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March 17, 2020 by Jason Barr 8 Comments
In a City FAR, FAR Away: Building Height Regulations and Their Impacts
Jason M. Barr March 17, 2020
Your New Job
Imagine the governor of your state announces that she is going to create a brand-new city out of whole cloth. The state has purchased 200 square miles (519 km2) of farmland (around the size of Chicago) and will begin auctioning off lots for development. The governor is working with officials to build the transportation and infrastructure network. But she has turned to you with a critical mission: to formulate the regulations about building heights. Your job, as Chief Building Heights Planner, is to develop a series of plans about how dense or tall the structures can be throughout the city.[1] Where should you begin?
You can think of the possibilities as existing along a continuum. On one side is to write no rules and allow buildings to be as tall or as dense as developers want. If someone builds a 100-story skyscraper in the middle of a leafy residential neighborhood, so be it. If builders cover 100% of the lot and put their neighbors in darkness, that's okay too.
The other extreme is to order the city entirely. Say you build a 3D model in your office and arrange the exact scale, density, and height for every structure. There can be no deviation. Building #1 must go here and must be so many stories. Building #2 must go there and have exactly so many floors, and so on.
Option three, of course, is somewhere in between, where you designate some rules on height and density, and let the real estate community figure out the rest. But even within this option, there's a wide spectrum. Do you set limits for everyone? Do you restrict hieght in some places but not others?
What Do these Four Buildings Have in Common? All of these Brooklyn structures have a floor area ratio of 3. Clockwise from top left: 181 Clermont Ave (2007, 6 floors), 761 Atlantic Avenue (1974, 31 floors), 109 3rd Avenue (1900, 4 floors), 1630 41 Street (1926, 4 floors). Source: OASIS NYC Map.
How FAR Can You Go?
After doing a little research, you find one popular regulatory tool is to limit the so-called floor area ratio (FAR).[2] The FAR dictates how much building space can be constructed based on the lot size. For example, in an older (pre-car) dense apartment-based neighborhood, the rules might specify a maximum FAR of 3. This means that on a 2,000 square foot (186 m2) lot, the most a new building can have is 6,000 square feet (557 m2) of living space.
If we assume, for example, that each household in the building rents 600 square feet (58 m2), then that building will have ten units. A FAR increase to 4, means the structure can be 8,000 square feet (743 m2), with 13 units. If each apartment, on average, holds two people, the FAR-3 building has 20 people, and the FAR-4 building has 26 people.
Building Heights
FAR limits say little about building heights directly. In a FAR-regulated city, the height is chosen by the developer, based on what works best for her. In the FAR-3 example, she can build a three-story building that takes up the entire lot, or she can erect a six-story building that covers only half the lot. Yet both will hold the same number of people.
Thus FAR limits mean that building bulk and height are substitutes—the taller the building goes, the narrower it must be, with more open space surrounding. This strategy presumably mitigates the negative impacts of tall buildings, such as shadows on neighboring properties. For these reasons, FAR regulations are popular among planners. They are a simple way to reduce the density of both people and buildings.
Wheel of FARtune?
By how do planners choose the "correct" FAR values across the city? The answer is: they just pick numbers that seem right—usually some higher numbers in the central core (say 8 to 15), medium numbers in the dense residential rings (say 2 to 4), and much smaller figures further out (typically one or less). These values are often based on what "feels" appropriate, or are politically salable, and are not tied to any economic research that attempts to weigh the costs of restrictions versus their benefits. A survey of maximum FARs in central cities around the world shows that planners have chosen a wide range of numbers. Their arbitrariness is also supported by the research discussed below.
Average Maximum Allowable Floor Area Ratios Versus Distance from City Center for New York, Chicago, and Bengaluru. For each city, I took the average of the maximum allowable FAR for buildings in 1 kilometer rings from the center city. In New York, the average allowable FAR within 1 KM of the center is about 9. For Chicago, it is about 12, and in Bengaluru it's about 1. Sources: New York: NYC PLUTO, Chicago: Building footprint shapefile, Bengaluru: Breuckner and Bertaud (2005). Note: Average FARs were not weighted by lot size.
FARnomics: The Economics of FAR Regulations
Recently, economists have begun to question the wisdom of choosing urban FARs based on planners' notions of what constitutes the "good" city. Economic analysis about FAR regulations starts with a series of questions: What would density look like without any FAR limits? Under what conditions would restrictions help improve city well-being? When would FAR restrictions make things worse?
The Order without the Design
As Alain Bertaud discusses in his 2018 book, Order without Design: How Markets Shape Cities, a bustling metropolis without any FAR restrictions will generate a natural order. In the central city, where land values are high, developers will be incentivized to provide taller builders on relatively small lots. As land values decline moving away from the center, buildings will get shorter, on average.
A well-functioning land market will also create a predictable pattern for population density. Near the center, where land is expensive, households will live in apartment buildings. Further away, where lots are cheaper, people will occupy larger houses. Thus, density will be high near the center and fall from there. This outcome is based on the choices of households and represents what they prefer—better accessibility to the center versus more housing and open space further away. The price of land is the nexus between what households want and what kinds of real estate will be constructed. Overly burdensome regulations will distort land prices and prevent them from efficiently allocating housing demand with housing supply.
Key Assumptions
The optimality of this natural order is based on a few assumptions. First is that there are no negative spillovers or externalities from this arrangement. That is, the tall buildings in the city don't create excessive shadows, promote hyper-congestion, or generate undue health or social problems. Additionally, economists assume that residents or visitors are indifferent to the building designs and shapes that would spring up when the real estate market is relatively open. Tall or dense buildings, it is assumed, don't offend people's aesthetic sensibilities.[3]
The presence of these possible harmful elements has been the driving force and justification for imposing FAR restrictions. City officials argue they are necessary to relieve congestion, provide open space, improve urban health, and make the city "beautiful." But the economist would respond: if this is so, what are the "right" set of restrictions (assuming that restrictions are the best way to solve these problems) that best balances the trade-offs. The truth is, as of this writing, no one knows. The proper calculations have yet to be done.
The Case of New York
Take New York City as an example. The city's FAR-based regulations were enacted in 1961. They were designed to reduce density as compared to the 1916 zoning codes, which were seen as not being restrictive enough. While small FAR changes (rezonings) in different neighborhoods occur from time to time, there has been no systematic change in the regulations in over half a century. In other words, the same FAR codes, more or less, are in effect today as when John F. Kennedy was President and when The Andy Griffith Show was one of the most popular TV shows in the nation. (If you're young enough not to know what I'm talking about then I think I've made my point.) Once FAR regulations are imposed, they are nearly impossible to dislodge, despite mounting evidence that they are harming the city.
Furthermore, in 1961, when these regulations were set, planners with who felt that promoting the tenants of modernism was surely the path to urban utopia. Clearly, by 1975, when New York City was ready to declare bankruptcy (see "Ford to City: Drop Dead"), utopia was on the minds of few. Sticking with these outdated zoning rules is like trying to use a Commodore 64 computer to process "big data" data.
Estimating the Impacts of FAR Regulations
Recently, however, the urban economist Jan Brueckner, of the University of California-Irvine, and co-authors have studied the impacts of FAR restrictions around the world. His research asks the question: What are the costs of excessive FAR restrictions, imposed in the name of improving the common good?
Bengaluru (Bangalore)
Indian cities have some of the lowest central-city FAR values in the world. Planners have established them, evidently, as a backdoor way to impose their notion of a better city, and because officials couldn't provide the city services needed to support a dense urban core. As Brueckner and Bertaud (2005) write, "It is believed that 'excessive' density results in a loss of environmental quality and increased traffic congestion. In addition, higher densities would place greater demands on urban infrastructure, which Indian cities, plagued by weak technical capacities and inadequate tax revenue, feel ill-equipped to provide at appropriate levels."
Unlike New York (with a maximum central-city FAR of 15), and Shanghai (with a maximum central-city FAR of 8), Bengaluru has a central-city FAR capped at less than 1.5. This number is considered reasonable for a suburban residential neighborhood of garden apartments, but absurdly low for a central business district in a metropolis with 8.4 million people.
Maximum Allowable Floor Area Ratios in Central Areas for Selected Cities. Source: Brueckner and Sridhar (2012).
In their paper, Brueckner and Bertaud explore the economics of these excessive restrictions. They demonstrate that these FAR limits promote denser development in the suburbs than would otherwise be the case, and create larger, more sprawling cities. The attempt to limit building heights in the center to reduce congestion inadvertently creates more congestion by promoting more driving. If we think about the (lightly-regulated) city as a block of clay. The draconian FAR restrictions are tantamount to smashing the clay. The result is a flatter, wider entity.
They perform some calculations for Bengaluru, and find that the excessive sprawl reduces average household income from extra commuting by 2%. It's also worth noting that, in recent years, Bengaluru has achieved an international reputation as a tech hub. Limiting densities may have other consequences, such as reducing the opportunities of firms and workers to interact and learn from each other. These restrictions are likely reducing citywide productivity than otherwise.
101 Indian Cities
In a 2012 paper, Brueckner and his collaborator, Kala Seetharam Sridhar, investigated the impact of FAR restrictions on urban sprawl for 101 municipalities throughout India. First, they find a wide distribution of maximum central-city FARs. The lowest city has 1, and the highest has 4.125. The average city in the sample has a central-city FAR of 2.87. Again, compared to other cities around the world, these figures are low.
They next study how these FAR restrictions impact the total land area of municipalities, which is a measure of urban sprawl. Based on their analysis, they conclude that if the average city in India raised its central-city FAR by one unit (e.g., go from 2 to 3), the, it would need 20% less land area to hold the same amount of people. Or, on the flip side, on average, a city that decides to lower its central-city FAR by one is generating an increase in its land area by 20%.
Land Values in China
A well-functioning land market is the main means by which the city orders itself. If land values rise at a specific place, it signals that the residents want taller buildings. If FAR regulations are overly tight, they can lower the value of land, which will then generate buildings that are economically "too short," denying residents the opportunity to live and work in the location of their choice.
Brueckner, and his co-authors, Shihe Fu, Yizhen Gu, and Junfu Zhang, study the land market in China. Unlike the U.S., there is no private property. Instead, all the urban land is "owned" by the respective municipal governments, who sell long-term leases to developers (70 years for residential and 50 years for commercial). The revenue from these land-leases is used to fund infrastructure and other government projects.
Because municipal officials control this land, they can impose FAR regulations on the developers when they win the right to build. We tend to think of modern Chinese housing as mostly dense, high-rise apartments. This is true, but municipal officials frequently require developers to adhere to relatively low FARs of between 2 and 3. The effect is to create a Corbusian city of tower-in-the-park complexes.
To study the question of how these FAR restrictions impact land (lease) values, they constructed a very large data set with over 50,000 transactions across more than 200 cities from 2002-2011. Each land-lease transaction also includes the maximum FAR requirement. Across cities, they find that the average residential FAR is only about 2.4.
The authors also find that the higher the FAR restrictions, the greater it reduces land values. Loosening these restrictions would allow land prices to more accurately reflect the benefit of various locations throughout the city. The results suggest that the current FAR values are actually not allowing central locations to be as dense as residents would want.
The Trade-offs
Since Chinese officials lease the land, one would think they have the incentives to provide even looser FARs to increase their revenue streams. However, local leaders must balance the revenues from these land leases with the costs of building infrastructure. So the FAR restrictions may not only be related to notions of sound design principles but also limiting urban density growth to something that will not overly burden the current level of infrastructure. Or, as Brueckner et al. hypothesize, "In this sense, local officials behave as net revenue maximizers, taking into account the public costs associated with land development into account."
However, if city size or budgetary issues were important than the data would show a relationship with FAR restrictions. But, based on their analysis, they do not find evidence that this is so. Instead, they find little explanation for FAR stringencies across China, aside from the fact that places with ancient historical sites are stricter. Their results seem to indicate that FAR limits are based on the preferences of city officials rather than on underlying economic principles.
High-rise living in four Chinese cities. Clockwise from top left: Shenzhen, Changchun, Shanghai and Hong Kong. Photos by Jason M. Barr
Land Values in the United States
Brueckner and his co-author, Ruchi Singh (2020), study land values and FAR stringency across U.S. cities. The lower the average allowable FARs, the lower the land values are likely to be, and hence the greater is the "gap" between what residents want and what developers can supply. In particular, they investigate how FAR regulations impact land prices in New York, Chicago, Washington DC, Boston, and San Francisco from 2000 to 2018.
Their analysis allows them to estimate the gaps. They find that New York City is supplying only about 70-77% of the demand. For Washington DC, this number is between 60 to 72%, which makes sense given that DC also has height caps. Boston is supplying around 78 to 83%. And Chicago is at 92 to 94%.
Interestingly, they find that San Francisco's gap is only between 90 to 93% of what the market wants. Their findings are likely being driven by the relative stringency in each city's central business district. The demand to live and work in Manhattan is quite strong.[4] Unlike San Francisco's business district, which "competes" with Silicon Valley, Manhattan has few direct local competitors for its financial and tech services. Similarly for Chicago and Boston.
I asked Professor Brueckner to summarize the findings from his body of work. He indicates that, in short, city planners should be careful for what they wish for. He says,
FAR limits reduce housing supply, raise prices and lead to longer commutes. If there are no good reasons for the restrictions, such as better neighborhood ambience, the outcome is a loss for city residents.
As Brueckner's research shows, the path to getting things right begins with measuring the costs of excessive restrictions. Not going too far with FAR stringency can help a city reduce the negative impacts of density, without eliminating or reducing its benefits. And now, with this in mind, what have you decided to do in your role as Chief Building Heights Planner? If you want to take a look at my planning ideas, you'll have to stay tuned for a future post on the subject.
[1] You will be part of a team that is developing other rules, including building codes, requirements for health and safety, as well as regulations about land uses. Your decisions will be made in consultation with them.
[2] "Plot ratio," "floor space ratio," "floor space index," "gross plot ratio," and "site ratio" are other terms also used to designate the FAR.
[3] To the best of my knowledge, there is little research on how residents feel about different kinds of architecture, building shapes and arrangements, and their willingness to pay to be in these neighborhoods. Architects and planners, who have strong feelings about what is right and good, are usually the ones, along with politicians, writing the rules about building heights and densities. There is research to support the notion that walkability and mixed uses are good for residents' well-being. These findings suggest that there is too much automobile usage and too many zoning restrictions. Good policies can reverse be undone by them as well.
[4] A similar 2019 study for New York City was performed by Brueckner's student, Byunggeor Moon. Here Moon did the analysis with properties bought to be torn down, rather than vacant lots as in Brueckner and Ruchi (2020). Moon's findings compare similarly to those of Brueckner and Ruchi.
Filed Under: Skynomics Blog Tagged With: Bangalore, Bengaluru, building height, building regulations, Chicago, China, cities, economics, floor area ratio, India, Jan Brueckner, land use, Manhattan, New York City, real estate, San Francisco, urban planning, zoning
Shobhit Tayal says
The presumption in the article that Density is directly related with Higher FAR is not entirely true. In fact sometime it is the other way around If you compare per capita floor area in lower income residential areas and higher income residential areas. Even with lower FAR the population density is high in Slums or old City areas.
Jason Barr says
I agree with this point in general. But population density is determined by multiple things besides just the allowable FAR. Income and transportation access is also a problem. So in cities with a large low-income population and bad transportation networks, people will live densely. The FAR only limits the total building space, not how that space is carved up among different households. An apartment building with FAR one could have one family or 20, depending on how they subdivide the space. But throughout history, restrictive FARs were used in the hopes of limiting density. But without taking into account things like access to jobs and transportation mobility, those FAR restrictions can backfire.
-JB
B. Trimm says
What are your thoughts about eliminating FAR and density caps completely and replace with regulating building heights, building to building setbacks, on-site open space and maximum parking ratios.
Your question has motivated me think about writing a long answer in the form of a new blog post (however, given my current schedule, it will not be posted for a couple of months). My short answer is:
All zoning codes need to have some flexibility to reflect the demand conditions. When zoning regulations of any kind restrict supply too severely they cause prices to go up and increase the affordability problem.
Flexible zoning codes, however, must be paired with plans to upgrade infrastructure, transportation access, parks, educational facilities, etc, if population increases in a neighborhood.
Capping as a policy, in general, is not a policy that allows for flexibility. If there are caps, it makes the "squeeze" between demand and supply greater and then causes more sprawl and congestion.
By and large, I favor set backs based on street widths or "platform" style in highrise neighborhoods, with continuous street walls. Cities like New York are great at providing parks and open space, and so good policy should create new local parks as a function of population growth.
Lastly, I highly recommend Alain Bertaud's book, "Order without Design."
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Stephen Curry (30) of the Golden State Warriors takes some practice shots despite being injured with a groin strain and having been involved in a morning car accident on Highway 24 on November 23, 2018 at Oracle Arena in Oakland, California. (Chris Victorio - Special to S.F. Examiner)
Stephen Curry earns Western Conference Player of the Week for second time
Ryan Gorcey
Golden State Warriors guard Stephen Curry has been named the Week 8 Western Conference Player of the Week, the NBA announced on Monday. Curry also won the award in Week 2, and is now the first Western Conference player this season to win it multiple times.
The award is his 14th career weekly recognition. The award marks the 52nd time a Warriors player has been named Player of the Week since the NBA began giving out the award in 1979.
After returning from a groin injury that kept him out 11 games, Curry returned on Dec. 1 against Detroit, with a (for him) middling five rebounds, two steals and 27 points on 10-of-21 shooting.
Over the last three games, Curry has averaged 30.7 points, kicked off by a 30-point night in a 128-11 win over Atlanta on Dec. 3. In that game, he shot 58.8 percent from the field, 60.0 percent from 3-point range hit all four tries from the free throw line, representing the 34th time he'd scored at least 30 points in a game while shooting 50/60/100—the most of any player since 1983.
In an NBA Finals rematch against the depleted Cleveland Cavaliers on Dec. 5, he scored a game-high 42 points, including a season-high nine 3-pointers to go along with a season-high-tying nine rebounds in a 129-105 win.
Curry finished off the week with a game-high-tying 20 points, to go along with eight assists and four rebounds, going 4-of-9 from 3-point range in a 105-95 victory at Milwaukee on Dec. 7.
While Curry's drive for a third MVP award was stalled during his convalescence, it's revved back up in earnest since his return.
When Curry won the unanimous NBA MVP in 2016, he averaged 30.1 points, 2.1 steals, 6.7 assists and 5.4 rebounds per game. He shot 50.4 percent from the field, 45.4 percent from 3 for an effective field goal percentage of 63.0 — the highest of his career.
This season, he has an effective field goal percentage of 64.7. He's averaging 29.6 points, 5.8 assists, and 5.1 rebounds while hitting 51.3 percent from the field, 50.0 percent from three-point range and 93.2 percent from the free throw line in 33.4 minutes over 16 games (all starts).
Since his return, Curry is averaging 29.8 points per game, 5.0 assists and 5.3 rebounds, with an average plus-minus rating of plus-11.3. He's shooting 52.4 percent from beyond the arc, 95.5 percent from the free throw line and 50.7 percent from the field.
He'll make his first start at Oracle Arena since his injury on Monday night, when Draymond Green is expected to return to the lineup against the Minnesota Timberwolves. Tip-off is scheduled for 7:30 p.m.Golden State WarriorsNBANBA Western Conference Player of the WeekStephen Curry
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Helsinki: Minerva, 2015. 213pp., ill.
Prohibition of the making and selling of strong liquor was in force in Finland between 1919 and 1932. In this approachable book, the journalist and non-fiction writer Jonna Pulkkinen charts Finnish attitudes to alcohol over the ages and describes the origin and effects of prohibition. Total abstinence was popular in Finland in the second half of the 19th century, and was adopted in particular by the working class. Limits on alcoholic consumption were first imposed as early as the First World War. When a prohibition law that had been passed a couple of years earlier came into effect in newly independent Finland in 1919, however, support had already begun to dwindle. Home stills proliferated, smuggling from abroad was considerable and broadly accepted, and enforcing the law was difficult. Pulkkinen has numerous interesting and even comical examples that flouted the law on prohibition. The law was broken in all social classes, the use of liquor and crime increased throughout the country, and taxation income on alcohol was lost. As public criticism grew, an advisory referendum was held in 1931, and as a result the prohibition law was abolished the following year.
Helsinki: Atena, 2015. 2650., ill.
Finland lost the Winter War and the Continuation War that followed, to the Soviet Union, and was then forced to engage in the short Lapland War to expel its former allies, the Germans. The return to peace was not easy, as the historians Antero Holmila and Simo Mikkonen demonstrate in this highly readable book. Loss of territory meant finding homes for more than 400,000 evacuees elsewhere in Finland, and this was not achieved without difficulty. Soldiers were demobilised and had to redomicile themselves in ordinary life and work; there was a shortage of housing; and heavy war reparations were to be paid to the Soviet Union. Leading politicians accused of appeasing the Soviet Union during the war received prison sentences, which many people considered wrong. The work highlights the aspirations of the Communists and the internal fighting on the political left. The Communist party, which had been banned, returned to the political stage and was successful in the 1945 elections. The majority of the nation was fearful of the growth of influence of the Communists and, through them, the Soviet Union. However, the Social Democrats, competing with the Communists for workers' votes, succeeded in gaining considerably more votes than the Communists as early as 1948. Although strikes and conflicts occurred, conditions settled down gradually towards the end of the 1940s and the nation began to get back on its feet.
Old Helsinki: this image, taken in the Esplanadi park more than 150 years ago, shows the old theatre building, which was demolished in the 1850s. Photo: Helsinki City Museum / CC BY-ND 4.0.
Hidden in plain sight in Sven Hirn's Kameran edestä ja takaa – valokuvaus ja valokuvaajat Suomessa 1839-1870 ('Behind the camera and in front of it – photographs and photographers in Finland 1839-1870'), published more than 40 years ago, the image shows four men standing in front to the theatre designed by Carl Ludvig Engel in 1827 (and demolished when it became too small to accommodate the city's enthusiastic theatre-going public in the 1850s). Unusually, in those days of slow shutter speeds, the photograph shows people, among them Carl Robert Mannerheim, father of the Marshal Mannerheim who was to lead Finland's defence forces in the Second World War (third from left).
Among the other photographs published by Helsingin Sanomat are some images of Helsinki decked out in garlands awaiting the arrival of Tsar Alexander II to the capital of his autonomous grand duchy of Finland in July 1863.
Other mid-century images show central Helsinki looking not unlike its present-day self. It's only when the camera ventures outside the few blocks of the city centre that the view becomes more unfamiliar, the streets lined with one- and two-storey wooden houses.
Most intriguing of all, however is a sequence of eighteen photographs taken in 1866 by one Eugen Hoffers from the top of Helsinki Cathedral. Helsingin Sanomat has linked them into a panorama with views of Suomenlinna fortress, the new Russian Orthodox Uspenski Cathedral, Books from Finland's old publisher Helsinki University Library, and the burgeoning city beyond.
Imperial welcome: Helsinki is bedecked with flowers to welcome Tsar Alexander II on 28 July 1863. Photo: Helsinki City Museum / CC BY-ND 4.0.
Pomp and circumstance: elaborate floral tributes for the visit of Tsar Alexander II in 1863. Photo: Helsinki City Museum / CC BY-ND 4.0.
New and old: the recently completed Uspenski Cathedral is surrounded by a shanty-town of tumbledown cottages in this image from 1868. Photo: Hoffers Eugen, Helsinki City Museum / CC BY-ND 4.0.
Strange and familiar: this picture, from 1865, shows the Cathedral, the Senate and the University Library surrounded by low wooden buildings and unbuilt land. Photo: Helsinki City Museum / CC BY-ND 4.0.
City of wood: beyond the familiar buildings of the few blocks of the then city centre, in this image from the 1860s, lie streets of modest one- and two-storey wooden houses. Photo: Gustaf Edvard Hultin , Helsinki City Museum / CC BY-ND 4.0.
Helsinki: Otava, 2015. 344 pp., ill.
Otava is currently Finland's biggest book publisher, and is also active in the fields of newspapers, printing and bookshops. Almost from the beginning, the Reenpää (originally Renqvist) family has been at the head of this family business. Otava was founded in 1890, but 200 years ago a family forefather, Henrik Renqvist, who was studying for the priesthood began to publish religious books. In 1893 his grandson, Alvar Renqvist became Otava's longstanding editorial director. Through his enthusiasm for Finnish-language literature and education, it was he who formed the basis for the publisher's growth. His five sons and their sons guided the publishing house in the same spirit through some difficult times to the 21st century, and today the fifth generation is still at work there. The Reenpää family has had an important position in Finnish cultural life both as influential figures and as patrons. The writer Juhani Salokannel's generously illustrated, well-designed work is based on wide source material and interviews with members of the Reenpää family and does not hold back from describing conflicts between some strong characters. The book is, indeed, a lively depiction of the Reenpääs' history and work at Otava; a history of the publishing house as such has already been published.
Suomalainen rivitalo. Työväen asunnosta keskiluokan unelmaksi.
Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura (The Finnish Literature Society), 2014. 252 pp., ill.
In her extensive, well-researched book on the semi-detached house, Professor Emerita of Art History Riitta Nikula describes the housing history of a typical well-to-do Finn as setting off from a flat in an apartment building, continuing to a terraced house and ending up in a house of his or her own. In Finland rivitalo (simply, 'row house') became increasingly popular in the 1960s and the majority of houses of this type were built during the two decades that followed. However, in her book Nikula concentrates on the years 1900–1960, the decades of rapid industrialisation and urbanisation. In the 1930s Finland was eager to follow the renewal of town planning and architecture that was taking place elsewhere in Europe, and the rivitalo houses were part of the project of modernism. After the war the government funding system helped people to become owners of the properties they lived in, and the rivitalo became popular in growing towns. Prominent architects such as Eliel Saarinen, Alvar Aalto, Hilding Ekelund, Viljo Revell, and Kaija and Heikki Siren have all contributed to the development of this form of architecture. Nikula has travelled widely, in Europe and in Finland, researching this mode of living (the index of literature referred to alone fills seven large pages). The plentiful photographs and illustrations complement the text well.
Between 1939 and 1944 Finland fought not one, but three separate wars – the Winter War (1939-45), the Continuation War (1941-44) and the Lapland War (1944-45).
In his work Etupiirin ote, the scholar, writer and former ambassador Alpo Rusi provides an interesting and polemical analysis of Finland's foreign and security policies, particularly with regard to its neighbour, Russia / the Soviet Union. His premise is that from the 18th century onward Finland has, sometimes more broadly, sometimes more narrowly, formed part of the Russian sphere of influence. He gives a brief account of the end of the period of Swedish rule (until 1809) and that of Russian rule (1809-1917), as well as of the early decades of Finnish independence. The main emphasis of the book is on the period beginning with the Second World War. Rusi has a personal perspective on much recent history. He bases his evaluations on many diverse, sometimes controversial, sources and expresses strong opinions in his account, for example, of 'Finlandisation', Soviet influence on Finnish politics with its negative side effects. Rusi strongly criticises decision-makers who, as late as the 1980s and 1990s, believed in the desirability of trade with the east and the permanence of the Soviet Union, despite signals to the contrary. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Finland joined the European Union, but even as a member its attitudes towards, for example, Nato and Russia, have been problematic in many ways. Rusi ends his book on the theme of the Ukraine crisis, presenting his own proposal for the development of foreign and security policies.
Helsinki: Otava, 2014. 463 pp., ill.
In his book political historian Hannu Rautkallio explores American attitudes towards Finland during the Second World War, when the country fought a Winter War and Continuation War against the Soviet Union. He makes use both of older materials and of American documents that have only become accessible to researchers in the 2010s. During the war years two trends were dominant; one was sympathetic to the aims of the Soviet Union, while the other took a hostile view of them. The US political leadership had refused to support Finland in the Winter War, but as the World War progressed the United States tended to understand the small country's objectives and also the special nature of its alliance with Germany. The two states shared intelligence and there were a large number of secret contacts with Finland's top government leadership. At the end of World War II, the United States communicated to the Soviet Union, which was dictating peace terms to Finland, that it was important Finland should remain an independent state. Rautkallio's account keeps branching out along interesting side-tracks, but the book's central theme captures the reader's interest.
Ville Laamanen: Suuri levottomuus. Olavi Paavolaisen kultturinen katse ja matkat 1936-39 [A great restlessness. Olavi Paavolainen's cultural gaze and travels 1936-1939].
Suuri levottomuus. Olavi Paavolaisen kultturinen katse ja matkat 1936-39 [A great restlessness. Olavi Paavolainen's cultural gaze and travels 1936-1939].
Turku: K&H, 2014. 346p., ill.
The writer Olavi Paavolainen (1903-1964) was an important cultural critic in Finland in the years between the two World Wars. The historian Ville Laamanen's doctoral thesis Suuri levottomuus explores how Paavolainen interpreted the encounter between the modern and totalitarianism. Laamanen examines Paavolainen's journeys to National Socialist Germany and South America, where he was able to gain distance from Eurocentricity. Paavolainen published three books on the basis of these journeys, and these form the central sources for Laamanen's research. The outbreak of the Winter War in Finland in 1939 prevented the publication of a fourth volume. This work would have focused on the Soviet Union, which at that point was little-known. The most important offerings of Laamanen's book are the research results based on material from Russian archives which has hitherto remained unexamined. Paavolainen was not a communist, but was accorded VIP status in the Soviet Union and was able to gain a diverse view of the country. Laamanen also places Paavolainen in the broader cultural context of the 1930s. The book is at the same time a rigorous academic study and a well-written, gripping portrait of a still interesting Finnish intellectual during an important period.
Seventy-five years ago, in the period known as the Phony War, while the rest of the world was preparing to fight, it looked as if hostilities were over for one country.
In the preamble to the Second World War, Soviet Union had attacked Finland on 30 November 1939, demanding substantial border territories for the protection of Leningrad. Germany had invaded Poland, and France and Great Britain had declared war; but the Nazi invasions of Norway and Denmark, Italy's entry into the war, the Battle of Britain, Pearl Harbor, D-Day, Hiroshima, Nagasaki and all the other horrors of the Second World War were yet to come.
As the world watched, 'plucky little Finland', massively outnumbered in terms of both men and equipment but superior in morale, organisation and knowledge of the terrain, managed to keep the Red Army at bay for months – far longer than anyone had expected. Eventually, however, the Russians overcame Finnish border defences and the war ended on 13 March 1940. Now generally regarded by Finns as a defensive victory – Finland was not occupied by the Soviet Union – the peace treaty nevertheless imposed a heavy burden on Finland, which lost extensive territories in Karelia to the south and Salla to the north.
In the event, the war was far from over for Finland, which still had the Continuation War (1941-44) and the Lapland War (1944-45) to fight. But for the moment, the country was once more at peace.
To mark the 75th anniversary of the end of the war, the Helsingin Sanomat newspaper has published a selection of photographs of the day peace came.
From time to time we have featured the charismatic photographs taken of Helsinki by I.K. Inha (1865-1050) in 1908 – most recently in a book pairing Inha's iconic images with contemporary photographs of the same scenes by Martti Jämsä (2009). Fifty-one of the images have now been made available online to the public for the first time on the Finnish Museum of Photography's Flickr page.
Many of the scenes are so little changed that it's a shock to see them peopled with behatted gentlemen and ladies in long skirts. Commissioned for Finland's first travel guide, the photographs show the handsome buildings, parks and seafronts of a solidly bourgeois looking city that is still the capital of a Russian province, an autonomous Grand Duchy actively fostering the dream of independence that is to be realised nine years later, in 1917.
Student Union Building on Itäinen Heikinkatu (now Mannerheimintie). I.K. Inha, 1908.
Boys at Hietalahti harbour. I.K. Inha, 1908.
Helsinki: WSOY, 2014. 497 pp., ill.
The Swedish historian and journalist Herman Lindqvist is the author of dozens of popular non-fiction books. When Finland was Sweden is primarily intended for Swedish readers – an overview of the period when Finland was part of the Swedish kingdom – and it is partly based on new research. Finland became an integral part of the western neighbouring country in stages – including armed force – a process that was complete by the beginning of the fourteenth century. It remained an eastern borderland of the Kingdom of Sweden until the year 1809. The period was marked both by the rise of Sweden in the 16th century to become a great Baltic power and its decline in that role a hundred years later. Lindqvist connects up the different stages of Finland's absorption into Sweden in a colourful and lively way. He shows how the influences went in both directions between the western and eastern part of the kingdom; the influence of the Finns could be seen both on the battlefields and in politics. The traces of the long time the two countries spent together are still visible today in both, thought in Finland they are stronger than in Sweden.
Helsinki: Siltala, 2014. 321 pp., ill.
The book presents a diverse and vivid history of the reign of Gustavus Adolphus – possibly the most important ruler in Swedish history – his era and his impact on Finland. When he rose to the throne at the age of just 17 in 1611, Finland was a strategically important region because of the threat posed by Russia and Poland. Among other things the king organised a meeting of representatives of the estates in Finland, the Regional Parliament of 1616 – even though he felt distrust of the Finnish people, who had supported the Polish King Sigismund, who had sought the Swedish crown. When the threat from the East had been repelled, Finland remained as a marginal corner of the world, which mainly provided taxes and soldiers. In 1630 the King, as a Lutheran soldier of faith, took his troops to Germany to fight in the Thirty Years War, and fell in 1632. However, in the period described the Swedish state, with Finland as a part of it, became a centralised state led by the King and his Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, a system of government that was one of the most efficient in Europe. Lappalainen received the Finlandia Prize for Non-Fiction 2014 for her book.


We recently ran some ads on Facebook as an experiment. We spent roughly $1000 over the course of a few months boosting, promoting, and building ads across our network of services. The results were strange to say the least, the people who liked and followed our ads did not appear genuine and certainly did not produce any engagement.
What came next was a search for the truth, and we came across many folks who agreed with our findings as well as experienced their own negative results. Then, we found a video from Veritasium - On YouTube Veritasium is a channel of science and engineering videos featuring experiments, expert interviews, cool demos, and discussions with the public about everything science. Nobody that we could find explains the problematic Facebook ads scenario better. If you have used Facebook ads with success, please comment and let us know as we would love to know your secret.


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Sexualized Dress Revisited
October 1, 2013 | by Pat Holt
Like Meryl Streep (see below), I could have sworn that one-time celebrities Arlene Francis and Dorothy Kilgallen wore women's suits on the 1950s TV quiz show, What's My LIne?
That's why in the last post, I blithely (without checking) quoted Streep's concern about societal pressures on today's women to dress in sexually alluring clothes, even on a hard-news political program like Meet the Press. Streep's point was that in a previous era, TV shows (and the media in general) allowed women greater modesty, as recalled from watching What's My Line?
Yikes, was that wrong, and thank you, reader Ed Dravecky of Allen, Texas, for spotting the error:
"Meryl Streep lives in an interesting alternate timeline," Dravecky writes. "Suits? On this Earth's What's My Line, the women on the panel wore dresses and the men wore suits in the early seasons, and formal evening wear (including tuxedos for the men) in the later ones. Just do a Google Image search for 'What's My Line Panelists' and you'll turn up dozens of images like this one from the New York Times."
Dorothy Kilgallen, Steve Allen, Arlene Francis and Bennett Cerf wear eye masks as they question the mystery guest on What's My Line?
Wow. Now that I see this photo, I remember those bare arms, those cocktail dresses, those look-at-my-cleavage necklines. Of course, the whole idea of the tuxedos on Bennett Cerf and off-screen host John Daly was meant, along with the evening gowns on Kilgallen and Francis, to suggest the atmosphere of an Upper East-side party in Manhattan, during which we viewers were invited to participate in a witty parlor game complete with eye masks. (Note that Steve Allen, resident iconoclast, was allowed to wear a business suit with loosened tie.) In any case, those ain't suits worn by the women panelists.
Still, I agree with Streep: Today any female politico on Meet the Press or Face the Nation could defuse the whole idea of forced sexual allure in women by dressing in a simple suit that doesn't bare anything at all. (By the way, the "ette" and "esse" in "Stopette" deodorant and "Finesse" shampoo also feminized the use of soap products, but we're all so accustomed to that, it doesn't deserve mention. Right?)


Scout Boats launched a new and redesigned corporate website to showcase and profile its product line.
"Our new website utilizes a streamlined, customer-friendly design and is loaded with new features," said Alan Lang, Scout's national/international sales manager. "We have uploaded a wealth of information on all 27 of our models, including our manufacturing processes, to educate and inform our customers better."
The new website includes enhanced product information; photos and videos of Scout's manufacturing process; a shopping cart function for apparel sales; the latest news; and links to the corporate Facebook page and YouTube channel.
Scout builds sportfishing, fish 'n ski, walkaround, flats and bay boat models ranging from 15 to 35 feet.
Marina Accessories Inc., an international supplier of accessories and equipment for marinas, finished the final phase in the redesign of its website.
Marine Accessories now has a secure, easy to use online store that allows harbormasters, marina owners, contractors and private dock owners to make purchases and request quotes seamlessly.
The new online system coincides with a complete overhaul of the company's supply chain management system.
"We are very excited to share the new website with the industry. Our goal was to develop an online store that would serve as a one-stop shopping site with everything a dock or marina owner might need - from gangways and power pedestals to fendering and pile caps," business manager Keith Bjella said in a statement.
Marina Accessories is located at Bellingham Marine's headquarters in Bellingham, Wash.


M&G Real Estate has acquired the "Aurum", located on Radlkoferstraße in Munich's Theresienhöhe district, on behalf of its M&G European Property Fund. The seller of the 13,768-sqm property is a fund managed by J.P. Morgan. Market insiders have revealed that the purchase price was between €80mn and €90mn. The property is fully let and was upgraded by a renovation completed at the beginning of this year. The seller was represented by Colliers International. M&G Real Estate acted as its own counsel.


1 p.m. to 3 p.m.: There will be a variety of recovery-oriented creative expression activities, including painting, collaging, making music, and writing poetry.
3 p.m. to 4 p.m.: We will gather together in a circle to share our creative endeavors and talk about the importance of art as part of wellness, recovery and healing.
Wednesday, Oct. 22, 4:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Share your Alternatives 2014 conference experience on Twitter and Facebook! You can Tweet quotes and highlights during sessions, and post photos and short videos! Post to Twitter with our hashtag #AltCon14.
New to social media? Attend a pre-conference workshop taught by Leah Harris and Tanya Naranjo. Please bring your smartphone, tablet, or laptop with the Twitter application downloaded and an account created. Sign up for Twitter at this URL: https://twitter.com/signup.


The "Required privilege is not held by the client" error occurs when users open certain installer executables on Windows 8 and Windows 10. This variation of the issue is restricted to installation executables and other setup packages. The issue is likely caused by an external antivirus suite that is not trusting the respective installer.
Note: This particular issue is a different occurrence than the 0x800700522 error. If you're seeing the "Required privilege is not held by the client" error when creating / editing / deleting a file inside your C drive (root folders), skip the methods in this post and follow our in-depth article about dealing with the 0x800700522 error (a required privilege is not held by the client).
If you're encountering the issue while trying to install a certain application from an executable, troubleshoot with the potential fixes below. Follow the two methods in order and see whether they manage to resolve your issue.
Most of the time, the "Required privilege is not held by the client" error (on EXEs) is caused by an external antivirus solution that is not trusting the respective publisher.
The vast majority of antivirus suites deal with application installers based on a certain trust system. If the installer doesn't have the appropriate security certificates, your security suites might regard the application as "not trusted" and prompt Windows to display the "Required privilege is not held by the client" error whenever the user tries to run the installer.
This issues can be remedied with most security suites by signaling that you trust the respective installer. If you have an external security suite, right-click the installer that is showing the "Required privilege is not held by the client" error and set the Trust Level to Trusted Installer or Trusted Application, depending on the scenario.
Note: Depending on the security suite that you're using, the exact names of these options might be different. Generally, look for your antivirus icon after right-clicking and look for an option similar to "Trust Level" or "Trusted Source".
If your external antivirus suite does not have a similar option like the one featured above, search online on how to gain entry to the Whitelist, then add the executable as a Trusted Installer / Trusted Application.
If you were unable to follow the first method or your 3rd party Antivirus doesn't have a Whitelist feature, you can determine if the security suite is indeed causing the issue by removing it from your system.
Note: Temporarily disabling the external security suite will not resolve the issue because trust system will most likely remain active.
Open a Run command (Windows key + R), type "appwiz.cpl" and hit Enter to open Add or Remove programs.
Then, uninstall your 3rd party security suite, reboot your system and see if the issue has been resolved.
If whitelisting the installer / removing the 3rd party antivirus didn't resolve the "Required privilege is not held by the client" error, the issue might be caused by system file corruption. If you're still without a fix, follow this article (create a new user account) to create a new Windows user account and see whether it resolves your issue. If that dosen't produce results, follow this article (startup repair) to perform a Startup Repair.


Law Web: Whether notice demanding excess rent is valid?
Whether notice demanding excess rent is valid?
Shri Naik, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the petitioner, submitted that the two courts below were in error in decreeing the suit on the ground of default. The principal contention urged by the learned counsel is that the contractual rent as claimed by the landlord was not Rs. 25/- but Rs. 12/-. Shri Naik submits that as the notice under Section 12(2) of the Act demanded rent at the rate of Rs. 25/- the notice was invalid and consequently decree of eviction cannot be passed. It is not possible to accede to the submission of the learned counsel. The finding of the two courts below is that the tenant was in arrears of rent for more than six months and notice under Section 12(2) was duly served. The tenant did not pay rent even at the rate of Rs. 12/- per month nor did file any application for determination of standard rent. It is undoubtedly true that the trial court held that the contractual rent was Rs. 12/- and the Appellate Court disturbed that finding without any reasonable ground. The Appellate court held that if the landlord is claiming that the rent was Rs. 25/- it should be so. The reasoning is entirely faulty and defective. The trial judge has given sound reasons for holding that the rent was Rs. 12/- per month. Accepting that finding, still the tenant cannot escape the decree of eviction because the tenant did not tender even that rent at the rate of Rs. 12/- within period of one month. The submission of Shri Nath that the notice is bad because excess rent was demanded cannot be accepted as it has been repeatedly held by this court that notice would not be invalid solely on that count. In case the tenant would have tendered rent at the rate of Rs. 12/- then readiness and willingness would have been established beyond any doubt. In these circumstances, the decree of eviction cannot be disturbed. Accordingly, petition fails and rule is discharged. In the circumstances of the case, there will be no order as to costs.
1. The petitioner is tenant of premises situated on the ground floor of House No. 242 situated at Aundh Gaon in Pune District. The respondent-landlord claimed that the premises were leased out to the petitioner at the monthly rent of Rs. 25/- and the petitioner is running a cycle repairing shop in part of the premises and in the remaining portion sugar-cane juice stall. The respondent-landlord purchased the property on 7th July, 1974 from one Kalu Ranu Sonavane. The respondent then served notice dated 24th March, 1982 on the petitioner demanding possession and arrears of rent from 1st September, 1974. The notice was followed by suit instituted in the Court of Small Causes at Pune. The possession was sought on the ground o default, change of user and bonafide personal requirement. The suit was resisted by the petitioner-tenant claiming that the contractual rent was Rs. 12/- and the entire rent was paid to the former landlord but rent receipts were not issued because of the good relations between the parties. The tenant denied change of user and the fact that the landlord required the premises bonafide. The trial Court after recording evidence held that the ground of change of user as well as bonafide requirement was not established. The trial Court further held that the agreed rent was Rs. 12/- per month plus the education less. The trial court concluded that the landlord is entitled to recovery of possession as the petitioner was in arrears of rent for more than six months and has not cleared the arrears or filed application under Section 11(4) of the Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rents Control Act, 1947 (hereinafter referred to as "the Rent Act") for determination of standard rent within 30 days of the date of service of notice under Section 12(2) of the Rent Act. The decree of eviction passed by the trial Judge was confirmed in appeal by 6th Addl. District Judge, Pune by judgment dated 5th December, 1987, and these judgments are under challenge in this petition filed under Article 227 of the Constitution of India.
2. Shri Naik, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the petitioner, submitted that the two courts below were in error in decreeing the suit on the ground of default. The principal contention urged by the learned counsel is that the contractual rent as claimed by the landlord was not Rs. 25/- but Rs. 12/-. Shri Naik submits that as the notice under Section 12(2) of the Act demanded rent at the rate of Rs. 25/- the notice was invalid and consequently decree of eviction cannot be passed. It is not possible to accede to the submission of the learned counsel. The finding of the two courts below is that the tenant was in arrears of rent for more than six months and notice under Section 12(2) was duly served. The tenant did not pay rent even at the rate of Rs. 12/- per month nor did file any application for determination of standard rent. It is undoubtedly true that the trial court held that the contractual rent was Rs. 12/- and the Appellate Court disturbed that finding without any reasonable ground. The Appellate court held that if the landlord is claiming that the rent was Rs. 25/- it should be so. The reasoning is entirely faulty and defective. The trial judge has given sound reasons for holding that the rent was Rs. 12/- per month. Accepting that finding, still the tenant cannot escape the decree of eviction because the tenant did not tender even that rent at the rate of Rs. 12/- within period of one month. The submission of Shri Nath that the notice is bad because excess rent was demanded cannot be accepted as it has been repeatedly held by this court that notice would not be invalid solely on that count. In case the tenant would have tendered rent at the rate of Rs. 12/- then readiness and willingness would have been established beyond any doubt. In these circumstances, the decree of eviction cannot be disturbed. Accordingly, petition fails and rule is discharged. In the circumstances of the case, there will be no order as to costs.


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Accrington Stanley badge - Link to home
Accrington Stanley? Who are they?
History and Honours
Visit the Wham Stadium
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INTERVIEW: Coley on facing league leaders Ipswich
'Players are bouncing' said Reds boss ahead of trip to Portman Road
John Coleman says his squad are 'bouncing' as they travel to take on unbeaten League One leaders Ipswich Town on Saturday.
The Reds are up to sixth place with three wins and two losses so far this season, beating rivals Rochdale on Saturday, while the Tractorboys have four wins and one draw.
Ipswich have one of the league's stand-out performers so far with Gwion Edwards chalking up four goals and two assists.
Former Reds striker Kayden Jackson, linked with a move to Birmingham, has been struggling with a groin injury this season.
"We know it will be a tough game but we go there full of confidence," said Coleman. "We have worked really hard in training in the last two or three weeks and the atmosphere is good at the club, the place is bouncing.
"Wins work wonders for your confidence, we have a high tempo in training and it's a good place to be.
"It is early days and I do not think you can judge anyone after five games but everyone does look at the league table and Ipswich have had a good start. I think you can only tell after 10/12 games when things start to settle down.
"We know they have good players but we know we have good players, we can give anyone a game in this league and we will be going there to win."
Stanley lost 4-1 at Portman Road in January while winning the reverse fixture at the Wham Stadium in October last year.
"We played poorly at their place and they played well," continued Coleman. "I am hoping that is fresh in the minds of our players.
"If you rewind to the game at our place, we were more than value for the 2-0 win.
"We were excellent on the day, it was live on Sky and we bossed it from start to finish so we have to remember that as well."
Coleman has some big decisions to make as players put themselves in contention for a start.
This is especially in the goalkeeping department where Chelsea loan keeper Nathan Baxter is battling with Toby Savin for the No. 1 spot.
"Nathan's attitude is unbelievable," said Coleman. "He has been first class since he has come in and conducts himself really well.
"He will push Toby all the way and that's what we want."
Striker Dion Charles sits out the last game of his three-match suspension while Sean McConville (Achilles) and Mo Sangare (ankle) are now close to a return.
"It does give me a headache but it's one you want to have. We have a strong squad and good competition for places.
"Our job is just to try and get as many wins as possible. We haven't set any targets, we won't get too high or too low, we just want to win games."
Ipswich Town vs Accrington Stanley on 17 Oct 20


Cornell University – William Gates Hall | Schenectady Steel Co, Inc.
As featured in MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION Magazine, October 2015!
Constructed to unify the Computer and Information Science Departments under one roof, the new four-story, 100,000 square foot facility created space for faculty offices, a lecture hall, and state-of-the-art teaching and research labs for a variety of computer information disciplines. Funded in part by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the $60 million structure features several communal spaces that encourage transparency and dynamic collaboration, all enclosed by a glass façade with custom exterior perforated stainless steel panels.


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Super Bowl Party in Pandemic: No Penalty for Illegal Formation
by WI Guest Author February 7, 2021 December 21, 2021
SAN DIEGO — Super Bowl Sunday is an unofficial national holiday, with huge parties. Restaurants sell millions of pounds of chicken wings to celebrate the event. Today, however, things were different.
Like everything else held over from 2020, social activities have been scaled back. Last year, I met 15 friends at a Dave & Busters in Towson, Md. Little did I know that would be one of the last gatherings indoors for a year. Had I known what I know now, I might have played a few more games and introduced myself to a few more strangers.
This year, I scaled back the celebration but still chose to link up with a few friends safely. I'm here this time, so at least the warm weather won't drive us indoors.
Instead, hanging out by an air fryer will replace hanging by a bar.
This year, I was surrounded by vintage records in my buddy's pad instead of TVs and surround sound, and that was just fine with me. The past year has been filled with so much isolation that getting together is the only way to feel normal.
"It's good to see some familiar faces," said Matthew Deluca, my friend and neighbor, from Long Island, New York. "I know we aren't back, but today it feels great to pretend for a second."
We had a potentially legendary matchup for the Super Bowl with the undisputed GOAT (greatest of all time) in Tampa Bay's Tom Brady playing against the only young QB that looks equipped to surpass him one day in Kansas City's Patrick Mahomes.
But alas, experience overwhelmed. Final score: Tampa Bay 31, Kansas City 9. But between being with good friends and watching a good game, halftime festivities and the commercials, it was a pretty entertaining event.
I can't tell if this signifies the end of a tough year or maybe the beginning of a new chapter, but I do know it's nice to not be experiencing it alone.
The writer is a student at the Morgan State University School of Global Journalism and Communication.
Super Bowl 2014 Food: Americans Will Eat 1.25 Billion Chicken Wings Sunday (Recipes)
In "Sports"
On Super Bowl Sunday, Veggies Are Most Popular Food
In "Health"
Hometown Eager to Celebrate Super Bowl Hero Malcolm Butler


I work on Family Engagement through the Family Resource Centers. Learning how to get families more engaged through activities events and volunteer opportunites. Another important aspect is working with outside agencies who can provide a needed service at the school and for the students. Also, getting community members and business's more engaged in school activities. I also work with a group of agencies to provide Town Halls on teaching the community the basics of Medicaid, how it benefits families and even who can qualify, to include Medicaid Expansion.
Growing the community we work with only improves a Full Community School. We must work together to help our students and the communities the live in.


text:
Q: What is the best way to implement a 'Forgot your Password?' page? I am using the Membership features in ASP .NET 2.0.  I was wondering how I would implement a Forgot your password page when my application is configured to allow only authenticated users.  Right now the only page that can be accessed is the login page.  I want un-athenticated users to be also allowed to access the forgot your password page.  My web config is as follows:
  <authentication mode="Forms">
      <forms loginUrl="~/Authentication/Login.aspx"/>
     </authentication>
  <authorization>
      <deny users="?" />
      <allow users="*" />
  </authorization>

A: Add in an rule for your ForgotPassword.aspx page
   <location path="ForgotPassword.aspx">
    <system.web>
      <authorization>
        <allow users="*"/>
      </authorization>
    </system.web>
  </location>

A: Add the following to your web.config to allow unauthenticated users to access the password recover page:
  <location path="RecoverPassword.aspx">
    <system.web>
      <authorization>
        <allow users="?" />
      </authorization>
    </system.web>
  </location>

A: Why not setup your ~/Authentication/Login.aspx page to handle a forgotten password based on a get request such as
http://[host]/Authentication/Login.aspx?recoverpw=true
That would keep your web.config simple and combine similar code in the same page

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
R3T Rally GB
It came, it saw, it conquered! Clio R3T completes Wales Rally GB at first attempt
It's a long time since motor sport fans last saw an official Renault Sport team compete on Britain's round of the World Rally Championship but this year they did with the Clio R3T entry of Michaël Burri.
Not a Renault Sport UK entry, this, as was once the case with the Maxi Méganes of the late Nineties.
Instead this one came all the way from Renault Sport headquarters in Paris, the Clio R3T taking part in the WRC's WRC 3 class.
Swiss Burri and co-driver Anderson Levratti have contested six WRC 3 rounds in the factory-prepared R3T in 2016 as their prize for winning last year's European championship for the same specification of car.
Wales Rally GB, however, posed perhaps the toughest test yet for the R3T – neither Burri nor the car had any previous experience of the event's stages which have a gruelling reputation all of their own.
Not that the R3T seemed too bothered. Despite tackling Welsh mud and fog – sometimes in dark, night time conditions – Burri held fifth overall in WRC 3 early on before briefly running as high as third and then finishing an eventual fourth.
"This was a good learning experience for me," said Burri at the finish. "We did some testing before the rally. As has been the case this year, we used the speed of the car and took advantage of its excellent reliability to finish well in fourth place."
"It was obviously a tough rally but we didn't have any real problems," added Sylvain Alanore, Renault Sport Rally Team Manager. "Like all over the season, we were able to rely upon a Clio R3T with tried and tested qualities, and had no reliability issues at all throughout the weekend.
"Wales Rally GB concludes an interesting season for Michaël and the Renault Sport Rally Team. We had great reliability in all six events. We finished all the rallies, confirming reliability as one of the many strengths of Clio R3T."
At the end of its WRC 3 programme, Renault Sport Rally Team has finished fifth in the Teams standings with Burri-Levatti eighth in the driver/co-driver standings.


text:
Activin receptor type-2A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR2A gene.
ACVR2A is an activin type 2 receptor.

Function

This gene encodes activin A type II receptor. Activins are dimeric growth and differentiation factors which belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of structurally related signaling proteins. Activins signal through a heteromeric complex of receptor serine kinases which include at least two type I (I and IB) and two type II (II and IIB) receptors. These receptors are all transmembrane proteins, composed of a ligand-binding extracellular domain with cysteine-rich region, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain with predicted serine/threonine specificity. Type I receptors are essential for signaling; and type II receptors are required for binding ligands and for expression of type I receptors. Type I and II receptors form a stable complex after ligand binding, resulting in phosphorylation of type I receptors by type II receptors. Type II receptors are considered to be constitutively active kinases.

Interactions

ACVR2A has been shown to interact with:
 ACVR1B,
 INHBA,  and
 SYNJ2BP.

References

External links

Further reading

GS domain
TS domain
S/T domain
Human proteins
EC 2.7.11

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The simple things in life can bring simple enjoyment and be a blessing. Last week one of my Mandean friends from Iran had a birthday. I don't think he normally celebrates his birthday, but I wanted to do something for him.
We always have fun when I visit and we drink coffee, In fact the first time I visited his home last year on Labor Day, we drank a lot of coffee. For some reason it didn't register that my morning class would begin the next morning and I didn't get much sleep that night. I shared that with my friend and his family the next time I visited as a humorous story and now it is our running joke each time I visit about whether I should drink coffee or not.
A friend from Brazil brought me some Brazilian coffee I really like in December. So for my friend's birthday, I got him some of the same Brazilian coffee. I visited him yesterday to give him the coffee and wish him a happy birthday.
I always enjoy my visits with my friend and his family and yesterday was another great afternoon with them. We ate fish stew and talked. My friend and I made the coffee, but I think I made it a little too strong 🙂 because my friend let me know he added water.
It wasn't an extravagant kind of afternoon. It was just a simple visit to give my friend a simple gift we both enjoy. But sharing simple moments is part of what friendship is all about and friendship is something that means so much to me with my Mandean friends because I know they have been oppressed.
Each time I visit my friends from other countries, I am mindful of how Jesus visited people in their homes. He shared meals with people in their homes. He comforted people in their homes. He performed miracles in their homes. My hope is to show people the love of Jesus in their homes.
‹ PreviousFor Me To Live Is……..


Monday January 28th, 9:00 pm EDT Wall Street Mentor John will be hosting a webinar entitled "Hedge Fund Case: Event Driven Credit Investing". Space is limited to the first 100 registrations (we will be giving access to the ppt file).
John's bio: I started on Wall Street in 1999 at a bulge bracket Investment. I ended my career as a Managing Director at Goldman Sachs, managing a team of people, running one of their institutional businesses. Since 2014 I have been managing money for a billionaire across bonds and equities.
In this session we are going to discuss how to discover, research, price and trade an event driven credit situation. For today's case study we are going to use AINMT Senior Secured SEK 1.5bn 9.75 of March 2019 as our example. What is credit event driven investing? We are looking for an event that can meaningfully improve the credit quality of the borrower such that credit risk becomes less pronounced and the bond appreciates in value.
do you still provide the video or recording after one month?


Diamond-patterned quilted tote with patriotic patchwork-inspired art on both sides features a top zip closure, 1 zippered pocket and 2 slip pockets.
From fireworks on the Fourth of July to a flag waving proudly in the breeze flying the star spangled red, white and blue, your pride for your country makes your heart beat strong! Now you can show off your red, white and blue spirit in style with the American Pride Quilted Tote Bag, a custom fashion accessory exclusively from The Bradford Exchange. This women's tote bag will bring bold patriotic style to your look!
More than a place to stash your stuff, this colorful tote captures your passion and pride for our great nation while making a star-spangled fashion statement. Crafted in a cotton-polyester twill and quilted in a traditional diamond pattern, this stylish tote features classic patchwork quilt-style art on both sides with blue piping and handles. Design details include a top-zip closure, an interior zippered pocket and two slip pockets. Add this unique tote to your accessory wardrobe and you're sure to attract attention from sea to shining sea and beyond! It also makes an extraordinary patriotic gift. Strong demand is expected, so order now!
Crafted in a cotton-polyester twill and quilted in a traditional diamond pattern, this stylish tote features classic patchwork quilt-style art on both sides with blue piping and handles. Imported.


text:
Q: Amazon EC2 - No SSH After Reboot, Connection Refused I've replicated this two or three times, so I'm guessing there's something wrong with what I'm doing.
Here are my steps:

*

*Launch new instance via EC2 Management console using: Ubuntu Server 13.10 - ami-ace67f9c (64-bit)

*Launch with defaults (using my existing key pair)

*The instance starts. I can SSH to it using Putty or the Mac terminal. Success!

*I reboot the instance

*10 minutes later, when the instance should be back up and running, my terminal connection shows:
stead:~ stead$ ssh -v -i Dropbox/SteadCloud3.pem ubuntu@54.201.200.208
OpenSSH_5.6p1, Op`enSSL 0.9.8y 5 Feb 2013
debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh_config
debug1: Applying options for *
debug1: Connecting to 54.201.200.208 [54.201.200.208] port 22.
debug1: connect to address 54.201.200.208 port 22: Connection refused
ssh: connect to host 54.201.200.208 port 22: Connection refused
stead:~ stead$

Fine, I understand that the public IP address can change, so checking the EC2 management console, I verify that it is the same. Weird. Just for fun, I try connecting with public DNS hostname: ec2-54-201-200-208.us-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com. No dice, same result.
Even using the Connect via Java SSH client built into the EC2 console, I get Connection Refused.
I checked the security groups. This instance is in group launch-wizard-4. Looking at the inbound configuration for this group, Port 22 is allowed in from 0.0.0.0/0, so that should be anywhere. I know that I'm hitting my instance and this is the right security group, because I can't ping the instance. If I enable ICMP for this security group, all of a sudden my pings go through.
I've found a few other posts around the internet with similar error messages, but most seem to be easily resolved by tweaking the firewall settings. I've tried a few of these, with no luck.
I'm guessing there's a simple EC2 step I'm missing. Thanks for any help you can give, and I'm happy to provide more information or test further!
Update - Here are my system logs from the Amazon EC2 console: http://pastebin.com/4M5pwGRt

A: Had a similar behavior today on my ec2 instance, and tracked down the thing to this:
when I do
sudo reboot now
the machine hangs and I have to restart it manually from the aws management console
when I do
sudo reboot
it reboots just fine.
Apparently "now" is not a valid option for reboot as pointed out here https://askubuntu.com/questions/397502/reboot-a-server-from-command-line
thoughts?

A: From the AWS Developer Forum post on this topic:

Try stopping the broken instance, detaching the EBS volume, and
  attaching it as a secondary volume to another instance. Once you've
  mounted the broken volume somewhere on the other instance, check the
  /etc/sshd_config file (near the bottom). I had a few RHEL instances
  where Yum scrogged the sshd_config inserting duplicate lines at the
  bottom that caused sshd to fail on startup because of syntax errors.
Once you've fixed it, just unmount the volume, detach, reattach to
  your other instance and fire it back up again.

Let's break this down, with links to the AWS documentation:

*

*Stop the broken instance and detach the EBS (root) volume by going into the EC2 Management Console, clicking on "Elastic Block Store" > "Volumes", the right-clicking on the volume associated with the instance you stopped.

*Start a new instance in the same region and of the same OS as the broken instance then attach the original EBS root volume as a secondary volume to your new instance. The commands in step 4 below assume you mount the volume to a folder called "data".

*Once you've mounted the broken volume somewhere on the other instance,

*check the "/etc/sshd_config" file for the duplicate entries by issuing these commands:

*

*cd /etc/ssh

*sudo nano sshd_config

*ctrl-v a bunch of times to get to the bottom of the file

*ctrl-k all the lines at the bottom mentioning "PermitRootLogin without-password" and "UseDNS no"

*ctrl-x and Y to save and exit the edited file

*@Telegard points out (in his comment) that we've only fixed the symptom. We can fix the cause by commenting out the 3 related lines in the "/etc/rc.local" file. So:

*

*cd /etc

*sudo nano rc.local

*look for the "PermitRootLogin..." lines and delete them

*ctrl-x and Y to save and exit the edited file

*Once you've fixed it, just unmount the volume,

*detach by going into the EC2 Management Console, clicking on "Elastic Block Store" > "Volumes", the right-clicking on the volume associated with the instance you stopped,

*reattach to your other instance and

*fire it back up again.

A: I had the same issue after running a vanilla sudo reboot command. I found I was able to resolve the issue by completely stopping (not rebooting) my AMI using the AWS console and then starting it back up.
For whatever reason, restarting the AMI from the AWS console, as in clicking the restart action as opposed to stopping and then starting the instance, did not fix the problem.

A: It may not help the situation any, but I have seen some cases where a reboot on EC2 gets 'stuck'. If you do a 'reset' on the VM and then retrive the system logs, it may change the behavior. Be sure that the logs are from the second boot and not the first one - they tend to be delayed on updates.
One other thing to check is to be sure that the instance is responding on the IP. You appear to be getting a connection refused above, which sounds like instance is up, but SSH isn't running or is firewalled, but be sure that the instance has fully rebooted.
You could also try opening all ports from a test system, and see what 'nmap' shows you - are any other services responding on the instance.

A: Right click on the instance name and click on "Change Security Groups". Make sure that the Security group you created that allows anyone from anywhere to Port 22 is checked and applied to this instance.

A: As mentioned, you probably messed with the /etc/fstab/
I had this problem. First you have to re-add the volume at /dev/sda1 like the warning message says.
Then I couldn't ssh. I realized that I had to add the other volume I created and that fixed the ssh problem.
Then you can login and fix the fstab back to the original.

A: I got this problem after doing sudo reboot now via SSH on my EC2 server running Ubuntu 14.04. Worked fine after rebooting again using the EC2 Management Console.

A: In my case I'd set up a security group to allow port 22 connections from my IP only. Some days later my ISP has changed my IP address, hence the security group needs updating.

A: I had a similar problem, my EC2 Amazon Linux instance was not reachable anymore after running sudo reboot.
No SSH access, stop/start/reboot commands from Amazon admin console gave me no result too.
I was finally able to restart my instance by creating an image via the Amazon console. The image creation process seems to fix the instance state.
Hope it helps ;)


Born into the most desperate circumstances in slave-quarters in the deep South at the end of the nineteenth century, Daniel grows up a slave on a cotton plantation in the US. It seems he will remain there for the rest of his life, but things take a darker twist when he is sold as a consequence of killing the white overseer who his threatening his beloved sister. With his sinister new owner, Daniel embarks on a journey which will span continents, test his courage and endurance to the limit, and ultimately lead him to William Wilberforce and the campaign for the abolition of the slave trade.
Finally I get this ebook, thanks for all these Daniel I can get now!
Daniel was the best books I ever buy. Daniel did exactly what you said it does.
I will recommend you to my colleagues. Daniel is the most valuable books we have EVER purchased. I'd be lost without this. I am completely blown away.


Last May, BCIPS children took part in a sponsored walk at Crawfordsburn for Action MS. The school raised an amazing total of over £7500. Today, the children who raised over £100 for the charity were invited to the Ramada Hotel for a celebratory lunch. As well as enjoying tasty chips and ice cream, the children were presented with certificates by local DJ Connor Phillips.


text:
Joaquín Mucel Acereto (1888 - 1970) fue un militar revolucionario mexicano, nacido en Tampico, Tamaulipas y muerto en la Ciudad de México. Además de combatiente activo durante la revolución constitucionalista, fue gobernador del estado de Campeche y más tarde director del Heroico Colegio Militar. Combatió al huertismo en Piedras Negras al mando del general Venustiano Carranza y en Tamaulipas bajo las órdenes del general Lucio Blanco.

Datos biográficos
Combatió durante las operaciones militares revolucionarias en Reynosa, San Fernando, y Güémez, Tamaulipas, atacando a las tropas del general Luis Caballero en Ciudad Victoria. Participó en el combate de Garza Valdés, donde puso en fuga a las fuerzas federales del general Rubio Navarrete. Cuando Venustiano Carranza entró en la capital de la República, el 15 de agosto de 1914, fue designado coronel, gobernador preconstitucional y comandante militar de Campeche. Viajó al sureste de México acompañado del mayor Eleuterio Ávila, quien iba con la misma misión, designado por el Jefe Máximo a Yucatán. Ambos fueron escoltados por las tropas del general Alberto Carrera Torres. Se embarcó en Coatzacoalcos en el vapor Tehuantepec rumbo al puerto de Progreso. Después, pasó por Mérida y en la noche del 9 de septiembre asumió el gobierno de Campeche a los 27 años de edad.

Durante la rebelión del coronel Abel Ortiz Argumedo en Yucatán, iniciada al desconocer este al gobernador Toribio de los Santos, participó con una brigada (Brigada Mucel) en la población de Hecelchakán y después en la célebre batalla de Halachó dando apoyo a Salvador Alvarado quien venía a la península de Yucatán para deponer al rebelde Ortiz Argumedo y hacerse cargo del gobierno preconstitucional de Yucatán. Por su participación en los hechos de armas que llevaron a Alvarado a asumir la gubernatura de Yucatán, el entonces joven Joaquín Mucel, fue ascendido a general de brigada.

Como gobernador en Campeche, Mucel puso orden en la administración pública, además de establecer el municipio libre y la Comisión Local Agraria, con la que inició el repartimiento y el estudio de restitución de terrenos, como antecedente de la reforma agraria en el estado. Lo sucedió en el cargo de gobernador de Campeche, Enrique Arias Solís.

En 1920 desempeñó el cargo de director del Colegio Militar en la ciudad de México. A su muerte se le reconoció con honores como Veterano de la Revolución Mexicana.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
 Revolución y constitucionalismo. El gobierno de Joaquín Mucel

Nacidos en Tampico
Revolución mexicana
Gobernadores de Campeche
Fallecidos en Ciudad de México


If any dispute arises concerning this Contract or the interpretation thereof, or concerning construction of the Improvements, or the Limited Warranty, customer service, defects, damages, or obligations therewith (a "Construction Dispute"), such Construction Dispute will be settled by binding arbitration.
Shortly after being served with the Von Becelaere Ventures lawsuit, Zenovic filed his own lawsuit, asserting causes of action for breach of contract, reasonable value, account stated, open book account, abuse of process, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and foreclosure on mechanic's lien.
Any person who proceeds to record and enforce a claim of lien by commencement of an action pursuant to Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 8400) of Title 2 of Part 6 of Division 4 of the Civil Code, does not thereby waive any right of arbitration the person may have pursuant to a written agreement to arbitrate, if, in filing an action to enforce the claim of lien, the claimant does either of the following: (1) Includes an allegation in the complaint that the claimant does not intend to waive any right of arbitration, and intends to move the court, within 30 days after service of the summons and complaint, for an order to stay further proceedings in the action. (2) At the same time that the complaint is filed, the claimant files an application that the action be stayed pending the arbitration of any issue, question, or dispute that is claimed to be arbitrable under the agreement and that is relevant to the action to enforce the claim of lien.
Jeff Brown is a partner in the firm's litigation department with a practice that focuses on real estate.


Action Express swept the front row for the Rolex 24, making Cadillc's debut a successful one so far. Ford GT took the first three spots in GTLM.
Night practice last night was stunning. The rain held off until practice was over.
One more practice today. I am going to spend most of the time drooling over the vintage cars on display.


text:
@interface NSNotificationCenter (RACSupport)

// Sends the NSNotification every time the notification is posted.
- (RACSignal *)rac_addObserverForName:(NSString *)notificationName object:(id)object;

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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