text:
ROTHSCHILD:
By: Joseph Jacobs, Isidore Singer, Frederick T. Haneman, Jacques Kahn, Goodman Lipkind, J. de Haas, I. L. Bril
Mayer Amschel Roths-child.
Nathan Mayer Roths-child.
Dispersion of the Brothers.
Foreign Loans.
Baron James.
The Union Générale.
As Philanthropists and Art Patrons.
Albert (Anselm) Salomon von Rothschild, Freiherr:
Alphonse, Baron de Rothschild:
Amschel Mayer von Rothschild, Freiherr:
Anselm von Rothschild, Freiherr:
Anthony de Rothschild, Sir:
Arthur de Rothschild, Baron:
Charlotte de Rothschild, Baroness:
Constance de Rothschild (Lady Battersea):
Edmond de Rothschild, Baron:
Ferdinand de Rothschild, Baron:
Gustave de Rothschild, Baron:
Hannah Rothschild.
Henri de Rothschild, Baron:
James Edouard de Rothschild, Baron:
James Mayer de Rothschild, Baron:
Karl Mayer von Rothschild, Freiherr:
Leopold de Rothschild:
Lionel Nathan de Rothschild, Baron:
Financial Career.
As a Communal Worker.
Becomes First Jewish Member of Parliament.
Lionel Walter Rothschild:
Mayer Amschel Rothschild.
Mayer Karl von Rothschild, Freiherr:
Mayer Nathan de Rothschild, Baron:
Nathan Mayer Rothschild.
Nathan (Nathaniel) Meyer Rothschild, Lord:
Salomon Mayer von Rothschild, Freiherr:
Wilhelm Karl von Rothschild, Freiherr:
Celebrated family of financiers, the Fuggers of the nineteenth century, deriving its name from the sign of a red shield borne by the house No. 148 in the Judengasse of Frankfort-on-the-Main. This house is mentioned in the "Judenstädtigkeit" of 1619, at which date its number was 69. Curiously enough, it at first bore the sign of a green shield ("Zum Gruünen Schild"). It was restored in 1886, and, though not in its original location, it still remains in possession of the Rothschilds as a kind of family museum and memorial.
The Rothschild "Stammhaus," Frankfort-on-the-Main.
(From a photograph.)
The earliest notice of a member of the family, given in the burial records of Frankfort, is that of Moses Rothschild (b. c. 1550), whose daughter Esther died in 1608. Members of the same family are mentioned at Worms in the seventeenth century as rabbis (Lewysohn, "Sechzig Epitaphien zu Worms"). One of these, Mendel Rothschild, was for several years preacher in Prague, then rabbi of Bamberg, and finally rabbi of Worms for fourteen years.
The first Rothschild of any prominence was one Amschel Moses Rothschild, a small merchant and money-changer at Frankfort-on-the-Main; but the founder of the house was his son Mayer Amschel Rothschild, born in that city about 1743. When a boy Mayer used to be sent to exchange money for use in his father's banking business; and he thereby developed an interest in coins which was both practical and scientific. He was at one time destined for the rabbinate, and studied for that purpose in Fürth. He soon changed his career, however, and took a post in the Oppenheim banking-house in Hanover. About 1760 he started in business for himself in his native city, in the house of his father, who was then dead. He married, Aug. 29, 1770, Güttele Schnapper, who lived to see her sons at the head of European finance. Mayer was a general agent and banker, and traded also in works of art and curios. In the latter connection he became an agent of William IX., Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, who on his father's death in 1785 had inherited the largest private fortune in Europe, derived mainly from the hire of troops to the British government for the putting down of the Revolution in the United States.
Mayer Amschel Rothschild had become acquainted with the crown prince in 1775, but does not seem to have done much business with him till toward the end of the next decade. He changed some English gold for him in 1789, and in 1794 took as much as £150,000 worth, but not alone, having associated with him no less than six other bullion-brokers of Frankfort. It was only toward the end of 1798 that he had sufficient credit with the prince to undertake single-handed any large quantity of gold brokerage. From 1800 to 1806 the landgrave placed with Rothschild 1,750,000 thaler, mostly at 4 per cent, part of it to be invested in Frankfort town loans, part in Danish loans. In 1801 he became the landgrave's court agent.
Meanwhile his third son, Nathan Mayer Roths-child (born at Frankfort Sept. 16, 1777), had settled in England under somewhat remarkable circumstances, as related by himself to Sir Thomas Buxton. The firm dealt in Manchester goods, and, having been treated somewhat cavalierly by a commercial traveler, Nathan at a moment's notice settled in Manchester (1798) with a credit of £20,000, upon which he earned no less than £40,000 during the following seven years by buying raw material and dyes, having the goods made up to his own order, and selling them abroad, thus making a triple profit. He became naturalized as a British subject June 12, 1804, and in 1805 went to London, establishing himself at first in St. Helen's place and afterward in New Court, St. Swithin's lane, still the office of the firm. He married shortly afterward a sister-in-law of Moses Montefiore, thus coming into association with the heads of the Sephardic community, then ruling the financial world of London through their connection with Amsterdam. Owing to Napoleon's seizure of Holland in 1803, the leaders of the anti-Napoleonic league chose Frankfort as a financial center wherefrom to obtain the sinews of war. After the battle of Jena in 1806 the Land-grave of Hesse-Cassel fled to Denmark, where he had already deposited much of his wealth through the agency of Mayer Amschel Rothschild, leaving in the hands of the latter specie and works of art of the value of £600,000. According to legend, these were hidden away in wine-casks, and, escaping the search of Napoleon's soldiers when they entered Frankfort, were restored intact in the same casks in 1814, when the elector returned to his electorate (see Marbot, "Memoirs," 1891, i. 310-311). The facts are somewhat less romantic, and more businesslike. Roths-child, so far from being in danger, was on such good terms with Napoleon's nominee, Prince Dalberg, that he had been made in 1810 a member of the Electoral College of Darmstadt. The elector's money had been sent to Nathan in London, who in 1808 utilized it to purchase £800,000 worth of gold from the East India Company, knowing that it would be needed for Wellington's Peninsular campaign. He made no less than four profits on this: (1) on the sale of Wellington's paper, (2) on the sale of the gold to Wellington, (3) on its repurchase, and (4) on forwarding it to Portugal. This was the beginning of the great fortunes of the house, and its early transactions may be divided into three stages, in each of which Nathan was the guiding spirit: namely, (1) from 1808 to 1815, mainly the transmission of bullion from England to the Continent for the use of the British armies and for subventions to the allies; (2) from 1816 to 1818, "bearing" operations on the stock exchange on the loans needed for the reconstruction of Europe after Napoleon's downfall; and (3) from 1818 to 1848, the undertaking of loans and of refunding operations, which were henceforth to be the chief enterprises of the house.
(1) As regards the first stage, the deaths in 1810 of both Sir Francis Baring and Abraham Goldsmid left Nathan Mayer Rothschild without a formidable competitor in the London bullion market; and it has been calculated that England forwarded to the Continent through him in the three years 1813 to 1815 no less than £15,000,000 sterling, while in the latter year up to the battle of Waterloo he forwarded in a similar manner £1,000,000 per month. He had a pigeon-post between England and the Continent which brought him early information of all important events. While the battle of Waterloo was in progress his agent Rowerth awaited the result at Ostend, and was the first to bring the news to London. This was on the morning of June 20, two days after the battle, when Roths-child immediately transmitted the intelligence to the government; this shows that the tradition that he gained largely by keeping the news secret is entirely mythical. In many instances Rothschild found it unnecessary to transmit English money to the Continent, as the foreign governments frequently preferred to have their loans reinvested for them in English consols. It was mainly in connection with this movement in bullion that the remarkable plan was adopted of having one of the Rothschild brothers in each of the chief capitals; but it is a mistake to believe that this arrangement was due to the foresight of Mayer Amschel. James, the youngest of the brothers, was not established in Paris till 1812, the year of Mayer Amschel's death, and then secretly for the purpose of collecting French coin to forward to Wellington for his advance through southern France; the firm of Rothschild Frères was not founded in Paris till 1817; Karl did not go to Naples till 1821; and Salomon went to Berlin in 1815 to arrange for payments through London to Berlin to the Englishman Herries. It was evidently Nathan who made these arrangements.V10p494001.jpgNathan Mayer Rothschild.
(2) The great sums needed by France and the allies after the Waterloo period were at first not supplied by the Rothschilds at all, though undoubtedly the large movements of bullion which wererequired for these loans were negotiated through them, as it is reckoned that from 1814 to 1822 no less than £18,000,000 sterling was transferred by them to the Continent, and it was for this reason that the brothers were raised to the Austrian nobility (Sept. 29, 1822; Nathan never assumed the title, though he acted as Austrian consul-general). But the loans themselves were made by the banking-house of Baring, which was connected with the firm of Hope in Amsterdam and with that of Ouvrard in Paris, for a long time the chief rival in Paris of the Roths-childs. The profits on these issues were enormous. The French loan of 1816 of 350,000,000 francs yielded 10 per cent; and the Austrian loan of 50,000,000 gulden in 1815 yielded 9 per cent.
(3) As early as Feb. 5, 1817, the Rothschilds had taken up a Prussian loan of 1,500,000 gulden at 5 per cent; and by the end of the following year the brothers in their collective capacity were reported to be the richest firm in Europe; though they had not conducted any of the great loans of the preceding three years. Ehrenberg, therefore, thinks that they must have gained their fortune by speculating in the loans issued under the auspices of the Barings, probably by "bearing" operations which were so successful that they forced the governments concerned to allow the Rothschilds to participate in any future loans.
Amount.
1817 Prussia 1,500,000 gulden.
1818 " £5,000,000
1819 Great Britain £12,000,000
1820 Austria (Lottery Loan) 48,000,000 gulden.
1820 " 20,800,000 "
1821 Naples 16,000,000 ducats.
1821 Sicily 4,500,000 "
1822 Prussia £3,500,000
1822 Russia £3,500,000
1823 Austria £2,500,000
1823 ............................ 25,000,000 gulden.
1823 France 23,000,000 francs.
1824 Brazil £3,200,000
1824 Naples £2,500,000
1825 Grand Duchy of Hesse 6,500,000 gulden.
1829 " £800,000
1829 " 25,000,000 gulden.
1829 Hesse-Homburg 1,750,000 "
1829 Hohenzollern-Hechingen 260,000 "
1831 Belgium 50,000,000 francs.
1831 Papal States 16,000,000 "
1832 Belgium £2,000,000
1834 Austria 25,000,000 gulden.
1834 Greece 66,000,000 francs.
1837 Duchy of Nassau 2,600,000 gulden.
1839 Austria 30,000,000 "
1840 Duchy of Lucea 1,050,000 "
1840 Baden 5,000,000 "
1845 Papal States 2,160,000 francs.
1845 Baden 14,000,000 gulden.
1847 Irish Famine Loan £10,000,000
1847 France 250,000,000 francs.
1847 Hanover 3,600,000 thaler.
1848 Baden 2,500,000 gulden.
1848 Bavaria 22,000,000 "
1848-51 Hesse (four loans) 6,500,000 "
The above is a list of the loans issued by the Rothschilds during the years 1817 to 1848, as far as these can be definitely ascertained: they make a total of $654,847,200 (£130,969,440).
The profits on these loans were at first very great. Salomon Rothschild in 1820 declared that the brothers in that year made 6,000,000 gulden, probably on the two Austrian loans, i.e., about 10 per cent. But others were by no means so remunerative. No less than £500,000 was lost in attempting to support Lord Bexley's refunding schemes; and the French refunding operation of 1823 from 5's to 3's, though originally suggested by Nathan, was equally unremunerative, causing a loss, it is said, of 3,000,000 francs. Nor were the Rothschilds always successful in obtaining the issue of loans. In 1834, despite their competition, a syndicate of the Foulds, Oppenheims, and others obtained the Sardinian loan; but the Rothschilds adopted their usual "bearing" policy, with the result that the next papal loan was financed by them. The Pereires were equally inimical to the Rothschilds, and successfully competed with them for Russian railway contracts.
While the early history of the firm was dominated by the influence of Nathan, after the year 1830 the youngest brother, James, came to the front, and the Paris house gained that predominance in French finance which it still retains, whereas throughout the nineteenth century there was concealed but very effective rivalry between the Barings and the Rothschilds in London. Baron James had befriended and assisted Louis Philippe before he came to the throne in 1830, and was the medium through which that astute monarch conducted his stock-exchange operations till his overthrow in 1848. In return Baron James obtained in 1846 the concession for the Great Northern Railway Company of France, having 300,000 shares, each of the value of 300 francs. His position in the social world of Paris is described by Balzac under the guise of "Baron Nucingen." In the year 1848 the Paris house was reckoned to be worth 600,000,000 francs as against 362,000,000 francs held by all the other Paris bankers. Meanwhile the Vienna branch obtained a similar concession for the Austrian Northern Railway (Nordbahn). Baron Salomon had also acquired from the Austrian government the Idra quicksilver-mine; and in 1832 the Almaden mines in Spain also came under the control of the Rothschilds, who thus obtained a monopoly of that metal. The Austrian firm later owned, in conjunction with the brothers Wilhelm and David von Gutmann, mines and iron-works at Witkowitz, Moravia. In the early stages of its existence the Austrian house did a large money-lending business with the mediatized and impoverished nobility of the Austrian empire, loans to the amount of no less than 24,521,000 gulden being on record.
There is little to be said about the Naples house, established in 1821 and discontinued in 1861 at the fall of the Bourbon dynasty.
Apart from railroads and mines the Rothschilds have rarely been interested in industrial developments, though the London house is still rated as "N. M. Rothschild and Sons, merchants." At one time they took up general insurance, and founded in 1824, with Sir Moses Montefiore, the Alliance InsuranceCompany as a sort of rival to Lloyd's. Only recently has the firm again turned its attention to mines, under the influence of Lord Rothschild, the interests of the London house in the Rio Tinto copper-mines and the De Beers diamond-mines being considerable. Similarly the firm has large interests in the oil-wells of Baku, Russia, thus becoming the chief competitor of the Standard Oil Company.
With the fall of Louis Philippe (1848) the hegemony of the various Rothschild firms again reverted to London. Baron Lionel, though his attention was diverted considerably from finance to politics by the struggle for the emancipation of the Jews, gained considerable prestige by his repeated election as representative of the city of London; and the London firm was instrumental during his leadership of it in financing no less than eighteen government loans, including the Irish Famine Loan, one of £15,000,000 to the English government in 1856, the £5,000,000 Turkish loan of 1858, several refunding operations for the United States, and national loans to the Russian government. He declined, however, to take up the Russian loan of 1861, owing to his disapproval of the action of the Russian government toward Poland.
After Mayer Amschel's death the Frankfort firm, which for many years, especially between 1850 and 1870, was of great importance, was until about 1855 under the guidance of Baron Amschel Mayer von Rothschild, and upon his death came under the joint management of the brothers Baron Mayer Karl and Baron Wilhelm (universally known in Germany as "Baron Willy"). The former was a man of high culture and great ability, a lover of art and literature, but somewhat of a misanthrope, owing, it is said, partly to the fact that seven daughters were born to him but no son. Baron Mayer Karl became a member of the Prussian Herrenhaus (House of Peers) in 1870, and thereafter paid little attention to business affairs, leaving these to his brother Baron Wilhelm. The latter was a very religious man, of rather narrow views, under whom the importance of the Frankfort firm rapidly declined. It was liquidated after his death in 1901.
The Rothschilds were not, however, without competitors in the issue of public loans. Other Jewish families—the Lazards, Sterns, Speyers, and Seligmans—adopted the Rothschild plan of establishing local branches in European capitals, each headed by a brother, and after 1848 the governments of Europe adopted the plan of throwing loans open to the public instead of resorting to one or two banking firms like the Rothschilds. In this way the Sterns secured the chief Portuguese loans, while a number of smaller Jewish firms began to combine their resources and form limited liability companies like the Crédit Mobilier, the Dresdener Bank, and the Deutsche Reichsbank of Berlin.
(From an old print.)
The relative importance of the Rothschilds diminished considerably in the second half of the nineteenth century. Having been ill advised as to their American policy, they invested largely in Confederate bonds and lost heavily. This appears to have disgusted them with American finance, which they left severely alone for many years, thus losing the opportunities afforded by the great financial expansion of the United States in the last decades of the nineteenth century. With the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71) the Rothschilds again came into financial prominence. They arranged with Bleichröder for the payment to Germany of the indemnity of five milliard francs; in 1875 the London house advanced the British government £4,080,000 for Suez Canal shares, upon which the Rothschilds were reported to have made£100,000; and in 1884 they loaned the Egyptian government £1,000,000.
Meanwhile the Nationalist and Reactionary parties in France desired to counterbalance the "Semitic" influence of the Rothschilds by establishing a banking concern which should be essentially Catholic. Accordingly in 1876 the Union Générale was founded with a capital of 4,000,000 francs, increased to 25,000, 000 fraces in 1878 under the direction of a certain Bontoux. After various vicissitudes, graphically described by Zola in his novel "L'Argent," the Union failed, and brought many of the Catholic nobility of France to ruin, leaving the Rothschilds still more absolutely the undisputed leaders of French finance, but leaving also a legacy of hatred which had much influence on the growth of the anti-Semitic movement in France. Something analogous occurred in England when the century-long competition of the Barings and the Rothschilds culminated in the failure of the former in 1893; but in this case the Rothschilds came to the rescue of their rivals and prevented a universal financial catastrophe. It is a somewhat curious sequel to the attempt to set up a Catholic competitor to the Roths-childs that at the present time the latter are the guardians of the papal treasure.
Of recent years the Rothschilds have consistently refused to have anything to do with loans to Russia, owing to the anti-Jewish legislation of that empire, though on one occasion the members of the Paris house joined in a loan to demonstrate their patriotism as Frenchmen.
The remarkable success of the Rothschilds, which has now lasted exactly a century, has been due in the first place to the financial genius of Nathan Mayer Rothschild, and secondly in large measure to the settlement of the five brothers in the European capitals, which enabled them to issue loans simultaneously. In the early and later stages the London house was the base of operations; but during the reign of Louis Philippe the Paris house appears to have directed undertakings. The business principles on which the Rothschilds acted were the unified policy of the five, later four, and finally three firms; their determination never to deal with unsuccessful persons; their use of the surest information and the most reliable instruments; and prompt action after obtaining such information. They did not aim at excessive profits, nor did they put "all their eggs in one basket"; they drew back in time if an enterprise was not promising, selling quickly, if necessary even at a loss, on the principle that the first loss is the best; and they were almost the first to make use of journalistic methods to arouse the interest of the public in their loans. They have, however, consistently kept the secret of their own operations. The original five brothers were shrewd business men, but all were equally uncultured (Karl Mayer writes of a "kondract" he had made). Their descendants, however, have been among the great patrons of art throughout western Europe, the collections of Barons Amschel, James, and Ferdinand being especially noteworthy. They have created quite a school of Jewish dealers in art, whose chief customers they have been (Duveen, C. Davis, Spitzer, and Wertheimer).
The services of the Rothschilds in the cause of philanthropy have been equally marked. Special hospitals have been founded by them for all creeds at Jerusalem, Vienna, Paris, and London; the Jews' Free School of the last-named city is supported almost entirely by Lord Rothschild at an estimated annual cost of £15,000. In London and Paris they have established workmen's dwellings on a large scale and on an economic and commercial basis; and their private charities are very large. The founder of the house, Mayer Amschel Rothschild, held the curious theory that if a beggar thanked him, the charitable transaction was concluded, whereas if he received no thanks, Heaven owed him some recompense for his charity. Consequently, it was his custom to thrust a coin into the hand of a beggar, and to hurry away before the latter could express his gratitude.
In addition, some of the members of the family have evinced an interest in Jewish literature. Baron James in Paris was the founder of the Société des Etudes Juives; Baron Wilhelm of Frankfort was a zealous collector of Hebrew incunabula, which are now in the Frankfort town library; and almost all great Jewish literary undertakings have been subventioned by one or other branch of the firm.
Hitherto the pedigree of the Rothschild family has been traced only as far as Amschel, the father of Mayer Amschel Rothschild; but, owing to the recent publication of the tombstone inscriptions of Frankfort-on-the-Main by Horovitz ("Inschriften von Frankfort"), it is now possible to trace it back with a high degree of probability four generations further, as far as Moses Rothschild, who was born about the middle of the sixteenth century. There is little doubt that all the Rothschilds form one family, as is shown by the similarity of first names; this would account for the somewhat unusual name of Kalman (brother of Mayer Amschel), and would give some hint as to the use of "Jacob" as the name of Mayer Amschel's youngest son, since the younger son of the uncle after whom he was named was also called Jacob. It is also seen that the rabbinic part of the family left Frankfort early in the seventeenth century, and is not related in a direct line with the more worldly portion.
The number of marriages between cousins in the later history of the family is remarkable, especially in the second and third generations after the five brothers had gone to five different capitals. Altogether of fifty-eight marriages contracted by the descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild to date (1905), no less than twenty-nine, or exactly one-half, have been between first cousins. It is noteworthy that these marriages as a rule have been fertile, which is what is anticipated by biological science; but several of the unions have resulted in daughters only, which is also anthropologically significant.
In the first names adopted there has been a restriction in choice in the early generations, causing a considerable amount of confusion between the many Charlottes, Louises, Karls, and Nathans. As a rule, the son has adopted the father's name as a second name, which has enabled a distinction to be made,and the same plan has with less suitability been followed in the case of the daughters. The family tree is found on pages 491-493.
Das Haus Rothschild, Seine Geschichte und Geschäfte, Prague, 1857;
Reeves, The Rothschilds, London, 1887;
Scherb, Gesch. das Hauses Rothschild, Berlin, 1892;
A. Ehrenberg, in Deutsche Rundschau, 1903-4;
Dict. National Biography;
Wurzbach, Biographisches Lexikon, s. v.;
A. Kohut, Jüdische Berühmtheiten;
Horovitz, Inschriften von Frankfort;
Lewysohn, Sechzig Epiiaphien zu Worms.
The following notices of members of the family are arranged in alphabetical order:
Head of the Austrian branch of S. M. v. Rothschild und Söhne; born at Vienna Oct. 29, 1844; youngest son of Anselm von Rothschild. He was educated at the gymnasium of Vienna and the University of Bonn; entered the banking-house of Behrend at Hamburg; and then traveled extensively. He succeeded his father as head of the Vienna branch in 1874. In 1876 he married Karoline Bettina, daughter of Baron Alphonse Rothschild (b.at Paris Feb. 15, 1858; d. at Vienna March 24, 1892), in memory of whom he erected the Bettina Frauenspital. He takes especial interest in the orphan asylum and foundations for Jewish artists and musicians in Vienna.
S. F. T. H.Alphonse, Baron de Rothschild:
Second son of Baron James Mayer de Rothschild; born at Paris Feb. 1, 1827. The son of Austrian parents, he became naturalized in France in 1848. He received a careful education and was employed at an early age by his father in the management of the Chemin de Fer du Nord. In 1854 he became head of the French house, and in the same year was made one of the governors of the Bank of France. In 1869 he became president of the board of directors of the Chemin de Fer du Nord, also president of the Central Consistory of the Israelites of France, to which he had belonged as early as 1851 as delegate of the Jewish community of Bordeaux.
Baron Alpbonse de Rothschild.
When the Franco-Prussian war ended disastrously for the French republic, Baron Alphonse became the head of the syndicate of French bankers which guaranteed the payment of the indemnity of five milliard francs by France to Germany. It was especially through his ability that France was enabled to pay the indemnity within a very short time.
He further directed the important work of establishing a fund, chiefly in German bonds, to avoid the expense of converting bills into German currency when remitting them to the German government, thus saving a great amount to the French government.
As to Baron Alphonse's connection with the Suez Canal transactions, opinions differ. He and Charles de Lesseps were commissioned to effect a harmonization of the French and the English interests. It is a fact that the management of the canal changed hands in 1883, and that England is now actually in possession.
At present the baron is especially interested in important electric and petroleum undertakings. He has presented over 600 pictures to the Museum of Paris; and in 1895 he succeeded Emile Perrin as honorary member of the Paris Academy of Fine Arts. The Château of Ferrières-en-Brie (department of Scine-et-Marne) is his property. The German staff was installed there at the commencement of the siege of Paris. There also Jules Favre, on behalf of the French government, conducted the unsuccessful peace negotiations with Prince Bismarck.
The charitable and benevolent institutions of all creeds have been enriched by gifts from the firm of Rothschild Brothers. Each year as winter approaches, Barons Alphonse, Gustave, and Edmond donate 100,000 francs for distribution among the poor of the twenty arrondissements of Paris. They are the founders of sixty annual stipends for the benefit of young persons wishing to enter the higher commercial schools. On June 27, 1904, the three Barons Rothschild notified Troullot, minister of commerce, of their intention to donate the sum of 10,000,000 francs, to be employed in the erection of inexpensive dwelling-houses, and for the general furtherance of plans for ameliorating the condition of the working classes.
In 1857 Alphonse married Leonora, daughter of Baron Lionel de Rothschild of London. His only son, Edouard (b. Feb. 24, 1868), fought a duel during the excitement caused by the revision of the Dreyfus case.
Curinier, Dict. Nat. ii. 356;
La Grande Encyclopædie.
S. F. T. H. J. Ka.Amschel Mayer von Rothschild, Freiherr:
Eldest son of Mayer Amschel Rothschild and, after the death of his father, senior member of the family and head of the Frankfort branch; born at Frankfort-on-the-Main June 12, 1773; died there Dec. 6, 1855. The Emperor of Austria knighted him in 1815 and made him a "Freiherr" in 1822. In 1820 he was appointed Bavarian consul in Frankfort with the title of court banker.
Amschel Mayer was very Orthodox and actively supported the Conservative party in Judaism. He took great interest in the history of his race, and when in 1840 many cloisters were sequestered in Spain, he directed his agent to secure all documents of interest to the Jews. He was besides a collector of paintings, coins, and metal-work.
Amschel Mayer left no children, but was succeeded in business by two sons of his brother Karl, the founder of the Naples branch.
(Anonymous) Das Haus Rothschild, i. 173-205, Prague and Leipsic, 1857.
Austrian banker; born at Frankfort-on-the-Main Jan. 29, 1803; died at Ober-Döbling, near Vienna, July 27, 1874; only son of Salomon Mayer von Rothschild. Whilehis father and uncles had received their education and training in the paternal home, he was sent, in 1820, to the University of Berlin. Two years later he entered the Paris house of the Rothschilds, spending some time there as well as at Berlin, Copen-hagen, Brussels, and The Hague. From 1848 he assisted his uncle Amschel Mayer in Frankfort, and after the death of his father, removed to Vienna (1855), where he continued to conduct the Austrian house of the Rothschilds till his death.
In 1861 Anselm was appointed a life member of the Austrian House of Lords. In 1869 he founded a Jewish hospital in Vienna. He was an enthusiastic collector of paintings and other objects of art.
In 1826 Anselm married his niece Charlotte Nathan Rothschild, daughter of Nathan Mayer Rothschild of London. He left three sons, Nathan, Ferdinand, and Albert Salomon. Nathan (b. Oct. 26, 1836) is a sportsman, traveling much, especially on the Mediterranean; he has not taken any active interest in the Rothschild business. He has published "Skizzen aus dem Süden." Anselm had also three daughters: Julie, married Adolf Karl von Rothschild; Mathilde, married Wilhelm Karl von Rothschild (both of the Naples branch); and Luise, who became the wife of Baron Franchetti.
Von Scherb, Gesch. des Hauses Rothschild, Berlin, 1892.
S. F. T. H.Anthony de Rothschild, Sir:
Born at New Court, London, 1810; died at Woolston, near Southampton, Jan. 3, 1876; second son of Nathan Mayer Rothschild. Entering his father's banking business, he became a prominent member of the firm. He lived the life of a country gentleman, which did not, however, prevent him becoming the main representative of the family in the London Jewish community. As president of the Jews' Free School he was unwearied in his efforts to promote the good management of that institution. He assisted at the establishment of the United Synagogue, and became its president. For a short time he was president also of the Jews' Hospital. In 1846 he was created a baronet of the United Kingdom, with special remainder, failing his own male issue, to the sons of his elder brother, Baron Lionel de Rothschild. He was also a baron of the Austrian empire, and was made Austrian consul-general in London in 1858.
Sir Anthony was prominently connected with numerous mercantile bodies, notably the Alliance Life and Fire Assurance Company, of which he was a director. In 1840 Sir Anthony married Louisa, daughter of Abraham Montefiore; he had two daughters, who survived him.
Jew. Chron. and Jew. World, Jan. 7, 1876;
The Times (London), Jan. 5, 10, and 11, 1876;
Morais, Eminent Israelites of the Nineteenth Century, s.v., philadelphia, 1880.
J. G. L.Arthur de Rothschild, Baron:
Born at Paris March 28, 1851; died at Monte Carlo 1903; son of Nathaniel Rothschild of London. He was the author of: "Notice sur l'Origine du Prix Uniforme de la Taxe de Lettres et sur la Création des Timbres de Poste en Angleterre," Paris, 1871; and "Histoire de la Poste aux Lettres," ib. 1873. Baron Arthur was interested in yachting, and for several years was vice-president of the Union des Yachts Français.
La Grande Encyclopédie.
S. J. Ka.Charlotte de Rothschild, Baroness:
Born at Naples 1819; died at Gunnesbury Park, Acton, near London, March 13, 1884; daughter of Baron Karl von Rothschild. In 1836 she married her cousin Baron Lionel de Rothschild. She took the deepest interest in politics and was of the greatest service to her husband in his parliamentary career.
In 1859 the baroness established an Invalids' Kitchen at Bishopsgate, London, and in Nov., 1859, founded the Home for Aged Incurables, both of which institutions as well as several other charities were entirely supported by her. In 1867 she became president of the Ladies' Benevolent Loan and Visiting Society. She founded also the Emigration Society. Her labors in connection with the Jews' Free School were far-reaching; she even composed as readings for the school "Addresses to Young Children." In memory of her daughter, she established "Evelina Prizes" at all the Jewish elementary schools and at Jews' College.
Jew. Chron. and Jew. World, March 14, 1884.
J. G. L.Constance de Rothschild (Lady Battersea):
Authoress and communal worker; eldest daughter of Sir Anthony de Rothschild; born in London 1847. In 1877 she married Cyril Flower, who was created first Baron Battersea in 1892. In conjunction with her sister Annie (the Honorable Mrs. Eliot Yorke) she published, in 1870, "The History and Literature of the Israelites According to the Old Testament and the Apoerypha," an adaptation, for the young, of the Biblical narrative. The work was republished in 1872, in an abridged form, for the use of schools. Lady Battersea has since contributed occasionally to magazines, dealing descriptively with the ceremonial and ritual she witnessed in her father's house. She has taken a great interest in the Jewish Association for the Protection of Girls and Women, of which she is vice-president and secretary; and she has been intimately associated with other departments of Jewish social work in London.
Jewish Year Book, 5665 (1904-5).
J. J. de H.Edmond de Rothschild, Baron:
Born at Paris Aug. 19, 1845. He is associated with his brothers Alphonse and Gustave in the French house of the Rothschilds. He is known in the Jewish world as the founder of the Agricultural Colonies in Palestine, at present under the administration of the Jewish Colonization Association. In 1877 he married Adelaide, daughter of Wilhelm Karl Rothschild of Frankfort-on-the-Main, by whom he has three children: James Edmond Armand (b. Dec. 18, 1878; M.A., Cambridge), Maurice (b. May 19, 1881), and Myriam.
Baron Edmond is a great lover of the arts and a collector of paintings. His wife is president of the patronage committee of the Comité de Bienfaisance, and foundress and vice-president of the HomeIsraélite Français, which assists young Jewish girls to find situations in the trades, the industrial arts, as teachers, etc.
S. J. Ka.Ferdinand de Rothschild, Baron:
English politician and art connoisseur; born in Paris 1839; died at Wallesdon Manor, England, Dec. 17, 1898; second son of Freiherr Anselm von Rothschild. He was educated in Vienna, and settled in England in 1860. In 1865 he married his cousin Evelina de Rothschild, sister of Lord Rothschild. She died in the following year, and in her memory he built and largely supported the Evelina Hospital for Sick Children.
Baron Ferdinand was fond of country life and had the ordinary tastes of a country gentleman. He hunted, and bred fat stock; he made Wallesdon a model village; and he was fond of yachting. In 1883 he held the office of high sheriff of Buckinghamshire, and was also justice of the peace and deputy lieutenant for the county. In 1885, when Lord Rothschild was created a peer, Baron Ferdinand succeeded as a Liberal to his seat for Aylesbury; but in the following November the borough was disfranchised, and he was returned for the newly created division of Aylesbury, which constituency he continued to represent as a Liberal Unionist until his death. At Wallesdon the baron had the honor of entertaining the Queen of England on May 14, 1890; and the emperor Frederick of Germany and the Shah of Persia were likewise reckoned among his guests. The baron was a freemason, and in 1892 was one of the founders of the Ferdinand de Roths-child Lodge, of which he was installed master.
As a collector of works of art, Baron Ferdinand held one of the first places in his generation. The Manor itself was one of the most celebrated homes in England, its staircases, copied from those of the Château Chenonceaux, being specially noteworthy.
Baron Ferdinand rendered valuable services in various capacities to the Jewish community. From 1868 to 1875 he was treasurer of the Board of Guardians; in 1868 he laid the foundation-stone of the North London Synagogue; in 1870 he became warden of the Central Synagogue; and at the Stepney Jewish Schools he founded a "Baron Ferdinand de Roths-child Technical Scholarship." He was a man of wide culture and strong literary sympathies. The result of some of his studies he gave to the public in the form of lectures to working men, in articles in the "Nineteenth Century," and in a work (London, 1896) entitled "Personel Characters from French History." At his death he bequeathed to the British Museum some of the rare art treasures of Wallesdon Manor, a gift amounting in value to about £100,000.
Jew. Chron. and Jew. World, Dec. 23, 1898;
The Times (London), Dec. 19, 1898.
J. G. L.Gustave de Rothschild, Baron:
Born Feb. 17, 1829; consul-general for Austria-Hungary, director of the Chemin de Fer du Nord and the Paris-Lyons and Mediterranean Railway; member of the board of directors of the Rothschild Hospital and Hospice; president of the Jewish Consistory of Paris (of which he has been a member since 1856), and also of the committee of consistorial schools; chevalier of the Legion of Honor.
In 1866 he founded a Hebrew primary school known as "The Gustave de Rothschild School." On the anniversary of the death of his daughter, Baroness Emanuel Leonina, in 1898, he established twenty annuities of 600 franes each, to be distributed among aged Jews of either sex.
In 1859 Baron Gustave married Cecilie Anspach. Issue, five children: Robert (b. Jan. 19, 1880), civil and mining engineer; Lucie, wife of Baron Lambert, president of the Central Hebrew Consistory of Belgium, and representative of the firm of Rothschild Brothers at Brussels; Aline, wife of Sir Edward Sassoon, M.P., of London; and Juliette, wife of Baron Emanuel Leonina, civil engineer.
The Baroness Gustave de Rothchild is president of the ladies' committee of inspection of the Hebrew schools of Paris. In 1877 she established a clothing club, for the distribution of garments, medicines, etc., among the Jewish children attending the consistorial and parochial schools.
Léon Kahn, Histoire des Ecoles Communales et Consistoriales de Paris, 1884.
S. J. Ka.Hannah Rothschild. See Rosebery, Hannah, Countess of.Henri de Rothschild, Baron:
French physician; born at Paris July 26, 1872; son of James Edward Rothschild of London. After a careful education he traveled extensively and then, returning to Paris, studied medicine, graduating as M.D. in 1898. Establishing himself as a physician in his native city, he founded a dispensary for the treatment of diseases of children.
Rotschild is the author of several books on his travels ("Notes Scandinaves," "Notes Africaines," "Souvenirs d'Espagne," etc.), and of the following medical works: "Quelques Observations sur l'Alimentation du Nouveau-Né et de l'Emploi Raisonné du Lait Stérilisé," Paris, 1897; "Notes sur l'Hygiène et la Protection de l'Enfance dans les Principales Capitales de l'Europe," ib. 1897; "L'Allaitement Mixte et l'Allaitement Artificiel," ib. 1898. He has also collaborated on several professional journals, besides editing unpublished letters of Jean Jacques Rousseau, with a preface and notes: "Lettres Inédites de Jean-Jacques Rousseau."
Curinier, Dict. Nat. i 178.
S. F. T. H.James Edouard de Rothschild, Baron:
Born at Paris Oct. 28, 1844; died there Oct. 25, 1881. He was one of the founders and the first president of the Société des Etudes Juives and the founder of the Société des Anciens Textes Français. He is the author of "Introduction au Mystère du Vieil Testament."
Baron James' widow is directress of the Hospital of Berck-sur-Mer; and his daughter Jane, wife of Baron Leonino, is the foundress of the Orphanage of Boulogne-sur-Seine.
Zadoc Kahn, Souvenirs et Regrets, 1898.
Born at Frankfort-on-the-Main May 15, 1792; died at Paris Nov. 15, 1868. He founded in 1812 the Paris banking-house known under the firm name of Roths-childFrères. In 1822 he was appointed consul-general to Austria-Hungary. He negotiated the French loans of 1830 and 1834, and in return for his services was created by Louis Philippe grand officer of the Legion of Honor, of which he had been a chevalier since 1823. He took a very important part in the building of the Saint-Germain Railroad, one of the most important roads in the north of France.
The baron was ever active in the interests of his Coreligionists. By his fearless intervention he frequently averted cruel persecutions of the Jews, and caused the repeal of unjust and burdensome laws directed againt them. On April 7, 1852, he made over to the Central Consistory of Paris a hospital in the Rue Piepus, Paris, built on a site having an area of about 16,000 square meters, on condition that the establishment should be reserved in perpetuity as a refuge for sick and aged Jews. He was besides a noted patron of Hebrew letters.
Baron James Mayer de Roths-child.
The baron's wife, Betty (d. in Paris Sept., 1886), was foundress of the Hospital for Incurables, which she endowed with an annual revenue of 800 francs for each of its seventy beds. The Salomon and Caroline de Rothschild Orphanage, in Paris (opened June 3, 1874), wholly devoted to the care of Jewish orphans of either sex, is another testimony to her charity. She, moreover, left 600,000 francs to the public charities, for the assistance of poor laborers in paying their rents.
Zadoc Kahn, Sermons et Allocutions, 3d series, 1894;
idem, Souvenirs et Regrets, 1898.
S. J. Ka.Karl Mayer von Rothschild, Freiherr:
Born at Frankfort-on-the-Main April 24, 1788; died at Naples March 10, 1855; fourth son of Mayer Amschel Rothschild and head of the Italian branch. From 1821 he lived in Naples and Frankfort and became banker to the kingdoms of Sicily, Sardinia, and Naples, of the Papal States, and of the duchies of Parma and Tuscany. He was made a "Freiherr" by the crown of Austria in 1822 and consul-general of Sicily at Frankfort in 1829. His wife, Adelheid Herz, was a society leader and a well-known philanthropist.
Karl Mayer left four sons—Mayer Karl, Adolf Karl, Wilhelm Karl, and Alexander—and one daughter, all of whom married members of the Rothschild family. Adolf Karl (b. at Frankfort May 21, 1823) succeeded his father.
Das Haus Rothschild, ii. 19 et seq., Prague and Leipsic, 1857;
Reeves, The Rothschilds, pp. 252 et seq., London, 1887.
S. F. T. H.Leopold de Rothschild:
Anglo-Jewish communal worker and sportsman; born Nov. 22, 1845; third son of Baron Lionel de Rothschild, and brother of Lord Rothschild. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, England, and is a deputy lieutenant, a justice of the peace, and commander of the Royal Victorian Order (1905).
Rothschild is an active worker in the Anglo-Jewish community, being vice-president of the Anglo-Jewish Association, a member of the council of the United Synagogue and of the Jewish Board of Deputies, chairman of the Jewish Emigration Society, one of the treasurers of the London Jewish Board of Guardians, and a member of the board of management of the Central Synagogue, London.
Rothschild is a sportsman, and an intimate friend of the King of England. His horse St. Amant in 1904 won the English Derby.
Jewish Year Book, London, 1904;
Who's Who, London, 1904.
J. I. L. B.Lionel Nathan de Rothschild, Baron: Financial Career.
Born at London Nov. 22, 1806; died there June 3, 1879; eldest son of Baron Nathan Mayer de Rothschild. After passing some time as a student at Göttingen he was initiated into the business transactions of the firm under his father's direction. In 1836 he succeeded the latter in the direction of the English house of Rothschild, the management of most of the operations and negotiations of the firm being entrusted to him. He had three brothers, but they deferred implicitly to him. His was the guiding mind; and while he lived the center of the finance of the world may be said to have been his office in New Court. In 1847 he negotiated the Irish Famine Loan; in 1854 he raised £16,000,000 for the English government to meet the expenses of the Crimean war; and for twenty years he acted as the agent of the Russian government. He had a large share in the successful funding of the United States national debt; provided the funds for the immediate purchase of the Suez Canal shares; and managed the business of the group of bankers who guaranteed to the German empire the permanence of the exchanges, thus facilitating the payment of the French indemnity at the close of the Franco-Prussian war. He was a director of the Alliance Insurance Company, and of the Lombardo Venetian Railway, in which he held a large interest; and the Chemin de Fer du Nord of France owed its construction chiefly to his foresight and activity. He actively cooperated with the Vienna branch of his firm in directing the finances of the Austrian empire; and the Egyptian loan of £8,500,000 was contracted by his house.
Baron Lionel Nathan de Roths-child.
Baron Lionel was the leader of the Jewish community in England for upward of thirty years. He was a member of the Board of Deputies, of which he had been elected president in April, 1855, but declined to serve; he was for a long period president of the Great Synagogue; he laid the foundation-stone of the Central Synagogue (1869), and was for some time on the council of the United Synagogue. In 1843 he cooperated with Sir Moses Montefiore in the latter's efforts to ameliorate the condition of the Russian and Polish Jews; and an appeal from him on behalf of the Rumanian Jews was read at the Berlin Congress of 1878.
Baron Lionel's political career was chiefly memorable for the conspicuous part he took in the struggle for Jewish emancipation. At the general election in July, 1847, he was elected member of Parliament in the Liberal interest for the city of London, with Lord John Russel and two other members. Parliament that year met early, and Lord John Russell, then prime minister, brought in a bill, which was passed by a large majority in the House of Commons, affirming the eligibility of Jews to all functions and offices to which Roman Catholics were admitted by law. The bill was repeatedly rejected in the House of Lords. Gladstone and Disraeli were among those who voted with the Whigs, the latter appealing to the House to discard the super-stitions of the Dark Ages, and to perform a great act of national justice.
In the meantime Baron Lionel was elected to Parliament again and again. In 1849 he had been a member for two sessions without having taken the oath, when he accepted the Chiltern Hundreds and a new writ was issued for the city of London. He was again returned, and continued to be a member without taking the oath "on the true faith of a Christian"; but being again returned in succeeding parliaments, he accepted the Chiltern Hundreds a second time, in 1857. On July 23 a writ was again issued for the city of London, and he was returned for the fifth time. At length, in 1858, the Jews' Disabilities Bill passed, and its principle was extended by a further act, passed two years later. Baron Lionel was the first Jew who took the amended form of oath (July 26, 1858). In commemoration of the event several scholarships were founded at schools and colleges by subscription and otherwise. Baron Lionel continued to sit for the city of London, with the exception of a short interval, till 1874, when he shared in the general Liberal defeat.
Baron Lionel was the friend and counselor of the prince consort, and held intimate relations with Disraeli, the prime minister, whose Sidonia in "Coningsby" is an idealized portrait of him.
In his philanthropic endeavors the baron was greatly assisted by Baroness de Rothschild, who was his almoner, especially in the organization of the Jews' Free School, which was raised by their joint efforts from squalor to a condition of comparative refinement. It was said of the baron that more than a tithe of his great income was applied in charitable works.
Baron Lionel married in 1836 Charlotte, daughter of Baron Karl von Rothschild of Naples, who survived him. He was succeeded by Nathan Meyer Rothschild, M.P., his eldest son, and left two other sons, Alfred de Rothschild and Leopold de Rothschild, and a daughter, Leonora (m. 1857 Baron Alphonse de Rothschild of Paris). The death in 1866 of his daughter Evelina (m. Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild) was it blow from which Baron Lionel never entirely recovered.
Jew. Chron. June 6, 1879;
Jew. World, June 6, 1879;
The Times (London), June 4, 5, 12, and 20, 1879;
The Montefiore Diaries, 1890;
Morais, Eminent Israelites of the Nineteenth Century, s.v.:
Dict. National Biography.
Naturalist, communal worker, and politician; born in London Feb. 8, 1868; eldest son of Lord Rothschild. He was educated at Bonn and later at Magdalen College, Cambridge. In 1899 he was returned to Parliament, for the Aylesbury division of Buckinghamshire, the seat previously held by his uncle, Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild. For this constituency he was again returned in the Conservative interest in Oct., 1900. He is greatly interested in natural history, and has built in Tring Park a museum containing many rare specimens, to replenish which he has sent expeditions to the remotest corners of the earth.
Rothschild is member of the council of the United Synagogue, of the Board of Deputies, of the Jewish Board of Guardians, and of the committee of the Jews' Free School, and treasurer of the Jewish Industrial School. He has publislied "Avifauna of Laysan," and is editor of "Novitates Zoologieæ" issued at the Zoological Museum, Tring.
Jew. Chron. Sept. 28, 1900.
G. L.Mayer Amschel Rothschild.
See p. 490.
German banker; born at Frankfort-on-the-Main Aug. 5, 1820; died there Oct. 16, 1886; eldest son of Karl Mayer von Rothschild of Naples. He lived with his parents until 1837. During the following two years he studied at the University of Göttingen, and in 1839 at that of Berlin. In 1840 he returned to Naples, and joined in 1842 the Frankfort house, of which he became the head in 1855, when his cousin Anselm succeeded his father in Vienna. Until Mayer Karl's death he presided over the Frankfort establishment. In 1867 he was elected a member of the North German Reichstag, which position be held until 1870, when he was appointed a life member of the Prussian House of Lords. He was philanthropic and a collector of works of art.
In 1842 Mayer Karl married Louise, daughter of Nathan Mayer von Rothschild of London, and left as issue five daughters.
S. F. T. H.Mayer Nathan de Rothschild, Baron:
English financier and sportsman; born in London June 29, 1818; died there Feb. 6, 1874; fourth son of Nathan Mayer Rothschild. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and became a member of the firm of N. M. Rothschild & Sons, in which house he at one time took an active interest. He held a seatin Parliament, being elected member for Hythe on several successive occasions, and was a steady adherent of the Liberal party.
In 1857 Rothschild acquired land in Buckinghamshire and commenced building his mansion of Mentmore which was soon celebrated alike for its hospitality and works of art. In the neighboring hamlet of Crafton he set up his stud-farm, where he bred many famous horses. He was a popular member of the Jockey Club. He thrice won the One Thousand Guineas stakes and twice the Goodwood Cup. In 1871 he won the Derby, the One Thousand Guineas, the Oaks, the St. Leger, and the Cesarewitch; and that year was called "the Baron's year."
Rothschild married in 1850 his first cousin Juliana, eldest daughter of Isaac Cohen, and left as issue one daughter, who married Lord Rosebery.
Jew. Chron. and Jew. World, Feb. 13, 1874;
The Times (London), Feb. 7, 11, and 12, 1874.
J. G. L.Nathan Mayer Rothschild.
Son of Baron Lionel Nathan de Rothschild; the present (1905) head of the English house of Rothschild; born in London Nov. 8, 1840. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where as a student he was one of the associates of the present King of England, with whom he has since remained on terms of intimacy. Politically a Liberal (now a Liberal Unionist), he sat in parliament from 1865 to 1885 as the member for Aylesbury. He had inherited his English baronetcy from his uncle in 1876 and the Austrian barony from his father in 1879; in 1885 he was raised to the peerage, and, as Baron Rothschild, was the first Jew to take his seat in the House of Lords, an event which was regarded as completing the emancipation of the English Jews. Lord Rothschild has been continuously reappointed lord-lieutenant of the county of Buckingham. In 1902 he was made a privy councilor, and in the same year the knight grand cross of the Royal Victorian Order was conferred upon him.
Nathan, Lord Rothschild.
In 1889 he became a member of a parliamentary commission appointed to report on the congestion in the population of London. He urged the London Jewish community to unite on what was known as the "East End Scheme," a plan for improving the spiritual and social life of Jewish East London. Though Lord Rothschild offered £20,000 toward the expenses, the plan was vigorously opposed by Sir Samuel Montagu and others, and nothing came of it except the annual free services for the Jewish masses held on New-Year's Day and the Day of Atonement, which Lord Rothschild regularly attends.
Lord Rothschild is a governor of the Bank of England and a presiding officer of many great corporations. In 1902 he was appointed a member of the Royal Commission on Alien Immigration, an office that brought him in touch with the late Theodor Herzl, whose East-African project he indorsed. He offered positive and outspoken resistance to the bills proposed in Parliament for the restriction of alien immigration. He has always been a liberal contributor to funds for the relief of the persecuted in Russia and elsewhere; he is a supporter and an officer of most of the communal charities, and a dispenser of private charity on a large scale, and is especially interested in the Jews' Free Scliool, of which he is president and which owes its position to his benefactions. He holds the communal offices of president of the United Synagogue and warden of the Great Synagogue (the most typically Orthodox English synagogue in London), and is regarded as the lay head of the Jewish community of England. As a social worker his most notable success has been as a founder of the Four Per Cent Industrial Dwellings Co.
Jewish Year Book, 1904-5 (5665).
J. J. de H.Salomon Mayer von Rothschild, Freiherr:
Austrian banker; born at Frankfort-on-the-Main Sept. 9, 1774; died at Paris July 28, 1855; second son of Mayer Amschel Rothschild, head of the Vienna branch of the Rothschild house. Salomon spent most of his time in his native city until 1816, when he removed to Vienna, becoming interested in all the great financial undertakings of the Austrian empire. He became the financial originator of the Kaiser Ferdinands Nordbahn, which was inaugurated in 1836. Among the other enterprises in which he was interested may be mentioned: the Austrian state loans of 1823, 1829, and 1842; the coal-mines of Witkowitz; and the asphalt lake of Dalmatia.
Salomon Mayer received the honorary freedom of the cities of Vienna and Brünn; he was knighted in 1815 by the crown of Austria; and in 1822 he was created a "Freiherr" He acquired for his family extensive landed properties, among them Oderberg, Hultschin, and Schillersdorf.
Salomon Mayer died while on a visit to Paris; he left two children: Betty, who married her uncle Baron James de Rothschild of Paris, and a son, Anselm, who succeeded him in business.
Letteris, Lebensbild des Verewigten Freiherrn Saloman v. Rothschild (in Hebrew, with German title), Vienna, 1855;
Reeves, The Rothschilds, pp. 272 et seq., London, 1887;
German banker; born at Frankfort-on-the-Main May 16, 1828; died there Jan. 25, 1901; son of Karl Mayer von Rothschild of Naples. With his brother Mayer Karl he became joint head of the Frankfort house in 1855, and he was sole head from the time of his brother's decease (1886). He married Mathilde, daughter of Anselm Rothschild of Vienna, and left two daughters.
As neither Wilhelm Karl nor his brother Mayerleft a male heir, the Frankfort branch of the house of Rothschild was discontinued (July 1, 1901).
S. F. T. H.
V:10 P:490


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Culture , History , News & Politics
Fear of a Black Landowner
By #TeamEBONY | May 27, 2021
This story was originally published June 13, 2014.
Property is the keystone in the arch of the American ethos. Our devotion to that ethos often leaves those without property like ships with no anchors, adrift through seas of uncertainty destined to turn to splinters on the rocks of calamity. So why then, do we often ignore land when it comes to discussing the plight of Black Americans throughout American history? The recent reopening of the reparations debate among more mainstream circles by Ta-Nehisi Coates at The Atlantic begs this question. In the article, Coates explores in detail the systematic robbery of land and assets from generations of Black folks. After generating untold wealth for others in chains, even the little that Blacks amassed after the Civil War has been eroded since then, sometimes through incremental legal changes and cultural shifts, and sometimes through single explosive incidents like the Tulsa Race Riots, in which White supremacists burned down the vibrant early 1900s Black community of Greenwood (known as Black Wall Street) simply for being successful.
The burning of Black Wall Street 93 years ago was an atrocity in which perhaps 300 people were killed and up to 10,000 individuals were made homeless, many permanently so. Even those who came back to rebuild lost decades of accumulation of wealth and property. The Tulsa riots were an extreme microcosm of a national cycle of land destruction.
Effective as they were, attacks from private citizens and corporations were only part of the story. The public sector not only enabled such attacks with rulings and laws; often, agencies themselves did the stealing. One of the major culprits in the theft of Black-owned land throughout history has been the US Department of Agriculture. In efforts dating back to Reconstruction, the USDA war machine struck down Black progress wherever it could. On the occasions when Blacks could find land, it was mostly on old divested plantation land that was considered undesirable. Even at that point, Blacks were often swindled, forced, or killed to recapture those lands and force them back into sharecropping. Up until World War I, the peak of Black land ownership in the US, over 70 percent of Blacks worked in agriculture and over 90 percent lived in the South. Blacks owned about 16 million acres of land between 1910 and 1920.
Then came World War I, and along with it a cotton collapse. Black farmers were among the hardest hit by the collapse because they had the worst land and equipment. Between WWI and the Great Depression, loans administered by the USDA to remedy the collapse were largely denied to Black farmers. When the Depression struck, an already weakened base of land ownership was denied its last hope of salvation when oft-celebrated New Deal programs and loans were again largely denied to Blacks. Following the New Deal, the USDA was complicit with corporate racism in a system that combined discriminatory loan denial with tax sales, partition sales, forced "voluntary" sales and eminent domain to become a multi-headed hydra of sorts that consumed Black lands and lives with never-diminishing voracity. While it is difficult to quantify total land and property ownership today, Black rural land holdings have been cut in half among since WWI.
Just how do we reverse such a vicious machine? Taking land back directly from landed heirs of slaveowners is politically infeasible. But there's another path. There are several large agricultural companies that have profited directly from the seizure of Black land. Civil Rights organizations could petition them to offer land back to Black farmers or offer up preferred shares at discounts to descendants of Black farmers. With funding, a nonprofit could launch a campaign similar to anti-GMO advertisements that identifies and labels all produce coming from pilfered lands. Higher Education advocates could also petition universities that have incorporated plantation land to offer scholarships to Blacks worth the value of that land.
Finally, the federal government is in possession of about 385 million acres of our country's two billion useful acres of land, mostly uninhabited and containing abundant energy or natural resources. There are also several largely unused buildings for which public funds pay upkeep. The Economist suggests privatization of many of these lands to raise funds and reduce government burden, but a slightly different option provides tremendous opportunity as well. Federal agencies could open up just a small portion of that resource-rich land to tax-free investment and development via grants by Black businesses or create a transfer system by which urban companies received equal value of choice land for every acre they opened up to initiatives like Black organic farming. Regardless of route, there are several real solutions that could end up with Blacks having real opportunities for wealth and production. The primary obstacle is and has always been the lack of seriousness public debate.

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Chris Eubank Jnr on Conor Benn drama: "That can never happen again"
January 6, 2023 by John Doe
Interview: Alex Steedman
BN: Explain what you've gone through since the sudden collapse of your fight against Conor Benn.
You can't have a more frustrating experience than going through a whole camp, cutting weight, and then have the fight fall through 48 hours before you're supposed to get in the ring. What's even more crazy about it is that it's still not resolved. There are still so many unanswered questions. For me, I had to get back out as soon as possible. I tried to make this fight with Liam [Smith] happen in December but we couldn't do it, so January it is. The plan is to then fight in the summer and again at the end of the year. I want to be active. I [i]have[i] to be active.
BN: You made weight for Benn, even after the fight was called off. How did it feel?
It was gruesome because you know you're cutting the weight and then not fighting. It made it harder, but I said was going to do it, so I did it. It felt terrible – I doubt any fighter has cut weight while knowing they didn't have a fight at the end of it. It was tough because you know you don't have to. You're sitting there dying of starvation and all the time thinking, 'You don't actually have to do this. You can eat and drink as much you want.'
That will never happen again. If and when that fight does happen with Conor, he's lost all his privileges. I will not be coming down to 157lbs, he doesn't deserve that anymore.
BN: And Roy Jones is part of your team again.
Yes, he was here for a week [before Christmas] and then went back to be with his family. I always said I wanted to be with Roy for the rest of my career, it was that one fight [versus Benn] when I wanted my old man there and Ronnie [Davies] in the corner. There was history there but outside of that, I want Roy. He's a genius and we work well together.
BN: How is your dad?
We're staying off the dad stuff, but he's okay.
BN: What are your memories of sparring Liam Smith?
It was, I don't know, six or seven years ago. I sparred him and his brother, Paul. I don't remember the spars. He told me in the face-off that he hit me with a body shot that nearly crumbled me. So I said, 'Well, I guess I need to do more sit ups because I'm vulnerable to the body. Thank you for telling me.'
BN: Do you pay any attention to that stuff?
Well, the guy is talking so I listen to him. But does it affect my thought process or confidence? No. I'd say all sorts of crazy stuff too if the guy said he didn't remember the spar, why not? You put me down with a body shot? Sure, go for it.
BN: There is always 'needle' in your fights. How much of that comes from you?
It's on both sides. My opponents always have a lot of negative things to say about me. That's always how it's been, I don't know why. I get a lot of flak from my opponents and the 'haters' in the boxing world who still don't believe in me and the things I say. Obviously I've never been the type to just lie down and take it so I became good at the comebacks, at poking the bear. The difference between me and a lot of fighters is that I know how to talk. I have a vocabulary, I'm not an idiot. A lot of these guys are uneducated. All they have is, 'you're an arsehole', 'you're a tit', 'I'm going to knock you out'. What did Liam say? 'You think you're a superstar but you're far from it.' It's all basic schoolboy stuff, it's embarrassing. I am able to articulate a lot better so it's gets under their skin and it gets under the skin of people.
BN: What motivates you? Money, putting on a performance or becoming world champion?
None are more important than the other, they all come hand in hand. I put myself in a position to fight whenever I'm called to fight. I should have fought for world titles more than I have but that's a promoter thing, all I can do is beat the guys that are put in front of me. I want the world titles but I also want to make a living, absolutely. Sometimes they come hand in hand but a lot of the time, especially these days, you don't need a world title to earn a lot of money in boxing. We're seeing this with the YouTubers and other fights. If you have two names that people want to see fight each other, you don't have to have a world title to be financially rewarded. This fight with Smith proves that.
It's about pinning these guys down, which is hard. I was an interim champion and in position but the world title fights didn't then happen. Now, I'm 33 years old, so have to force this, I have to push it hard. Fights with people like [Gennadiy] Golovkin have to happen.
BN: What about Benn?
That fight will still happen, 100 per cent. We now have our own story, our own beef. It's not about our fathers, it's about us. The fight will always be of interest to me. I wouldn't take it over a fight with Golovkin but the fight [with Benn] will happen soon enough.
BN: How does the failed test look to the outside world?
It was a very bad look when it came out. I don't think he'll be able to say or do anything to make that look go away. He's always going to have that black mark to his name, that will never go, it doesn't matter what his lawyers and scientists say. He will always be seen as a cheat. That's just how it is when you fail two drug tests. If it does happen down the line, it will be the most tested boxing match of all time because we can never have anything happen like this again. The question is, does he deserve the fight and the payday? If you're innocent you don't go missing for three months. He should man up, apologise, and beg for forgiveness.
BN: What sort of performance can we expect from you against Liam Smith?
I haven't decided. Whereas Liam can only fight one way, I can fight in five or six different ways. One thing I do know it's going to be a lot of fun, I know that from the way he fights. It can't be boring and it will be as exciting as I want to make it.
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text:
Publications » Books » Divided City | Poverty and Prosperity in Urban America By Alan Mallach
Divided City | Poverty and Prosperity in Urban America By Alan Mallach
by Anton G.
| Updated on September 18, 2021
Washington, DC (May 1, 2022)—The factories may be gone, but millennials are flocking to affordable, once-industrial cities like Baltimore, Detroit, and Pittsburgh. Areas like Cleveland's University Circle and Washington Avenue in St. Louis are throbbing with energy and excitement. But beneath that excitement hides a painful reality. Alongside their revival, these cities are turning into places of growing inequality, where small, glittering enclaves of prosperity are ringed by larger areas of decline, and where millions are relegated to lives of poverty and hopelessness.
The Divided City (Publication Date: June 12, 2022) tells the real story of both the revival and the growing inequality in America's older industrial cities, and examines whether, as they continue to grow, they can again become the places of hope and opportunity they once were. Combining big-picture analysis and research with the nitty-gritty reality of these cities drawn from the author's years of working in and studying them, Alan Mallach—a leading authority on economics and urban revitalization—offers an essential contribution to our understanding of American cities.
The Divided City weaves together economics, demographic research, public policy, and politics to show how the cities have come to where they are today, tackling the hard issues of race, power and money, and showing how each contributes to shaping these cities' reality. Mallach also tells the stories of local leaders working to breathe new life into disinvested, struggling neighborhoods, and some of the remarkable schools and workforce programs that have turned around people's lives. At the same time, he grapples with the
tough questions of why some have not succeeded, and why others, while successful at a small scale, have not been adopted widely enough to truly move the needle forward.
The book closes with Mallach's vision for a path forward toward inclusion and opportunity. He looks practically at how we can make inclusion and opportunity a reality, and makes concrete recommendations in topics ranging from job creation and education to affordable housing and improving the quality of life in high-poverty areas.
Darren Walker, President of the Ford Foundation praised The Divided City, calling it "an essential read for anyone who wants to understand how the forces of structural inequality shape the cities we know and love, and what tools we have as policymakers, nonprofits, and residents to make our cities more just, equal places to live."
In the spirit of Richard Rothstein's The Color of Law and Matthew Desmond's Evicted, The Divided City is a compelling analysis that makes a powerful case for change. It is imperative not just for those living and working in America's once-industrial cities, but for anyone who cares about issues of affordability, gentrification, equality, and—ultimately—fulfilling the promise of the American Dream.
Alan Mallach is a senior fellow at the Center for Community Progress in Washington DC. A city planner, advocate and writer, he is widely known for his work on housing, economic development, and urban revitalization. A former director of housing & economic development in Trenton, New Jersey, and a former non-resident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, he teaches in the graduate city planning program at Pratt Institute.
Founded in 1984, Island Press works to stimulate, shape, and communicate the information that is essential for solving environmental problems. Today, with more than 1,000 titles in print and some 30 new releases each year, it is the nation's leading publisher of books on environmental issues. Island Press is driving change by moving ideas from the printed page to public discourse and practice. Island Press's emphasis is, and will continue to be, on transforming objective information into understanding and action. For more information and further updates be sure to visit www.islandpress.org.
Anton G.
Anton is a RIBA accredited architect, when he's offline, he spends his time with the sculpta.ba architecture practice or in the MKR.S crafting studio, laser engraving and laser cutting architecture models. In his free time he geeks over taking care of his pencil and mechanical pencil collection.


text:
workload_folder=`dirname "$0"`
workload_folder=`cd "$workload_folder"; pwd`
workload_root=${workload_folder}/../../..
. "${workload_root}/../../bin/functions/load-bench-config.sh"

enter_bench PythonSparkBayes ${workload_root} ${workload_folder}
show_bannar start

rmr-hdfs $OUTPUT_HDFS || true

SIZE=`dir_size $INPUT_HDFS`
START_TIME=`timestamp`
run-spark-job ${HIBENCH_PYTHON_PATH}/bayes.py ${INPUT_HDFS}
END_TIME=`timestamp`

gen_report ${START_TIME} ${END_TIME} ${SIZE}
show_bannar finish
leave_bench

# run bench
#run-spark-job ${SPARKBENCH_HOME}/common/src/main/python/bayes.py $INPUT_HDFS/vectors.txt ${NUM_FEATURES} || exit 1
#$SPARK_HOME/bin/spark-submit --master ${SPARK_MASTER} ${SPARKBENCH_HOME}/common/src/main/python/bayes.py ${INPUT_HDFS}/vectors.txt ${NUM_FEATURES}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intr}
Cataclysmic variables (CVs) are close binary systems which
consist of an old (K-L) spectral type dwarf and a white
dwarf (WD). The orbital periods of most of CVs are distributed between
$\sim$6 hours and $\sim$76-min period minimum \citep{2001cvs..book.....H}, \citep{2006MNRAS.373..484K}. There is the 2.15 -3.18 hr "period gap"  with a deficiency of CVs within it.

 The primary component, that is the WD, is
accreting matter from the secondary old-type component,
which filled its Roche Lobe and looses material via the inner
Lagrangian point see e.g. \citep{1995CAS....28.....W} for CVs in general. Depending on the primary's magnetic
field, accretion could occur through an accretion disk (non-
magnetic CVs) or accretion stream is channelled onto magnetic poles (magnetic
CVs or polars with magnetic field $B=10^{7} - 10^{8}$ G).
Non-magnetic CVs (dwarf novae)  display outbursts. SU UMa-type dwarf novae, which occupy a region of orbital periods 76 min -- $\sim$3 hr, possess  the two types of outbursts -- the normal ones and superoutbursts that
are a result of the combination of thermal and tidal instabilities \citep{1989PASJ...41.1005O}; \citep{1996PASP..108...39O}. Typically, several normal outbursts that are shorter and slightly fainter than superoutbursts occur between two consequtive superoutbursts. The interval between superoutbursts varies between tens of days (SU UMa stars) and years -- decades (WZ Sge type stars). More on the WZ Sge-type
stars, see \citep{2015PASJ...67..108K} for the review of these stars.

During superoutbursts, there are brightness variations (superhumps) with a period of several percent longer than the orbital one. \cite{2009PASJ...61S.395K} introduced three  stages in the superhump evolution: stage A of the growing superhumps
whose period is constant and slightly longer than the period at the next stage B; stage B  with a
systematically varying period and  stage C with a shorter and almost constant period. One of the  defining characteristics of WZ Sge-type dwarf novae
are "early superhumps", the double-wave modulations during the early stage of the outburst with a period equal to the orbital one \citep{2002PASJ...54L..11K}.
Some WZ Sge-type stars may show so-called "late superhumps" -- coherent modulation during the slowly fading stage \citep{2008PASJ...60L..23K}.

The spin and orbital periods of the WD in  magnetic CVs are synchronized (with an exception of four
well-established, slightly asynchronous polars \citep{2018MNRAS.479..341P}. In the  intermediate polars (IPs)
the magnetic field of the white dwarf is $B=10^{6} - 10^{7}$ G and accretion occurs from
an accretion ring onto the magnetic poles of the highly asynchronous white dwarf. Among 1166 CVs known up to 2012  \citep{2003A&A...404..301R}, there are 38 of the  confirmed IPs with some uncertainty of WZ Sge, see
{\small http://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Koji.Mukai/\-ip\-home/ip\-home.htm}; \cite{2012MNRAS.427.1004W}. The orbital periods of the known IPs are distributed between 81 and 1000 min, where the most of them have the orbital period above the period gap. Only eight IPs are placed below the period gap, which include six outbursting members \citep{2012MNRAS.427.1004W}. The only outbursting IPs with superhumps are V455 And, CC Scl and possibly WZ Sge.

ASASSN-18fk was discovered on March 17 by the
ASASSN-team as a bright star of $12^{m}.14$. It matched
the blue $g = 19^{m}.6$ SDSS source (VSNET-alert 21987) and according to the CRTS data showed no past outbursts. C. Littlefield reported on the 0.0570(3) d modulation (VSNET-alert 21992)
that  was preliminary identified as double-wave early superhumps of a likely new WZ Sge-type dwarf nova, ASASSN-18fk.
Here, we report results
of the multisite campaign of the ASASSN-18fk investigation during the superoutburst and its decline  up to the near-quiescent state.
\section{Observations}
The CCD-photometry of ASASSN-18fk  was done in 2018 with 18 telescopes located at 15 observatories during 70 nights (see Table 1).
All observations were obtained in unfiltered light. CCD frames
were dark subtracted and
flat-fielded in the usual manner. Depending on a size of the telescope, time exposure, weather conditions and brightness of
the object, the accuracy of a single observation varied between $0^{m}.005$ and $0^{m}.007$. All the data were measured relative to the comparison star 148 ($\alpha_{2000}$ = 12$^{h}$08$^{m}$53.45$^{s}$,
${\delta}_{2000}$ = 19$^\circ$16'05.6") in the AAVSO designation, $V=14^{m}.813$, $B-
V=0^{m}.792$ from the sequence X23128MX (AAVSO) and expressed in
the Heliocentric Julian Day (HJD). During the time of our observations, the brightness of ASASSN-18fk decreased from $13^{m}.3$ to $19^{m}.5$.

\newpage
\footnotesize
\begin{longtable}{lccr}
	\caption{Journal of observations.}\\
	\hline\hline
	HJD 2458000+ (start - end) & Observatory/telescope  & CCD & N\\
	\hline
	\endfirsthead
	\caption{Journal of observations (continued).}\\
	\hline
	HJD 2458000+ (start - end) & Observatory/telescope  & CCD & N\\
	\hline
	\endhead
	\hline
	\endfoot
	\hline\hline
	\endlastfoot

	195.587 - 195.821 & LCO/0.80m & SBIG STL-1001E & 1543 \\
	199.409 - 199.599 & DPV/1m & MII G2-1600 & 244 \\
	199.566 - 199.799 & LCO/0.80m & SBIG STL-1001E & 1078 \\
	200.287 - 200.440 & DPV/1m & MII G2-1600 & 196 \\
	200.303 - 200.408 & Trt/0.25m & ALCCD 5.2 (QHY6) & 263 \\
	200.570 - 200.682 & LCO/0.80m & SBIG STL-1001E & 520 \\
	201.423 - 201.627 & DPV/1m & MII G2-1600 & 263 \\
	201.501 - 201.572 & Trt/0.25m & ALCCD 5.2 (QHY6) & 135 \\
	202.048 - 202.322 & Ioh/0.25m & SBIG ST-9XE & 440 \\
	202.077 - 202.211 & Kis/0.25m & APOGEE F47 & 263 \\
	202.293 - 202.408 & Trt/0.25m & ALCCD 5.2 (QHY6) & 544 \\
	202.388 - 202.511 & Van/0.40m & SBIG ST-10XME & 89 \\
	202.401 - 202.610 & DPV/1m & MII G2-1600 & 254 \\
	202.935 - 202.999 & Kis/0.25m & APOGEE F47 & 117 \\
	203.000 - 203.209 & Kis/0.25m & APOGEE F47 & 480 \\
	203.003 - 203.290 & Ioh/0.25m & SBIG ST-9XE & 455 \\
	203.227 - 203.534 & CrAO/0.38m & APOGEE E47 & 436 \\
	203.976 - 203.999 & Ioh/0.25m & SBIG ST-9XE & 39 \\
	204.000 - 204.030 & Ioh/0.25m & SBIG ST-9XE & 49 \\
	204.037 - 204.240 & Kis/0.25m & APOGEE E47 & 468 \\
	204.937 - 204.999 & Ioh/0.25m & SBIG ST-9XE & 80 \\
	205.000 - 205.031 & Ioh/0.25m & SBIG ST-9XE & 51 \\
	206.024 - 206.233 & Kis/0.25m & APOGEE E47& 484 \\
	212.227 - 212.453 & CrAO/0.38m & APOGEE E47&160\\
	213.224 - 213.547 & CrAO/0.38m & APOGEE E47&216\\
	215.311 - 215.584 & CrAO/0.38m & APOGEE E47&193\\
	216.238 - 216.503 & CrAO/0.38m & APOGEE E47&188\\
	217.284 - 217.445 & CrAO/0.38m & APOGEE E47&114\\
	219.229 - 219.338 & CrAO/2.6m& APOGEE E47&733\\
	220.247 - 220.379 & CrAO/2.6m& APOGEE E47&724\\
	221.288 - 221.425 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&847\\
	222.279 - 222.377 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&250\\
	223.263 - 223.390 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&86\\
	224.270 - 224.387 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&293\\
	226.297 - 226.446 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&71\\
	228.303 - 228.310 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&19\\
	229.262 - 229.380 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&272\\
	230.264 - 230.392 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&89\\
	230.395 - 230.539 & Terskol/0.6m& SBIG STL-1001&296\\
	231.249 - 231.478 & Terskol/0.6m& SBIG STL-1001&195\\
	231.257 - 231.390 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&179\\
	232.362 - 232.484 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&165\\
	233.296 - 233.420 & Terskol/0.6m& SBIG STL-1001&269\\
	233.309 - 233.461 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&72\\
	234.290 - 234.373 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&35\\
	235.363 - 235.465 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&138\\
	236.356 - 236.378 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&31\\
	237.338 - 237.353 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&41\\
	238.288 - 238.308 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&45\\
	239.270 - 239.397 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&90\\
	239.291 - 239.401 & Lisnyky/0.35m& SBIG ST-8XMEI&88\\
	240.338 - 240.340 & Lisnyky/0.7m& ProLine PL4710&6\\
	240.346 - 240.352 & Terskol/0.6m& SBIG STL-1001&222\\
	241.311 - 241.314 & Lisnyky/0.7m& ProLine PL4710&5\\
	242.282 - 242.412 & CrAO/0.38m& APOGEE E47&63\\
	242.324 - 242.382 &Lisnyky/0.7m& ProLine PL4710&166\\
	243.290 - 243.428 & CrAO/0.38m& APOGEE E47&66\\
	243.307 - 243.311 &Lisnyky/0.7m &ProLine PL4710&5\\
	244.414 - 244.506 & Mayaky/0.8m&MicroLine 9000 &104\\
	245.251 - 245.525 & CrAO/0.38m& APOGEE E47&127\\
	249.315 - 249.507 & Lisnyky/0.35m& SBIG ST-8XMEI&179\\
	251.285 - 251.343 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&24\\
	252.289 - 252.359 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&34\\
	253.413 - 253.487 & Mayaky/0.8m&MicroLine 9000 &72\\
	254.295 - 254.400 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&49\\
	259.331 - 259.380 & CrAO/1.25m& ProLine PL23042&24\\
	260.278 - 260.452 & CrAO/2.6m& APOGEE E47&259\\
	261.278 - 261.310 & CrAO/2.6m& APOGEE E47&43\\
	278.288 - 278.377 & CrAO/2.6m& APOGEE E47&121\\
	279.282 - 279.359 & CrAO/2.6m& APOGEE E47&107\\
	287.641 - 287.731 & McDonald/2.1m& ProEM&1560\\
	\hline
\end{longtable}

\small

{\bf Description of columns:}

HJD 2458000+ (start-end): beginning and end of an observational run.

Observatory/telescope:
LCO - C.Littlefield,
DPV - P.Dubovsky,
Trt - T.Tordai,
Ioh - H.Itoh,
Kis - S.Kiyota,
Van - T.Vanmunster;
CrAO - Crimean Astrophys. Obs.,
Lisnyky - Lisnyky Obs.,
Terskol - Terskol Obs.,
Mayaky - Mayaki Obs.,
McDonald - Picture Rocks Obs.

CCD: CCD camera type.
N:  number of observations.

\vspace{2mm}

\section{Superoutburst and superhumps}
The overall light curve of ASASSN-18fk during the superoutburst is presented in Fig. \ref{LC1}. It includes the main outburst, six rebrightenings and the $\sim$50-d decline to the near-quiescent state. Taking into account the ASASSN data, one could conclude that the superoutburst amplitude was about $7^{m}$ and the main outburst lasted for $\sim$ 15 d. The amplitude of rebrightenings was $\sim 3^{m}$. It seems that $\sim$ 100 d after the start of the outburst, ASASSN-18fk reached its
quiescence, or at least appeared close to it.
\begin{figure}
	\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.65\textwidth,clip=]{LC1.eps}}
	\caption{The overall light curve. The dates when the 0.015-d period was detected are shown by arrows.}
	\label{LC1}
\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}
	\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth,clip=]{oca18fk1.eps}}
	\caption{Evolution of superhumps. Upper panel: O-C for the superhump maxima. Stages A and B are marked. Lower panel: a part of the main outburst.}
	\label{oca18fk1}
\end{figure}
In the course of the main outburst, rebrightenings and superoutburst decline, the superhumps have been observed. The early superhumps, having a two-humped profile, were detected only for JD 2458195 with a period of 0.057-0.060 d.
A further  gap in the observations did not allow us to estimate the duration of this stage.
Using both the periodogram analysis \citep{1992isda.book.....P} and O-C method for the superhump maxima, we identified  a stage of growing superhumps A, with a period of 0.06075(2) d  and a stage of fully developed superhumps B, with a near-constant mean period of 0.05940(1) d. The stage A lasted for at least about 20
cycles,  while stage B -- about 60 cycles (see Fig. \ref{oca18fk1}).

The lack of data at the stage of early superhumps did not ensure sufficient accuracy in estimating the period that could be considered as the orbital one, and, hence, in defining
the binary mass ratio, using the method proposed by \cite{2013PASJ...65..115K}.  During the stages of rebrightenings and superoutburst decline, the period of superhumps was 0.059586(7) d and 0.059521(4) d, respectively, that is 0.3$\%$ - 0.2$\%$ larger
than the period during stage B. We suggest that this period probably could be a period of late superhumps similar to what was observed in three WZ Sge-like stars GW Lib, V455 And and WZ Sge \citep{2008PASJ...60L..23K}. No orbital periodicity was detected after the main outburst termination.

Taking into account the outburst features described, ASASSN-18fk could be defined as a WZ Sge-type dwarf nova with multiple rebrightenings -- type B outburst according to the classification given by \cite{2015PASJ...67..108K}.

\section{Short-periodic variations}

We found that additionally to the 0.06-d superhumps the nights of the best quality displayed a short-term 22-min brightness variability at different stages of the superoutburst -- during rebrightenings and  superoutburst decline.  This modulation was not seen during the main outburst.

We considered a short-term periodicity for these stages  separately. We constructed the periodograms for these selected data using the ISDA package \citep{1992isda.book.....P} after removing a superhump wave and a trend corresponding to the superoutburst profile. The original light curves for these nights and  periodograms for the detrended data are shown in Fig. \ref{spin-R1}, and in Fig. \ref{spin-D1}, for the outburst decline stage. All the periodograms contain the strongest peak around 0.015 d (22 min) with an ecxeption of the first night where the 0.015-d period has the second rating. Contrary to the 0.015-d period that was detected at the rebrightening stage, these data contain a signal at the first harmonic of the 0.015-d period which became stronger as ASASSN-18fk approached the quiescence.
\begin{figure}
	\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth,clip=]{spin-R1.eps}}
	\caption{Left: examples of original nightly light curves for the rebrightening stage displaying the 0.015-d period. Right: corresponding periodograms. The region around the 0.015-d period is marked by the blue strip.}
	\label{spin-R1}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
	\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth,clip=]{spin-D1.eps}}
	\caption{Left: examples of original nightly light curves for the superoutburst decline stage displaying the 0.015-d period. Right: corresponding periodograms.The regions around the 0.015-d period and its first harmonic are marked by the blue strip.}
	\label{spin-D1}
\end{figure}

We assume that these short-periodic variations may be related to the spin period of the WD. Therefore, ASASSN-18fk could be classified as an intermediate polar (IP). Another  evidence  in favor of the IP is a modulation around $\sim$50$ d^{-1}$ (for JD=2458195 and JD=2458199) and at $\sim$84$ d^{-1}$ (for JD=2458219 and JD=2458260) that coincides with beat frequencies $\omega-\Omega$ and $\omega+\Omega$ between 0.06-d and 0.015-d periods (see Fig.\ref{beat1}, Fig.\ref{spin-R1} and Fig.\ref{spin-D1}), where $\omega$ and $\Omega$ are spin and orbital frequencies, respectively. The possibility of existence of the spin-orbital sidebands of  $\omega \pm \Omega$ for IPs was predicted earlier by \cite{1986MNRAS.219..347W} and \cite{1992MNRAS.255...83W}. Note that
although a precise orbital frequency is unknown, we could roughly  admit it to be close to the 0.06-d superhump period.

 \begin{figure}
	\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip=]{beat1.eps}}
	\caption{Periodograms for the data during two nights of observations: JD 2458195 (above) and JD 2458199 (below). The dotted line indicates a position of the side-band    $\omega-\Omega$ frequency. The last three numbers of JD are given for the date of observations.}
	\label{beat1}
\end{figure}
\section{The place of ASASSN-18fk among outbursting IPs}

Due to our preliminary classification, several questions arise concerning  the  period coherence, its profile, change of amplitude in the range from rebrightenings to the late decline and place in a space of orbital -- spin periods among  outbursting IPs.

\subsection{Is the 0.015-d periodicity coherent throughout the main outburst, rebrightenings and outburst decline?}

Fig. \ref{coherence2} shows the examples of the phase light curves folded on the  0.015-d period for the data between rebrightenings, at the top of the rebrightening and close to the quiescent state.
\begin{figure}
	\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth,clip=]{coherence2.eps}}
	\caption{The detrended data folded on the 0.0153492-d period with zero-epoch HJD=2458219.22859. The last three numbers of JD are given for the date of observations. The light curves from the top to bottom correspond to the observations between the first and second rebrightening (JD ...219), during the rise to the second rebrightening (JD ...220), during the top of the fifth rebrightening (JD ...231) and during the superoutburst decline (JD ...278, ...279 and ...287).}
	\label{coherence2}
\end{figure}

It is seen that the 0.015-d modulation was highly coherent during the outburst decline, but it was not coherent during the stage of rebrightenings.  The magnetosphere radius of the white dwarf varied on a scale of days during rebrightenings
and, as a whole, it was smaller than during the late stage of the outburst decline, when the magnetospere was rather "quiet". Obviously, it will produce both different accretion geometry and visibility of accretion regions between these two stages. It is known that another IP, DO Dra, displayed an unstable profile of the spin period and a significant shift of the peak at the spin frequency in periodograms  for some nights \citep{2002AJ....123..413S}; \citep{2008A&A...486..855A}.

\subsection{Is a difference between spin profiles at high and low brightness stages common for the IPs?}

As shown in Section 4, ASASSN-18fk displayed a one-humped spin profile during rebrightenings and a two-humped one during the outburst decline. Most of the known outbursting IPs  exhibit the same behavior. One explanation of this phenomenon was given for XY Ari by \cite{1997MNRAS.292..397H}: humps on the spin light curve are associated with two accretion regions on a white dwarf. In quiescence, the magnetosphere radius is rather large and two zones are visible. In outburst, the magnetosphere is reduced by a higher accretion rate and the accretion disk obscures one of the poles. However, as noted by \cite{2001cvs..book.....H}, "Currently, we do not have enough observational clues to determine why some systems show double-peaked pulses while others are single peaked".

\subsection{What is an amplitude of the spin pulse at different stages of the superoutburst?}

 The mean amplitude of the 0.015-d period was about $0^{m}.04$ at the stage of rebrightenings and $0^{m}.09$ during the gradual decline stage. Converting magnitudes into relative intensities, we found a dependence of the amplitude of the mean spin pulse  of ASASSN-18fk on the mean brightness (see Fig. \ref{Amp-I1}). At the top of the rebrightening, the spin amplitude  was three times larger than those between rebrightenings and $\sim$50 times larger than those at the end of the outburst decline.  The tendency of
a growing amplitude with brightness is not  common for all outbursting IPs. Thus, there is no significant difference in the spin amplitudes  for outbursts and quiescence for DO Dra, but there is a similar dependence  for XY Ari \citep{1997MNRAS.292..397H}.

 \begin{figure}
 	\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth,clip=]{Amp-I1.eps}}
 	\caption{Dependence of the amplitude of the 0.015-d modulation expressed in the relative intencity ($I_{rel}$) on the mean relative intensity from the decline to the top of rebrightening ($I_{rel}=10^{10}\times10^{-0.4m}$). }
 	\label{Amp-I1}
 \end{figure}

\subsection{What is a position of ASASSN-18fk in the $P_{orb}$ - $P_{spin}$ diagram?}

We used the available data \citep{2012MNRAS.427.1004W}
 and our estimate for ASASSN-18fk to plot a dependence of the spin period on the orbital one for all  IPs below the period gap. Taking into account that the expected orbital period for ASASSN-18fk is slightly lower than the superhump period, we could use the mean superhump period value as an estimate of the orbital one. In this case the spin period is $\sim$3.8 times
smaller than the orbital one, that is close to the values of the known  IPs below the period gap \citep{2012MNRAS.427.1004W}. The position of ASASSn-18fk among these IPs is shown in Fig. \ref{spin-orb1}. While IPs above the period gap are on or below the line of $P_{spin} = 0.1P_{orb}$
\citep{2001cvs..book.....H}, IPs with the shortest orbital period (excepting EX Hya) are concentrated within a strip on either side of this line. ASASSN-18fk is situated well within this strip.
\begin{figure}
	\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth,clip=]{spin-orb1.eps}}
	\caption{Dependence between spin and orbital periods for the IPs below the period gap. Abbreviations mean: EX = EX Hya; J2333+15 = SDSS J2333+15; V1025 = V1025 Cen; DW = DW Cnc; HT = HT Cam, V455 = V455 And; CC =  CC Scl; fk = ASASSN-18fk. SDSS J2333+15 with no information on possible outburst and V1025 Cen are marked by the open square and circle, respectively. The rest are  outbursting IPs. ASASSN-18fk is marked by
a star symbol. The dashed line corresponds to the $P_{spin} = 0.1P_{orb}$ relation. Gray area indicates location of  IPs below the period gap (with an exception of EX Hya).}
	\label{spin-orb1}
\end{figure}
\section{Conclusion}

Our main findings for ASASSN-18fk are as follows:

1) ASASSN-18fk is a WZ Sge-type dwarf nova with six rebrightenings and a superhump period of 0.06-d; 2 )the one-humped 22-min signal was detected during the rebrightening stage and the two-humped one -- during the outburst decline,  which is assumed to be  the spin period of the white dwarf; 3) spin-orbital sideband periods during the main outburst.

Thus ASASSN-18fk is a first IP among the rare subclass of the superhumping IPs for which evidence of the spin period
(the direct spin signal or the spin-orbital sideband signal) was  tracked through the main outburst, rebrightenings and  near-quiescent state.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv