The X9R is a culmination of several years of research and development to create the highest-level illumination tool ever built by Olight. We have made countless revisions to the design and technical aspects because we only want perfection and nothing else for this flagship piece. Our vision was to not only create one of the brightest flashlights on the market, but also one of the highest quality flashlights that you can pass down to future generations.
The unibody construction is machined out of a massive billet of aluminum that has been Type III hard anodized for maximum scratch resistance. The 25,000-lumen output is produced by 6 brand new XHP70.2 LED's for maximum flood and throw performance. The large side switch is surrounded by 8 blue LED's on each side indicating what mode you are on (left side) while the right side indicates a precise real-time battery level depending on what mode you are using and for how long. There is a built in thermal detection chip to automatically adjust output to prevent overheating and a proximity sensor in the front to protect close objects from being damaged due to the hot beam. The X9R comes in a large hard-shell case that can be equipped with locks and features a pressure release dial on the front to protect the light from high elevation and large temperature changes in transit. The X9R comes with a removable battery pack, home charger, car charger, shoulder strap, and retainer ring for anti-roll. We are proud of our years of hard work and dedication to produce one of the highest performance/quality and technically advanced flashlights in the world. We hope you enjoy it.
✓ Highest brightness level Olight ever produced reaching a max output of 25,000 lumens..
✓ Smart output control to prevent overheating - Proximity sensors that drop the output automatically when the flashlight head approaches a nearby object. Active thermal management system that reduces the output when the temperature gets too hot to prevent any damage or overheating.
✓ Battery level display while indicating an 8-level output selection.
✓ Improved built-in heat dissipation system design for more effective cooling of the flashlight body.
✓ Ergonomic design - Milled finger grooves, shoulder strap and concealable strap hole for convenient and comfortable use.
✓ Battery balance - The battery protection board can balance out the power of individual cells to maximize the performance of the entire battery pack and also increase each cell's longevity.


text:
package org.apache.commons.dbutils.handlers;

import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;

import org.apache.commons.dbutils.BasicRowProcessor;
import org.apache.commons.dbutils.ResultSetHandler;
import org.apache.commons.dbutils.RowProcessor;

/**
 * ResultSetHandler implementation that converts a
 * ResultSet into an Object[]. This class is
 * thread safe.
 *
 * @see ResultSetHandler
 */
public class ArrayHandler implements ResultSetHandler<Object[]> {

    /**
     * Singleton processor instance that handlers share to save memory.  Notice
     * the default scoping to allow only classes in this package to use this
     * instance.
     */
    static final RowProcessor ROW_PROCESSOR = new BasicRowProcessor();

    /**
     * An empty array to return when no more rows are available in the ResultSet.
     */
    private static final Object[] EMPTY_ARRAY = new Object[0];

    /**
     * The RowProcessor implementation to use when converting rows
     * into arrays.
     */
    private final RowProcessor convert;

    /**
     * Creates a new instance of ArrayHandler using a
     * BasicRowProcessor for conversion.
     */
    public ArrayHandler() {
        this(ROW_PROCESSOR);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new instance of ArrayHandler.
     *
     * @param convert The RowProcessor implementation
     * to use when converting rows into arrays.
     */
    public ArrayHandler(RowProcessor convert) {
        super();
        this.convert = convert;
    }

    /**
     * Places the column values from the first row in an Object[].
     * @param rs ResultSet to process.
     * @return An Object[]. If there are no rows in the ResultSet
     * an empty array will be returned.
     *
     * @throws SQLException if a database access error occurs
     * @see ResultSetHandler#handle(ResultSet)
     */
    @Override
    public Object[] handle(ResultSet rs) throws SQLException {
        return rs.next() ? this.convert.toArray(rs) : EMPTY_ARRAY;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
teacher training & certification
Social Work Aswb Clinical Exam Guide, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Study Guide for Success (Book + Free App)
Dimensions: 1.00" H x 11.00" L x 8.00" W
Publisher: Springer Publishing Company
Dawn Apgar
785 copies available
Updated to reflect ASWB's revised 2018 test blueprint used for test construction. Now with a free mobile & web app with print purchase Written by a renowned social work educator rather than an unknown at a test preparation company, this thoroughly updated guide helps readers identify their weak areas so they know what to focus on to pass the ASWB (R) Clinical licensure exam Reviewers applaud the book's unique test-taking tips and strategies, which are based on the author's extensive knowledge of the exam. A thorough review of the four content areas of the updated Clinical exam is provided. The 170-question practice test with explanations of the correct answers mirrors the actual exam in length and structure. This invaluable guide has been praised by social workers across the country as essential to passing the ASWB (R) Clinical Exam on the first attempt HIGHLIGHTS INCLUDE: Updated to reflect ASWB's revised 2018 test blueprint used for test construction. Content available via an app in addition to the print version so test takers can study using multiple mediums. Written by a renowned social work educator who has helped thousands of test takers pass the exam through her invaluable workshops. Provides a thorough content review of the four core areas of the updated Clinical examination: human development, diversity, and behavior in the environment; assessment, diagnosis, and treatment planning; psychotherapy, clinical interventions, and case management; and professional values and ethics. Readers applaud the invaluable tips for how to read the questions, overcome test anxiety, avoid common pitfalls, and assess one's learning style, all of which help foster exam confidence. Begins with a self-assessment to help identify areas of strength and weakness. A full practice test with 170 questions that mirrors the actual ASWB (R) Clinical Exam in length, structure, and content, with detailed explanations of the correct answers. Identifies the Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities statements (KSAs) for each question so test-takers can easily locate relevant source materials for further study. Questions are distinct from those in the author's Social Work ASWB (R) Clinical Practice Test. App included Includes all the high-quality content from the book Information at your fingertips anytime, anywhere. Available on iOS, Android, and the web, with a powerful, simple-to-use interface. APP INCLUDED WITH PRINT PURCHASE
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The project, located in Slovenia, consists of three Astron buildings, an 8,400 m² production plant, a 5,000 m² warehouse and a 2,260 m² office building. It was realised for GEBERIT, the European market leader in sanitary technology, who wanted to expand its production and logistics capacity.
This investment aims at broadening the site possibilities via a complete range of Astron products. The factory became fully operational in 2015 and it significantly increases the company's European production capacity.


What Does a Sheraton Lake Buena Vista Resort Room Include?
The hotel's rooms are designed to help you relax after a busy day sightseeing. Chill out by watching premium cable TV or by connecting with loved ones using the high-speed Wi-Fi. If you feel like an early night, the Sheraton Sweet Sleeper beds will give you the rest you need.
Guests love this resort's pool complex, which features a zero-entry pool, a kiddie pool, and a hot tub. "Dive in" movies are also shown in the evenings. Once you've worked up an appetite in the pools, you can savour a sit-down meal at Zest or enjoy casual eats poolside at 27 Palms Grill.
How Much Will a Stay at Sheraton Lake Buena Vista Resort Cost?
Sheraton Lake Buena Vista Resort's traditional rooms start from around $185.
The resort is close to Walt Disney World, SeaWorld, Epcot, and other theme parks. It's surrounded by restaurants and is a short walk from the Vista Centre Shoppes.
Can I Bring My Dog to the Sheraton Lake Buena Vista Resort?
Sheraton Lake Buena Vista Resort is one of the few Orlando hotels that permit pets. You can stay with a dog up to 60 pounds, but at the hotel's discretion, you may be charged a cleaning or damage fee.
Make an online booking for an appointment at the Top of the Palms Spa via the hotel's website.
Sheraton Lake Buena Vista employees will really look after you, greeting you as you move about the resort and providing free transport to Walt Disney World. Recent refurbishments have breathed new life into this long-standing hotel.
"Hot tub so much" "Gym equipment in good condition"
"Pool area was amazing" "Pools are amazing"
"Close to all the attractions" "Location was excellent"
"Impeccable customer service" "Staff was very accommodating"
"Conditioning unit worked properly" "Air conditioner leaked all over"
"Lots of patio" "Property is dated"
"Did not offer croissants" "No continental breakfast"
"Air conditioners did not work" "Dirty bed linens"
"Free wi-fi" "Worst internet connection"
"Dirty bed linens" "Dirty pillow case"
"Damn room rate" "Overcharged for breakfast"
"Mattresses are old" "Property is dated"
Families can find a happy compromise at this well-located, safari-themed hotel that's fun for kids but not annoying for adults.
Located a short drive from Orlando attractions and near Disney World, the all-villa Sheraton Vistana Resort is a family-friendly hotel set on pretty manicured grounds.
This hotel, conveniently situated just outside the Disney gate, completed a total upgrade in 2013, with some guest rooms transformed into family suites with separate bedroom and bunk beds.


text:
Berkeley & Oakland: 5 Amazing Things
Craft Beer & Breweries
Edutourism
San Francisco's other bridge—the Bay Bridge, not the Golden Gate—stretches about 4.5 miles between Oakland and Berkeley, cities that lay claim to a world-class university, lively music venues, legendary bookstores, groundbreaking restaurants like Alice Water's Chez Panisse, and major bragging rights. In 2019, National Geographic Traveler rated Oakland as one of 28 must-see destinations around the world. All that, plus the East Bay's weather is famously sunnier and warmer than San Francisco, so pack your shorts and T-shirts.
Jack London Square
Browse waterfront boutiques, graze on global cuisine, tour a historic ship, and fully immerse yourself in bayside splendor at Jack London Square, south of downtown Oakland. This nautical neighborhood, now a stylish bastion of condos, cocktail joints, and entertainment hot spots, was where adventurer and writer Jack London caroused in his younger days. Check out the replica of London's Yukon cabin and the next-door Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon, an 1883 watering hole where London was a regular. (The 1906 earthquake torqued Heinold's into a permanent slant—the bar floor has a jaunty 20-degree grade.) Dine on modern Arabic food at Dyafa, bowl a few rounds at Plank or mingle in its sunny beer garden, and take a tour of the USS Potomac, Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidential yacht (the "floating White House"). Jack London Square is a lively spot any day or evening, but it's especially bustling during the weekly Sunday farmers market.
Tilden Park
The hills above Berkeley and Oakland are graced by a 20-mile string of East Bay Regional Parks, and their crown jewel is 2,000-acre Tilden. The park's huge array of activities caters to every kind of nature-loving urbanite: Families with young kids have fun feeding the pigs, chickens, and goats at the interactive Little Farm and riding Tilden's miniature steam train and hand-carved antique carousel. Plant lovers make a beeline for the beautifully landscaped botanic garden featuring 10 acres of California natives, including rare and endangered species. For swimmers and sun-worshippers, spring-fed Lake Anza has a sandy beach and warm water. For calorie-burners, the summit of Wildcat Peak is a solid workout. And for anyone who enjoys a lovely view, the paved Nimitz Way Trail travels to Inspiration Point. It's an easy walk to a spectacular ridgetop overlook—a fine spot to watch the sun set over San Francisco Bay.
Oakland Museum of CA
This fascinating museum provides a window into California's culture, its three floors documenting the state's art, history, and environment. In the Gallery of California Natural Sciences, wander through models of California's extraordinarily diverse ecosystems to learn about the Coachella Valley's palm trees, Yosemite's granite peaks and domes, and Point Reyes' nutrient-rich coastal waters. In the Gallery of California History, view exhibits dedicated to California's past, including Hollywood moviemaking, the Black Panthers, and the Gold Rush. In the Gallery of California Art, admire photographs by Dorothea Lange, Eadweard Muybridge, and Imogen Cunningham; sketches made by Gold Rush pioneers; and Barry McGee's vivid acrylic assemblages. Don't miss the rooftop sculpture garden with views of Oakland's Lake Merritt and the city beyond. On Friday nights, the museum buzzes with food trucks, dance performances, DJs, and late-night gallery hours (open 5 p.m. to 10 p.m.).
Claremont Club & Spa, a Fairmont Hotel
This posh 1915 hotel is the East Bay's gleaming white fairy-tale castle, a dreamy spot to hold your wedding or anniversary party, celebrate a romantic weekend, or savor luxurious spa treatments solo or with friends. Surrounded by the wooded Berkeley Hills, the Claremont is perched high enough to enjoy lavish views of San Francisco Bay (for the best view, splurge on an upper-floor room). Three heated pools, 10 tennis courts, four on-site restaurants, a 20,000-square-foot fitness facility, and the luxurious Fairmont Spa at the Claremont are spread across 22 landscaped acres. Take a walk at Claremont Canyon Regional Preserve directly behind the hotel, then sit down to a house-crafted cocktail and regionally sourced cuisine on the bay-view patio at Limewood Bar & Restaurant.
Berkeley is considered the birthplace of ingredient-driven cuisine—thank you, Alice Waters—and that influence shows up at almost every eatery in town. Comal, an airy 170-seat restaurant in downtown, is a perfect example. Upscale south-of-the-border favorites—tamales, ceviche, fish tacos, and mezcal-drenched cocktails—are prepared with fresh, seasonal, local, sustainable ingredients. A lofty warehouse-style dining room with concrete walls and recycled-wood tables gives Comal's modern Mexican cuisine a chic, cosmopolitan accent, but the most popular seats are outdoors on the intimate back patio, where flames dance in the fire pits and servers push around margarita carts.
Visit Berkeley
East Bay Regional Park ...
San Francisco Travel
The Channel Islands National Park
Orange County's Best Beaches
Inland Empire's Rim of the World Road Trip
Beverly Hills: 5 Amazing Things


text:
Alla Alexandrovna Kudryavtseva (; born 3 November 1987) is a retired Russian tennis player.

Kudryavtseva won one singles title and nine doubles titles on the WTA Tour, as well as two singles titles and 15 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 4 October 2010, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 56. On 8 September 2014, she peaked at No. 15 in the WTA doubles rankings. On 2 November 2021, Kudryavtseva announced on Instagram that she had retired from the sport.

Professional career

Early career
Kudryavtseva debuted on the WTA Tour at the 2004 Kremlin Cup, where she could not succeed beyond the qualifying rounds. In the following season, her best WTA Tour result was reaching the first rounds of the Nordea Nordic Light Open in Stockholm in singles and the Banka Koper Slovenia Open in doubles.

Her first major appearance was at the 2006 Australian Open, where she could not win a qualification round. The same result was seen at the other three Grand Slam tournaments. Among her more notable results in that season were reaching the singles quarterfinals of the Sunfeast Open in Kolkata, India, and the semifinals in doubles of the Tashkent Open, with Canadian Stéphanie Dubois.

2007–11: Steady progress
In 2007, Kudryavtseva qualified for main draw of the Australian Open, reaching the second round in singles and doubles. With Hsieh Su-wei she reached her first WTA final at the Sony Ericsson International in Bangalore, India, losing to a pair from Taiwan. At the French Open, Kudryavtseva qualified for the second Grand Slam in a row and reached the third round, beating Gisela Dulko in the second, and eventually losing to Maria Sharapova. Her best result in singles at a WTA tournament was reaching quarterfinals at Barcelona. At Wimbledon, Kudryavtseva earned first Grand Slam direct entry but drew the eventual champion Venus Williams and lost in three sets. Later that year in Kolkata, Kudryavtseva with Vania King won her first title.

In 2008, partnering with Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova, she reached the final at the Internazionali di Palermo, losing to Sara Errani and Nuria Llagostera Vives. She played alongside several doubles partners, including King and Vera Dushevina. In singles, Kudryavtseva fought her way through the fourth round of Wimbledon, defeating third-seeded Sharapova in the second round, which is to date her best result in a Grand Slam singles event.

In 2009, Kudryavtseva progressed in doubles in the next season, climbing with Ekaterina Makarova to the final of the Premier Mandatory China Open, eventually losing to Hsieh Su-wei and Peng Shuai. Kudryavtseva/Dushevina reached the quarterfinals of the Rogers Cup.

In 2010, the Russian two times in succession reached the finals in singles, becoming champion in Tashkent and before that runner-up in Guangzhou. As a result, she reached a career-high ranking of 56 and finished the year at No. 61 in the world in singles. With her new partner Anastasia Rodionova she also reached two finals in doubles, winning the UNICEF Open.

In the 2011 season, she and Olga Govortsova reached three WTA Tour finals at the Cellular South Cup, Aegon Classic and Citi Open, the first two of which they won.

Kudryavtseva and Makarova became quarterfinalists of the 2012 Australian Open, eventually losing to Errani/Vinci; this became her best result in a Grand Slam doubles tournament. However, her 2012 season was rather poor, eventually skipping the WTA Tour for ITF tournaments at season end.

2013: Breakthrough in doubles
The back and forth switching of ITF and WTA tournaments continued until showing with Rodionova significant results since late April. They won the Challenge Bell, and also reached the final of the Kremlin Cup. Furthermore, the two became semifinalists at the Premier 5 events Italian Open and Pan Pacific Open. Kudryavtseva returned to the top 50 in doubles as a result of her successful season.

2014
Kudryavtseva/Rodionova continued their successful partnership starting the year with a title at Brisbane. The second title came in February in Dubai, where they defeated Kops-Jones and Spears in the final. Their biggest Grand Slam result came at Wimbledon, where they lost in the quarterfinal against Babos/Mladenovic. They also reached the semifinals in Cincinnati and Beijing, the quarterfinals in Miami, Doha and Wuhan. Their last title of the season came at an international event in Tianjin, which also led them into the WTA Championships in Singapore.

In their debut Championships in Singapore appearing Kudryavtseva/Rodionova beat a fourth-seeded team of Makarova/Vesnina, 4–6, 6–2, [10–6]. In the semifinals, they were defeated by title defenders Hsieh Su-wei/Peng Shuai, 6–1, 6–4. As a consequence, Kudryavtseva pushed into the top 20 in doubles, reaching a career-high ranking of 15.

In addition to the success in doubles, Kudryavtseva qualified for nine singles events including three Grand Slam tournaments; Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon. She was able to finish the year in the top 100 at No. 96 for the first time since 2010.

2015
Kudryavtseva started the season with a quarterfinal showing at Brisbane in singles defeating world No. 23, Karolína Plíšková, in the second round. She paired with Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova of Russia in hopes for Olympics and reached semifinals at Dubai, Charleston, Rome and Washington. They also reached quarterfinals of the US Open but fell one spot short of qualifying for the WTA Finals and went to Singapore as an alternate. Kudryavtseva finished the year at 170 in singles and 29 in doubles.

Performance timelines

Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records.

Singles

Doubles

Significant finals

WTA 1000 finals

Doubles: 1 (runner-up)

WTA career finals

Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)

Doubles: 20 (9 titles, 11 runner-ups)

ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 10 (2 titles, 8 runner-ups)

Doubles: 19 (15 titles, 4 runner-ups)

Notes

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Tennis players from Moscow
Russian female tennis players
Russian expatriates in the United States

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


January 30, 2018 17:00 ET | Source: Grand Canyon Education, Inc.
Phoenix, Jan. 30, 2018 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Grand Canyon Education, Inc. (Nasdaq:LOPE) announced today that it will report its 2017 fourth quarter results after market close on Wednesday, February 21, 2018. The University will host a conference call to discuss the results in more detail at 2:30 P.M. (4:30 P.M. ET) the same day.
Please dial in at least five minutes prior to the start of the call. Journalists are invited to listen only.
Investors, journalists and the general public may access a live webcast of this event at: Q4 2017 Grand Canyon Education Inc. Earnings Conference Call. A webcast replay will be available approximately two hours following the conclusion of the call at the same link.
About Grand Canyon Education, Inc.
Grand Canyon Education, Inc. is a comprehensive regionally accredited university that offers over 225 graduate and undergraduate degree programs, emphases and certificates across nine colleges both online and on ground at our over 275 acre campus in Phoenix, Arizona, at leased facilities and at facilities owned by third party employers of our students. Our undergraduate programs are designed to be innovative and meet the future needs of employers while providing students with the needed critical thinking and effective communication skills developed through a Christian, liberal arts foundation. We offer master and doctoral degrees in contemporary fields that are designed to provide students with the capacity for transformational leadership in their chosen industry, emphasizing the immediate relevance of theory, application, and evaluation to promote personal and organizational change. For more information about Grand Canyon Education, Inc. visit the Company's website at www.gcu.edu.
More articles issued by Grand Canyon Education, Inc.


Pig Pen Cake, 7/24, 1-3p — Sugar Drop Inc.
To celebrate the return of the Williamson County Fair, Sugar Drop will be teaching students how to create the iconic Pig Pen Cake! For this cake, students will learn how to work with fondant and buttercream and will hopefully be inspired to enter the culinary competition of the fair!
All supplies are included for this class. Students will leave with a 6" chocolate cake.


Bright lights, colourful billboards and a bustling nightlife, Japan's cities at night are some of the most energetic and interesting places to visit. Below are night photographs from various cities in Japan to give you inspiration for your next trip.
Tokyo serves as a popular entry point into Japan, being the capital and also due to its large number of international connection. It's an awesome city to explore at night, full of picture opportunities and things going on all around. When visiting Tokyo and exploring at night then check out a few of the spots mentioned below.
Tokyo is fast, with lots going on in all directions. This makes it exciting and there's nothing better than just diving straight in and embracing the city.
For some of the most epic views of Tokyo, the Tokyo Skytree is a must visit. The observation decks present you with sweeping 360 views and allow you to appreciate just how vast the city is.
Not far from the Tokyo Skytree is the Sensoji temple which is one of the city's most famous and popular landmarks. Also is a beautiful 5 story pagoda, the Hozomon Gate as well as the Kaminarimon Gate. All of these are fantastic to see and photograph, especially at night when it's quieter.
Another great spot for skyline views is from The Tokyo City View. This is located in the Roppongi Hills Mori Tower and is where you can get the classic view of the Tokyo Tower. There is both an indoor observation deck, as well as a sky deck. One good thing about taking photographs inside is that the lighting is low, meaning you get fewer reflections from the glass.
The main entertainment district and a great experience is Shinjuku. Here you'll find more billboards and neon lights than you've probably ever seen and this area can really help you get a taste of Tokyo nightlife.
Also in Shinjuku and not far from the main station is the very pretty Memory Lane. This street is full of small food stands where you could just rock up, sit with the locals and grab a tasty bite.
Shibuya Crossing is one of the busiest crossings in the world and a great spot to relax and watch the constant flow of people and traffic. It's also fun to cross and oddly feels busier at ground level.
Another top city to visit in Japan, especially to experience Japan's nightlife is Osaka. Similar to Tokyo it has some super cool spots to explore and those being full of awesome lights, bright colourful billboards and intriguing shop fronts.
Head along the Dotonbori canal where you can enjoy an entertaining boat ride with colourful scenes all around. A highlight of the Dotonbori canal is the Gurikoman billboard seen below on the right (the running man) which signifies an image of health and is made up of around 14 million LEDs. Often tourists and locals alike will be doing the same pose for a photo with the billboard behind them.
Around the Osaka you may find several cute streets such as below. Lining these are restaurants serving delicious and mouthwatering dishes.
Osaka has a cool tower, Tsutenkaku, designed by the same architect who designed the Tokyo Tower. The 103 meter structure has an observation deck, or you can enjoy from ground level (like below). Also in this area are lots of nice restaurants where you can get Kushikatsu, a delicious fried treat that's also great for sharing with friends.
When visiting Osaka an unmissable landmark is Osaka Castle. This beautiful castle is loved by the Osaka people who helped donate to fund it being rebuilt. When exploring at night the grounds make for a peaceful and romantic walk.
The Umeda Sky Building's observation deck serves as a top place to see the city. Visit at night, soak in the skyline and relax whilst listening to the peaceful music which adds to the ambience. Also, a nice spot for couples to enjoy.
Kyoto used to be the capital of Japan until 1868 and has some of the country's top and must-see attractions. And, as well as plenty to do during the day, it has plenty of beautiful spots to explore at night.
The streets of Ninenzaka are lined with classic traditional Japanese architecture and as these streets get quite busy during the day, visit at night for some calm peaceful walks.
Also in the Ninenzaka area is the Hōkanji Temple (Yasaka-no-Tou), a five-story pagoda often seen in postcards. When visiting at night you may have this classic spot all to yourself.
Do you like heights and want skyline views of the city? Then head up Kyoto Tower. Located near the main Kyoto station, visit this spot to watch the sun go down and into the blue hour before continuing your night.
Kyoto Station has a special illumination located on one of their stairwells. These LEDs change throughout the year based on the season and are accompanied by really nice music. Check out this spot when staying in Kyoto and passing through the station.
Use reflections such as in water features or puddles for a unique photo.
Hey Buddy!, I found this information for you: "In Pictures – Japan – Cities at Night". Here is the website link: https://www.travelanddestinations.com/in-pictures-japan-cities-at-night/. Thank you.


Vobis Multiple Effect Falling Film Evaporators enable efficient production of client products from hundreds to tens of thousands of liters per hour. All of our Falling Film Evaporators work via the same general process: raw material is fed through the proprietary optimized distribution system, to the top of the heating tubes, and then evenly distributed on the insides of the tubes' walls. A thin, generally turbulent flow of the liquid film spirals down the inside of the tubes, coating the entire surface for excellent heat transfer. Vapor and liquid are separated while entrainment is minimized.
Falling Film Evaporators are compatible with heat-sensitive products with relatively low viscosity; they have a short residence time in the tubes, and typically evaporate under vacuum to lower the volatile component boiling point. The short residence time minimizes heat exposure, and operation under vacuum allows for lower temperature evaporation, ideal for heat sensitive liquids. High evaporation loads can also be readily accommodated; when necessary, for fully wetting the complete lenght of the tubes' wall surfaces, recycling of liquid can be implemented.
Efficient operation of our falling film evaporators implemented for temperature-sensitive products is achieved through several features. Optimized liquid feed distribution to our falling film tubes help create high heat transfer coefficients. Low pressure drop helps to minimize fouling. Automated PLC-driven process controls for variables including: temperature, vacuum, and feed rate, insure accurate control and reproducible results. The minimized material inventory requirement provides for flexible operation, quick start-up, and easy changeover among different products. Falling film evaporators can also be utilized for liquids with relatively low viscosity without complication and often implemented for concentration or solvent recovery.
As an example, our falling film systems are used for heat sensitive natural products such as plant extracts as the solvent recovery systems after extractions such as in our solvent recovery systems in the hemp industry where we provide falling film and pot still evaporation systems to recover 50Kg/h, 100Kg/h, 200Kg/h, 400Kg/h, 800Kg/h, 1000Kg/h, 2000Kg/h, 5000Kg/h, or more of ethanol from the hemp extract or as needed to match the client specific process for other solvents such as isopropyl alcohol.
Vobis multiple effect falling film evaporators are often large and always energy-efficient systems – including implementation of multiple effects, and incorporating thermal vapor compression, or mechanical vapor compression. For pilot scale falling film systems please see our pilotevaporators website.


Deponia - Free online games on Keygames.com!
Help Rufus save the world and win the heart of a girl in this amazing point and click adventure game Deponia. The world is degenerated into a vast garbage dump in which Rufus lives his poor live. He is part of the lowest social rank and he is doomed to live his life in this literal mountains of trash. He has hope to one day go up and live with the rich, who are living in a floating city high above the clouds.
One day, fate shows it's smile and an attractive lady named 'Goal' falls down into one of the trash heaps. Rufus decides to help the lady, and develops the feeling of love for her. The poor guy from the junkyard must conquer her heart, as she is the only one that can help him escape Deponia, and then.. eventually save the planet.


text:
Q: ORDER BY select statement using UNION & DISTINCT I'm using the following query to populate a dropdown list of values.
select 'Select a City' as City, 'All' as Value
UNION ALL
select distinct City, City as Value from BND_Listing

I'd like to sort A-Z the results. I've tried the following:
select 'Select a City' as City, 'All' as Value
UNION ALL
select distinct City, City as Value from BND_Listing
ORDER BY City ASC

But am getting an error:

Incorrect syntax near the keyword 'Union'.

Additionally this query is pulling "Blank or NULL" values and displaying a blank space at the top of the drop-down. I'd like to hide that if possible. Not display any null value?

A: You want to add a row to your result, which is always on top and carries a NULL as ID?
Try this:
SELECT *
FROM
(
    SELECT NULL AS col1,'select an object' AS col2,0 AS SortInx
    UNION ALL
    SELECT TOP 10 object_id,name,ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY name)
    FROM sys.objects
) AS Sortable
ORDER BY SortInx

Short explanation: ROW_NUMBER() start with 1, so the first row gets 0 as sort index. The numbers from 1 to x represent the sorted name's order.
The outer SELECT will sort the result-set again making sure, that 0 is in front and 1 to x following...

A: I agree with most of the comments here where the best approach is to actually have the "Select a Value" row added in the application itself. It's probably best to have the database only delivering "actual" data to your application and handle things like that in the code.
I'm also not sure what this project is for, but if you have access, I would strongly recommend creating views and/or stored procedures at the database level to abstract any database schema and logic changes from your application.
Just out of curiosity, why are you selecting the same field twice with different aliases? I'm assuming you're setting the display value and the actual value in a simple HTML dropdown, but in this case, the values are the same, so you could only have one field in your result set and reference that value twice in the application. Doing this would solve the problem of your original question, as well as simplify your query (although a query this simple is going to have negligible cost anyway) to look like this:
SELECT DISTINCT City
FROM BND_Listing (NOLOCK)
WHERE City IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY 1 ASC

Depending on the data, DB config, etc, you may need to account for empty strings and/or leading/trailing spaces with something like this:
SELECT DISTINCT LTRIM(RTRIM(City)) AS City
FROM BND_Listing (NOLOCK)
WHERE LTRIM(RTRIM(City)) <> ''
    AND City IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY 1

Sorry...I know that may have been a little overkill, but you said you were new to SQL, so I thought I'd just share that in case your NULL results were actually empty strings.

A: Thank you everyone for the responses it gave me a lot of insight on where to look for my problem. The original query with the addition of the below achieved the proper result.
working query:
select 'Select a City' as City, 'All' as Value
UNION ALL
select distinct City, City as Value from BND_Listing
where isnull(City,'') <> ''
Order by City ASC

with 'Select a City' always at the top of the dropdown. Credit to @scsimon on my other post for this.
with cte as(
select 'Select a City' as City, 'All' as Value
UNION ALL
select distinct City, City as Value from BND_Listing
where isnull(City,'') <> '')

select * from cte  Order by case when City = 'Select a City' then 1 else 2     end, City ASC

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
127. Retraite Québec and the Autorité des marchés financiers may, in accordance with the law, enter into an agreement with a government in Canada other than the Gouvernement du Québec or with a department or body of that government in order to authorize
(1) a supervisory authority under a legislative authority other than the Parliament of Québec to exercise any of the powers conferred by this Act on Retraite Québec or the Autorité des marchés financiers; or
(2) Retraite Québec and the Autorité des marchés financiers to exercise any of the powers of such an authority.
Such agreements may, in particular,
(1) determine to what extent and on what conditions a voluntary retirement savings plan is subject to this Act and the legislation of a legislative authority other than the Parliament of Québec that is party to the agreement; and
(2) establish requirements concerning a voluntary retirement savings plan, a plan administrator or an employer, in addition to the other requirements imposed by this Act and the legislation of a legislative authority other than the Parliament of Québec that is party to the agreement.
An agreement must be published in the Gazette officielle du Québec. On the expiry of at least 45 days after the publication, it is submitted to the Government for approval, with or without amendment. The agreement comes into force after approval, on the date it is published again in the Gazette officielle du Québec or on any later dates stated in the agreement.
The provisions of the agreement have force of law for the period during which it remains in force.
2013, c. 26, s. 127; 2015, c. 20, s. 61.
127. The Régie and the Autorité des marchés financiers may, in accordance with the law, enter into an agreement with a government in Canada other than the Gouvernement du Québec or with a department or body of that government in order to authorize
(1) a supervisory authority under a legislative authority other than the Parliament of Québec to exercise any of the powers conferred by this Act on the Régie or the Autorité des marchés financiers; or
(2) the Régie and the Autorité des marchés financiers to exercise any of the powers of such an authority.
2013, c. 26, s. 127.


John grew up in the lawn & garden industry working at retail garden centers through high school and college. John joined Espoma in 1984 as a Territory Sales Representative and in 1988 was offered the opportunity to join our management team in Millville, NJ. John lives in southern New Jersey with his wife Madge and their perfect daughter Jill. His hobbies include home improvement projects, competitive swimming and gardening.
David has been in the lawn & garden industry for 25 years working at the distributor level as well as the retail level before joining Espoma in 1989. His responsibilities are to handle the logistics, accounts receivable, dealer co-op advertising, as well as consumer customer service calls. David's father Jerry had been our Mid-Atlantic salesman for nearly 20 years. David lives in South Jersey with his wife Robin two daughters Kelsey and Kaitlyn. In his spare time he enjoys vacationing with his family, gardening, listening to several types of music and is an avid Red Sox baseball fan.
Born and raised outside western Pennsylvania, Shawn has been in lawn and garden industry for over 10 years, and prior to joining Espoma was with United Industries/Spectrum Brands, servicing and supporting their 2-step lawn and garden business.
Shawn and his wife Melissa, and their two daughters Sarah and Grace, live in the Philadelphia suburbs. During his tenure at United, the Shockey's lived in TX and LA. Shawn is an Eagle Scout who subscribes to its oath, motto, and slogan, and when not spending time with the family enjoys all outdoor activities, including cycling and motor sports.
A native of Cleveland Ohio, Jim holds a Degree in Landscape Architect from The Ohio State University and has over 20 years experience in the Lawn & Garden Industry. From Director of Landscape at a Design Build firm to Sales Representative at Arett Sales to Territory Sales Manager at GSO America and Glenn Walters Nursery, and now with Espoma, Jim has covered every aspect of our industry. Jim lives in Columbus, Ohio with his wife Traci and their two children, Brandon & Kennedi. Jim enjoys spending time with his family and coaching his kids sports (hockey & baseball), as well as participating in adult hockey and golf.
Born and raised in Long Island, NY, Charlie has a bachelor degree in Horticulture and an MBA in Agricultural Economics. After 10 years of working in landscape, wholesale nursery, and retail garden center management, Charlie joined Espoma in 1987, where he has successfully grown his New York and New England territory. Charlie resides in Watertown, CT with his wife Chris, and their three children: Jennifer, Joanna, and Andrew. He enjoys fishing, boating, gardening and carpentry / restoration, as well as volunteering with the Scouts and coaching sports.
Born and raised in Audubon PA, near Valley Forge National Park, Mike has been in the lawn and garden industry for over 23 years at the distributor level as well as the retail level. Prior to joining Espoma, he spent 16 successful years with Southern States Cooperative as dealer sales manager, supporting and servicing independent retailers in NJ, PA and DE. Mike has a Bachelor degree in Business Administration from Temple University.
Mike and his wife Deb, and their 3 sons Andrew, Daniel and Thomas live in the Philadelphia suburbs. Mike enjoys spending time with his family and attending his son's sporting events ( baseball, hockey, soccer). He enjoys all outdoor activities and is an avid Philadelphia sports fan.
Bonnie is originally from Savannah, Georgia and currently resides in Virginia Beach, VA. She has over 18 years of experience in the lawn and garden industry both wholesale and retail with a strong emphasis on employee training and consumer seminars. Prior to joining Espoma, Bonnie was a very successful sales representative for Wyatt Quarles, a lawn and garden distributor. She enjoys softball, gardening and international travel.
Carol is a native Texan and currently resides in her home town of Fort Worth. A graduate of Texas A&M with a Bachelor of Science in Horticulture, Carol has over 20 years of experience in the lawn and garden industry. In addition to having a degree in Horticulture she is a Texas Master Certified Nursery Professional. Prior to joining Espoma, she held various positions with The Scotts Miracle Gro Company were she earned numerous national and regional awards for sales. In her free time she enjoys spending time with her husband Robert, raising back yard chickens, gardening and fly fishing.
A native Oregonian, Carla currently resides in Springfield, Or. She has a passion for organic gardening and an extensive background in lawn and garden that includes over 25 years combined experience in garden-retail management, purchasing and outside sales as a territory manager. Carla has two children, Avery and Greyson. She enjoys attending her daughter's softball games, kayaking and anything outdoors in the great PNW.


text:
JMIR Research Protocols
Year: Select... 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Methods and Feasibility Studies (209) Infodemiology and Infoveillance (713) Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine (85) Infoveillance, Infodemiology, Digital Disease Surveillance, Infodemic Management (567)
Published on 6.7.2020 in Vol 9, No 7 (2020): July
Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/16543, first published October 08, 2019 .
Using Application Programming Interfaces to Access Google Data for Health Research: Protocol for a Methodological Framework
Anne Zepecki 1 ; Sylvia Guendelman 1 ; John DeNero 2 ; Ndola Prata 1
Anne Zepecki1*, BS ;
Sylvia Guendelman1*, PhD ;
John DeNero2, PhD ;
Ndola Prata1, MD, MSc
1The Wallace Center for Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
2Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
*these authors contributed equally
Anne Zepecki, BS
The Wallace Center for Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health
2121 Berkeley Way #5302
Berkeley, CA, 94720
Email: annezepecki@berkeley.edu
Background: Individuals are increasingly turning to search engines like Google to obtain health information and access resources. Analysis of Google search queries offers a novel approach, which is part of the methodological toolkit for infodemiology or infoveillance researchers, to understanding population health concerns and needs in real time or near-real time. While searches predominantly have been examined with the Google Trends website tool, newer application programming interfaces (APIs) are now available to academics to draw a richer landscape of searches. These APIs allow users to write code in languages like Python to retrieve sample data directly from Google servers.
Objective: The purpose of this paper is to describe a novel protocol to determine the top queries, volume of queries, and the top sites reached by a population searching on the web for a specific health term. The protocol retrieves Google search data obtained from three Google APIs: Google Trends, Google Health Trends (also referred to as Flu Trends), and Google Custom Search.
Methods: Our protocol consisted of four steps: (1) developing a master list of top search queries for an initial search term using Google Trends, (2) gathering information on relative search volume using Google Health Trends, (3) determining the most popular sites using Google Custom Search, and (4) calculating estimated total search volume. We tested the protocol following key procedures at each step and verified its usefulness by examining search traffic on birth control in 2017 in the United States. Two separate programmers working independently achieved similar results with insignificant variation due to sample variability.
Results: We successfully tested the methodology on the initial search term birth control. We identified top search queries for birth control, of which birth control pill was the most popular and obtained the relative and estimated total search volume for the top queries: relative search volume was 0.54 for the pill, corresponding to an estimated 9.3-10.7 million searches. We used the estimates of the proportion of search activity for the top queries to arrive at a generated list of the most popular websites: for the pill, the Planned Parenthood website was the top site.
Conclusions: The proposed methodological framework demonstrates how to retrieve Google query data from multiple Google APIs and provides thorough documentation required to systematically identify search queries and websites, as well as estimate relative and total search volume of queries in real time or near-real time in specific locations and time periods. Although the protocol needs further testing, it allows researchers to replicate the steps and shows promise in advancing our understanding of population-level health concerns.
International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): RR1-10.2196/16543
JMIR Res Protoc 2020;9(7):e16543
doi:10.2196/16543
Google; search data; infodemiology; infoveillance; infodemic; reproductive health; abortion; birth control; Google Trends; APIs
Individuals in the United States seeking health information online turn to search engines first. According to a 2012 Pew Internet & American Life survey, 83% of users identified Google as their main search engine [1]. Health questions and concerns are frequently of a sensitive nature, so queries people type privately into a search engine can provide insight about their true health concerns, especially those that they may not be comfortable sharing with their clinician or a research survey. Stephens-Davidowitz has found that these types of searches often capture what people actually "do, think, or want" because people reveal "some very personal things" in constructing their Google queries [2].
The most popular tool for analyzing and aggregating patterns of search data is Google Trends, a public website that has provided real-time and archived data on Google queries by users since 2004 [3]. It has been used to study online behavior on diverse health topics, such as early detection of influenza epidemics [4-6], pertussis outbreak monitoring [7], asthma monitoring [8], and cancer detection [9,10]. The tool has also been used to study public interest in cancer [11,12], suicide assessment [13,14], depression-related information seeking [15], lifestyle-disease surveillance [16], bariatric surgery [17], herpes zoster vaccinations [18], searches for walk-in clinics and emergency departments [19], obesity-related behavior [20], and reproductive health [21-26]. Research using this tool has increased over 20-fold between 2009 and 2018 [27].
From a methodological standpoint, Google Trends has been used to measure web-based interest and variations of this interest over time [7,18,21,28], assess correlations between search queries with other data sources to inform public health and policy [9,26], and to forecast disease occurrence and outbreaks [4,6,29-31]. These applications fall within the emerging field of infodemiology. As first described by Eysenbach, infodemiology is "the science of distribution and determinants of information in an electronic medium, specifically the internet, or in a population, with the ultimate aim to inform public health and public policy" [32]. A related term, infoveillance, has been used where infodemiology methods are employed for surveillance.
While infodemiology was first used to analyze the quality of information on websites (ie, supply side), the scope has expanded to include what people need and their health-seeking behavior (ie, demand side). According to Eysenbach, analyses of information supply and demand both require new methods to measure the epidemiology of information and to examine the relationships between information supply and/or demand and population health [33].
Although Google Trends is an easily accessible tool for analyzing large population search queries, there is no consensus on how to retrieve, organize, and code queries. Researchers have applied inconsistent methodologies when using this tool and interpreting search data, which sometimes has led to questionable or invalid findings and problems with replicability and comparability across studies [34,35]. In response to these shortcomings, Mavragani and Ochoa [35] recently proposed a concise step-by-step methodological framework that describes how to select the appropriate keyword, region, time period, and category for analysis of search queries to ensure the validity of health assessments with the web-based Google Trends tool. This framework, if used appropriately by researchers, should prove useful to ascertain more uniformity and comparability across studies and further our insight into human behavior.
Less noted is that Google data is also available through Google application programming interfaces (APIs). Multimedia Appendix 1 compares the Google Trends website and the API and illustrates their similarities and differences through an example. The Google Trends API can be used as a first step to identify top queries or search terms, and the API can be used in combination with two other Google APIs—Google Health Trends API and the Custom Search API—to extend the researcher's understanding of search behaviors. The reason to combine APIs is that although the Google Trends website gives insight into search query volume, the additional APIs are needed to relate search intent to individual websites. All three APIs allow users to write code in a programming language such as Python to retrieve sample data directly from Google servers. However, access to the Google Trends API and Health Trends API is restricted to researchers and requires an application to Google.
This article aims at documenting and illustrating a novel protocol for the use of three Google APIs to determine search query volume and individual websites reached by a given population searching using a health-related search term. This protocol is not the only one enabled by these APIs but is appropriate for the stated aim. We draw on examples from our study, which seeks to examine insights obtained from aggregated search queries related to the prevention of pregnancy. Analyses of queries related to birth control are relevant for policy and programmatic efforts because public funding and access to birth control are increasingly under attack in the United States [36]. As access becomes more restrictive, use of the web may become more important in decision making about family planning.
Since there are no accepted methodological standards for the use of Google APIs in academic research, our paper contributes to the systematization of an approach to combining APIs. The proposed methodology allows for a fuller picture of the volume and content of searches we are exploring through the examination of top topics and queries, relative search volume (RSV), top websites visited when searching for these top queries, and estimated volume of searches. The use of multiple APIs also provides multiple methods to estimate key values, ensuring the data obtained are accurate and reliable.
We obtain key pieces of Google search data by using three Google APIs. Google Trends provides the top search topics and top search queries given an initial search term for a specified time period and location. Google Health Trends generates the RSV for a list of top queries in a specific region and time period. Finally, Google Custom Search provides the list of top websites that people who search using a given initial search term are shown when using the Google search engine. Custom Search gives results at the time of accessing the API, and these results can be specified at the national level.
The Google Health Trends API, previously known as Google Flu Trends, gives normalized RSV across a set of search queries, allowing for more in-depth analysis of the relationships between queries. This RSV refers to the proportion of searches for a specific query as compared to the sum total of searches for a set of queries, and thus differs from the relative search index given by Google Trends, which gives search interest relative to all searches during the specified period of time. Although this proprietary tool is not available via the Google Trends website, it offers benefits to the researcher by providing a clearly defined metric to understand and interpret RSV.
We show that the RSV provided by Google Health Trends can be combined with another trusted data source to estimate total search volume. RSV can also inform estimates of proportions of searches to a given site. To gather information on the top websites displayed on the Google search engine for a specific search term or topic of interest, we can access data through the Custom Search API. Because Custom Search gives results at the time of API access, researchers should plan accordingly and prepare to take regular samples of top sites during the time period of interest. This list of top sites is for the entire country. Evidence shows that the selection, sorting, and ranking criteria of search engines influence online health-information seeking [37]. Custom Search data allow for analysis of content and quality of information that people get online. Thus, while the Google Trends website can determine what information people search for, it cannot determine what information they find. Hence, working with the three APIs enables a more comprehensive analysis than could be completed by using only the Google Trends website.
We developed a simulation protocol that consisted of four steps: identifying a list of search queries for the topics of interest, obtaining RSV, determining top sites for top search queries, and calculating estimated total search volume. We describe these fully in Tables 1-5. We tested the protocol to examine the top queries for birth control in the United States in 2017 and created visualizations for each step. We used Python, version 2.7.13 (Python Software Foundation), for all of the API calls. Examples of the Python commands used are shown in Figures MA2-1 to MA2-7 in Multimedia Appendix 2. Multimedia Appendix 3 contains the documentation of the Python package Graphviz [38] and the APIs used.
Step 1: Developing a List of Search Queries
In the first step, we used the getTopQueries function to get the queries most associated with the initial topic of interest during a researcher-specified time period in a researcher-specified geographic region. The getTopQueries function can also gather the queries most associated with the previously obtained top queries, referred to as follow-up queries. Top queries are displayed in a graph that illustrates the relationship between queries. More details of the step-by-step procedures carried out are shown in Table 1. Figures 1 and 2 show intermediary Steps 1.3 and 1.5 of the protocol.
Table 1. Developing a list of top search queries.
Step Description
1.1 Begin with a list of regions to explore and a single, broad, initial search term, such as birth control.
1.2 For each region, make a request to Google Trends' getTopTopics function to obtain the most searched-for topics for a specific initial search term. The function will return a list of topics that term is most closely related to as well as a value from 0 to 100 that denotes how strongly linked the topic is to the initial term: 100 is the most closely associated and 0 is the least. This list of top topics serves only to validate the top queries by examining similarities between the top topics and top queries.
1.3 Next, make a call to Google Trends' getTopQueries function to get a list of the search queries most related to the initial search term in Step 1.1 for a given region, such as the United States. Each response from the getTopQueries method contains a title, or query, and a value attribute, which is a number from 0 to 100 and represents how related the query is to the provided initial search term in the United States: 100 is the most associated and 0 is the least. The data are presented in the form of a JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)-encoded mapping (see Figure MA2-1 in Multimedia Appendix 2), which can easily be converted into a graph via Python or exported to a CSV (Comma-Separated Values) file. If there are other regions of interest (eg, US states), this step must be repeated for all other regions. Each region will have a final list variable that stores all the top queries for that region. Once all final lists are generated for all regions of interest, they will be combined to create a master list that includes the top queries for every region of interest (Figure 1 shows an example). Figure MA2-2 in Multimedia Appendix 2 shows a snippet of the Python code.
1.4 For every query generated in Step 1.3, send a request to getTopQueries to obtain follow-up terms. Only queries with a value attribute greater than or equal to 70, as this indicates a high level of correlation between the terms, is added to our follow-up queries list. Irrelevant searches relating to pop culture should be manually filtered from results. Step 1.4 should be recursively executed—the follow-up queries become the base set at each iteration—until no new queries can be added to the base set. During this step, how each query is related to each other (ie, how a query ended up in our set of queries) should be recorded. This step is terminated when requests to getTopQueries do not return unique queries that have not already been received in the simulation for this region.
1.5 Then, generate a graph using the Graphviz package for Python 2.7 [38] that illustrates how the search queries in the final list and the follow-up queries list are related to one another. As shown in Figure 2, every node in the graph is a search query, and those in the first level will be included in the final list of search queries for the simulation. If a node is encapsulated by a double circle, then this represents an overarching topic coded for internal organizational purposes within the Google application programming interface (API) and is not included in the final list or follow-up queries. Every direct edge (arrow) in the graph represents a relationship between two search queries (nodes) in the graph. Note that with the current cutoff value of 70 in Step 1.4, there may be other intermediate terms in the graph not captured. Figure MA2-3 in Multimedia Appendix 2 shows the Python function used.
Figure 1. Creation of a master list as visualized in Python for birth control in the United States, Mississippi, and Louisiana in 2017.
View this figure
Figure 2. Top queries for birth control in the United States in 2017. Single circles in the graph represent search queries, whereas a double circle indicates an overarching topic coded for internal organizational purposes within the Google application programming interface (API) and is not included in the list of top queries. Numbers in parentheses indicate how relation of query to the provided initial search term. iud: intrauterine device.
Step 2: Gathering Information on Search Volume
In the second step, the getTimelinesForHealth function in the Google Health Trends API gives the RSV for the top search queries generated in the previous step. All values generated are relative: the API gives the relative frequency of a specific term as compared to the other terms in the master list for a specific region during a specified period of time. More step-by-step details are shown in Table 2. Figure 3 illustrates the normalized RSV as described in the intermediary Step 2.3.
Table 2. Gathering information on search volume.
2.1 For each region, for every term in the master list, send a request to the getTimelinesForHealth function from the Google Health Trends application programming interface (API) to obtain relative search volume. Figure MA2-4 in Multimedia Appendix 2 shows an example of the API call in Python.
2.2 The process in Step 2.1 should be repeated 30 times to minimize error. We take the average of the 30 samples of relative search volumes, which represents the estimated search volume for a given term with the date and location restrictions provided. Figure MA2-5 in Multimedia Appendix 2 shows a sample response of relative search volumes given by the getTimelinesForHealth function in the United States.
2.3 To compare across regions, normalize the values for each region by dividing each term's value with the aggregate search volume for the region. Before normalization, the value returned is skewed and does not take into account parameters such as geographical size differences. The normalized value will range from 0 to 1. The total sum of all values of the set of queries is 1 after normalization. The value from 0 to 1 allows for understanding of the relative search frequency within search queries. These data can then be used to define search frequencies for each term (see Figure 3). The normalization function used in this study is found in Figure MA2-6 in Multimedia Appendix 2.
Figure 3. Relative search volume for birth control in the United States in 2017. IUD: intrauterine device.
Step 3: Determining the Most Popular Sites
In the third step, we send a request to the Google Custom Search API for each query in the master list to obtain a list of ranked top websites as they appear on the Google search engine results (see Table 3). A study from Chitika [39] demonstrated that the first 10 sites in the search results receive about 95% of the traffic or more, prompting us to only consider the first page of sites returned in the search results. According to the Chitika study, the probabilities of someone clicking on the first, second, and third sites are 0.35, 0.20, and 0.15, respectively; the probabilities of someone clicking on the fourth and fifth sites are 0.08 and 0.07, respectively. The probabilities keep decreasing, such that the probability of someone clicking on any site following the ninth site is 0.01. The Chitika frequencies for site rankings, the Custom Search API rankings, and the RSV for the query can be used to calculate the estimated proportion of site visits at the time of API access. The call to the Custom Search API is outlined in Figure MA2-7 in Multimedia Appendix 2. An example of this step, involving the term birth control pills and the top five sites visited [40-44], is illustrated in Table 4 in the Results section.
Table 3. Determining the most popular sites.
3.1 Use the master list generated in Step 1: Developing a List of Search Queries and send a request to the Google Custom Search application programming interface (API) for every term in the master list. This API returns a list of ranked top websites as they appear on the Google search engine results.
3.2 Use the frequencies for site rankings, the Custom Search API rankings, and the relative search volume for the query to calculate the estimated proportion of site visits. For example, as shown in Table 4, the top site for the term birth control pills in the United States is the birth control pill webpage on the Planned Parenthood website [40]. The relative search volume for birth control pills in the United States in 2017 is 0.54, and the probability of someone clicking on the first site returned on the Google search engine is 0.35. Thus, the estimated proportion of site visits to Planned Parenthood is 0.19.
Table 4. Top five sites visited for birth control pill searches in the United States in August 2018.
Site ranking Website Webpage
1 Planned Parenthood [40] Birth control pill
2 WebMD [41] Birth control pills
3 Wikipedia [42] Combined oral contraceptive pill
4 BirthControl.com [43] Birth control pills
5 Healthline [44] Birth control pills: Are they right for you?
Step 4: Calculating Estimated Total Search Volume
Google does not provide total search volumes. We overcome this limitation by using actual volume on searches to a concrete website as the baseline for calculating estimated total search volume corresponding to the RSV for the top search queries obtained from the Health Trends API. We worked with Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) to obtain the number of searches that led to their website, as this is the most popular website for reproductive health information that people access in the United States. PPFA works with Vector Media to collect analytics on the number of visitors to their site. A search is defined as a user typing in a query in a search engine and then being directed to the search engine's results [45]. All of the data on searches that we obtained are, thus, the result of a user entering in a query regarding a particular initial search term in the Google search engine, which then leads them to the Planned Parenthood website. Slightly different processes must be used when the search query that directly relates to the site that the search data comes from is not present in the list of top queries. Estimated total search volume should be presented as a range that includes an upper bound determined by the lowest association of the top queries obtained. This assumes that there may be queries with lower associations that are not returned by the API. We show an example in the Results section.
We follow Step 1 of our procedure to gain information on the top queries for birth control in the United States in 2017. As shown in Figure 2, the most popular query was for birth control pills, followed in order of popularity by the shot, often searched for by its medical term Depo Provera and its effects; the implant; male birth control; and the intrauterine device (IUD). Queries for the IUD were predominantly for the copper IUD.
We then use our findings in Step 1 to complete Step 2 of the protocol: determining the RSV of the top queries. Figure 3 shows, for instance, that in the United States in 2017, the pill (RSV=0.54) was searched for 4.5 times more than the implant (RSV=0.12) and 5.4 times more than male birth control (RSV=0.04).
We follow Step 3 of the protocol to obtain information on top sites. We chose one top query, birth control pills, as an example to demonstrate; however, to gain a full picture of top sites viewed, it is important to carry out this step for all top queries (see Table 4).
Step 4: Calculating the Estimated Total Search Volume
We estimate that the total number of searches for birth control in 2017 fell within the following ranges for the United States: 17,171,784-19,747,552 searches. These values were calculated using the formula outlined in Table 5. Planned Parenthood is not a top search query for the term birth control, but as we found out, it is a top search query for abortion. By obtaining the RSV of birth control as compared to abortion, we were able to obtain the estimated total search volume for birth control and then applied the RSV weights to obtain estimated total search volume for the top queries. Because the top queries do not account for all queries searched for—evidenced by the association values presented in Figure 3—we calculated an upper bound of 15% that we include in our estimates. Figure 4 shows the estimated total search volume for each of the top search queries for birth control in the United States in 2017 based on the RSV weights for the top birth control methods.
Table 5. Calculations for estimated total search volume for birth control in the United States.
Search item measure Value
Total number of searches for abortion from Planned Parenthood 12,393,960
RSVa for abortion 0.4192
RSV for birth control 0.5808
Estimated total number of searches overall 29,565,744b
Estimated total number of searches for birth control 17,171,784c
aRSV: relative search volume.
b0.4192 (RSV for abortion)x = 12,393,960 (total number of searches for abortion from Planned Parenthood); x = 29,565,744.
c0.5808 (RSV for birth control) × 29,565,744 (estimated total number of searches overall) = 17,171,784.
Figure 4. Estimated total search volume (range) and relative search volume (within parentheses) for birth control in the United States in 2017. IUD: intrauterine device.
Principal Findings
Google Trends has become a popular tool for analyzing search traffic on health. It has been used by researchers to measure general web-based interest, examine policy-related issues, get insights into health behavior, and to monitor and predict health-related events [27,29]. However, it has been used inconsistently due to a lack of consensus on how to document Google search engine queries in academic research. This leaves room for methodological development. In this article, we show that Google Trends data, when retrieved from the Google Trends API, offers more versatile analytic capabilities than the data from the Google Trends website and offers the benefit of incorporating other APIs to extend insight into search-traffic behavior.
The proposed protocol—empirically tested with birth control as the key initial search term—is capable of addressing important questions about Google search traffic and search interest. By following four distinct steps using three Google APIs, we are able to identify top search queries and websites as well as estimate relative and total search volume of queries in real time or near-real time in specified locations and time periods. The use of multiple APIs also provides multiple methods to obtain key values, ensuring the data obtained are accurate and reliable.
Our methodology is robust insofar as it is well documented and avoids inserting any personal bias into the process of determining top search queries, since all top queries are given by the API. In addition, we are able to provide a novel solution to the current limitation of Google data, which, for privacy concerns, does not provide the absolute volume of searches. Prior studies proposed an approach to calculating total estimated search volume [25], but this approach is no longer replicable given the constant updates Google makes to its technologies.
The thorough documentation provided to apply the proposed protocol will allow researchers to replicate the methods used to further the understanding of population interest in health issues. The protocol can be applied to compare state-level searches to those at the national level and to explore changes in search traffic over time. It can easily be applied to other initial search terms; in our own exploration, we found that in the United States, people who searched for family planning instead of birth control were searching for traditional or natural family planning methods based on fertility awareness. Additionally, our protocol can be utilized at the zip code–based Nielsen Demographic Marketing Area (DMA) level, which is the smallest geolocation level that Google reports on and is available for each state. However, to protect user privacy, Google does not report data below a certain unknown threshold, so data may be unavailable for some DMAs.
Google data can provide essential context to administrators, health care professionals, and academics. Top queries show varying interest in health topics as well as products and services by location, thus allowing health care providers to tailor services and information available at clinics and local practices to the questions people are asking. RSV provides context on how search interest compares by location, thus allowing one to focus on what resources are most desired or sought out. Top websites are crucial information for researchers, as they give a direct picture of what searchers are finding when they seek information. This data can provide insight as to why misinformation may spread or what organizations are having the greatest influence in sharing their beliefs, products, and services with potential patients and/or consumers. Finally, estimated total search volume allows professionals to know the amount of the population that may be seeking access to resources or information on the resources in question. More broadly speaking, this data gives interested stakeholders understanding of the changing health care landscape and identifies key concerns of potential patients and clients. Trends in search data over time may reveal the impact of administrative revisions and/or decisions made at the state or national level.
The results that our protocol can achieve must be tempered by the limitations of the data and the data sources. Google Trends reports on the top related and rising queries, as well as the top related and rising topics, but does not provide a list of all queries searched for. Thus, although the list of top queries is a comprehensive list of the most popular queries that users search for, it does not include every single query searched for relating to a particular initial search term. Similarly, the RSV is only relative to the other queries in our final list and does not include other queries that were not a part of the list of top queries. Furthermore, we are not able to identify the number of unique users or their individual characteristics.
For most popular sites, we were unable to identify the key websites at the state level or request a specified time period. To overcome this limitation, one could import another source of data, such as a Google Consumer Survey (GCS) run at the state level. GCS is a tool that allows for online, customized market research and can be used to survey internet users about their preferred websites that they seek for specific queries [46]. The values obtained from these responses could additionally be used as anchor points for calculating total volume of searches.
Clearly, we require more studies to assess the value and validity of the proposed methodology. Temporal changes in the interface and capabilities of Google data pose challenges to the research community because researchers cannot build on nonspecific, nonreplicable, and discontinued methodologies. Hence, the proposed methodology will necessarily evolve as Google continues to make changes. In June 2019, Google made additional changes to the Google Trends API that had an effect on the getTopQueries function, resulting in a broader list of top queries than when our study data were retrieved. Future studies may integrate Google searches and other sources of online big data with machine learning models to track health topics [47].
The combination of Google APIs suggested in the proposed methodological framework offers a novel approach to analysis of Google health queries, expanding the tools available to gain insight into health assessments.
We wish to thank Prem Ramaswami, former Google employee, for his guidance and validation of the simulation protocol and William Sumfest, who pioneered the initial simulation protocol. We also thank the William and Flora Packard Foundation for their financial support of the case study and other members of the Wallace Center that contributed to the development and testing of the protocol.
Multimedia Appendix 1
Google Trends website and Google Trends application programming interface (API) comparison.
DOCX File , 845 KB
Python code appendix.
DOCX File , 1764 KB
Details of packages used within code and documentation for application programming interfaces (APIs).
DOCX File , 13 KB
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API: application programming interface
CSV: Comma-Separated Values
DMA: Demographic Marketing Area
GCS: Google Consumer Survey
IUD: intrauterine device
JSON: JavaScript Object Notation
PPFA: Planned Parenthood Federation of America
RSV: relative search volume
Edited by G Eysenbach; submitted 08.10.19; peer-reviewed by A Mavragani, S Kardes; comments to author 11.11.19; revised version received 04.02.20; accepted 24.03.20; published 06.07.20
©Anne Zepecki, Sylvia Guendelman, John DeNero, Ndola Prata. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (http://www.researchprotocols.org), 06.07.2020.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Research Protocols, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.researchprotocols.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.
Zepecki A, Guendelman S, DeNero J, Prata N
JMIR Research Protocols ISSN 1929-0748


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