement and logistics, and establishing a viable and robust A2/AD umbrella over the entire South China Sea. To China, the "South China Sea Dispute" has been a wonderful cover that has provided an effective distraction from its very real, strategic build-up in the area. China is playing a very different game than the Philippines or the United States, and it has spent decades strengthening its strategic position in the South China Sea, a region rich in oil and natural gas, fish and other marine life, and that facilitates over $5 trillion USD in maritime trade traffic annually.
Chinese Escalations
Following the PCA ruling in the middle of July, China has taken a number of steps that would seem, on the surface, to be retaliatory in nature. Western media has largely portrayed these actions in just such a manner; however, many of these apparent escalations have been years in the making and do not directly coincide with the arbitration ruling.
Bomber and Fighter Combat Patrols
Beginning on July 18th, just days after the PCA ruling, China began combat air patrols over the disputed regions of the South China Sea. These air patrols consisted of both strategic bombers, aerial tankers and air superiority fighter aircraft. H-6K bombers (based on the Soviet Tu-16), which are capable of carrying nuclear armed bombs and cruise missiles, were dispatched along with Su-30 air superiority fighters and aerial re-fueling tankers (most likely HY-6 or even IL-78 aircraft). The H-6K has six under-wing hard points that can carry either DF-10 nuclear capable Land Attack Cruise Missiles (LACM) or YJ-12 Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles (ASCM).
Chinese Air Force H-6K flies by Scarborough Shoal in mid-July.
Launching of New Navy and Coast Guard Vessels
Although the timing of the building schedules of additional Type 052D destroyers and a new China Coast Guard cutter based on the Type 054 frigate are merely coincidental with the PCA ruling, they do highlight the rapid speed at which China is acquiring new naval warfare platforms. Since March of this year, at least nine PLAN vessels of significant size and capabilities have been commissioned. The China Coast Guard also continues to grow.
On March 7th, three Type 072A Landing Ship Tank (LST) were commissioned in a single day. They have been assigned to the East China Sea Fleet, the area of operations of which cover the Senkaku Islands. The adding of this new amphibious landing capability sends a clear message to both Japan and Taiwan that China is modernizing and expanding its amphibious assault capabilities.
On May 30th, a Type 054A Class Frigate (FFG) was commissioned (# 536), with an additional Type 054A commissioned (#551) just one week later on June 8th. On the very same day, the Type 056A Corvette (#508) was also commissioned. That amounts to three modern surface combatants commissioned in one week. Also in June, the China Coast Guard took delivery of its own Type 054A frigate, in this case modified as a large Cutter with the 32 cell VLS removed.
Newly commissioned Type 903A replenishment vessel. The PLAN continues to expand its complement of logistics support vessels.
On July 15th, the PLAN saw the commissioning of two new Type 903A replenishment vessels, #963 and #964. These vessels are crucial in providing logistics support to fleets dispatched for long periods of time, or during times of war when ammunition and fuel are consumed at higher rates. They will prove necessary for any future aircraft carrier strike group (CSG) deployments. Perhaps of greatest significance, the fourth Type 052D Destroyer (DDG), #175 Yinchuan, was commissioned on July 12th. This vessel will be followed soon by the # 117 Xining which is currently undergoing sea trials. Six more Type 052D DDGs are currently built and being fitted out at the Dalian and Jiangnan shipyards. These vessels represent the most advanced and potent vessels in the PLAN's inventory.
Increased Presence near the Senkaku Islands
Japan has issued a stern official protest to the Chinese government for the recent incursion of Chinese survey vessels, Coast Guard vessels and dozens of civilian fishing boats into the territorial waters of the Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands. Japan summoned the Chinese ambassador to voice their concern and submit a formal protest. The Chinese ambassador, Cheng Yonghua, stated in an interview with the press, "I told him that … it is natural that Chinese ships conduct activity in the waters in question. I also told him both countries need to work on dialogue through diplomatic channels so as not to make things more complicated and escalated."
A Japan Coast Guard Cutter confronting a China Marine Surveillance vessel within the territorial waters of the Senkaku Islands. Such incidents have increased in recent weeks.
The recent increase in Chinese pressure on Japan in the East China Sea follows closely on the heels of the PCA ruling, and after Japan's official communication in support of the award in favor of the Philippines. Japan has gone on record supporting the Philippines in their position, even sending the JS Oyashio attack submarine and two guided missile destroyers, JS Ariake DDG 109 and JS Setogiri DDG 156 to Subic Bay in a show of support during the multi-national training exercise Balikitan 2016 in April.
Completion of Type 054 Frigate based Cutter for Coast Guard
Mentioned earlier in connection with Chinese vessel commissionings in recent months, the acquisition by the China Coast Guard (CCG) of a Type 054A Frigate is quite significant. Pictures appeared in the media of the vessel in June, bearing pennant # 46301. It appears that the vessel maintains the deck gun and close-in defense weapons of the frigate design, but dispenses with the 32 cell VLS. The additional space in the bow section will most likely be utilized to accommodate life-saving equipment or aids to navigation support, more in line with Coast Guard duties.
The newest CCG Cutter based on the Type 054A FFG. The first of how many?
China already operates the largest Coast Guard in the region, having expanded the service to approximately 200 vessels of all sizes. The China Coast Guard already operates the two largest vessels of any Coast Guard in the region. The CCG #2901 and CCG #3901 displace between 12,000 and 15,000 tons, both larger than the Japanese Coast Guard Shikishima Class Cutters, at 6,500 tons. At around 4,000 tons displacement, the new vessel is smaller than these Cutters, but it represents a balance of endurance, range and speed that will greatly improve the capabilities of the CCG. At a cruising speed of 18 knots, the operational radius of the vessel is approximately 8,000 nautical miles without replenishment.
U.S. Escalation
The United States has taken an adversarial stance against China in its island building activities in the South China Sea from the start, and has lead a number of freedom of navigation cruises by US Navy warships and over-flights by both surveillance aircraft and even B-52 bombers, starting in December of last year. The United States has supported both the Philippines and Vietnam politically, and increasingly through military aid and arms sales. The United States officially ended its arms embargo of Vietnam on May 23rd of this year, dispatched two Carrier Strike Groups to the region to take part in military exercises in conjunction with the Philippines this summer, and has made numerous official statements that it expects China to abide by the ruling of the PCA. It is very interesting to note, and almost never reported in the main stream media, that the United States did not ratify the UNCLOS, siting threats to U.S. sovereignty rights as chief amongst its concerns. As much as it exclaims the preeminence of international law, it refuses to surrender itself to the restrictions and requirements of UNCLOS.
Deployment of THAAD to South Korea
On July 7th, the U.S. and S. Korea officially agreed to the deployment of Terminal High-Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) systems to South Korean territory. Although the reason given is to defend South Korea from an increasingly belligerent North Korea and its arsenal of nuclear capable ballistic missiles, China has accurately interpreted the move as a threat to its own security and the nuclear balance of power in the region. U.S. anti-ballistic missile systems forward deployed to the Korean peninsula are more of a threat to China, in their ability to shoot down long range ballistic missiles fired from China on their upward trajectory, than they can defend against short range missiles fired from North Korea at its estranged southern neighbor. Either China will respond in kind, perhaps beginning nuclear deterrent patrols with its new ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) fleet closer to U.S. territorial waters, or the deployment of THAAD will encourage China to act unilaterally or in concert with South Korea in reigning in North Korea's military provocations.
Deployment of B-52, B-1 and B-2 Bombers
Just this week, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that for the first time ever, B-52, B-1 and B-2 strategic bombers will all be stationed at Andersen Air Force Base in Guam at the same time. B-52 Stratofortresses have been deployed to Guam on a rotational basis for many years; however, this will be the first deployment of both B-1 Lancer supersonic and B-2 Freedom stealth bombers to the island. The only way to interpret such a deployment, is that the U.S. is bringing to bear increasingly capable assets to the Pacific region. These B-1 and B-2 bombers were both designed to be able to penetrate advanced enemy air defenses to deliver both nuclear munitions and precision guided conventional weapons. The deployment of such assets greatly escalates an already volatile situation.
B-52, B-1 and B-2 bombers all parked on the tarmac at Andersen Air Force Base on the island of Guam.
Japanese Escalation
For its part, the Japanese government has made a number of provocative announcements since the PCA ruling was made public on July 12th. Perhaps in response to Chinese actions in the East China Sea, or in conjunction with the United States in a larger defensive strategy, these announcements are sure to aggravate a Chinese government increasingly assailed by a concerted effort to contain and countermand it. It appears that Japan is increasing its cooperation with both the United States and the Philippines in its defense posture towards China.
Adoption of THAAD
It was announced on Japan's national broadcaster NHK on the 9th of August, that the government is considering purchasing and deploying the U.S. THAAD system in an attempt to bolster its Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) defense. This announcement follows the North Korean launch of two No Dong intermediate range ballistic missiles into the Sea of Japan. One of the missiles reportedly splashed down within the 200 mile EEZ of Japan. Whether this announcement was aimed at North Korea or China (or most likely both) is not clear, as Japan also announced its intention to develop a short range, surface-to-surface anti-ship missile system intended to defend the Senkaku Islands from waterborne attack.
Anti-Ship Missiles for Deployment in the Senkaku Islands
The Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper reported on Sunday, August 14th, that an internal Ministry of Defense report calls for the development of a shore based anti-ship guided missile system to defend the Senkaku Islands from waterborne threats. The missiles will have a range of approximately 190 miles (300 km.) and should be ready for deployment by 2023. The Japanese Ministry of Defense has not made any comments supporting nor denying the newspaper's claims. If true, the program acknowledges Japanese resolve not only to defend what it views as its sovereign territory, but also to base defensive missile systems on the islands themselves.
Although Japan has the capacity to defend the Senkaku Islands via warships and aircraft, the deployment of missile systems to the islands would confirm a plan to garrison troops there, something that has been resisted in the past. Perhaps elements of the Ground Defense Forces Western Army Infantry Regiment, trained in amphibious and air assault, will be based on the Senkaku Islands in the near future. Japan intends to build an amphibious brigade around the nucleus of the Western Army Infantry Regiment, complete with 52 AAVs and 17 V-22 Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft.
Japanese troops from the Western Army Infantry Regiment train with U.S. Marines in Hawaii in conducting amphibious assault with AAV7s, August of 2014.
Vietnamese Escalations
For its part, the Vietnamese Armed Forces have remained relatively quiet in the face of current escalations in the South China Sea. It is important to recognize that Vietnam has fought at least two naval skirmishes with China, both in the Paracel and Spratly Islands. Following the Johnson South Reef Skirmish of 1988, Vietnam moved to fortify the islands that it occupies in the South China Sea. Vietnam maintains defensive garrisons on a number of islands, having engaged in limited land reclamation projects of its own. Immediately after the July 12th ruling by the PCA, Vietnam took measures to further arm a number of these island bastions.
Deployment of Rocket Systems to the Spratly Islands
Although Vietnam's Foreign Ministry vehemently denies the fact, a Reuters report published on the 11th of August, details the positioning of mobile rocket launchers on a number of Vietnamese occupied islands in the Spratly Island chain. Citing a number of "Western official sources", these rocket launchers are aimed at neighboring Chinese defense installations, most notably airstrips and aircraft support installations. Chinese state-run media responded to the report in an article that alluded to the military clashes between the two nations over islands in the South China Sea in the past. An article run in the Global Times stated, in very direct terms that, ""If Vietnam's latest deployment is targeting China, that would be a terrible mistake. We hope Vietnam will remember and draw some lessons from history."
The weeks immediately following the PCA ruling at The Hague, regarding the arbitration brought forth by the Philippines against China, have been marked by an increasing escalation of both the South China Sea Crisis and the territorial dispute between China and Japan in the East China Sea. The broader crisis has even effected the Koreas and Japan in terms of their greater strategic defense posture. It is interesting to note that all parties involved, with the exception of the Philippines, have taken steps to escalate the crisis and increase tensions in the region. The Republic of the Philippines, perhaps the least belligerent of all nations involved in territorial disputes in the South China Sea, has acted to deescalate the situation, even reaching out to Chinese officials to negotiate a bilateral agreement that would help resolve the issues involved. This is doubly surprising given the inflammatory reputation of the new President of the Philippines, Rodrigo Duterte.
Increasing escalation in the region will continue until the various parties to the multitude of disputes come to an honorable and equitable solution, or a number of lines are crossed. These 'trip-wires" include: China beginning land reclamation on Scarborough Shoal, China or Japan militarily occupying the Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands, or Vietnam threatening China's major installations in the Spratly Islands with a build-up of weapons systems. Considering the current pace of escalation, the world has weeks or months to wait to see if any of the parties involved are willing to engage in open military confrontation to advance their claims and interests in this most heated global crisis.


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text:
Крива доза-ефект (або концентрація-ефект) описує зміну впливу деякого ліганду на біологічний об'єкт залежно від концентрації цього ліганду. Така крива може будуватись як для індивідуальних клітин або організмів (коли невеликі дози або концентрації викликають слабкий ефект, а великі - сильний: градуйована крива) або популяцій (в такому випадку підраховують, у якого відсотка особин деяка концентрація або доза ліганду викликає ефект: корпускулярна крива).

Вивчення залежності доза-ефект і побудова відповідних моделей є основним елементом для визначення інтервалу терапевтичних та безпечних доз та/або концентрацій ліків або інших хімічних речовин, з якими стикається людина чи інший біологічний об'єкт.

Основними параметрами, що визначаються при побудові моделей, є максимальний можливий ефект (Еmax) та доза (концентрація), що викликає напівмаксимальний ефект (ED50 та EC50, відповідно).

При проведенні такого типу досліджень треба мати на увазі, що форма залежності доза-ефект звичайно залежить від часу експонування біологічного об'єкту до дії досліджуваної речовини (інгаляція, прийом з їжею, потрапляння на шкіру, і т.ін.); тому кількісна оцінка ефекту у випадку різного часу експонування та різних шляхів потрапляння ліганду в організм найчастіше призводить до різних результатів. Отже, в експериментальному дослідженні ці параметри мають бути уніфікованими.

Властивості кривої
Крива доза-ефект - це двовимірний графік, що показує залежність відповіді біологічного об'єкту від величини стрес-фактору (концентрація токсичної речовини або забруднювача, температура, інтенсивність опромінення тощо). Під відповіддю дослідник може мати на увазі фізіологічний або біохімічний процес, або навіть рівень смертності; отже одиницями вимірювання можуть бути кількість особин (у випадку смертності), впорядковані описові категорії (наприклад, ступінь ушкоджень), або фізичні чи хімічні одиниці (величина кров'яного тиску, активність ферменту). Звичайно в клінічному дослідженні вивчаються кілька ефектів на різних організаційних рівнях об'єкту дослідження (клітинний, тканинний, організмовий, популяційний).

При побудові кривої доза дослідженої речовини або її концентрація (звичайно в міліграмах або грамах на кілограм маси тіла, або в міліграмах на кубічний метр повітря при інгаляційному внесенні) звичайно відкладається по осі абсцис, а величина ефекту - по осі ординат. В деяких випадках (звичайно при великому проміжку доз між мінімальним ефектом, що можна зареєструвати, та максимальним можливим ефектом) на осі ординат використовується логаріфмічна шкала (такий варіант побудови ще називають "напівлогаріфмічні координати"). Найчастіше крива доза-ефект має сигмоїдну форму і описується рівнянням Гілла, що особливо наглядно виявляється в напівлогаріфмічних координатах.

Статистичний аналіз кривої звичайно виконується методами статистичної регресії, таким як пробіт-аналіз, логіт-аналіз, або методом Спірмена-Кербера. При цьому моделям, в яких використовується нелінійна апроксимація, звичайно віддають перевагу порівняно з лінійними або лінеарізованими, навіть якщо емпірична залежність виглядає лінійною на дослідженому інтервалі: це робиться виходячи з того, що в абсолютній більшості залежностей доза-ефект механізми розвитку ефекту є нелінійними, але розподіл експериментальних даних може виглядати лінійним при деяких специфічних обставинах та/або на деяких інтервалах доз.

Також досить частим прийомом аналізу кривої доза-ефект є її апроксимація рівнянням Хіла для визначення ступеню кооперативності ефекта.

Джерела

Посилання

Фармакодинаміка
Токсикологія

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Konstantin Wassiliew Kisimow (* 16. April 1897 in Weliko Tarnowo, Bulgarien; † 16. August 1965 in Baltschik, Bulgarien) war ein bulgarischer Schauspieler.

Leben
Konstantin Wassiliew Kisimow wurde in eine Familie von Revolutionären und Aufklärern geboren. Wie sein Vater, der Jura an der University of Cambridge studierte, begann auch Kisimow ein Jurastudium an der Universität Sofia und der Universität von Paris. Doch er brach es zu Gunsten eines Schauspielstudiums am Nationaltheater "Iwan Wasow" wieder ab. Von 1924 bis 1928 studierte er anschließend erneut Schauspiel in Paris. Nach seiner Rückkehr konnte er sich relativ schnell aus Theaterschauspieler etablieren und wirkte vereinzelt auch in Produktionen wie Die ganze Stadt sucht Vera, Die fünf Wundertaten des schlauen Petr und Die Windmühle beim bulgarischen Film mit. Bis in die 1960er Jahre hinein wurde er einer der bekanntesten Schauspieler Bulgariens. Er selbst verstarb am 16. August 1965 im Alter von 68 Jahren an den Folgen eines Autounfalls in Baltschik, wo er gerade ein Theaterengagement hatte.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1952: Unter dem Joch (Под игото)
 1956: Die ganze Stadt sucht Vera (Точка първа)
 1958: Der Eid der Heiducken (Хайдушка клетва)
 1960: Die fünf Wundertaten des schlauen Petr (Хитър Петър)
 1961: Die Windmühle (Вятърната мелница)

Weblinks

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Bulgare
Geboren 1897
Gestorben 1965
Mann


If you plan to make a living as a writer, you must learn to write fast. Words are your merchandise. Your blog posts, articles, e-books, e-courses, and even your podcasts and video clips are all part of your inventory. The faster you create useful content and put it in front of your audience, the greater is your earning potential.
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Moral of the story: Write fast and revise slowly.
Rohi Shetty is a freelance writer who riffs about the importance of humor, mindful mojo, and creative entrepreneurship at http://rohishetty.com. He is also a star student of Danny Iny's Audience Business Masterclass.


text:
Research Project 4: Gender and fossil fuel subsidy reform
Gender equality is a catalyst for sustainable development, and sustainable development can promote gender equality. We are beginning to understand that insensitivity to gender differences in energy policies and programmes reinforces social and economic inequalities, compounds fiscal difficulties and tends to place a greater burden on certain groups than on others. Therefore, evaluating and documenting the extent to which women participate in and benefit from energy sector reforms is key to understanding the links between gaps in gender equality and a lack of energy access.
Victoria Ohaeri, Executive Director, Spaces for Change, Nigeria
Globally, governments spend around USD 600 billion every year subsidising fossil fuels to consumers. For some countries, this can equate to around one-third of the government's total spending. Even with such significant government subsidies on fossil fuels and to the energy sector, levels of access to sustainable energy can remain low. Often subsidies within the energy sector are poorly targeted, benefiting richer sections of the population through cheaper petrol and diesel transport fuels, rather than being aimed at the energy needs of the poor.
This research focuses on the impacts of fossil-fuel subsidy reform on poor women in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia and Nigeria. There is a large volume of literature related to energy access and gender. The scoping report draws on this literature by first providing a global picture of energy subsidies, energy access and gender empowerment as background for the research. It also provides an overview of energy subsidies and reforms, and their implications, in the three focus countries.
There is strong evidence that, in many countries, a significant proportion of the subsidies are captured by well-off households, suggesting a general phenomenon of energy subsidy inefficiency. We hope that the results of our research will enable governments to better understand and make informed choices regarding energy sector reform policy, and its implementation, and thereby improve development outcomes for women.
Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)
Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS) – Bangladesh
Integrated Research and Action for Development (IRADe) – India
Spaces for Change – Nigeria
The SMERU Research Institute – Indonesia
Universitas Gadjah Mada – Indonesia
For more information contact Laura Merrill at IISD lmerrill@iisd.org
Global Subsidies Initiative-IISD, BIDS, IRADe, Spaces for Change
Gender and fossil fuel subsidy reform: Findings from and recommendations for Bangladesh, India and Nigeria Miscellaneous
Links | BibTeX
@misc{Initiative-IISD2019,
title = { Gender and fossil fuel subsidy reform: Findings from and recommendations for Bangladesh, India and Nigeria},
author = { Global Subsidies Initiative-IISD, BIDS, IRADe, Spaces for Change},
url = {https://www.energia.org/cm2/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/RA4_Gender-and-fossil-fuel-subsidy-reform_without-Annex-2.pdf},
tppubtype = {misc}
https://www.energia.org/cm2/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/RA4_Gender-and-fossil-fue[...]
Niken Kusumawardhani, Rafiazka Hilman, Tara Laan, Nila Warda, Rachma Nurbani
Gender andFossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: An audit of data on energy subsidies, energy use and gender in Indonesia Journal Article
Abstract | Links | BibTeX
@article{Kusumawardhani2017,
title = {Gender andFossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: An audit of data on energy subsidies, energy use and gender in Indonesia},
author = {Niken Kusumawardhani, Rafiazka Hilman, Tara Laan, Nila Warda, Rachma Nurbani},
url = {https://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/publications/gender-fossil-fuel-subsidy-reform-indonesia.pdf},
abstract = {The Government of Indonesia is considering reform of its consumer subsidies for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) due to its rising fiscal cost: IDR 25 trillion (USD 1.9 billion) in 2016: around half of its total energy subsidy expenditure. Subsidized 3-kg LPG cylinders are currently available to all citizens. Reforms are likely to target the subsidy to the poor or replace it with cash transfers through the social assistance system. The impact of energy subsidy reform on the poor has been widely studied. Most subsidy benefits tend to be captured by the wealthy that have the most purchasing power. But poor households are most vulnerable because they can least afford higher energy prices. Gender differentiated impacts are, however, poorly understood. In the case of LPG, a household fuel used for cooking, women are likely to be more affected than men because they do most of the cooking and household management. This study provides an initial investigation into LPG subsidy reform and gender in Indonesia by examining the available data on household use of energy and relevant gender issues. The focus is on the poor and near-poor, which comprise the bottom 35 per cent of the population by income. Information is derived from five national household surveys and a review of relevant literature. The study is part of a broader project on energy and gender supported by the International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy (ENERGIA) and the U.K. Department for International Development, which includes an international literature review and scoping studies in Bangladesh, India and Nigeria. This data audit aims to do two things. First, it gathers general data on the status of women in Indonesia. This demonstrates the degree of gender equity and whether women face disadvantages. Second, the report examines energy use, particularly by poor women, to establish whether women are more likely to be affected by subsidy reform. The audit aims to establish a baseline and to identify data gaps. A later phase of work may seek to address some of these data gaps and identify policy implications and solutions.},
The Government of Indonesia is considering reform of its consumer subsidies for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) due to its rising fiscal cost: IDR 25 trillion (USD 1.9 billion) in 2016: around half of its total energy subsidy expenditure. Subsidized 3-kg LPG cylinders are currently available to all citizens. Reforms are likely to target the subsidy to the poor or replace it with cash transfers through the social assistance system. The impact of energy subsidy reform on the poor has been widely studied. Most subsidy benefits tend to be captured by the wealthy that have the most purchasing power. But poor households are most vulnerable because they can least afford higher energy prices. Gender differentiated impacts are, however, poorly understood. In the case of LPG, a household fuel used for cooking, women are likely to be more affected than men because they do most of the cooking and household management. This study provides an initial investigation into LPG subsidy reform and gender in Indonesia by examining the available data on household use of energy and relevant gender issues. The focus is on the poor and near-poor, which comprise the bottom 35 per cent of the population by income. Information is derived from five national household surveys and a review of relevant literature. The study is part of a broader project on energy and gender supported by the International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy (ENERGIA) and the U.K. Department for International Development, which includes an international literature review and scoping studies in Bangladesh, India and Nigeria. This data audit aims to do two things. First, it gathers general data on the status of women in Indonesia. This demonstrates the degree of gender equity and whether women face disadvantages. Second, the report examines energy use, particularly by poor women, to establish whether women are more likely to be affected by subsidy reform. The audit aims to establish a baseline and to identify data gaps. A later phase of work may seek to address some of these data gaps and identify policy implications and solutions.
https://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/publications/gender-fossil-fuel-subsidy[...]
Peter Wooders; Laura Merrill; Christopher Beaton; Kieran Clarke; Lucy Kitson Shruti Sharma
Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: Current Status of Research Journal Article
@article{Wooders2016,
title = {Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: Current Status of Research},
author = {Peter Wooders and Laura Merrill and Christopher Beaton and Kieran Clarke and Lucy Kitson Shruti Sharma},
url = {http://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/publications/gender-fossil-fuel-subsidy-reform-current-status-research.pdf},
abstract = {This research project aims to investigate the impacts from fossil fuel subsidy reform on poor women in Bangladesh, India and Nigeria. This initial scoping report finds no primary, quantitative research on the question of the gender-differentiated impact of fossil fuel subsidy reforms. However, there is a large body of literature linked to energy access and gender; growing research surrounding energy subsidies, access and impacts on the poor; growing research regarding solar energy and cook stoves and gender; and a body of research assessing targeted cash transfers (sometimes used as mitigation measures to energy sector reform) from a gender perspective.
The report explores the literature by first providing a global picture of energy subsidies, energy access and gender empowerment as background to the research. It then reviews the literature regarding access to energy and gender empowerment, fossil fuel subsidies and gender, subsidy reforms and gender, and mitigation measures such as cash transfers and targeted energy interventions. Finally, it provides an overview of energy subsidies and reform with implications for gender across this project's three focus countries: Nigeria, India and Bangladesh.},
This research project aims to investigate the impacts from fossil fuel subsidy reform on poor women in Bangladesh, India and Nigeria. This initial scoping report finds no primary, quantitative research on the question of the gender-differentiated impact of fossil fuel subsidy reforms. However, there is a large body of literature linked to energy access and gender; growing research surrounding energy subsidies, access and impacts on the poor; growing research regarding solar energy and cook stoves and gender; and a body of research assessing targeted cash transfers (sometimes used as mitigation measures to energy sector reform) from a gender perspective.
The report explores the literature by first providing a global picture of energy subsidies, energy access and gender empowerment as background to the research. It then reviews the literature regarding access to energy and gender empowerment, fossil fuel subsidies and gender, subsidy reforms and gender, and mitigation measures such as cash transfers and targeted energy interventions. Finally, it provides an overview of energy subsidies and reform with implications for gender across this project's three focus countries: Nigeria, India and Bangladesh.
http://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/publications/gender-fossil-fuel-subsidy-[...]
Shruti Sharma, Christopher Beaton, Lucy Kitson, Laura Merrill, Philip Gass
Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: Implications for India, Bangladesh and Nigeria Miscellaneous
@misc{Sharma2016,
title = {Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: Implications for India, Bangladesh and Nigeria},
author = {Shruti Sharma, Christopher Beaton, Lucy Kitson, Laura Merrill, Philip Gass},
url = {https://www.energia.org/cm2/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/A4_Sharma_Gender_and_fossil_fuel_subsidy_reform.pdf},
abstract = {This paper reviews the available literature on the impacts of fossil fuel subsidies on women and gender empowerment. It is an input to a four-year research program on the issue coordinated by the Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) of IISD. The review, undertaken in 2015, attempts to assess the impacts of fossil fuel subsidies on women as well as the mitigation measures implemented during reforms.
The paper reviews literature under two categories: research that explores the gender aspects of energy use and research on the broader impacts of fossil fuel subsidy reform,including mitigation measures such as cash transfers. It finds clear linkages between energy access and gender empowerment,especially regarding access to solar energy and improved cook stoves. However, it finds that,despite much research on subsidies' regressive nature, there is very little dedicated analysis of how subsidies and subsidy reform affect women(beneficially, detrimentally, or otherwise).
The review focuses in particular on existing subsidies and recent energy policy changes in Bangladesh, India and Nigeria, where access issues are significant and policy is highly dynamic. The review is designed to inform further field research with women in these countries that will begin in 2016. It also includes case studies on other countries through a gender lens. It concludes with suggestions for greater consideration of gender impacts within fiscal reforms.},
This paper reviews the available literature on the impacts of fossil fuel subsidies on women and gender empowerment. It is an input to a four-year research program on the issue coordinated by the Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) of IISD. The review, undertaken in 2015, attempts to assess the impacts of fossil fuel subsidies on women as well as the mitigation measures implemented during reforms.
The review focuses in particular on existing subsidies and recent energy policy changes in Bangladesh, India and Nigeria, where access issues are significant and policy is highly dynamic. The review is designed to inform further field research with women in these countries that will begin in 2016. It also includes case studies on other countries through a gender lens. It concludes with suggestions for greater consideration of gender impacts within fiscal reforms.
https://www.energia.org/cm2/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/A4_Sharma_Gender_and_foss[...]
Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform - Presentation Presentation
@misc{Sharma2016b,
title = {Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform - Presentation},
url = {A4_Sharma_Gender_and_fossil_fuel_subsidy_reform},
tppubtype = {presentation}
A4_Sharma_Gender_and_fossil_fuel_subsidy_reform
Spaces for Change
Policy Brief: Kerosene Subsidy Reform and the Burden of Supply Miscellaneous
@misc{forChange2016,
title = {Policy Brief: Kerosene Subsidy Reform and the Burden of Supply},
author = {Spaces for Change },
url = {https://www.energia.org/cm2/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/RA4-Policy-Brief.-Kerosene-Subsidy-Reform-and-the-Burden-of-Supply.-July-2016.pdf},
https://www.energia.org/cm2/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/RA4-Policy-Brief.-Kerosen[...]
Jyoti Parikh: Beyond shaming the shameless
Post on www.business-standard.com
How FG fuel subsidy reforms affect Nigeria's economy
Blogpost on www.vanguardngr.com
Fossil Fuel Subsidies or $112 for Families? Let women decide
Blogpost on www.iisd.org
Financing and Accelerating Sustainable Energy Access through Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: Practitioners discuss opportunities at the SDG 7 Conference in Bangkok
Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform Research Suggests Emission Reductions Equivalent to at Least a Quarter of the Commitments Countries Made at Paris
Part of the policy solution: fossil fuel subsidy reform and taxation at the UNFCCC
Talking Gender and Energy Sector Reform at the Vienna Energy Forum
Survey results: Energy use in urban slums
Blogpost on www.spacesforchange.org
Blog posts Spaces for Change/Energy & Climate Change/Economic Governance:
Gender and fossil fuels subsidy reforms
Making subsidy reform work for women in Nigeria
How women can benefit from fuel subsidy reform
Article in Climate Home
Article on the deteriorating energy situation in Nigeria in: Premium Times, The Cable, The Punch and Sundiata Post
Beyond shaming the shameless
Article in Business Standard
Why Buhari should make subsidy reform work for women
Article in Premium Times
Analyzing the impacts of recurrent fuel scarcity in Nigeria
TV Interview
Empowering change
Article in International Innovation
Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: Implications for India, Bangladesh and Nigeria
Literature review/conference paper by Shruti Sharma, Christopher Beaton, Lucy Kitson, Laura Merrill and Philip Gass
Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform
Presentation by Shruti Sharma at the 2016 Global Green Knowledge Platform conference
Subsidy Reform: Expanding Opportunities for Women's Welfare Gains
Opinion piece by Victoria Ibezim-Ohaeri published in October 2016 in Premium Times
Spaces for Change Advocates for Cleaner Energy
News article published in December 2016 in Daily Times
Women-Kitchen-Energy Campaign Train Moves to Imo State
Blog post published in November 2016
Pilot survey: Understanding energy use and access in Lagos slums
Blog post and pictures
Video: Understanding Energy Use in Rural Households in Uzoagba, Ikeduru, Imo State


You are visiting the placeholder page for Richard Archer. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Richard Archer. We created this page automatically in hopes Richard Archer would find it. If you are not Richard Archer, but are an alumni of Galesburg High School, register on this site for free now.


This 4 day riding and social event will be designed for rider levels from Recreational to Advanced. The design of this tour keeps us in Frisco for all four nights. There will be one low cost of $525 (five hundred twenty-five) per person for up to four days of riding. You will have all maps and gps routing, van support at 10-15 mile intervals, mechanical support, energy drinks, riding snacks. Guests will pay for their own rooms, their own meals and will be responsible for their own transportation and bicycle shipment. A block of rooms is reserved at the Holiday Inn Frisco and available on a first come, first serve basis. Or, you and your group may opt to rent a vrbo or airbnb in the local area.There will be one casual catered meal and a complimentary wine and brew social on our first evening. The group ride will be limited to the first 30 riders. Route maps will become available when you sign up.
This is truly an ideal place to bring a non-riding spouse or friend, as there are many water activities, rafting, fishing, hiking, golf, shopping, exploring old mines and the wonderful summer activities at many nearby ski resorts. With the scheduling of this trip, you can stay over and enjoy the numerous 4th of July activities in the CO high country.
Travel Logistics: Fly in and out of Denver International Airport. Arrive to the starting hotel for cocktails and dinner by 6 pm on Jun 28. CO Mtn Express can provide shuttle service to and from the airport. Riding will start on the morning of Jun 29. Our final ride will complete on Tues, Jul 2 by 3 PM. Room reservations will be necessary by June 1 to hold your room. Once you register, you will be given a pass code to access rooms at the Ramada Inn - Frisco. Once you register for the tour, you will have instructions to make your own deposit to guarantee your rooming space. Rooms will be released back into general inventory on June 1.
If you are driving in from the Denver area, be sure to allow ample time . This starts on a friday evening and week end traffic to the mountains can be heavy.
Additional accommodations: Campsites near Lake Dillion, Tiger Run RV Resort, VRBO Frisco AirBnB and many other hotels and condos.
Extra Charges: Souvenir jersey, rafting, mountain bike guide. .
Jul 2 - Short Ride - Frisco to top of Ute Pass and back.


text:
Art Curator
Naomi Beckwith
Art curator Naomi Beckwith was born on March 9, 1976 in Chicago, Illinois where she grew up in the Hyde Park neighborhood. She graduated from Lincoln Park High School in 1994. She attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois and graduated from there in 1998 with her B.A. degree in history and African American studies. Beckwith then graduated with distinction from the Courtauld Institute of Art in London with her M.A. degree in 1999.
From 1999 to 2000, Beckwith was awarded one of the six critical studies fellowship positions at the Whitney Museum Independent Study Program in New York. She then worked at the Brooklyn Academy of Music as an art project coordinator from 2000 to 2005. Beckwith was selected as the 2005-2006 Whitney Lauder curatorial fellow at the University of Pennsylvania's Institute of Contemporary Art. In 2007, Beckwith joined the Studio Museum in Harlem as an associate curator, where she curated one of her first major exhibits, "30 Seconds Off an Inch," under the leadership of museum director and chief curator, Thelma Golden. In 2011, she returned to Chicago, Illinois when she was hired as an associate curator at the Museum of Contemporary Art. In 2017, she was awarded both the Visionary Initiatives in Art Art Fund Curatorial Fellowship and the Center for Curatorial Leadership Fellowship. Beckwith was promoted to Manilow Senior Curator of the Museum of Contemporary Art in 2018. She has worked with artists from all over the world to produce both solo and collaborative works at the museum. She also served as the curatorial advisor of a staff of three, for the featured exhibition at the biennial celebration of a nonprofit contemporary arts organization called SITElines, in Santa Fe, New Mexico in 2018. The event featured twenty-three artists and the highest number of commissioned works presented in SITE's history.
Beckwith resides in Chicago, and serves on the boards of the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Art Table, and the Laundromat Project in New York, an organization that supports artists and their neighbors to serve as agents of change in their communities. Her exhibitions and writings have been featured in the New York Times, the Chicago Tribune, and Ebony magazine, where she also was listed as a Top 100 Leader in Arts and Letters.
Naomi Beckwith was interviewed by The HistoryMakers on July 8, 2019.
Warhol Foundation
Laundromat Project
Smithsonian Archives of American Art
Lincoln Park High School
Ogden Elementary School
William H. Ray Elementary School
Beasley Academic Center
Hydra, Greece
I Arise In The Morning Torn Between A Desire To Improve The World And A Desire To Enjoy The World. This Makes It Hard To Plan The Day. - E.B. White
Maki Rolls or Bruschetta
Art curator Naomi Beckwith (1976- ) was associate curator at the Studio Museum in Harlem prior to becoming associate, and then senior curator, at Chicago's Museum of Contemporary Art.
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Clarence William Shaw, 89, of Southborough passed away Sunday Feb 3rd after a period of declining health. Born in Framingham, he was the son of the late Clarence and Margaret (Saulnier) Shaw. He was the husband of Virginia (Urban) Shaw who died in 2005. Mr. Shaw worked as a truck driver for Holmes Transportation for many years before retiring.
Clarence is survived by three children, William J. Shaw and his wife Bernadette of Medway, Christopher J. Shaw of Southborough, and Ellen L. Shaw of Clinton, and two granddaughters, Brittany Shaw and her husband Matthew of Milford and Carsten Shaw of VT.


text:
Singles Club: Justin Timberlake's 'Filthy' is a robo-funk return to form
News I 10.02.17
Justin Timberlake, Lin-Manuel Miranda, Sting and John Legend to perform at the Oscars
Justin Timberlake says he's working on a new album with Pharrell
Justin Timberlake may face jail time for taking a selfie in a voting booth
Man arrested after touching Justin Timberlake's face at golf tournament
Prince and Muhammad Ali were honoured with emotional tributes at last night's BET Awards
Justin Timberlake teases The Weeknd collaboration
Justin Timberlake to drop Max Martin-produced single tomorrow
Justin Timberlake is making new music for a Trolls movie
Kanye West, Justin Timberlake and Paul McCartney to appear on Saturday Night Live's 40th anniversary show
Pharrell reveals GIRL tracklist; Daft Punk and Justin Timberlake to feature
Features, Interviews I 14.12.13
On Record: Krystal Klear rides for Justin Timberlake's Justified
"Sometimes I just want to f*cking kill everybody": Justin Timberlake unloads on critics
Gigs I 04.11.13
The Weeknd to join Justin Timberlake's The 20/20 Experience tour
Justin Timberlake announces UK tour for 2014
Stream Justin Timberlake's The 20/20 Experience 2 of 2 in full
Justin Timberlake and Pharrell working on new material for Pharrell's album, and potentially a three-way track with Timbaland
New Music I 22.09.13
Watch Justin Timberlake debut two songs from The 20/20 Experience Part 2: 'True Blood' and 'Only When I Walk Away'
Justin Timberlake unveils new track, 'TKO'
Watch the ghastly video for Jay Z's Justin Timberlake-featuring 'Holy Grail'
Check the new trailer for Justin Timberlake's The 20/20 Experience 2 of 2
Miley twerks, Kanye raps, N'Sync reunites and Drake sings: a round-up of the 2013 MTV VMAs
Justin Timberlake reportedly set to reform 'N Sync at this weekend's VMAs
Justin Timberlake announces tracklist for second instalment of The 20/20 Experience
Justin Timberlake's complete The 20/20 Experience to be released as lavish 4LP set
Watch Justin Timberlake 'Take Back The Night' in new video
Justin Timberlake announces more tour dates
Timbaland says Nas, Jay Z, and Justin Timberlake have recorded a track together
Download Four Tet's remix of Justin Timberlake's 'Suit & Tie' in high quality at last
Yaeji and Weirdcore dive into the world of Pac-Man for 'PAC-TIVE'


Have you been injured in a slip or trip and fall accident? We'll get you the compensation you deserve.
Not every slip and fall victim is entitled to compensation from a property owner, but if you've fallen and been injured because a property owner failed to create a safe, obstacle-free environment, The Bennett Law Group can help you get the money you deserve to adequately cover the damages and compensate you for your loss. Slip, Trip and Fall injuries are one of the more common premises liabilities cases. Statistics show that 9,000,000 slip or trip and falls occur each year. This is more 25,000 slip or trip and falls per day.
Slippery floors – either from water or some other liquid being spilled on them, or perhaps from the type of material they are made out of.
Inadequate lighting – if you can't see where you are going there is always a greater danger of tripping.
If you or a loved one has sustained a Slip or Trip and Fall while on the property of another due to unsafe conditions and would like to speak with an attorney to discuss your options, contact us today for a free consultation. We have achieved significant results for our prior clients in handling Slip or Trip and Fall cases.
If you have been injured while on the property of another, there are certain steps that you should take right away. First of all it's very important to document the injury and to take pictures of the unsafe area where the slip or trip and fall occurred. You also need to file an incident report with someone on the property who is in charge, such as a grocery store manager or restaurant manager.
Were there any witnesses to your accident? If so, ask for their contact information. You should seek medical attention right away. Sometimes the full extent of your injuries is not readily apparent, so it's important to get checked out immediately and learn what injuries you are going to be dealing with that may not have surfaced yet. Also, it's extremely important for you to keep all of your medical documentation, which would include reports, x-rays, cat scans, medical bills, hospital admission forms, etc. You should bring all of your documentation with you to your initial consultation with your attorney.
You need to hire an attorney as soon as possible so that they can begin the process of collecting evidence, before it "disappears" or before the unsafe area is suddenly repaired. The attorney may employ certain experts, for example, an expert who is familiar with building codes in the state of Georgia, and who can testify on your behalf if necessary that the area where the accident occurred was not up to code.
Slip and fall—or trip and fall—injuries are among the most commonly tried premises liability cases. If you are unsure whether or not you have a valid case, our Atlanta personal injury law firm will be happy to discuss your specific circumstances with you. Contact us online or give us a call at 404.541.9330. We look forward to your call.


text:
JB Special Collection
JB Classic Spotlights
About JB
Microbial Physiology and Metabolism
Biochemical Studies of Bacterial Sporulation and Germination XII. A Sulfonic Acid as a Major Sulfur Compound of Bacillus subtilis Spores
Pieter P. M. Bonsen, James A. Spudich, David L. Nelson, Arthur Kornberg
Pieter P. M. Bonsen
James A. Spudich
David L. Nelson
Arthur Kornberg
A sulfonic acid found to be a major constituent of spores of Bacillus subtilis was provisionally identified as 3-l-sulfolactic acid. This compound was completely absent from vegetative cells during growth, but large amounts accumulated in sporulating cells just before the development of refractile spores. Essentially all of the accumulated sulfolactic acid was eventually incorporated into the nature spore, where it may represent more than 5% of the dry weight of the spore. Germination resulted in the rapid and complete release into the medium of unaltered sulfolactic acid. This compound was not found in spores of Bacillus megaterium, B. cereus, or B. thuringiensis.
↵1 Present address: Biochemisch Laboratorium der Rijks-universiteit, Vondellaan 26, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
↵2 Present address: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, England. The material in this paper is taken in part from a thesis submitted by James A. Spudich in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, 1967.
Copyright © 1969 American Society for Microbiology
Journal of Bacteriology Apr 1969, 98 (1) 62-68; DOI:
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By Karen French • June 7, 2016 | Category: pro tips.
I was looking for a way to give students a quick visual reference that would pop up in a social media account, show up in Canvas, and be something they could keep for long term reference (i.e. a good life lesson kind of thing). Instagram provides a platform for this. If a student follows the account, he or she sees the update, and can view it in Canvas or keep it for long-term reference. The trick is to embed the image in Canvas. We do that with a relatively simple iframe code.
Copy zY3M3goSt9 and paste into your code between the two /s.
Then save the page and publish in Canvas.


text:
Le paiement sur Internet fournit des moyens de paiement mis en œuvre pour payer sur Internet à partir d'un ordinateur ou à partir d'un smartphone via un réseau de téléphonie mobile. Outre la carte de paiement classique, on trouve aussi des moyens plus spécifiques comme les transactions entre particuliers (C2C).

En 2005, le commerce électronique enregistre de 35 à 40 % de croissance donnant ainsi une importance de plus en plus grande à ce qui est parfois appelé l'ePaiement.

Principes
La cryptographie à clé publique et la signature électronique rendent la monnaie électronique possible. La monnaie électronique tend à se généraliser sur l'Internet. Cela nécessite l'identification des parties au moyen de Certificat électronique ainsi qu'une conservation des historiques des transferts dans des lieux sécurisés. Les transactions se font généralement entre une banque et un Payment Service Provider (PSP) via divers moyens de paiement.

Historique
En 1987, un cryptographe américain, David Chaum met au point un protocole de signature permettant de supporter les transactions sur Internet. Il crée Digicash en 1994, initiative qui peut être considérée comme la première monnaie fiduciaire virtuelle. Celle-ci tourne court, car trop en avance. La monnaie échangée pouvait être réutilisée plusieurs fois comme un billet de banque.

L'argent électronique ne peut pas être retracé. Il est exploité par 3 principales banques que sont la Mark Twain Bank, EUnet Finland et la Deutsche Bank.

Parallèlement, Visa, MasterCard et American Express définissent ensemble le protocole SET. Adapté aux transactions cartes sur Internet, donc de la monnaie scripturale, SET, qui s'appuie sur des échanges chiffrés par un système de clefs publiques (PKI - RSA) dérivés d'une clef racine, entre l'émetteur, l'acquéreur et une passerelle de paiement, ne sera que très peu utilisé car trop complexe à mettre en œuvre. Ce protocole fera place plus tard (2000) à 3-D Secure, plus souple.

Afin de rendre le microcrédit plus facile d'accès, Ron Rivest, fondateur de RSA, décide en 1990 de faire le paiement électronique autrement en se basant une technique de paiement aléatoire intitulé Peppercoin. Après 8 ans d'existence, il se déclare en faillite et son site se fait racheter.

En 1995, CyberCash propose son protocole de traitement de carte de crédit. Le , Verisign rachète l'entreprise en faillite.

Fondé en 1998, Billpoint est un système de paiement basé sur les cartes de crédit acheté par eBay en . En 2000, Wells Fargo en a acheté 35 pour cent grâce à un partenariat avec eBay.

Près de 300 entreprises, comme Yahoo! et la Bank of America utilisent CheckFree.

Paypal se targue de faire plus de $4 milliards de chiffre d'affaires en 2011 et d'avoir plus de 200 millions de clients. La société eBay, spécialisée dans la vente de particulier à particulier, en a d'ailleurs fait l'acquisition en 2002, afin de faciliter les paiements entre ses clients internautes.

Skrill (anciennement "Moneybookers") annonce être le second plus important service de paiement en ligne après Paypal et dernièrement, le paiement sur internet avec sa carte Moneo grâce à la solution mo-net.fr

Standardisation des échanges

Consortiums
Le E-Business a tendance à s'appuyer sur des standards ouverts, grâce au consortium OASIS, afin de garantir la sécurité des transactions. Le XML et l'EbXML sont largement utilisés dans le commerce électronique afin de faciliter l'interopérabilité entre les différents organismes. Auquel s'ajoutent les certifications SSL/TLS pour la confidentialité, l'intégrité et l'authenticité des organismes de paiements.

FreebXML
FreebXML est une initiative internationale pour favoriser le développement et l'adoption de l'ebXML et des technologies qui lui sont rattachées grâce au partage de code source et d'applications libres (free) sous des licences Open Source sur le site  freebXML.org.

RosettaNET
RosettaNet est une organisation à but non lucratif regroupant plus de 500 entreprises High-Tech. Ces membres créent et implémentent des standards ouverts pour le traitement des transactions du business to business (B2B) en particulier au niveau de la chaîne d'approvisionnement. Ces standards définissent des Schema XML définissant ainsi une centaine de processus d'échange d'information entre les partenaires (PIP - Partner Interface Processes). Les entreprises membres de RosettaNet représentent  de dollars de revenu annuel.

Paiement sécurisé
Lors d'un paiement sur internet, les sites web utilisent généralement une connexion chiffrée de type HTTPS entre l'ordinateur du particulier et celui du service de paiement. La grande majorité des navigateurs Web affichent un petit cadenas dans un des coins de l'écran. Le s (de l'anglais , c'est-à-dire sûre) présent derrière http signifie que la connexion entre votre ordinateur et le serveur de paiement est chiffrée par le protocole TLS (ou SSL). Si le protocole de communication n'a pas de faille, lorsqu'un pirate intercepte des données, il ne verra qu'une suite de symboles incompréhensibles, indéchiffrables. Les protocoles de chiffrements utilisés varient régulièrement, en fonction de l'évolution des technologies et des failles découvertes dans les protocoles.

Le protocole SSLv2 fut le premier banni en raison de ses failles de sécurité en , SSLv1 et SSLv3 ont suivi en 2014, alors largement utilisés ont été définitivement bannis à la suite de la faille surnommée Google Poodle. À la mi-2015, seuls les protocoles TLSv1, TLSv1.1 et TLSv2.2 jugés moins vulnérables sont acceptés par les navigateurs à jour. En plus des protocoles d'échange les algorithmes de chiffrement (ciphers) évoluent également en fonction de contraintes similaires.

Il est donc important de maintenir à jour le navigateur et le système ou outil utilisé lors de transactions électroniques, afin d'éviter que des failles ne soient exploitées.

Une obligation de vigilance et de diligence s'appliquent aux plateformes de paiement ligne concernant les opérations transitant sur les comptes de ses utilisateurs.

La e-carte bancaire

Avec le développement du commerce électronique (ou e-commerce) se mettent en place des moyens de paiement sécurisés qui évitent au consommateur de communiquer au site marchand son numéro de carte bancaire.

Un « tiers de confiance » met à disposition des sites marchands un système de paiement sécurisé.

On peut citer :
 Le système e-carte bleue (issu d'une technologie irlandaise: société Orbiscom) adopté en France sous l'égide du Groupe Carte Bleue par plusieurs banques : Société générale, Banque populaire, LCL, Caisse d'Epargne, La Banque Postale
 Les systèmes de la Caisse d'épargne : SPPlus et Id-tronic
 Le système Secure Click que propose la société israélienne Cyota aux États-Unis
 Le système Virtualis disponible dans quelques fédérations du Crédit Mutuel, ainsi que la banque en ligne Fortuneo.
 Le système Net+ Virtual Card de la société britannique Neovia
 L'opérateur de payement électronique russe Yandex.Money propose un système similaire pour les utilisateurs de son portefeuille.

Autres solutions
 Internet+ est une solution de paiement qui reporte les achats sur la facture de l'opérateur internet de l'acheteur. Cette solution multi-opérateur regroupe Orange Internet, SFR Neufbox (ex Neuf Cegetel et Club Internet), Free et Alice. Allopass fonctionne sur ce même principe.
 Othentik Technologies Inc. Système de paiement direct par Internet via la banque en ligne.
 Buyster, moyen de paiement sur Internet fixe et mobile sécurisé par téléphone mobile (association de la carte bancaire avec son numéro de mobile).
 BuyBox, solution de paiement à plusieurs permettant de payer en ligne avec plusieurs CB directement sur le site marchand sans passer par des plateformes de monnaies électroniques (eWallet).
 Paymill, créée en juin 2012 propose à ses clients une solution simple, intuitive et sécurisée permettant d'accepter les paiements en ligne par carte bancaire dans plus de 40 pays.
 PayPlug, créée en 2012 par deux ingénieurs français diplômés d'Harvard, tâche d'associer simplicité et faible coût pour s'adapter spécifiquement au besoin des petites activités e-commerçantes.
 Bluepaid, créée en 2009 propose une solution de paiement multilingue permettant aux internautes de payer en ligne par CB de façon sécurisée sur des sites e-commerces.
 Lyra, créée en 2001 propose une solution de paiement sécurisée et certifiée PCI DSS, proposant plus de 40 modules de paiement gratuits et plus de 150 moyens de paiements internationaux.

Libres
 Bitcoin, litecoin et autres crypto-monnaie, sont des monnaies électroniques libres et décentralisées convertibles en devises et acceptées dans quelques magasins en ligne.
 Free Digital Money : projet open source de monnaie électronique fonctionnant en P2P avec une interface en AJAX

Exemples de fournisseurs de services

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Paiement de facture électronique
 Paiement mobile
 3-D Secure
 Commerce électronique
 Infrastructure à clés publiques
 OpenBazaar
 Monétique
 Sécurité des systèmes d'information
 Système de paiement
 SSL
 Tiers de confiance
 Western Union

Monétique
Système de paiement


Due to the difficult winter weather on Monday 14th January the Northern Rail Directors had, with regret, to postpone their planned visit to Glossop Station between 16.00 and 18.30. However, in their place came Theo, Glossop Line Manager, Paul Spencer Service and Delivery Manager (Theo's boss) and Dwayne Wells from the Service Quality team. All familiar faces to Glossop! So the event was turned into a Meet the Managers' session instead running in the allotted time. So passengers still had the opportunity to ask questions and raise issues. Friends of Glossop Station supported the event on a very cold afternoon! Thanks to John LeG, John K, Eric and Jacqueline for their time and efforts! Preparations had begun earlier in the day when Bunty and Neil had spent a considerable time cleaning the old booking office. A nice check patterned tablecloth had been laid ready for Bunty's home made cakes! In the end these, and hot drinks, were very well received by Theo, Paul and Dwayne! Opportunites were taken to discuss all current Station and FOGS' issues and progess was made!! The Directors are intending to reschedule their visit for later in the Spring.
A VERY HAPPY NEW YEAR FROM ALL AT FOGS!
The Christmas period went well at Glossop following our happy Santa event on 8th December. The decorations were well received and added a splash of festive cheer to a very wet Christmas season in Glossop. If you are seeking some photos of the Santa event then get in touch and John will help supply these! Photos have also appeared in the Glossop Chronicle and Glossop Advertiser. There is also an article in the 3rd January edition of the Chronicle about the recent Highly Commended given to Glossop station by the Railway Heritage Trust. Unfortunately the caption relating to Ian Bevan, Managing Director of Northern, is incorrect in the accompanying photo.
The decorations were taken down in record time on Saturday 5th by Eric, John LeG, John K, Neil, Bunty, Eve and Jacqueline. Many hands made light work!! The winter baskets have been restored to the front of the station after a Christmas holiday at Neil's!
We were delighted that Friends of Heaton Chapel paid a visit to the station on the 20th December. They were very complimentary about what they saw and they have put a range of photos taken on the day plus a commentary on their website. We thank them for their kind comments!
On Monday 14th December Northern are holding a Meet the Director session at Glossop station between 16.00 and 18.00. The face on the promotional poster is Adrian Thompson Head of Human Resources. Theo has said that others may accompany him. We intend offering some refreshments to our visitors. Do call by if you want to meet Northern's Management.
We thank Paul for his inclusion on the website of up to date material relating to the 2013 Winter Folk trains, the Trans Peak walks and the availability of the Derbyshire Wayfarer tickets from The Curly Cornet Cafe, Henry Street,Glossop. Please buy your tickets here if possible!!


Chronicle Reporter, Bhopal, The work of widening of Chetak Bridge is not likely to be completed on time. Officials said the delay has been caused by non-availability of labourers on account of Ramzan. They also blamed delay in supply of raw material for the delay.
The bridge widening project costing Rs 7.50 crore was to be completed by 30 June. The engineers present at the site said the work would take another one-and-half month. Besides the work could be further delayed on account of monsoon. If the rains start by 30 June the work would be delayed even more.
Lokesh Verma, Executive Engineer, West Central Railway, said the bridge widening work would be completed within the deadline. He said there is shortage of workers and raw material on account of Ramzan. If the rains start early then there could be delay of few more days, he said.Site engineer Pradip Paul said the work would take another one-and-half month.
Meanwhile commuters are facing grave hardship on account of ongoing construction work. As the work is going on both sides of the bridge, the pedestrians have to walk in the middle of the road giving rise to the possibility of accident.


text:
package org.bitcoins.core.hd
import scala.util.Try

private[bitcoins] trait HDPath extends BIP32Path {

  /**
    * This type is to give a cleaner return
    * type of `next`.
    *
    * Consider:
    *
    * {{{
    * def next: this.type = ???
    *
    * val first: SegWitHDPath = ???
    * val second = first.next
    * // second is now:
    * // first.type (with underlying type org.bitcoins.core.hd.SegWitHDPath)
    * }}}

    * {{{
    * def next: NextPath = ???
    *
    * // in SegWitHDPath
    * override type NextPath = SegWitHDPath
    *
    * val first: SegWitHDPath = ???
    * val second = first.next
    * // second is now:
    * // SegWitHDPath
    * }}}
    */
  protected type NextPath <: HDPath

  /**
    * Increments the address index and returns the
    * new path that can be passed into a
    * [[org.bitcoins.core.crypto.ExtKey ExtKey]]
    */
  def next: NextPath =
    HDAddress(chain, address.index + 1).toPath.asInstanceOf[NextPath]

  def account: HDAccount = address.account

  def purpose: HDPurpose = coin.purpose

  def coin: HDCoin = address.coin

  def chain: HDChain = address.chain

  def address: HDAddress

  override val path: Vector[BIP32Node] = address.path
}

object HDPath {

  /** Attempts to parse a string into a valid HD path */
  def fromString(string: String): Option[HDPath] =
    Try(LegacyHDPath.fromString(string))
      .orElse(Try(SegWitHDPath.fromString(string)))
      .orElse(Try(NestedSegWitHDPath.fromString(string)))
      .toOption
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Poaching eggs can look intimidating, but our 4-Egg Poacher Set makes it easy! Cook each egg perfectly inside the nonstick cup and remove individually using the handle on each cup, or remove all four cups at once with the insert tray handle. The pan is made from durable 18/8 stainless steel with a thick encapsulated base with aluminum core for quick, even heat distribution. The magnetic stainless steel base makes this pan safe to use on induction cooktops. The pan can also be used as a 1-quart sauté with the fully tempered glass lid. Instructions and recipes are included. All parts are dishwasher safe.


text:
Can Rahul Gandhi be the Justin Trudeau of India?
Ashok SwainJan 15, 2017 | 16:32
Rahul Gandhi is probably the most underrated Indian politician of this decade. Indian media loves to deride him. They ignore the content of his speeches and focus only on style. Rarely does he receive a positive headline in national newspapers. Better not to talk about the way many lampoon him in social media.
Media, commentators and critics expect Rahul Gandhi to speak, act and behave in the same manner as Narendra Modi. They want him to be a Modi clone, but he steadfastly refuses to bite that bait.
He does not run after party positions, avoids personal attacks against the Opposition and openly admits that he does not have all the answers. Furthermore, he does not compromise with his annual vacations.
Rahul Gandhi's opponents never miss any opportunity to poke fun at his privileged upbringing. Modi calls him "shehzada" (prince) while contrasting his own "chaiwala" background.
It is another matter that Modi's lifestyle, language and demeanour have produced a column industry comparing him with the US president-elect, billionaire businessman Donald Trump.
Similarly, in the past, a handful of publications outside India (Canada's The Globe and Mail, Pakistan's Dawn) had tried to find similarities between then Canada's PM aspirant Justin Trudeau and Rahul Gandhi.
The surprise victory of Trudeau in Canada's general election in 2015 has brought that comparison to an end. Trudeau has become the darling of liberals around the world, while Rahul Gandhi is still in the process of being taken by political analysts as a serious contender for India's top job.
Trudeau and Rahul Gandhi are products of powerful political dynasties, and both men with boyish handsome looks have long been expected to lead their respective countries. Both are almost of the same age and educated at prestigious universities.
Trudeau went to University of British Columbia and McGill University, while Gandhi was educated at Harvard University and Cambridge University. Both have also experienced a fair share of huge personal tragedies. While Trudeau lost his brother in an avalanche, Gandhi's father and grandmother were victims of political assassination.
Both Trudeau and Gandhi also tried their luck in other professions before entering politics and have been hesitant to take up the leadership mantle of their political party. Similarly, their political opponents, Stephen Harper in the case of Trudeau and Modi in the case of Gandhi, are old and experienced politicians with strong anti-minority "credentials".
Justin Trudeau and Rahul Gandhi are products of powerful political dynasties, and both men with boyish handsome looks have long been expected to lead their respective countries. (Photo: Reuters)
The difference between these two fine gentlemen is that while Trudeau led his Liberal Party to an impressive victory, becoming the second youngest PM of Canada in 2015, at the same time, under Rahul Gandhi's leadership his Congress party lost the general election in 2014, miserably.
The surprise loss of Canada's strongman and incumbent PM Stephen Harper in 2015 - who like Modi had never left any opportunity to deride his young and inexperienced opponent for his privileged upbringing, administrative "immaturity" and even his hairstyle - forced political pundits to eat their words.
Nothing succeeds like success. One election result has forced experienced administrator and friend of big business Stephen Harper to retire from active politics, while catapulting Trudeau from being treated as a political novice to not only being seen as the undisputed leader of Canada, but also as a leader of huge global standing almost in the same category as Barack Obama.
Rahul Gandhi to cement his position as an effective and powerful political leader is in search of that critical electoral victory. His grandmother Indira Gandhi was once ridiculed as "goongi gudiya" and his mother Sonia Gandhi as a "foreigner".
That perception changed dramatically with their impressive electoral victories. In a democracy, voters ultimately decide their leaders. Fortunately, leaders are not chosen by the Opposition, nor by TV anchors and political commentators.
Trudeau, like Rahul Gandhi, was being consistently criticised by his opponents within and outside his own Liberal Party for his perceived lack of substance and clarity on policy matters, particularly in areas such as economy and foreign affairs.
However, under his leadership, the Liberals won a surprising and impressive 184 of 338 seats in the Canadian parliament, a net gain of 150 seats compared to the 2011 election.
Trudeau managed to achieve this success for his improved performance in the campaign trail. He also availed the advantage of people having very low expectations from him, due to powerful opposition propaganda against his suitability in a leadership role.
In spite of being written off by pollsters and pundits, "just not ready" Trudeau kept to his positive campaign agenda and fighting for poor and under-privileged. Eight months before the federal election, an online opinion poll (the Abacus Poll) found out that majority Canadians saw Harper as a solid choice to be their leader and at the same time, Trudeau was someone who they would like to go to a movie or vacation with.
That did not deter Trudeau from emphasising on hope in providing a positive and inclusive vision for the country while Harper was harping on creating fear and tried to ferment negative and divisive politics.
The underneath popular trust and love in Trudeau paid huge dividend in the election, pushing his party from third place to a spectacular victory, ousting a confident and experienced but divisive Harper from office.
When the time for change comes, voters do not look to elect another clone of whom they want to overthrow, but someone who is different and will be a change. In the words of former Canadian PM Brian Mulroney who had defeated Trudeau's father: "I ran and was successful because I wasn't Pierre Trudeau. Justin is successful because he isn't Stephen Harper."
Similarly, when Sonia Gandhi came from behind to defeat AB Vajpayee in the 2004 election, she could do it because she was not and also did not try to be another Vajpayee.
It will be politically and electorally beneficial for Rahul Gandhi to remain true to himself and to remain committed to his political ideas and ideals. He is what Narendra Modi is not and cannot be.
He is suave, gentle, sincere and highly educated. He has a strong record of pro-poor political philosophy and unflinching commitment to secularism. He maintains his privacy and is committed to his family and its legacy.
Staying that way might not get the approval of political pundits and social media, but when India's time for change will arrive, he will be the first choice for Indian voters.
Like Trudeau, he will bring a breath of fresh air to a gasping nation. Rahul Gandhi needs only one election victory, while time and trend are on his side.
Also read: Modi and BJP can no longer afford to ignore Rahul Gandhi
Last updated: February 17, 2018 | 20:04
#Justin Trudeau


Solar physicists have discovered that our Sun is effectively a huge musical instrument. Dr Bill Chaplin from Birmingham University likened it to a woodwind instrument powered by a build up of pressure in a thin solar region only 100km thick. He leads a team of 15 researchers under the project name BiSON, which stands for Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network. The team runs a network of instrumentation at six sites dotted about the Earth with 4 of the 6 sites operating autonomously. Their speciality is in observing waves that cause the Sun´s surface to rise and fall at a rate of a few centimetres each second over a period of about 5 minutes.
The pressure waves are generated in a thin shell at the top of the Sun´s convective zone where plasma bubbles up like a saucepan of boiling water. These undulations are replicated in the Sun´s surface and are transferred on to the light waves leaving the surface. The result is that photons of light escaping the Sun will have their wavelength `doppler-shifted´ and so the light´s colour will change by a small amount. BiSON´s sensitive instruments pick up these changes so that an overall map of surface patterns can be constructed.
It turns out that the Sun has many different modes of oscillation - over 10 million in fact. Some patterns look like a three-dimensional checkerboard whereas simpler resonances mimic the inflation and deflation of a spherical balloon. Just as seismic data from terrestrial earthquakes has allowed geologists to investigate the Earth´s interior, solar oscillations have allowed scientists to model the interior of the Sun.
Solar physicists have discovered that the convective zone has jet streams which surface at the solar equator before breaking up into smaller spiralling storms at higher solar latitudes. They can even `see´ sunspots hidden on the far side of the Sun and so provide prior warning of potentially dangerous solar eruptions that can affect satellites and astronauts in space.
In a logical progression, the study of sound waves in the Sun has been extended to stars further afield and is known as asteroseismology. A nearby star that sounds similar to our Sun is alpha Centauri but other stars have their own vocal range, so to speak. A small white dwarf such as GD358 has the higher frequencies of a choirboy whereas a large red giant star such as Xi (pronounced `zai´) Hydrae is the bass of the group. However, even the highest pitch of the stars is approximately 15 octaves lower than Middle A!
To discover yet more stellar harmony a French spacecraft named COROT, launched last December, will soon begin recording the changes in luminosity of distant stars. Although its main mission is to discover large Earth-type planets, the brightness variations it returns will allow researchers to calculate a star's precise mass, age and chemical composition which will aid in comparisons between our Sun and other stars.


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Q: Estimated Treatment Effect in the full sample is not between the estimates of the stratified samples? I am estimating the relationship between students' math scores and using a supplemental math software. I've adjusted for some demographic variables in the model. In my first model, I use the full dataset including students from grade 3, 4, and 5. In my model, I adjust for the grade coefficient I get a significant estimate of 5.1 (units) for the treatment group (those that used the program). I, then, stratify the dataset into 3rd graders only, 4th graders only, and 5th graders only and I fit a separate model per each {same model as the one fitted to the full model but this time without grade covariate}. The estimated treatment effect are:
1) Grade 3: 7.4 units
2) Grade 4: 12.29 units (significant)
3) Grade 5: 12.81 units (marginally significant)
As you may see, the overall effect of 5.1 is not between the estimates of the stratified datasets. Why does this happen? Is this strange to you?

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