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News / Sub-sections: More sections »UtahFeaturesCountiesIdahoU.S.World
UN to vote on Syria truce...Deadly bombings hit Iraqi capital...No sign of missing plane
UNITED NATIONS (AP) — The U.N. Security Council votes today on a resolution that would endorse the cease-fire agreement in Syria brokered by Russia and Turkey, and reiterate support for a roadmap to peace that starts with a transitional government. The resolution also calls for "rapid, safe and unhindered" access to deliver humanitarian aid throughout the country.
BEIRUT (AP) — Activists say besieged opposition pockets around the Syrian capital have seen no reprieve in fighting despite a nationwide cease-fire agreement that went into effect at midnight Friday. The Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights monitoring group says t least two civilians and five militants have been killed in battles over opposition-held Eastern Ghouta and Barada Valley regions since the cease-fire went into effect early yesterday.
BAGHDAD (AP) — The Islamic State group is claiming responsibility for a pair of suicide bombings today at a busy market in central Baghdad. Police and medical officials say the attack killed at least 28 people and wounded more than 50. Later, three more attacks in and around Baghdad killed eight people and wounded 17.
CLEVELAND (AP) — A dive team has been assembled in Cleveland to begin recovery efforts for a small plane carrying six people that disappeared over Lake Erie near Cleveland's shores. The plane vanished shortly after taking off Thursday night from the city's lakeshore airport. The Coast Guard suspended its search yesterday after finding no sign of the plane.
PALM BEACH, Florida (AP) — Donald Trump has sent a New Year's greeting on Twitter, saying "Happy New Year to all, including to my many enemies and those who have fought me and lost so badly." The president-elect will be spending his New Year's Eve at his club in Palm Beach, Florida. He's throwing a private party that is expected to draw hundreds of guests, including action star Sylvester Stallone.
Most recent News stories

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text:
In the Name of the Father (film)
In the Name of the Father
Terry George
Proved Innocent
by Gerry Conlon
Peter Biziou
Gerry Hambling
Hell's Kitchen Films
27 December 1993 (1993-12-27) (Ireland)
29 December 1993 (1993-12-29) (United States)
11 February 1994 (1994-02-11) (United Kingdom)
In the Name of the Father is a 1993 biographical courtroom drama film co-written and directed by Jim Sheridan. It is based on the true story of the Guildford Four, four people falsely convicted of the 1974 Guildford pub bombings, which killed four off-duty British soldiers and a civilian.[2] The screenplay was adapted by Terry George and Jim Sheridan from the autobiography Proved Innocent: The Story of Gerry Conlon of the Guildford Four by Gerry Conlon.[3]
The film was positively received by critics, and received seven Academy Award nominations, including Best Actor in a Leading Role (Daniel Day-Lewis), Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Pete Postlethwaite), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Emma Thompson), Best Director, and Best Picture.
7 Filming locations
Synopsis[edit]
Gerry Conlon is shown in Belfast stripping lead from roofs of houses when security forces home in on the district with armoured cars, and a riot breaks out. Gerry's father, Giuseppe Conlon, later saves him from IRA punishment, and he is sent off to London to stay with his aunt, Anne Maguire, for his own good. Instead, he finds a squat, to explore, as he puts it, "free love and dope". In October 1974, Gerry happens to gain entry to a prostitute's flat and he steals the £700 he finds there and chats briefly with a man sitting in a park. On that evening in Guildford, southwest of London, there is an explosion at a pub that kills four off-duty soldiers and a civilian, and wounds sixty-five others.
While Gerry has returned to Belfast to show off his stolen money, one of the squat residents talks to the authorities and the Conlon home is raided by the British Army and Royal Ulster Constabulary, who arrest Gerry as part of the Guildford Four and immediately place him on a military flight to the UK mainland. Gerry and his friend, Paul Hill, are interrogated by police who torture and threaten them until both finally agree to sign a confession after being held for up to seven days under the Prevention of Terrorism Act. Giuseppe, who goes to England to help his son, is staying with his Maguire family relatives in London when they are all arrested in December 1974. In the subsequent trial, the family (known as the Maguire Seven, including Conlon's father) are convicted of supporting the Guildford bombing on the basis of nitroglycerin traces, receiving long terms of imprisonment. The confessed Guildford Four, including Gerry, are sentenced to life imprisonment.
Gerry's time in prison shows a progression from a bitter son who rails at his father until an awakening when he is approached by new inmate Joe McAndrew, the real perpetrator of the bombing. McAndrew tells the Conlons that he had confessed the truth to the police, who then withheld the information to avoid official embarrassment. When McAndrew leads a prison protest and then sets a hated prison guard on fire, Gerry is the one who saves the guard with a blanket. Gerry takes over the fight for justice himself when his father dies in custody. His case becomes public, gaining support from Dublin, Belfast and London. A common slogan used by his supporters is "Free The Four".
Gareth Peirce, a campaigning lawyer who has been investigating the case on behalf of Giuseppe, has a breakthrough when she tries to access Giuseppe's file and is able to look instead at Gerry's. She finds vital police documents in the file that are marked "Not to be shown to the Defence". During the course of their appeal, the production of these documents leads to a triumphant scene in court when Peirce produces the evidence that the police have been lying throughout about the existence of a witness who had provided Conlon with an alibi during their initial investigation. This leads to the overturning of the verdict and immediate release of the Guildford Four.
The film ends with a triumphant Gerry revealing his story to the media and proclaiming his father's innocence. Title cards reveal the current activities of the Four, the exoneration of the Maguire Seven, that the police were acquitted of any wrongdoing, and that the real perpetrators of the Guildford Bombing have not been charged with the crime.
Daniel Day-Lewis as Gerry Conlon
Pete Postlethwaite as Patrick "Giuseppe" Conlon
Emma Thompson as Gareth Peirce
John Lynch as Paul Hill
Corin Redgrave as Inspector Robert Dixon
Beatie Edney as Carole Richardson
John Benfield as Chief PO Barker
Paterson Joseph as Benbay
Marie Jones as Sarah Conlon
Gerard McSorley as Detective Pavis
Frank Harper as Ronnie Smalls
Mark Sheppard as Paddy Armstrong
Don Baker as Joe McAndrew
Tom Wilkinson as an Appeal Prosecutor
Model, now actress, Saffron Burrows made her feature film debut in the film, as Gerry Conlon's free love-interest at a commune/squat in London at the time of the bombings.
To prepare for the role of Gerry Conlon, Day-Lewis lost over 50 pounds in weight. To gain an insight into Conlon's thoughts and feelings at the time, Day-Lewis also spent three days and nights in a jail cell. He was prevented from sleeping by a group of thugs, who would bang on the door every ten minutes with tin cups through the night, then was interrogated by three different teams of real Special Branch officers for nine hours. He would also insist that crew members throw cold water at him and verbally abuse him. He also kept his Belfast accent on and off set.
Day-Lewis has stated in an interview that he went through all this as "How could I understand how an innocent man could sign that confession and destroy his own life."[4][5]
The film received very positive reviews from most critics. The review aggregator websites Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic both scored the film very highly, with Rotten Tomatoes giving it 94% and a 'certified fresh' rating, while Metacritic has given it 84% and a 'universal acclaim' rating.[6][7]
Australian Film Institute Awards Best Foreign Film Jim Sheridan Nominated
Academy Awards Best Picture Nominated
Best Director Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated
Terry George Nominated
Best Actor Daniel Day-Lewis Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Pete Postlethwaite Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Emma Thompson Nominated
Best Film Editing Gerry Hambling Nominated
ACE Eddie Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic Nominated
BAFTA Awards Best Adapted Screenplay Jim Sheridan Nominated
Berlin International Film Festival Golden Berlin Bear[8] Jim Sheridan Won
BSFC Award Best Actor Daniel Day-Lewis Won
DFWFCA Award Best Film Nominated
David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Actor Daniel Day-Lewis Nominated
Best Foreign Film Jim Sheridan Won
European Film Award European Film of the Year Nominated
Evening Standard British Film Award Best Film Jim Sheridan Won
Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Drama Nominated
Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama Daniel Day-Lewis Nominated
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Emma Thompson Nominated
("You Made Me the Thief of Your Heart") Bono Nominated
Gavin Friday Nominated
Maurice Seezer Nominated
Humanitas Prize Feature Film Category Terry George Nominated
Jim Sheridan Nominated
Nastro d'Argento European Silver Ribbon Nominated
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards Best Supporting Actress Emma Thompson Won
LAFCA Award Best Actor Daniel Day-Lewis 2nd place
NBR Award Top Ten Films Won
NSFC Award Best Actor Daniel Day-Lewis 2nd place
NYFCC Award Best Actor 3rd place
PGA Award Best Theatrical Motion Picture Jim Sheridan Nominated
PFS Award Exposé Won
Human Rights Nominated
Peace Nominated
WGA Award Best Adapted Screenplay Jim Sheridan Nominated
Upon its release the film proved controversial for some historical inaccuracies and for fictionalising parts of the story and Jim Sheridan was forced to defend his choices. In 2003, Sheridan stated: "I was accused of lying in In the Name of the Father, but the real lie was saying it was a film about the Guildford Four when really it was about a non-violent parent."[9] In the film we see Gerry and his father Giuseppe (in the closing credits, the name is misspelled 'Guiseppe') sharing the same cell, but this never took place and they were usually kept in separate prisons. The courtroom scenes featuring Gareth Peirce were also heavily criticised as clearly straying from recorded events and established British legal practices since, as a solicitor and not a barrister, she would not have been able to appear in court as shown in the film. Furthermore, Peirce did not in fact represent Giuseppe Conlon. Investigative journalist David Pallister wrote, "the myriad absurdities in the court scenes, straight out of LA Law, are inexcusable."[10]
Soundtrack[edit]
The soundtrack of the film includes the song "You Made Me the Thief of Your Heart" performed by Sinéad O'Connor and written by Bono, Gavin Friday, and Maurice Seezer. It also includes "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)" performed by The Jimi Hendrix Experience. However, the Bob Dylan Song "Like a Rolling Stone" was not included on the album due to licensing restrictions.
The soundtrack featured these songs:
Bono and Gavin Friday - "In the Name of the Father" (5:42)
The Jimi Hendrix Experience - "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)" (5:09)
Bono and Gavin Friday - "Billy Boola" (3:45)
The Kinks - "Dedicated Follower of Fashion" (3:00)
Trevor Jones - "Interrogation" (7:11)
Bob Marley and the Wailers - "Is This Love" (3:51)
Trevor Jones - "Walking the Circle" (4:42)
Thin Lizzy - "Whiskey in the Jar" (5:44)
Trevor Jones - "Passage of Time" (5:52)
Sinéad O'Connor - "You Made Me the Thief of Your Heart" (6:21)
Filming locations[edit]
South Lotts, Dublin, Ireland (used for opening Belfast scenes)
Sheriff Street, Dublin, Ireland (Sheriff Street flats complex (now demolished) used for riot scene)
Kilmainham Gaol, Dublin, Ireland (as Park Royal Prison)
Liverpool, England (used for many London scenes)
Manchester, England (used for external court scenes)
Birmingham Six
List of films featuring hallucinogens
^ "In the Name of the Father at Box Office Mojo". Retrieved 29 September 2010.
^ Pallister, David (19 October 1999). "An injustice that still reverberates". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
^ The Irish Filmography 1896-1996; Red Mountain Press; 1996. Page 59.
^ EmmaGennaro (7 May 2008). "Daniel Day-Lewis - 'Movies 101' Part 3" – via YouTube.
^ "In The Name Of the Father Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ "In the Name of the Father Reviews". Metacritic. CNET Networks, Inc. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ "Berlinale: 1994 Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
^ Merritt, Stephanie (11 October 2003). "In the pain of the father" – via The Guardian.
^ Pallister, David (Spring 1994). "In the Name of the Father". Vertigo Magazine. London: Close-Up Film Centre. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: In the Name of the Father (film)
In the Name of the Father on IMDb
In the Name of the Father at Rotten Tomatoes
In the Name of the Father at AllMovie
In the Name of the Father at Box Office Mojo
In the Name of the Father at the TCM Movie Database
In the Name of the Father at Metacritic
Films directed by Jim Sheridan
The Field (1990)
In the Name of the Father (1993)
The Boxer (1997)
Dream House (2011)
The Secret Scripture (2016)
Golden Bear-winning films
Four in a Jeep / Without Leaving an Address / In Beaver Valley / Justice Is Done / Cinderella (1951)
One Summer of Happiness (1952)
Hobson's Choice (1954)
Die Ratten (1955)
Invitation to the Dance (1956)
Les Cousins (1959)
El Lazarillo de Tormes (1960)
La Notte (1961)
A Kind of Loving (1962)
To Bed or Not to Bed / Bushido, Samurai Saga (1963)
Dry Summer (1964)
Alphaville (1965)
Cul-de-sac (1966)
The Departure (1967)
Who Saw Him Die? (1968)
Early Works (1969)
The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (1971)
The Canterbury Tales (1972)
Distant Thunder (1973)
The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (1974)
Adoption (1975)
Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson (1976)
The Ascent (1977)
Ascensor / Las truchas / What Max Said (1978)
David (1979)
Heartland / Palermo or Wolfsburg (1980)
Deprisa, Deprisa (1981)
Veronika Voss (1982)
Ascendancy / La colmena (1983)
Love Streams (1984)
The Woman and the Stranger / Wetherby (1985)
Stammheim (1986)
The Theme (1987)
Red Sorghum (1988)
Music Box / Larks on a String (1990)
The House of Smiles (1991)
Woman Sesame Oil Maker / The Wedding Banquet (1993)
The Bait (1995)
Central Station (1998)
Magnolia (2000)
Intimacy (2001)
Spirited Away / Bloody Sunday (2002)
In This World (2003)
Head-On (2004)
U-Carmen eKhayelitsha (2005)
Grbavica (2006)
Tuya's Marriage (2007)
Elite Squad (2008)
The Milk of Sorrow (2009)
Honey (2010)
A Separation (2011)
Caesar Must Die (2012)
Child's Pose (2013)
Black Coal, Thin Ice (2014)
Fire at Sea (2016)
On Body and Soul (2017)
Touch Me Not (2018)
Synonyms (2019)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Name_of_the_Father_(film)&oldid=891827248"
British films
1990s biographical films
1990s drama films
1990s prison films
British biographical films
British drama films
British legal films
British prison films
Irish films
Irish biographical films
Irish drama films
Courtroom films
Political drama films
Universal Pictures films
Golden Bear winners
Drama films based on actual events
Films set in Belfast
Films shot in the Republic of Ireland
Films about the Irish Republican Army
Films about The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
Films about lawyers
Films about miscarriage of justice
Films scored by Trevor Jones
EngvarB from May 2016


text:
Home Books, Arts and Culture The Collapse
by Spencer Ackerman
Night Draws Near: Iraq's People in the Shadow of America's War by Anthony Shadid (Henry Holt & Co., 448 pages, $26.00)
The relentless carnage and rising illiberalism of Iraq are inducing shellshock in the advocates of the war. Among conservatives, the palpable despair has prompted dead-enders at The Wall Street Journal to bitterly denounce unspecified apostates for "self-doubt, self-flagellation, excessive fine-tuning, and political cravenness." Nearly every prominent liberal who cheered the March 2003 invasion has either renounced the war or deferred renunciation in the hope that a miracle awaits. And practically every American who at one time approved of the war wonders how things could have gone so wrong. How did the children who, in some cases, excitedly greeted U.S. troops become the cheering crowds in Fallujah who zealously lynched four American contractors? Some pro-war polemicists cling to those comforting early images like a security blanket. "I saw it myself," Christopher Hitchens recently testified on Slate, referring to early Iraqi enthusiasm for the invasion, "and will not be told that I did not see it."
There is no question that the Iraqi people suffered under one of the vilest dictators of the 20th century and longed for liberation. But a foreign power that, largely through ignorance, disrespects Arab pride, tribal custom, Iraqi nationalism, and Islamic sensibility has not been able to fulfill its promises of freedom and security. How the Iraqis themselves have experienced a war supposedly waged in their name is the missing piece of the story that Americans, especially those who continue to support the war, need to understand. There has been no shortage of recent books examining failings of the U.S. occupation, such as ex–Coalition Provisional Authority adviser Larry Diamond's captivating memoir Squandered Victory. But even these efforts have centered on American decisions and American missteps, leaving the Iraqi people as the afterthought or abstraction that they remain in the White House Situation Room.
Anthony Shadid's Night Draws Near, unlike everything that has come before it, explains Iraqis to their distant American occupiers. Shadid, an Arabic-speaking reporter for The Washington Post, has been an invaluable guide for anyone attempting to comprehend Iraq, providing a level of detail, context, and understanding that has escaped all but his ablest colleagues. In his telling -- emotionally resonant and always deeply perceptive -- the complex path Iraqis followed from cautious optimism to frustration to insurgency becomes clear for the first time. Through the eyes of the Iraqis, Shadid offers a wealth of insight into phenomena Americans must contend with as long as we occupy Iraq: the fury of offended Iraqi patriotism, the resurgence of religion among the toppled Sunnis, the besiegement of the Iraqi citizen, and the meaning of the new Shia politics that the United States has ushered to power. He has achieved nothing short of authoring the first classic, indispensable account of the Iraq War.
The genius of Shadid's book lies in its almost casual ability to address crucial questions that readers hadn't previously realized were going unanswered. What, for example, do Iraqis even call the war that President Bush dubbed Operation Iraqi Freedom? In Iraq, the war is the suqut -- a mournful term translating to "the collapse" or "the fall" but suggesting, as Shadid hauntingly explains, "an end without renewal, a seemingly endless interim." Such insight allows the author to demonstrate methodically that the basic problem with the occupation of Iraq is no more complicated than the fact that Iraq is, well, occupied. When, on May 22, 2003, the United Nations Security Council formally used the word "occupation" -- ihtilal in Arabic -- it hit Baghdad like a cataclysm. To Arab ears, the term unavoidably refers to Israel's occupations of Palestinian and Lebanese territory, "hulking Caterpillar bulldozers demolishing homes of stone and concrete in the squalor of Gaza; American-built Apache helicopters hovering over West Bank villages along rocky, terraced Palestinian hills; imposing Merkava tanks crashing across refugee camps as haunted faces in black-checked kaiffyehs watch them pass."
As a result, the occupation acts as an intangible instrument of corruption, pushing Iraqis into behavior that to a foreigner appears deeply pathological. Among the chief grievances after the fall of Saddam Hussein is the rampant instability that led to an explosion of violent crime. Yet when Iraqis begin police patrols, they encounter hostility from a public furious at them for collaborating with the Americans. The police themselves, trained and overseen by the United States, struggle with an ambivalence that suggests that even performing a crucial public service for their fellow citizens is a betrayal. After the Sunni city of Khaldiya undergoes a riot that includes the burning of a police chief's pickup truck in August 2003, a lieutenant remarks, "In my heart, deep inside, we are with them against the occupation." Another tells Shadid that "God willing," the insurgency will succeed in driving the United States out. These, of course, are the men charged by the United States with defeating the insurgents -- the very centerpiece of the administration's war strategy.
And it's the occupation that breeds the insurgency. From the beginning of the war, the administration has insisted that the insurgents are the remnants of Hussein's extended clique, assisted by foreign jihadists infiltrating into Iraq. The insurgency no doubt contains these elements. But Shadid's book should end the argument about who the insurgents truly are: The overwhelming majority of Sunnis fighting for and sympathizing with the insurgency against the U.S.–brokered, Shia-and-Kurdish-dominated political process do so mainly because they resent the U.S. occupation and what they perceive as America's Iraqi allies.
It could be fairly objected that because Shadid is unable to interview "former regime elements" and the jihadists fighting under Abu Musab al-Zarqawi's banner, his assessment is somewhat distorted. But the force of Shadid's reporting in Sunni areas leaves no doubt about the intensity of anti-American sentiment. Almost wherever U.S. troops capture or kill insurgents, they leave behind entire families and tribes ready to die for violent revenge or to support others who will. The occupation ensures a receptive audience for the bilious message of extremist clerics, and Shadid vividly relates the stories of two Sunnis who matter-of-factly give up their lives to fight U.S. forces in hopeless battles. Both are venerated as martyrs by local imams and their entire communities. It is hard to resist the awful conclusion that they intended their deaths to serve as redemption for their families' humiliated nationalist and religious sensibilities.
But the most valuable sections of Night Draws Near concern not the Sunnis but the Shia. After the Shia religious authority, headed by the Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, forced the Bush administration to acquiesce to direct elec- tions (which favor the majority Shia), practically every step in the political process has benefited al-Sistani's flock. Yet the substance and the players of Shia politics have remained obscure, and Shadid for the first time demystifies them. For the author, the decisive actor in Shia politics is not al-Sistani, the senior cleric with whom the Americans have come to a modus vivendi, nor the current al-Sistani–aligned prime minister, Ibrahim Jafari, but Muqtada al-Sadr, the firebrand theocrat who twice led armed uprisings against the United States.
In Washington and Baghdad's "Green Zone," the conventional view is that al-Sadr has been crushed between the pincers of U.S. firepower and Shia politics. Additionally, many believe that al-Sadr and al-Sistani have categorically different aims, with al-Sadr and his movement "not show[ing] any appreciation for the more moderate politics" of al-Sistani, in the words of Reuel Marc Gerecht, the most thoughtful neoconservative observer of Iraqi politics and religion. Gerecht, who believes that al-Sistani's embrace of democracy is "revolutionary," concludes that "the course of Shiite history is now on Sistani's (not Sadr's) side."
Shadid challenges every aspect of this story. He writes that the two clerics "never disagreed, in a fundamental way," on either religious questions or on a prominent political role for the clergy. (Al-Sistani pushed for a leading role for Islam in the Iraqi constitution, and al-Sadr's forces organized local elections, often to the chagrin of the Coalition Provisional Authority.) Their not-inconsiderable differences concern al-Sadr's willingness to embrace violence and al-Sistani's greater comfort with the occupation. Al-Sadr powerfully portrays the United States and Hussein as twin oppressors -- ostentatiously contrasting his father's 1999 assassination with al-Sistani's quietism -- whom the "traditional Hawza" (read: al-Sistani) will never challenge. Shadid insightfully notes that while the Shia, al-Sadr included, pay their due respect to al-Sistani as supreme religious authority, they call out for "Muqtada," suggesting the latter's political charisma. Their influence is potently felt in Jafari's recent statements urging an expeditious U.S. withdrawal.
Shadid's book is not a jeremiad. But it does make clear that the longer the United States occupies Iraq, the greater is the chance that the Sunnis will transfer their hatred to the occupation's perceived Shia and Kurdish beneficiaries, leading to even greater bloodshed. Night Draws Near will not resolve the debate over whether the Iraq War was destined to fail. At times, Shadid suggests potential mitigating factors: if only U.S. troops had immediately provided public security, if only a massive aid package had arrived, etc. But, as Iraqis tell him, Arabs are taught from birth that the suffering of the Palestinians is the ultimate responsibility of the United States, Israel's patron, meaning that the United States has had very little margin for the errors that are inevitable in occupations. Shadid's ultimate lesson about the folly of the war lies in a question one Iraqi posed to him: "How could they understand Iraq? It's impossible." Only without Anthony Shadid, who has secured his place in history as the chronicler of the suqut.
Spencer Ackerman is an associate editor at The New Republic.
Issue: Shut Up, Already!
Spencer Ackerman
Spencer Ackerman, a senior correspondent for The American Prospect, is a senior reporter for The Washington Independent.
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text:
La Brown Betty es un tipo de tetera, redonda y con un glaseado de cerámica marrón conocido como el Rockingham glaze.

Las teteras originales se construyeron sobre la base de una arcilla roja que fue descubierta en el área Stoke-on-Trent de Gran Bretaña en 1695. Esta arcilla producía cerámica que parecía retener mejor el calor y fue utilizada como material para la tetera desde el siglo XVII. Las primeras versiones eran de forma alta y parecida a la de una cafetera. En el siglo XIX, las teteras comenzaron a tomar la forma más redonda característica de la Brown Betty. El Rockingham Glaze fue agregado a la tetera y se le dejaba caer por los lados, creando un acabado rallado luego de ser puesta al fuego.

En la era victoriana, cuando el té fue más popular, el té hecho en la Brown Betty era considerado excelente. Esto fue debido al diseño de la tetera que le permitía a las hojas de té más espacio a reaccionar cuando el agua era vertida dentro de la tetera, liberando más sabor con menos amargura.

Referencias

Teteras

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: The reasoning behind doing series expansions and approximating functions in physics It is usual in physics, that when we have a variable that is very small or very large we do a power series expansion of the function of that variable, and eliminate the high order terms, but my question is, why do we usually make the expansion and then approximate, why don't we just do the limit in that function, when that value is very small (tends to zero) or is very large (tends to infinity).

A: Consider the function $f(x)$ defined by
$$
f(x)\equiv \int^\infty_{-\infty} ds\ \big(\exp(-s^2-xs^4) - \exp(-s^2)\big).
\tag{1}
$$
When $x=0$, we get $f(0)=0$. What if we want to know the value of $f(x)$ when $x$ is a very small positive number? We don't know how to evaluate this integral exactly and explicitly, and just saying that the result will be "close to zero" is not very enlightening.
We could evaluate the integral numerically, but that requires a computer (or a very patient person with a lot of time), and if we do the calculation that way, then we have to re-do it for each new value of $x$ that we care about.
An alternative is to expand in powers of $x$:
$$
f(x)
= \int^\infty_{-\infty} ds\ (-xs^4)\exp(-s^2)
+ \int^\infty_{-\infty} ds\ \frac{(-xs^4)^2}{2!}\exp(-s^2)
+ \int^\infty_{-\infty} ds\ \frac{(-xs^4)^3}{3!}\exp(-s^2)
+\cdots
\tag{2}
$$
Each term in this expansion is an elementary integral, which can be evaluated explicitly, so we end up a series in powers of $x$ with explicit numeric coefficients. The expansion doesn't converge (it's an asymptotic expansion), but if $x$ is small enough, then the first few terms give a good approximation, and we don't have to re-compute the coefficients every time we want to try a new value of $x$.
Examples like this are everywhere in physics. This particular example is the single-variable version of an integral that shows up in the simplest type of non-trivial quantum field theory (the "$\phi^4$ model").

A: The key reason is that we want to understand the behavior of the system in the neighborhood of the state rather than at the state itself.
Take the equation of motion for a simple pendulum, for example:
$$\ddot{\theta} = -\frac{g}{\ell}\sin(\theta)$$
If we take the limit where $\theta \rightarrow 0$, we find $\ddot{\theta}= 0$, and we would conclude that the pendulum angle increases or decreases linearly with respect to time.
If we however take a Taylor expansion and truncate at the linear term, we find $\ddot{\theta} = -\frac{g}{\ell}\theta$, which is a simple harmonic oscillator! This expansion shows us that in the neighborhood of $0$, the system returns back to $0$ as if it was a simple harmonic oscillator: completely unlike what we could state in the limit approximation above.
In fact, you could consider the limiting behavior around a state to be the zeroth-order component of a local expansion, which holds true straightforwardly for the example above since the limit term contributes no terms to the dynamics of the pendulum (but correctly notes that the angle increases/decreases linearly very close to $0$).

A: The idea behind any expansion is to express a "complicated" function in terms of simpler ones.  In the case of a series expansion, the simpler ones are polynomials.  Thus for instance the function
$$
\frac{1}{a+x}-\frac{1}{a-x} \tag{1}
$$
is a difference of two approximately equal quantities when $x/a\to 0$ and so appears to be $0$ when $x/a\to 0$ but that's not really useful information so it is convenient to reexpress it as
$$
\frac{1}{a(1+x/a)}-\frac{1}{a(1-x/a)} \approx
-\frac{2 x}{a^2}-\frac{2 x^3}{a^4}
$$
which gives some additional information  in this limit.
There are also multiple circumstances where some equations - say a differential equation - cannot be solved exactly but can be solved in some limit (often yielding a linearized equation or systems of equations), which still allows some qualitative understanding of the features of the solutions: this is the basis for perturbation theory.  For instance, solving the Schrodinger equation for the Lennard-Jones potential
$$
V(r)= 4\epsilon\left[\left(\frac{\sigma}{r}\right)^{12}
-\left(\frac{\sigma}{r}\right)^6\right]
$$
cannot be done analytically, but near the minimum $r_0=2^{1/6}\sigma$ one can expand to obtain
$$
V(r)\approx -\epsilon+ \frac{18\ 2^{2/3} \epsilon  (r-r_0)^2}{\sigma ^2}
$$
which, up to an unimportant constant and shift in $r$, is a harmonic oscillator potential for which the solutions are known.  Thus, we can get some approximate insight (or at least some orders of magnitude) into the appropriate molecular transitions.
Of course great care must be taken to insure that the assumptions behind the expansion are not ultimately violated by the solutions, i.e. one must understand that the resulting solutions are approximate and may fail badly in some cases.

A: In general, one uses whatever works to learn something about the system.
Get an exact exact solution if you can. But too often that is not possiblr.
So, use any technique you like to learn something about the behaviour.
Turns out that the perturbative expansion can often be used, is usually meaningful around a stable state and is helpful. So, it becomes a golden hammer.
However, it is good to be skeptical as to validity in a given case. For systems in a state far away from a stable minimum such techniques are often not valid at all.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Coach Jim's Swim Teaching Terms you will hear around the pool.
Listen to the fish, talk to the fish – Side breathing freestyle. Listen to fish, head is sideways taking a breath; talk to the fish, face in the water exhaling air.
Pizza belly – Backstroke body position promoting streamlining – keeping your stomach and hips close to the surface. What does your belly look like after you eat three pizzas!
Rollovers – Rolling from front to back float in streamline position.
Sail boat, karate chop, rocket ship – Full competitive backstroke. Straight arm recovery over the shoulder to form a sailboat mast at 90 degrees. Hands enter little pinky first or karate chop, followed by arm sweeping down to the side.


Introducing the newest addition to our collection of modern sofas. If you're looking to add colour to your existing home interior this Patrice Yellow Sofa is the perfect addition to add to your home. Complete in a bright yellow colour and made from fabric this two seater sofa is topped off with golden coloured legs.


Ever heard of virtual reality? For a real estate agent, virtual reality could be a boon if he or she can showcase a property or a bunch of properties without moving an inch. Taking a client around to find a commercial or residential property that suits his/her taste and budget is not as simple as it sounds. It takes a lot of leg work, time, money and energy to find the piece of property that the client has in mind. As a real estate agent, taking the customer or client on a 3D virtual reality tour instead of a physical one is much easier and has its own merits. 360 tours offers cutting-edge services in this realm and is a boon for real estate agents like you. 1. Saves time: As a real estate agent, your time is very valuable to you and we understand that a property cannot be sold or leased by showing it to a single customer. It could take ten or even twenty customers or clients before you can nail the deal. So, time is of the essence and 360 tours will help you save time by capturing and rendering each and every aspect of the property in the discussion at any time. 2. Increases productivity: It could take weeks or even months before a property could be sold or leased and as a real estate agent, you will not be focusing on a single property. With 360 tours, you can show all available or chosen properties to your customers or clients at one go. Instead of running around, you can now focus on your core competency of finding more clients which translates to increased productivity.3. Wow factor/lasting impression: In this era of gadgets, technology and the internet, what impresses a client most? Leveraging technology to save their time and money can be a great factor in influencing their decision. The wow factor that 360 tours offers you as a real estate agent is simply wonderful. In fact, a client will bring in more clients owing to this lasting impression you have created.4. 24 Hr open house: In the real world, as a real estate agent, you are a slave to the client's calendar and will need to make adjustments to accommodate their free time. Instead, if you have an opportunity to showcase all properties at anytime and anywhere, would that be beneficial? Yes, it will save time and resources for you as well as the client. In fact, you could be showcasing a property in Singapore to a prospect while on a holiday in Bangkok.5. Generate more quality leads: What is a quality lead? For you as a real estate agent, a quality lead is a lead with a requirement for a leased or owned property and has a budget ready. While using 360 tours, saving money and resources for both parties, who do you think an existing customer will recommend? Another client who is ready to buy or lease! That is a quality lead. So by using 360 tours, you will be generating leads that qualify to buy and will not be wasting time with clients who want to visit properties for the heck of it because you are not taking them anywhere.


text:
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Home » Events » Webinar: Living lab approach to governance
Webinar: Living lab approach to governance
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Join the next interactive ROCK webinar to learn about the best practice city-wide sustainability strategy from Eindhoven.
The living lab in Eindhoven is an approach, a way of thinking and working that emerged in the city of Eindhoven and it is materialized in various places in the city. The municipality of Eindhoven took the initiative to develop various living lab initiatives, in collaboration with actors from other sectors (private sector institutions, public organizations, academic and knowledge institutions and Brainport which is a triple helix collaboration between businesses, government and educational & research institutions).
This resulted in a type of living lab that differs from other labs: it is not a laboratory with a building and it does not have clear hierarchical structure with clear living lab objectives, actors and programmes and projects that are organized and presented in a clear policy document. The living lab is however an entire part of the city's strategy that is developed, supported and implemented at political and administrative level. It fits in the line of thinking and working in Eindhoven that started decades ago in which technological innovation are linked to and combined with collaborative forms of working, citizen engagement and citizen centred developments.
In this webinar, Lucy Latham, Policy and Cities Programme Lead at Julie's Bicycle will be joined by guest speakers – details on whom will follow.
This is the third webinar in the ROCK series, part of the EU Horizon 2020 ROCK project.
Booking for this event has now closed.
This webinar is part of the EU Horizon 2020 ROCK project. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730280.
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"Advances in technology, educational theory and our own understanding of how students learn all lead to new ideas about what a school can and should be."
The Dallas Independent School District has selected t. howard + associates (t.h+a) as Lakewood Elementary's lead architect. t.h+a will work with Good Fulton and Farrell, who developed the conceptual plans, to design the updated and expanded Lakewood Elementary.


text:
Home > NBAA-BACE & Other Events > Latest News > Social Media Firsts Mark NBAA's 2019 Convention
Social Media Firsts Mark NBAA's 2019 Convention
Before heading to Las Vegas, attendees of the 2019 NBAA Business Aviation Convention & Exhibition (NBAA-BACE) should know about several new, exciting initiatives the association has planned to engage show-goers in an interactive, online conversation about what's driving the show's energy and excitement.
From a first-ever social media "wall" featuring attendees' Tweets and Instagram posts, to a new social media influencer program designed to spread the word to a larger audience about business aviation's biggest event – engagement surrounding NBAA-BACE is expected to be at an all-time high.
"One of the best and easiest ways to find out about what's new and exciting at NBAA-BACE is through everyone's favorite social media platforms: Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram and YouTube," said Dan Hubbard, NBAA's senior vice president of communications. "We encourage attendees to be a part of the conversation about the show by using #NBAA19 on social media."
Before the event opens, NBAA's social media platforms will provide helpful logistical information for attendees and exhibitors, and also share what's happening behind the scenes, as the industry's biggest event comes together at the Las Vegas Convention Center and Henderson Executive Airport (HND). From the time the first exhibitors arrive at the show, until the last aircraft leaves the exhibit hall, NBAA's social media feeds will bring NBAA-BACE to life with videos, photos, articles, daily attendee surveys and more.
Attendees should look for locations on the exhibit hall floor and at the aircraft display where they will be encouraged to "Snap and Share" selfies using #NBAA19. The new Urban Air Mobility/Unmanned Aircraft Systems display area, the aircraft at HND and the convention center, the Innovation Zone and NBAA's new Professional Membership Lounge are just some of the features attendees will want to share on social media.
Attendees also are encouraged to download the NBAA events app before heading to Las Vegas. The free mobile app – available for the iPad, iPhone and Android smartphones – helps show-goers make preparations, enhances event experiences and serves as a useful reference all year long. Learn more about the NBAA app.
"Social media allows attendees, as well as those unable to come to Las Vegas, to be a part of business aviation's most important event," said Hubbard. "Each year, the number of social media impressions about the show grows and you'll want to be a part of that conversation."
Follow NBAA on Facebook.
Follow NBAA on Twitter.
Follow NBAA on Instagram.
Follow NBAA YoPros on Instagram.
Follow NBAA on LinkedIn.
Follow NBAA on YouTube.
Any person who attends an NBAA convention, conference, seminar or other program grants permission to NBAA, its employees and agents (collectively "NBAA") to record his or her visual/audio images, including, but not limited to, photographs, digital images, voices, sound or video recordings, audio clips, or accompanying written descriptions, and, without notifying such person, to use his or her name and such images for any purpose of NBAA, including advertisements for NBAA and its programs.
Event Date Oct. 22-24, 2019
Event Location Las Vegas Convention Center
Henderson Executive Airport Las Vegas, NV


text:
typedef struct _XIGNCODE_STUB_ST
{
	PVOID GetModuleHandleA;
	PVOID GetProcAddress;
	PVOID InterlockedExchange;
	PVOID InterlockedCompareExchange;

	PVOID LoadLibraryA;
	PVOID HeapAlloc;
	PVOID HeapFree;
	PVOID GetProcessHeap;
	PVOID VirtualAlloc;
	PVOID VirtualFree;
	PVOID VirtualProtect;
} XIGNCODE_STUB_ST, *PXIGNCODE_STUB_ST;

typedef BOOL (WINAPI *LinkThunkT)(PULONG, PVOID *, PXIGNCODE_STUB_ST, PVOID);
typedef BOOL (WINAPI *UnlinkThunkT)(PULONG, PVOID *, PXIGNCODE_STUB_ST);
typedef FARPROC (WINAPI *FindThunkT)(PULONG, PVOID *, PXIGNCODE_STUB_ST, LPCSTR);

typedef BOOL (__cdecl *ZCWAVE_InitT)();
typedef BOOL (__cdecl *ZCWAVE_CleanupT)();
typedef BOOL (__cdecl *ZCWAVE_SysEnterT)(LPCTSTR, DWORD);
typedef BOOL (__cdecl *ZCWAVE_SysExitT)();
typedef BOOL (__cdecl *ZCWAVE_ProbeT)(CPACKETDATA, PACKETDATA, SIZE_T);
typedef HANDLE (__cdecl *ZCWAVE_CreateCodeBoxT)();
typedef BOOL (__cdecl *ZCWAVE_CloseCodeBoxT)(HANDLE h);
typedef BOOL (__cdecl *ZCWAVE_ProbeCodeBoxT)(HANDLE h, CPACKETDATA data, PACKETDATA buf, SIZE_T size);

static ULONG g_thunkState;
static PVOID g_thunkContext;
static BOOL g_initialized = FALSE;
static PVOID g_vmem = NULL;
static ULONG g_vmemPreambleSize = 0;

#ifdef GetPtr
#undef GetPtr
#endif

#define GetPtr(b, o) (PVOID)((ULONG_PTR) b + o)

static void InitST(PXIGNCODE_STUB_ST st)
{
	st->GetModuleHandleA = GetModuleHandleA;
	st->GetProcAddress = GetProcAddress;
	st->InterlockedExchange = InterlockedExchange;
	st->InterlockedCompareExchange = InterlockedCompareExchange;
	st->LoadLibraryA = LoadLibraryA;
	st->HeapAlloc = HeapAlloc;
	st->HeapFree = HeapFree;
	st->GetProcessHeap = GetProcessHeap;
	st->VirtualAlloc = VirtualAlloc;
	st->VirtualFree = VirtualFree;
	st->VirtualProtect = VirtualProtect;
}

static BOOL LinkThunk()
{
	g_vmem = VirtualAlloc(NULL
						, XIGNCODE_BIN_DATA_SIZE + 0x3000
						, MEM_COMMIT | MEM_RESERVE
						, PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE);
	if(!g_vmem)
		return FALSE;

	g_vmemPreambleSize = (GetTickCount() % 4096) & 0xfffff000;

	PVOID p = GetPtr(g_vmem, g_vmemPreambleSize);

	for(ULONG i=0; i<XIGNCODE_BIN_DATA_CNT; ++i)
	{
		memcpy(p, XIGNCODE_BIN_DATA_ARR[i], XIGNCODE_BIN_DATA_ARR_SIZE[i]);
		p = GetPtr(p, XIGNCODE_BIN_DATA_ARR_SIZE[i]);
	}

	XIGNCODE_STUB_ST st;
	InitST(&st);
	BYTE *D = (BYTE *) GetPtr(g_vmem, g_vmemPreambleSize);
	LinkThunkT F = (LinkThunkT) (D + *(DWORD*)(D + 20));
	BOOL ret = F(&g_thunkState, &g_thunkContext, &st, D);
	if(!ret)
	{
		VirtualFree(g_vmem, 0, MEM_DECOMMIT | MEM_RELEASE);
		g_vmem = NULL;
	}

	return ret;
}

static BOOL UnlinkThunk()
{
	XIGNCODE_STUB_ST st;
	InitST(&st);
	BYTE *D = (BYTE *) GetPtr(g_vmem, g_vmemPreambleSize);
	UnlinkThunkT F = (UnlinkThunkT) (D + *(DWORD*)(D + 24));
	BOOL ret = F(&g_thunkState, &g_thunkContext, &st);
	if(!ret)
		return ret;

	VirtualFree(g_vmem, 0, MEM_DECOMMIT | MEM_RELEASE);
	g_vmem = NULL;
	return ret;
}

static FARPROC FindThunk(LPCSTR name)
{
	XIGNCODE_STUB_ST st;
	InitST(&st);
	BYTE *D = (BYTE *) GetPtr(g_vmem, g_vmemPreambleSize);
	FindThunkT F = (FindThunkT) (D + *(DWORD*)(D + 28));
	return F(&g_thunkState, &g_thunkContext, &st, name);
}

BOOL ZCWAVE_Probe(CPACKETDATA data, PACKETDATA buf, SIZE_T size)
{
	if(!g_initialized)
		return FALSE;

	ZCWAVE_ProbeT F;
	F = (ZCWAVE_ProbeT) FindThunk("ZCWAVE_Probe");
	if(!F)
		return FALSE;

	return F(data, buf, size);
}

BOOL ZCWAVE_SysEnter(LPCTSTR path, DWORD opt)
{
	if(!LinkThunk())
		return FALSE;

	g_initialized = TRUE;

	ZCWAVE_SysEnterT F;
	F = (ZCWAVE_SysEnterT) FindThunk("ZCWAVE_SysEnter");
	if(!F)
		return FALSE;

	return F(path, opt);
}

BOOL ZCWAVE_SysExit()
{
	if(!g_initialized)
		return FALSE;

	ZCWAVE_SysExitT F;
	F = (ZCWAVE_SysExitT) FindThunk("ZCWAVE_SysExit");
	if(!F)
		return FALSE;

	BOOL ret = F();
	UnlinkThunk();
	g_initialized = FALSE;
	return ret;
}

BOOL ZCWAVE_Init()
{
	if(!g_initialized)
		return FALSE;

	ZCWAVE_InitT F;
	F = (ZCWAVE_InitT) FindThunk("ZCWAVE_Init");
	if(!F)
		return FALSE;

	return F();
}

BOOL ZCWAVE_Cleanup()
{
	if(!g_initialized)
		return FALSE;

	ZCWAVE_CleanupT F;
	F = (ZCWAVE_CleanupT) FindThunk("ZCWAVE_Cleanup");
	if(!F)
		return FALSE;

	BOOL ret = F();
	return ret;
}

HANDLE ZCWAVE_CreateCodeBox()
{
	if(!g_initialized)
		return FALSE;

	ZCWAVE_CreateCodeBoxT F;
	F = (ZCWAVE_CreateCodeBoxT) FindThunk("ZCWAVE_CreateCodeBox");
	if(!F)
		return FALSE;

	return F();
}

BOOL ZCWAVE_CloseCodeBox(HANDLE h)
{
 	if(!g_initialized)
		return FALSE;

	ZCWAVE_CloseCodeBoxT F;
	F = (ZCWAVE_CloseCodeBoxT) FindThunk("ZCWAVE_CloseCodeBox");
	if(!F)
		return FALSE;

	return F(h);
}

BOOL ZCWAVE_ProbeCodeBox(HANDLE h, CPACKETDATA data, PACKETDATA buf, SIZE_T size)
{
  	if(!g_initialized)
		return FALSE;

	ZCWAVE_ProbeCodeBoxT F;
	F = (ZCWAVE_ProbeCodeBoxT) FindThunk("ZCWAVE_ProbeCodeBox");
	if(!F)
		return FALSE;

	return F(h, data, buf, size);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Chrysopa cymbele är en insektsart som beskrevs av Banks 1933. Chrysopa cymbele ingår i släktet Chrysopa och familjen guldögonsländor.

Underarter

Arten delas in i följande underarter:

 C. c. afasciata
 C. c. fasciata

Källor

Guldögonsländor
cymbele


Let the professionals at ESOP Strategies help you identify, design, and implement the right plan for the succession of your business.
ESOP Strategies is a smart step for planning the future of your business. We will work with you to draw up a set of integrated solutions that best align your business goals, investment opportunities, and succession planning.
ESOP Strategies uses our Feasibility Assessment to help you determine whether an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) would fit well with your corporate and shareholder goals and, if so, how an ESOP would best be structured to suit those goals.


So, now that it's two months later and our summer of all the crazy is over I have a few minutes to actually get to the pictures I took... back in June!
We left off leaving Yellowstone a day early due to crazy hail and rain. We went back to spend the night with my friend in Bozeman and the next day headed over to Billings for Brian's cousin's wedding.
We stayed at a KOA, which was world's apart from the campground in Yellowstone... we even got a Kabin the first night as we heard it was going to rain again... it did!
The boys climbed this tree and then Noah realized just how far off the ground he was.
I have zero pictures from the rehearsal dinner that night, but it was fun. Time to see most of the family and have yummy food. Also, the boys having (pool) noodle fights with cousin Keenan.
The next morning we went swimming with Auntie Allison and Cousin Cassia, who got in from Africa at midnight!
Then we went to Cracker Barrel for lunch... sorry, we were not impressed.
These cousins are stair stepped exactly 1 1/2 years apart. Miss Brooklynn.
Brooklynn's mom Cassandra, and Cassandra's mom, Aunt Cindi!
After a mad dash to change into wedding clothes in Aunt Priscilla's hotel room we made it to the site for family pictures. Noah fell asleep on the way so he was kind of cranky.
Then to entertain little girls for over an hour until the wedding starts... look Mommy, I'm picking the flowers that are part of the landscaping! Whoops!
The monkeys were from Aunt Eloise. All the kids got one and they were a hit! Sadly Noah's got switched for William's in August so it's taking a trip to Africa for adventures and hopefully we can trade back in December!
By the time the wedding actually happened we had to put the girls in our baby packs and pace at the edge of the seating area. But otherwise they did really well.
Cousin Cassia was distraught after many many hours on a plane and little sleep. But shredding the grooms boutonniere was fun!
Joktan proposed to Caitlin after a long hike to the top of Granite Peak. He actually hiked it once the day before to leave his guitar up there so he could surprise her!
Sadly, the ring got left at base camp on a rock wall and I'm not sure if they ever got it back even though he hiked up again the next day to try and find it.
Next post: actual wedding pictures! This is why I will never be a wedding photographer, I don't have time to edit that many photos!
First Day of School times Two!


Blessed with dense jungles, scenic rice fields, idyllic river banks, and minority villages, Luang Namtha is perfect for trekking, one of the exciting activities in Laos.
The city owns many guesthouses for the trekkers who come to experience the trekking mecca in Laos, and they will not be disappointed. The hill trekking in Luang Namtha goes excitingly when you trek on the primitive trails, pass by the remote ethnic villages of Lanten and Khmu people, contemplate the picturesque rice paddies, etc. The keys to the wildlife experience are the national reservoirs in this destination, namely, Nam Ha National Protected Area, where preserves the primeval forest and minority culture. The pristinely natural highlights of this region are abundant, from the spacious farmlands to the forests and river banks. The trekking journey will include no boring second, as you have dozens of nice things to experience and feast the eyes.
Nam Ha National Protected Area: With 22,000 square hectares, this reservoir houses some endangered species such as Asian elephants, clouded leopards, guar, and more. The dense forest, unspoiled river, and secluded hill-tribe villages in the protected area ensure you can see the beautiful corners of Laos on foot. Besides trekking, Nam Ha has advantages for a boat trip and the authentic homestay which lets you know how life has been based on the jungles for decades.
Muang Si: Almost every trekker appreciates the journey to Muang Si. To get there, you have to pass through the mountain and forest of Nam Ha Protected Area and follow the signposts. Muang Si is famous for the laid-back atmosphere in which some ethnic minority groups have been living for periods. The beauty of pastoral scenery bordered by massive mountains can mesmerize you at first sight.
Nam Tha River: People often enjoy kayaking down the Nam Ha Rivet, but sightseeing this gorgeous river on foot is not less scenic at all. During your travel to Luang Namtha, make sure you don't miss the local river beautified by the surrounding lush crops, Bamboo Bridge, and Tai Dam minority groups. The life around the river is very peaceful and plain, with the images that women are weaving or getting silk off the silkworms. And if you desire for a panorama of the city, find the way to the hill in which a golden Stupa is nestled.
The minority villages: Together with the two most notable minority villages of Lanten and Khmu, Luang Namtha is home to some other ethnic groups like Ahka, Tai Lue, Black Thai, and Pounoy. The special villages scattered throughout the trekking routes are the big magnets to attract the explorers who might be interested in their clothing, cooking, housing, and language. If you hear someone saying "sabai di," then it means "hello." It's estimated that there are over 20 hill tribes living in the harmonious land of Luang Namtha which establishes the hospitable communities and the rich culture to attract the international visitors.
Kao Soi: This is the well-known food in Luang Namtha, including the noodle soup served with minced pork and fermented peanut paste. Though you can find some other delicious dishes in this town during the exploration, just don't miss Kao Soi. The Laos cuisine in the forested northern area is best to be savored in this trekking mecca.
The Luang Namtha Trekking Tours are best during the dry season, from October to June. In this period, March and April are the hottest time featuring the 40 Celsius degree. As a golden rule for the trekking activity, people should wear the light clothing and bring enough water. The destination remains unspoiled and beautiful all year round, guaranteeing everybody to experience a happy trekking. This green discovery is ideal for the so-called trekkers who are on the way finding the wild, pristine, and fabulous settings of Nature for trekking.
Read more things to do and Lao travel tips, please visit our website. Subscribe and like this article if you liked it!
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HAND BOOK DESCRIPTIVE OF THE ROUTE TO OGDENSBURGH, MONTREAL, QUEBEC, WHITE MOUNTAINS, TICONDEROGA, SARATOGA SPRINGS, AND BOSTON, VIA LAKE ONTARIO AND RIVER ST. LAWRENCE. BY AMERICAN EXPRESS STEAMERS AND CONNECTIONS.
ALARM TO BE APPLIED TO THE INTERIOR FLUES OF STEAM BOILERS. BY.PROFESSOR OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY AND CHEMISTRY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA [FROM THE JOURNAL OF THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE, VOL X 1832].
EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFICACY OF PERKINS' STEAM BOILERS, OR CIRCULATORS. BY.PROF OF NAT PHILOS AND CHEM, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA FROM THE JOURNAL OF THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE, FOR JUNE TO THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS.
THE STANDARD FEED-WATER HEATER FOR HEATING WATER FOR STEAM BOILERS OR OTHER PURPOSES WITH EXHAUST STEAM...MADE AND SOLD BY BENJ. F. KELLEY & SON, 8 OLIVER STREET, BOSTON, MASS. N.Y. OFFICE: 91 LIBERTY STREET.
TO THE RESCUE OF AMERICAN COMMERCE.
Boston: J.E. Farwell & Co., 1869. 12pp. Stitched, partly uncut. Light wear, title and last page dustsoiled, Good+. Blake seeks subscribers for $2,000,000 of the capital stock of his new Company, which intends to purchase "a line of American Steamships between Boston and Liverpool." $1.5 million will be used for...	More about TO THE RESCUE OF AMERICAN COMMERCE.
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REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE CITIZENS OF CINCINNATI, APRIL 26, 1838, TO ENQUIRE INTO THE CAUSES OF THE EXPLOSION OF THE MOSELLE, AND TO SUGGEST SUCH PREVENTIVE MEASURES AS MAY BE BEST CALCULATED TO GUARD HEREAFTER AGAINST SUCH OCCURRENCES.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, NO. 266. EDWARD H. ASHCROFT, COMPLAINANT AND APPELLANT, V. BOSTON & LOWELL R.R. COMPANY. CLOSING ARGUMENT OF THOS: WM: CLARKE, ESQ., FOR COMPLAINANT AND APPELLANT, APRIL 17 & 18, 1878.
A VINDICATION, BY CADWALLADER D. COLDEN, OF THE STEAM-BOAT RIGHT GRANTED BY THE STATE OF NEW-YORK; IN THE FORM OF AN ANSWER TO THE LETTER OF MR. DUER, ADDRESSED TO MR. COLDEN.
AMERICAN RAILWAY GUIDE, AND POCKET COMPANION, FOR THE UNITED STATES; CONTAINING CORRECT TABLES, FOR TIME OF STARTING FROM ALL STATIONS, DISTANCES, FARES, ETC. ON ALL THE RAILWAY LINES IN THE UNITED STATES; TOGETHER WITH A COMPLETE RAILWAY MAP. ALSO MANY PRINCIPAL STEAMBOAT AND STAGE LINES RUNNING IN CONNECTION WITH RAILROADS... JUNE 7, 1852. 2D EDITION.
THE CURTIS STEAM SEPARATOR AND TRAP COMBINED. PRICE-LIST...MANUFACTURED BY THE CURTIS REGULATOR COMPANY, 59 TO 63 BEVERLY STREET, BOSTON.
THE TRAVELLER'S GUIDE THROUGH THE MIDDLE AND NORTHERN STATES, AND THE PROVINCES OF CANADA. BY...EIGHTH EDITION.
DISTURNELL'S RAILROAD, STEAMBOAT, AND TELEGRAPH BOOK; BEING A GUIDE THROUGH THE MIDDLE, NORTHERN, AND EASTERN STATES, AND CANADA: ALSO, GIVING THE GREAT LINES OF TRAVEL SOUTH AND WEST AND THE OCEAN STEAM PACKET ARRANGEMENTS. CONTAINING TABLES OF DISTANCES, &C. TELEGRAPH LINES, AND CHARGES; LIST OF HOTELS, EXPRESS OFFICES, &C. &C.
DISTURNELL'S RAILWAY, STEAMSHIP, AND TELEGRAPH BOOK; BEING A GUIDE THROUGH THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA: ALSO GIVING THE OCEAN STEAM PACKET ARRANGEMENTS, TELEGRAPH LINES AND CHARGES; LIST OF HOTELS, &C. WITH A MAP OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, SHOWING ALL THE CANALS, RAILROADS, &C.
A LETTER, ADDRESSED TO CADWALLADER D. COLDEN, ESQUIRE. IN ANSWER TO THE STRICTURES, CONTAINED IN HIS 'LIFE OF ROBERT FULTON,' UPON THE REPORT OF THE SELECT COMMITTEE, TO WHOM WAS REFERRED A MEMORIAL RELATIVE TO STEAM NAVIGATION, PRESENTED TO THE LEGISLATURE OF NEW-YORK, AT THE SESSION OF 1814. WITH AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING THE SEVERAL LAWS CONCERNING STEAM BOATS; THE PETITIONS PRESENTED FOR THEIR MODIFICATION; AND THE REPORTS OF SELECT COMMITTEES THEREUPON, &C. &C. &C.
STEAM-ENGINES. MEMORIAL OF CADWALLADER EVANS, FOR AN APPROPRIATION TO ENABLE HIM TO TEST HIS INVENTION TO PREVENT THE EXPLOSION OF STEAM-BOILERS, &C. JANUARY 7, 1839. REFERRED TO THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON JANUARY 16, 1839. ORDERED TO BE PRINTED.
AMERICAN RAILWAY GUIDE, AND POCKET COMPANION, FOR THE UNITED STATES; CONTAINING CORRECT TABLES, FOR TIME OF STARTING FROM ALL STATIONS, DISTANCES, FARES, ETC. ON ALL THE RAILWAY LINES IN THE UNITED STATES; TOGETHER WITH A COMPLETE RAILWAY MAP. THE PRINCIPAL STEAMBOAT AND STAGE LINES RUNNING IN CONNECTION WITH RAILROADS... JULY, 1854. EDITED BY R.S. FISHER.
24th Cong., 2nd Sess. HD300. 1837. 5, [3 blank]pp, disbound, loosened. Moderately tanned. Good+.	More about Robert Fulton's Heirs.
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ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BLAKE'S IMPROVED STEAM PUMPS AND PUMPING ENGINES.
[New York? 1890]. Original printed wrappers. Front wrapper has title printed in blue, with vignette of a steam engine in background, and the words, "For Sale By Miller, Chapman & Castle, Butte, Montana." Rear wrapper with an engraving of Blake's Vertical (Marine) Duplex Pump. , 78pp, with numerous additional pages...	More about ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BLAKE'S IMPROVED STEAM PUMPS AND PUMPING ENGINES.
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MEMORIAL OF...A PRACTICAL ENGINEER, SUBMITTING THE RESULTS OF AN INVESTIGATION MADE BY HIM INTO THE CAUSES OF THE EXPLOSION OF STEAM-BOILERS.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. CHARLES A. WOOLSEY, ADS. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ARGUMENT FOR THE DEFENDANT.
A DESCRIPTION OF THE BOSTON WATER WORKS, EMBRACING ALL THE RESERVOIRS , BRIDGES, GATES, PIPE CHAMBERS , AND OTHER OBJECTS OF INTEREST, FROM LAKE COCHITUATE TO THE CITY OF BOSTON. WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
DIRECTIONS FOR SETTING AND RUNNING THE BERRYMAN FEED WATER HEATER AND PURIFIER. I.B. DAVIS & SON, MAKERS. OFFICE AND WORKS: HARTFORD, CONN.
IMPROVEMENT OF THE OHIO FALLS.
[np: 1846]. 7, [1 blank] pp. Caption title [as issued]. An untrimmed, uncut, folded folio leaf. Some dustsoil and wear. Ink signature on last page of Senator Wm. Upham [some bleedthrough]. Good to Good+. Morell, a prominent civil engineer, wants to tackle a major problem encountered on the Ohio...	More about IMPROVEMENT OF THE OHIO FALLS.
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We are licensed to host civil ceremonies in the hotel in four different rooms, each with a distinctive feel. So do come and see which room suits you. We ask you to pay the registrar direct (we take no commission).
Alternatively you can come to us from a local church or other venue. Particularly popular is Hartford Church, just 2 miles along the river from the hotel.


The Insomnia57 - Truesilver Championship II is a tournament organized by Multiplay.
General: Bo5, "Last Hero Standing" format.
Four double elimination groups for 16 players.
This page was last edited on 8 May 2018, at 21:16.


text:
By Abubakar Ibrahim
Strategies now being rolled out to ensure food security on the African continent are unsustainable, according to the African Plant Breeders Association (APBA).
Current efforts rely on resources that are becoming increasingly unavailable, according to the APBA. The association is calling for greater access to modern plant breeding techniques and improved seeds as a more sustainable way to address food insecurity challenges, especially since the number of undernourished people on the continent has increased over the last two decades
Africa is increasingly relying on the use of modern agriculture, including irrigation systems, chemical fertilizers, farm machinery and large-scale monoculture farms, to increase efficiency and yields and meet the rising demand for food. But this approach is proving to be unsustainable at the current scale, according to association leaders.
Many of the components of modern agriculture are heavily dependent on water, fossil fuels and phosphate rock (for phosphorus fertilizer) —resources that are finite and are becoming increasingly scarce or expensive.
"If Africa is to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2, which is ending extreme poverty and hunger, it has to adopt a different strategy. The growth and expansion of the plant breeding profession provides an opportunity to deal with some of these big challenges faced by African countries to increase domestic supply," the association noted in a statement.
The plant breeders are particularly worried about the impact of climate change on efforts to ensure food security. "Frequent droughts further constrain the amount of water available for cropping. Water scarcity is further aggravated by climate change. Climate change is having and will increasingly have more severe implications on food security in Africa," they said.
"Climate change, which results from carbon emissions into the atmosphere, has resulted in an average increase in global temperatures which has several implications on food production. Crop productivity is expected to decrease in lower altitudes, especially in dry and tropical regions, and also decrease the area suitable for agriculture, and the length of the growing season particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. If this trend continues, wheat production is expected to disappear from Africa by the 2080s," the statement noted.
"Plant breeding offers a huge opportunity for providing sustainable options to increasing the domestic supply of food and dietary diversity in Africa," the APBA said. "Crop improvement through development of 'smart' and nutritious varieties that yield under diseases, pests, limited water and input conditions, provides an opportunity to increase crop productivity to meet the ever-rising food demand under the heavily constrained production factors such as water and land."
But the association is concerned Africa still lags behind other continents in terms of knowledge about and access to modern breeding techniques to help deal with these challenges. There is also a general lack of awareness on the importance of plant breeders with regard to their capacity to drive innovations and technology adoption in the agricultural sector in Africa, hence the need for the association.
In an attempt to address these concerns, the APBA last year hosted its first conference at the West Africa Center for Crop Improvement (WACCI) at the University of Ghana. It followed the theme "advances in classical breeding and application of modern breeding tools for food and nutrition security in Africa."
The Alliance for Green Revolution (AGRA) is backing the association's concerns. Dr. Rufaro Madakadze, who is the AGRA capacity building lead, told the conference that "Africa is facing a strong climate emergency. As a result, we have seen higher cases of unprecedented droughts, floods, pest and diseases. The greatest risk posed by this emergency is that the gains we have worked so hard to make are getting eroded.
"For example, today, the number of people going hungry in Africa has grown to about 250 million since 2015," Madakadze noted. "This represents a major reversal of the decline witnessed before 2015. While different measures have been put in place to address these challenges, breeding is the surest way of increasing farmers' adaptation to climate change."
Madakadze urged breeders not to breed for the sake of breeding. "We must ensure that these varieties get to the farmers. This will have to be done with urgency… every single day we delay in using science to improve food production, families will continue to face terrible choices," she said.
Dr. Sagri Bambangi, Ghana's Deputy Minister for Food and Agriculture, observed that plant breeding is widely recognized as one of the most important tools that exist to tackle problems of global food production, food security, new pests and diseases and climate change.
He noted that through the introduction of new varieties, plant breeders are able to deliver benefits to farmers, primary processors and other food value chain actors, as well as consumers.
He advised the APBA to use its platform to inform political debate on the importance of genetic crop improvement for environmental and socio-economic objectives through unbiased quantitative and qualitative data.
Bambangi added that such science-based information should be made widely available and be a starting point for a discussion on plant breeding in Africa.
Nigeria gears up for two GMO crops in the 2020 planting season


text:
L'Open Gaz de France 1994 è stato un torneo di tennis giocato sul cemento indoor.
È stata la 2ª edizione dell'Open Gaz de France, che fa parte della categoria Tier II nell'ambito del WTA Tour 1994.
Si è giocato dal 15 al 20 febbraio 1994.

Campionesse

Singolare

 Martina Navrátilová ha battuto in finale  Julie Halard 7–5, 6–3

Doppio

 Sabine Appelmans /  Laurence Courtois hanno battuto in finale  Mary Pierce /  Andrea Temesvári 6–4, 6–4

Collegamenti esterni


text:
Pure Autos
Trucks & SUVs
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© Copyright 2022 Endgame360 Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Home Trucks & SUVsTrucks
Stay Away From These 3 Used Trucks This Summer
by Charles Singh linkedin on July 22, 2021
Used trucks have reached ridiculous prices this year. Thanks to a global chip shortage, many automakers do not have enough working units to keep up with demand. As a result, used vehicle prices have skyrocketed. Trucks like the GMC Sierra 1500, Toyota Tacoma, and Toyota Tundra have experienced crazy price hikes.
The GMC Sierra 1500 is worth more used
The GMC Sierra | GMC
It sounds strange, but the GMC Sierra 1500 is actually currently worth more used than new. Why? Scarcity has increased the value of vehicles everywhere, especially vehicles that are in high demand. The once affordable GMC Sierra 1500 is now much more expensive as a used truck.
According to a study conducted by iSeeCars, the GMC Sierra 1500 costs 6.4% more money as a used truck. It costs $3,466 more than buying a brand new GMC Sierra 1500. What's even more confusing about the Sierra 1500s used truck markup is its lack of popularity. The GMC Sierra 1500 is a good pickup truck, but it is far from the truck of the year. If you're in the market for a GMC Sierra 1500, then you are better off buying it brand new.
The Toyota Tacoma is overpriced as a used truck
2022 Toyota Tacoma Trail Edition | Toyota
The Toyota Tacoma is an affordable mid-size pickup truck. The Tacoma does a decent job as an off-road vehicle. It also proves itself as a workhorse. It even comes standard with great driver-assist features.
The major issue with the Toyota Tacoma as a used truck is it just isn't great enough to justify a price hike. The Toyota Tacoma comes in some great trims, but the base model leaves much to be desired. One of its most popular trims, the Toyota Tacoma TRD Off-Road, starts at $36,000.
Used Toyota Tacomas are selling for as much as 5.2% more than new vehicles. That's an extra $1,955 for absolutely nothing. Considering the fact that many of the Toyota Tacoma trims only differ by a few thousand dollars, this is especially disturbing.
The Toyota Tundra is one of the worst used trucks out
The Toyota Tundra | Toyota
The 2021 Toyota Tundra didn't exactly get raving reviews from consumers. Most wouldn't even call it adequate. While some drivers enjoy some of the Toyota Tundra's trims and off-road capabilities, it just isn't a popular truck.
The 2021 GMC Sierra 1500, 2021 Ford F-150 and, 2021 Ram 1500 are all much better full-size pickup trucks. They all either boast more power, towing capability, better cabin quality, or a combination of qualities that make the 2021 Toyota Tundra look like a worse choice.
The Toyota Tundra costs 3.7% more used than new. This works out to an extra $1,831 for a truck that pales in comparison to many of its competitors. If you do happen to like the Tundra, be sure to avoid spending an extra $1,800+ just because it's limited.
Used trucks aren't what they used to be
The Toyota Tacoma | Raymond Boyd via Getty Images
Buying a used truck was once a great way to save money on a truck that may have been overpriced. Used models were more affordable than new models for decades, but this strange chip shortage development has flipped the automotive industry on its head.
Now buying a used truck could cost more than a new truck and probably isn't worth it. If you are looking for a truck, make sure you are paying a fair price, or you could waste thousands of dollars.
RELATED: The Best Used Diesel Pickup Trucks Are Worth Hunting For
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Directed self-assembly of biomaterials and functional nanomaterials in Soft Condensed Matter provides a fascinating tool for producing a new generation of advanced materials that combine several properties and may respond to external conditions. The goal of our research is to develop new mechanisms of directed assembly and combine these tools with functional nanomaterials to generate multi-functional hybrid systems with unique properties. By exploiting these fundamental insights, and using colloidal buildings blocks of various levels of complexity, we explore the possibility of creating a variety of reconfigurable structures with rich properties. The study of these systems will offer important insights for the design of novel "smart" applications, including biochemical sensors, self-assembled microrobots, displays, microlens arrays, photonic nanomaterials and optoelectronic devices.


text:
Arsenal players reveal ever doubted the quality of Mikel Arteta
Mikel Arteta's performance at the Arsenal manager's seat at this time is not yet apparent, but at least there are positive signs. The proof, the North London Club was able to win over the top two standings, Liverpool and Manchester City in a row.
Arteta was appointed manager to replace Unai Emery at the end of last year. It could be said, his arrival was quite surprising, considering that he had no experience training and previously only worked as Pep Guardiola's assistant.
Arsenal themselves previously appointed Fredie Ljunberg as Interim coach, but they felt that Arteta was mature enough to handle the first team.
Arsenal's decision to appoint the man from Spain is considered appropriate, because although not seen a significant surge in performance from Aubameyang et al, at least there is a glimmer of hope. The club only needs to recruit a number of quality players to be better with Mikel Arteta.
However, as most of the public judge the figure of Mikel Arteta with minimal experience, the Arsenal players also felt that way at first. This was revealed directly by one of the club's players, Joe Willock.
He claimed that the Arsenal players looked doubtful when they heard the news of Mikel Arteta's arrival in the manager's chair.
"To be honest, when he [Arteta] arrived, we were a little doubtful about what he could do. Obviously, he is a very young coach and most of the Arsenal players who are playing now have a team with him. "
"So we are a little doubtful about how to take a stand," Willock told The Beautiful Game Podcast via international Goal.
Despite doubts, the players still welcomed the arrival of Arteta with joy, which is why the manager felt welcome.
"We welcome him openly and we all want to see what he has to offer. He came, and to be honest, he was quite extraordinary. Details of his work, human management with each player, and we are all excited to work with him. "
"I also learned a lesson like never before. He is extraordinary, and I say this not only because he is my boss, "he said.
Ironically, after the victory over Liverpool and Manchester City, Arsenal actually surrendered in the hands of Aston Villa earlier this morning.
← Denada reveals reason after rejecting IDR 100 million offered by Baim WongMbappe wants to stay at PSG, Real Madrid no more chance →


text:
Baeacris pseudopunctulatus är en insektsart som först beskrevs av Ronderos 1964.  Baeacris pseudopunctulatus ingår i släktet Baeacris och familjen gräshoppor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Gräshoppor
pseudopunctulatus


text:
US Army Look to Develop JP-8 'Super Engine' for UAVs and Other Military Vehicles
News By Caroline Rees / 16 Oct 2012
Studies are underway at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, or ARL, to create a 'super engine' that could allow military ground vehicles, stationary power generators, and small unmanned aerial vehicles, for example, to operate with the same kind of fuel.
In the late 1980s, the DOD issued its "Single Fuel Forward" policy calling for use of the kerosene-based JP-8 fuel to reduce the significant logistic burden associated with managing and transporting multiple fuels on the battlefield.
But using a single fuel exposes a host of incompatibility issues, namely in lubrication, large variation in Cetane numbers which measure the time period between the start of fuel injection and the start of engine ignition or combustion, and the fact that none of the engines that use JP-8 are designed — including their fuel systems – and calibrated for JP-8, said Chol-Bum "Mike" Kweon, acting team lead of the Engines Team of ARL's Vehicle Technology Directorate at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.
He said this design gap is namely due to the fact that not enough information exists in industry and government on the specific combustion characteristics associated with JP-8's use in intermittent combustion engines.
"Usually large companies are not willing to develop engines specific for JP-8 because it requires significant effort and funding while the market for the military is relatively small and unstable. Therefore, relatively small companies have been developing JP-8-fueled engines for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, while diesel engines are used for ground vehicle engines. Small companies do not have the capability to perform basic fundamental research," Kweon explained
ARL research is bridging that knowledge gap, which could eventually lead to the creation of an engine that operates optimally with JP-8.
"Fuel spray liquid penetration, quenching, vaporization, and mixing characteristics must be precisely understood to properly design combustion chambers and fuel injection systems because a fundamental understanding of fuel spray and combustion is essential in optimizing combustion processes of JP-8-fueled engines to improve fuel efficiency, engine performance and reliability," Kweon said.
ARL's Combustion Research Laboratory is a state-of-the-art, high-temperature and high-pressure combustion chamber that opened this summer for fuel spray and combustion research, critical areas of interest Defense-wide to facilitate the basic research and development work necessary for the successful development of JP-8-fueled combustion systems.
ARL is currently collaborating with Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity to assess a fuel injector that is used in a Caterpillar C7 engine, used in Strykers. Results will define how fuel properties affect the performance of the fuel injection systems that are currently used in ground vehicle engines.
UNIQUE LABORATORY, UNMATCHED IN INDUSTRY
ARL's vehicle technology research dates back to the early 1980s in gas turbine engines, but when this research area relocated to APG in 2011 from NASA Glenn in Cleveland, Ohio, due to Base Realignment and Closure Activity, ARL broadened its vehicle technology focus to include internal combustion engines. This laboratory is accomplished with the ARL infrastructure fund that was awarded at the end of 2010.
The only combustion lab space of its kind in DoD, the Combustion Research Laboratory will also be used to facilitate the development of heavy fuel injection systems that will ultimately lead to the development of high-efficient UAV engines.
"Currently, there is no 'robust' heavy fuel injection system for UAV engines," said Kweon, who received Master of Science and doctorate degrees from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-Madison), which has a big engine research program in its Engine Research Center. He conducted research on diesel engines, various fuels (diesel, alternative diesel fuels, diesel fuels mixed with gasoline streams, alcohols, etc.), combustion, emissions, speciation of diesel particulate matters, optical diagnostics, etc., as degree requirements.
ARL's combustion laboratory contains a high-temperature – up to 1,000 Kelvin (K) – and high-pressure – up to 150 bar -combustion chamber that can simulate real engine operating conditions except for fluid motion. This type of combustion chamber allows the investigation and study of uninterrupted spray and combustion processes.
"Currently, this is the only laboratory within DoD that has this capability," Kweon emphasized.
General Motors, in Warren, Mich., has the first generation of this chamber that has a 100 bar at 1,000 K – and Caterpillar, in Peoria, Ill., has its second generation, which offers 150 bar at 1,000 K.
ARL has a third generation chamber.
The ARL facility also has air and onsite nitrogen supply systems in which we can control oxygen concentration from zero (almost pure nitrogen) to 21 percent (pure air) in the gas mixing system. Through the high-pressure compressor, air, nitrogen, or a mixture of air and nitrogen can be supplied to the combustion chamber at pressures over 300 bar(g) to study spray only, spray and combustion, or to simulate exhaust gas recirculation, or EGR, that is common in current engines.
"However, we use only 150 bar(g) in the combustion chamber because this represents most of turbocharged internal combustion engine operating conditions. Sandia National Laboratories, N.M., and Michigan Technological University have a different type of combustion chamber (i.e., constant volume chamber) that has similar capabilities to the one at ARL in terms of temperature and pressure".
"The main difference is that the one at ARL is a flow-through type combustion chamber that controls chamber pressure, temperature, and flowrate (very slow compared to fuel injection velocity) at set points in the test section, while the constant volume chamber has varying chamber temperature and pressure as it uses premixed combustion gases. And the injection frequency is much higher for a flow-through chamber than the constant volume chamber. Therefore, we can perform multiple injections per cycle and perform testing much faster in the flow-through chamber than in the constant volume chamber," said Kweon, who was formerly employed at General Motors R&D in Warren, Mich., and at GM Powertrain in Pontiac, Mich., where he conducted research in cylinder pressure-based control.
For that research, Kweon and several former colleagues developed more than 21 intellectual properties. Currently, he has 30 intellectual properties that include 19 patents, seven patent applications, three patents pending, and one tool method invention.
The new laboratory will also be used to assess the performance of heavy fuel injection systems for various fuels such as JP-8, diesel, bio, and synthetic fuels; investigate the impact of various fuel properties on spray and combustion processes, ultimately on engine performance and efficiency; assess the impact of the aging of fuel injection systems on the engine performance and fuel efficiency, especially for ground vehicle engines and assess JP-8 surrogate fuels that are being formulated under the various DOD programs.
"This laboratory has a unique capability to assess the various JP-8 surrogate fuels and to compare the results with the combustion mechanisms developed by various universities and government laboratories," said Kweon.
"This will help the scientists and researchers to develop a universal JP-8 combustion mechanism. This laboratory will be used to generate spray and combustion database that will be needed for the development and validation of computation fluid dynamics (CFD) models for engine spray and combustion processes to support the development of advanced concepts and practical designs. These CFD models will be used to optimize internal combustion engines for both UAS (unmanned aerial systems) and ground vehicles in terms of injector parameters and combustion chamber designs. These research efforts will enable UAS engines to efficiently run on heavy fuels such as JP-8."
"The combustion research laboratory was commissioned this year and is up and running. I am confident that this laboratory will be a critical asset to the Army and DOD to support the development and/or advancement of various ground and [unmanned aerial vehicle] engines," Kweon said.
Source: U.S. Army


text:
Investigating the Illegal Sea Turtle Trade
By Justine E. Hausheer
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Sea turtles harvested for traditional use in the Solomon Islands. Photo © Michael Giningele / TNC
Warning: This story contains graphic photographs of dead sea turtles.
The air is hot, thick and humid as I stroll through the market in a small island town in Melanesia. Women sit behind tables laden with neat rows of banana, peanut, watermelon, and smoked fish. Children play at their feet. Shoppers haggle.
It's a peaceful scene, until I turn the corner. Two sea turtles lay on the grass, motionless in the relentless tropical sun. A price is scrawled in black marker on each of their underbellies; they've been discounted as the day wears on.
I lean in to inspect the merchandise. Only then do I see the turtles' throats rise and fall as they gasp for air. They are still alive.
Legal Loopholes Fuel Illicit Trade
Uncomfortable as it is for a westerner like me, this sight is not uncommon in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, where sea turtles are an important part of the local culture and are regularly consumed as food.
"Under law, local people are allowed to catch turtles for themselves and for their families to eat," says Simon Vuto, a scientist with The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and local Solomon Islander. "But it's illegal to sell turtles, take their eggs, or to kill a female that is nesting on the beach."
Those restrictions are put in place to protect sea turtles from overharvesting, as most species are experiencing catastrophic population declines in recent decades. Hawksbill turtles are particularly vulnerable, as their shell can fetch hundreds of dollars on the illegal wildlife market.
Turtle shell combs for sale in a gift shop in the Honiara airport international departure lounge. Photo © Richard Hamilton / TNC
And yet, the illegal trade continues. Local carvers purchase hawksbill shell to make their jewelry, and smugglers ship or carry shell out of the country to buyers in Southeast Asia and China. Foreign visitors can even buy turtle shell hair combs and bracelets in the international airports in Port Moresby and Honiara.
The ongoing illegal trade is especially concerning in the Solomon Islands, which has the largest hawksbill sea turtle rookery in the entire South Pacific. After decades of work by TNC and local communities, the Arnavons rookery was recently declared the first ever marine protected area in the country.
"We've seen a lot of recovery in the Arnavons, but that's likely the exception," says Richard Hamilton, director of TNC's Melanesia program. Most of the turtles that nest there spend their lives in the protected waters of eastern Australia, migrating to the Arnavons only to lay eggs. Once they arrive, they're in great danger if they leave the boundaries of the protected area. "It's an island of protection in a sea of death," says Hamilton.
Photo © Richard Hamilton / TNC
The problem, as it so often does, comes down to enforcement.
"The government has a good policy in place to protect turtles, but they don't implement or enforce or monitor it," says Vuto. As a result, no data exists on how many turtles are harvested for subsistence, where they are caught, or how many end up sold to illegal wildlife traffickers. And until 2018, very few wildlife trackers have ever been prosecuted for illegally selling sea turtles.
"We need that data to help make the point to the government that they need to do more to enforce their existing policy," says Hamilton.
A data sheet rests on a harvested sea turtle. Photo © Michael Giningele / TNC
The Turtle Detectives
To gather this data, Vuto and Hamilton needed a network of in-country informants. So they assembled 10 conservation monitors from across the Solomon Islands and trained them to collect the necessary data.
Their mission was simple: find and document every dead turtle in their community. Armed with clipboards and cameras, the monitors convinced local fishermen to alert them each time they harvested a sea turtle.
A Slaughter on Sikopo: Poaching Threatens Hawksbill Turtles in the Arnavons By Justine E. Hausheer
New Protections & Tagged Turtles Provide Hope for the Arnavon Islands By Justine E. Hausheer
Then the set to work gathering a slew of data. They took detailed measurements of each turtle's body and asked where, when and how the turtle was caught. Monitors also worked with TNC staff and local fishers to develop detailed maps with local reef names, enabling fishermen to pinpoint the exact reef where the harvest took place.
The monitors also took photographs of each turtle, which are used to confirm its species. One of those photos was a close-up of the left side of each turtle's face. The pattern of scales on each face is unique, much like the stripes of a zebra or spots of a jaguar. Scientists at the World Wildlife Fund are creating a software program that will help conservationists identify and track individual turtles from facial marks alone, rather than clipped-on flipper tags.
Photo © Benjaman Livu / TNC
The monitors also took a DNA sample, which scientists will use to determine if certain populations of sea turtles are being harvested more intensively than others.
Finally, they asked the fishermen if the turtle would be eaten — perhaps for a family gathering, Christmas celebration, or church day — or if it would be sold illegally, and at what price. Vuto explains that fishermen in the provinces were willing to admit any plans to sell the turtle because there is no enforcement of the existing laws banning that trade.
Fishermen harvested this female turtle before she could lay her eggs. Photo © Obed Mono / TNC
Each monitor worked for 18 months, prowling markets, interviewing fishermen, and photographing carcass after carcass.
When the initial data came in, the results were staggering. "We documented by sight 1,112 turtles harvested for subsistence and trade purposes," says Vuto. He wasn't surprised. Those numbers line up well with his observations from living and working in the Solomon Islands his entire life.
Vuto says that a majority of the turtles were harvested for subsistence purposes, served at funerals, grave blessings, weddings, and birthday parties. And most of the captured turtles were juvenile green and hawksbills, likely because fishermen rarely see adult turtles in recent years.
While a full analysis of the data is forthcoming, these preliminary numbers are concerning. Monitors relied on fishermen to report captured turtles, so the tally of 1,112 turtles is less than the actual harvest total. (An additional 411 turtles were killed, but the monitors weren't alerted in time to collect data.)
We documented 1,112 turtles harvested for subsistence and trade purposes.
Simon Vuto
And TNC's investigation only covered a small part of the country. "There are about 4,000 coastal communities in the Solomons, and we only got data from 10 of them," says Hamilton. "When you do the math… that's a lot of turtles."
Vuto and his partner Chris Brown at Griffith University will use this information to identify hotspots of turtle harvest and compare them to important nesting beaches. They will also overlay turtle harvest numbers with human population data to estimate the scale of the turtle harvest across the country.
Hopefully, the results will convince the national government that they need to step up enforcement and prosecute wildlife traffickers.
"In our interviews with the hunters, they said that in the past that it was easy to hunt turtles, but now it's a big challenge," says Vuto. "We are driving the population down, and we need to work together if we want turtles to have a future."
The researchers would like to acknowledge the Minimising the Illegal Killing of Elephants and other Endangered Species (MIKES) project for providing financial support for this work. The CITES MIKES project is an initiative of the ACP Secretariat funded by the European Union.
Hamilton, R.J., Bird, T., Gereniu, C., Pita, J., Ramohia, P.C., Walter, R., Goerlich, C., & Limpus, C. (2015). Solomon Islands Largest Hawksbill Turtle Rookery Shows Signs of Recovery after 150 Years of Excessive Exploitation. PLoS One, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121435
Mortimer, J.A & Donnelly, M. (2008). Eretmochelys imbricata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Tags: Arnavon Islands turtle tagging expedition, Asia Pacific, Endangered Species, Herps, TNC Science
Justine E. Hausheer is an award-winning science writer for The Nature Conservancy, covering the innovative research conducted by the Conservancy's scientists in the Asia Pacific region. She has a degree from Princeton University and a master's in Science, Health, and Environmental Reporting from New York University. Justine's favorite stories take her into pristine forests, desolate deserts, or far-flung islands to report on field research as it's happening. When not writing, you can find her traipsing after birds, attempting to fish, and exploring the wild places around her home in Brisbane, Australia. More from Justine
By Trina Ngina Navo | Reply
I'm interested to join the fight to protect the endangered species. I'm from one of the province in Solomon Islands called Makira.
By Arvindra Rishi Prasad | Reply
Hi Justine,
Thank you for the update on subsistence harvest and illegal trade of sea turtles in Solomon Islands. I suspect the harvest may be more than 1,112 turtles harvested per year. I also did my research on "capture and consumption of sea turtle in Manning strait" and I obtained similar data. More than 70% of the population consume turtle meat in Solomon Islands. I have witness on few occasions, hawksbill turtle meat been sold at central market in Honiara.
Looking forward to hear the outcome on the survey on illegal harvest and trade.
By Muhammad Moazzam Khan | Reply
Impressive article drawing attention to serious issue of turtle killing in some parts of the world. We must minimize, if not stopping it totally, their ruthless killing.
By Monte Lemieux | Reply
With human overpopulation. Over fishing. Nasty dumping of chemicals warming our waters. The sea turtles and other wildlife will be extinct in the next few years. I'm disgusted
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