text:
Publications by authors named "Xiaobin Zhang"
Circ_0091579 exerts an oncogenic role in hepatocellular carcinoma via mediating miR-136-5p/TRIM27.
Yantao Mao Zhigang Ding Maozhu Jiang Bo Yuan Yao Zhang Xiaobin Zhang
Biomed J 2021 Dec 30. Epub 2021 Dec 30.
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying 257091, China. Electronic address:
Background: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) act as crucial regulators in tumorigenesis. In this study, the working mechanism of circ_0091579 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression was investigated.
Methods: The expression of RNA and protein was measured via RT-qPCR and western blot assay. Cell proliferation ability was analyzed via CCK8, EdU and colony formation assays. Cell migration and invasion abilities were detected via transwell assays. Flow cytometry was applied to assess cell cycle and apoptosis. The target relation between miR-136-5p and circ_0091579 or tripartite motif containing 27 (TRIM27) was certified using dual-luciferase reporter assay. Xenograft tumor model was utilized to assess the role of circ_0091579 in tumor growth in vivo. The protein level of Ki67 in tumor tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay.
Results: Circ_0091579 expression was elevated in HCC tissues and cell lines. HCC patients with high circ_0091579 expression displayed low survival rate. Circ_0091579 knockdown suppressed the proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle progression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and induced apoptosis of HCC cells. Circ_0091579 acted as a molecular sponge for miR-136-5p, and circ_0091579 silencing-mediated effects were largely overturned by the knockdown of miR-136-5p in HCC cells. MiR-136-5p interacted with the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of TRIM27, and TRIM27 overexpression largely counteracted miR-136-5p overexpression-induced influences in HCC cells. Circ_0091579 sponged miR-136-5p to up-regulate TRIM27 expression in HCC cells. Circ_0091579 silencing suppressed xenograft tumor growth in vivo.
Conclusion: Circ_0091579 exhibited an oncogenic role to enhance the malignant potential of HCC cells through mediating miR-136-5p/TRIM27 axis in vitro and in vivo.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2021.12.009 DOI Listing
Prevalence of and risk factors for depressive and anxiety symptoms in a large sample of Chinese adolescents in the post-COVID-19 era.
Xiaobin Zhang Haidong Yang Jing Zhang Man Yang Nian Yuan Junjie Liu
Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2021 Dec 27;15(1):80. Epub 2021 Dec 27.
Science and Education Section, The Fourth People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated KangDa College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222003, People's Republic of China.
Background: Depressive and anxiety symptoms are widespread among adolescents today, creating a large social problem. However, few previous studies have addressed depression and anxiety among adolescents in Chinese cohorts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for depressive and anxiety symptoms among Chinese middle school adolescent students in the post-COVID-19 era.
Methods: A total of 22,380 middle school students from Jiangsu Province were surveyed online, and their general demographic data were collected. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to assess depressive symptoms, and the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale was used to measure anxiety symptoms.
Results: Of these participants (aged 12-17 years), 25.6% had depressive symptoms, 26.9% had anxiety symptoms, and 20.6% had a combination of depression and anxiety symptoms. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was higher in female adolescents (27.6%) than in male adolescents (23.7%; χ = 45.479, P = 0.000), and the proportion with anxiety symptoms was higher among female adolescents (28.6%) than among male adolescents (25.4%; χ = 29.390, P = 0.000). Furthermore, binary logistic regression analysis showed that gender, region, and parental relationship were significantly associated with depressive symptoms among adolescents, while age, gender, region, and parental relationship were significantly associated with anxiety symptoms.
Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that the prevalence of reported depressive and anxiety symptoms in Chinese adolescents are high. Female gender, urban region, and poor parental relationship may be risk factors for depressive and anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, policy makers, schools, and families need to pay more attention to the psychological health of adolescents, develop response plans and take early intervention measures to reduce the prevalence of adolescent depression and anxiety.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13034-021-00429-8 DOI Listing
Metabolomic and Proteomic Analyses of Persistent Valvular Atrial Fibrillation and Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation.
Bo Hu Wen Ge Yuliang Wang Xiaobin Zhang Tao Li Hui Cui Yongjun Qian Yangyang Zhang Zhi Li
Front Genet 2021 30;12:789485. Epub 2021 Nov 30.
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an abnormal heart rhythm related to an increased risk of heart failure, dementia, and stroke. The distinction between valvular and non-valvular AF remains a debate. In this study, proteomics and metabolomics were integrated to describe the dysregulated metabolites and proteins of AF patients relative to sinus rhythm (SR) patients. Totally 47 up-regulated and 41 down-regulated proteins in valvular AF, and 59 up-regulated and 149 down-regulated proteins in non-valvular AF were recognized in comparison to SR patients. Moreover, 58 up-regulated and 49 significantly down-regulated metabolites in valvular AF, and 47 up-regulated and 122 down-regulated metabolites in persistent non-valvular AF patients were identified in comparison to SR patients. Based on analysis of differential levels of metabolites and proteins, 15 up-regulated and 22 down-regulated proteins, and 13 up-regulated and 122 down-regulated metabolites in persistent non-valvular AF were identified relative to valvular AF. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed the altered proteins and metabolites were significantly related to multiple metabolic pathways, such as Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis. Interestingly, the enrichment pathways related to non-valvular AF were obviously different from those in valvular AF. For example, valvular AF was significantly related to Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis, but non-valvular AF was more related to Citrate cycle (TCA cycle). Correlation analysis between the differentially expressed proteins and metabolites was also performed. Several hub proteins with metabolites were identified in valvular AF and non-valvular AF. For example, Taurine, D-Threitol, L-Rhamnose, and DL-lactate played crucial roles in valvular AF, while Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Inorganic pyrophosphatase 2, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoAlyase, and Deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase were crucial in non-valvular AF. Then two hub networks were recognized as potential biomarkers, which can effectively distinguish valvular AF and non-valvular persistent AF from SR samples, with areas under curve of 0.75 and 0.707, respectively. Hence, these metabolites and proteins can be used as potential clinical molecular markers to discriminate two types of AF from SR samples. In summary, this study provides novel insights to understanding the mechanisms of AF progression and identifying novel biomarkers for prognosis of non-valvular AF and valvular AF by using metabolomics and proteomics analyses.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.789485 DOI Listing
Effect of nano-silica coating combined with pressurized Ar treatment on postharvest quality and reactive oxygen species metabolism in sweet cherry fruit.
Xiangyong Meng Chang Chen Teng Song Jingwen Xu Xiaobin Zhang Jing Wang Zhongli Pan Huien Zhang Huijuan Zhang
Food Chem 2022 Apr 1;374:131715. Epub 2021 Dec 1.
Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China. Electronic address:
The mechanisms of effect of nano-silica coating and pressurized Ar on regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and scavenging in the senescence of sweet cherries remains unclear. The amounts of reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide, non-enzymatic antioxidants and antioxidases, and cell membrane lipid peroxidation in sweet cherries were determined. Nano-silica coating, pressurized Ar, and the combination of these two treatments, all significantly delayed senescence by suppressing decay rate, and maintained good sensory quality. In additional, all treatments inhibited the generation and accumulation of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, and mitigated the lipid peroxidation of cell membranes of sweet cherries. The combination of these two treatments maintained higher contents of ascorbic acid and glutathione, and enhanced the activities of antioxidases in sweet cherries. It is suggested that nano-silica coating and pressure Ar mediated the ROS metabolism, which might have a role in retaining the quality sweet cherries during cold storage.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131715 DOI Listing
Structural family factors and bullying at school: a large scale investigation based on a Chinese adolescent sample.
Haoran Wang Yuanyuan Wang Guosheng Wang Amanda Wilson Tingting Jin Longjun Zhu Renjie Yu Shuilan Wang Weijia Yin Huihui Song Shun Li Qiufang Jia Xiaobin Zhang Yong Yang
BMC Public Health 2021 Dec 11;21(1):2249. Epub 2021 Dec 11.
Suzhou Guangji Hospital, 11# Guangqian Road, Suzhou, 215137, China.
Backgrounds: Various family factors have been identified in association with school bullying and the involvement of children and adolescents in bullying behaviors.
Methods: A total of 11,919 participants (female = 6671, mean age = 15) from 22 middle schools in Suzhou City, China completed the questionnaire. The associations between structural family factors (family socio-economic status, living arrangement, number of siblings, whether they were local residents/migrants, had an urban/rural hukou [a household registration system in China], parental and maternal education levels, and other various bullying-related constructs (i.e. bullying witnessing, bullying involvement, bystander intervention, and fear of being bullied) were all examined. Odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for covariates were calculated for the four bullying-related constructs (bullying witness, bullying involvement, bystander intervention, and reactions to being bullied) using structural family factors.
Results: The result showed that all demographic household characteristics were associated with bullying at school except for being from a single-child family. Adolescents from rural families witnessed more bullying incidents than those from local families (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: [1.09, 1.68]). Adolescents who come from migrant families (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: [1.07, 1.43]) with a rural hukou (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: [1.00, 1.74]) and low parental education levels (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: [1.01, 2.57]) were more likely to be bullies. Adolescents who came from migrant families (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: [1.03, 1.82]), with low maternal education levels (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: [1.06, 1.91]) engaged in more negative bystander intervention behaviors. Furthermore, adolescents with less educated mothers experienced a higher fear of being bullied (never versus sometimes: OR = 1.33, 95% CI: [1.00, 1.85]; never versus usually OR = 1.39, 95% CI: [1.01, 1.20]).
Conclusions: A systematic examination of the relationship between school bullying and demographic household characteristics may be used to inform school policies on bullying, such as training management on the importance of paying attention to adolescents from disadvantage household backgrounds. Identifying demographic factors that may predict bullying can also be used to prevent individuals from becoming involved in bullying and reduce the related negative consequences from being bullied.
Excessive and less complex body movement in children with autism during face-to-face conversation: An objective approach to behavioral quantification.
Zhong Zhao Haiming Tang Camila Alviar Christopher T Kello Xiaobin Zhang Xinyao Hu Xingda Qu Jianping Lu
Autism Res 2021 Nov 27. Epub 2021 Nov 27.
Department of Child Psychiatry of Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China.
The majority of existing studies investigating characteristics of overt social behavior in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) relied on informants' evaluation through questionnaires and behavioral coding techniques. As a novelty, this study aimed to quantify the complex movements produced during social interactions in order to test differences in ASD movement dynamics and their convergence, or lack thereof, during social interactions. Twenty children with ASD and twenty-three children with typical development (TD) were videotaped while engaged in a face-to-face conversation with an interviewer. An image differencing technique was utilized to extract the movement time series. Spectral analyses were conducted to quantify the average power of movement, and the fractal scaling of movement. The degree of complexity matching was calculated to capture the level of behavioral coordination between the interviewer and children. Results demonstrated that the average power was significantly higher (p < 0.01), and the fractal scaling was steeper (p < 0.05) in children with ASD, suggesting excessive and less complex movement as compared to the TD peers. Complexity matching occurred between children and interviewers, but there was no reliable difference in the strength of matching between the ASD and TD children. Descriptive trends in the interviewer's behavior suggest that her movements adapted to match both ASD and TD movements equally well. The findings of our study might shed light on seeking novel behavioral markers of ASD, and on developing automatic ASD screening techniques during daily social interactions.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2646 DOI Listing
Restricted Kinematics in Children With Autism in the Execution of Complex Oscillatory Arm Movements.
Zhong Zhao Xiaobin Zhang Haiming Tang Xinyao Hu Xingda Qu Jianping Lu Qiongling Peng
Front Hum Neurosci 2021 3;15:708969. Epub 2021 Nov 3.
Developmental Behavioral Pediatric Department, Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.
Restricted and repetitive behavior is a core symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) characterized by features of restrictedness, repetition, rigidity, and invariance. Few studies have investigated how restrictedness is manifested in motor behavior. This study aimed to address this question by instructing participants to perform the utmost complex movement. Twenty children with ASD and 23 children with typical development (TD) performed one-dimensional, left-right arm oscillations by demonstrating varying amplitudes and frequencies. The entropy of amplitude and velocity was calculated as an index of kinematic complexity. Results showed that the velocity entropy, but not the amplitude entropy, was significantly lower in ASD than in TD ( < 0.01), suggesting restricted kinematics. Further analysis demonstrated that a significantly higher proportion of the velocity values was allocated at a low-speed level in the children with ASD ( < 0.01). A qualitative comparison of the complex movement with movement at preferred frequency suggested that the children with ASD might be less likely to shift away from the preferred movement. However, our study can be improved in terms of recruiting a larger sample of participants, measuring the level of motivation, and collecting both complex and preferred movements of the same participant.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.708969 DOI Listing
Comprehensive Analysis of N6-Methyladenosine RNA Methylation Regulators Expression Identify Distinct Molecular Subtypes of Myocardial Infarction.
Xin Shi Yaochen Cao Xiaobin Zhang Chang Gu Feng Liang Jieyuan Xue Han-Wen Ni Zi Wang Yi Li Xia Wang Zhaohua Cai Berthold Hocher Ling-Hong Shen Ben He
Front Cell Dev Biol 2021 27;9:756483. Epub 2021 Oct 27.
Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading threats to human health. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, as a pivotal regulator of messenger RNA stability, protein expression, and cellular processes, exhibits important roles in the development of cardiac remodeling and cardiomyocyte contractile function. The expression levels of m6A regulators were analyzed using the GSE5406 database. We analyzed genome-wide association study data and single-cell sequencing data to confirm the functional importance of m6A regulators in MI. Three molecular subtypes with different clinical characteristics were established to tailor treatment strategies for patients with MI. We applied pathway analysis and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis to study the changes in gene expression and identified four common DEGs. Furthermore, we constructed the protein-protein interaction network and confirmed several hub genes in three clusters of MI. To lucubrate the potential functions, we performed a ClueGO analysis of these hub networks. In this study, we identified that the levels of FTO, YTHDF3, ZC3H13, and WTAP were dramatically differently expressed in MI tissues compared with controls. Bioinformatics analysis showed that DEGs in MI were significantly related to modulating calcium signaling and chemokine signaling, and m6A regulators were related to regulating glucose measurement and elevated blood glucose levels. Furthermore, genome-wide association study data analysis showed that WTAP single-nucleotide polymorphism was significantly related to the progression of MI. In addition, single-cell sequencing found that WTAP is widely expressed in the heart tissues. Moreover, we conducted consensus clustering for MI in view of the dysregulated m6A regulators' expression in MI. According to the expression levels, we found MI patients could be clustered into three subtypes. Pathway analysis showed the DEGs among different clusters in MI were assigned to HIF-1, IL-17, MAPK, PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, etc. The module analysis detected several genes, including BAG2, BAG3, MMP2, etc. We also found that MI-related network was significantly related to positive and negative regulation of angiogenesis and response to heat. The hub networks in MI clusters were significantly related to antigen processing and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, RNA splicing, and stability, indicating that these processes may contribute to the development of MI. Collectively, our study could provide more information for understanding the roles of m6A in MI, which may provide a novel insight into identifying biomarkers for MI treatment and diagnosis.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.756483 DOI Listing
Aberrant large-scale brain modules in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia.
Linlin Fan Miao Yu Amy Pinkham Yiyi Zhu Xiaowei Tang Xiang Wang Xiaobin Zhang Junji Ma Jinbo Zhang Xiangrong Zhang Zhengjia Dai
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022 03 21;113:110461. Epub 2021 Oct 21.
Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Electronic address:
Objective: Schizophrenia is a heterogenous psychiatric disease, and deficit schizophrenia (DS) is a clinical subgroup with primary and enduring negative symptoms. Although previous neuroimaging studies have identified functional connectome alterations in schizophrenia, the modular organizations in DS and nondeficit schizophrenia (NDS) remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the modular-level alterations in DS patients compared with the NDS and healthy control (HC) groups.
Methods: A previously collected dataset was re-analyzed, in which 74 chronic male schizophrenia patients (33 DS and 41 NDS) and 40 HC underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging with eyes closed in a Siemens 3 T scanner (scanning duration = 8 min). Modular- (intramodule and intermodule connectivity) and nodal- [normalized within-module degree (Z) and participation coefficient (PC)] level graph theory properties were computed and compared among the three groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses were performed to examine the classification ability of these measures, and partial correlations were conducted between network measures and symptom severity. Validation analyses on head motion, network sparsity, and parcellation scheme were also performed.
Results: Both schizophrenia subgroups showed decreased intramodule connectivity in salience network (SN), somatosensory-motor network (SMN), and visual network (VN), and increased intermodule connectivity in SMN-default mode network (DMN) and SMN-frontoparietal network (FPN). Compared with NDS patients, DS patients showed weaker intramodule connectivity in SN and stronger intermodule connectivity in SMN-FPN and SMN-VN. At the nodal level, the schizophrenia-related alterations were distributed in SN, SMN, VN, and DMN, and 7 DS-specific nodal alterations were identified. Intramodule connectivity of SN, intermodule connectivity of SMN-VN, and Z of left precuneus successfully distinguished the three groups. Partial correlational analyses revealed that these measures were related to negative symptoms, general psychiatric symptoms, and neurocognitive function.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that functional connectomes, especially SN, SMN, and VN, may capture the distinct and common disruptions of DS and NDS. These findings may help to understand the neuropathology of negative symptoms of schizophrenia and inform targets for treating different schizophrenia subtypes.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110461 DOI Listing
Correction to: Random and Short‑Term Excessive Eye Movement in Children with Autism During Face‑to‑Face Conversation.
Zhong Zhao Jiayi Xing Xiaobin Zhang Xingda Qu Xinyao Hu Jianping Lu
J Autism Dev Disord 2021 Oct 5. Epub 2021 Oct 5.
Random and Short-Term Excessive Eye Movement in Children with Autism During Face-to-Face Conversation.
J Autism Dev Disord 2021 Aug 28. Epub 2021 Aug 28.
This study investigated the oculomotor performance in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during a face-to-face conversation. A head mounted eye tracker recorded the eye movements in 20 children with ASD and 23 children with typical development (TD). Group comparisons were conducted on the randomness and the quantity of eye movement. The amount of time needed to reveal group difference was also examined. Results showed that the randomness of eye movement was significantly higher at all examined time durations, and the amount of eye movement was significantly greater within 3 s in the ASD group. These findings demonstrated an atypical pattern of oculomotor dynamics in children ASD, which might facilitate the objective identification of ASD during daily social interaction.
Classification of Children With Autism and Typical Development Using Eye-Tracking Data From Face-to-Face Conversations: Machine Learning Model Development and Performance Evaluation.
Zhong Zhao Haiming Tang Xiaobin Zhang Xingda Qu Xinyao Hu Jianping Lu
J Med Internet Res 2021 08 26;23(8):e29328. Epub 2021 Aug 26.
Background: Previous studies have shown promising results in identifying individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by applying machine learning (ML) to eye-tracking data collected while participants viewed varying images (ie, pictures, videos, and web pages). Although gaze behavior is known to differ between face-to-face interaction and image-viewing tasks, no study has investigated whether eye-tracking data from face-to-face conversations can also accurately identify individuals with ASD.
Objective: The objective of this study was to examine whether eye-tracking data from face-to-face conversations could classify children with ASD and typical development (TD). We further investigated whether combining features on visual fixation and length of conversation would achieve better classification performance.
Methods: Eye tracking was performed on children with ASD and TD while they were engaged in face-to-face conversations (including 4 conversational sessions) with an interviewer. By implementing forward feature selection, four ML classifiers were used to determine the maximum classification accuracy and the corresponding features: support vector machine (SVM), linear discriminant analysis, decision tree, and random forest.
Results: A maximum classification accuracy of 92.31% was achieved with the SVM classifier by combining features on both visual fixation and session length. The classification accuracy of combined features was higher than that obtained using visual fixation features (maximum classification accuracy 84.62%) or session length (maximum classification accuracy 84.62%) alone.
Conclusions: Eye-tracking data from face-to-face conversations could accurately classify children with ASD and TD, suggesting that ASD might be objectively screened in everyday social interactions. However, these results will need to be validated with a larger sample of individuals with ASD (varying in severity and balanced sex ratio) using data collected from different modalities (eg, eye tracking, kinematic, electroencephalogram, and neuroimaging). In addition, individuals with other clinical conditions (eg, developmental delay and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) should be included in similar ML studies for detecting ASD.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/29328 DOI Listing
Decreased neuregulin1β1 in first episode and drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia: Negative correlation with cognitive impairment.
Haidong Yang Wenhuan Xiao Man Yang Yili Wang Xiaobin Zhang
Psychiatry Res 2021 10 5;304:114164. Epub 2021 Aug 5.
Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225003, PR China; Institute of Mental Health, Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215137, PR China. Electronic address:
Background: Neuregulin1β1 (NRG1β1) is essential for neuronal migration during development and for the ongoing neural plasticity underlying cognitive function. This study investigated the relationship between cognitive impairment and serum NRG1β1 concentration in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) patients with schizophrenia.
Method: We measured serum NRG1β1 from 65 FEDN schizophrenia patients and 67 healthy matched controls. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Hopkins Vocabulary Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R), Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), Trail Making Test (TMT), Digit Span Test (DST), and Stroop Test.
Results: Serum NRG1β1 concentration was significantly lower in the FEDN patient group than the control group (7.25±0.49 vs. 12.52±0.77 ng/mL; F=23.716, P<0.0001, Cohen's d=1.00). Further, serum NRG1β1 concentration in FEDN schizophrenia patients was negatively correlated with TMT-part A score (r=-0.408, P=0.001) and positively correlated with Stroop color subtest score (r=0.246, P=0.048). Multiple regression analysis also revealed weak correlations among FEDN patients between TMT-part A score and both serum NRG1β1 concentration (R=0.116, F=8.235, P=0.011) and duration of untreated psychosis (R=0.193, F=5.969, P=0.017).
Conclusion: This preliminary study suggests that serum NRG1β1 levels are reduced in FEDN patients with schizophrenia and that NRG1β1 may be involved in the cognitive function.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114164 DOI Listing
E2F1 transcriptionally regulates CCNA2 expression to promote triple negative breast cancer tumorigenicity.
Yongbin Lu Fei Su Hui Yang Yi Xiao Xiaobin Zhang Hongxin Su Tao Zhang Yana Bai Xiaoling Ling
Cancer Biomark 2021 Jul 30. Epub 2021 Jul 30.
Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly malignant breast cancer subtype with a poor prognosis. The cell cycle regulator cyclin A2 (CCNA2) plays a role in tumor development. Herein, we explored the role of CCNA2 in TNBC.
Methods: We analyzed CCNA2 expression in 15 pairs of TNBC and adjacent tissues and assessed the relationship between CCNA2 expression using the tissue microarray cohort. Furthermore, we used two TNBC cohort datasets to analyze the correlation between CCNA2 and E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) and a luciferase reporter to explore their association. Through rescue experiments, we analyzed the effects of E2F1 knockdown on CCNA2 expression and cellular behavior.
Results: We found that CCNA2 expression in TNBC was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues with similar observations in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells. E2F1 was highly correlated with CCNA2 as observed through bioinformatics analysis (R= 0.80, P< 0.001) and through TNBC tissue verification analysis (R= 0.53, P< 0.001). We determined that E2F1 binds the +677 position within the CCNA2 promoter. Moreover, CCNA2 overexpression increased cell proliferation, invasion, and migration owing to E2F1 upregulation in TNBC.
Conclusion: Our data indicate that E2F1 promotes TNBC proliferation and invasion by upregulating CCNA2 expression. E2F1 and CCNA2 are potential candidates that may be targeted for effective TNBC treatment.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/CBM-210149 DOI Listing
Favored outgroup can eliminate the ingroup reference effect.
Qiong Li Ting Liang Chunyan Cao Xiaobin Zhang
Scand J Psychol 2021 Dec 21;62(6):871-877. Epub 2021 Jul 21.
School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
Studies have found that, consistent with the ingroup favoritism effect, the recollection of ingroup related information is better than that of outgroup related information. This study explores whether preferred outgroup can eliminate the ingroup reference effect. Using the university as the reference group, Experiment 1 was designed to verify the group reference effect when there was no outgroup favoritism, and Experiment 2 examined the impact of outgroup favoritism on the group-reference effect. Experiment 1 found that recognition rates in the ingroup-reference condition were significantly higher than in the outgroup reference condition. Experiment 2 found no significant difference between recognition rates in the ingroup- reference and outgroup-reference conditions. Using household registration to classify the reference group, Experiment 3 recruited participants from rural areas to verify the group-reference effect while Experiment 4 recruited students from rural areas with a preference toward urban areas to explore the impact of outgroup favoritism on the group-reference effect. The results are the same as those in the Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. These findings suggest that the ingroup reference effect disappears when outgroups are preferred groups.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12767 DOI Listing
Identifying Autism with Head Movement Features by Implementing Machine Learning Algorithms.
Zhong Zhao Zhipeng Zhu Xiaobin Zhang Haiming Tang Jiayi Xing Xinyao Hu Jianping Lu Xingda Qu
J Autism Dev Disord 2021 Jul 11. Epub 2021 Jul 11.
Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai, Avenue, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China.
Our study investigated the feasibility of using head movement features to identify individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Children with ASD and typical development (TD) were required to answer ten yes-no questions, and they were encouraged to nod/shake head while doing so. The head rotation range (RR) and the amount of rotation per minute (ARPM) in the pitch (head nodding direction), yaw (head shaking direction) and roll (lateral head inclination) directions were computed, and further fed into machine learning classifiers as the input features. The maximum classification accuracy of 92.11% was achieved with the decision tree classifier with two features (i.e., RR_Pitch and ARPM_Yaw). Our study suggests that head movement dynamics contain objective biomarkers that could identify ASD.
The adsorption of cathinone drug on the platinum decorated silicon carbide nanosheets: DFT studies.
Yanni Lei Xiaobin Zhang Tao Deng
J Mol Model 2021 Jun 14;27(7):202. Epub 2021 Jun 14.
Independent Researcher, Suining, China.
Cathinone (CTN), classified as stimulants, is one of the psychoactive drugs. Although the sale of CTN was controlled by international drug laws, it was still sold on the internet, and its overdose caused many deaths worldwide. As chemical sensors, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have drawn attention to be used in various biological molecules. In the current study, the sensing characteristics of the intrinsic SiC monolayer (SiCM) and its Pt-decorated state ([email protected]) were scrutinized toward the CTN drug by utilizing density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It was illustrated that the SiCM sensing response to CTN is insignificant (~ 10.6 at 298 K) due to the weak interaction with the adsorption energy of -0.25 eV. After the decoration of Pt on the SiCM, it was adsorbed above a hexagonal ring, which formed an η-Pt half-sandwich and the adsorption energy was -3.62 eV. It was found that the [email protected] strongly adsorbed CTN and the adsorption energy was -1.60 eV. Therefore, Pt-decoration augmented the SiCM sensing response to CTN from 10.3 to 716.6. The recovery time obtained for the CTN desorption from the [email protected] surface was 12.7 s, which was short. It was concluded that Pt-decoration makes the SiCM a favorable candidate for CTN identification.
Characteristics of Visual Fixation in Chinese Children with Autism During Face-to-Face Conversations.
Zhong Zhao Haiming Tang Xiaobin Zhang Zhipeng Zhu Jiayi Xing Wenzhou Li Da Tao Xingda Qu Jianping Lu
J Autism Dev Disord 2021 Jun 8. Epub 2021 Jun 8.
Few eye tracking studies have examined how people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) visually attend during live interpersonal interaction, and none with the Chinese population. This study used an eye tracker to record the gaze behavior in 20 Chinese children with ASD and 23 children with typical development (TD) when they were engaged in a structured conversation. Results demonstrated that children with ASD looked significantly less at the interlocutor's mouth and whole-face, and more at background. Additionally, gaze behavior was found to vary with the conversational topic. Given the great variability in eye tracking findings in existing literature, future explorations might consider investigating how fundamental factors (i.e., participant's characteristics, tasks, and context) influence the gaze behavior in people with ASD.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04985-y DOI Listing
Facial expression stereotypes of rich and poor adults and children.
Xiaobin Zhang Rongjian Yan Shan Sun Bin Zuo
Cogn Process 2021 Nov 8;22(4):649-657. Epub 2021 Jun 8.
School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.
Facial expression stereotypes can affect the perception of other people's facial expressions. This study examined facial expression stereotypes of poor and rich adults and children. Experiment 1 found that the adult participants associated rich adults with positive emotions (i.e., happiness) and poor adults with negative emotions (i.e., sadness). In Experiments 2-4, adult participants still thought that rich 4-, 6-, and 10-year-old children would show positive facial expressions (happiness) but did not think that poor 4-, 6-, and 10-year-old children would show negative emotions (sadness). These finding have implications concerning how adults communicate with poor and rich adults and children.
Construction of a Nine-MicroRNA-Based Signature to Predict the Overall Survival of Esophageal Cancer Patients.
Xiaobin Zhang Yi He Haiyong Gu Zhichao Liu Bin Li Yang Yang Jie Hao Rong Hua
Front Genet 2021 19;12:670405. Epub 2021 May 19.
Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Background: Esophageal cancer (EC) is a common malignant tumor. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in the occurrence and metastasis and are closely related to the prognosis of EC. Therefore, it will provide a powerful tool to predict the overall survival (OS) of EC patients based on miRNAs expression in EC tissues and blood samples.
Methods: Five independent databases, TCGA, GSE106817, GSE113486, GSE122497, and GSE112264, were used to construct nine-miRna signature and nomograms for prognosis. The bioinformatics analysis was used to predict the enrichment pathways of targets.
Results: A total of 132 overexpressed miRNAs and 23 suppressed miRNAs showed significant differential expression in both EC serum and tissue samples compared with normal samples. We also showed that nine miRNAs were related to the prognosis of EC. Higher levels of miR-15a-5p, miR-92a-3p, miR-92a-1-5p, miR-590-5p, miR-324-5p, miR-25-3p, miR-181b-5p, miR-421, and miR-93-5p were correlated to the shorter survival time in patients with EC. In addition, we constructed a risk prediction model based on the levels of nine differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and found that the OS time of EC patients with high-risk score was shorter than that of EC patients with low-risk score. Furthermore, our results showed that the risk prediction scores of EC samples were higher than those of normal samples. Finally, the area under the curve (AUC) was used to analyze the risk characteristics of EC and normal controls. By calculating the AUC and the calibration curve, the RNA signature showed a good performance. Bioinformatics analysis showed that nine DEMs were associated with several crucial signaling, including p53, FoxO, PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, and TORC1 signaling. Finally, 14 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were identified as hub targets of nine miRNAs, including BTRC, SIAH1, RNF138, CDC27, NEDD4L, MKRN1, RLIM, FBXO11, RNF34, MYLIP, FBXW7, RNF4, UBE3C, and RNF111. TCGA dataset validation showed that these hub targets were significantly differently expressed in EC tissues compared with normal samples.
Conclusion: We have constructed maps and nomograms of nine-miRna risk signals associated with EC prognosis. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that nine DEMs were associated with several crucial signaling, including p53, FoxO, PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, and TORC1 signaling, in EC. We think that this study will provide clinicians with an effective decision-making tool.
Long non-coding RNA DUXAP8 promotes tumorigenesis by regulating IGF1R via miR-9-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Qiang Guan Bo Yuan Xiaobin Zhang Tinghai Yan Jiangong Li Wuzhong Xu
Exp Ther Med 2021 Jul 12;22(1):755. Epub 2021 May 12.
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People's Hospital of Dongying, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide with a low 5-year survival rate. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) double homeobox A pseudogene 8 (DUXAP8) is an oncogene and a potential biomarker in various tumors, such as ovarian, colorectal and non-small-cell lung cancer. However, the function and molecular mechanism underlying DUXAP8 in HCC progression is not completely understood. The expression of DUXAP8, microRNA (miR)-9-3p and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) in HCC tissues and cells was detected via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The expression levels of IGF1R and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated proteins (Snail, Slug, E-cadherin, N-cadherin and vimentin) were assessed via western blotting. The effects of DUXAP8, miR-9-3p and IGF1R on proliferation, migration and invasion were examined by conducting Cell Counting Kit-8 and Transwell assays, respectively. The interaction between miR-9-3p and DUXAP8 or IGF1R was predicted using StarBase or TargetScan, and further assessed using dual luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. DUXAP8 and IGF1R were upregulated and miR-9-3p was downregulated in HCC tissues and cells compared with adjacent healthy tissues and a normal liver cell line, respectively. miR-9-3p overexpression decreased the protein expression level of IGF1R, and miR-9-3p knockdown enhanced the protein expression level of IGF1R in HCC cells compared with the corresponding control groups. Moreover, compared with the corresponding control groups, DUXAP8 knockdown and miR-9-3p overexpression increased E-cadherin protein expression levels, and decreased Snail, Slug, N-cadherin and vimentin protein expression levels. However, miR-9-3p inhibitor and IGF1R overexpression reversed DUXAP8 knockdown- and miR-9-3p overexpression-induced effects, respectively. In addition, compared with the corresponding control groups, DUXAP8 knockdown and miR-9-3p overexpression suppressed proliferation, migration and invasion, which was reversed by miR-9-3p inhibitor and IGF1R overexpression, respectively. Moreover, miR-9-3p as the target of DUXAP8 and IGF1R as the target of miR-9-3p were verified in HCC cells. lncRNA DUXAP8 contributed to HCC tumorigenesis via the miR-9-3p/IGF1R axis, providing a novel therapeutic approach for HCC diagnosis and treatment.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10187 DOI Listing
Synthetic reactions driven by electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes.
Zhonglie Yang Yutong Liu Kun Cao Xiaobin Zhang Hezhong Jiang Jiahong Li
Beilstein J Org Chem 2021 6;17:771-799. Epub 2021 Apr 6.
School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
The reversible, weak ground-state aggregate formed by dipole-dipole interactions between an electron donor and an electron acceptor is referred to as an electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) complex. Generally, upon light irradiation, the EDA complex turns into the excited state, causing an electron transfer to give radicals and to initiate subsequent reactions. Besides light as an external energy source, reactions involving the participation of EDA complexes are mild, obviating transition metal catalysts or photosensitizers in the majority of cases and are in line with the theme of green chemistry. This review discusses the synthetic reactions concerned with EDA complexes as well as the mechanisms that have been shown over the past five years.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.17.67 DOI Listing
A population-based predictive model predicting candidate for primary tumor surgery in patients with metastatic esophageal cancer.
Zhichao Liu Xiaobin Zhang Bin Li Haoyao Jiang Yang Yang Rong Hua Yifeng Sun Zhigang Li
J Thorac Dis 2021 Feb;13(2):870-882
Department of Thoracic Surgery, Section of Esophageal Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Background: The survival benefit of primary tumor surgery for metastatic esophageal cancer (mEC) patients has been observed, but methods for discriminating which individual patients would benefit from surgery have been poorly defined. Herein, a predictive model was developed to test the hypothesis that only certain metastatic patients would gain a survival benefit from primary tumor surgery.
Methods: Clinical data for patients with mEC were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database [2004-2016] and then divided into surgery and no-surgery groups according to whether surgery was performed on the primary tumor. Propensity-score-matching (PSM) was performed to balance the confounding factors. We hypothesized that the patients who had undergone surgery and lived longer than the median cancer-specific-survival (CSS) of the no-surgery group could benefit from surgery. We constructed a nomogram to predict surgery benefit potential based on multivariable logistic-regression analysis using preoperative factors. The predictive performance of the nomogram was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) and calibration curves. The clinical application value of the nomogram was estimated with decision curve analysis (DCA).
Results: A total of 5,250 eligible patients with mEC were identified, and 9.4% [492] received primary tumor surgery. After PSM, CSS for the surgery group was significantly longer [median: 19 9 months; hazard ratio (HR) 0.52, P<0.001] compared with the no-surgery group. Among the surgery group, 69.3% [327] survived >9 months (surgery-beneficial group). The prediction nomogram showed good discrimination both in training and validation sets (AUC: 0.72 and 0.70, respectively), and the calibration curves indicated a good consistency. DCA demonstrated that the nomogram was clinically useful. According to this nomogram, surgery patients were classified into two groups: no-benefit-candidate and benefit-candidate. The benefit-candidate group was associated with longer survival than the no-benefit-candidate group (median CSS: 19 6.5 months, P<0.001). Additionally, there was no difference in survival between the no-benefit-candidate and no-surgery groups (median CSS: 6.5 9 months, P=0.070).
Conclusions: A predictive model was created for the selection of candidates for surgical treatment among mEC patients. This predictive model might be used to select patients who may benefit from primary tumor surgery.
http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jtd-20-2347 DOI Listing
CircRNA circYY1 (hsa_circ_0101187) Modulates Cell Glycolysis and Malignancy Through Regulating YY1 Expression by Sponging miR-769-3p in Breast Cancer.
Xiaobin Zhang Jiehua Li Qin Feng
Cancer Manag Res 2021 9;13:1145-1158. Epub 2021 Feb 9.
Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing City, People's Republic of China.
Background: Breast cancer (BC) is a highly heterogeneous malignant tumor that affects women's health. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in tumor growth in many cancers. However, the role of hsa_circ_0101187 (circYY1) in BC is still unclear.
Methods: Expression of circYY1, microRNA (miR)-769-3p, and YY1 (Yin Yang 1) mRNA was tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell viability, colony formation, migration, and invasion were analyzed with MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), colony formation, and transwell assays. Glucose uptake, lactate product, and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) content were detected with corresponding kits. Several protein levels were measured with Western blotting. The regulatory mechanisms of the circYY1, miR-769-3p, and YY1 were validated by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and/or RNA pull-down assay. The role of circYY1 in BC was confirmed by xenograft assay.
Results: CircYY1 and YY1 were upregulated in BC, while miR-769-3p had an opposing result. Also, BC patients with high circYY1 expression had a poor prognosis. Downregulation of circYY1 decreased xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Both circYY1 inhibition and miR-769-3p elevation constrained BC cell viability, colony formation, migration, invasion, and glycolysis in vitro. CircYY1 acted as a sponge for miR-769-3p, which targeted YY1. CircYY1 sponged miR-769-3p to modulate YY1 expression. Both miR-769-3p inhibition and YY1 upregulation antagonized circYY1 silencing-mediated influence on malignancy and glycolysis of BC cells.
Conclusion: CircYY1 promoted glycolysis and tumor growth via increasing YY1 expression through sponging miR-769-3p in BC, offering a promising therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker for BC.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S289172 DOI Listing
Measuring Public Reaction to Violence Against Doctors in China: Interrupted Time Series Analysis of Media Reports.
Qian Yang Ming Tai-Seale Stephanie Liu Yi Shen Xiaobin Zhang Xiaohua Xiao Kejun Zhang
J Med Internet Res 2021 02 16;23(2):e19651. Epub 2021 Feb 16.
College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Background: Violence against doctors in China is a serious problem that has attracted attention from both domestic and international media.
Objective: This study investigates readers' responses to media reports on violence against doctors to identify attitudes toward perpetrators and physicians and examine if such trends are influenced by national policies.
Methods: We searched 17 Chinese violence against doctors reports in international media sources from 2011 to 2020. We then tracked back the original reports and web crawled the 19,220 comments in China. To ascertain the possible turning point of public opinion, we searched violence against doctors-related policies from Tsinghua University ipolicy database from 2011 to 2020, and found 19 policies enacted by the Chinese central government aimed at alleviating the intense patient-physician relationship. We then conducted a series of interrupted time series analyses to examine the influence of these policies on public sentiment toward violence against doctors over time.
Results: The interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) showed that the change in public sentiment toward violence against doctors reports was temporally associated with government interventions. The declarations of 10 of the public policies were followed by increases in the proportion of online public opinion in support of doctors (average slope changes of 0.010, P<.05). A decline in the proportion of online public opinion that blamed doctors (average level change of -0.784, P<.05) followed the declaration of 3 policies.
Conclusions: The government's administrative interventions effectively shaped public opinion but only temporarily. Continued public policy interventions are needed to sustain the reduction of hostility toward medical doctors.
The group-reference effect and soldiers' recognition memory.
Qiong Li Ting Liang Eqiao Zhou Xinxing Pan Xiaobin Zhang
Memory 2021 02 11;29(2):146-152. Epub 2021 Feb 11.
School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian, People's Republic of China.
Previous research has consistently found that the self-reference effect (SRE) is equal to, or stronger than, the group-reference effect (GRE) for memory performance. The military strongly emphasises group identity; this study investigated whether the GRE was stronger than the SRE for soldiers. Soldiers were recruited to participate in Experiments 1 and Experiment 2. Experiment 1 revealed that recognition was better under the group-reference condition than the self-reference condition. Experiment 2 was identical to Experiment 1, with the exception that the recognition test required participants to use "remember" / "know" / "guess" judgments. The results were consistent with those of Experiment 1, that is, the GRE contributed to better recognition than the SRE, but the difference was statistically significant only for "know" responses. Using a less cohesive group (university students) as participants, Experiment 3 found that the GRE was not superior to the SRE for memory recognition, which indicated that the results of Experiments 1 and 2 were exclusive to soldiers. The findings suggest that soldiers' sense of self might be unique, and that an ingroup sense of self might be dominant for soldiers.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2020.1866014 DOI Listing
Atypical Head Movement during Face-to-Face Interaction in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Zhong Zhao Zhipeng Zhu Xiaobin Zhang Haiming Tang Jiayi Xing Xinyao Hu Jianping Lu Qiongling Peng Xingda Qu
Autism Res 2021 06 2;14(6):1197-1208. Epub 2021 Feb 2.
Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
The present study implemented an objective head pose tracking technique-OpenFace 2.0 to quantify the three dimensional head movement. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typical development (TD) were engaged in a structured conversation with an interlocutress while wearing an eye tracker. We computed the head movement stereotypy with multiscale entropy analysis. In addition, the head rotation range (RR) and the amount of rotation per minute (ARPM) were calculated to quantify the extent of head movement. Results demonstrated that the ASD group had significantly higher level of movement stereotypy, RR and ARPM in all the three directions of head movement. Further analyses revealed that the extent of head movement could be significantly explained by movement stereotypy, but not by the amount of visual fixation to the interlocutress. These results demonstrated the atypical head movement dynamics in children with ASD during live interaction. It is proposed that head movement might potentially provide novel objective biomarkers of ASD. LAY SUMMARY: Our study used an objective tool to quantify head movement in children with autism. Results showed that children with autism had more stereotyped and greater head movement. We suggest that head movement tracking technique be widely used in autism research.
The value of enhanced CT scanning for predicting lymph node metastasis along the right recurrent laryngeal nerve in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Bin Li Baiwei Li Haoyao Jiang Yang Yang Xiaobin Zhang Yuchen Su Rong Hua Haiyong Gu Xufeng Guo Bo Ye Yu Yang Yi He Yifeng Sun Guillaume Piessen Steven N Hochwald Miguel A Cuesta Thomas J Birdas Zhigang Li
Ann Transl Med 2020 Dec;8(24):1632
Department of Thoracic Surgery, Section of Esophageal Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
Background: The right recurrent laryngeal nerve (RRLN) is the region most prone to lymph node metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Nodal involvement may be underestimated by traditional imaging prediction criteria, such as a short axis diameter of 10 mm. The purpose of this study was to determine a more accurate imaging criterion to guide clinical treatment strategy selection.
Methods: The clinical data of 307 patients with thoracic ESCC who underwent surgery at Shanghai Chest Hospital between January 2018 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Utilizing 1-mm layer thickness enhanced computed tomography (CT), the RRLN lymph node short diameter (LNSD) size was measured. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the risk factors for lymph node metastasis along the RRLN.
Results: In our study, RRLN lymph node metastasis occurred in 60 (19.5%) patients and general lymph node metastasis occurred in 150 (48.9%) patients. Of the resected lymph nodes along the RRLN, 14.5% (121/832) were positive. Multivariate analysis identified LNSD [odds ratio (OR), 1.236] as an independent risk factor for RRLN lymph node metastasis. In CT evaluation, a short diameter of 6.5 mm in the RRLN lymph nodes is a critical predictor of metastasis at this site (sensitivity =50%, specificity =83.4%) and a larger short diameter was associated with a higher risk of metastasis (P<0.001).
Conclusions: A 6.5 mm cutoff in LNSD can be applied to clinically predict lymph node metastasis in the RRLN region for patients with ESCC.
http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-4991 DOI Listing
Clinical efficacy of bypass grafting in recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with internal carotid artery invasion.
Zhouyang Zhao Lijin Huang Jinhua Chen Weijia Huang Xiaobin Zhang Yue Ma Hongshen Zhu Zhang Liu
Am J Otolaryngol 2021 May-Jun;42(3):102860. Epub 2021 Jan 12.
Department of Neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, No.183 Zhongshan Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510665, China.
Background: We aimed to assess the clinical efficacy of bypass grafting in recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with internal carotid artery invasion.
Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed involving 51 patients either operated by bypass grafting (n = 22) or treated with repeated chemo-radiotherapy (n = 29).
Results: Four patients in the bypass grafting group died 3-5 months after the operation due to epistaxis and pulmonary infection (4/22, 18.2%), and three more patients exhibited a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≥ 2 during the follow-up (3/22, 13.6%). In the repeated chemo-radiotherapy group, 8 patients died (8/29, 27.6%), including seven patients dying within 2-3 months due to epistaxis and pulmonary infection (7/29, 24.1%). One more patient died of epistaxis after 9 months. The difference in mortality between the two treatment groups within 3 months of treatment was statistically significant (P = 0.038).
Conclusions: Cerebrovascular reconstruction after detailed collateral flow assessment is an effective treatment for recurrent NPC patients with internal carotid artery invasion.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102860 DOI Listing
Effect of mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphisms on the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: Evidence from a meta-analysis.
Jinjian Xu Gang Chen Zhen Yan Mochang Qiu Wentao Tong Xiaobin Zhang Li Zhang Yimin Zhu Keqi Liu
Int J Rheum Dis 2021 Mar 17;24(3):300-313. Epub 2021 Jan 17.
Department of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Shangrao, China.
Background: The effect of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) gene polymorphisms on susceptibility of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were evaluated in ethnically different populations, whereas the results were always inconsistent.
Materials And Methods: Fourteen articles involving 36 datasets were recruited to evaluate the association between MBL gene polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis in a meta-analysis. The random or fixed effect models were used to evaluate the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results: Stratified analysis by ethnicities was conducted and the result revealed that rs1800450 (T vs C, OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.04-1.67, P < .05) and MBL-A/O (T vs C, OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.08-1.34, P < .001) were strongly associated with RA in Brazilian populations. In addition, the significant relationship between rs11003125 (T vs C, OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.06-1.26, P < .05) with RA were also observed in East Asian populations. Meanwhile, the inverse associations between rs5030737 with RA in East Asians and rs1800450 with RA in Indians were acquired. However, no association between any MBL polymorphism with RA susceptibility was confirmed in Caucasians.
Conclusions: The structural polymorphisms in exon 1 of MBL gene may significantly contribute to susceptibility and development of RA in Brazilian and Indian populations, whereas the functional polymorphisms in the promoter region were more likely to associate with RA in East Asians.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.14060 DOI Listing


If you have any news or notices which you would like to post in this section, just email us at . News will be updated as soon as possible.
Victor and Alberta Greenland formally of Dana, are the new owners of the house at 529 Maple Avenue, known locally as the Stimpert House. They took possession around 9/11, having downsized from a much larger restored Victorian Home. The house was previously occupied by the Joe Limbaugh family.
Ida O'Brien is having Easter dinner at her house. Her daughter, Nancy Carls and her husband Leslie will be there. Nancy and Lisa her daughter will be doing the cooking for everyone. Lisa will drive down from where she lives in Chicago to join her mom and dad and grandmother. Reported by Wanda Patterson.
21 - Kaden Barth celebrated his 1st birthday on Sunday March 9th. His actual birthday was March 12th. Kaden enjoyed a Winnie the Pooh cake and opening his many gifts. His family and very close friends all attended the party to help him celebrate his big day. Kaden is the son of Kim Barth of Minonk and has a big brother Kaleb.
20 - Ida O'Brien is having a 95th birthday this week. Richard and Urlene and Dennis and Bonnie and their great grand child, Jennifer are all coming up here from Texas to help her celebrate, along with Leslie and Nancy Carls who live close by.


text:
While you were thinking of whom to vote for, Swarnalatha had to think HOW to vote.
Swarnalatha is a young activist in Coimbatore in Tamilnadu who needs a wheelchair for mobility. She writes on Facebook: "I'm not the complaining type, but Election Commission of India (ECI) promised 100% accessibility at all polling booths. They promised wheelchairs and volunteers to assist people with disabilities and senior citizens. I found none. ECI disappointed me. These ramps are a joke! I had to seek help from police on duty to lift my wheelchair twice, once to get into the compound and second to get into the building itself and return. Wonder if I could once in my lifetime vote with dignity." Please read: https://www.facebook.com/swarna.latha.31586/posts/2421934964507809
We had blogged about Swarnalatha earlier; please see https://palliumindia.org/2018/09/women-of-substance/ and https://palliumindia.org/2018/09/women-of-substance-calendar-launch/.
And see what Pallium India's Ashla Rani wrote in the Times of India in 2017. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/when-compassion-isnt-enough/. She writes about the difficulties of entering a restaurant with friends, "…..kind friends and waiters in the restaurant would offer to lift my chair and take me to the restaurant. Imagine yourself in my position. Would you like to feel that you are burdening four or more people? Perhaps one of the waiters has a bad back and you are contributing to his eventual incapacitation? How would you like to be the object of sympathy of a dozen eyes, curiously concentrating on this helpless body being carried up?"
The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, recently passed in Indian Parliament to give effect to a related UN Convention of 2006, promises among other things equality of opportunity and accessibility. This is the follow up action to a UN convention India had ratified as early as in October, 2007!
Laws alone will not change anything. Not if the society does not wake up and realize that the differently abled are part of this world and have a right to this world. As Ashla says, "My request is to you – each one of you.…. give a minute to put yourself in the place of someone who has a disability or paralysis. Allow us to be human beings. Break the barriers that prevent us from reaching your world".
posted by pallium india in News
kurian mathews permalink
went to vote but was denied as wheel chair could not be taken inside all these years they had supported it was denied by one agent the polling station is jawaharnagar trivandrum. i am paraplegic and confined to wheelchair

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Written by Annie O'Riley (www.oddhistory.com.au) on May 13, 2012
1905, Gembrook area. Bushland just north of where the skeleton was found. SLV image. Gift of Mr. John F. Marshall, 2013
While researching this, I found that from 1905 – 1955 there were 16 other Australian articles about skeletons found in logs or trees. In some indigenous tribes the placement of the deceased in or on a tree is a natural burial custom but only two of these sixteen stories were about indigenous skeletons. We still have 14 cases where European skeletons were found in a trees.
This article was published on the 30th of June, 1911 in the Barier Miner. There are numerous articles in other papers about this story but this one gives more background information and also includes an interesting story of cattle duffing and escape from custody. Most of the articles use the word tree as the skeleton was found in the base of a burnt out upstanding dead tree. Please note that this article is also incorrect as it uses the name Robert Ellis whereas his full name was Charles Robert Ellis.
"SKELETON IN A LOG
There are some peculiar circumstances connected with the discovery made in the ranges at the back of Tynong (wrote the Bunyip correspondent of the "Bendigo Advertiser" on June 23.) by a lad named Gaskett, a fortnight ago. While out rabbitting, he noticed something white shining in a hollow tree. On putting his hand in and pulling out the object he was horrified to find that it was a human skull.
On making investigations, Constable Watt, of Pakenham, found the body of a man who had been clothed in dark material, with two shirts, underpants and overcoat, with a pair of Balmoral boots (unworn) lying beside the pair of bluchers which had covered the feet of the man now dead. All the articles were in an advanced state of decay. A yale lock and a red and green enamel stud were also found. A dark stain, like blood, was found on an undershirt.
How the man met his death is a mystery that may never be solved, and who he is, or where he came from is likely to remain a matter of conjecture. The spot where the body was found is almost inaccessible, and is some miles from the nearest habitation.
If the man was lost in the bush it is not likely that he would carry a pair of boots, and an overcoat with him into a burnt out log to die. It is more than likely these would be the first things discarded. On the other hand, if he committed suicide, is it not likely that some traces of a weapon or poison (for if poison was taken, it must have been carried in some bottle, tin, or other identifiable object) would be discovered?
The matter is more mysterious owing to the fact that no suggestion of murder has been put forward. The only clue so far obtained by the police is the statement of a married woman residing at Brunswick, who states that her brother, a middle aged man, went to the ranges in the vicinity of where the skeleton was found, and has not been heard of.
When the discovery was first made many residents were inclined to the belief that the skeleton was that of a young man named Robert Ellis, who on May 6, 1909, escaped from custody in sensational circumstances, and was believed to be hiding in the ranges, with which he was most intimately acquainted.
On the day mentioned Robert Ellis and another man were committed for trial by the Healesville bench on a charge of having stolen 21 head of cattle and they were being conveyed by train to Melbourne by Constable Morey, a returned South African soldier. As the train neared Mont Albert the other man told the constable that he wished to go to the lavatory, and the constable took him, leaving Robert Ellis in the compartment, the door of which was locked. The train slowed up at Mont Albert and the prisoner who had been left decided it was an excellent chance to escape. He wrenched the bars off the window and climbing out, dropped upon the track, a free man. Constable Morey, returning with the other prisoner, found that Robert Charles Ellis had escaped and giving the other man into the custody of some civilians left the train to put the local police upon the trail and to telegraph the news to the Criminal Investigation Branch in Melbourne.
Those who know Robert Ellis intimately however, assert that he was too experienced a bushman to get lost and was 'too shrewd to commit suicide'."
One fact that this article did not touch on was that some of the cattle were stolen from Labertouche, an area very close to Tynong North. It is also interesting that Charles Robert's father lived in the area during that same time. I need to point out that there was another family by the same name who were orchardists but who should not be confused with this one. After the brothers were arrested and prior to Charles Robert escaping, it was discovered that other mobs of cattle were missing in and around the Narbethong and Alexandra districts and the boys were in the process of also being charged with their theft. It seems that the cattle were usually taken from an "out paddock" or a paddock that was remote and not visited regularly, hence the delay in finding them missing and reporting them stolen. It is probable that after the disappearance of Charles Robert, more cattle were reported as missing but without anyone to charge, it was hardly worth a newspaper wasting print space on. In those days the loss of cattle could be devastating to a farmer. It meant the loss of his livelihood and there would have been quite a few people rather upset with Mr. Charles Robert Ellis. It is very possible that one of them even helped him into a final resting place in a tree. Although it was originally reported that James was not heavily involved, after the escape of his brother and the lack of Charles Robert to charge, he was convicted and received a two and a half year sentence.
Photographs taken for the criminal record of James Joseph Ellis, the younger brother of Charles Robert. Public Record Office of Victoria File.
I have followed through with the theory that this was the skeleton of Charles Robert Ellis because of the comments made in the article. If the man was lost in the bush it is not likely that he would carry a pair of boots, and an overcoat with him into a burnt out log to die. It is more than likely these would be the first things discarded. On the other hand, if he committed suicide, is it not likely that some traces of a weapon or poison (for if poison was taken, it must have been carried in some bottle, tin, or other identifiable object) would be discovered?" There was also a dark stain like blood on the undershirt. It is also curious that the idea of murder was never followed up.
But back to the very odd situation of the many other skeletons found in trees. In 1899 a skeleton was found in a tree at Glen Wills, Victoria. In 1902, one was discovered near Yass. In 1905 one was found at Marrar NSW. In 1921, two were found, one at Wonoka Creek NSW and one at Ridley Tas., 1923 in Deloraine Tas., 1930 Barrine Qld., 1937 Capel W.A., 1940 Glamorgan Qld. 1943 was a big year, there was one found in Reservoir Vic., one in Pearl Beach N.S.W., and one at the Mont Park Psychiatric Facility in Vic. In 1951 one was found near Perth W.A. and in 1955 one was found at Thulimbah Qld. I could go on by listing the skeletons that were found in logs but I think you get the picture. We seem to have an odd habit of leaving skeletons just lying about in hollow logs or trees.
Relevant Skeleton in a Tree Links


Does your child have multiple health concerns, including a mustard allergy? Keep everyone in the know and your child safe by adding the MUSTARD allergy charm to AllerMates multi-allergy bracelet. This "charming" customizable bracelet (sold separately) is a great way to remind others of your child's health concerns, but is fashionable and cool, too – because being safe should be!


Are those extra holiday pounds weighing you down?
If you've struggled to lose weight, it's time to phone a friend. Get Fit With Troy schedules in-home personal training sessions. Learn how to tone and tighten your stomach, develop stamina and eat well. Troy also facilitates group fitness classes. Try a dynamic workout that will challenge you.
"[He's] the best trainer I've ever had! Within 1 month I was able to reduce my wait by 2 inches. I went from a 10 to an 8. Working on size 6 now!" – Alease J.
You, too can experience incredible results. Transform your body with Troy's help. For more information about our Rock Hill, South Carolina gym, call 803-493-5536.


text:
Hiv Aidepidemiology Pathogene Iprevention And Treatment Pdf
By Laepapilan 0 Comment
File Name: hiv aidepidemiology pathogene iprevention and treatment .zip
Explaining HIV and AIDS
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Infection
Get the latest information from CDC coronavirus. People who engage in drug use or high-risk behaviors associated with drug use put themselves at risk for contracting or transmitting viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus HIV , acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS , or hepatitis.
Approximately 76 million people have become infected with HIV since the start of the epidemic. Over the past two decades, in particular, major global efforts have been mounted to address the epidemic, and significant progress has been made. The number of people newly infected with HIV, especially children, and the number of AIDS-related deaths have declined over the years, and the number of people with HIV receiving treatment increased to Still, remaining challenges continue to complicate HIV control efforts.
Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. More than 75 million people worldwide have been infected with human immunodeficiency virus HIV , and there are now approximately 37 million individuals living with the infection.
HIV infection also contributes to cardiovascular disease, bone disease, renal and hepatic dysfunction and several other common morbidities. Antiretroviral drugs are highly effective at inhibiting HIV replication, and for individuals who can access and adhere to these drugs, combination antiretroviral therapy leads to durable and probably lifelong suppression of viral replication.
Viral suppression enables immune recovery and the near elimination of the risk for developing acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS. Despite effective treatment, HIV-infected individuals have a higher than expected risk of heart, bone, liver, kidney and neurological disease. When used optimally by an infected or by an uninfected person, antiretroviral drugs can virtually eliminate the risk of HIV transmission. Despite major advances in prevention sciences, HIV transmission remains common in many vulnerable populations, including men who have sex with men, injection drug users and sex workers.
Owing to a lack of widespread HIV testing and the costs and toxicities associated with antiretroviral drugs, the majority of the infected population is not on effective antiretroviral therapy.
To reverse the pandemic, improved prevention, treatment and implementation approaches are necessary. Human immunodeficiency virus HIV infection probably spread from non-human primates to humans sporadically throughout the s 1 , 2. However, only in the s did the virus come to the world's attention, when homosexual men in urban centres began presenting with advanced and unexplained immunodeficiency 3. Within 2 years of the first report of what eventually became known as acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS , scientists discovered the causative virus: HIV 4 , 5.
HIV infection is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide 7 , with most of the disease concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa. As the infection often takes hold in adults who are in the prime of their economic productivity, HIV infection has dramatically altered the economies of many countries.
Its toll on human health — defined broadly — cannot be readily quantified. On an individual level, the natural history of untreated HIV infection has been exceedingly well studied 8. After a transmission event, HIV takes hold in the mucosal tissues, and within days spreads to the lymphoid organs 9.
At about day 10, the virus becomes detectable in the blood and then continues to spread exponentially over the next few weeks, often peaking about day 30, when HIV antibody levels become detectable Fig. Individuals are probably most infectious at this point. After several years, profound immunodeficiency emerges and individuals develop a characteristic infectious or oncological complication these complications define AIDS; Fig.
Although the typical person progresses to death over a period of about 10 years, some progress rapidly, and a rare subset might never progress or progress very slowly HIV RNA levels first become detectable after several days and then increase exponentially, reaching a peak a few weeks later, at which point the adaptive immune response results in partial control. HIV antibody responses are largely ineffective owing to rapid viral escape.
A steady-state level set point of viraemia, reflecting complex virus—host interactions, is then established. Indeed, HIV-associated immunodeficiency increases the risk of Kaposi sarcoma, certain lymphomas and invasive cervical cancer. PowerPoint slide. When used appropriately, ART is highly effective — completely or nearly completely suppressing HIV replication, improving immune function and greatly reducing the risk of developing AIDS.
However, ART is not curative; if drugs are stopped, the virus almost invariably rebounds within weeks In this Primer, we focus on HIV-1 as it is the more dominant and pathogenic stain. We then discuss the pathogenesis of the infection, describing how HIV is transmitted, how it causes disease and how ART alters the virus—host interactions.
We then discuss current approaches in prevention and management. In our final section on the long-term outlook, we highlight some of the dynamic arenas of HIV research, including the development of effective vaccines and injectable formulations of ART, and emerging efforts to the cure the infection.
In nearly all regions of the world, HIV prevalence is highest in certain groups who share common risk factors. These key affected populations include men who have sex with men, intravenous drug users, people in prisons and other closed settings, sex workers and transgender people Each of these groups has complex legal and social issues related to their behaviours that increase their vulnerability to HIV infection, and prevent them from accessing prevention and treatment services.
Given the high prevalence of HIV infection in these populations, they are considered as essential partners in an effective response to the pandemic. Infants of HIV-positive mothers are another group at high risk of infection, but one of the great success stories of HIV infection has been the near elimination of mother-to-child transmission when ART is used, as described below. On a global level, the incidence of HIV infection in the population of men who have sex with men has remained generally high over the past 10 years without evidence of decline observed in most communities in this time period This risk is due to, in part, the relatively high probability of transmission during receptive anal sexual intercourse and a higher number of exposures.
The HIV infection pandemic is generalized across the adult population in many regions of sub-Saharan Africa, with much of the burden of disease placed on women.
Most of the transmission events occur as a result of heterosexual transmission from a partner whose HIV status was not known or disclosed Box 2. On a per-capita basis, the countries with highest burden are Swaziland, Lesotho, Botswana and South Africa; South Africa is the country with the highest number of HIV-positive people However, within many countries in this region, large differences in prevalence are evident by geographic region, with South Africa and Kenya being examples.
Although the burden has remained stable in many areas, it has declined in some countries, including Zimbabwe, Malawi and Tanzania This decline is probably owing to several factors, including increased use of condoms, which present a barrier to HIV transmission 18 ; reductions in the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections, which are also associated with an increased risk of acquiring HIV infection; the saturation of the at-risk community; and, increasingly, the use of effective ART, which, as described below, makes an individual less infectious.
As a consequence of antiretroviral drug rollout, AIDS-related mortality has declined globally from a peak level of 2. Owing to the provision of antiretroviral drugs, which prevents children from acquiring HIV infection from their mothers around the time of birth, progress in the prevention of new cases of HIV infection among children has been dramatic Box 3. Since , , new HIV infection cases have been prevented among children Despite substantial public health investment in nearly all regions of the world, less than half of the HIV-infected population are receiving ART — this figure is somewhat higher in sub-Saharan Africa and lower in eastern Europe and central Asia as well as in north Africa and the Middle East 6 , Several barriers at various steps of the care pathway prevent full implementation of ART Fig.
Among those known to be infected, linkage to and retention in care are incomplete 19 , 20 , and among those on ART, many have detectable viraemia. The lack of adherence programmes, routine viral load monitoring to detect treatment failure and affordable second-line and third-line regimens means that many treated patients in low-income and middle-income countries might have incomplete viral suppression.
Although antiretroviral therapy ART is very effective and generally safe, the majority of the population in nearly all of the regions and communities studied to date are not on fully effective therapy. There are multiple points in the delivery of care that contribute to the limited penetration of ART globally.
When the nature of the emerging epidemic became apparent in the mids, numerous government and industry partners began what became an unprecedented investment into understanding how HIV is transmitted and how it causes disease Fig.
These investments eventually paid off in terms of the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies and have contributed to dramatic advances in the management of other infections, most notably hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. The pace of discovery in the HIV infection arena has been impressive, owing in large part to the major investments by the NIH and other funding agencies and industry.
It took only a few years to go from the discovery of HIV infection 4 , 5 to the accelerated approval of the first antiretroviral drug zidovudine and eventually to the development and approval of a fully effective three-drug regimen The same level of development cannot be said of prevention, but the past few years have witnessed progress in using antiretroviral therapy ART to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV infection.
Life cycle. HIV is a retrovirus and is, therefore, able to integrate its DNA into the host genome; this fact makes the virus exceedingly difficult to eradicate with current therapies. The virus has a small number of proteins and is remarkably efficient in its design. Taking advantage of host enzymes, HIV is transcribed, proteins are produced and cleaved, and mature virions are released. These steps are now routinely inhibited in a therapeutic setting with a family of commercially available entry inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, integrase strand transfer inhibitors and protease inhibitors Fig.
The ensuing pre-integration complex is imported into the nucleus, and the viral DNA is then integrated into the host genome step 3. These mRNAs are then exported to the cytoplasm where translation occurs step 5 to make viral proteins and eventually mature virions step 6. Each step — HIV entry, reverse transcription, integration and protein maturation — in the HIV life cycle is a potential target for antiretroviral drugs Figure modified from Ref. The primary receptor for HIV-1 is CD4, which is expressed on the surface of T lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells.
Different HIV-1 variants typically use one or the other chemokine receptor, but some can use either; viruses that use these co-receptors for entry are called R5, X4 or R5X4 viruses, respectively.
CCR5 is also expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells. The preferred targets for infection are activated T lymphocytes, which for reasons that remain to be defined are more permissive to infection than resting cells. The virus can also attach to the follicular dendritic network, which retains the infectious virus in a concentrated manner within B cell follicles of lymph nodes.
Tissue fibrosis persists during long-term effective ART Much of the harm associated with the virus in both untreated and treated disease probably occurs in these lymphoid structures HIV evolution. One of the hallmarks of HIV-1 infection is the high rate of variation, estimated to be on the order of one mutation every few replication events This high error rate coupled with continual high-level virus replication leads to the extensive variation in HIV Which of these variants survives and thrives is shaped by selective forces applied by the immune system and antiretroviral drugs The envelope gene — which encodes the proteins that bind to CD4 and the co-receptors — is able to withstand extensive mutations, as shown by the fact that even within one infected individual the envelope sequence varies by 0.
This diversity poses major challenges for the development of a preventive vaccine. HIV transmission. As the initial events in HIV-1 infection are difficult to study in humans, much of our knowledge about this critical period comes from studies of the related simian immunodeficiency virus SIV infection in macaques.
The virus rapidly creates local foci of infection at the site of infection and then rapidly spreads to draining lymph nodes and eventually to distal lymph nodes and other tissues. In the SIV model, this all occurs within a 2-week period.
New infections are typically established by one or a few genetic variants Some variants can be more amenable to transmission fitter than others. During the course of HIV infection, the transmitted viruses evolve, presumably in response to changes in target cell population and immune response to the virus. In some but not all individuals, the virus population evolves from CCR5-tropic to CXCR4-tropic 42 ; the mechanism for this shift remains poorly understood.
Studies have shown that the sequences of transmitted HIV-1 variants resemble the ancestral viral sequences from the infecting partner rather than the contemporaneous sequences, suggesting that the virus that was first acquired in the index case is still favoured for transmission compared with later-stage viruses Viruses that are transmitted tend to have envelope proteins with less glycosylation 44 — 46 than those that are not transmitted, and some evidence suggests that transmitted viruses are less sensitive to the antiviral activities of interferons than those that are not transmitted 47 , The less-sensitive nature of transmitted viruses to interferons is of relevance given that HIV-1 induces a rapid interferon response — the virus must be able to circumvent this response to successfully establish a persistent infection 49 , Primary or acute infection.
More-severe complications — including meningitis — can occur, but many people are asymptomatic. During this period of primary or acute infection, the plasma levels of HIV RNA are typically at their peak approximately 10 6 —10 7 copies per ml.
The human immunodeficiency viruses HIV are two species of Lentivirus a subgroup of retrovirus that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS , [1] [2] a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Research has shown for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples that HIV is untransmittable through condomless sexual intercourse if the HIV-positive partner has a consistently undetectable viral load. HIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus , [15] part of the family Retroviridae. Many species are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with a long incubation period. Upon entry into the target cell, the viral RNA genome is converted reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA by a virally encoded enzyme, reverse transcriptase , that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle.
However, major challenges still remain. We describe basic principles of epidemic control in the context of HIV and identify a number of attainable goals in terms of control and elimination of HIV in specific populations and risk groups, given currently available HIV prevention and treatment methods. Currently available HIV prevention methods make it a feasible goal to eliminate HIV transmission attributable to mother-to-child transmission and blood transfusions. Reductions in transmission attributable to sexual behavior and injection drug use are feasible, but elimination of these modes of transmission will require further advancements in behavioral and biomedical HIV prevention. With regard to HIV-related mortality, we argue that elimination of death due to HIV-related causes is a feasible goal.
in the pathogenesis of non-AIDS clinical events (major causes of morbidity and mortality in people on antiretroviral therapy) is antiretroviral therapy.4 The global prevalence of HIV has factors Liver disease is common, mainly because of co- guidelines, including those for low-income and middle-.
All A-Z health topics. View all pages in this section. In the last 20 years, the number of pregnant women in the United States getting tested for HIV and getting preventive treatment has gone up. Today, it is possible to prevent getting an HIV infection or passing the virus to your partner or baby.
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It harms your immune system by destroying a type of white blood cell that helps your body fight infection. This puts you at risk for serious infections and certain cancers. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
HIV is a virus that targets and alters the immune system, increasing the risk and impact of other infections and diseases. Without treatment, the infection might progress to an advanced stage called AIDS. The life expectancy of a person with HIV is now approaching that of someone who tests negative for the virus, provided that the person takes medications called antiretroviral therapy on an ongoing basis. These are types of T cell — white blood cells that circulate, detecting infections throughout the body and faults and anomalies in other cells. HIV targets and infiltrates CD4 cells, using them to create more copies of the virus. This increases the risk and impact of opportunistic infections and some types of cancer.
Я, пожалуй, занесу его в полицейский участок по пути в… - Perdon, - прервал его Ролдан, занервничав. - Я мог бы предложить вам более привлекательную идею. - Ролдан был человек осторожный, а визит в полицию мог превратить его клиентов в бывших клиентов. - Подумайте, - предложил. - Раз у человека в паспорте был наш номер, то скорее всего он наш клиент. Поэтому я мог бы избавить вас от хлопот с полицией.
Соши замолчала. - Полезный груз? - предложил Бринкерхофф. - Количество жертв. Ущерб в долларах. - Нам нужна точная цифра, - напомнила Сьюзан. - Оценки ущерба всюду приводятся разные.
И в следующую секунду все присутствующие поняли, что это было ошибкой. ГЛАВА 119 - Червь набирает скорость! - крикнула Соши, склонившаяся у монитора в задней части комнаты. - Неверный ключ.
Прочитав написанное, Сьюзан поняла ход мысли коммандера. На бумажке был электронный адрес Северной Дакоты. NDAKOTAARA. ANON. ORG Ее внимание сразу же привлекли буквы ARA - сокращенное название Анонимной рассылки Америки, хорошо известного анонимного сервера.
По-испански говорила очень плохо. - Она не испанка? - спросил Беккер. - Нет.
Она съежилась от этого прикосновения. Он опустил руку и отвернулся, а повернувшись к ней снова, увидел, что она смотрит куда-то поверх его плеча, на стену. Там, в темноте, ярко сияла клавиатура. Стратмор проследил за ее взглядом и нахмурился Он надеялся, что Сьюзан не заметит эту контрольную панель.
Он достал пистолет.
ignore everybody and 39 other keys to creativity pdf
importance of prayer and fasting pdf
internal structure and composition of the earth pdf
interview questions and good answers pdf
rs agarwal verbal and nonverbal pdf
House of secrets by chris columbus and ned vizzini pdf writer
Midnight house and other tales by william fryer harvey pdf
Cruse meaning in language an introduction to semantics and pragmatics pdf
Teori uses and gratification pdf


text:
Participant zone
Prof. Wojciech Orawiec
Member of the Jury
Bassoon / Stanisław Moniuszko Academy of Music in Gdańsk
He is a graduate of the State Higher School of Music in Kraków, which he graduated with honors in 1976 in the bassoon class of prof. K. Siudmak. After graduation, he worked as the first bassoon player in the Pomeranian Philharmonic Orchestra, and from 1980 in the Baltic Philharmonic in Gdańsk. As an orchestral musician, from 1986 he also collaborated with the Wojciech Rajski Polish Chamber Philharmonic. He participated in international music festivals in Europe, in radio and television recordings. As a soloist and chamber musician, a member of, among others existing since 1982, the Gdańsk Brass Quintet, also the Reed Trio, and the Pro Musica Antiqua chamber ensemble founded and operating since 1992 under the patronage of the Museum of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn took part in concerts in the country and abroad. In addition to concert activities, he conducts methodological and interpretation courses in the field of chamber music and teaching to play the bassoon. He participated in the works appointed by the CEA, Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. Commissions developing curricula, as well as programs of nationwide auditions for bassoonists. He is a juror of national and international chamber music and wind instrument competitions. On April 12, 2001, by the ordinance of the Minister of National Education, he was entered on the list of experts conducting qualification exams for teachers applying for professional promotion. He has been a professor at the Academy of Music in Gdańsk since 1995, and since November 2001 a full professor.
Poprzedni news Następny news
Other jurors
Prof. Tomasz Miczka
Deputy Chairman of the Jury, Poland
Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music in Katowice
Prof. Arkadiusz Adamski
Prof. Marek Barański
President of the Jury, Poland
Prof. Bogdan Ocieszak
Member of the Jury, Poland
Academy of Music in Gdańsk
An interview with the winners!
Voting results for each stage of the competition
Awards gala in shortcut
The Concert of Laureates – photo report
Copyright © 2017 / Made with passion by studioNEXT.pl | Deklaracja dostępności
Our website uses cookies, i.e. short text messages stored on a computer, telephone, tablet or other user's device. These data are recorded in order to save user parameters during a session, as well as to collect statistical information about visits on our website. The data are not profiled, and there are no data collected that would help identify the user. There are links to official competition Facebook, Instagram and YouTube profiles on the website. The rules of data processing on these websites are defined in their internal regulations. We do not provide the above-mentioned websites with any personal data.


In today's predominantly digital climate lawyers are practicing law by virtue of tablet and smartphone. All that was once a pen and paper affair has materialized on a digital plane — and along with it, processes have been streamlined that previously drained hours from the workday.
Yet in spite of this, one of the biggest hurdles firms face to this day is getting paid. Even with modern tech solutions handling the brunt of administrative tasks, the issue persists leaving even the most progressive firms at the mercy of their client's will.
And so with that, the MyCase team faced the reality of finding a way to motivate the clients of their customers to pay. Upon closer inspection, the root of the problem could be traced back to the approach taken in soliciting payment. Sure automated reminders helped. But compounding the problem? Forcing clients to take extraneous (or unwanted) steps to processing their payments.
We designed MyCase Payments with a big objective in mind: delve into the billing and invoicing needs of lawyers and come out the other end with a global solution. And it's here!
In response to this nagging problem, MyCase is proud to announce the release of the easiest payment method to date: a secure payment link. From here on in, your law firm's clients are no longer required to log into a client portal in order to pay their bills electronically — they can do so directly from their email (or any preferred messaging app or SMS).
A celebratory milestone for the MyCase team, this new addition to our payments tool set has already cut the time lawyers get paid in half, further underscoring the benefits of ease of payment.
Clients click the link, and are taken to a simple, secure credit card form where they can easily pay.
That's it. MyCase generates the link automatically and you send it on its way.
To the benefit of both your and your clients, MyCase payments stresses convenience and security in equal measure with the following enhancements designed to trump standard invoicing.
In as little as 3 clicks, law firms can now send invoices directly to clients in PDF form. These invoices can include a payment link if you desire. It's fast, easy, and secure.
When clicked, our new payment link takes your clients directly to a unique payment page to enter their credit card info. They do not have to create a password or login. By circumventing this extra step, they're more inclined to pay their invoices upon receipt.
And emails sent notifying of payment.
In doing so, MyCase users are always kept up to date on when the latest payments were made, who paid them, and the amount processed.
Communication with clients is key. By allowing MyCase users to offer a payment method both they can their clients agree upon, law firms can establish positive rapport with their clients leading to future business.
Payment link on PDF – When exporting invoices (to send digitally or physically) from MyCase, the secure payment link is automatically included on it for your convenience and that of the client's.
Payment link in email body – Sending an email through MyCase now automatically includes a "Pay Now" button (when using MyCase Payments).
Best of all, the client enters their card info themselves at their own discretion. The firm never has possession in any of these scenarios meaning you're not putting yourself at risk of breaking PCI compliance.
With MyCase Payments, sending a payment link via email or otherwise can be done in a few simple steps. Here's what it looks like from inside the MyCase interface.
3) Your invoice will be emailed directly to your contact's email address for them to review and pay.
Interested in giving MyCase Payments a try? Find out how to get started here.
Wow! Great update! Thank you!