There are certain general principles of interpretation which have been applied by Courts from time to time. Primary Rules of Interpretation are discussed hereunder.
In construing Statutes the cardinal rule is to construe its provisions literally and grammatically giving the words their ordinary and natural meaning. This rule is also known as the Plain meaning rule. The first and foremost step in the course of interpretation is to examine the language and the literal meaning of the statute. The words in an enactment have their own natural effect and the construction of an act depends on its wording. There should be no additions or substitution of words in the construction of statutes and in its interpretation. The primary rule is to interpret words as they are. It should be taken into note that the rule can be applied only when the meanings of the words are clear i.e. words should be simple so that the language is plain and only one meaning can be derived out of the statute.
In Municipal board v. State transport authority, Rajasthan, the location of a bus stand was changed by the Regional Transport Authority. An application could be moved within 30 days of receipt of order of regional transport authority according to section 64 A of the Motor vehicles Act, 1939. The application was moved after 30 days on the contention that statute must be read as "30 days from the knowledge of the order". The Supreme Court held that literal interpretation must be made and hence rejected the application as invalid.
To avoid ambiguity, legislatures often include "definitions" sections within a statute, which explicitly define the most important terms used in that statute. But some statutes omit a definitions section entirely, or (more commonly) fail to define a particular term. The plain meaning rule attempts to guide courts faced with litigation that turns on the meaning of a term not defined by the statute, or on that of a word found within a definition itself.
If the words are clear, they must be applied, even though the intention of the legislator may have been different or the result is harsh or undesirable. The literal rule is what the law says instead of what the law means.
Statute may itself provide a special meaning for a term, which is usually to be found in the interpretation section.
Technical words are given ordinary technical meaning if the statute has not specified any other.
Words will not be inserted by implication.
Words undergo shifts in meaning in course of time.
It should always be remembered that words acquire significance from their context.
When it is said that words are to be understood first in their natural ordinary and popular sense, it is meant that words must be ascribed that natural, ordinary or popular meaning which they have in relation to the subject matter with reference to which and the context in which they have been used in the Statute. In the statement of the rule, the epithets 'natural, "ordinary", "literal", "grammatical" and "popular" are employed almost interchangeably to convey the same idea.
For determination of the meaning of any word or phrase in a statute, the first question is what is the natural and ordinary meaning of that word or phrase in its context in the statute but when that natural or ordinary meaning indicates such result which cannot be opposed to having been the intention of the legislature, then to look for other meaning of the word or phrase which may then convey the true intention of the legislature.
Another important point regarding the rule of literal construction is that exact meaning is preferred to loose meaning in an Act of Parliament. In the case of Pritipal Singh v. Union of India, it was held that there is a presumption that the words are used in an Act of Parliament correctly and exactly and not loosely and inexactly.
Proponents of the plain meaning rule claim that it prevents courts from taking sides in legislative or political issues. They also point out that ordinary people and lawyers do not have extensive access to secondary sources. In probate law the rule is also favored because the testator is typically not around to indicate what interpretation of a will is appropriate. Therefore, it is argued, extrinsic evidence should not be allowed to vary the words used by the testator or their meaning. It can help to provide for consistency in interpretation.
Opponents of the plain meaning rule claim that the rule rests on the erroneous assumption that words have a fixed meaning. In fact, words are imprecise, leading justices to impose their own prejudices to determine the meaning of a statute. However, since little else is offered as an alternative discretion-confining theory, plain meaning survives.
This is the oldest of the rules of construction and is still used today, primarily because judges may not legislate. As there is always the danger that a particular interpretation may be the equivalent of making law, some judges prefer to adhere to the law's literal wording.
The mischief rule is a rule of statutory interpretation that attempts to determine the legislator's intention. Originating from a 16th-century case (Heydon's case) in the United Kingdom, its main aim is to determine the "mischief and defect" that the statute in question has set out to remedy, and what ruling would effectively implement this remedy. When the material words are capable of bearing two or more constructions the most firmly established rule or construction of such words "of all statutes, in general, be they penal or beneficial, restrictive or enlarging of the common law is the rule of Heydon's case. The rules laid down, in this case, are also known as Purposive Construction or Mischief Rule.
The mischief rule is a certain rule that judges can apply in statutory interpretation in order to discover Parliament's intention. It essentially asks the question: By creating an Act of Parliament what was the "mischief" that the previous law did not cover?
What was the common law before the making of the act?
What was the "mischief and defect" for which the common law did not provide?
What remedy the Parliament hath resolved and appointed to cure the disease of the commonwealth?
What is the true reason for the remedy?
The office of all the judges is always to make such construction as shall suppress the mischief, and advance the remedy, and to suppress subtle inventions and evasions for continuance of the mischief, and pro privato commodo, and to add force and life to the cure and remedy, according to the true intent of the makers of the Act, pro bono publico.
The application of this rule gives the judge more discretion than the literal and the golden rule as it allows him to effectively decide on Parliament's intent. It can be argued that this undermines Parliament's supremacy and is undemocratic as it takes lawmaking decisions away from the legislature.
This rule of construction is of narrower application than the golden rule or the plain meaning rule, in that it can only be used to interpret a statute and, strictly speaking, only when the statute was passed to remedy a defect in the common law. Legislative intent is determined by examining secondary sources, such as committee reports, treatises, law review articles and corresponding statutes. This rule has often been used to resolve ambiguities in cases in which the literal rule cannot be applied.
In the case of Thomson v. Lord Clan Morris, Lord Lindley M.R. stated that in interpreting any statutory enactment regard should not only be paid to the words used, but also to the history of the Act and the reasons which lead to its being passed.
In the case of CIT v. Sundaradevi, it was held by the Apex Court that unless there is an ambiguity, it would not be open to the Court to depart from the normal rule of construction which is that the intention of the legislature should be primarily to gather from the words which are used. It is only when the words used are ambiguous that they would stand to be examined and considered on surrounding circumstances and constitutionally proposed practices.
The Supreme Court in Bengal Immunity Co. v. State of Bihar, applied the mischief rule in construction of Article 286 of the Constitution of India. After referring to the state of law prevailing in the province prior to the constitution as also to the chaos and confusion that was brought about in inter-state trade and commerce by indiscriminate exercise of taxing powers by the different Provincial Legislatures founded on the theory of territorial nexus, Chief Justice S.R. Das, stated "It was to cure this mischief of multiple taxation and to preserve the free flow of interstate trade or commerce in the Union of India regarded as one economic unit without any provincial barrier that the constitution maker adopted Article 286 in the constitution".
A principle to be valued must be capable of wider application than the mischief which gave it existence. These are designed to approach immortality as nearly as human institutions can approach it'. Mischief Rule is applicable where language is capable of more than one meaning. It is the duty of the Court to make such construction of a statue which shall suppress the mischief and advance the remedy.
The Law Commission sees it as a far more satisfactory way of interpreting acts as opposed to the Golden or Literal rules.
It usually avoids unjust or absurd results in sentencing.
It is considered to be out of date as it has been in use since the 16th century, when common law was the primary source of law and parliamentary supremacy was not established.
It gives too much power to the unelected judiciary which is argued to be undemocratic.
In the 16th century, the judiciary would often draft acts on behalf of the king and were therefore well qualified in what mischief the act was meant to remedy.
It can make the law uncertain.
The Golden rule, or British rule, is a form of statutory interpretation that allows a judge to depart from a word's normal meaning in order to avoid an absurd result.
It is a compromise between the plain meaning (or literal) rule and the mischief rule. Like the plain meaning rule, it gives the words of a statute their plain, ordinary meaning. However, when this may lead to an irrational result that is unlikely to be the legislature's intention, the judge can depart from this meaning. In the case of homographs, where a word can have more than one meaning, the judge can choose the preferred meaning; if the word only has one meaning, but applying this would lead to a bad decision, the judge can apply a completely different meaning.
This rule may be used in two ways. It is applied most frequently in a narrow sense where there is some ambiguity or absurdity in the words themselves.
For example, imagine there may be a sign saying "Do not use lifts in case of fire." Under the literal interpretation of this sign, people must never use the lifts, in case there is a fire. However, this would be an absurd result, as the intention of the person who made the sign is obviously to prevent people from using the lifts only if there is currently a fire nearby.
The second use of the golden rule is in a wider sense, to avoid a result that is obnoxious to principles of public policy, even where words have only one meaning. Example: The facts of a case are; a son murdered his mother and committed suicide. The courts were required to rule on who then inherited the estate, the mother's family, or the son's descendants. There was never a question of the son profiting from his crime, but as the outcome would have been binding on lower courts in the future, the court found in favour of the mother's family.
When there is a conflict between two or more statues or two or more parts of a statute then the rule of harmonious construction needs to be adopted. The rule follows a very simple premise that every statute has a purpose and intent as per law and should be read as a whole. The interpretation consistent of all the provisions of the statute should be adopted. In the case in which it shall be impossible to harmonize both the provisions, the court's decision regarding the provision shall prevail.
The rule of harmonious construction is the thumb rule to the interpretation of any statute. An interpretation which makes the enactment a consistent whole should be the aim of the Courts and a construction which avoids inconsistency or repugnancy between the various sections or parts of the statute should be adopted. The Courts should avoid "a head on clash", in the words of the Apex Court, between the different parts of an enactment and conflict between the various provisions should be sought to be harmonized. The normal presumption should be consistency and it should not be assumed that what is given with one hand by the legislature is sought to be taken away by the other. The rule of harmonious construction has been tersely explained by the Supreme Court thus, "When there are, in an enactment two provisions which cannot be reconciled with each other, they should be so interpreted, that if possible, the effect should be given to both". A construction which makes one portion of the enactment a dead letter should be avoided since harmonization is not equivalent to destruction.
It is a settled rule that an interpretation which results in hardship, injustice, inconvenience or anomaly should be avoided and that which supports the sense of justice should be adopted. The Court leans in favour of an interpretation which conforms to justice and fair play and prevents injustice.
When there are two provisions in a statute, which are in apparent conflict with each other, they should be interpreted such that effect can be given to both and that construction which renders either of them inoperative and useless should not be adopted except in the last resort.
This principle is illustrated in the case of Raj Krishna v. Binod. In this case, two provisions of Representation of People Act, 1951, which were in apparent conflict, were brought forth. Section 33 (2) says that a Government Servant can nominate or second a person in election but section 123(8) says that a Government Servant cannot assist any candidate in election except by casting his vote. The Supreme Court observed that both these provisions should be harmoniously interpreted and held that a Government Servant was entitled to nominate or second a candidate seeking election in State Legislative assembly. This harmony can only be achieved if Section 123(8) is interpreted as giving the govt. servant the right to vote as well as to nominate or second a candidate and forbidding him to assist the candidate in any other manner.
When it is impossible to completely reconcile the differences in contradictory provisions, the courts must interpret them in such as way so that effect is given to both the provisions as much as possible.
To harmonize is not to destroy any statutory provision or to render it loose.
Disclaimer–This document is intended to provide information only. If you are seeking advice on any matters relating to information on this website, you should contact us directly with your specific query or seek advice from qualified professionals only. We have taken all reasonable measures to ensure the quality, reliability, and accuracy of the information in this document. However, we may have made mistakes and we will not be responsible for any loss or damage of any kind arising because of the usage of this information. Further, upon discovery of any error or omissions, we may delete, add to, or amend information on this website without notice.


Apple shares surged one percent to hit an all-time high of $141.46 at the end of trading on Monday following reports that the company's first hardware releases of 2017 could launch as early as Tuesday morning.
The close caps off a day of rally trading that started at $140.44 before reaching a mid-day high of just over $141 two hours later. Shares continue to gather steam as of this writing, with AAPL sitting at $141.56 in after hours trading.
A series of rumored new product launches are thought to be driving the stock's performance. Apple in an update to its system status page earlier today revealed the company's online storefront is set to undergo maintenance early tomorrow. The downtime sparked speculation that Apple is preparing to make space for a new product, perhaps a minor low-end iPad refresh or a rumored 128-gigabyte iPhone SE.
According to a report last week, Apple is slated to launch new devices this week without the usual keynote presentation. Since a media event is not planned, minor product refreshes are anticipated.
Beyond tomorrow's supposed product launch, Apple is widely expected to unveil this year's iPad Pro collection in the coming days or weeks. Headlining for 2017 is a rumored 10.5-inch iPad Pro model that would stuff a thin-bezel display into a form factor just slightly larger than the current 9.7-inch iPad Pro.
An updated 12.9-inch iPad Pro is also anticipated, as is a less expensive 9.7-inch variant that could take the place of iPad Air 2 at the bottom of Apple's lineup.
Apple stock is on a roll going into 2017. Today's all-time high follows a string of record-breaking trading days set over the past five weeks. AAPL's first record day of 2017 came on Feb. 13 when the stock hit a high of $133.29. Shares climbed $135.01 a day later as Apple's market capitalization exceeded $700 billion for the first time since 2015.
Company shares received another bump in late February when financial guru Warren Buffet's Berkshire Hathaway quadrupled its investment in Apple to more than 57 million shares at the end of 2016. Buffet later revealed his firm purchased about 120 million AAPL shares since Jan. 1, bringing the total up to 133 million shares worth more than $17 billion.


The national channel: registration with the Trademark Offices of the countries for which protection is sought. Each procedure is subject to the national law in effect, in the country in question, and results in the granting of a national patent that protects you only on the territory of the country in question.
The European regional channel: registration with the European Patent Office (EPO). A single European procedure makes it possible to obtain the granting of a patent that can produce its effects in more than 30 countries. In each of the countries chosen for which the European patent has been granted, the holder benefits from the same rights that would be conferred to the holder by a national patent granted in this country.
The PCT international channel: through a single filing, you can protect your invention temporarily in over 140 countries. The procedure unfolds in two steps: an international filing phase and a phase of granting several regional or national A patents after the international phase (30 months starting from the date of priority), you choose the countries, or groups of countries, in which you wish to obtain protection. Filing an application for a PCT patent makes it possible to reduce expenses and to spread out the fees for obtaining patents abroad over time.
➢ You want to make enlightened decisions, that meet your objectives and your strategic objectives.
➢ You want to optimize the costs of procedures.
➢ With you, we analyze the markets and the geographical territories where your invention is likely to be used.
➢ We precisely define the costs for protection in the countries in question.
➢ We evaluate the chances of obtaining the granting of a patent in the countries in question.
➢ We assist you in choosing the channels for international extension that are best suited to your budget.
Want to extend your patent abroad? Contact us!


text:
Media Now LLC operates MediaNow.press. This page informs you of our policies regarding the collection, use and disclosure of Personal Information we receive from users of the site.
We use your Personal Information only for producing and improving Media Now. By using the site, you agree to the collection and use of information in accordance with this policy.
While using our site, we may ask you to provide us with certain personally identifiable information that can be used to contact or identify you. Personally identifiable information may include, but is not limited to your name, address, school, and age.
We may use your Personal Information to contact you with newsletters, marketing or promotional materials, and other information.
This Privacy Policy is effective as of 2/19/2019 and will remain in effect except with respect to any changes in its provisions in the future, which will be in effect immediately after being posted on this page.
We reserve the right to update or change our Privacy Policy at any time and you should check this Privacy Policy periodically. Your continued use of the Service after we post any modifications to the Privacy Policy on this page will constitute your acknowledgment of the modifications and your consent to abide and be bound by the modified Privacy Policy.
© 2020 Media Now | Privacy Policy | Website Designed by Fierce Creative Agency

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Scooper - Technology News: A strengthening dollar, but will there be an intervention?
A strengthening dollar, but will there be an intervention?
Only a small group of central banks refrain from intervening in the foreign-exchange market to stabilize their currencies' exchange rate or coax it in the desired direction. Even when they do not intervene directly, their interest-rate policies are often formulated to be compatible with exchange-rate objectives. As a result, freely floating currencies are comparatively rare. This has important implications for the United States authorities as they confront a sharp rise in the dollar's exchange rate.
When a potential or actual loss of confidence in the currency threatens to bring about large capital outflows, intervention usually takes the form of sales of foreign-exchange reserves to mitigate the magnitude or speed of depreciation. The People's Bank of China's ongoing reserve losses are a salient recent example. The most recent US intervention in foreign-exchange markets (which has been rare in general) to support a weak dollar dates back to 1992-1995.
At the other end of the spectrum, concerns about lower international competitiveness as a result of significant currency appreciation may be even more common among policymakers and export-oriented firms. Worries about overvalued currencies permeated policy discussions in many emerging markets as recently as 2013, and sustained efforts to lean against the wind of appreciation resulted in record reserve accumulation for many central banks.
Fears of a strong currency are by no means limited to emerging economies. As the recent crisis in the eurozone periphery deepened and the euro's value plunged relative to the Swiss franc, Switzerland's central bank, citing the strong franc's threat to the economy, introduced a de facto exchange-rate peg in September 2011. The policy capped the Swiss franc's appreciation against the euro, because the central bank stood ready to buy foreign exchange in whatever quantities were necessary. After a spectacular increase in reserves, the cap was eventually lifted in December 2014 and replaced with a policy of negative interest rates.
The US has not been exempt from such concerns. In the first half of the 1980s, following the Federal Reserve's record interest-rate hikes, the dollar appreciated by almost 45% against other major currencies. As a result of the strong dollar, the US lost international competitiveness and the trade balance sank to record lows in 1985.
These developments set the stage for the Plaza Accord, which my colleague Jeffrey Frankel has described as probably the most dramatic policy initiative in the foreign-exchange market since President Richard M Nixon floated the dollar in 1973. At New York City's Plaza Hotel on September 22, 1985, US officials and their counterparts from the world's leading economies agreed to take concerted action to halt and reverse the dollar's appreciation. It was an accord precisely because it involved international policy coordination among the major players, whose public statements were coupled with organized market intervention (selling US dollars).
The dollar did indeed depreciate, though the extent to which this can be attributed to the Plaza Accord remains a source of some debate. What is certain is the relevance of that debate today.
The dollar has appreciated by more than 35% against a basket of currencies since its low point in July 2011. While the dollar's climb has been attributed partly to Donald Trump's unexpected victory in the US presidential election, it also reflects the fact that US monetary policy is set to tighten against a backdrop of continued monetary stimulus in the eurozone and Japan.
President-elect Trump campaigned on a promise to bring back US manufacturing, even if doing so requires imposing tariffs and dismantling existing trade arrangements. Yet a strong dollar is a major obstacle to fulfilling his promise. Perhaps financial markets will begin to perceive the dollar as currently overvalued and retrench. If not, will it be time for another Plaza-style accord? More important, who would be willing to cooperate?
Apart from the significant cumulative appreciation of the US dollar, there are scant similarities between the current environment and 1985. Back then, Japanese real GDP growth topped 6%. Today, sustained appreciation of the yen would probably derail the modest progress forged by the Bank of Japan in raising inflation and inflation expectations. With the ratio of public debt to GDP at around 250%, higher inflation is likely to be part of the solution to Japan's debt overhang.
On the other hand, Germany, with its record-high current-account surpluses (exceeding 8% of GDP) could withstand an appreciation. But, unlike 1985, in a scenario where the euro survives its current challenges, it will not be the Bundesbank that sits at the table in 2017. From the vantage point of the European Central Bank, which is coping with another round of distress in the periphery (primarily in Italy , where the frailty of the banking system is fueling capital outflows), the euro's weakness is a godsend.
That leaves China, now the world's second-largest economy, which was not an integral part of the 1985 agreement, to bear the burden of dollar depreciation. But China's recent tightening of capital controls underscores the challenge it already faces in preventing the renminbi from depreciating further. Moreover, given the negative impact of the strong post-Plaza yen on Japan's subsequent economic performance, it is unclear why China would consider a stronger renminbi to be worth the risk.
In other words, while it is quite plausible to expect that Trump's Treasury will want to reverse the dollar's climb, it is equally plausible that no other major economy will help. If the strong dollar prompts intervention in currency markets in 2017, the most likely scenario is one in which the US intervenes alone.


text:
WWE SmackDown Live Viewership Follows RAW's Footsteps, Faces BIG Drop
Spencer Knight
April 24 episode of SmackDown Live witnessed a significant drop in viewership following Monday Night RAW's footsteps. This week's show of the blue brand which was headlined by a main event match featuring The Club vs. Rusev, Aiden English & Shinsuke Nakamura, faced tougher-than-usual competition due to the NBA playoffs, managed to draw an average of 2.549 million viewers, down 7% from last week's average of 2.796 million viewers according to ShowBuzz Daily.
However, this week's episode of SmackDown Live was up 3% from the same week last year and retained 82% of the previous night's audience for Monday Night RAW. SmackDown Live finished #6 for the night in total viewers on cable and stood #3 in the 18-49 demographic, trailing two separate NBA games.
Noteworthy mention: The NBA Playoff game which was aired on TBS directly opposite SmackDown Live garnered 3.61 million viewers.
WWE RAW Gets a Rise In Viewership This Week, Matt and Reby Hardy Welcome Their Third Child
Michael Cole Reportedly Moving To SmackDown On FOX, WWE's Plan For Pete Dunne & Toni Storm Revealed
WWE Moves Ronda Rousey To Alumni Section, Renee Young Possibly Switching To SmackDown-FOX
WWE Shakes Up Creative Team, Hall Of Fame Class Of 2020 Legacy Wing Inductee Revealed
Eric Rowan Destroys Roman Reigns & Daniel Bryan, Match Announced For Clash Of Champions
Vince McMahon Wasn't Present On SmackDown Live, Rewrote Entire Show Via Skype


text:
Book Review: AC Grayling's Friendship
It is striking that the great thinkers, from Aristotle to Augustine and Mencius to Montaigne, devoted so much of their time and thought to friendship, but almost none of either to marriage. Grayling's timely treatise reacquaints us with a great but forgotten good that promises to fulfil so many of our practical, intellectual, emotional, and metaphysical needs. The book principally consists of a history of the philosophy of friendship capped by an account of canonical, often homosexual or homosocial friendships such as that of Achilles and Patroclus and Jonathan and David, who, in the Bible, describes the love of Jonathan as "better even than that of women". Throughout, Grayling seeks to define friendship and, in so doing, explores its many forms, facets, charms, and consolations.
Perhaps in a desire to be modern, relevant, or politic, Grayling seems to reject the classical notion that, at its best and most meaningful, friendship is a highly elitist good. For the greats, only virtuous men can be ideal friends. Aristotle famously says that, while there are many ways for men to be bad, there is only one way for them to be good, and it is precisely in this sense that an ideal friend is 'another self'—a historically important notion that Grayling severally dismisses. Because they are all one and the same, virtuous men are predictable, reliable, and therefore worthy of one another's friendship. In contrast, bad people are in some way unlike themselves, and just as likely to hate other bad people as anyone else.
In my opinion, Plato, whom Grayling underrates, advances by far the most subtle and sophisticated of all theories of friendship, one far superior even to that of Aristotle. Despite the extravagant praise that he lavishes upon friendship, Aristotle is quite clear that the best and happiest life is not that spent in friendship, but in the contemplation of those things that are most true and therefore most beautiful and most dependable. There is a contradiction here: if the best life is a life of contemplation, then friendship is either superfluous or inimical to the best life, and therefore undeserving of the high praise that Aristotle lavishes upon it. It may be, as Aristotle tentatively suggests, that friendship is needed because it promotes contemplation, or that contemplation is only possible some of the time and friendship is needed the rest of the time, or even that a life of friendship is just as good as a life of contemplation. So much for Aristotle, one might say.
Plato's Lysis may seem to fail in its task of defining friendship, but one should never take Plato or his mouthpiece Socrates at face value. There is far more to the Lysis than a couple of interesting but misguided thoughts on friendship. By discussing friendship with Lysis and Menexenus as he does, Socrates is not only discussing friendship, but also demonstrating to the youths that, even though they count each other as close friends, they do not really know what friendship is, and that, whatever friendship is, it is something far deeper and far more meaningful than the puerile 'friendship' that they share. In contrast to the youths, Socrates knows perfectly well what friendship is, and is only feigning ignorance so as to teach the youths: '…and I, an old boy, who would fain be one of you…' More than that, by discussing friendship with Lysis and Menexenus as he does, Socrates is himself in the process of befriending them. He befriends them not with pleasant banter or gossipy chitchat, as most people 'befriend' one another, but with the kind of philosophical conversation that is the hallmark of the deepest and most meaningful of friendships. In the course of this philosophical conversation, he tells the youths that he should 'greatly prefer a real friend to all the gold of Darius', thereby signifying not only that he places friendship on the same high pedestal as philosophy, to which he has devoted (and will sacrifice) his life, but also that the kind of friendship that he has in mind is so rare and uncommon that even he does not possess it. If friendship ultimately escapes definition, then this is because, like philosophy, friendship is not so much a thing-in-itself as it is a process for becoming. True friends seek together to live truer, fuller lives by relating to each other authentically and by teaching each other about the limitations of their beliefs and the defects in their character, which are a far greater source of error than mere rational confusion. For Plato, friendship and philosophy are aspects of one and the same impulse, one and the same love: the love that seeks to know.
Just as philosophy leads to friendship, so friendship leads to philosophy. In the Phaedrus, Plato's most important work on friendship (although not generally recognized as such—Grayling fails to mention it), Socrates and Phaedrus go out into the idyllic countryside just outside Athens and have a long conversation about the anatomy of the soul, the nature of true love, the art of persuasion, and the merits of the spoken over the written word. At the end of this conversation, Socrates offers a prayer to the local deities. This is the famous Socratic Prayer, which is notable both in itself and for the response that it elicits from Phaedrus.
Socrates: Beloved Pan, and all ye other gods who haunt this place, give me beauty in the inward soul; and may the outward and inward man be at one. May I reckon the wise to be the wealthy, and may I have such a quantity of gold as a temperate man and he only can bear and carry. —Anything more? The prayer, I think, is enough for me.
Phaedrus: Ask the same for me, for friends should have all things in common.
Plato may fail to define friendship in the Lysis, but in the Phaedrus he gives us its living embodiment. Socrates and Phaedrus spend their time together enjoying the beautiful Attic countryside while engaging in honest and open philosophical conversation. By exercising and building upon reason, they are not only furthering each other's understanding, but also transforming a life of friendship into a life of joint contemplation of those things that are most true and hence most beautiful and most dependable. If only on the basis of his response to the Socratic Prayer, it is obvious that Phaedrus is another self to Socrates, since he makes the same choices as Socrates and even justifies making those choices on the grounds that their friendship requires it. Whereas Aristotle and Grayling try to tell us what friendship is, Plato lets us feel it in all its allure and transformative power.
Author Neel BurtonPosted on November 14, 2013 November 14, 2013 Categories PhilosophyTags AC Grayling, Ancient Greece, Aristotle, contemplation, friendship, love, Lysis, Montaigne, Nicomachean Ethics, Phaedrus, philosophy, Plato, Socrates, Symposium, virtueLeave a comment on Book Review: AC Grayling's Friendship
Thinking about Love: The Myth of Narcissus
Narcissistic personality disorder derives its name from the Greek myth of Narcissus, of which there are several versions.
In Ovid's version, which is the most commonly related, the nymph Echo falls in love with Narcissus, a youth of extraordinary beauty.
As a child, Narcissus had been prophesized by Teiresias, the blind prophet of Thebes, to 'live to a ripe old age, as long as he never knows himself'.
One day, when Narcissus was out hunting for stags, the mountain nymph Echo followed him through the woods. She longed to speak to him but did not dare to utter the first word. Overhearing her footsteps, Narcissus cried out, 'Who's there?' to which she replied, 'Who's there?' When she finally showed herself, she rushed to embrace Narcissus, but he scorned her and pushed her away.
Echo spent the rest of her life grieving for Narcissus, until there was nothing left of her save for her voice.
Then, one day, Narcissus became thirsty and went to a lake. Seeing his reflection in the water, he fell in love with it, not realizing that he had fallen in love with his own reflection. However, each time he bent down to kiss it, it seemed to disappear.
Narcissus grew increasingly thirsty, but would not leave or touch the water for fear of losing sight of his reflection. Eventually he died of love and thirst, and on that very spot there appeared a narcissus flower.
Narcissus pseudonarcissus, or Daffodil
The myth of Narcissus has long evaded interpretation, and what could Ovid possibly have meant by it?
Like many blind figures in classical mythology, Teiresias could 'see' into himself and thus find self-knowledge. This self-knowledge enabled him not only to understand himself, but also to understand other people, and so to 'see' into their futures.
If asked to predict someone's future, he sometimes, reluctantly, uttered a vague prophecy. But what did he mean when he prophesized that Narcissus would 'live to a ripe old age, as long as he never knows himself'?
Perhaps he just meant that Narcissus would live for a long time so long as he did not fall in love with himself.
Or, more subtly, that once Narcissus 'saw' himself, that is, understood himself and others (including Echo's love for him), he would be such a different person as to no longer count as his former self, and so resurrect as a flower (a plant that has flourished).
Echo too must have been looking for herself, which is why she was never anything more than an echo.
For both Echo and Narcissus, love of the world (of beauty, of the other, and, in particular, of the beautiful other) represented the means to self-knowledge, self-completion, and self-fulfilment – which is why Echo withered away after having had her love spurned by Narcissus.
By falling in love with his reflection, Narcissus not only received the punishment that he deserved for his lack of piety in the treatment of Echo, but also unwittingly exposed the love of the world as being nothing but, or the same as, self-love.
In his novel The Alchemist, Paolo Coehlo invents a continuation to the myth of Narcissus: after Narcissus died, the Goddesses of the Forest appeared and found the lake of fresh water transformed into a lake of salty tears.
'Why do you weep?' the Goddesses asked.
'I weep for Narcissus,' the lake replied.
'Ah, it is no surprise that you weep for Narcissus,' they said, 'for though we always pursued him in the forest, you alone could contemplate his beauty close at hand.'
'But… was Narcissus beautiful?' the lake asked.
'Who better than you to know that?' the Goddesses said in wonder, 'After all, it was by your banks that he knelt each day to contemplate himself!'
The lake was silent for some time. Finally it said: 'I weep for Narcissus, but I never noticed that Narcissus was beautiful. I weep because, each time he knelt beside my banks, I could see in the depths of his eyes, my own beauty reflected.'
1. Ovid, Metamorphoses, Book 3, Narcissus and Echo.
2. Paolo Coelho, The Alchemist, Prologue.
This blog post is adapted from my new book,
Hide and Seek, The Psychology of Self-Deception.
Author Neel BurtonPosted on March 19, 2012 March 21, 2012 Categories Philosophy, Psychiatry/psychologyTags daffodil, love, myth of narcissus, narcissistic personality, narcissistic personality disorder, narcissus, narcissus flower, ovid, personality disorder, prophecy, self-knowledge, Teiresias3 Comments on Thinking about Love: The Myth of Narcissus
Socrates: A life worth living
And what, Socrates, is the food of the soul?
Surely, I said, knowledge is the food of the soul.
The 'real' Socrates is shrouded in mystery as he did not leave a written corpus of his own and there is no purely historical account of his life and thought. The three principal sources on Socrates are his pupils Plato and Xenophon and the comedian Aristophanes. These sources do not claim historical accuracy, and their portrayals of Socrates are undoubtedly influenced by their authors' biases and agenda. The richest source on Socrates is Plato, in whose writings it is always uncertain whether the character Socrates is the real Socrates or a ventriloquist's dummy. It is generally agreed that, as Plato's thought developed, the character Socrates became less and less of the real Socrates and more and more of a ventriloquist's dummy.
Socrates was born in Athens in 469BC, after the final defeat of the Persians at Plataea and Mycale, and before the start of the Peloponnesian Wars against Sparta and her allies. According to Plato, Socrates' father, Sophroniscus, was a stonemason, and his mother, Phaenarete, was a midwife. Socrates grew up under Pericles, in the heyday of Athen's imperial hegemony. He grew up to be ugly: short in stature, pot-bellied, snub-nosed and pop-eyed. In the Theaetetus, Socrates asks the geometer Theodorus to tell him which of the young men of Athens are 'showing signs of turning out well'. Theodorus immediately singles out Theaetetus, the son of Euphronius of Sunium, whom he describes to Socrates as 'rather like you, snub-nosed, with eyes that stick out; though these features are not so pronounced in him'.
Socrates married Xanthippe, a shrew of a woman, but some forty years younger than he. According to Xenophon, Socrates married her because, 'If I can tolerate her spirit, I can with ease attach myself to every human being else'. According to Aelian, she once trampled underfoot a cake sent to Socrates by his eromenos Alcibiades, the famous or, rather, infamous Athenian statesman and general. 'Xanthippe' has entered the English language as a term for an ill-tempered woman, although Plato himself portrays her as nothing other than a devoted wife and the mother of Socrates' three sons, Lamprocles, Sophroniscus, and Menexenus. In the Symposium, Alcibiades says that Socrates is crazy about beautiful boys, constantly following them around 'in a perpetual daze'. Yet he also says that Socrates cares very little whether a person is beautiful or rich or even famous: 'He considers all these possessions beneath contempt, and that's exactly how he considers all of us as well'.
Socrates' friend Chaerephon once asked the oracle at Delphi if any man is wiser than Socrates, and the pythia (priestess) replied that no one is wiser. To discover the meaning of this divine utterance, Socrates questioned a number of wise men and in each case concluded, 'I am likely to be wiser than he to this small extent, that I do not think I know what I do not know'. From then on, Socrates dedicated himself to the service of the gods by seeking out anyone who might be wise and, 'if he is not, showing him that he is not'. In the Apology, he says that the gods attached him to Athens as upon a great and noble horse which 'needed to be stirred up by a kind of gadfly'. In the Symposium, Alcibiades says of Socrates that,
…he makes it seem that my life isn't worth living! … He always traps me, you see, and he makes me admit that my political career is a waste of time, while all that matters is just what I most neglect: my personal shortcomings, which cry out for the closest attention. So I refuse to listen to him; I stop my ears and tear myself away from him, for, like the Sirens, he could make me stay by his side till I die.
According to Plato, Socrates devoted himself entirely to discussing philosophy, for which he never accepted payment. It is unclear how he earned a living, but a combination of meagre needs and rich friends may have been enough to get him by. Socrates seldom claimed any real knowledge, and when he did it was always because he had learned it from somebody else or because he had been divinely inspired. For example, he claimed to have learned the art of love from the priestess Diotima of Mantinea, and the art of rhetoric from Aspasia, the mistress of Pericles. In the Theaetetus, Socrates famously compares himself to a midwife who attends not to the labour of the body but to the labour of the soul, helping others to 'discover within themselves a multitude of beautiful things, which they bring forth into the light'. When Socrates asks Theaetetus to define knowledge, Theaetetus says that he has never come up with an adequate answer to this question and cannot stop worrying about it. Socrates tells him, 'Yes; those are the pains of labour, dear Theaetetus. It is because you are not barren but pregnant.' Socrates' method, the celebrated 'elenchus' or Socratic method, consists in questioning one or more people about a certain concept, for example, courage or temperance, so as to expose a contradiction in their initial assumptions about the concept, and thereby provoke a reappraisal of the concept. As the process is iterative, it leads to an increasingly precise or refined definition of the concept or, more often than not, to the conclusion that the concept cannot be defined, and thus that we know nothing.
In the Phaedrus, Socrates says that there are two kinds of madness, one resulting from human illness, and the other resulting from a divinely inspired release from normally accepted behaviour. This divine form of madness has four parts: inspiration, mysticism, poetry, and love. Socrates probably believed that madness, like virtue, is a gift from the gods and that the two are intimately connected. He frequently questioned the sophists' doctrine that virtue can be taught, and observed that virtuous men rarely, if ever, produced sons that matched them in quality. For Socrates, virtue and knowledge are one and the same, as no one who really knows the best course of action can fail to choose it, and all wrongdoing results from ignorance.
Whilst Socrates seldom claimed any real knowledge, he did claim to have a daimonion or 'divine something', an inner voice or instinct that prevented him from making grave mistakes such as getting involved in politics. In the Phaedrus, he says,
Madness, provided it comes as the gift of heaven, is the channel by which we receive the greatest blessings … the men of old who gave things their names saw no disgrace or reproach in madness; otherwise they would not have connected it with the name of the noblest of arts, the art of discerning the future, and called it the manic art … So, according to the evidence provided by our ancestors, madness is a nobler thing than sober sense … madness comes from God, whereas sober sense is merely human.
Several of Plato's dialogues refer to Socrates' military service. Socrates served in the Athenian army during the campaigns of Potidaea (432BC), Delium (424BC), and Amphipolis (422BC), which were more or less the only times he ever left Athens. In the Laches, Laches calls on Socrates for advice because of his courageous behaviour during the retreat from Delium. In the Symposium, Alcibiades says that Socrates singlehandedly saved his life at Potidaea, and that he took the hardships of the campaign 'much better than anyone in the whole army'.
In the Apology, Socrates says that 'a man who really fights for justice must lead a private, not a public, life if he is to survive for even a short time'. Socrates cites the time in 406BC when he was chairing the assembly meeting and alone opposed the trial as a body of the generals who, after the Battle of Arginusae, failed to pick up the Athenian survivors because of a violent storm. At the time the orators had been ready to prosecute him and take him away, although later everyone realised that the prosecution would have been illegal. Socrates also cites the time in 404BC when the Thirty Tyrants asked him and four others to bring the innocent Leon of Salamis to be executed, and he alone refused, even though his refusal may have cost him his life.
In 399BC, at the age of 70, Socrates was indicted by Meletus, Anytus, and Lycon for offending the Olympian gods and thereby breaking the law against impiety. He was accused of 'studying things in the sky and below the earth', 'making the worse into the stronger argument', and 'teaching these same things to others'. The real basis for Socrates' indictment may have been his anti-democratic leanings and his close association with aristocrats such as Critias and Charmides, who had been prominent in the oligarchic reign of terror. Yet his behaviour when faced with the demands of the Thirty Tyrants suggests that he placed his ethics far above his politics.
In the Apology, Socrates gives a defiant defense, intimating to the jurors that they should be ashamed of their eagerness to possess as much wealth, reputation, and honours as possible, whilst not caring for or giving thought to wisdom or truth, or the best possible state of their soul. In an aristocratic flourish, he insists that 'wealth does not bring about excellence, but excellence makes wealth and everything else good for men, both individually and collectively'. After being convicted and sentenced to death, he tells the jurors that he was sentenced to death not because he lacked words, but because he lacked shamelessness and the willingness to say what they would most gladly have heard from him. 'It is not difficult to avoid death, gentlemen; it is much more difficult to avoid wickedness, for it runs faster than death.'
After being sentenced to death, Socrates had an opportunity to escape from the Athenian prison. In the Crito, one of the main reasons he gives for not escaping is that, by choosing to live in Athens, he tacitly agreed to abide by her laws, and is reluctant to break this 'social contract'. In the Phaedo, which was known to the ancients as On the Soul, Socrates prepares to die. He tells his friends that a philosopher disdains the body in favour of the soul, because the just or the beautiful or the reality of any one thing cannot be apprehended through the senses, but through thought alone. Socrates warns his friends not to become 'misologues', as there is no greater evil than to shun rational conversation. Instead, he urges them to take courage and be eager to 'attain soundness'. After joking with his gaoler, Socrates drinks the poisonous hemlock. His famous last words are, 'Crito, I owe a cock to Asclepius; will you remember to pay the debt?' (A cock was sacrificed by ill people hoping for a cure, and Socrates probably meant that death is a cure for the ills of life.)
After his sentencing, Socrates told the jurors: 'You did this in the belief that you could avoid giving an account of your life, but I maintain that quite the opposite will happen to you. There will be more people to test you, whom I have now held back, but you did not notice it.'
His pupil Plato was standing in the audience.
Adapted from
Author Neel BurtonPosted on August 6, 2010 August 6, 2010 Categories PhilosophyTags Alcibiades, Apology, Aspasia, courage, Crito, daimonion, Diotima of Mantinea, elenchus, gadfly of Athens, knowledge, Leon of Salamis, love, madness, Meletus, midwife, misologue, Pericles, Phaedo, Phaedrus, Plato, Socrates, Socratic method, Sophroniscus, Symposium, Theaetetus, Thirty Tyrants, virtue, wisdom, Xanthippe, XenophonLeave a comment on Socrates: A life worth living
Outre monde Blog at WordPress.com.


Expertsmind.com offers coordination nervous system based problems solutions, zoology assignment help, theory and concept of brain & its features, Ventricles of brain, Spinal cord, spinal nerves, nerve cells, nerve fibres and biology topics. Biology experts are highly qualified and experienced, they can solve complex coordination nervous system based problems and writing assignments.
Coordination: With the evolution of multicellularity it was absolutely necessary to develop certain system which may co-ordinate the functions among the different cells and may exchange the information between the changes in external environment and internal cellular environment. For this purpose primarily nervous system developed and as the complexity increased another system of co¬ordination was also evolved which is now known as endocrine system.
The nervous system co-ordinates the different organs in several ways. It receives the external stimulus, analyses and then interprets them, so as to produce the sensations. It plays an important role in the formation and retention of the memory of the past. It also plays a very great role in the conduction of messages and information between the different organs of the body. It has also the inhibitory and excitatory activites to control the muscles and glands for their proper functions. It also Co-ordinates between the visceral organs. The special sense organs such as eyes, ears, smell, taste etc. are also associated with the nervous system. The unit of nervous system is neurons and they form an integrated network in the body.
(1)	Central nervous system (CNS); Brain and spinal cord.
(2)	Peripheral nervous system; Nerves from brain (cranial nerves) and spinal Cord (spinal nerves).
(3)	Autonomic nervous system; Nerves and ganglion arising from the ventral part of the spinal cord.
Brain and spinal cord is covered by membranous meninges. These are from inside to the outside piamater, arachnoid membrane and duramater respectively. The cavities of brain are ventricles, spinal cord is central canal and the cavities present between the meninges are subdural and sub-arachnoid spaces.
Piamater is thin and highly vascular.
Cerebrospinal fluid is present in sub¬arachnoid space but not in subdural space.
(1)	Fore brain (prosencephalon): It includes cerebral hemisphere (telencephalon), olfactory lobe and the diencephalon.
(2)	Mid brain (mesencephalon): It bears optic lobes (four lobes) also known as corpora quadrigemina and cerebral peduncle.
(3)	Hind brain: It consists of cerebellum (metencephalon) and medulla oblongata (myelencephalon).
Cerebral hemispheres have the folds and grooves respectively known as gyri and sulci. The outer layer of cerebral hemisphere is cerebral cortex and is made up of grey matter which contains the nerve cells in it. This has the highest centres of sensations and activities such as general sensory, visual, auditory, premotor and motor area etc.
Hyphothalamus contains nerve centres for hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, emotional reactions and the autonomic nervous system. It also controls the secretion of adenohypo¬physis (anterior lobes) by the neurohor-mone secretion. The specialized cells known as nuclei preopticus or preoptic nuclei situated in the hypothalamus are neurosecretory cells secreting the hormones for the storage of posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis.
The optic lobes control muscle tone and modify the signals produced by the cerebral cortex.
The cerebellum has the centres for the maintenance of balance, posture and muscle tone.
The posteriormost and the last part of the brain is medulla oblongata and pons varolii which have the centres of vital importance such as respiration, salivation and circulation.
1.	Internally both the cerebral hemispheres are joined together by a strip of nerve fibres called corpus callosum.
2.	The centres for cold; heat, touch etc. are located in the somasthetic area of parietal lobe.
3.	Pons varolii is made up of white N.F. It joins both cerebellum.
4.	End part of medulla is called brain stem.
5.	Medulla controls most of the involuntary activities.
6.	Centres for sneezing and coughing, are located in medulla.
Spinal cord: The position of grey and white matters is reversed in the spinal cord to that of the brain i.e. white matter surrounds the grey matter. The spinal nuclei are embedded in the grey matter.
Centrally the spinal cord bears central canal. Wing like ridges of grey matter are called dorsolateral and ventrolateral horns respectively. Lateral horns are also found in thoracic and lumbar region.
Dorsal sulcus of spinal cord is joined with central canal by dorsal septum.
Spinal cord is the centre of reflex actions and it forms ink between brain and spinal nerves.
The ascending tract is the sensory tract and conducts the nerve impulses from the peripheral organs to the brain.
The descending tract is the motor tract and conducts the nerve impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands.
Peripheral nervous system: The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves with efferent and afferent nerve fibres. These are motor and sensory fibres. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in man and 37 pairs in rabbit. The nerves originated directly from cranium of brain are known as cranial nerves. They are 12 pairs in mammals.
The sympathetic system: A pair of sympathetic nerves with a chain of ganglions form this system. It extends from the neck to the end of abdomen. These nerves secrete a chemical 'sympathin'. This substance accelerates the action of the organ.
The parasympathetic system: The parasympathetic fibres are associated with the nerves of the head and sacral region. These fibres on stimulation secrete the acetylcholine which inhibits the action accelerated by the sympathin.
All the spinal nerves are mixed. Each develops from dorsal and ventral roots of spinal cord.
Neurons are the morphological and physiological unit of the nervous system. Each neuron consists of a cell body or perikaryon or cyton, afferent fibres, the dendrons or dendrites and efferent fibres the axons. Main characteristic of cyton is the presence of Nissl's granules made up of RNA. The terminal part of the axon has a swollen vesicular structure known as buttons which forms the connection with dendron of another neuron. This connection is known as synapse.
(I)	Myelinated nerve fibres: These are mainly present in the white matter of the central nervous system, cranial nerves and spinal nerves. These fibres are provided with a core which is surrounded by the myelin sheath. The axons contain cytoplasm known as axoplasm and surface membrane of axoplasm is known as axolemma which is made up of lipoproteins. This membrane is related with the transmission of nerve impulses.
The myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system is interrupted at certain points. These points are known as node of Ranvier. Due to the presence of this node, the transmission of nerve impulses is of saltatory type.
layer of Schwann cells is covered again by an ultrathin membrane the neurolemma or neurilemma.
(ii)	Non-myelinated or grey nerve fibres: These are very small fibres which are devoid of myelin sheath. The axons are surrounded by a covering of syncytial, nucleated Schwann cells. e.g. ganglionic cells of autonomic nervous system.
Non-myelinated nerve fibres: At rest the external surface has positive charge and internal surface has negative charge. The outer surface has more Na+ and inner surface has more K+; but due to the presence of CI- and metabolism it is negatively charged. The outer and inner surface of a nerve membrane has a membrane potential or resting potential of - 70 milli volt or - 7 volt. The resting potential depends upon a physiochemical equilibrium or Donnan equilibrium which provides the prior information of exit or entry of Na+, K+ and CI- ions. This is known as depolarization. A continuous inflow of K+ ions causes the inner surface again negatively charged and the outer surface becomes positively charged. This is repolarization. The active transport of Na+ outside and K+ inside re-establishes the neuron in the resting stage. This process is known as sodium pump or sodium-potassium pump or metabolic pump. At a point where sodium ion enters, the outer surface becomes negatively charged whereas the adjoining points are still positively charged. The potential between these two points known as action potential causes depolarization of the forwarding point, Thus nervous stimulation travels forward which produces the nerve impulse. Thus an automatic self reinforcement is produced. So the nerve impulse is a self propagating wave of depolarization and repolarization.
Myelinated nerve fibres: These fibres 'are covered with a high electric resistant myelinated sheath which acts as an effective electric insulator. But this insulation is interrupted at node of Ranvier. Thus action potential transmits from one node to another. This leaping of charge propagates the nerve impulse. This is known as saltatory propagation.
The transmission of nerve impulse in the myelinated nerve fibres is 20 times faster than in the non-myelinated fibres.
The velocity of nerve impulse in the non-myelinated nerve fibres is few metres/second, whereas in myelinated nerve fibres it is 100 metres/second. The highest speed is approximately 200 miles/hour in body balancing and fast reflex movements (in the sensory and motor fibres).
In synaptic buttons, a chemical transmitter substance acetylcholine is packed in the synaptic vesicles. This acetylcholine is released from the vesicles when a nerve impulse reaches in the button. It accumulates in the synaptic cleft causing the depolarization in the dendrite or axon.
Thus nerve impulse is an electro¬chemical transmission.


Coming off of the high of watching Working!! all the way through, I went looking for other, similar shows and wound up watching the entirety of Servant x Service this weekend with Kodra. I came away from that show feeling pretty weird about it.
On the one hand, Servant x Service is often genuinely funny and has some characters I really like. On the other, it's very much a product of a much more misogynist culture with very different views on acceptable behavior. It makes me think about cultural imperialism more than a little bit, because it's easy to sit from my position and decry another society's culture for things that I find objectionable, but it's a lot harder to turn that lens inward and consider the things that I do that would be objectionable for other societies. It feels hypocritical for me to sit back and say "this is a problem" and dismiss content as "bad" when not doing the same thing with, say, The Avengers, yet to some extent those feelings are still there. It makes me try to really evaluate how I feel subjectively vs what I believe objectively.
For all that I grit my teeth at some of the things in Servant x Service, it's easy for me to imagine someone looking at a standard American show that I love (like, say, Firefly) and being bothered that it's a show essentially about a bunch of criminals with no families, no sense of societal obligation, and a starkly different moral compass. To flatly say that something like Firefly is "better" than something like Servant x Service on some moral ground isn't something I'm comfortable with, because I'm not speaking from a position where I can say the cultural norms that created one are objectively superior to the other.
It's a big part of why I've tried to experience a really wide variety of content from different places. I've railed against the idea of dismissing something (or giving it a pass) simply because of one negative (or one positive) trait it has, and I worry that we dismiss a lot of content just because it's "weird" or otherwise not congruent with what we consider 'normal'. There's a wealth of interesting experiences that are hard to get without leaving the bounds of native English content, and while many of them do some problematic things that unsettle me (like the rampant sexual harassment in Servant x Service), I can't in good conscience say that there aren't equally problematic things in even the best of native English content.
I'm kind of going round and round in my head, because half of me is still bothered by the show, and the other half seeks to better understand the show's context rather than imposing my own on it.


text:
Breath of Life: Coming Back to Motorcycles After Time Off
A 6-year hiatus from motorcycling was enough for this mom
10/15/2020, By Nicole Bonza, San Diego, California
When Nicole Bonza had to give up her beloved motorcycle after experiencing mechanical failure and having a brand new baby, she went into a "hibernation" of sorts. After six years of not riding, the 44-year-old mother of two bought a new Honda CBR650R. Able the "breath again," she feels her life coming back.
New Adventure Rider Finds Her Rebellious Side at the ADVWoman Rally
Learning lessons in the dirt with Pat Jacques
9/17/2020, By Kris Fant, Photos by GrizGirlPhotography.com
"The rear wheel spins and digs for traction. I stand on the pegs while the bike slides left and right under me as I accelerate." While some of us would find these scenarios horrifying, Kris Fant shares why she loves and why you might too.
Backroads With Betsy: Reflections on 2020's Sturgis Motorcycle Rally
In pursuit of freedom and adventure amidst a world in chaos
9/14/2020, By Betsy Huelskamp
Longtime WRN columnist Betsy Huelskamp has been attending the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally for decades. With a world in crisis, the 80th annual rally was unlike any other. But "Free Spirit" found plenty of opportunities to celebrate and enjoy friends, freedom, and life.
Women Riders Now Builds Its First Custom Motorcycle!
Check out our transformation of a Strider Bike to be auctioned off for charity
8/13/2020, By Erin Sills, Co-Chairwoman
The team at Women Riders Now (WRN) is celebrating the success of its first ever "bike build" with its custom two-wheeler Strider balance bike called "Progressions." The Strider will be auctioned off in January to benefit the All Kids Bike program, which places kindergarten physical education learn-to-ride programs into public schools with the proceeds.
What it Feels Like to Push Through Your Motorcycle Comfort Zone
Saying yes to flat track racing Harley-Davidsons in Croatia!
8/10/2020, By Jess Kline, Photos by Caylee Hankins
Motojournalist Jess Kline shares her thoughts about moving outside her motorcycle comfort zone to give flat track racing a try when she was asked to join a group of male riders on a press intro in Croatia.
Meet Industry Pros at Women's Motorcycle Conference Online
Join expert panel discussions and motorcycle workshops focused on reinvention
The global motorcycling community is coming together in new ways to keep the spirit of motorcycling active during these unprecedented times with stay-at-home orders. Learn more about the Women's Motorcycle Conference Online (WMCO) happening April 17–18, 2020 that you can attend from the comfort of your home.
Celebrate 100 Years of Women's Right to Vote with Motorcyclists Across America
The stage is set for the year's big event for women riders—Suffragists Centennial Motorcycle Ride (SCMR2020)
2/20/2020, By Alisa Clickenger, WRN Leadership Board, Photos by Sara Liberte
This summer's big women's motorcycling event, the Suffragists Centennial Motorcycle Ride (SCMR2020), celebrates the passing of the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution giving women the right to vote. Find out how to be a part of this "must-do" event of the summer.
Daytona Bike Week 2020: Motorcycle Destinations and Details
WRN's complete guide for women riders and men who ride with them
3/6/2020, By Janis Perfetto, WRN Sales Wrangler
Daytona Bike Week kicks off the unofficial "start" of the riding season and this year runs March 6 to 15. We've put together some valuable information, including events hosted by women's riding clubs, plus info on accommodations, places to visit, and things to see during this year's 79th annual rally.
WRN Presents Winners at Denver IMS
The best new gear, clothing, and representation of women riders at the Progressive International Motorcycle Show
Women Riders Now (WRN) is committed to showing the industry that women ride, and we are always looking for vendors who are paying attention to our needs. WRN was at the Denver International Motorcycle Show (IMS) in January handing out ballots to women to vote for their favorites at the show, like we did at the Long Beach IMS.
WRN Presents Awards at Long Beach IMS
The best new gear, clothing, and representation of women riders at the International Motorcycle Show
1/13/2020, WRN Staff Report
See how women voted on the best new gear, clothing, and representation of women riders at the International Motorcycle Show in Long Beach, California. You may be surprised at some of the results!


Hand-carved necklace made from polymer clay featuring the original name of the Most-High God in the Hebrew letters (YHVH - Yod Hey Vav Hey) stamped by hand on the surface of shaped and textured clay. Clay pendant is attached to a black silk cord.
Clay pendant measures approximately W: 1 3/4" | L: 2 1/4"


text:
Available Positions:
Click titles below to read job descriptions.`
Middle School Math/Language Arts Teacher
Early Childhood Assistant Teacher
K-12 Substitute Teacher
The New School DEI Statement
We believe that a diverse, inclusive learning environment, where each community member feels a sense of belonging, is necessary to fully realize our mission of empowering students through a well-rounded experience and inspiring a love of lifelong learning. TNS is committed to building a diverse, equitable, and inclusive learning community through our admission policies, hiring practices, professional development, curricular and extracurricular programming, and school culture. We are dedicated to the full inclusion and engagement of individuals with varied, often intersectional, life experiences. These diverse points of view within our school community contribute to The New School education, enriching the learning environment for all of our students. We strive to empower our students to engage in a complex, multicultural world confidently and compassionately and to thrive as lifelong learners, forever exemplifying our core values of curiosity, character, and community.
The New School's mission to provide a well-rounded experience implies a "whole child approach" to education. We believe that learning happens best when we honor the whole person. We support every person's right to define, express, and live comfortably within their own evolving identity. We are committed to cultivating a diverse, equitable, and inclusive environment that recognizes the worth of each individual. By embracing diversity, we are a stronger community.


text:
La sauce gombo est une sauce gluante à base de gombos frais ou secs, originaire de Côte d'Ivoire. Elle accompagne les plats de poisson ou de viande. On la trouve aussi en République Démocratique du Congo ou en Afrique de l'Ouest : en Guinée-Conakry, au Cameroun, au Sénégal, au Togo, au Bénin ou encore en Guinée-Bissau.

Elle est appelée soupoukandja au Sénégal, dongo dongo en République Démocratique du Congo, kopé en Côte d'Ivoire, takou en Guinée-Bissau, fetri dessi au Togo ou encore daraba au Tchad.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Cuisine camerounaise
 Cuisine ivoirienne
 Cuisine sénégalaise
 Cuisine togolaise

Cuisine ivoirienne
Cuisine sénégalaise
Cuisine togolaise
Cuisine burkinabé
Gombo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Learn to speak clear, understandable English with your colleagues or classmates.
Soothe stress and find freedom from anxiety and worry.
Learn from an award-winning eBay expert how to set up an account, list items and run successful auctions.
Become a licensed professional or simply level up your party host skills. Learn to mix, measure and master over 400 of today's most popular cocktails!
Create a life plan to make the most of your golden years.
From a young age, Speaking with an American Accent instructor Nicole Kaup has harbored a love for discovering new languages and experiencing other cultures. After attaining degrees in Spanish, she taught college level Spanish courses before moving on to teach ESL.


It was only a couple of months that Instagram seemed to be playing around with the idea of sharing posts from other peoples feeds onto your own. And, of course, the opposite, to allow others to share your work on their feeds. That doesn't seem to have come to the masses yet, and it may never. What seems more likely and what they're testing now, according to TechCrunch, is sharing posts to stories.
The video was created by Zachary Shakked, to briefly show off the feature, which was confirmed to TechCrunch by Instagram. They told TechCrunch that the company is "always testing ways to make it easier to share any moment with friends on Instagram". It is apparently testing with just a small percentage of users, although the features are there to prevent your own content from being shared, so it looks like it might see a wider rollout at some point.
Interestingly, in iOS (left) the option shows up on the general Instagram options, along with a description of what the option is for. On Android (right), it seems to show up under "Business settings" if you have a business account. I'm not entirely sure where it'll sit for those who haven't converted their account to a business account.
Sharing posts to stories seems like a good compromise between full on "regramming" and "nothing at all". It allows Instagram users to share content they love, but without the permanency of it going on somebody else's feed.
With SnapChat seemingly on the rise again, Instagram has to do what it can to try to give its platform the edge.
No news on when it might appear. Given Instagram's history, it could be anywhere from a couple of weeks to a couple of years.


text:
Making history as a revolution of the transportation system of Sri Lanka, the Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) has officially announced to introduce a Light Rail Transit (LRT) System under the financial assistance by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
www.clr.lk
lrtjica@gmail.com
Copyright ©2020 CLR.LK
සැහැල්ලු දුම්රියට JICA සමඟ ජපන් යෙන් මිලියන 200,415 ක ණය ගිවිසුමක් here 12 Aug 2020
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ යෝජිත සැහැල්ලු දුම්රිය: ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 1850 ක ණය මුදලක් here 12 Aug 2020
US $ 1.85 b JICA loan for Colombo Light Rail project here 12 Aug 2020
Gender Equality here 20 JUN 2020
Project Director's Message
I am pleased to welcome you to Light Rail Transit (LRT) website. As a part of transportation mission of the Ministry of Urban Development, Water Supply and Housing Facilities, a priority concern was to solve traffic congestion in Western Region, especially Colombo Metropolitan area.
About CLR
The Light Rail Transit (LRT) - JICA project, under the Ministry of Urban Development, Water Supply and Housing Facilities was formed as an exclusive Project Management Unit in February 2017 for the implementation of the first
ROUTE LENGTH 15.8 Kms (Fully Elevated)
NUMBER OF STATIONS 15
DEPOT Malabe
Maximum Speed 80km/h
Train Formation Four Cars
Capacity of a Train (4 car-sets) About 800 persons
SELECTION OF CONSULTANT
UTILITY DIVERSION
Add your Feedback
Telephone Mobile
You can upload pdf,jpg,docx files
SL GETS RS 48 BN FROM JAPAN FOR LIGHT RAIL PROJECT
214 Comments 895 Likes
A concessionary loan agreement for JPY 30,040 million (approx. Rs. 48 billion) was signed yesterday between the Government of Sri Lanka and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for engineering services and construction of a Light Rail Transit (LRT) line between Malabe and Colombo Fort.
The loan will finance Sri Lanka's first rail-based, electrified urban mass rapid transit line. It will serve to connect the Colombo's commercial hub with the administrative capital, and significantly reduce travel time in the most congested transport corridor in the country, and...
COLOMBO LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT PROJECT READY BY END 2024
The Colombo Light Rail Transit (LRT) project which is the first of its kind in Sri Lanka, would be constructed with the financial and technical assistance from Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), by the end of 2024 and would be ready for commercial operation by early 2025. The project is to be constructed with an estimated total investment of US$ 2.2 billion, where investments for direct costs is provided by JICA.
In an interview with the Daily News Finance, Project Director, LRT Project - JICA, the Ministry of Megapolis and Western Development Engineer, Commander (Rtd)...
COLOMBO LIGHT RAIL SET TO BE SL'S FIRST WOMEN-FRIENDLY PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM
The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) will provide technical assistance to strengthen the Gender Action Plan (GAP) for Colombo Light Rail, towards making it the first woman-friendly public transport system in Sri Lanka.
COLOMBO LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT PROJECT SET TO GO
The Ministry of Megapolis and Western Development on Friday announced the commencement of acquisition of lands required for the construction of the proposed fully elevated Light Rail Transit (LRT) system in Colombo which is set to revolutionise Sri Lanka's transportation system.
GENDER EQUALITY: ON THE RIGHT TRACKS
The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) implements a variety of projects in developing countries to promote gender equality and women's empowerment. We take a look at some recent projects, with a focus on the women-friendly infrastructure and environment of the Delhi Metro in India and the Gender Action Plan being formulated for the Light Rail Transit System in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Colombo Light Rail
LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT PROJECT - JICA
Project Management Unit, Ministry of Urban Development, Water Supply and Housing Facilities, 8th Floor, Suhurupaya, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka.
සැහැල්ලු දුම්රියට JICA සමඟ ජපන් යෙන් මිලියන 200,415 ක ණය ගිවිසුමක්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ යෝජිත සැහැල්ලු දුම්රිය: ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 1850 ක ණය මුදලක්
US $ 1.85 b JICA loan for Colombo Light Rail project
Copyright ©2020 CLR. All Rights Reserved


text:
The Riddle of Robin Hood 1952 – Shown in the early days of BBC Television. A clever move by Walt Disney
A regular reader of this Blog David, made the comments below about the early days of BBC Television in late 1952 when he remembers his family getting a television set :
'The programmes didn't actually start in those days until gone 2 in the afternoon. In the mornings there were test films to enable television engineers to set up the sets, the most memorable of which was the BBC fit a surpressor to your car film. I remember watching Andy Pandy and throughout 1952 and 1953, I remember watching The Quatermass Experiment; Victory at Sea and Heidi with eleven years old Julia Lockwood.'
We got our first TV set very early in 1952 – and what David says is quite right – the Television service was a limited one. As David also pointed out the morning transmissions were mainly
Test Cards and Test Transmissions.
However, then came a very clever move by Walt Disney – an early classic piece of marketing and promotion. In March of 1952 Walt Disney released 'The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men' starring Richard Todd and Joan Rice and he had taken the decision of making a 15 to 20 Minute film called The Riddle of Robin Hood – which showed the actual making of the film – going to locations, studio scenes and work on the sets coupled with actual scenes from the film.
Walt Disney then had that released to the BBC for them to use free of charge – and in fact they did use it by showing it again and again in the test transmission times – and I recall very well seeing this as it came on in the mornings or afternoons at regular intervals.
Carmen Dillon with her c olleague looking closely at the model of the set for Nottingham Square
ABOVE: Another picture on the set of the Nottingham Square sequence as one of the horses is being led away – possibly after the action had been filmed
Lawrence E. Watkin who wrote this, and more scripts for Walt Disney. Here he is making notes for his finished script
ABOVE – Perce Pearce and Walt Disney talk about The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men 1952 – and puzzle over certain aspects
ABOVE: On a trip to Sherwood Forest and Nottingham, Richard Todd poses by a giant oak tree
ABOVE: Richard Todd rehearses the Quarter Staff fight – this time with Paddy Ryan I think
The BBC had not known what to do with the film so just kept showing it. It was – and is – a very good little film. I managed to acquire a 16 mm print of this and transferred it to DVD.
As regards the film The Riddle of Robin Hood I do have the 16mm original film which is shot totally in Black and White and it lasts just 13 minutes with commentary. Scenes from the film are used throughout the film but they are much less impressive without that fabulous 50s technicolor. However the behind the scenes detail is as follows:- Walt Disney in his Studio office chatting with Perce Pearce and Lawrence Watkin Some still shots of their visit to Nottingham with Richard Todd.
Fascinating brief shots of Richard Todd and another of the Merrie Men in an open car being driven to the set.
Then 2 more Merrie men on cycles and then a lady on a motor cycle who could be Martita Hunt, all riding over a make shift bridge, close to the spot I think where the dog attacked the Sheriff as he attempted to escape. Also shows the dog being trained with its master.
Also the camera and crew filming Peter Finch running through the stream just prior to the dog. Richard Todd in costume practices the quarter staff fight with an expert. Joan Rice leaves her house in Denham and cycles to the studios Studio shot of Ken Annakin and again with him directing the scene where King Richard goes off to the crusades.
Then a shot of the large colour camera on wheels with Guy Green being pushed along as it films the climatic scene where Richard Todd holds a knife to Peter Finch as they approach the drawbridge. I have been very lucky with this item which is very rare and possibly not shown in the UK in recent time. I wonder if it was made for general viewing because if it came out in advance of the film it would give away some of the scenes even though very briefly and also in Black and White it wouldn't show the film off anything like so well. I
t is though fascinating because of the 'behind the scenes' shots. I love the film. It was beautifully made and acted. The sets by Carmen Dillon, who is shown in this film I forgot to mention with Walt Disney (must have been at Denham) showing how a drawbridge shot would be done with a model castle and camera, the sets were terrific. The sets where Robin meets Little John and then Friar Tuck are astonishing in their beauty and detail and she designed them.
posted by Movieman in Uncategorized and have Comments (3)
3 Responses to "The Riddle of Robin Hood 1952 – Shown in the early days of BBC Television. A clever move by Walt Disney"
David Rayner says:
As well as the stamp book, I also have the official Walt Disney hardback book of the film from 1952, which includes full page colour plates of scenes from the film; a Music For Pleasure LP of the actual soundtrack narrated by Dal MacKinnon, which I bought in the early 1970s, but which was originally released on the His Master's Voice label in either 1963 or 1964 and a 1971 reissue Front of House set of eight really colour stills from when it was re-released as the lower half of a double bill with Walt Disney's 'Scandalous John'. I've always been on the lookout for the original colour Front of House set of eight colour stills from 1952, which has different scenes to the 1971 set, but, even after 17 and a half years on eBay, it's never turned up, although I do have images of them from the Internet.
Movieman says:
I have many of the items you mention David also and they are among my favourite items of film memorabilia that I have. Also I do have the first FOH stills. The second re-issue ones are very colourful and glossy but the earlier ones have a more muted colour – maybe with age I don't know. Also The Story of Robin Hood jig saw puzzles. It just goes to underline what I have said for many years about Walt Disney' superb promotion of these films – here I include Treasure Island – culminating just a few years later in Davy Crockett – King of the Wild Frontier' when all young lads had Davy Crockett hats and often sang the song from the film which we all remember.
Thanks again for your comment David. I too have this in my possession along with other memorabilia from this film including Jig Saw Puzzles and other promotional Books. In the Stamp album there are two pictures that intrigue me – one of Peter Finch as The Sheriff of Nottingham firing an arrow down near the river – which did not appear in the film – and then James Hayter as Friar Tuck sitting with his back against a tree on that wonderful set when he first appeared. It is a lovely album and one to treasure. I was not aware until your comment that there was a similar one for Treasure Island. Treasure Island and The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men – the first two live action films Walt Disney made – and both made here in England at Denham Film Studios – are among the best films he ever made in my view. They certainly coincided with the Walt Disney Company starting to become much stronger financially. These films went very well on a Worldwide scale. They are and remain two of my favourite films. Neil


text:
Nelson Mandela, Champion of Sustainable Development
by Green Africa Directory on December 11, 2013 in Green business, leaders, government & communities
Nelson Mandela, widely regarded as the father of the struggle for equality in South Africa and across the continent, died on 5 December 2013 at the age of 95. A visionary leader, Mandela became South Africa's first black president after spending 27 years in prison on charges of crimes against the country's former apartheid government. After his release in 1990, Mandela continued his activism, speaking widely against poverty, inequality and the indignity of racism.
Nelson Mandela is regarded as a champion of sustainable development. On his 89th birthday, Nelson Mandela brought together a group of renowned statesmen, human rights advocates and others to form an organization known as "The Elders", which have since tackled, among other issues, environmental degradation and climate change.
Nelson Mandela. Photo: NELSON MANDELA CENTRE OF MEMORY.
At his presidential inauguration in 1994, he commented: "To my compatriots, I have no hesitation in saying that each one of us is as intimately attached to the soil of this beautiful country as are the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria and the mimosa trees of the bushveld. Each time one of us touches the soil of this land, we feel a sense of personal renewal. The national mood changes as the seasons change. We are moved by a sense of joy and exhilaration when the grass turns green and the flowers bloom."
Calling for "work, bread, water and salt for all" – in effect, the equitable distribution of resources in his homeland – he demonstrated the seeds what would later grow into a staunch commitment to the cause of sustainable development.
On 28 August, 2002, for example, Mandela delivered the keynote address at the event inaugurating South Africa's WaterDome, in parallel with the landmark World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg. During the event, stakeholders from public and private organizations in the water sector launched and exhibited water-related activities, policies and new technologies.
"That our government has made significant progress in bringing potable water nearer to so many more people than was previously the case, I rate amongst the most important achievements of democracy in our country", said Mandela, in the speech which would become known as "No Water, No Future".
Mandela was also deeply connected to the earth on a personal level. He was an avid gardener, including throughout his long imprisonment.
While at Pollsmoor prison, between 1982 and 1988, he argued for the right to plant a garden on the prison's rooftop, and was finally permitted to plant vegetables – "onions, eggplant, cabbage, cauliflower, beans, spinach, carrots, cucumbers, broccoli, beetroot, lettuce, tomatoes, peppers, strawberries, and much more" – in 44-gallon drums which had been cut in half, lugged to the rooftop and filled with soil.
On this victory, he later wrote in his autobiography, A Long Walk to Freedom: "To plant a seed, watch it grow, to tend it and then harvest it, offered a simple but enduring satisfaction. The sense of being the custodian of this small patch of earth offered a small taste of freedom."
Source: UNEP
One Response to "Nelson Mandela, Champion of Sustainable Development"
Fabian December 12, 2013 at 4:33 pm #
An all round leader who excelled in all. RIP Tata Mandela


A start page that gives you the top social media and top shopping pages right on your browser.
A minimalist startpage for users who use the top ten social media sites and the top ten shopping sites. It makes for easy access when you "Add a Tab" that the AddaTab.com extension will bring them right up. It also gives you the option to search Google if you want to.


text:
La communauté rurale de Ngueune Sarr est une communauté rurale du Sénégal située au nord-ouest du pays.

Elle fait partie de l'arrondissement de Sakal, du département de Louga et de la région de Louga.

Notes et références

Elle regroupe une quarantaine de villages. Il y a une dizaine d'écoles élémentaires et un collège d'enseignement moyen.
Ngueune Sarr


text:
US History Stuff that is really cool
Bill of Rights Project 2019
DESIGNING YOUR OWN CONSTITUTION
LEGENDS AND LIES
Articles of Confederation-Newburgh Conspiracy-Shays's Rebellion
THE RISE OF THE NEW NATION: PRESIDENT WASHINGTON TO THE CIVIL WAR (PLUS AMENDMENTS 11-27)
NOODLETOOLS AND CIA MAPS CENTRAL
MISSION FOR THE CLASS
The United States Constitution
History and Civics with the Colonel
DESIGN TEAMS 8-3
__ 8-3 DESIGNING THE CONSTITUTION FOR YOUR COUNTRY-2
__ 8-4 DESIGNING THE CONSTITUTION FOR YOUR COUNTRY
8-6-2-DESIGNING-THE-CONSTITUTION-FOR-YOUR-COUNTRY
8-7-2 DESIGNING-THE-CONSTITUTION-FOR-YOUR-COUNTRY
QUESTIONS: I HAVE INCLUDED THE TIMES TO MAKE IT EASIER TO FOLLOW:
1. When you write a Constitution, your focus should be to write one that is ____________________________________________________.
2. What are the three problems with writing a Constitution:
#1 the right level of ____________________________________________
How ___________________ should it be?
What happens if it is too detailed?___________________________________________
#2 What are the 5 basic values you want to protect?:
1._________________________
2. __________________________
4. ___________________________
How do you divide power?
______________________ and ____________________________
What must you insist on?
#3: Task. What do the people have to do?
3. There are 309 million people in the USA. 308 million are NOT lawyers or judges. What do the 308 have to decide?
4. If the Rule of Law isn't followed, how would problems be solved? ________________________________-
5. What is the hardest thing about the Rule of Law?
________________________________________-
The overall concept(also appears below)
Design your own Constitution 2019
A simplified outline
An outline for a Constitution
The writing rubric
CONSTITUTION WRITING rubric
HERE ARE YOUR CONSTITUTION EXAMPLES
CONSTITUTIONS FOR STUDY
DESIGNING YOUR OWN CONSTITUTION: OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEM
HOW WOULD YOU RUN YOUR OWN COUNTRY
You recently gained independence when your mother country simply left after three hundred years, leaving you no government institutions. When they left, they took all law enforcement, military, and medical personnel. You have medical institutions but few universities and no technical expertise other than that which was provided to you.
Your people have appointed a 5-person committee to develop a Constitution to help establish an independent nation that is free and safe from invasion. The people are concerned that any new government allow them to continue being free to live their lives without interference or threats. They are open to a strong military, and would accept any government that gives them security. The only institutions, such as confinement centers, hospitals, and education facilities are those left behind by the mother country.
AT PRESENT, YOU HAVE NO GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS, LAW ENFORCEMENT, MILITARY, OR JUDICIARY.
The purpose of this exercise is to use resources available from other countries in an attempt to design, what you believe, to be the best possible way to govern your new country.
Country overview:
1.	Your country has one maritime border and shares land borders with three other countries
2.	You have a varied climate with ample rainfall, except in the south-central region. You have mountains in the north, which provides a natural boundary.
3.	There are 10 subdivisions established. One for each tribal group and three based around the large urban areas.
4.	Your country is the home of several historic sites, archeological digs, and one world renown religious center.
5.	Your country is not known for significant religious centers of worship.
6.	Your country has ample natural resources for the following needs
a.	Oil
b.	Coal
c.	Uranium
d.	Water ways
e.	Good soil in the western area
f.	Desert areas in the southern central area
g.	Iron ore in the eastern area
h.	Major crops are
i.	Wheat
ii.	Corn
iii.	Cotton
iv.	Barley
v.	Soybean
vi.	Root crops
1.	Potato
2.	Sugar Beet
vii.	Timber
7.	The population is less than the surrounding countries by more than 3 million when compared to each. You have 10 million inhabitants with most in rural areas.
8.	You have a diverse population consisting of a wide variety of races and religions, but a lack of both Muslims and Catholics.
9.	You speak several languages, based on tribal areas. There is one major language, Abbuta, spoken in business ventures with surrounding countries.
10.	People from surrounding countries are trying to immigrate into your country for land.
11.	You have no known enemies
12.	You have desires on maintaining a large Navy and Army, but insufficient resources to support it.
13.	You have limited manufacturing centers
14.	Your education system is in its infancy
15.	You have seven tribal groups vying for power
16.	You have outside forces trying to gain control of your eastern area and port facilities.
17.	There are three major urban centers situated near the ocean. All have major port facilities, but nor real transportation network
18.	You have several large river systems that transit all but the south-central region.
19.	The desert area is likely a good source of oil.
20.	You have ample wildlife throughout the country.
21.	Male and Female literacy rate is less than 60%
22.	Male life expectancy is 66
23.	Female life expectancy is 68
24.	Infant mortality rate is 170 per 1000 live births (very high)
25.	Up until now, you have depended on the Mother Country for everything. Consequently, you have no industries, research centers, or manufacturing centers for transportation.
26.	You rely on hydro-electric power for 45% of your energy, 20% solar, and 35% oil/ coal.
27.	The people have given you 5 days to come up with a working constitution for consideration. Failure to do so will result in banishment to the desert. YOU MAY REQUEST AN EXTENSION, IF THERE IS AMPLE REASON TO BELIEVE YOU ARE STILL WORKING IN EARNEST. THIS MUST BE DONE IN WRITING, WITH YOUR NEW PROPOSED END DATE.
28.	You have no monetary system and have relied on the Mother Country's currency up until when they vacated the region.
Use the Constitutions provided or find one that appeals to you to help guide you in designing a Constitution that will provide your new country a chance to succeed.
You have five (5) days……Each member of the group writes up a narrative stating how they arrived at their decisions.
HERE IS WHAT YOUR COUNTRY LOOKS LIKE:
____ MYSTERY COUNTRY 2019
About the Colonel and the Class
Teacher and Family
What is this class all about?
COL Rudman's Page of Research Corrections
Class Calendars
Period 3 Events: Lexington
Period 4 Events: Concord
Period 6 Events: Saratoga
Period 7 Events: Trenton
Stratalogica
MyGradebook
Seismon Monitor of Natural World Events, Earthquakes!
Active Classroom
Social Studies and Math Interactive Games
IZZIT & C-SPANCLASSROOM
NOODLETOOLS LOGIN
WRITING RUBRICS
Civil War Research Paper and RESOURCES FOR RESEARCH
The US Constitution: Hillsdale College
The American Form of Government the Federalist Papers and an online copy of the US Constitution for your use ALWAYS!
50 Core Documents in U.S. History


Eroica Britannia has derived from the vintage non competitive cycle race which takes place at the beginning of October in Gaiole in Chianti in Tuscany. Started in 1997 and its aim is to reenact historical cycling. The event is open to anyone as long as a vintage bicycle is used. The bicycle is considered vintage if it's from before the 1980s and has a metal frame, gears on the frame and cage pedals.
The Italian version has various routes that can be done, from 38km to 205km, over both paved and the famous Tuscan 'white roads' (unpaved).
The Bakewell version shadows the Tuscan event and had three routes ranging from a leisurely 30 mile ride to a 100 mile ride for the more serious cyclist, again emulating the Italian event taking in main roads and unpaved routes across Derbyshire.
Bakewell hosted a 6AM start for the first pack who were about to tackle the 100 mile route. That took them down the high street and over the bridge and out to the countryside. Vintage gears on the bile and many in vintage gear ridding the bikes made for quite a spectacular sight. Many of the riders out for shear pleasure and from all corners of the world. The whole event brought thousands into the area for the 3 day festival that has grown since its last visit in 2014.