I know of that line of apparel only because I have seen the name stenciled across the shirts and sweaters of its devotees. I infer that they are really nice clothes. Somehow I want to own some.
Which makes me wonder why they are not just giving their clothes away. We get free shirts, they get to drape their brand name across our bodies. Perhaps they would be selective about which bodies, but there must be a market opportunity here. If brand recognition drives sales then the eventual premium they could charge would seem to justify a lot of free hoodies up front. How else can we explain Abercrombie and Fitch, once a middling brand of fishing/hunting wear now international purveyors of pre-teen libido?
Normally this kind of rent seeking would be doubly inefficient. Resources wasted in a competition to corner the market, then the inefficient scarcity under the resulting monopoly. But in this case the rent seeking behavior involves giving away the stuff that's eventually going to be so scarce. Moreover, since we apparently want to wear only the coolest clothes, the eventual monopoly may in fact be the first-best outcome. So we have firms competing to create the surplus maximizing market structure and in the process handing out all the accompanying rents in the form of euro-inscripted jeggings.
The welfare questions seem like they would get complicated here because a consumer's (Hicksian) demand for Aeropostale depends upon the number of other people who wear Aeropostale, which is, of course, a function of other consumers' demands. It also seems like questions about welfare and conspicuous consumption could be raised in similar contexts (maybe not with Aeropostale! 🙂 Let's say shopping at Neiman).
On the one hand it seems like this should be modeled as a strategic game since consumer's choices affect other consumers' payoffs. On the other hand, if we think each consumer has negligible contribution to the overall market, then maybe the right model is one where each consumer has a type and this is influenced (or wholly determined) by market aggregates, which each consumer takes as given; in the wholly determined case we might as well call market quantity "type." I'm not sure how much traction we would get in calculating equilibria here, or if the typical welfare calculations even make sense in this context.
The takeaway to me is: welfare can be hard when consumers don't have a single preference relation defined over (their own) bundles of goods.
I am sure the welfare people have thought about these questions at some point but I do not know the literature.
Have you been to an Aeropostale store? (Especially an outlet store?) They do practically give things away. Their stuff is obscenely cheap.


text:
Putting prevention above cure: HVC in Egypt
Published online 18 April 2013
As Egypt's Hepatitis C epidemic continues, health officials are calling for an overhaul of hospital practices and a public education programme to control its spread. Others say that, while a renewed focus on prevention is laudable, improved treatment is also needed.
Justin Shilad
Thousands receive free Heptatitis C treatment annually, but the virus shows no signs of slowing down.
© Masr El Mahrousa Balady Association
Leading the push for a more preventative approach to stop the Hepatitis C epidemic in Egypt is Mohamed Edrees, the health programme manager at the NGO Misr el-Kheir, who claims that poor clinical standards are contributing to the rising number of infections.
Edrees cites examples of doctors using endoscopes on successive patients after merely rinsing the instruments in tap water. "[The endoscope] needs to be cleaned for up to 25 to 30 minutes," he says, "but they use it right away and they use it for dozens of patients an hour."
Edrees says that in the past five years, the government has spent US$500 million on HCV treatment, but neglected prevention, suggesting that 10% of the government's annual expenditure on HCV could "go to prevention and stop transmission completely."
Along with regulation and certification of safety practices at hospitals, Misr el-Kheir wants to help them acquire new equipment. It also calls for a community awareness programme.
"People are asking us, 'What can we do to protect ourselves?' They should go to a better facility, make sure that the doctor is washing his hands and make sure that the equipment they are using is not being used on someone else," explains Edrees.
Misr el-Kheir also provides doctors with "paradigm shift training", steering them away from unsafe practices. "We've developed this programme so that everyone knows their first priority is to do no harm to the patient," says Edrees.
Edrees's aims are echoed by Mohamed Zaazoue, a neurosurgeon and the head of the public health NGO Healthy Egyptians. His organization hopes to bring "continuous and sustainable" health education to society as a whole, making people aware of infection issues from a young age.
"The problem isn't the current pool, it's the addition of people to the pool," he says. "People should care more about health education. When you have a quarter of your population suffering from [HCV], it's worth it to spend a few million pounds raising awareness."
A humble approach
Some people have to travel for at least two hours every week for treatment.
But even as Zaazoue, Edrees and others push for a preventative approach, the scale of the epidemic, combined with the expensive treatment and Egypt's high poverty rates, means access to treatment is also a problem.
Sameh Kirollos, medical coordinator assistant with Médecins Sans Frontières' (MSF) Egypt office, says that 53% of Egyptians infected with the disease are unable pay for treatment, leaving the government to bear the cost.
Despite 24 state-run specialized treatment centres nationwide, some patients fall through the cracks. To catch such patients, MSF is setting up clinics for those who live far from government treatment centres.
The head of mission in Egypt for MSF, Julien Raickman, says the end goal is to create an expanded treatment model that the Ministry of Health can duplicate.
"Some people have to travel for at least two hours every week for treatment," Raickman says. "In the rural areas, it's often difficult to access treatment for the people who are eligible for it at state expense."
The logistics of a treatment-based approach to HCV are exacerbated, points out Raickman, by the intensive nature of the treatment itself. "The side effects are [serious], and a high-quality level of care requires a lot of follow-up," he says.
The prolonged treatment regimen takes 72 weeks, including tests, and involves a weekly injection and a daily capsule dose. The medication requires close supervision, and only has a 60-65% success rate for HCV genotype 4, which predominates in Egypt.
The price of the treatment is also an issue, and Kirollos and Raickman confirm that MSF is also lobbying for the World Health Organization to include Ribavirin and Interferon – the antiviral drugs commonly used in treating HCV – on its list of "essential medicines," which would bring down the drugs' price and ease the government's burden.
When you have a quarter of your population suffering from [HCV], it's worth it to spend a few million pounds raising awareness.
Another aim is to reach infected patients before their liver is permanently damaged. Hepatologist Mohamed Abdel Moneim , says 95% of the patients he sees at the 6 October Hospital in Cairo, are already in this chronic phase, beyond the reach of normal anti-viral therapy. The only remaining option is either a liver transplant or liver support, which he refers to as "functional therapy" to maintain a decent quality of life.
Though he says liver transplants are effective for many patients, Abdel Moneim emphasizes the need "to cut the cycle in the beginning" – to stop the infection from happening in the first place.
Zaazoue says that the current government's total health spending remains the same as it was before the popular uprising which ousted past president Mubarak. "They say they can't increase expenditures because they can't give more money, but people aren't asking for more money; they're asking for a certain percentage of the GDP [to] be reallocated in the total budget."
By maintaining the status quo in health expenditures, the government-funded treatment approach to HCV will go on, and may possibly expand if it takes over MSF's decentralized clinics. Unless the crisis is approached in a preventative way, the need for an expensive wide-scale treatment regime will remain.
But advocates for prevention remain determined to keep more Egyptians from being infected. "Five of my close friends have died from HCV and liver cancer," says Edrees. "I've seen people die every day and too much money spent on this malpractice."
doi:10.1038/nmiddleeast.2013.58
Monitoring immune molecules in mycetoma
Algerian female damselflies preserve 'sneaky' mating
Electricity and water from a single device
Sign-up to receive our e-alert update every two weeks to keep up with everything new on the portal.
Sign up for e-alerts
For more information regarding your personal data read our privacy policy.
Home | Archives | Nature Index: Saudi Arabia | Blog | Podcast | About | Partner
Nature Middle East EISSN: 2042-6046

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


with incredible range and disruptive pricing.
airMAX® CPE for customer locations.
The NanoBeam's excellent beam directivity provides the best performance in high-noise environments.
Recommended for Point to Point links. The PowerBeam's excellent beam directivity provides the best performance in high-noise environments.
The unit is equipped with powerful 650MHz CPU, 64MB RAM, 10/100Mbps Ethernet port and has a 5GHz, 16dBi, 28 degree beam-width antenna.
MikroTik RouterBoard's RB-LHG5, is a compact and light 5GHz 802.11 a/n wireless device with an integrated dual polarisation 24.5 dBi grid antenna.
Compact in it's design, it is a simple and completely integrated product with everything you need to quickly install a reliable point-to-point link.
Scoop's AIR-G220 by Ubiquiti is part of the revolutionary InnerFeed technology that integrates the entire radio system into the feed horn of an antenna.
The outside antenna is installed, now enjoy WiFi inside and connect multiple devices!
WiFi compatible devices such as personal computers, notebooks, video-game consoles, smartphones, digital cameras, tablets and wireless printers can be connected to the internet via a wireless indoor access points (router) that distributes a WiFi signal to these devices that are within the WiFi range and have permission to connect to the indoor device via a password.
Indoor devices can be installed to cover small open plan rooms to large homes and offices. If the area is quite large, we recommend to install one or more devices will need to be installed to ensure that access points overlap to ensure full coverage in a desired area. We stock a variety of indoor access points, different strengths and designs. We will gladly assist with product recommendations to ensure that you choose the correct device to suit your needs.
Our smallest outdoor series model - a fully featured wireless RouterBOARD powered by RouterOS. Weatherproof, durable and ready to use.


Bringing the message of hope to dark places.
For StillWaiting, a high-energy hard rock group with hearts set on ministry, being a rock band is about more than music, it's about a calling. The calling placed in the hearts of these five young adults is to live their lives as 'musicianaries' – people who are sharing the good news of Christ through their music.
These experienced youth leaders of Northwestern Pennsylvania began their music careers as a youth group band and have since evolved into a local hard rock sensation.
With soaring guitar riffs, cello, heart-pounding bass, and a harmonic vocal sound from a duo of brothers, this hard rock band creates a unique musical style that reflects their passion for rock.
Musically influenced by bands such as Red, Decyfer Down, and Pillar, the band aspires to reach out to listeners of all genres with their sound and message. "Christian rock has had a huge impact on our lives and has brought us through some of our darkest times, and we want our music to do the same for others," states frontman Garrett King.
Like other bands, they write songs based on personal experience, but, unlike other secular groups of the same genre, they write to minister. "Our songs are written about our real life experiences: our trials, our shortcomings, and the endless love and redemption that comes from our Savior in spite of all that," says guitarist Sarah King.
Their love for live engineering, rock and roll, and every aspect of show production makes this band a force to be reckoned with in the regional music scene.
In past years, StillWaiting has had the privilege of sharing the stage with bands such as Disciple, Seventh Day Slumber, Shine Bright, Everfound, Willet, Jay Michael, Anthem Lights, and Big Daddy Weave. They have also played at several music festivals, including Creation Festival Northeast and Alive Festival. Their songs have been featured in Quickstar Productions compilations Unified By Grace (2008) & A Call to Healing (2010) and nationally distributed.
StillWaiting released a 5-song EP project with Karl Anderson and Darren Elder of Halo Productions called the 'Ever Haunting EP' in 2103 and is currently working on new music.
Hi friends! Hope you enjoy our site. The purpose of our band is to reach out to the youth of this nation through music and media with the message of the hope, love, and life found in Jesus Christ.
That being said, we are very interested in performing a concert for your youth organization and sharing our music and testimonies with you and your youth. Our concerts can be used as an outreach tool to your youth's community, school, and family members – many of which may not jump at the invitation of attending a church service, but often wouldn't even have to think twice about attending a rock concert!
If this is something that your youth group wouldn't normally do, we really encourage you to try it. Nothing captures the youth of today like the continuous lure of music and media. We capture the youth's attention in the same way, with catchy music and fantastic light shows – but then we use that opportunity to minister to them through our lyrics, testimony, and attitude. We want to show this generation that being a follower of Jesus Christ is real and exciting.


Material type: FilmPublisher: [United States] : Codeblack, 2016Description: 1 videodisc (105 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in.Genre/Form: Feature films. | Video recordings for the hearing impaired.Cast: Eddie Murphy, Britt Robertson, Natascha McElhone, Xavier Samuel, Lucy Fry.Summary: A little girl and her dying mother obtain the services of a talented cook. What begins as a six-month arrangement spans fifteen years and creates a family bond that lasts forever.
Eddie Murphy, Britt Robertson, Natascha McElhone, Xavier Samuel, Lucy Fry.
A little girl and her dying mother obtain the services of a talented cook. What begins as a six-month arrangement spans fifteen years and creates a family bond that lasts forever.


50 Clever Room Divider Designs Hanging Dividers And Incredible Screens Cheap For 16 is one of pictures thet are related with the picture before in the collection gallery. If you would like to see the 50 Clever Room Divider Designs Hanging Dividers And Incredible Screens Cheap For 16 in High Resolution [HD Resolution] version, please press the right click on picures/image then choose "Save as Image" option, and done. You will get 50 Clever Room Divider Designs Hanging Dividers And Incredible Screens Cheap For 16 pictures that you want. The exactly dimension of 50 Clever Room Divider Designs Hanging Dividers And Incredible Screens Cheap For 16 was 607x629 pixels. You can also look for some pictures by collection on below this picture. Find the other picture or article about Screens Room Dividers Cheap here. We hope it can help you to get information of the picture.


Two former officials of Wareham Regional Refuse Disposal District face charges of stealing over $600k.
BOSTON – Two former top officials of the Carver, Marion, Wareham Regional Refuse Disposal District (District) have been indicted on larceny charges in connection with stealing more than $675,000 in District funds, Attorney General Maura Healey and Inspector General Glenn Cunha announced today.
Former District Executive Director, Ray Pickles, 85, of Marion, and former District Board Chairman Robert Tinkham, 57, of Carver, were indicted today by a Statewide Grand Jury.
Pickles was charged with Larceny over $250 (6 counts), and Tinkham was charged with Larceny over $250 (1 count) and Presentation of False Claims (1 count). Both defendants will be arraigned in Plymouth Superior Court at a later date.
The investigation revealed that Pickles allegedly stole more than $610,000 over the course of six years in his position as District Executive Director. Authorities allege Pickles maintained two District bank accounts to which only he had access, and from which he wrote checks to himself.
Pickles also allegedly established District accounts at two other banks that only he knew existed. Authorities allege he deposited checks intended for the District into these accounts, withdrew cash for personal use and made payments on his personal credit cards. Authorities further allege that Pickles billed the District for services he did not perform and used District funds to pay for personal expenses.
The investigation also revealed that Tinkham allegedly received payments from the District for inspection services he did not perform while he was the Chairman of the District Board. The payments were made from District accounts that only Pickles had access to and totaled approximately $65,000.


I was born beside the Kettle Valley Railroad near Princeton, British Columbia, Canada in 1944.
It was spring time and the Tulameen River was in flood and dad couldn't get mom to the hospital. I was in a hurry so I was born at home.
I have loved the sound of steam whistles ever since and I am still in a hurry.
Audrey grew up beside the Kettle Valley Railroad-literally. Her parents had a small acreage with chickens, pigs and two milk cows east of town. But horses were the love of Audrey's life, from a very early age she begged and begged but her parents' had no money for something that didn't give back. The chickens provided the family of nine with eggs and meat. The pigs provided meat and the cows kept the family in milk, as well as an income from the sale of their calves.
Audrey's love became an obsession and she often cajoled her younger brother into accompanying her to catch and ride any horse left out on the range behind their home. Without any riding gear they improvised with a length of rope tied around the horse's lower jaw. It was pure luck that neither of them ended up on the back of a totally unbroken horse, although a few times it was necessary to bail.
Once they caught two horses from a herd of ten or more and were enjoying an afternoon racing around Baldy Mountain. Then the herd stampeded down a very steep slope. Halfway down Audrey's horse stumbled and she found herself on the horses' neck. It became quickly evident that at this rate the horse was going down and her with it. Audrey lifted one leg and let go of the rope and the horse disappeared down the steep slope-she hit the dirt sliding and watched as the rest of the herd and her younger brother raced past her head. Everyone survived without injury-but it took better than an hour to catch the horses to remove the ropes.
Her mother never knew what really happened. Just a fall she was told when her ten year old daughter appeared for dinner, covered in dirt with clothes torn and hair snarled into a massive tangle that took ages to comb out.
At age twelve Audrey went to work on a local ranch as a babysitter. By the end of that summer she was riding every day and went on to become a cowgirl. That was a wonderful time in her life. Horses, horses and more horses. Long days spent with only a horse for company. She found it fascinating to learn all about them-the nice calm ones, the high-strung nervous ones, the strong-willed stubborn ones and the ones that just didn't much care for people-at all.
In her thirties Audrey finally bought her own horse. Finally, no parents, no husband, no more obstrutions to her greatest desire. Now in her seventies Audrey loves horses as much today as she did then.
Her marvelous old horse, Buddy, passed away at the age of forty three. Now she shares her space with three Mastiffs. Sophia, Claire, Theo and a cat named Nut (for good reason).


Several days ago, I posted a link to my essay Concealment: Should I Have Used a Pen Name? in a private writers group on Facebook. The admin always holds links in mediation prior to approval. Usually the process takes a few minutes to an hour, but after a day went by, I figured I'd gone too far and he wasn't going to approve it.
However, 24 hours later it appeared. Either he was too busy to approve of it prior to that time (doubtful, since he'd been active in the group all along), or he was pondering whether or not to approve it, maybe even consulting others.


text:
Minimally invasive direct lateral interbody fusion in the treatment of the thoracic and lumbar spinal tuberculosisMini-DLIF for the thoracic and lumbar spinal tuberculosis
Fengping Gan1,
Jianzhong Jiang1,
Zhaolin Xie1,
Shengbin Huang1,
Ying Li1,
Guoping Chen1 &
Haitao Tan1
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders volume 19, Article number: 283 (2018) Cite this article
To investigate the clinical efficacy of minimally invasive direct lateral approach debridement, interbody bone grafting, and interbody fusion in the treatment of the thoracic and lumbar spinal tuberculosis.
From January 2013 to January 2016, 35 cases with thoracic and lumbar spinal tuberculosis received direct lateral approach debridement, interbody bone grafting, and interbody fusion. Of the 35 cases, 16 patients were male and 19 were female and the median age was 55.2 (range 25–83). The affected segments were single interspace, and the involved vertebral bodies included: 15 cases of thoracic vertebrae (1 cases of T5/6, 2 cases of T6/7, 4 cases of T7/8, 3 cases of T8/9, 5 cases of T9/10) and 20 cases of lumbar spine (2 cases of L1/2, 6 cases of L2/3, 6 cases of L3/4, 6 cases of L4/5). After MIDLIF operation, all the patients received medication of four anti-tubercular drugs for 12 to18 months.
The patients were followed up for 7 to 40 months with an average of 18.5 months. The visual analogue scale (VAS) at the last follow-up was 2.8 ± 0.5, which was significantly different from the preoperative VAS (8.2 ± 0.7). After MIDLIF, there was 5 cases occurred with transient numbness in one side of the thigh or inguinal region, and 10 cases suffered from flexion hip weakness. All the bone grafts were fused within 6~ 18 months (average of 11.5 months) after the operation.
Minimally invasive lateral approach interbody fusion technology have the advantage of less injury and quick recovery after surgery, which is the effective and safe treatment for thoracic and lumbar spinal tuberculosis.
In recent years, with the change of living environment, the epidemic situation of tuberculosis (TB) is still grim. China ranks second next to India among 22 high-burden countries despite decades' effort on TB control [1]. The complications of Spinal tuberculosis including instability of the spine, spinal deformity and spinal cord compression, and even paralysis. Surgical therapy is recommended and required after the above complications occur [2]. However, traditional surgical treatment has the features of large trauma and slow postoperative recovery. Therefore, the development and application of various techniques in spinal surgery have provided new treatments for minimally invasive surgery for spinal tuberculosis. In our hospital from January 2013 to January 2016, there was 35 cases who treated with minimally invasive direct lateral approach tuberculosis debridement, bone grafting and internal fixation, and got a nice effect.
A total of 35 cases (16 men and 19 women), whose age ranged from 25 to 83 years old (mean 55.2 years old), were investigated in this study. Clinical manifestations in the 35 patients included back pain, anorexia, fatigue, low-grade fever and sweats. There were 10 cases with spinal cord injury, and according to the Frankel grading [3], 4 cases of C class, and 6 cases of D class. The course of disease ranged from 3 months to 5.2 years, with an average of 13 months. The conventional digital X - line (DR), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations were performed before the operation, and then combination of the results of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) to produce a diagnosis as spinal tuberculosis. All the cases were confirmed by pathology. The affected segments were single interspace between adjacent vertebrae, and the involved vertebral bodies included, 15 cases of thoracic vertebrae (1 cases of T5/6, 2 cases of T6/7, 4 cases of T7/8, 3 cases of T8/9, 5 cases of T9/10) and 20 cases of lumbar spine (2 cases of L1/2, 6 cases of L2/3, 6 cases of L3/4, 6 cases of L4/5). Preoperative ESR was 46~ 110 mm/h, with an average of 71 mm/h. The preoperative mean progression of the Cobb angle was 25.2° (5°~ 48°) [4].
The inclusion criteria: ① patients with thoracic vertebrae tuberculosis from T5 to T11, and thoracolumbar tuberculosis from L1 to L5. ② patients who had necrotic bone, paravertebral abscess with segmental instability. ③ The lesions which were located in the anterior or middle regions of the spine.
Exclusion criteria: ①The lesions which were located in interspace between the L5 and S1 or above T5 thoracic, and thoracolumbar from T11 to L1. ② The lesions involvement of the posterior column (spinal accessory been affected), and projecting into spinal canal need posterior decompression. ③ open pulmonary tuberculosis. ④ multi-segmental or discontinuous spinal tuberculosis.
Therapeutic method
Preoperative preparation
All the patients were treated with preoperative anti tuberculosis agents for more than 2 weeks before operation, including isoniazide (300 mg/d), rifampicin (450 mg/d), ethambutol (750 mg/d), streptomycin (750 mg/d) or pyrazinamide (15~ 30 mg/kg/day). During treatment, all the patients should receive periodic review of ESR, liver and kidney function, and the patient with the improvement of general condition (including mental, appetite etc.) would undergo surgery and were given glutamine to strengthen parenteral nutrition. The patients with the poor situation were given blood transfusions, Human Albumin etc. to support treatment.
Main instrument of experiment
Direct lateral interbody fusion (DLIF; Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc. Memphis, TN, USA) and Extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF; NuVasive, Inc., San Diego, California) side path minimally invasive fusion system are both used in side channel minimally invasive channel. Intraoperative neurological monitoring of patients was performed using the NIM-Eclipse (Medtronic, Medtronic Inc., Jacksonville, FL).
Operation method
After tracheal intubation general anesthesia, patients keeping 90 degree lateral position. The side that had bone destruction serious and more pus was chosen as surgical approach. DR marking surface location of vertebral disease, the lumbar bridge was aligned to the lesion segment of the vertebral body. Center on the waist bridge, the head and end of the operation table were both decreased about 40 degrees, and then properly fixed position. Preoperative C arm fluoroscopy determine and mark segmental lesions, and taking directly external incision of the abeam peritoneum in lumbar, about 5 cm, skin incision subcutaneous. In the C arm X-ray fluoroscopy guided, the blunt dissection of abdominal muscle layer (obliquus externus abdominis and obliquus internus abdominis) through the incision, the guide needle from the retroperitoneal space passed through the psoas muscle into the symptomatic vertebrae. The thoracic spine using the anterior lateral approach of the thoracic cavity, and taking a lateral oblique incision (about 6-8 cm) in midaxillary line which located on the upper interspace of the lesions interspace. Skin and subcutaneous incision, intercostal muscles and parietal pleura incision. Into the chest, separating the pleura. After lung protection with wet gauze, pushing forward the small S hook to show the lesion of intervertebral space. The guide wire was placed into vertebra clearance, and the C arm X-ray machine side perspective was used to determine the position of the positioning needle to ensure it was located in the middle position. Along the guide pin are inserted into the expansion sleeve and tubular separating hook, connecting to free arm and fixed. Proper opening of the lesion to reveal the intervertebral space, removal of paravertebral abscess and caseous material. Spatula, rongeur and chisel were used to remove lesions of intervertebral disc and necrosis of bone until health bone appearance. Rely on the spinous process of top pressure and intervertebral spreader correction of kyphosis, measuring bone groove length, implantation the same length autologous iliac bone grafting (18 cases), or select the appropriate length and diameter of titanium mesh (17 cases), in which 12 cases with the autogenous iliac bone implanted in titanium mesh bone graft and 5 cases with allogeneic freeze-dried bone cut into strips pieces implanted in titanium mesh bone graft, compaction and imbedding bone groove.
Internal fixation: 20 cases who showed no obvious osteoporosis and the stability of the spine is relatively small were treated with lateral anterior vertebral plate fixation, and 10 cases who showed serious damage of vertebral and intervertebral with posterior pedicle screw fixation,5 cases who did not showed serious damage but with obvious osteoporosis with lateral nail bar fixation. After irrigating the incision, streptomycin (1 g) and isoniazid (0.5 g) were placed in the gap. Thoracic vertebra and lumbar incision placement of closed thoracic drainage tube and drainage tube, respectively, and closed the incision. Intraoperative EMG monitoring was performed in all the 30 cases to avoid spinal cord and lumbosacral plexus injury.
Postoperative treatment
Postoperative routine treatment with antibiotics for 48 h, and thoracic cavity closed drainage tube was removed at 24~ 48 h after operation. During the postoperative 3–4 days, the patients were standing, walking and walking under the protection of a brace, and wearing a brace for 3 months. Continued anti-tuberculosis treatment for 12~ 18 months, regular review of liver, kidney function and ESR. The X-ray and CT examinations were performed at postoperative 1, 3, 6, 12 months and the last follow-up to evaluate bone fusion. The detailed surgical results of the 35 patients were presented in Table 1.
Table 1 The surgical results of 35 patients
This study obtained the written permission from all the participant.
The operation time ranged from 79 to 129 min, with an average of 94 min, and the perioperative blood loss was 200~ 600 ml, with an average of 320 ml. All cases were followed up for an average of 18.5 months (range from 7 to 40 months). After operation, the symptoms of back pain improved obviously, and the VAS score (2.3 ± 1.4) at the last follow-up was significantly lower than the preoperative score (8.2 ± 1.1). All wounds healed by first intention without any incision related complications, and no pulmonary infection, respiratory failure and other complications occurred. There was 5 cases occurred with transient numbness in one side of the thigh or inguinal region. Of the 5 cases, there was 4 cases, whose symptoms disappeared after 1~ 12 months of Neurotrophic therapy, and there was 1 cases, whose the symptoms of numbness were relieved after 12 months treatment, but did not disappear completely. There was 10 cases that suffered from flexion hip weakness and were recovered at 1~ 3 months without treatment. All patients had a good internal fixation at the last follow-up without complications such as loosening and breakage. The bone grafts were fused for 6~ 18 months, with an average of 11.5 months.
As shown in Fig. 1, a 63 years old the female patient with thoracic spinal tuberculosis at T7/8 received digital X - line (DR), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations before the operation. Preoperative CT scan image showed bone defect at T7/8 with disc space narrowing and preoperative MRI image showed T7/8 vertebral tuberculosis with paraspinal abscess. The patient underwent minimally invasive direct lateral approach debridement, interbody bone grafting, and interbody fusion surgery (the autogenous iliac bone implanted in titanium mesh bone graft.), and Fig. 2 showed the working channel established in the operation and postoperative X-ray after withdrawal the working channel. The operation time was 86 min, and the perioperative blood loss was 550 ml (intraoperative blood loss 300 ml and postoperative blood loss 250 ml). After operation, the symptoms of back pain improved obviously, and the 1 week postoperative score (4.5) and 1 month postoperative score (1.8) were both significantly lower than the preoperative VAS score (8.9). Postoperatively 18 months and 24 months, the patient received DR and CT again, respectively, and the results indicated the good bone fusion and good position of internal fixation (Fig. 3).
A patient with thoracic spinal tuberculosis at T7/8 received digital radiography (DR), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations before the operation. a Preoperative CT scan image showed bone defect at T7/8 with disc space narrowing. b Preoperative DR image. c Preoperative MRI image showed T7/8 vertebral tuberculosis with paraspinal abscess
X-ray fluoroscopy of working channel in the operation. a The working channel established in the operation. b Postoperative X-ray after withdrawal the working channel
Postoperative DR and CT images showed good position of internal fixation and good bone fusion, respectively. a CT images of postoperative 18 months. b DR images of postoperative 18 months. c CT images of postoperative 24 months. d DR images of postoperative 24 months
Spinal tuberculosis (TB) is the most common form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, accounting for approximately 1 to 3% of all tuberculosis cases [5], and has a great impact on the quality of life, which can lead to paralysis. Spinal tuberculosis is local infection in systemic tuberculosis, the effective drug treatment is to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mild spinal TB respond well to the standard antituberculosis therapy, and early mild spinal tuberculosis with nutrition support and reasonable anti tuberculosis drugs and other conservative treatment can be cured [6].
The surgical treatment of spinal tuberculosis requires complete debridement, interbody fusion and internal fixation, and it can shorten the course of disease and reduce the fatality rate. But the traditional anterior spine fusion for the treatment of spine TB have large trauma, which will affect the treatment and rehabilitation of spinal tuberculosis [7,8,9]. Interventional therapy is a minimally invasive treatment method between conservative treatment and surgical treatment. Guided by CT and B-ultrasound, percutaneous micro-invasive treatment of local abscess and catheter drainage has the advantages of convenient operation, safe and effective, and less trauma, and is an effective and safe operation treatment for spinal tuberculosis abscess, especially be suitable for the general condition of patients [10]. But the postoperative problems were serious, such as the long indwelling drainage tube brings inconvenience to the life, the repeated blockage and the falling off of drainage tube, the retrograde infection and the long treatment cycle. In addition, the indications for interventional therapy are narrow and only applicable to the more abscess and which located in middle column of anterior spinal column. It is not suitable for the patients with instability, kyphosis, spinal cord compression, and the abscess locating in the spinal canal. Since the first thoracoscopic anterior spinal surgery performed by Mack in the early 1990s, thoracoscopic assisted anterior spinal surgery has developed rapidly. It has been developed from simple anterior discectomy and debridement to anterior spinal instrumentation and reconstruction, and has applications in a wide range of fields. A large number of literatures have confirmed its minimal invasion, safety and efficacy [11,12,13]. However, due to the higher requirements of surgical techniques, the need for more departments, longer learning curve, expensive equipment and other factors, there are also limitations of clinical application.
Direct lateral approach interbody fusion (DLIF) is a new technology in recent years. It used a minimally invasive approach single channel side could complete interbody fusion of single/multi segmental lumbar, restore intervertebral height, expand the nerve root canal, which achieved indirect decompression, alleviate root irritation symptoms, at the same time correction of scoliosis, vertebral tilt, slip deformity, rearrange and stabilize the spine. It was reported that DLIF was mainly applied in spinal degenerative diseases [14, 15]. Our hospital used DLIF in spinal degenerative disease which obtained good effect, and then it was applied in spinal tuberculosis. We have summarized some advantages of the minimally invasive direct lateral approach debridement, interbody bone grafting, and interbody fusion as following:① direct lateral small incision was about 5 ~ 6 cm, and only blunt separation of muscle fiber gap can reach directly to the affected vertebrae, which greatly reduced the incidence of other complications caused by surgical trauma. Since the direct access to the vertebral space which does not require destruction of any bony structure, the stability of the spine was better protected, and there was no risk of injury to important structures such as the large vessels and spinal cord without anterior or posterior approach. ②It can in the limited range of incision exposure reached complete debridement and bone graft and anterior lateral plate or vertebral pedicle screw fixation.
Our experience included:① strictly grasp the indications, mainly for T4 ~ T11 segment tuberculosis and L2~L5 segment tuberculosis, the lesions confined to the anterior and middle column and did not involve in the spinal canal and posterior column, and not need a posterior spinal canal decompression; ②accurate positioning of the preoperative and intraoperative opening baffle, it was arranged in the lateral 1/3 of the vertebral body to avoid injuring the lumbosacral plexus; ③ the most frequently reported complications of lumbar lateral extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) was transient numbness in one side of the thigh or inguinal region and flexion hip weakness the with incidence rate of 1 ~ 60.1% [16]. In our study, there was 5 cases occurred with transient numbness in one side of the thigh or inguinal region, and the incidence rate was 14.3%. There was 10 cases suffered from flexion hip weakness, and the incidence was 28.6%. The main preventive measures are intraoperative electromyography (EMG) monitoring to avoid the injury of lumbosacral plexus during establishing passage. Most of the scholars emphasized that the application of EMG monitoring is very important to establish a safe approach [17]. EMG real-time monitoring can detect the distance between the expansion tube and nerve. The primary expansion tube inserted or opened every time was monitored by EMG, when the distance was 1 cm and nerve would send an alarm signal, the more closer and the more dense alarm. The signals by EMG guided the doctor to take measures to avoid the nerve, which greatly reduced the risk of lumbar plexus injury. Uribe et al. [18] reported that the application of electromyography can reduce nerve injury rate (less than 1%). There was 5 cases without intraoperative EMG monitoring, in which there was 2 cases occurred with transient numbness in one side of the thigh or inguinal region. The other 30 cases underwent real-time EMG monitoring in the working channel installation process. Once occurred abnormal evoked potential, the puncture direction immediately was changed, greatly reducing the risk of lumbosacral plexus injury in operation. However, there was one patient occurred with mild numbness in front of the thigh, the reason was EMG can only monitor the movement and cannot monitor the feeling, therefore it could not completely avoid nerve damage [19]. In addition, intraoperative EMG monitoring of XLIF may lead to false negatives, which required the doctor to pay a special attention to monitoring techniques during intraoperative EMG monitoring. Houten et al. [20] reported that there was 2 cases of lateral lumbar interbody fusion occurred postoperative motor deficits, but intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring showed no abnormalities. Our previous study have showed that, from August 2013 to October 2014, there was 46 cases with lumbar degenerative disease received XLIF in our hospital using real-time EMG monitoring, and there is nerve damage critical state or injury in 17 cases, including 3 cases of monitoring negative (false negative). Therefore, the surgeons are required to be familiar with the anatomical structures in the approach, observe the tissue similar to the nerve in the field carefully under the direct vision, operate carefully, and minimize the excessive traction of the psoas muscles and the compression of the surrounding soft tissue. The work channel was installed not too far back, as much as possible at the 1/3 junction of the vertebral body. Moreover, Rodgers et al. [21] reported that intravenous administration of 10 mg dexamethasone preoperatively could prevent the occurrence of nerve injury and significantly reduce the incidence of transient motor nerve injury.
Direct lateral channel assisted approach can be used to perform resection and bone grafting and internal fixation, and it can be an effective and safe method for thoracolumbar tuberculotic spondylitis with the advantages of rapid recovery and less trauma.
Liu HC, Deng JP, Dong HY, Xiao TQ, Zhao XQ, Zhang ZD, Jiang Y, Liu ZG, Li Q, Wan KL. Molecular typing characteristic and drug susceptibility analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Zigong, China. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016(4):1–7.
Tang MX, Zhang HQ, Wang YX, Guo CF, Liu JY. Treatment of spinal tuberculosis by debridement, interbody fusion and internal fixation via posterior approach only. Orthop Surg. 2016;8(1):89.
DeVivo MJ, Krause JS, Lammertse DP. Recent trends in mortality and causes of death among persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(11):1411–9.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Reinhold M, Knop C, Beisse R, Audige L, Kandziora F, Pizanis A, Pranzl R, Gercek E, Schultheiss M, Weckbach A, et al. Operative treatment of 733 patients with acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries: comprehensive results from the second, prospective, internet-based multicenter study of the spine study Group of the German Association of trauma surgery. Eur Spine J. 2010;19(10):1657–76.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Jain AK. Tuberculosis of the spine: a fresh look at an old disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br Vol. 2010;92(7):905.
Zhang Z, Fei L, Qiang Z, Fei D, Dong S, Xu J: The outcomes of chemotherapy only treatment on mild spinal tuberculosis. J Orthop Surg Res 2016, 11(1):1–8.
Faciszewski T, Winter RB, Lonstein JE, Denis F, Johnson L. The surgical and medical perioperative complications of anterior spinal fusion surgery in the thoracic and lumbar spine in adults. A review of 1223 procedures. Spine. 1995;20(14):1592–9.
Klöckner C, Valencia R. Sagittal alignment after anterior debridement and fusion with or without additional posterior instrumentation in the treatment of pyogenic and tuberculous spondylodiscitis. Spine. 2003;28(10):1036.
Moon MS, Woo YK, Lee KS, Ha KY, Kim SS, Sun DH. Posterior instrumentation and anterior interbody fusion for tuberculous kyphosis of dorsal and lumbar spines. Spine. 1996;21(15):1840–1.
Xi-feng Zhang MD, Yan WM, Shong-hua Xiao MD, Zheng-sheng Liu MD, Yong-gang Zhang MD, Bao-wei Liu MD, Zhi-min Xia MD. Treatment of lumbar and lumbosacral spinal tuberculosis with minimally invasive surgery. Orthop Surg. 2010;2(1):64–70.
Huang TJ, Hsu RW, Chen SH, Liu HP. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in managing tuberculous spondylitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;379(379):143–53.
Kapoor SK, Agarwal PN, Jr JB, Kumar R. Video-assisted thoracoscopic decompression of tubercular spondylitis: clinical evaluation. Spine. 2005;30(20):E605.
Singh R. Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery for Tubercular Spondylitis[M]// Tuberculosis of the Central Nervous System. Springer International Publishing. 2017:963497.
Barbagallo GMV, Albanese V, Raich AL, Dettori JR, Sherry N, Balsano M. Lumbar lateral interbody fusion (LLIF): comparative effectiveness and safety versus PLIF/TLIF and predictive factors affecting LLIF outcome. Evid Based Spine Care J. 2014;05(01):028–37.
Phillips FM, Isaacs RE, Rodgers WB, Khajavi K, Tohmeh AG, Deviren V, Peterson MD, Hyde J, Kurd M. Adult degenerative scoliosis treated with XLIF: clinical and radiographical results of a prospective multicenter study with 24-month follow-up. Spine. 2013;38(21):1853.
Anand N, Rosemann R, Khalsa B, Baron EM. Mid-term to long-term clinical and functional outcomes of minimally invasive correction and fusion for adults with scoliosis. Neurosurg Focus. 2010;28(3):E6.
Tohmeh AG, Rodgers WB, Peterson MD. Dynamically evoked, discrete-threshold electromyography in the extreme lateral interbody fusion approach. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;14(1):31–7.
Uribe JS, Vale FL, Dakwar E. Electromyographic monitoring and its anatomical implications in minimally invasive spine surgery. Spine. 2010;35(26 Suppl):S368.
Knight RQ, Schwaegler P, Hanscom D, Roh J. Direct lateral lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative conditions: early complication profile. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2009;22(1):34–7.
Houten JK, Alexandre LC, Nasser R, Wollowick AL. Nerve injury during the transpsoas approach for lumbar fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;15(3):280.
Rodgers WB, Gerber EJ, Patterson J. Intraoperative and early postoperative complications in extreme lateral interbody fusion: an analysis of 600 cases. Spine. 2011;36(1):26.
This study was funded by the Guangxi Science and Technology Project (AD17129017).
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to ongoing research with this database in our studygroup, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Department of Orthopaedics, Guigang City People's Hospital, No. 99-1 Zhongshan Rd, Guigang, 537100, People's Republic of China
Fengping Gan, Jianzhong Jiang, Zhaolin Xie, Shengbin Huang, Ying Li, Guoping Chen & Haitao Tan
Fengping Gan
Jianzhong Jiang
Zhaolin Xie
Shengbin Huang
Guoping Chen
Haitao Tan
HT put forward the concept of the study and designed the study. FG prepared the experiments, contributed to the statistical analysis and edited the manuscript. JJ and ZX contributed to the data acquisition. SH and YL contributed to the quality control of data and algorithms. GC analyzed the data and interpretation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Haitao Tan.
The authors declared that they have no competing interest.
The study was performed according to the ethic committee of Guigang City People's Hospital of GuangxiProvince, and a completion of the ethics application at 11 October 2017. Informed consent was waived because of the retrospective design of this study that did not involve any additional risk for patients. Patients who were eligible to participate received a letter with the questionaires which informed them about the purpose of the study. The patients who gave their informed consent returned the letter and the corresponding questionaires.
Gan, F., Jiang, J., Xie, Z. et al. Minimally invasive direct lateral interbody fusion in the treatment of the thoracic and lumbar spinal tuberculosisMini-DLIF for the thoracic and lumbar spinal tuberculosis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 19, 283 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2187-3
Thoracic and lumbar spinal tuberculosis
Direct lateral interbody fusion (DLIF)


Hubert BONIN (GREThA), 2007. "Jacques Laffitte, an investment banker who did not create a model for investment banking (In French)," Cahiers du GREThA 2007-22, Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée.
Ian Keay, 2007. "Resource Rents and their Impact on Institutional and Economic Development," Working Paper 1143, Economics Department, Queen's University.
Sánchez-Alonso, Blanca, 2007. "The other Europeans : inmigration into Latin America and the international labour market (1870-1930)," IFCS - Working Papers in Economic History.WH wp07-17, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Instituto Figuerola.
Fabio José Sánchez T. & Antonella Fazio Vargas & María del Pilar López Uribe, 2007. "Conflictos de tierras, derechos de propiedad y el surgimiento de la economía exportadora en el siglo XIX en Colombia," Documentos CEDE 004284, Universidad de los Andes - CEDE.
Michael Tomz & Mark L. J. Wright, 2007. "Do Countries Default In "Bad Times"?," CAMA Working Papers 2007-23, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
M. del Mar Rubio Varas & César Yáñez & Mauricio Folchi & Albert Carreras, 2007. "Modern energy consumption and economic modernisation in Latin America and the Caribbean between 1890 and 1925," Economics Working Papers 1061, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
Richard Pedde, 2007. "Canadian Wheat Board Performance Benchmarking," Information Bulletins 1098, Western Centre for Economic Research.
Franco Malerba & Richard Nelson & Luigi Orsenigo & Sidney Winter, 2007. "Public Policies and Changing Boundaries of Firms in a "History Friendly" Model of the Co-evolution of the Computer and Semiconductor Industries," KITeS Working Papers 201, KITeS, Centre for Knowledge, Internationalization and Technology Studies, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy, revised Jun 2007.
Hasan, Zubair, 2007. "Fifty Years of Malaysian Economic Development:Policies and Achievements," MPRA Paper 5967, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2007.
Carballo, Edgar A. & Urzúa, Carlos M., 2007. "Un nuevo índice de tipo de cambio real para México," EGAP Working Papers 2007-11, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de México.
Ann Bartel & Casey Ichniowski & Kathryn Shaw & Ricardo Correa, 2007. "International Differences in the Adoption and Impact of New Information Technologies and New HR Practices: The Valve-Making Industry in the U.S. and U.K," NBER Working Papers 13651, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Alpanda, Sami & Peralta-Alva, Adrian, 2007. "Oil Crisis, Energy-Saving Technological Change and the Stock Market Crash of 1973-74," MPRA Paper 5896, University Library of Munich, Germany.


text:
Saudi Neom, stc in deal to develop world's top cognitive cities
RIYADH, July 30, 2020
Saudi Arabia's futuristic $500-billion new city Neom has announced its first step towards creating the world's leading cognitive cities that rely on leading technology for digital services with the signing of a deal with leading telecom major stc group.
As per the deal, the duo will establish a 5G network infrastructure aimed at accelerating Neom's digital ambitions.
Neom's next generation cognitive cities will support its cutting-edge urban environments, improving the lives of residents and businesses far beyond the capabilities of today's smart cities.
It will use one of the most advanced 5G technology in the world, to enable the proactive exchange and analysis of data between Neom residents and city infrastructure.
In addition to the one-year contract to develop the network, the partnership also includes the development of an innovation center in Neom to explore new 5G opportunities, it added.
The stc will build a wireless 5G network enabling present and future 5G applications across Neom.
With a speed and capacity 10 times higher than standard 4G networks, 5G in Neom will enable numerous segments such as Internet of Things (IoT), data analytics, virtual reality, augmented reality, smart homes, and autonomous vehicles. It will also provide the public safety network for Neom security services.
Commenting on the agreement, Neom CEO Nadhmi Al Nasr said: "We are glad to form this partnership with a leading national digital enabler such as stc to support our ambition and goal to be an accelerator of human progress and to create the world's leading digitally sustainable, cognitive cities. Neom's infrastructure will utilize AI, robotics, and human-machine fusion to deliver greater predictive intelligence and enable faster decision making across all Neom sectors."
"The procurement and deployment of a future-proof wireless network is a critical first for Neom in realising our goal of driving innovation in the future digital economy," stated Al Nasr.
CEO of stc Group, Engineer Nasser bin Sulaiman Al Nasser said: "This agreement reflects our commitment to enabling digital transformation and providing digital solutions across the kingdom."
"We are proud to have been chosen to build the infrastructure for the 5G network and an innovation centre in Neom - the land of the future and a model for sustainability, innovation, development, and prosperity. This agreement comes in line with stc's vision as a digital enabler to develop infrastructure and provide the latest technologies that will enrich the experience of societies and foster innovation, which in turn will contribute to improve the customer experience and moving the digital transformation forward," he added.
As per the deal, Neom will also trial and test 5G solutions that will allow it to lead in fast-growing, future-focused sectors such as robotics, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and human machine interface technologies.
Leveraging such technology will open up the enormous potential of Neom as a new economic driver across a range of industry sectors for the kingdom.-TradeArabia News Service


The MES is a single room shelter that has proved very popular for those who want an inexpensive place to call home atop a mountain. This particular shelter is situated on Alba Mountains North.
Long staircase leading up the mountainside to the shelter.
Commanding views of the loch below.
Ideally suited for one person only however a couple could live there in a cosy way of life.
Ideal for those who need a getaway location.
Pictures below show what can be achieved with some diligent shopping.


Potters Mooring is a 4 star AA rated Guest House, lovingly refurbished to the highest standards whilst retaining its quiet charm and historic appeal. All but one room enjoy en-suite facilities. If you book early you could choose our large family room with sea view or one of our quaint courtyard cottages which are ideal for families and friends. Potters Mooring occupies an enviable position overlooking the village bowling green surrounded by elegant houses and picturesque cottages, only yards from the mouth of the River Teign and surrounding beaches. The busy Victorian town Teignmouth can be reached by the famous passenger ferry where you will find a main line station to London Waterloo and Penzance. Shaldon has many places to wine & dine, ODE an award winning wine restaurant for a fine dining experience, Cafe Ode also, Clifford Arms Jazz Cafe, London Inn wholesome food, The Tide fish restaurant at the Ferry Boat Inn, One The Strand Resturant and the Ness Hotel with its fine restaurant, Newly refurbished the Clipper Cafe - all come highly recommended. Shaldon, a hidden treasure, has entertainment throughout the year. Water Carnival, Regatta, Music Festival,1785 day every Wednesday during summer. Bowling green, 18 hole pitch-n-put overlooking the Ness, Teignmouth golf course close by, nice walks and beaches. Idealy situated for both Newton Abbot and Exeter Race courses, which are only a short drive away. For visiting rugby supporters Exeter Chiefs home ground is just a short drive or train journey away. Potters Mooring is a great friendly place to stay and we look forward to seeing you soon.
Unfortunately all of our rooms and properties are above ground floor level, however we are hoping to improve this in the coming years.
Arrived early and the room was ready - also meant we could park, which was most welcome! Very comfortable, clean and homely rooms. Wonderfully quiet. Delicious breakfasts!


Xorcom's echo cancellation module provides a high level of echo cancellation and voice enhancement while reducing load on the CPU.
Xorcom has designed a hardware echo canceller (HWEC) module for its award-winning Astribank telephony interfaces and Asterisk-based IP-PBX appliances*. The module provides a high level of echo cancellation and voice enhancement while reducing load on the CPU, as compared to OSLEC, the software-based echo cancellation solution provided in the standard Asterisk framework.
Prior to development of the hardware echo cancellation module, Xorcom recommended that customers use the OSLEC (Open Source Line Echo Canceller) provided as part of the Asterisk operating system. Central Processing Units (CPUs) are so powerful these days that normally the OSLEC has no impact on the IP-PBX operation. However, if the telephony system is used in high density call environments, and/or where additional applications are involved, such as call centers that need call recording functionality, offloading the echo cancellation processing to a separate hardware module makes sense.
By reducing the load on the server's CPU, the number of simultaneous calls that are supported on the telephony system is increased significantly. The echo tail size of the hardware echo cancellation module has been set to 128 taps, and load tests show that the same number of simultaneous calls are achieved as when the software echo cancellation is disabled completely. See load test results here.
Additional FXS Module (P/N LC0021): License support additional FXS module(s) in PRI or BRI configuration. Note: Hardware Echo Cancellation cannot be applied to FXO modules in a single chassis configuration including a PRI or BRI module. In this case, the FXO module should be installed in a separate (Astribank) chassis.
HWEC is not supported in the XR1000 models.
For certain telephony module combinations not all port types will be able to use the HWEC.
* The low-end XR1000 does not support the hardware echo cancellation module.
** The echo cancellation hardware is an integral part of the Astribank devices with 6 or more PRI ports and does not need to be ordered separately.


The talented pastry chefs at The Okura Prestige Bangkok take inspiration from the annual arrival of Japan's sakura cherry tree blossoms—an explosion of colour and scent—to create a special Sakura Afternoon Tea set for two at Up & Above Bar. Savoury delights include smoked ham and karashi sandwich with smoked pickle, shrimp and apple salad choux, traditional cucumber sandwiches, egg and basil salad with fried quail egg, and warm poached egg with truffle and potato espuma. Of course, no high tea would be complete without a selection of sweet treats and those served with the Sakura Afternoon Tea are redolent of the fragrant flavours of spring. They include sakura chocolate praline, sakura mont blanc, choux cream cherry blossom, white peach & lychee verrine, lychee & peach chesse cake, cherry blossom macaron, pickled sakura scones and a selection of jams, marmalade and artisan clotted cream. To round off an afternoon of indulgence is a refreshing peach sorbet. All go exceptionally well with specially crafted Sakura Mariage Frères tea or fresh-brewed illy coffee.
Sakura Afternoon Tea is available daily from 1 April – 30 June 2019, 2 p.m. – 5 p.m. daily at Up & Above Bar. Priced from Baht 1,290++ inclusive of premium coffee or tea for 2 persons.


Through the thousand photos on the net with regards to Ray Ban Eyeglass Frames, we all picks the top collections using ideal resolution simply for you all, and this photos is actually one of photographs collections within our very best photographs gallery with regards to Ray Ban Eyeglass Frames. Lets hope you might as it.
This image (Get Shipping On Ray Ban Rx Eyeglasses Eyedoc within Recent Eyeglass Frames 13383413Q raw lg 41) previously mentioned is actually classed using:posted by simply @Wadeframes.com in October, 14 2018. To view all photographs within Ray Ban Eyeglass Frames photographs gallery please comply with Ray Ban Eyeglass Frames.


text:
Shine On (Kee Marcello album)
Shine On (L.T.D. album)
Dover, Pennsylvania
Dover, Massachusetts
Dover (truck)
Please tell us which country and city you'd like to see the weather in.
Shine On may refer to:
Shine On (L.T.D. album), 1980
Shine On (George Jones album), a 1983 album and song by George Jones
Shine On (Pink Floyd album), a 1992 box set album by Pink Floyd
Shine On (Kee Marcello album), 1995
Shine On (Riot album), 1998
Shine On (Ralph Stanley album), 2005
Shine On (Jet album), 2006
Shine On: The Ultimate Collection, a 2010 album by Laura Branigan
Shine On (Sarah McLachlan album), 2014
Shine On, a 1978 album by Climax Blues Band
Shine On, a 1980 greatest hits album by Kenny Rogers and The First Edition
Shine On, a 2006 EP by Apoptygma Berzerk
Shine On (EP), a 2006 EP by Jet
"Shine On" (Humble Pie song), 1971
"Shine On" (Badfinger song), 1974
The original title for the 1975 Pink Floyd song "Shine On You Crazy Diamond"
"Shine On", a song by Bucks Fizz from the 1981 album Bucks Fizz
"Shine On" (Orient Express song), 1982
"Shine On" (The House of Love song), 1987
"Shine On" (Mike Peters song), 1996
"Shine On", a song by Gamma Ray from the 1997 album Somewhere Out in Space
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Shine_On
Shine On is the first solo album by Kee Marcello, the former guitarist in the Swedish hard rock band Europe.
All songs written by Kee Marcello, except where noted.
"When the Rain Comes Falling" – 4:01
"Shine On" – 4:00
"Sweet Little Sister" – 4:32 (Kee Marcello, Fredrik von Gerber, Nestor Geli)
"Rough Ride to Paradise" – 4:16
"La Liaison" – 4:35
"Tonight Belongs to Us" – 4:26
"Credo (I Believe)" – 5:33 (Kee Marcello, Nestor Geli)
"The Wind Cries Your Name" – 4:48
"The River of Karma" – 4:33 (Kee Marcello, Nestor Geli)
"Fine Line" – 5:00 (Kee Marcello, Nestor Geli)
"Together Alone" – 8:16 (Kee Marcello, Nestor Geli)
Kee Marcello – Lead vocals, guitars
Johan Lyndström – Guitars
Svante Henryson – Bass
Mats Asplén – Keyboards
Magnus Persson – Drums
Magnus Persson - Producer
Kee Marcello - Producer
http://glory.metalkings.ru/bands/m/kee-marcello.htm
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Shine_On_(Kee_Marcello_album)
Shine On is an album by funk band L.T.D., released in 1980. It includes the charting singles "Where Did We Go Wrong" and "Shine On".
"You Gave Me Love" – 4:27
"Where Did We Go Wrong" – 4:28
"Getaway" – 4:19
"Will Love Grow" – 4:21
"Love is What You Need" – 4:15
"Lovers Everywhere" – 3:45
"Lady Love" – 3:41
"Don'tcha Know" – 3:49
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Shine_On_(L.T.D._album)
location on Google Map
Dover is a borough in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,007 at the 2010 census.
James Joner purchased 203 acres (0.82 km2) in 1764 and laid out the town of Dover. It was known as Jonerstown until 1815, when it was officially called Dover.
During the 1863 Gettysburg Campaign of the American Civil War, Dover was briefly occupied overnight, June 30 – July 1, by Confederate cavalry under J.E.B. Stuart.
Dover was incorporated in 1864, 100 years after its founding.
The Englehart Melchinger House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.
Dover is located in York County at 40°0′14″N 76°50′58″W / 40.00389°N 76.84944°W / 40.00389; -76.84944 (40.003846, -76.849397),5 miles (8 km) northwest of the county seat of York. The borough is entirely surrounded by Dover Township.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,815 people, 770 households, and 489 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,623.6 people per square mile (1,401.6/km2). There were 790 housing units at an average density of 1,577.2 per square mile (610.0/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 96.47% White, 1.05% African American, 0.39% Native American, 0.83% Asian, 0.72% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.43% of the population.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Dover,_Pennsylvania
Dover is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 5,589 at the 2010 census.
Located about 15 miles (24 km) southwest of downtown Boston, Dover is a residential town nestled on the south banks of the Charles River. Almost all of the residential zoning requires 1-acre (4,000 m2) or larger. As recently as the early 1960s, 75% of its annual town budget was allocated to snow removal, as only a mile and a half of the town's roads are state highway.
Dover is bordered by: Natick, Wellesley and Needham to the North, Westwood to the East, Walpole and Medfield to the South, Sherborn to the West.
For geographic and demographic information on the census-designated place Dover, please see the article Dover (CDP), Massachusetts.
Dover is also home to the Dover Demon.
The first recorded settlement of Dover was in 1640. It was later established as the Springfield Parish of Dedham in 1748, and incorporated as District Dedham in 1784. Dover was officially incorporated as a town in 1836.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Dover,_Massachusetts
Dover was a make of trucks, owned by the Hudson Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan. Hudson announced the Dover brand in July 1929 as "Dover, built by Hudson Motors."
When introduced, Dover trucks were available as a "Screenside Express", Canopy Express, Open Flatbed, Panel Delivery and Cab and Chassis. Prices ranged between $595 and $895. Bodies for the trucks were built by Hercules of Evansville, Indiana.
The largest purchaser of Dover Trucks was the United States Postal Service which put the vehicles into service for mail transport and delivery vehicles. The Dover was a durable vehicle; USPS reported using some of the vehicles well into the 1950s.
The Dover was pulled from the market in either 1930 or 1931, with Hudson's production records being unspecific. The number of survivor vehicles is very limited; the one known restored mail truck was last known to be owned by a private collector in Michigan.
A fully restored U.S. mail truck (possibly the vehicle alluded to in the previous paragraph) can currently be seen at Hostetler's Hudson Museum in Shipshewana, Indiana, which opened in October, 2007. The museum contains 48 restored or original Hudson vehicles built between 1909 and 1956. Information on the museum can be found at http://www.hostetlershudsons.com/ .
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Dover_(truck)
Radio Stations - Dover
WATR-AM 1320 Waterbury, CT Oldies USA
FSN Feature Story News World News News,News Updates USA
High Plains Public Radio Classical,Public USA
KBYU-FM 89.1 (Great Music ... Sound Ideas) Provo, UT Classical,Public,College USA
Western Intertie Network (WIN System) Talk USA
St Paul Radio Christian USA
Mountaineer Radio Adult Contemporary,Classic Rock,Pop USA
WQQB-FM 96.1 Rantoul, IL Top 40 USA
WXJ86-SW 162.550 (NOAA Weather) La Crosse, WI News Updates,Short Wave Radio USA
KTAR-FM 92.3 Phoenix, AZ News Talk,Talk,Discussion USA
WBPT-FM 106.9 (The Eagle) Birmingham, AL Classic Rock USA
KFMJ-FM 99.9 Ketchikan, AK Oldies,Classic Rock USA
WXL61-SW 162.475 (NOAA Weather) Cedar Rapids, IA News Updates,Short Wave Radio USA
WDQX-FM 102.3 (Max FM) Morton, IL Classic Rock USA
BoomerRadio: Sweet Soul Music Oldies,Pop USA
WOLX-FM 94.9 Baraboo, WI Oldies USA
WICR-FM 88.7 (Univ of Indianapolis) Indianapolis, IN College USA
IRSO-FL Roots of Soul R&B USA
WVHF-AM 1140 (Holy Family Radio) Kentwood, MI Religious USA
WONE-FM 97.5 Akron, OH Rock,Classic Rock USA
Jelli The Edge Rock,Soft Rock,World,Indie,Indie Rock USA
Today's Christian Music Christian Contemporary,Religious,Christian USA
Shepherd's Chapel Religious,Christian USA
KRLD-AM 1080 (NewsRadio 1080) Dallas, TX News Talk,News,Talk USA
WBHQ-HD3 100.9 (Easy 100.9) Beverly Beach, FL Easy USA
KDIX-IR 1230 (Herb 1 Radio) Dickinson, ND Jazz,Talk,Reggae USA
Mistletoe @ iradiophilly.com Christian USA
ORS - Christmas Music For Kids Christian,Kids USA
WBOG-AM 1460 (Kool Gold) Tomah, WI Oldies USA
WPAQ-AM 740 Mount Airy, NC Bluegrass USA
KELS-LP 104.7 FM (Pirate Radio) Greeley, CO Oldies,60s USA
Smooth Beats, Hip Hop Hip Hop USA
WPSO-AM 1500 (Greek Voice Radio) New Port Richey, FL Greek USA
KCMQ-FM 96.7 (Real Classic Rock) Columbia, MO Classic Rock USA
NuBreaks Radio Dance,Electronica,Jungle USA
WYUU-FM 92.5 (La Nueva 92.5) Tampa, FL Latin Hits USA
WCVU-FM Seaview 104.9 Oldies USA
WEEC-HD2 100.7 (Southern Gospel) Springfield, OH Gospel,Christian USA
WNWC-FM 102.5 (Life 102.5) Madison, WI Christian Contemporary,Gospel,Christian USA
KLFE-AM 1590 (Freedom 1590) Seattle, WA Talk USA
K-Lite Online Soft Rock USA
WFCJ-FM 93.7 (Inspiration) Dayton, OH Religious USA
WRSU-FM 88.7 (Rutgers Univ) New Brunswick, NJ College USA
SomaFM: Tag's Trip Electronica USA
WEKZ-FM 93.7 (Big Oldies) Monroe, WI Oldies USA
WZAB-AM 880 (The Biz) Sweetwater, FL Talk,Discussion USA
KKWD-FM 97.9 Oklahoma City, OK Hip Hop USA
KIH35-SW 162.550 (NOAA Weather) Pittsburgh, PA News Updates,Short Wave Radio USA
Scanner: Montgomery County (MD) Fire 7-Bravo Public USA
WDEF-FM 92.3 (Sunny 92.3) Chatanooga, TN Contemporary USA
RadioIO Bubba ONE Talk USA
SEARCH FOR RADIOS
Came to Me released: 2013
I Ka Kené released: 2010
2 released: 2008
Follow the City Lights released: 2006
The Flame released: 2004
I Was Dead for 7 Weeks in the City of Angels released: 2001
Late at Night released: 1999
Devil Came to Me released: 1997
Sister released: 1995
Came to Me
Devil Came to Me
Loli Jackson
La Monja Mellada
Rain of the Times
Sick Girl
Loli Jackson (Bonus Track - Versión stereoparty 2)
I Ka Kené
Dannayá
Under Your Spell
Any Love
Junnete
La Réponse Divine
Yafama
A Bullet to the Heart
Cherry Lee
The Hitter
The Weak Hour of the Rooster
Better Day
Mi Sombrero
Follow the City Lights
Let Me Out
Do Ya
Dear McCartney
My Fault
Someone Else's Bed
Die for Rock & Roll
One Black Day
All My Money
I Was Dead for 7 Weeks in the City of Angels
My Secret People
Lady Barbuda
Recluser
I Hate Everybody
As I Said
Death Rocker
Love Is a Bitch
Late at Night
Four Graves
Me and My Mulón
Free Kitten
Straight to Jail
Anacrusa
Stamber
El perro loco
Jane Below
In Hole
She Will
Her Bed Star
La Turmis
Distortion She
Come With Me
Three Cowboys
Feel This Way (Fracus remix) / Million Miles / Here's Jonathan released: 2010
Feel This Way (Fracus remix) / Million Miles / Here's Jonathan
Feel This Way (Fracus remix)
Here's Jonathan
melotoninhealth.com
comeontome.org
melotonin.org
melotoninbenefits.com
luxuriousme.com
dontshootme.net
bestsportsmed.com
instinctualmed.com
slumberwithme.com
mingfleet.net
sendmetoantarctica.com
medcabpharmacy.com
melekeokairport.com
hjme.com
mednanotec.com
libertyme.org
liveondollaraday.com
memyself.org
thestorybehindme.com
meetmebythewater.com
Shine On Me, Watershed
Shine On Me, Kingston Wall
Shine On Me, Marty Friedman
Shine On Me, Andy Griggs
Shine On Me, Hillsong Kids
Shine On Me, Kym Marsh
Shine On Me, Dover
Shine On Me, Lucksmiths
Shine On Me, Jon Allen
Shine On Me, Casey Donahew Band
Shine On Me, Lichtmond
when you rise and wise
the tears out of your eyes
oh I see you
And midda ywhen it glimsyou
I look into your style
I see you you rise and shine on me
in my mind all I see
(Refrain)
I see your blue eyes
they're shine on me
and I see your daydream
and at night
when I hold you
I feel you bump and grame
oh i need you
I need your hands to go on me
I need your body all for me
I need your eyes to shine on me
And she tells me that
she's hurted before
and she membered once to hear it again
so I just sit and dream
about your eyes
over than when I'm sleeping
I hold you


text:
AM Best Assigns
Aspida Life "Excellent" Rating
- Affirms Aspida Life Re's "A- (Excellent)" Rating -
DURHAM, N.C. [April 13, 2022] – Aspida Life Insurance Company ("Aspida Life") has been "assigned a Financial Strength Rating (FRA) of A- (Excellent) and a Long-Term Issuer Credit Rating (Long-Term ICR) of "a-" (Excellent)" by AM Best on April 1. AM Best also assigned the outlook to these ratings as "stable".
AM Best, a global credit rating agency that specializes in the insurance industry, utilizes research and analysis to assess corporate financial strength and creditworthiness. Aspida Life received Best's fourth highest rating in its financial strength category.
"These new ratings are a true, independent reflection of Aspida Life's financial strength and outlook," said Lou Hensley, chief executive officer of Aspida Holdings Ltd., Aspida Life's direct parent. "They are also a reflection of our trustworthiness, and our ability to provide best-in-class support to our clients, agents, and partners when they need it most."
According to AM Best, Aspida Life's ratings reflect its "very strong" balance sheet and "adequate operating performance, limited business profile and appropriate enterprise risk management (ERM)." AM Best also notes Aspida Life's "solid initial capitalization levels" and the availability of "additional capital and liquidity alternatives" in its financial strength and Long-Term ICR assessment.
The rating agency also cited the capital commitments and financial resources of Ares as a factor for Aspida Life's rating.
Ares – a leading global alternative investment firm with over $300 billion of assets under management as of December 31, 2021 – will bring "expertise" to Aspida Life's investment management capabilities, with Ares Insurance Solutions operating as its dedicated asset manager.
This rating marks another milestone for Aspida Life's comprehensive insurance platform and will complement Aspida Life Re Ltd. (Aspida Life Re), a Bermuda-domiciled life and annuity reinsurer, which was also "affirmed by AM Best with a FSR of A- (Excellent) and a Long-Term ICR of "a-" (Excellent)" on April 1. The outlook assigned to these ratings is "stable" with AM Best noting that "both companies will benefit from the systems, management team, and operational and risk management functions that have already been established."
"We will continue to work towards positioning ourselves as an agile, tech-forward insurance business that acts with integrity and transparency to help our clients achieve and protect their dreams," said Hensley. "That's what matters most to us."
Source: AM Best
About Aspida
Aspida Holdings Ltd. ("Aspida"), through its subsidiaries, is focused on providing retirement and reinsurance solutions, having operations in the U.S. and Bermuda with total assets of $3.5 billion as of Dec. 31, 2021. Aspida, through its U.S. platform, is focused on leveraging technology and agility to help clients achieve – and protect – their dreams. Its Bermuda-based reinsurance platform, Aspida Re, is focused on providing efficient and secure life and annuity reinsurance solutions. Aspida seeks to be a trusted partner in its clients' financial security while driving its growth by doing good for the communities it serves. Aspida is an indirect subsidiary of Ares Management Corporation. For more information, please visit: www.aspida.com.
About Ares Management Corporation
Ares Management Corporation ("Ares") (NYSE: ARES) is a leading global alternative investment manager offering clients complementary primary and secondary investment solutions across the credit, private equity, real estate and infrastructure asset classes. We seek to provide flexible capital to support businesses and create value for our stakeholders and within our communities. By collaborating across our investment groups, we aim to generate consistent and attractive investment returns throughout market cycles. As of December 31, 2021, Ares Management Corporation's global platform had approximately 2,100 employees operating across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific and the Middle East and approximately $314 billion of assets under management, as adjusted for Ares Management Corporation's acquisition of AMP Capital's Infrastructure Debt platform which closed February 10, 2022. For more information, please visit: www.aresmgmt.com.
Dean Fisher
Dean.Fisher@Aspida.com
Townley Cheek
Townley.Cheek@Aspida.com


text:
Hamilton Island Race Week is a keelboat regatta set against the backdrop of the Whitsunday Islands, on Queensland's Great Barrier Reef. It is one of Australia's favourite yachting events and a firm fixture on the international sailing calendar. Competitors, family and friends come together to enjoy the convivial atmosphere and unique camaraderie of the event's on-water and off-water carnival.

History
Race Week was conceived by David Hutchen in 1983, after he had moved to the Whitsundays with his yacht Banjo Paterson to start a yacht charter business. David was able to convince the then owner and founder of Hamilton Island, Keith Williams, to agree to hosting the event as a way of generating tourism and favorable media attention to the resort.

A three-man Race Committee was formed, David Hutchen, Warwick Hoban and Leon O'Donoghue. For the first few years the event was these three committeemen were heavily involved in all elements of organising and running the regatta as well as social activities.

The first event was in April 1984 with a fleet of 93 boats contesting. For the next few years the fleet was down around 60 boats, but grew gradually.

For the first eight years Race Week was held in April, starting on the first Saturday after Easter. Southern boats sailed up the coast in the Sydney to Mooloolaba race, and then the Brisbane to Gladstone race at Easter, then made their way to Hamilton Island. It meant that those southern Australian boats were having to leave their home base before the end of the summer sailing season, which wasn't as appealing as the prospect of doing some winter sailing in warmer climates.

After eight years of having Race Week in April, it was moved to August in 1992 to take advantage of more consistent and attractive weather conditions. The change in timing has seen the event grow significantly over the years becoming Australia's largest offshore yachting regatta with approximately 250 boats competing every year.

Race records

South Molle/Daydream Is Race — 2005: Alfa Romeo - 1:51:01 (Neville Crichton)
Coral Sea Race (83.3 miles):
Fastest — 1998: Brindabella - 8:49:52 (George Snow)
Slowest — 2001: Step Ahead - 24:24:56 (Glenn Tailby)
Edward Island Race (modified course) — 2007: Wild Oats X- 5:11:27 (Bob Oatley)
Lindeman Island Race — 2005: Alfa Romeo - 1:58:34 (Neville Crichton)

On-water events
There are several exciting on-water events throughout Hamilton Island Race Week, including sailing events for several race classes and divisions, as well as the popular Prix d' Elegance.

Off-water events
During Hamilton Island Race Week, Hamilton Island hosts a large number of social events for men and women of all ages. The most famous event is the Whitehaven Beach Party where boats from all over the Whitsunday region converge on the white sands of Whitehaven beach to drink, eat, and dance to celebrate the end of race week. Other major events include the Wild Oats Wine Ladies lunch, the Paspaley luncheon and dinner, the Piper Heidsieck Champagne lunch,  the Surf and Turf Dinner and more. Hamilton Island Race Week is also filled with other activities such as food markets, fashion events, cocktail parties and beach yoga.

Hamilton Island Race Week hosts a wide variety of local and abroad celebrities ranging from international singers, chefs, actors, photographers and models such as Emma Louise, Matt Moran, Asher Keddie, Simon Baker, Lisa Wilkinson and Carmen Hamilton to name a few.

References

Sailing in Australia
Sailing competitions in Australia
Whitsunday Islands
Sports competitions in Queensland
Week-long events

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The AndSoft stand during Transrussia 2017 is part of a planned development program for the North of Europe through AndSoft Lithuania, that is a result of the participatory agreement with the partner SCM Software. AndSoft will present all its full web solutions for the management of Russian transport: e-TMS, e-FMS, e-WMS, e-TMS Maritime with implementing in company servers or external servers.
According to a recent study of the Exterior Commerce Institute (ICEX) the IT industry in Russia is in full development. The digital economy represents 2,4% of the GDP of the country and 19% if you consider all the markets that depend on the Internet. According to the United Nations index, despite being in position 45, Russia is one of the countries where the growing use of the Internet stands out the most.
In 2015, the number of people with Internet access in the country reached 70,7% of the population. As for connecting devices, there is no big difference in accordance to the size of the population: smartphones are the devices that are the most used, except if you regroup the use of laptops and PCs. A surprising data is the ongoing use of conventional telephones.
The ICEX also adds that thanks to the impulse of the IT Ministry and the mass media in Russia, connections and network access of the country have been modernised. The average speed to connect to the Internet is 7,4 Mb's with a high number of subscriptions, ten times higher than the subscriptions to fixed connections.


text:
Суперструна́ (суперсимметричная струна) — один из основных объектов исследования теории струн. Многогранность объекта не позволяет ему дать однозначного определения, однако, как следует из его названия, суперструна содержит в себе суперсимметрию.

Суперсимметрия — это симметрия между бозонами (носителями взаимодействий) и фермионами (компонентами материи). И хотя до сих пор нет явных указаний на такую симметрию в экспериментах, для объединения материи и «света» это, видимо, необходимый элемент.

Бозоны и фермионы обладают разной квантовой статистикой, Бозе — Эйнштейна и Ферми — Дирака соответственно, и поэтому не так просто их объединить в один класс, при этом не нарушив какой-либо из физических принципов. Так что несколько удивительна простота введения суперсимметрии в квантовую теорию поля и теорию струн.

Как уже говорилось в статьях о бозонных и фермионных струнах, координаты параметризованной струны в D-мерном пространстве можно рассматривать либо как набор двумерных скалярных полей, состоящий из D штук и тогда суперсимметричными партнерами D-вектора и двумерного скаляра будут D-вектор и двумерный вещественный (представление Майораны) спинор. Либо как часть D-мерного суперпространства — бозонную и тогда фермиевский остаток переменных суперпространства становится суперпартнёром бозонной части. В первом случае снова возвращаемся к модели Рамона — Нэвьё — Щварца (RNS, 1971—1977), во втором приходим к модели Грина — Шварца (GS, 1981—1984). Суперпространство просто объединяет бозонные и фермионные координаты, и хотя эти координаты имеют различную структуру, существует способ переходить от одних координат к другим. Это интуитивно ясно, так как 2 фермиона в принципе могут образовать бозон, то с помощью дополнительных фермионов всегда есть возможность переходить от бозонов к фермионам и обратно.

Введение суперсимметрии в теорию струн оказалось возможным двумя способами: суперсимметрия мировой поверхности и пространственно-временная суперсимметрия. В определенном смысле это одно и то же, так как динамика пространства-времени тесно связана с конформной теорией поля. Но до сих пор не ясны полевые корреляции этих двух подходов в изучении взаимодействия струн (см. Случайные поверхности).

Как и следовало ожидать этот необычный гибрид бозонной и фермионной струн наследует меньшую критическую размерность в теории струн, а именно D=10, однако и модель RNS, после проведения GSO проекции и модель GS не содержат вакуумной нестабильности — тахиона.

Литература

См. также
 Брана
 Теория бозонных струн
 Теория струн
 Теория суперструн
 М-теория (теория бран)

Теория струн


text:
Q: How does a JCL link the PRTOUTA, ...etc... to a Cobol program? I am working on a program that writes information to a output file and also to PRTOUTA, PRTOUTB, PRTOUTC with a PRTRTENO program. You have to move variables to a PRINT-AREA and so forth.
I am sure that it has to do with PRTRTENO but I am not completely certain
Cobol:
 PRINT-B.
    DISPLAY 'PRINT-B SECTION'
    MOVE 'B' TO RPT.
    CALL 'PRTRTENO' USING PRINT-AREA.
 PRINT-B-X. EXIT.

Cobol Call:
 MOVE TEST-LINE TO PRINT-AREA. PERFORM PRINT-B.

More Cobol:
PAGE-TOPA.
    MOVE 'P' TO CTL.
PRINT-A.
    MOVE 'A' TO RPT.    <-- Is it here that determines the JCL printout.
    CALL 'PRTRTENO' USING PRINT-AREA.
    IF CTL = '*'
       PERFORM HEAD-A THRU HEAD-A-X
    END-IF.
HEAD-A.
  ...etc... //code here
HEAD-A-X.

JCL:
//OUTPUT1   DD  DSN=Test-File-Name-Goes-Here,DISP=(,CATLG),
//          DCB=TS20.FB0080.MODEL,MGMTCLAS=TDML1   --EMAIL
//PRTOUTA   DD  SYSOUT=1,DCB=TS20.FBM0133.MODEL    --EOS
//PRTOUTB   DD  SYSOUT=1,DCB=TS20.FBM0133.MODEL    --LABELS
//PRTOUTC   DD  SYSOUT=1,DCB=TS20.FBM0133.MODEL    --NO EMAIL

A: I would not expect you to have SELECT/ASSIGN/FD for the DDNAMES in your program. One reason for having the sub-program is to avoid 1,000 report programs with 1,000 identical (or near-identical) SELECT/ASSIGN/FD, and all the IO and checking, and page-sizes etc which goes with it.
They will be in the CALLed program, or a program it CALLs in turn. Along the way, the DDNAMES are most likely being allocated "dynamically", or at least a program enquires for the presence of a DDNAME in the JCL and will only use the DDNAME if present (obviously difficult to know without access to the code).
I'd think it likely that the actual IO is done in Assembler sub-routines. It is possible to do it in COBOL, but it will depend on the age of the original program.
You have a locally-written program, PRTRTENO. This program is CALLed by your program. PRTRTENO supports, either directly or through CALLing other programs, different types of "report" output with different characteristics.
Report-producing programs tend to have a lot of duplicated code (dealing with headings, new pages, for standard listing reports, labels, letters, etc) which can over-complicate (through size of source), contain subtle differences, require changes to many programs to provide general maintenance, etc.
By using a sub-program, like PRTRTENO, some of these issues can be addressed. Standard company-wide headings, footings and end-of-reports, output-routing information, special stationery (and non-stationery, like your e-mail) etc can be centralised in one program, providing numerous benefits.
Where the sub-program can deal with multiple outputs at the same time, a parameter is required to indicate which print lines belong to which logical report. This is the A, B, C setting in your output, and the sub-program (or something it uses) will map your output, using this, to the DDNAMEs in the JCL.
If you ask colleagues, you should be able to look at the source for PRTRTENO and see what it gets up to, and how it does it. It, or its components, will be quite a large program, and your program otherwise would have to contain code similar to PRTRTENO to do the print output.
Some sites do it that way, some not. At other sites you'll have all the OPEN/WRITE/CLOSE, counting lines, getting the headings in the correct place, etc, coded in each program.

A: Files are made known to your COBOL program through the FILE-CONTROL paragraph in the ENVIRONMENT DIVISION of a program.
The FILE-CONTROL paragraph looks something like:
 FILE-CONTROL.
     SELECT PRT-FILE       <-- Name in FD SECTION
     ASSIGN TO PRTOUTA     <-- JCL DD Name
     ...

Then in the DATA DIVISION you use an FD to associate a record buffer to the SELECTed file from FILE-CONTROL. When you READ/WRITE to the associated buffer a record is transferred from your program to the named file.
FD's will begin with:
 FD PRT-FILE  <-- same as SELECT from FILE-CONTROL
 ...

Beyond that things can get a little complicated because your program is not writing to these files directly, but through
a called program ('PRTRTENO'). The above file definitions may appear in your program or in the called program. In either event they are probably declared as EXTERNAL making them available anywhere in your run-unit.
I'm betting that you will find them as EXTERNAL in the called program. So to answer your question, you need to look for the FILE-CONTROL
paragraph and FD in your program. If they do not relate to the JCL DD Names, then look in the called program - they must
be there.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange