text:
Shadow Frames
Gift Wrapping & Packaging
Friendship Bands
Mobile Toys
Light Holders
T Light
Revolution 2020: Love, Corruption, Ambition Chetan Bhagat - FB2
Chetan Bhagat
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Revolution 2020: Love, Corruption, Ambition book
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BERWYN, IL – MacNeal Hospital has been named one of the nation's top 50 cardiovascular hospitals by IBM Watson Health.
Cardiovascular patients at MacNeal and other top 50 hospitals experienced fewer complications, higher survival rates, shorter lengths of stay and lower costs.
IBM Watson Health 50 Top Cardiovascular Hospitals™, formerly the Truven Health Analytics 50 Top Cardiovascular Hospitals®, uses independent and objective research to analyze hospital performance. Organizations cannot apply or pay for the honor.
If all cardiovascular providers in the U.S. performed at the level of this year's winners (based on Medicare patients only), results industry-wide could amount to more than 10,300 additional lives saved and $1.8 billion saved, and 2,800 additional bypass and angioplasty patients could be complication-free.
MacNeal Hospital has dedicated powerful resources to treating cardiovascular disease. Leading-edge technology and facilities enable cardiovascular specialists to deliver a full spectrum of services. MacNeal has been accredited a Chest Pain Center by the Society of Cardiovascular Patient Care and designated a Blue Distinction® Center for Cardiac Care by BlueCross BlueShield.


text:
require 'rubygems/command_manager'

class Gem::Commands::InterruptCommand < Gem::Command

  def initialize
    super('interrupt', 'Raises an Interrupt Exception', {})
  end

  def execute
    raise Interrupt, "Interrupt exception"
  end

end

Gem::CommandManager.instance.register_command :interrupt

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
All-new Mercedes-Benz SL
Home » Carzone News » Mercedes-Benz SL
Mercedes-Benz's iconic SL gets an entire new look, more efficient powertrains and a lighter aluminium structure in this sixth generation model. Benefitting from some serious economy gains, thanks to a body that's up to 140kg lighter, combined with the latest Mercedes-Benz BlueDIRECT engine technology, the new SL is as much as 30 per cent more efficient than the outgoing car.
The lighter body has been achieved by virtually exclusive use of aluminium in the SL's construction, the lightweight material also bringing a stiffer structure. That, promises Mercedes-Benz, results in a more sporting drive than ever before.
Two suspension options will be offered on the folding hard-topped roadster, with either a semi-active adjustable damper system as standard, or optional ABC (Active Body Control). Steering will be a speed sensitive electromechanical 'Direct Steer' system.
The engine line-up will consist initially of a 435hp 4.7-litre V8 in the SL 500 and a 306hp 3.5-litre V6 in the SL 350. Both gain power and torque over their predecessors, yet offer greater economy - with the SL 350 returning 41.5mpg (6.8 litres/100km) on the official combined economy cycle. Despite the economy gains the SL 350 can reach 100km/h in 5.9 seconds, some three tenths quicker than before. The SL 500 manages the 0-100km/h sprint in 4.6 seconds, yet benefits from a 22% improvement in economy.
Fuel consumption, emissions and performance enhancements are down to a combination of lighter weight, an ECO stop-start system and a new economy optimised 7G-TRONIC PLUS automatic transmission. Being a new Mercedes-Benz means a huge technology count, with plenty of capitalised systems debuting on the SL. There's MAGIC SKY CONTROL, MAGIC VISION CONTROL, HANDS-FREE ACCESS - respectively naming a variably transparent roof, clever windscreen wipers and boot opening technology. Mercedes is missing a trick not calling the foot-swinging opening and closing boot technology MAGIC, too. Other caps-rich technology is listed among the extensive safety kit, with NECK-PRO, ATTENTION ASSIST, ADAPTIVE BRAKE and PRE-SAFE among the standard equipment.
A smarter interior features, while the exterior styling promises improved airflow - though we'll reserve our opinion on the looks until we see it properly in the metal. That should be early next year, with sales starting shortly after.
By CompleteCar.ie. Click here for more...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Driver Claims He Was Chased by Trump Supporters for Being 'Gay' Until He Crashed into MAGA Truck [VIDEO]
The driver crashed his vehicle into a parade of Trump supporters during a "Stop the Steal' protest in Santa Maria, California.
A video of a driver placed in a chokehold by a Trump supporter after he crashed his vehicle into a MAGA protest in Santa Maria, California, is being widely circulated on social media.
The incident, which took place during a "Stop the Steal" demonstration moving through the city on Sunday afternoon, was filmed by Instagram user ab3anater after the driver, identified as 20-year-old Jacob Garza, drove his black BMW into a parade of Trump supporters, hitting one of their vehicles.
'Welcome to MAGA country'
Stills from the video that was shared on Instagram. Instagram
The four-and-a-half-minute video shows Garza being held down by a crowd of Trump supporters, one of whom puts the man in a chokehold while others shouted obscenities at him.
At one point, one of the supporters can be heard yelling, "'Welcome to MAGA country, mother**ker" to Garza while he is pinned down by a Trump supporter, struggling to break free. A bystander then asks the man to allow Garza to breathe before police arrive on the scene. The video ends with a glimpse of the wreckage, which shows Garza's BMW and an overturned truck on the side of the road.
According to local news, Garza drove straight through the truck drivers and threw a bottle at the crowd before crashing into another vehicle. One of the passengers inside the vehicle suffered a fractured arm and was taken along with another passenger for treatment to a nearby hospital.
Garza was given a misdemeanor citation for reckless driving causing injury, according to police. However, the events that led to the crash are not yet known.
"It's hard to tell what happened first," Santa Maria Police Sgt. Nate Totorica told the Santa Maria Times. "Some witnesses suggest he tried to run and some people grabbed a hold of him. It's hard to tell what's self-defense."
Garza Claims He Was a Victim of a 'Hate Crime'
Garza has now apparently set up a GoFundMe page seeking $10,000 in donations to cover legal and medical expenses in the wake of the crash. In the description for the fundraiser, Garza wrote that he "was a victim of a hate crime by Trump Supporters."
"I was targeted and attacked in the midst of a Trump rally for simply being gay. I was followed and harassed which ultimately led to a multi-car accident while trying to escape. I was dragged, degraded, and assaulted until police arrived on scene." As of late Tuesday morning, Garza had already raised $1906 towards his intended goal.
Trump's Campaign Posts 'President Gore' Headline With Fake Picture, Washington Post Reacts
A post shared by 🌴 (@ab3anater) on Nov 8, 2020 at 3:16pm PST


text:
\section*{Introduction}
Optical systems such as cameras, spectrometers, and microscopes are conventionally made by assembling discrete bulk optical components like lenses, gratings and filters. The optical components are manufactured separately using cutting, polishing and grinding, and have to be assembled with tight alignment tolerances, a process that is becoming more challenging as the optical systems shrink in size. Furthermore, the continuous progress of mobile, wearable, and portable consumer electronics and medical devices has rapidly increased the demand for high-performance and low-cost miniature optical systems. Optical metasurfaces offer an alternative approach for realization of optical components~\cite{Kildishev2013,Yu2014,Meinzer2014,Jahani2016,Zhang2016}. Recent advances have increased their efficiency and functionalities, thus allowing metasurface diffractive optical components with comparable or superior performance than conventional optical components~\cite{Vo2014,Arbabi2015,Zheng2015,Arbabi2015b,Arbabi2015c}. The main advantage of metasurfaces stems from the capability to make sophisticated planar optical systems composed of lithographically stacked electronic and metasurface layers. The resulting optical system is aligned lithographically, thus eliminating the need for post-fabrication alignments.

The development of the optoelectronic image sensor has been a significant step towards the on-chip integration of cameras~\cite{Fossum1997}; however, the camera lenses are yet to be fully integrated with the image sensor. The freedom in controlling the metasurface phase profiles has enabled implementation of spherical-aberration-free flat lenses that focus normally incident light to diffraction limited spots~\cite{Fattal2010,Aieta2012,Lin2014,Arbabi2015}. Such lenses have been used in applications requiring focusing of an optical beam or collimating emission from an optical fibre~\cite{Arbabi2014} or a semiconductor laser~\cite{Arbabi2015c}. However, the metasurface lenses suffer from other monochromatic aberrations (i.e. coma and astigmatism), which reduce their field of view and hinder their adoption in imaging applications where having a large field of view is an essential requirement. A metasurface lens can be corrected for coma if it is patterned on the surface of a sphere~\cite{Welford1973,Bokor2001,Aieta2013}, but direct patterning of nano-structures on curved surfaces is challenging. Although conformal metasurfaces might provide a solution~\cite{Kamali2015}, the resulting device would not be flat. As we show here, another approach for correcting monochromatic aberrations of a metasurface lens is through cascading and forming a metasurface doublet lens.

Here, we show a doublet lens formed by cascading two metasurfaces can be corrected over a wide range of incident angles. We also demonstrate an ultra-slim, low \textit{f}-number camera, composed of two metasurface lenses placed on top of an image sensor. The camera represents an example of the optical systems enabled by the metasurface vertical integration platform.

\section*{Results}
\textbf{Design and optimization of the metasurface doublet lens}. Figure 1a schematically shows focusing by a spherical-aberration-free metasurface lens. Simulated focal spots for such a lens are shown in Fig. 1b, exhibiting diffraction limited focusing for normal incident and significant aberrations for incident angles as small as a few degrees. The proposed doublet lens (Fig. 1c) is composed of two metasurfaces behaving as polarization insensitive phase plates which are patterned on two sides of a single transparent substrate. The aberrations of two cascaded phase plates surrounded by vacuum have been studied previously in the context of holographic lenses, and it has been shown that such a combination can realize a fisheye lens with significantly reduced monochromatic aberrations~\cite{Buralli1989}. We used the ray tracing approach to optimize the phase profiles of the two metasurfaces when they are separated by a 1-mm-thick fused silica substrate. Simulation results of the focal plane spot for different incident angles ($\theta$) are presented in Fig. 1d, showing nearly diffraction limited focusing by the doublet up to almost 30$^\circ$ incident angle. The doublet lens has an input aperture diameter of 800 $\upmu$m and a focal length of 717 $\upmu$m corresponding to an \textit{f}-number of 0.9. In the optimum design, the first metasurface operates as a corrector plate and the second one performs the significant portion of focusing; thus, we refer to them as correcting and focusing metasurfaces, respectively. The metasurfaces are designed for the operation wavelength of 850 nm, and are implemented using the dielectric nano-post metasurface platform shown in Fig. 2a~\cite{Arbabi2015}. The metasurfaces are composed of hexagonal arrays of amorphous silicon nano-posts with different diameters which rest on a fused silica substrate and are covered by the SU-8 polymer. The nano-posts behave as truncated waveguides with circular cross sections supporting Fabry-P\'{e}rot resonances~\cite{Arbabi2015,Arbabi2015b,Kamali2015}. The high refractive index between the nano-posts and their surroundings leads to weak optical coupling among the nano-posts and allows for the implementation of any phase profile with subwavelength resolution by spatially varying the diameters of the nano-posts. Simulated intensity transmission and phase of the transmission coefficient for different nano-post diameters are presented in Fig. 2b, showing that 2$\pi$ phase coverage is achieved with an average transmission over 96\% (see Methods for details).

\textbf{Device fabrication}. We fabricated the metasurfaces on both sides of a fused silica substrate by depositing amorphous silicon and defining the nano-post pattern using e-beam lithography and dry etching (see Methods for the details). First, the correcting metasurfaces were patterned on the top side of the substrate, and then the focusing metasurfaces were aligned and patterned on the substrate's bottom side (as schematically shown in Fig. 2c). To protect the metasurfaces while processing the other side of the substrate, the metasurfaces were cladded by a layer of cured SU-8 polymer. Aperture and field stops were formed by depositing and patterning opaque metal layers on the top and bottom sides of the substrate, respectively, and anti-reflection layers were coated on both sides of the device. Photos of the top and bottom sides of a set of fabricated metasurface doublet lenses are shown in Fig. 2c. Scanning electron microscope images of the nano-posts are shown in Fig. 2d.

\textbf{Focal spot and focusing efficiency characterizations}. We characterized the fabricated metasurface doublet by illuminating it with an 850 nm laser beam at different incident angles (as shown in Fig. 3a), and measuring its focal spot and focusing efficiency. For comparison, a spherical-aberration-free singlet metasurface lens with the same aperture diameter and focal length as the doublet lens (phase profile $\phi(\rho)=-(2\pi/\lambda)\sqrt{\rho^2+f^2}$, $\rho$: radial coordinate, $f$=717 $\upmu$m: focal length, $D$=800 $\upmu$m: aperture diameter) was also fabricated and characterized. The focal spots of the metasurface doublet and singlet lenses were measured with two different polarizations of incident light and are shown along with the corresponding simulation results in Fig. 3b and 3c, respectively (see Methods for details). The doublet lens has a nearly diffraction limited focal spot for incident angles up to more than 25$^\circ$ (with the criterion of Strehl ratio of larger than 0.9, see Supplementary Fig. 1) while the singlet exhibits significant aberrations even at incident angles of a few degrees. As Figs 3b and 3c show, simulated and measured spot shapes agree well. For the doublet lens, a small asymmetry in the 0$^\circ$ spot shape and slightly larger aberrations are observed in the measured spots compared to the simulation results, which we attribute to a misalignment (estimated $\sim$2 $\upmu$m along both $x$ and $y$ directions) between the top and bottom side patterns (see Supplementary Fig. 2).

The focusing efficiency (ratio of the focused power to the incident power) for the metasurface doublet lens is shown in Fig. 3d, and is $\sim$70\% for normally incident light. The focusing efficiency is polarization dependent, and its value for unpolarized light drops at the rate of $\sim$1\% per degree as the incident angle increases. The measured focusing efficiency at normal incidence is lower than the average of the transmission shown in Fig. 2b because of the large numerical aperture (NA) of the focusing metasurface~\cite{Arbabi2015}, undesired scattering due to the sidewall roughness of the nano-posts, residual reflection at the air/SU-8 interfaces, and measurement artefacts (see Methods for details). The metasurfaces are polarization insensitive at normal incidence, but their diffraction efficiency depends on the polarization of incident light for non-zero incident angles.  The focusing efficiency is lower for the transverse magnetic (TM) polarized light compared with the transverse  electric (TE) polarized light because of the excitation of some resonances of the nano-posts with the axial component of the electric field of the incident light~\cite{Kamali2015}. This also causes the slight difference between the TE and TM spot shapes for the 30$^\circ$ incident light shown in Fig. 3b. We measured a focusing efficiency of $\sim$75\% for the singlet, and did not observe a detectable difference between the focal spots measured with TE and TM polarizations. The measured relative location of the doublet lens focal spot as a function of incident angle is shown in Fig. 3e along with the $f\sin(\theta)$ curve. The good agreement between the measured data and the curve indicates that the metasurface doublet lens can be used as an orthographic fisheye lens or a wide angle Fourier transform lens~\cite{Buralli1989}. Also, the specific $f\sin(\theta)$ fisheye distortion of the image leads to a uniform brightness over the image plane~\cite{Reiss1948}.

\textbf{Imaging performance}. We characterized the imaging performance of the metasurface doublet lens using the experimental setup shown in Fig. 4a. A pattern printed on a letter-size paper was used as an object. The object was placed $\sim$25 cm away from the metasurface doublet lens and was illuminated by an LED (centre wavelength: 850 nm, bandwidth: 40 nm, spectrum shown in Supplementary Fig. 3). The image formed by the doublet lens was magnified by $\sim$10$\times$ using an objective and a tube lens and captured by a camera. A bandpass filter with 10 nm bandwidth (see Supplementary Fig. 3 for the spectrum) was used to spectrally filter the image and reduce the effect of chromatic aberration on the image quality. Figure 4b shows the image captured by the camera, and its insets depict the zoomed-in views of the image at 0$^\circ$, 15$^\circ$ and 30$^\circ$ view angles. For comparison, an image captured using the same setup but with the metasurface singlet lens is shown in Fig. 4c.   The objective lens used for magnifying the images has a smaller NA than the metasurface lenses and limits the resolution of the captured images (see Supplementary Fig. 4 for an image taken with a higher NA objective).

Any imaging system can be considered as low pass spatial filter whose transfer function varies across the field of view. For incoherent imaging systems, the transfer function for each point in the field of view can be obtained by computing the Fourier transform of the focal spot intensity. The modulus of this transfer function is referred to as the modulation transfer function (MTF) and represents the relative contrast of the image versus the spatial details of the object. The MTFs for the metasurface doublet and singlet lenses were computed using the measured focal spots (Figs 3b and 3c) and are shown in Figs 4d and 4e, respectively. Both the images and the MTFs shown in Figs 4b-d demonstrate the effectiveness of correction achieved by cascading two metasurfaces, and the diffraction limited performance of the metasurface doublet lens over a wide field of view.

\textbf{Miniature metasurface camera}. To further demonstrate the use of this technology in imaging applications, we realized a miniature planar camera by using a metasurface doublet lens and a CMOS image sensor as schematically shown in Fig. 4f.  To compensate for the light propagating through the cover glass protecting the image sensor, another doublet lens was optimized (see Metasurface Doublet Lens II in Supplementary Fig. 5). The total dimensions of the camera (including the image sensor) are 1.6 mm$\times$1.6 mm $\times$1.7 mm. The miniature camera was characterized using the setup shown in Fig. 4g and by imaging the object shown in Fig. 4a which was illuminated by a filtered LED (centre wavelength: 850 nm, bandwidth: 10 nm, see Supplementary Fig. 3 for the spectrum). The image captured by the image sensor is also shown in Fig. 4g which shows a wide field-of-view. The camera's image quality is reduced by the nonuniform sensitivity of the image sensor pixels to the 850 nm light due to the colour filters, and by its larger-than-optimal pixel size. Therefore, the image quality can be improved by using a monochromatic image sensor with a smaller pixel size (the optimum pixel size for the miniature camera is $\sim$0.4 $\upmu$m based on the MTFs shown in Fig. 4d). Thus, the miniature camera benefits from the current technological trend in pixel size reduction.

The intensity of the image formed by a camera only depends on the NA of its lens (it is proportional to 1/\textit{f}-number$^2$=4NA$^2$~\cite{Smith2008}); therefore, the metasurface miniature camera collects a small optical power but forms a high brightness image. Furthermore, the metasurface doublet lens is telecentric in the image space, and light is incident on the image sensor with the uniform angular distribution (see Supplementary Fig. 5), and thus removing the need for the variable incident angle correction in the image sensor.

\textbf{Correcting chromatic abberations}. The metasurface doublet lens suffers from chromatic aberrations that reduce the image quality of the miniature camera as the illumination bandwidth increases. Simulated focal spots of the metasurface doublet lens for different illumination bandwidths and the corresponding MTFs are shown in Figs 5a and 5b, respectively. See Supplementary Fig. 6 for the off-axis MTFs.  As it can be seen from the MTFs, the imaging resolution decreases as the illumination bandwidth increases. This effect can be seen as reduced contrast and lower resolution in the image shown in Fig. 5c (40 nm bandwidth illumination) compared with the image shown in Fig. 5d (10 nm bandwidth illuminations). For the imaging purpose, the fractional bandwidth of a metasurface lens is proportional to $\lambda/(f\mathrm{NA}^2)$ (see Supplementary Note 1) and can be increased by reducing the NA of the metasurface lens and its focal length. Also, since the MTFs of the metasurface doublet lens shown in Fig. 5b have significant high frequency components, the unfavourable effect of chromatic aberration can to some extent be corrected using Wiener deconvolution~\cite{Wiener1964}. Figure 5e shows the deconvolution results of the image shown in Fig. 5c that is taken with a 40-nm-bandwidth illumination (see  Methods for the details). As expected, the deconvolved image appears sharper and has a higher contrast than the original image; however, deconvolution also amplifies the noise, limiting its applicability for correcting the chromatic aberrations over a significantly wider bandwidth.

\section*{Discussion}

The metasurface doublet lens and camera can be further miniaturized by reducing the thickness of the substrate, the diameters of the metasurface lenses, the focal length of the lens, and the distance to the image sensor by the same scale factor, while using the same nano-post metasurface design presented in Fig. 2. For example, a 10$\times$ smaller camera (160 $\upmu$m$\times$160 $\upmu$m$\times$170 $\upmu$m) can be designed and fabricated using a similar procedure on a 100-$\upmu$m-thick fused silica substrate. Such a camera would have 10$\times$ larger bandwidth compared to the miniature camera presented here, the same image plane intensity, but with 10$\times$ smaller image and 100$\times$ lower number of distinguishable pixels (94$\times$94 pixels instead of 940$\times$940).
Compared to other miniature lenses reported previously~\cite{Han2010,Wippermann2014,Gissibl2016} and Awaiba naneye camera (\verb|http://www.awaiba.com|), the metasurface doublet offers significantly smaller \textit{f}-number and better correction for monochromatic aberrations which lead to brighter images with higher resolution; however, they have larger chromatic aberration (i.e. narrower bandwidth).

The miniature metasurface camera concept can be extended for colour and hyperspectral imaging by using a set of metasurfaces that are designed for different centre wavelengths and fabricated side by side on the same chip. Each of the metasurface doublet lenses forms an image on a portion of a single monochromatic image sensor. High quality thin-film colour filters with different centre wavelengths can be directly deposited on the correcting metasurface of each doublet lens, and the colour filter efficiency issues associated with small size colour filters will be avoided~\cite{Xu2010,Fesenmaier2008}. Also, multiwavelength metasurface lenses which work at multiple discrete wavelengths have been demonstrated~\cite{Aieta2015,Arbabi2016,Arbabi2016a,Arbabi2016b}. However, the multiwavelength metasurfaces exhibit the same chromatic dispersion (i.e. $\mathrm{d}f/\mathrm{d}\lambda$) and thus similar chromatic aberrations as the single wavelength metasurface lenses. The amorphous silicon metasurfaces have negligible absorption loss for wavelengths above 650 nm. For shorter wavelength, materials with lower absorption loss such as polycrystalline silicon, gallium phosphide, titanium dioxide~\cite{Lalanne1998,Lalanne1999}, or silicon nitride~\cite{Zhan2016,Ren2016} can be used.

The metasurface-enabled camera we reported here has a flat and thin form factor, small \textit{f}-number, exhibits nearly diffraction limited performance over a large field of view. From a manufacturing standpoint, the metasurface doublets have several advantages over conventional lens modules. Conventional lens modules are composed of multiple lenses which are separately manufactured and later aligned and assembled together to form the module. On the other hand, the metasurface doublets are batch manufactured with simultaneous fabrication of tens of thousands of doublets on each wafer, and with the metasurfaces aligned to each other using lithographic steps during fabrication. Furthermore, the assembly of the conventional lens modules with the image sensors has to be done in a back-end step, but the metasurface doublet can be monolithically stacked on top of image sensors. More generally, this work demonstrates a vertical on-chip integration architecture for designing and manufacturing optical systems, which is enabled through high performance metasurfaces. This architecture will enable low-cost realization of conventional optical systems (e.g. spectrometers, 3D scanners, projectors, microscopes, etc.), and systems with novel functionalities in a thin and planar form factor with immediate applications in medical imaging and diagnostics, surveillance, and consumer electronics.

\clearpage
\section*{Methods}
\noindent\textbf{Simulation and design.} The phase profiles of the two metasurfaces composing the doublet lenses were obtained through the ray tracing technique using a commercial optical design software (Zemax OpticStudio, Zemax LLC). The phase profiles were defined as even order polynomials of the radial coordinate $\rho$ as
\begin{equation}
\phi(\rho)=\sum_{n=1}^{5}a_n(\frac{\rho}{R})^{2n},
\end{equation}
where $R$ is the radius of the metasurface, and the coefficients $a_n$ were optimized for minimizing the focal spot size (root mean square spot size) at incident angles up to 30$^\circ$. Two different metasurface doublet lenses were designed. The first doublet lens (metasurface doublet lens I) is optimized for focusing incident light in air, and was used in measurements shown in Figs 3 and 4b,d. The second doublet lens (metasurface doublet lens II) is optimized for focusing through the $\sim$445-$\upmu$m-thick cover glass of the CMOS image sensor, and was used in the implementation of the miniature camera as shown in Figs 4f,g. The optimal values of the coefficients for the two doublet lenses are listed in Supplementary Tables 1 and 2, and the corresponding phase profiles are plotted in Supplementary Fig. 7. The phase profile for the spherical-aberration-free metasurface singlet is given by $\phi(\rho)=-(2\pi/\lambda)\sqrt{\rho^2+f^2}$, where $f$=717 $\upmu$m is the focal length of the singlet (which is the same as the focal length of the doublet lens I).

The simulation results shown in Figs 1b,d, Figs 2b,c, and Supplementary Fig. 2 were computed assuming the metasurfaces operate as ideal phase masks (i.e. their phase profile is independent of the incident angle). Incident light was modelled as a plane wave and optical waves passed though the metasurfaces were propagated   through the homogeneous regions (i.e. fused silica and air) using the plane wave expansion technique~\cite{Born1999}. The simulated focal plane intensity results for wideband incident light, which are shown Fig. 5a, were obtained by computing a weighted average of the optical intensity at several discrete wavelengths in the bandwidth of the incident light. The weights were chosen according to the power density of incident light (Fig. 5a, bottom) assuming the diffraction efficiency of the metasurfaces is constant over the incident light's bandwidth. This assumption is justified because the efficiency of dielectric nano-post metasurfaces does not vary significantly over $\sim$10\% fractional bandwidth~\cite{Arbabi2015}. The simulated bandwidth-dependent modulation transfer function of the metasurface doublet lens shown in Fig. 5b and Supplementary Fig. 6 were obtained by taking the Fourier transform of the simulated focal plane intensity distributions presented in Fig. 5a.

Simulated transmission data of the periodic array of amorphous silicon nano-posts presented in Fig. 2b were obtained by using the rigorous coupled wave analysis technique using a freely available software package~\cite{Liu2012}. The simulations were performed at $\lambda=$850 nm. The amorphous silicon nano-posts (with refractive index of 3.6 at 850 nm) are 600 nm tall, rest on a fused silica substrate (refractive index of 1.45), and are cladded with a layer of the SU-8 polymer (refractive index of 1.58 at 850 nm). The imaginary part of the refractive index of amorphous silicon is smaller than 10$^{-4}$ at 850 nm and was ignored in the simulations. The nano-posts are arranged in a hexagonal lattice with the lattice constant of $a$=450 nm. For normal incidence, the array is non-diffractive in both SU-8 and fused silica at wavelengths longer than $\lambda=n_\mathrm{SU-8}\sqrt{3}/2a=$616 nm. The refractive indices of amorphous silicon and SU-8 polymer were obtained through variable angle spectroscopic measurements.

The metasurface patterns were generated using their phase profiles $\phi(\rho)$ and the relation between the transmission and the diameter of the nano-posts shown in Fig. 2b. The diameter of the nano-post at each lattice site ($d$) was chosen to minimize the transmission error defined as $E=|t(d)-\mathrm{exp}{(i\phi)}|$, which is the difference between the nano-post transmission $t(d)$ and the desired transmission $\mathrm{exp}{(i\phi)}$. The nano-posts diameters corresponding to low transmission, which are highlighted in Fig. 2b, are automatically avoided in this selection process, as the low transmission amplitude results in a large transmission error.

\noindent\textbf{Device fabrication.} The metasurfaces forming the doublet lenses shown in Fig. 2c were fabricated on both sides of a 1-mm-thick fused silica substrate. The substrate was cleaned using a piranha solution and an oxygen plasma. A 600-nm-thick layer of hydrogenated amorphous silicon was deposited on each side of the substrate using the plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition technique with a 5\% mixture of silane in argon at 200$^\circ$ C. Next, the nano-post patterns for the correcting metasurfaces were defined on one side of the substrate as follows. First a $\sim$300-nm-thick positive electron resist (ZEP-520A) was spin coated on the substrate and baked at 180$^\circ$ C for 5 min. Then a $\sim$60-nm-thick layer of a water soluble conductive polymer (aquaSAVE, Mitsubishi Rayon) was spin coated on the resist to function as a charge dissipating layer during electron-beam patterning. The metasurface patterns and alignment marks were written on the resist using electron-beam lithography. The conductive polymer was then dissolved in water and the resist was developed in a resist developer solution (ZED-N50, Zeon Chemicals). A 70-nm-thick layer of aluminium oxide was deposited on the resist and was patterned by lifting-off the resist in a solvent (Remover PG, MicroChem). The patterned aluminium oxide was then used as the hard mask in dry etching of the underlying amorphous silicon layer. The dry etching was performed in a mixture of $\ce{SF_6}$ and $\ce{C_4F_8}$ plasmas using an inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching process. Next, the aluminium oxide mask was dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of ammonium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide heated to 80$^\circ$ C. Figure 2d shows scanning electron micrographs of the top and oblique view  of the nano-posts at this step of the fabrication process. The metasurfaces were then cladded by the SU-8 polymer (SU-8 2002, MicroChem) which acts as a protective layer for the metasurfaces during the processing of the substrate's backside. A $\sim$2-$\upmu$m-thick layer of SU-8 was spin coated on the sample, baked at 90$^\circ$ C for 5 min, and reflowed at 200$^\circ$ C for 30 min to achieve a completely planarized surface. The SU-8 polymer was then UV exposed and cured by baking at 200$^\circ$ C for another 30 min. The complete planarization  of the metasurfaces, and the void-free filling of the gaps between the nano-posts were verified by cleaving a test sample fabricated using a similar procedure and inspecting the cleaved cross section using a scanning electron microscope.

The focusing metasurfaces were patterned on the backside of the substrate using a procedure similar to the one used for patterning the correcting metasurfaces. To align the top and bottom metasurface patterns, a second set of alignment marks was patterned on the backside of the substrate and aligned to the topside alignment marks using optical lithography. The focusing metasurface pattern was subsequently aligned to these alignment marks. The aperture and field stops were then patterned by photo-lithography, deposition of chrome/gold (10 nm/100 nm) layers, and photoresist lift-off. To reduce the reflection at the interface between SU-8 and air, a $\sim$150-nm-thick layer of hydrogen silsesquioxane (XR-1541 from Dow Corning with refractive index of 1.4 at 850 nm) was spin coated on both sides of the substrate and baked at 180$^\circ$ C for 5 min.

Systematic fabrication errors due to non-optimal exposure dose in e-beam lithography, or over and under etching will generally increase or decrease the nano-post diameters almost by the same amount. To compensate for such errors, we fabricated a set of devices (as shown in Fig. 2c) with all nano-post diameters biased by the same amount (in steps of 5 nm) from their design values. All the devices in the set showed similar focal spots, but with different focusing efficiencies. The focusing efficiency at normal incidence decreased by $\sim$2.5\% for every 5 nm error in the nano-post diameters.

\noindent\textbf{Measurement procedure and data analysis.} The measurement results shown in Figs 3b-e where obtained using the experimental setup schematically shown in Fig. 3a. An 850 nm semiconductor laser (Thorlabs L850P010, measured spectrum shown in Supplementary Fig. 3) was coupled to a single mode fibre. The fibre passed through a manual polarization controller and was connected to a fibre collimation package (Thorlabs F220APC-780, 1/$\mathrm{e}^2$ beam diameter: $\sim$2.3 mm). The collimated beam was passed through a linear polarizer (Thorlabs LPNIR050-MP) which sets the polarization of light incident on the doublet. The collimator and the polarizer were mounted on a rotation stage whose rotation axis coincides with the metasurface doublet lens. The focal plane of the doublet lens was imaged using an objective lens, a tube lens (Thorlabs AC254-200-B, focal length: 20 cm), and a camera (Photometrics CoolSNAP K4, pixel size: 7.4 $\upmu$m). A 100$\times$ objective lens (Olympus UMPlanFl, NA=0.95) was used in measurements shown in Figs 3b-d, and a 50$\times$ objective lens (Olympus LMPlanFl N, NA=0.5) with a larger field of view was used for obtaining the focal spot position data shown in Fig. 3e. A calibration sample with known feature sizes was used to accurately determine the magnification of the objective/tube lens combination for both of the objectives. The dark noise of the camera was subtracted from the measured intensity images shown in Figs 3b,c.

The focusing efficiency presented in Fig. 3d is defined as the ratio of the optical power focused by the lens to the optical power incident on the lens aperture. The focusing efficiency for the normal incidence (zero incident angle) was measured by placing a 15-$\upmu$m-diameter pinhole in the focal plane of the doublet lens and measuring the optical power passed through the pinhole and dividing it by the power of the incident optical beam. For this measurement, the 1/$\mathrm{e}^2$ diameter of the incident beam was reduced to $\sim$500 $\upmu$m by using a lens (Thorlabs LB1945-B, focal length: 20 cm) to ensure that more than 99\% of the incident power passes through the aperture of the doublet lens (800 $\upmu$m input aperture diameter). The incident and focused optical powers were measured using an optical power meter (Thorlabs PM100D with Thorlabs S122C power sensor). The pinhole was a 15-$\upmu$m-diameter circular aperture formed by depositing $\sim$100 nm chrome on a fused silica substrate and had a transmission of $\sim$94\% (i.e. 6\% of the power was reflected by the two fused silica/air interfaces), therefore the reported focusing efficiency values presented in Fig. 3d underestimate the actual values by a few percent.

The focusing efficiency values for non-zero incident angles were found using the focal spot intensity distributions captured by the camera and the directly measured focusing efficiency for normal incidence. First, the focused optical powers for different incident angles were obtained by integrating the focal plane intensity distributions within a 15-$\upmu$m-diameter circle centred at the intensity maximum. The intensity distributions were captured by the camera when the doublet was illuminated by a large diameter beam (1/$\mathrm{e}^2$ beam diameter of $\sim$2.3 mm) and the dark noise of the camera was subtracted from the recorded intensities before integration. Next, the focused optical powers for different incident angles were compared with the focused power at normal incident and corrected for the smaller effective input aperture (i.e. a $\cos(\theta)$ factor). The measurement was performed for transverse electric (TE, with electric field parallel to the doublet lens's surface) and transverse magnetic (TM, with magnetic field parallel to the doublet lens's surface) polarizations of the incident beam.

The images presented in Figs 4b,c were captured using the experimental setup schematically shown in Fig. 4a. A pattern was printed on a letter-size paper (approximately 22 cm by 28 cm) and used as an object. The object was placed in front of the metasurface lens at a distance of $\sim$25 cm from it. Three ruler marks were also printed as a part of the pattern at viewing angles of 0$^\circ$, 15$^\circ$, and 30$^\circ$. The object was illuminated by an 850 nm LED (Thorlabs LED851L, measured spectrum shown in Supplementary Fig. 3). The images formed by the metasurface lenses were magnified by approximately 10$\times$ using an objective lens (Olympus UMPlanFl, 10$\times$, NA=0.3) and a tube lens (Thorlabs AC254-200-B, focal length: 20 cm). A bandpass filter (Thorlabs FL850-10, centre wavelength: 850 nm, FWHM bandwidth: 10 nm) was placed between the objective lens and the tube lens. The placement of the filter between the objective and the tube lens did not introduce any discernible aberrations to the optical system.  The magnified images were captured using a camera (Photometrics CoolSNAP K4) with pixel size of 7.4 $\upmu$m. The images shown in Figs 5c,d and Supplementary Fig. 4 were also captured using the same setup but with different objective lenses (Olympus LMPlanFl, 20$\times$, NA=0.4 for Figs 5c,d and Olympus LMPlanFl N, 50$\times$, NA=0.5 for Supplementary Fig. 4).

The miniature camera schematically shown in Fig. 4f is composed of the metasurface doublet lens II (with parameters listed in Supplementary Table 2) and a low-cost colour CMOS image sensor (OmniVision OV5640, pixel size: 1.4 $\upmu$m) with a cover glass thickness of 445 $\pm$ 20 $\upmu$m. An air gap of 220 $\upmu$m was set between the metasurface doublet lens and the image sensor to facilitate the assembly of the camera. The metasurface doublet was mounted on a 3-axis translation stage during the measurements. To set the distance between the image sensor chip and the doublet, a far object was imaged and the distance was adjusted until the image was brought into focus.

The modulation transfer functions shown in Figs 4d,e were computed by taking the Fourier transform of the measured focal plane intensity distributions shown in Figs 3b and 3c, respectively. The dark noise of the camera was first subtracted from the recorded intensity distributions. The diffraction limit curves shown in Figs 4d,e is the simulated modulation transfer function of a diffraction limited  lens (i.e. Fourier transform of a the diffraction limited Airy disk) with the same focal length ($f$=717 $\upmu$m) and aperture diameter ($D$=800 $\upmu$m) as the metasurface doublet and singlet lenses used in the measurements.

The image shown in Fig. 5e was obtained using Wiener deconvolution \cite{Wiener1964}, and by filtering the image shown in Fig. 5c by the Wiener filter
\begin{equation}
\mathrm{H}(\nu)=\frac{\mathrm{MTF}(\nu)}{\mathrm{MTF}^2(\nu)+\mathrm{N}(\nu)/\mathrm{S}(\nu)},
\end{equation}
where $\nu$ is the spatial frequency, $\mathrm{MTF}(\nu)$ is the on-axis modulation transfer function of the metasurface doublet lens for illumination with 40 nm FWHM bandwidth (shown in Fig. 5b), and $\mathrm{N}(\nu)$ and $\mathrm{S}(\nu)$ are the power spectral densities of the noise and the image, respectively. The noise was assumed to be white (i.e. constant power spectral density), and $\mathrm{S}(\nu)$  was assumed to be equal to the power spectral density of an image formed with a diffraction limited imaging system with NA=0.4 (i.e. the NA of the objective lens used for magnification in the experimental setup). The signal to noise ratio was found as $\sim$250 by estimating the camera's noise, and was used to set the constant value for $\mathrm{N}(\nu)$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


A pictrure is worth a 1000 words if true than a video is worth 100,000 words. We left May 17th and returned June 10th. We spend 4 days in London, then 3 days in Capetown South Africa, then off to Namibia for 10 days, flying between 6 safaris, a brief visits to Botswana, Zimbabwe especially Victoria Falls then back to London via Joeberg and finally our flight home. A trip of a life time so enjoy the stories and pictures that follow.
I had hoped to write this blog as we traveled along but the Internet in Africa is non existent or slow slow and difficult to up load pictures so this story is written after we returned but I trust just as enjoyable.


Asked Wednesday about the contention by some legislators this week that the MBTA can't afford to expand the Green Line and commuter rail service to the South Coast, Transportation Secretary Richard Davey said he agreed.
But Davey said that means the state should step in to complete those projects.
"I totally agree, which is why the Commonwealth has said that it would build the Green Line Extension. The commonwealth said that it would build the South Coast rail project," Davey said.
He said the state is helping build the Assembly Square Station on the Orange Line, building stations along the inner-city Fairmount Commuter Rail line, as well as building parking garages in Beverly and Salem.
"The commonwealth has stepped up or stepped in on a number of transit commitments," Davey said.
Critics have argued that the MBTA should be self-sufficient because the state granted it a portion of sales tax revenue in the "forward funding" law, which went into effect in 2000.
"Our message is: no more money unless something changes," Senate Minority Leader Bruce Tarr (R-Gloucester) said on Tuesday during debate about a bailout for the MBTA's operating budget.
Administration critics say the MBTA is forging ahead with the major expansion projects without firm plans to pay for the work.
The Green Line Extension's project cost estimate is $1.3 billion and Sen. Robert Hedlund this week estimated the South Coast rail project would cost $2 billion.
Residents of Somerville and Medford would benefit from new transit options under the 4.3-mile Green Line extension and Fall River and New Bedford residents and officials have long been clamoring for a rail extension that they say will provide quality of life and economic benefits to southeastern Massachusetts.
Davey also said he disagreed with a failed Senate plan that would have put the MBTA under a temporary financial control board. "I don't think we need yet another board to tell us what I think is pretty obvious, which is our entire transit network is broken from a financial standpoint. In fact our entire transportation network is broken."


Our standard studio room is generously spacious and looks out onto a beautiful garden courtyard. Standard studio rooms can sleep up to three people and are perfect for independent travellers staying with or without companions. They include a king single bed with a living and dining area and double lounge/sofa bed. This room is also suitable for guests weighing over 250kg.
Kitchenette with a height adjustable sink, benchtop and stove, pull out pantry, ergonomic tipping kettle, low heatproof pull out bench, Nespresso machine, dishwasher and dining table.
Both the hoist and mattress are reinforced to accommodate guests weighing over 250kg.
The king single bed is an electric Hi-Lo led with a pressure relieving mattress.
A ceiling hoist designed to inconspicuously hide away in a cupboard.
A deluxe Pressalit-fitted bathroom with height adjustable rails and sink, heated floor and towel rail, back rest and commode, an auto flush feature and shower-rest.
Kitchenette with a height adjustable sink, benchtop and stove, pull out pantry, ergonomic tipping kettle, low heatproof pull out bench, Nespresso coffee machine, dishwasher and dining table.
iPad console for easy control of doors, lights, blinds, windows, air-conditioning, heating, television (LCD TV with Foxtel, digital TV channels and a selection of free movies) and free Wifi.
For privately paying guests or NDIS self-managed guests, room only rates start from $300 per night for the Standard Studio Room.


The University of Nebraska Medical Center and UNL have received $2.8 million from the U.S. Army to continue work on robotic telesurgery research. Coupled with the $1.4 million award the group received last year, it brings total current funding to $4.2 million.
The funds awarded from the U.S. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity are being used to produce and test a miniaturized, remotely controlled surgical robot. The robots could enable a surgeon in a remote battlefield area to perform complex, lifesaving surgery with the aid of an expert surgeon potentially thousands of miles away.
Dmitry Oleynikov, director of the Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery and the Center for Advanced Surgical Technology at UNMC, is the principal investigator of the grant. Shane Farritor, UNL professor of mechanical and materials engineering, is co-principal investigator of the grant.
Farritor said the collaboration between UNL and UNMC makes the project special and provides the opportunity to make a real impact.
"Besides the direct benefit to the army, our robots can help in civilian clinical applications such as colon resection and other areas of general surgery," he said.


The Instrumentel Explosion Metrology Kit was developed in conjunction with the US Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) to directly measure blast parameters from the target of controlled blasts used to neutralise chemical and biological threats.
The system is being used to inform the design of explosive devices capable of delivering a targeted and metered explosion of sufficient potency to neutralise no more than the threat, requiring precise measurement of the conditions created by the threat defeat explosion.
Instrumentel's Wireless Explosion Telemetry System, also known in the USA by the acronym Wireless Advanced Instrumentation System (WAIS) has been shown to offer the ability to measure both the surrounding environment (using traditional wired sensors) and uniquely to monitor directly the epicenter of the blast using Instrumentel's innovative wireless data acquisition tag, the Hardened XT01 Data Tag.
We describe here tests conducted in collaboration with the US Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) where the Instrumentel Explosion Metrology System was used to collect blast data from controlled explosions.


The docker container will "export" the web application to port 8299 on the docker host. If you are running Docker on OS X or Windows it will be running in a virtual machine so the IP will be different than "localhost".
This for example would generate the json DNS data for the GeoDNS server.
The system needs MySQL or MariaDB running.


text:
Al Filreis
Langston Hughes and Studs Terkel in 1960
Note: the audio linked below is temporarily unavailable.
Thanks to George Drury and Lois Baum, PennSound has recently added a stunningly good cache of audio recordings from the "Word of Mouth" series, originally aired on WFMT at Loyola University, Chicago. Among these recordings is a conversation among Langston Hughes, John Sellers, James Cotton, and Otis Spann, moderated by Studs Terkel, at Roosevelt University, aired on WFMT on July 15, 1960. Here is your link to the forty-seven-minute audio: MP3. (We are in the process of segmenting this recording by topic. Stay tuned, as it were.)
Ginsberg and Burroughs talking with Studs Terkel (audio)
Ginsberg, Corso, and Orlovsky with Studs Terkel in 1959
'I have questions': Kalamu ya Salaam and Langston Hughes
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DIGITAL PEDAGOGY: This was a magazine story published in 2001 about my use of e-media in teaching. "Postmodern poets focused on the process of their poetry, rather than on what the words in their poems actually said. The purpose was to make poetry and language new again. There's no better way to describe Filreis's teaching style. He uses technology to free class time for discussion, which to Filreis is more important than the course material itself. The point is to develop his students' ability to think critically, not to have memorized every last fact about Gertrude Stein. And yet, he said, through that active engagement with the material, students end up remembering more of the content."
Click on the image.
ASHBERY PERFORMS STEVENS: In October of 1989, John Ashbery went to St. John's the Divine Cathedral in New York to be part of the induction of Wallace Stevens at the Poets' Corner. There was a vespers service and Ashbery read six sections of Stevens's "An Ordinary Evening in New Haven." Imagine that--that poem read at a vespers service! Anyway, I certainly don't know of another recording of Ashbery performing Stevens. Stevens was a fairly bad reader of his own poems. Ashbery is deemed by many to be an indifferent reader of his poems. (I don't agree, but understand the point.) But here, reading Stevens, Ashbery is marvelous. Here is a 7-minute recording of sections 3, 5, 12, 17, 18 and 30 of the Stevens poem that comes closest to real serial writing (seriality at the level of the section, anyway).
THE (ANTI)MODERN PRESIDENT. After looking at an abstract mural at the U.N. then President-elect Eisenhower said, "To be modern you don't have to be nuts."
THE END OF THE LECTURE & PLANNING TO STAY. As often as I can, I call for the end of the lecture as we know it. I'm pretty serious about this - not often exaggerating on the point. Click here for one of many forays into the topic. Once you're there, click on the "end of the lecture" tag for still more. My thoughts on institutional politics and the arts were presented in a manifesto called "Planning to Stay" (published as a pamphlet by No Press); the text of that talk is available here.
KELLY WRITERS HOUSE Philadelphia's PBS affiliate, WHYY-12, produces a TV show that in each episode features four centers for the arts and creativity in the Philadelphia region. For its winter 2010-11 program, the show devoted 15 minutes to the Kelly Writers House in a segment called "The Creative Campus." To watch the video, click on the image above.
REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HOLOCAUST I dislike Spielberg's Schindler's List intensely. It's a film, I think, that is very friendly toward sovereignty. For more on this minority view, click on the image above. I teach a course at Penn on representations of the Holocaust in literature and film every other fall semester.
In 2003 I founded and continue to direct the Center for Programs in Contemporary Writing at the University of Pennsylvania. CPCW brought together the university's writing programs and projects: Critical Writing, Creative Writing, the Kelly Writers House, PennSound, RealArts@PENN, Writers Without Borders, Creative Ventures, Jacket2, and more. For information and links to each of these projects, click on the logo above.
Telephony so retro it's cool. (Click on the telephone.)
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Commonly used in packaging, disposable utensils, appliances and children's pool toys, polystyrene, ABS, and SAN are highly versatile polymers. Milliken produces a wide range of colorants suitable for these polymers that meet your economic and performance requirements. Most dyes are extremely compatible with general-purpose, medium and high-impact grades of polystyrene. SAN is also easily colored with dyes but higher processing temperatures and higher physical demands may make some dyes less suitable. ABS is one of the most difficult styrenic polymers to color.


Grip Pro Trainer is a finger-hand-forearm exerciser and is ideal for anyone participating in sport, hobby or pastime that needs strong hands and forearms.
Grip Pro Trainer eliminates the uneven workout of spring exercisers, is far more dynamic than grip balls and not difficult like gyros.
USE IT ALMOST ANYTIME/ANYWHERE…desk, car, walking etc. Grip Pro Trainer has a natural feeling in the hand, yet is dynamic to use and very effective. When routinely used in 3 sets of 30 to 100 reps it noticeably improves finger-hand-forearm strength.


CLOSE TO EVERYTHING, NICE COMMUNITY, STUNNING HOME IN GUARD GATED COMMUNITY, ON A QUIET OVERSIZED CUL-DE-SAC. VAULTED CEILINGS, MANY BEAUTIFUL UPGRADES, BREATHTAKING PROFESSIONALLY DECORATED DESIGNER HOME. TILE FLOORS, GRANITE COUNTERS, CUSTOM PAINT, SPECTACULAR LIGHTING IN & OUT, DESERT LANDSCAPING, POOL WITH WATERFALL.
SPACIOUS AND REFINED POOL HOME IN A QUIET GATED COMMUNITY Over 4,200 square feet of bright and flawless space on 1/3 Acre lot in a gated community. This gorgeous home boasts an oversized swimming pool for summer fun and a complete paradise retreat backyard. The interior does not disappoint either with high ceilings, large master suite, and mountain views.
Beautiful one of a kind Mediterranean style 3 bed 3 bath 3 car garage with formal living room and formal dining room. Family room with built in cherry wood entertainment center. home with all amenities. Pride of ownership! Large Family room to entertain families of all sizes. Buyers and buyers agent to verify all info.
Stunning floor plan and open space! Tons of natural light and windows. This property is clean and move in ready. The wood floors and trim are breath taking. The kitchen is huge and features custom cabinets and stainless steel appliances. Lost of space for entertaining! The backyard is spacious with a functional covered patio. Priced to sell and won't last long. SHOW, SHOW, SELL!
Trustee Sale. Make this your dream home in Madrid Estates! 4 bedroom 4 bath home in prime Las Vegas location! Huge master bedroom with retreat/office/gym area. Balcony off master suite. Large covered patio, gorgeous solar heated pool-professionally landscaped yard. Downstairs bedroom with private bath. Separate downstairs den was used as a media room. Eat in kitchen has large gourmet granite island. Fantastic floor plan. Motivated seller.
Stunning luxury modern 2 story condo. Relax in master & living room while overlooking sparkling pools and comm. Tons of upgrades: marble & wood floors, custom drapes, loud speakers & mirrors, beautiful light fixtures, camera, granite countertops & granite island, custom kit cabinets w/ stainless steel appliances. Second bedroom converted to custom closets. Park house offers pools, spa, fitness, security, cabanas, firepit, underground parking.


You should not take this medicine if you have ever had an allergic reaction to any medicine that contains abacavir, if you have moderate to severe liver disease, or if you have a gene variation called HLA-B*5701 allele.
Stop using abacavir and call your doctor at once if you have signs of an allergic reaction: fever; rash; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain; general ill feeling, extreme tiredness, body aches; shortness of breath, cough, sore throat.
Abacavir can also cause severe or life-threatening effects on your liver. Call your doctor at once if you have pain or swelling in your upper stomach, tiredness, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools, or jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes).
you have had an allergic reaction to any medicine that contains abacavir (such as Ziagen, Epzicom, Triumeq, or Trizivir).
Abacavir comes with a Medication Guide and a Warning Card listing symptoms of an allergic reaction. Read this information and learn what symptoms to watch for. Keep the Wallet Card with you at all times.
Get your prescription refilled before you run out of medicine completely. If you miss several doses, you may have a dangerous or even fatal allergic reaction once you start taking abacavir again.
This list is not complete. Other drugs may affect abacavir, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible drug interactions are listed here.
Copyright 1996-2019 Cerner Multum, Inc. Version: 10.08. Revision date: 5/29/2018.


text:
- Middle East -
There are more than 9 million people living in Jordan – most of them Palestinians who have been living in the country for many years, and Bedouins of Jordanian origin. There are about 700,000 people who belong to the Iraqi minority, who fled to Jordan in the aftermath of the Iraq war. In 2016, more than 650,000 refugees from Syria and 600,000 refugees from Yemen and Somalia were registered in Jordan. In addition, there are about 60,000 Chechens and Circassians as well as 60,000 Armenians living in Jordan. Other minorities are the Kurds, the Turks, and the Assyrians.
93 percent of the population of Jordan belong to Sunni Islam, while – according to estimates – the Christians account for just over 5 percent of the total population. Other religious groups include the Druze, Shiite Muslims, and Bahá'ís, with almost 1,000 followers.
In the course of the war in Syria, the STP repeatedly reported on the poor situation in the refugee camps in Jordan In 2014, we also reported on the situation in Jordan with our memorandum "Vom Wandel bedroht: Christliche Minderheiten im Nahen Osten" ("Threatened by change: Christian minorities in the Middle East"). Compared to the neighboring countries, the overall situation in Jordan is a bit better, but it is especially the Christian converts who are still suffering from discrimination.
Further information about Jordan
31. August 2018 – A dedicated human rights advocate has to leave office
Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein did not get a chance for a second term in office (Press Release)
05. July 2018 – Prevent a humanitarian disaster in Syria! An appeal to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
Royal family of Jordan should show solidarity with Syrian refugees (Pressemitteilung)
19. March 2015 – Open Letter to Chancellor Angela Merkel: Please try to save the IS hostages!
Iraq: Islamists threaten to kill 21 Kurds by burning
20. May 2014 – Threatened by Changes: Christian Minorities in the Middle East
25. July 2012 – Demands for a better protection and more financial assistance for refugees from Syria!
Syria:
Header photo: Franx' via Flickr


text:
Chemische Stabilität bedeutet thermodynamische Stabilität eines chemischen Systems, insbesondere einer chemischen Verbindung.

Zustände (chemische Verbindungen), die "beliebig lange" unverändert bestehen können, bezeichnet man als stabil, andernfalls als metastabile Zustände. Als instabile (nichtstabile, unstabile) Zustände bezeichnet man solche, bei denen eine kontinuierliche Umwandlung in Zustände mit geringerem freien Energiegehalt (oder höherer Entropie) stattfindet. Beispiele sind Substanzen oder Substanzgemische, in denen bei konstanter Temperatur und konstantem Druck messbare Reaktionen stattfinden. Unter quasistabilen Zuständen versteht man instabile Zustände, bei denen gleichzeitig eine Hin- und eine Rückreaktion stattfinden kann, da beide Zustände gleiche freie Energie haben.

Zu beachten ist dabei, dass chemische Reaktionen in homogener Phase nie vollständig ablaufen, sondern nur bis zum Erreichen eines Gleichgewichtszustandes, in dem neben dem Reaktionsprodukt auch die Reaktanden (Ausgangsstoffe) zum Teil vorhanden sind. Der gleiche Endzustand wird erreicht, wenn man vom Reaktionsprodukt ausgeht und dieses den Bedingungen der Bildungsreaktion (gleichem Druck und gleicher Temperatur) unterwirft. Solche chemischen Gleichgewichte spielen in allen Bereichen der Chemie eine wesentliche Rolle. Entfernt man kontinuierlich die Ausgangsstoffe in dieser Situation, findet somit eine Zersetzung statt.

Die Stabilität chemischer Systeme lässt sich beispielsweise durch Katalysatoren und Stabilisatoren beeinflussen. Mit Letzteren erhält man ein stabilisiertes (kein stabiles!) System, das mit dem Wegfall des Stabilisators zusammenbricht. Durch den Einsatz von Stabilisatoren kann bei unbeständigen Verbindungen eine chemische Veränderung wie beispielsweise die Zersetzung oder Oxidation verhindert werden. Mit Katalysatoren lässt sich ein metastabiler Zustand in einen instabilen überführen oder die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit verändern, aber nicht die Lage des chemischen Gleichgewichtes verschieben.

Pseudostabile Zustände sind instabile Zustände, die äußerlich im Gleichgewicht mit sich oder ihrer Umgebung zu sein scheinen, bei denen aber dennoch sehr langsame, kaum merkliche Umwandlungen in Zustände mit geringerem Gehalt an freier Energie stattfinden. Beispiele sind lyophobe Kolloide, die langsam koagulieren, und die äußerst langsame Bildung von Wasser in Gemischen aus Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff bei Zimmertemperatur. Derartige Zustände sind häufig thermolabil. Zu solchen scheinbar stabilen Gleichgewichtszuständen zählt man die metastabilen Zustände.

Thermodynamisch stabil nennt man ein chemisches System, wenn es sich im Zustand niedrigster Energie oder im chemischen Gleichgewicht mit seiner Umgebung befindet. Es kann sich hierbei auch um ein Fließgleichgewicht handeln. Ein Zustand A wird als thermodynamisch stabiler als Zustand B bezeichnet, wenn die freie Standardenthalpie beim Wechsel von A nach B positiv ist.

Für Arzneistoffe, Pflanzenschutzmittel und Umweltgifte ist die Halbwertszeit und der Metabolismus (also der Abbau der Verbindung) von entscheidender Bedeutung.

Als chemisch stabil oder inert gelten Verbindungen wie Glas, Edelgase und Edelmetalle, was jedoch von den vorhandenen Bedingungen und Stoffen abhängt. So werden Glas und Edelmetalle von einigen Säuren angegriffen. Instabil sind beispielsweise Explosivstoffe und Radikale.

Laut REACH ist in Sicherheitsdatenblättern anzugeben, ob der Stoff oder das Gemisch unter normalen Umgebungsbedingungen und unter den bei Lagerung und Handhabung zu erwartenden Temperatur- und Druckbedingungen stabil oder instabil ist. Es muss ebenfalls angegeben werden, welche Bedeutung etwaige Änderungen des physikalischen Erscheinungsbildes des Stoffes oder Gemisches für die Sicherheit haben.

Siehe auch
 Reaktivität
 Stabilisator (Lebensmittelzusatzstoff)
 Phlegmatisieren
 Korrosion
 Verwitterung

Einzelnachweise

Chemie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
20 Things for LEF in 2020
The Litchfield Education Foundation has been serving the educational needs of our community for the better part of two decades. LEF has undergone several phases in that time.
Phase 1: LEF was originally designed to fill gaps that existed within the Litchfield public school budget. However, rather than attempt to influence what was happening inside the classroom, LEF realized there was opportunity to evolve and extend learning beyond the school day and to broaden those it serves to include students who attend public school, private school, and homeschool…in Litchfield AND surrounding towns.
Phase 2: With a broader scope, LEF began to explore where relevant learning gaps existed and what opportunities for skill development were available. After researching competencies for future academic & employment success, LEF focused on "portable skills," or those all students would need to be life ready, regardless of their future path.
The results also enabled LEF to identify Priority Pathways for programming, namely STEM, Literacy, Multiculturalism, Civics, and Business & Entrepreneurship. Though these pathways are not inclusive of everything LEF thinks is important, they were chosen because they are reflective of gaps in robust programming in our area. LEF responded by proactively seeking and funding out-of-school learning in the Priority Pathways which are funded by LEF, hosted at several school and community organizations and serve all area children. As we look to the future, we will continue to seek and fund innovative opportunities for youth.
Phase 3: As out-of-school programming provided by schools and community organizations grows, LEF has continued to evolve by engaging in thinking about how learning opportunities will affect the changing landscape and needs of our region.
When LEF started having conversations around regional sustainability, we realized, from talking with others committed to ensuring the Litchfield Hills is a place people continue to move and have access to jobs and affordable housing, education was not yet a part of those discussions. Because education and opportunities for youth are important factors in determining housing affordability and whether to move to the region at all, LEF is working to ensure education is a part of those conversations moving forward. Simply stated, we don't think it is possible to talk about what kinds of jobs people have access to without talking about things like talent pools and job training.
LEF recognizes that true service to our community means the need to continue to evolve and bring education to the forefront of the sustainability discussion. In service of that evolution, here are 20 connections LEF plans to initiate, maintain, and nurture in 2020.
LEF will continue to nurture connections with...
1. Youth in our region, regardless of whether they attend public school, private school, or school at home.
2. Community organizations who provide robust enrichment programming in STEM, Civics, Entrepreneurship, Multiculturalism, and Literacy.
3. Donors who value transparency, education and children.
4. Corporate partners interested in sponsorship opportunities aligned to LEF's pathways.
5. Students interested in opportunities to build skills that transfer across content areas and careers.
6. Volunteers who wish to contribute to the educational opportunities of youth in our area.
7. Educators & school administrators in Litchfield and Region 6.
8. Parent Teacher Organizations who partner with LEF.
LEF seeks new connections with…
9. Innovative program providers who seek to work with area youth.
10. Teams who are exploring and supporting regional sustainability efforts.
11. Donors willing to invest in the future of our region.
12. Committee and board members with skill sets aligned to the needs of our organization.
13. Big thinkers including but not limited to students, educators, parents, seniors, and members of the business community that will broaden our perspective as a service organization.
14. Movers & shakers who can connect LEF with new opportunities.
15. Learning experts who can help us identify educational needs for continued success.
16. Regional stakeholders that will broaden our perspective as an organization and evolve in service of the changing needs of youth in our area.
17. Students, educators & school administrators in surrounding towns.
LEF aspires to be a catalyst for connections among…
18. Regional organizations supporting initiatives in service of Litchfield area youth.
19. Our community and research around innovative educational practice.
20. Organizations supporting regional sustainability to ensure education is a visible part of sustainability efforts.
See a connection you can help with or one that we missed? Interested in being one of LEF's accountability partners?
We hope you will reach out: lefforstudents@gmail.com.
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