Department of Immunology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Corresponding author: Giulio Ferrari, Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20122 Milan, Italy; ferrari.giulio@hsr.it.
Giulio Ferrari, Fabio Bignami, Chiara Giacomini, Stefano Franchini, Paolo Rama; Safety and Efficacy of Topical Infliximab in a Mouse Model of Ocular Surface Scarring. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2013;54(3):1680-1688. doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-10782.
Purpose.: To evaluate the safety/efficacy of topical infliximab, an anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody, in a mouse model of ocular surface scarring.
Methods.: Twenty alkali burn mice were treated with infliximab (10 mg/mL) topically 6 times a day, while 20 alkali burn mice received saline for 7 days. Corneal opacity, epithelial wound healing, and ocular phimosis were examined at the slit-lamp. Tear production was quantified with phenol red thread test. Immunofluorescence for infliximab penetration, TNF-α localization, CD45+ cell infiltration, PAS, and Masson's trichrome staining were evaluated on ocular globes and eyelids. TNF-α and IL-1β expression levels were measured on treated murine corneas and eyelids. Finally, quantification of corneal CD31+ blood vessels and LYVE1+ lymphatic vessels were evaluated on 10 additional alkali burn mice receiving either infliximab or saline, after 14 days.
Results.: Topical infliximab penetrated the cornea and the conjunctiva and was not toxic (negative fluorescein stain). Its molecular target, TNF-α, was detected in the cornea after injury. Infliximab significantly reduced corneal perforation, opacity index, phimosis, leukocyte infiltration, and fibrosis in the eyelids. It also significantly prevented goblet cell infiltration in epithelial cornea and loss in the conjunctiva (P < 0.05), improved tear secretion and epithelial healing (P < 0.05). Finally, it significantly reduced both corneal hem- (P < 0.05) and lymphangiogenesis (P < 0.01).
Conclusions.: Infliximab penetrates the cornea and is safe to the ocular surface in an animal model of ocular surface scarring. We suggest that topical application of infliximab may be a useful treatment in ocular caustications.
Ocular surface scarring is a common finding after ocular caustication. 4 Scarring, together with inflammation and neovascularization, is responsible for many unfavorable outcomes in burned eyes, including ocular perforation, low success rate of corneal transplantation procedures, and finally, impaired vision.
Infliximab is a chimeric IgG1κ monoclonal antibody. It neutralizes the biological activity of TNF-α by binding with high affinity to the soluble and transmembrane forms of TNF-α and inhibiting receptor binding. It is commonly administered systemically to treat Crohn disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and other autoimmune diseases. Topical treatment with infliximab also significantly improved chronic skin ulcers, with no reported systemic or local side effect. 12 However, topical treatment at the normal ocular surface with infliximab has not been reported yet. Indeed, in light of potential clinical applications, safety of topically applied infliximab would be the obvious first concern.
The aim of this study is to test whether topical blockade of anti-TNF-α (infliximab) is toxic to the normal ocular surface and whether it could ameliorate inflammation and scarring in a mouse ocular alkali burn model.
Female, 4- to 6-week-old, C57BL/6 mice (Charles River Laboratories, Calco, LC, Italy) were used in all experiments (92 total mice or 97 total eyes, because 10 normal eyes from five mice were used as real-time PCR calibrators). Animals were allowed to acclimatize to their environment for 1 week prior to experimentation. Each animal was deeply anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of tribromoethanol (250 mg/kg) before all surgical procedures. Postoperatively, all animals received a single dose of carprofen (Rimadyl; Pfizer, New York, NY) at 5 mg/kg SQ. Carbon dioxide inhalation and subsequent cervical dislocation was applied to euthanatize the animals. All experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the San Raffaele Scientific Institute, in accordance with the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research.
A corneoconjunctival alkali burn was created in the left eye of each mouse by means of a paper disc (3-mm diameter) soaked in 1 N NaOH for 10 seconds, under slit-lamp examination. The ocular surface was then washed with 15 mL of normal saline. To increase reproducibility, a single investigator applied the burn to all animals. Animals were then randomized into two groups: group 1 received 10 μL of 10 mg/mL infliximab (Remicade; Janssen Biologics B.V., Leiden, Holland) topically 6 times a day for 7 days (20 mice): 10 of these were used for immunostaining and 10 for real-time PCR analysis. In group 2 (10 mice), infliximab was administered for 14 days to measure corneal neovascularization. Finally, a control group (30 animals: 20 mice for 7 days and 10 for 14 days) received 10 μL of topical saline.
One subconjunctival injection of infliximab (25 μL) was performed as a positive penetration control in three normal and three alkali burn eyes (n = 6 mice), and compared with subconjunctival injection of saline (n = 3). In addition, topical infliximab was tested in three eyes after mechanical removal of the corneal epithelium.
Topical infliximab toxicity was evaluated in normal mice without alkali burns (n = 6) compared with saline-treated mice (n = 6).
All treatments started immediately after caustication. Corneal photographs were taken with a biomicroscope using a digital camera (EOS 30D; Canon, Tokyo, Japan) attached to the slit-lamp microscope (Photoslitlamp, model 40 SL-P; Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) on the seventh day.
On day 7, five of 10 eyes and eyelids per group were frozen in OCT compound (Killik; Bio-Optica, Milan, Italy) and stored at −80°C until ready for sectioning. Cryosections (7 μm) were fixed with paraformaldehyde (PFA) 4% (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 15 minutes at room temperature and rinsed in PBS (Sigma-Aldrich) three times. To block nonspecific staining, slides were incubated in 2% BSA (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.3% nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100; Sigma-Aldrich) in PBS for 1 hour at room temperature. Alexa Fluor-546 goat antihuman monoclonal antibody against IgG (H+L) 2 mg/mL (Molecular Probes; Invitrogen, Eugene, OR) and Alexa Fluor-488 rat antimouse CD45 0.5 mg/mL (BioLegend, San Diego, CA) was applied to the eye and eyelid sections, respectively, in a 1:500 dilution for 2 hours at room temperature. Sections were counterstained with DAPI (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA), mounted and photographed using a digital camera (Leica DFC310FX; Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany), attached to a fluorescence microscope (Leica CTR5500; Leica Microsystems).
On day 14, ten corneas per group (10 treated with infliximab and 10 with saline, total 20 corneas) were dissected and rinsed in PBS. The corneal epithelium was subsequently scraped off after EDTA (Sigma-Aldrich) treatment for 30 minutes at 37°C. Fixation of the tissue was conducted with iced acetone for 15 minutes following 2 hours of blocking in PBS/2% BSA. For visualization of blood and lymphatic vessels, corneas were immunostained with rat antimouse CD31 (1:200) 0.5 mg/mL (BioLegend) and goat antimouse LYVE-1 (1:200) 1 mg/mL (AbCam, Cambridge, UK) at 4°C overnight and subsequently with Alexa Fluor-594 donkey antirat IgG 2 mg/mL and Alexa Fluor-488 donkey antigoat IgG 2 mg/mL (Invitrogen) in a 1:500 dilution for 2 hours at room temperature. This was followed by three rinses in PBS. Corneas were flat-mounted using a mounting medium (VECTASHIELD; Vector Laboratories, Inc.) with DAPI and analyzed by fluorescence microscope (Leica CTR5500; Leica Microsystems). Digital pictures of the flat mounts were analyzed by a Java-based image processing program (ImageJ 1.44p; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). The total corneal area was outlined by using the innermost vessel of the limbal arcade as the border, and the area of neovascularization was then calculated and normalized to the total corneal area (expressed as a percentage of the cornea covered by CD31+ or LYVE1+ vessels).
TNF-α localization was evaluated on corneal epithelium and stroma 7 days after alkali burn (n = 3 mice), as detailed above, with rat anti-mouse TNF-α (1:200) 0.5 mg/mL (BioLegend) and Alexa Fluor-488 donkey antirat IgG (1:500) 2 mg/mL (Invitrogen). The images were taken by confocal microscopy (model TCS SP5; Leica Microsystems).
On day 7, five pools of two mouse corneas or eyelids (upper and lower) per group were homogenized with a homogenizer (Ultra-Turrax T8; IKA, Wilmington, NC). Total RNA of mouse samples were extracted using TRIzol and quantified by spectrophotometry (NanoDrop ND 1000 Spectrophotometer; Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, DE). The ratio of absorbance values at 260 nm and 280 nm was used to assess purity of total RNA samples and a cutoff of >1.9 was applied. A DNAse treatment of RNA was performed with a DNA-free kit (Ambion, Austin, TX). RNA (1 μg) was transcribed into cDNA using a reverse transcription kit (MessageSensor RT; Ambion) and random hexamer primers (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The PCR reaction was tested in a 7500 real-time PCR instrument using an amount of cDNA derived from 100 ng RNA; TaqMan Universal Master Mix II and Taqman Gene Expression Assays (Applied Biosystems) for TNF-α (Mm00443258_m1) and for interleukin-1β (IL-1β, Mm01336189_m1) were used. For assays, reactions were incubated at 95°C for 10 minutes, and then 45 cycles at 95°C for 15 seconds followed by 60°C for 1 minute. Each sample was analyzed as triplicates in a 20-μL volume. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, Mm99999915_g1) transcript was used as endogenous control. A no-template control was included in each real-time PCR experiment to confirm the absence of DNA contamination. Results are presented as relative expression of 10 normal corneas (n = 5 mice) or eyelids pooled together (ΔΔCT method).
χ2 test (without Yates correction) was performed to compare corneal perforation susceptibility between infliximab-treated corneas and controls. Unpaired t-tests were used to evaluate the difference in corneal transparency and PAS staining in the cornea. One-way ANOVA, following Bonferroni post hoc tests, were performed to assess the difference in tear production, CD45+ cell infiltration PAS, and Masson's trichrome staining in conjunctiva. Two-way ANOVA, following Bonferroni post hoc tests, were used to analyze the rate of epithelial healing and the difference in ocular phimosis between groups. Statistical analysis of real-time PCR data was performed using unpaired t-tests. Significance was defined as a P value < 0.05. Results are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). All data were processed using graphics and statistics software (GraphPad Prism 5.0; GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA).
Immunostaining did not detect infliximab in tissue sections of treated eyes with intact corneal epithelium (Fig. 1A). Following the alkali burn, infliximab was detected in the stroma, specifically in the center of the cornea and in the conjunctiva (Fig. 1B). Application of infliximab on corneas without epithelium showed a diffuse staining in the outer stromal layers after 24 hours (Fig. 1C). A strong signal in the whole corneal thickness was detected after a single dose of 250 μg of infliximab injected subconjunctivally in both control (Fig. 1D) and alkali burn eyes (Fig. 1E). None of the untreated burned corneas (negative controls) showed immunoreactivity for infliximab (Fig. 1F), demonstrating specificity of the anti-IgG antibody used in this study.
Immunostaining for infliximab and TNF-α in normal and alkali burn eyes following different treatment modalities. (A) When corneal epithelium was in place, no penetration of topical infliximab was detected. (B) Destruction of epithelium by alkali burn or (C) its removal promoted topical infliximab penetration into the corneal stroma (red staining) and the conjunctiva (white arrow). (D, E) Subconjunctival injection of infliximab also induced extensive corneal staining after alkali burn, compared with saline (F). The white box marks where the magnified photos at the bottom were taken. (G, H) Immunostaining for TNF-α (green) showing positive stain both in corneal epithelium and stroma after alkali burn (confocal microscopy images).
Immunostaining for TNF-α was positive in the epithelium (Fig. 1G) and stroma (Fig. 1H) after alkali burns.
Topical infliximab (10 mg/mL) treatment was not toxic to the ocular surface as assessed with a slit-lamp exam (Figs. 2A, 2B). The absence of fluorescein staining confirmed the nontoxic effect of infliximab in a healthy cornea (Figs. 2G, 2H). Moreover, topical infliximab improved corneal transparency following alkali burns (Figs. 2C, 2D), and a visual reduction of corneal neovascularization was evident with a slit-lamp (Figs. 2E, 2F). In addition, topical administration of infliximab increased the rate of epithelial healing (Figs. 2I, 2J)—the difference between treatment and control groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05) at day 7 (Fig. 2K), showing potential to promote corneal epithelial wound closure. PAS staining of corneal section showed significantly less (65%) goblet cells in the epithelium (Figs. 2L, 2M). No goblet cells were found in control corneas.
Topical infliximab treatment was not toxic to normal eyes; it improved corneal clarity, reduced fluorescein staining, and perforation after alkali burn. (A, B) Topical application of infliximab 10 mg/mL to normal eyes did not induce any gross pathological changes to the ocular surface. No epithelial damage was observed with vital fluorescein staining (G, H). (C, D) Slit-lamp examination of corneal transparence and perforation rate ([C], arrow: perforation); (E, F) corneal neovascularization and (I, J) epithelial defects. (K) Topical infliximab significantly increased the rate of epithelial healing after 7 days of treatment, in comparison with saline. (L, M) Topical infliximab significantly reduced the number of PAS-positive goblet cells in the corneal epithelium after alkali burn on day 7. This was calculated as numbers of PAS-positive cells in corneal epithelium per field, at ×400 magnification. The arrows in (L) indicate the PAS-positive goblet cells in the corneal epithelium. Histograms represent mean values ± SEM; *P < 0.05.
Topical infliximab treatment decreased the perforation rate by approximately 50% (from 57.14% to 26.32%), which is statistically significant (P = 0.0489; Fig. 3A). In addition, infliximab treatment was associated with increased transparency. The corneal opacity index improved from 3.40 ± 0.22 (mean ± SEM, in untreated eyes) to 2.41 ± 0.34 in eyes treated with infliximab, which is statistically significant (P = 0.0484; Fig. 3B).
Topical infliximab improved various clinical outcomes in the alkali burn model. (A) Corneal perforation rate was significantly reduced by approximately 50% following infliximab treatment. (B) Corneal opacity index was significantly reduced in infliximab versus saline-treated eyes. (C) Tear production was significantly reduced by half after alkali burn. Tear secretion in infliximab-treated eyes was improved and not significantly different from unburned eyes. (D) Alkali burn–induced ocular phimosis decreased in a time-dependent fashion. Infliximab treatment improved phimosis significantly, starting from day 4 onwards. Histograms represent mean values ± SEM; *P < 0.05.
Tear secretion was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the saline control group (1.31 ± 0.21 mm), but not in the infliximab group (1.71 ± 0.29 mm), as compared with the unburned eyes (2.39 ± 0.12 mm), suggesting less severe dry eye in the infliximab group (Fig. 3C). Although tear secretion was higher in the infliximab than saline-treated eyes, this did not reach statistical significance.
Ocular phimosis was evaluated after alkali burns between groups at different points in time (Fig. 3D). At day 0, no significant differences were found between saline-treated and infliximab-treated groups. Ocular phimosis index was reduced more rapidly by infliximab than saline (from 2.39 ± 0.18 to 0.68 ± 0.23), and this was significant from day 4 onwards (P < 0.05).
Infliximab-treated eyes showed three times more goblet cells than vehicle-treated eyes (P < 0.05). This was measured with PAS staining (calculated as percentage of PAS-positive area to the total area of epithelium). Both untreated and treated alkali burn eyes had goblet cell reduction compared with healthy eyes on day 7 (both P < 0.001). The goblet cell area was 30.45 ± 4.73% in the healthy group, 4.50 ± 1.62% in the saline-treated group and 13.21 ± 2.62% in the infliximab-treated group (Figs. 4A, 4B).
Topical infliximab reduced goblet cell loss and CD45+ cell infiltration in conjunctiva. (A, B) PAS staining shows a significant reduction of goblet cells after alkali burn in the conjunctival epithelium. After topical infliximab treatment, the goblet cell area was three times higher than in saline-treated eyes, although it did not reach the level of the unburned control group. (C, D) Infiltration of CD45+ cells in the conjunctiva was significantly reduced in the infliximab-treated group on day 7. White arrows indicate positive staining for CD45+ cells. (E, F) Infliximab treatment significantly reduced fibrosis at the ocular fornix in comparison to saline on day 7. The fibrotic area was evaluated on Masson's trichrome stained cross-sections and quantified as the blue area at the fornix on both ocular side (between conjunctiva and sclera) and palpebral side (between conjunctiva and tarsus). Histograms represent mean values ± SEM; *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001.
The eyelids of alkali burn eyes showed an increase in inflammatory cell infiltration (positive staining for CD45 marker on cross-section) as opposed to healthy eyelids on day 7 (Figs. 4C, 4D). The average of CD45+ inflammatory cells increased five times following the alkali burned (9.19 ± 1.36) versus unburned eye (1.92 ± 0.24). This difference is statistically significant (P < 0.001). After infliximab treatment, the leukocyte infiltration decreased significantly (more than half) to 3.89 ± 0.81 CD45+ cells/field in comparison with saline-treated eyelids (P < 0.001).
Masson's trichrome staining showed an increase of fibrous tissue at the ocular fornix after injury (Fig. 4E). Infliximab treatment resulted in significantly reduced fibrosis (15% reduction, P < 0.05; Fig. 4F).
Both IL-1β and TNF-α were upregulated more than 1 log10 after alkali burn in the eyelid; IL-1β was expressed more than 2 log10 in the cornea, with respect to healthy eyes. IL-1β and TNF-α were reduced—by 72.3% and 56.5%, respectively—following infliximab treatment in eyelids (Figs. 5A, 5B). The transcript levels of IL-1β were decreased by 36.5% after infliximab treatment also in the cornea (Fig. 5C), although this reduction was not statistically significant. TNF-α transcript levels in corneas were not affected by either injury or treatment (Fig. 5D).
Infliximab downregulated mRNA expression of IL-1β both in the eyelid and cornea, and TNF-α in the eyelid. (A, B) Transcript levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were increased in the eyelids of alkali burn mice as opposed to healthy mice, set at 1 (red line). After infliximab treatment, the expression levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were downregulated with respect to the saline-treated group. (C) The same result was obtained for IL-1β transcript in cornea. (D) TNF-α mRNA levels were not altered in the cornea after alkali burn and infliximab treatment. Histograms represent mean values ± SEM.
Immunohistochemical staining of CD31 and LYVE1 on whole-mounted alkali burned corneas showed the growth of both blood and lymphatic neovessels in the alkali burn model. Topical treatment with 10 mg/mL infliximab six times daily for 14 days reduced the hematic- and lymphatic-neovascular areas when compared with saline (Figs. 6A, 6C). The treatment group (n = 10) showed a significant decrease in hemangiogenesis (P < 0.05) and lymphangiogenesis (P < 0.01) compared with the control group (Figs. 6B, 6D).
Topical application of infliximab significantly decreased lymphatic and blood vessels in the cornea after 14 days of treatment. (A) CD31-stained (red) blood vessels and (C) LYVE-1–stained (green) lymphatic vessels. Neovascularization (NV) index is the area covered by blood/lymphatic vessels (%) normalized to the total corneal area. Quantification of NV index for (B) blood and (D) lymphatic vessels in an alkali burn-induced neovascularization assay. Histograms represent mean values ± SEM; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
Topical application of infliximab would first require evidence of its safety and penetration through the normal cornea. For this reason, we tested whether infliximab could penetrate through the ocular surface barrier. Similar to what has been reported for bevacizumab, 22 we found that topical infliximab was not able to penetrate the ocular surface in normal eyes. This is not surprising, since infliximab has a similar molecular weight (149 KDa). However, following removal of the corneal epithelium or alkali burn, infliximab was found in the corneal stroma and in the conjunctiva, as occurs after subconjunctival injection. Interestingly, higher concentrations of infliximab were achieved in the cornea of burnt eyes as compared to normal eyes, regardless of the administration route (subconjunctival or topical). This suggests that inflammation-induced disruption of the ocular surface integrity favors antibody penetration. Although ocular penetration of antibody fragments have been described, 17 there has been no report in the literature regarding infliximab, which is currently approved for intravenous use. Finally, we did not detect any pathological changes—including fluorescein vital staining—following topical application of infliximab in normal eyes, suggesting that infliximab is safe. Moreover, we showed that topical infliximab is effective in reducing the main unfavorable sequelae of acute inflammation such as fibrosis, neovascularization, and corneal perforation, when compared with saline treatment.
TNF-α plays a key role in the promotion of fibrosis; however, its precise mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated yet. It has been proposed that it has a profibrotic and proinflammatory effect on conjunctival fibroblasts, 20 and also induces contraction of conjunctival fibroblasts. 21 Moreover, TNF-α induces the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor by conjunctival fibroblasts. In this vein, we observed that ocular fibrosis at the fornix was reduced following infliximab treatment and that this was associated with a reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration in the conjunctiva.
This study shows that topical blockade of TNF-α with infliximab is able to reduce inflammation and its sequelae in the cornea, conjunctiva and eyelids. This was observed clinically in-vivo, with increased corneal transparency, and ex vivo with reduced inflammatory CD45+ cell infiltration in the eyelids, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in both the corneas and eyelids. Interestingly, although TNF-α increased in the eyelids after the alkali burn, we did not find an increase of TNF-α mRNA expression in the cornea, in line with previous reports. 22 However, the presence of TNF-α was detected in the cornea after the alkali burn, in line with previous reports. 11 This confirmed the presence of a target for the topically administered infliximab.
Dry eye is a well known and feared complication in ocular cicatricial diseases, 24 as it significantly reduces the quality of life. Topical infliximab was protective on conjunctival goblet cells and resulted in increased tear secretion, suggesting a potential role for this treatment in dry eye associated with ocular surface scarring.
In summary, topical treatment with infliximab is safe and can penetrate the inflamed ocular surface. It is also effective in reducing ocular surface scarring sequelae on the whole ocular surface unit, including cornea, conjunctiva, and eyelids.
Chemical burns of the cornea are among the most severe ocular injuries and treatment options are currently limited. We suggest that topical application of infliximab could represent a useful, adjunctive tool in the treatment of ocular surface inflammation and scarring. We cannot exclude that systemic absorption occurred; however, this is generally lower than with systemic administration. 25 Further studies are underway to translate these findings to the clinic.
Supported by a grant from the Bietti Eye Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy (GF).


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Q: fill specific column gridcontrol devexpress I want to fill a specific column in a gridview. I want to do this with code, but I have already established the column in the gridcontrol as how you can see in the picture.
established Column
This is my code to fill the column, but I don't know what to do to fill that specific one column using name or fieldname or whatever it takes.
GridControl1.DataSource = Nothing

SQL.ExecQuErY("SELECT nombre FROM productos")

If Not String.IsNullOrEmpty(SQL.Exception) Then MsgBox(SQL.Exception) : Exit Sub

For Each row As DataRow In SQL.DBDS.Tables(0).Rows

        ?????? THIS IS WHERE IT'S SUPPOSED TO GO THE INSTRUCTION TO FILL THE COLUMN ??????

Next

A: Refer this answer on another SO thread.
How to add new line of row in devexpress gridcontrol?(WinForms C#)
It may direct you to correct way of implementation. You must have some backing data source assigned to grid control to add row at run time and assign only the one column value to the grid using the SetRowCellValue method.
There are lots of question on DevExpress support related to such implementation. Please follow the below references:
Creating Columns and Binding Them to Data Fields
ColumnView.AddNewRow Method
Add new row to xtragrid through code
Add New Row to GridView
Adding new row to gridview
Adding gridView columns at runtime
GridView: Add column in runtime
how to add columns to xtragrid dynamically at runtime and also how to add repository items to those columns dynamically??
Hope this help..

A: Try to bind the data to your grid like this :
Sql.ExecQuErY("SELECT nombre As colNombre FROM productos")
GridControl1.DataSource = Sql.DBDS.Tables(0)

FieldName of column in GridControl must have same name of Field in DataSource.
or you can change FieldName of column in GridControl to nombre and use your initial query :
Sql.ExecQuErY("SELECT nombre FROM productos")
GridControl1.DataSource = Sql.DBDS.Tables(0)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
« Mysterious Honey Discovered That Kills All Bacteria Scientists Throw At It
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America's Most Famous Chip Company Busted for Attempting to Pass Off GMOs in Their Products as Natural
by Nick Meyer | April 26, 2022
There are two main types of genetically engineered corn (also known as 'GMO') being used in the United States: Bt corn and 'Roundup Ready' corn, and they are found often in popular chip brands.
Both were created by Monsanto, a St. Louis-area corporation known for being involved with some of the most toxic and deadly chemicals ever, including Agent Orange, DDT and PCBs among others.
Monsanto is now known as Bayer, but the company's toxic legacy lives on.
Pesticide-Producing GMO Corn is Still Used to Make Tortilla Chips
The corn known as Bt corn produces insecticide chemicals within the actual cells of the plant (it doesn't wash off or blow off in the wind).
This allows farmers to grow pesticide-producing GM corn that is often added to processed snack foods like tortilla chips and eaten directly by the consumer.
While questions persist about the safety of these products, they typically sold without labels informing customers that the corn being used is GMO.
In 2017, one of the United States' most popular snack food companies, Frito-Lay, was busted through a class-action lawsuit for misleading the buying public over the use of GMOs in its so-called "natural" products, such as Tostitos tortilla chips, Sun Chips and more.
Frito-Lay Forced to Remove Misleading GMO Labels
A federal judge approved the settlement of more than a dozen class action lawsuits alleging that Frito-Lay misled consumers by labeling its foods with GMO corn as being "made with all natural ingredients."
Frito-Lay was forced to remove the misleading "natural" labels from its products.
Frito-Lay had four of the five top chip brands in the United States as of 2015, but has since felt the pressure from consumers demanding more natural, organic and non-GMO products.
Frito-Lay's parent company Pepsi was forced to cover up to $2.1 million in attorneys' fees and costs, $215,000 in costs, and up to $5,000 each to the named plaintiffs.
As a result of the lawsuit, Frito-Lay has also pledged to not add any more misleading "natural" claims to other products containing GMO ingredients until late 2022, unless such labels are "expressly authorized" by FDA guidance or state or federal legislation.
Categories: GMOs.
Tags: are frito lays all natural, are lays chips all natural, are lays chips gmo, are lays chips gmo free, frito lay gmo, frito lays gmo, frito lays gmo lawsuits, frito lays lawsuit, gmos in frito lays, lays chips gmo free all natural, pepsi frito lay lawsuit, pepsi gmo lawsuit, and pepsi gmos in their products.
About Nick Meyer
Nick Meyer is a journalist who's been published in the Detroit Free Press, Dallas Morning News and several other outlets. He founded AltHealthWORKS in 2012 to showcase extraordinary stories of healing and the power of organic living, stories the mainstream media always seemed to miss. Check out Nick's Amazon best-seller 'Dirt Cheap Organic: 101 Tips For Going Organic on a Budget' by clicking here, as well as its sequel Dirt Cheap Weight Loss.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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In 1947, the Montreal Junior Symphony Orchestra was founded and conducted by Lewis V. Elvin, the same gentleman who had entered my grade five class room and invited me to take up the violin. It was also the same Lewis Elvin who conducted the Willingdon School orchestra and who soon became my personal violin teacher. The Montreal Junior Symphony was designed to accommodate musical talent ranging in age from middle teenagers to early twenties as I recall. This differentiated the orchestra from the more adult Montreal Symphony Orchestra which prior to the 1960's identified a number of different organizations going back to the turn of the century. In truth however, during the 1950's at least, the Montreal Junior Symphony was probably that city's pre-eminent symphonic organization and one of the best in the country. Under the direction of Elvin, the orchestra flourished until the latter's retirement in 1971, when the orchestra was briefly taken over by its concert master. These pre-1971 accomplishments included not only top honours in many musical festivals in Canada and the eastern United States, but also tours of England in 1954, continental Europe in 1961 and Scandinavia in 1963. The English tour was the first trans-Atlantic crossing by a Canadian orchestra in history, a fact I was too young to appreciate at the time.
� Somewhere around the age of thirteen I was invited by Mr. Elvin to join the Montreal Junior Symphony. What followed were four or five years of hard musical work and challenge spiced with enjoyment, camaraderie, travel and collective success. Each year we staged a concert at Plateau Hall in Montreal, the pre-eminent concert hall in the city at that time. These annual affairs were always well attended and written up by the city's major newspapers.
The highlight of my tenure with the Montreal Junior Symphony however was to be the tour of England that the orchestra made in the summer of 1954, and with me as the youngest member of the orchestra at fifteen. Although nearly sixty years have since passed, there remain indelible in my memory certain components of that trip, while admittedly other elements have suffered the ravages of an aging recall.
Certainly the actual sailing to England was in itself a marvelous adventure for a fifteen year old who while having enjoyed some travel in eastern Canada and the USA, had never left the shores of his native land. This was to be my first time at sea, and as evidenced by our journey across the Atlantic Ocean on a perhaps appropriately named vessel, the SS Atlantic of the Home Lines cruise ship company. Built in the USA in 1927, this two funneled ship of some 16,000 tonnes had sailed under several identities and owners before she became the SS Atlantic. Small perhaps by today's standards, she was elegant for the time and could brag of having the first indoor pool ever on a cruise ship. For me, as I embarked on her at Quebec City after a rail journey from Montreal and a somewhat apprehensive parental farewell, the ship was nothing but a wide-eyed wonder to me.
The five day journey across the Atlantic to Le Havre, France and thence to Southampton on the south coast of England was to be a time of immense fun���..and gluttony! There is little that occupies the male teen age mind, at least in those days, and perhaps even more than discovering girls, than a rapacious appetite for food. I was no different; a weed needing to be endlessly nourished and never completely satisfied. At home, even as an only child, I ate enough for three and must have put considerable pressure on the family's modest budget. Imagine then the thrill of discovery that on board ship, every meal that was offered was on an "all you can eat" basis. I truly thought I had died and gone to heaven! And eat I did, the voyage becoming literally a blur of meals and at which I was also, however tentatively, to be introduced to wine at the table. Having discovered online in the course of writing this essay some of the ship`s 1954 menus, I am reminded how varied and excellent was the onboard cuisine. Having placed my stomach before my heart, I must admit the latter did come into play during the voyage when I fell into what I surely thought was true love. The problem with this crush which was on one of the orchestra`s violists, whose lovely Italian last name I remember but not her first, was that she was at least five years older than me and an adult to boot. I got over it though by having an extra helping at each meal while on board ship.
While the orchestra staged a practice on board ship every day, there remained lots of time between practices and meals to enjoy some of the other amenities on board, or just to gaze in wonder at the endless ocean. One such activity in which I undertook was trap shooting off the stern of the boat. This involved shooting with a shotgun at round disks launched off the stern of the boat. Having already had some experience with long guns, I recall having some success on the boat on the one occasion I tried it. Other games of shuffle board and the like as well as short spells in the pool that although not really large enough to do any serious swimming, helped make the five days of sailing pass in a blur. With a short stop in Le Havre, we crossed the English Channel in a chilly fog and embarked at our final destination of Southampton on the south coast of England.


Dear Friends, I call on your support to help a family in need. A family in New Brighton in the Eastern Cape lost all their earthly possessions in a recent fire that happened due to an electrical fire. I have set a goal to raise R5000 that will assist them in rebuilding their home.
In November Zimkhitha's family lost everything due to a fire in their home. We are now asking you to help us so that we can restore not only their dignity but also their home. Every donation will be accounted for so please provide your email so we can update you with regards to the progress.


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Electronic pest control is pretty much the label provided to virtually any electronically driven gadget that's created for the main goal to remove as well as reject infestations including rats, mites as well as other bugs which can cause damage.
Electronic pest management products have grown to be broadly well-liked over the last several years. Their recognition increased enormously when individuals began to declare that these products are generally enviromentally favorable. Nevertheless, there is certainly now an array of various thoughts, several state that these electronic devices actually work yet others do not.
Electronic pest control tools are manufactured in various kinds. The most famous two are Electro-magnetic pest elimination and Ultrasonic pest management. Though these perform in different ways, both are high-quality and reject as well as remove pests proficiently.
Ultrasonic products give off very high frequency audio waves which will annoy rats, mice and several additional distinctive invaders for example ticks and roaches. Many of them are created to be plugged into a wall outlet, however you will also find battery powered versions This type of pest management can also be effective to eliminate mosquitos. The sound waves released possess a significant pitch and won't be heard by the normal human ears.
Electro-magnetic pest control gadgets use electro-magnetic areas to develop a shield around your home. The areas will emit a transmission which will disturb the neurological system of your pests, confusing and annoying them. For this reason, infestations will abandon your home and seek some other habitat. All of these electro-magnetic areas won't have any kind of impact upon dogs or cats or people. On the other hand, this product indicates that it performs well against rats or rodents, therefore if your furry friend happens to be a hamster or white mouse, then this device may not work for you too well.
Electronic pest control will most likely be more effective than any other kind of product. Prior to purchasing any kind of devices, make certain you continually take care of your home and keep it clean, to ensure that you will steer clear of unwanted pest issues. All the same, in the event that some kinds of infestations are destroying your house, an electronic pest control unit might be your very best option.


text:
2013| July-December | Volume 3 | Issue 2
Online since November 29, 2013
PREVALENCE OF MALOCCLUSION
Prevalence of malocclusion among adolescents in South Indian population
H Kaur, US Pavithra, R Abraham
July-December 2013, 3(2):97-102
DOI:10.4103/2231-0762.122453 PMID:24778988
Objective: To record prevalence of malocclusion among 2,400 adolescents in Karnataka state, India and to define difference in malocclusion status in urban and rural population. Design: Randomized cross-sectional study. Setting: School students of Karnataka state, 24 August 2011 to 30 March 2012. Participants: School students in the age group of 13-17 years. Materials and Methods: Each individual was assessed for occlusal traits - sagittal occlusion, overjet, overbite, crowding, midline diastema, and crossbite. Statistical Analysis Used: Examinations were computerized and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16. Chi-square test was used for computing statistical significance. Results: 87.79% of population had malocclusion. Out of which 89.45% had class I, 8.37% had class II, and 2.14% had class III malocclusion. Normal overjet and overbite was seen in 48.22 and 49.87% of subjects, respectively. Frequency of crowding was 58.12% and 15.43% of subjects had midline diastema. Anterior crossbite was present in 8.48% and posterior crossbite in 0.99%. Urban population had twice the class II sagittal occlusion, and increased overjet as compared to rural population. Conclusions: Malocclusion is widely spread among population of Karnataka state, with greater prevalence in urban population. Early exfoliation of deciduous teeth and refined diet can be considered as viable etiological factors.
[ABSTRACT] [FULL TEXT] [Mobile Full text] [EPub] [CITATIONS] [PubMed]
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Effectiveness of oral health education programs: A systematic review
Priya Devadas Nakre, AG Harikiran
July-December 2013, 3(2):103-115
In recent years, attention has been drawn toward assessing the effectiveness of oral health education programs. This is in line with demand for evidence based research and will help to inform policy makers on how to allocate resources. (1) Collect and collate all information on oral health education programs. (2) Assess the programs based on various coding criteria. (3) Assess effectiveness of oral health education programs on oral health status and knowledge, attitude and practice. A search of all published articles in Medline was done using the keywords "oral health education, dental health education, oral health promotion". The resulting titles and abstracts provided the basis for initial decisions and selection of articles. Out of the primary list of articles, a total number of 40 articles were selected as they fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: (1). Articles on oral health programs with an oral health education component (2). Articles published after the year 1990 (3). Articles published in English. The full text of the articles was then obtained from either the internet or libraries of dental research colleges and hospitals in and around Bangalore. A set of important variables were identified and grouped under five headings to make them amenable for coding. The coding variables were then described under various subheadings to allow us to compare the chosen articles. Oral health education is effective in improving the knowledge attitude and practice of oral health and in reducing plaque, bleeding on probing of the gingiva and caries increment. This study identifies a few important variables which contribute to the effectiveness of the programs. There is an indication in this review that the most successful oral health programs are labor intensive, involve significant others and has received funding and additional support. A balance between inputs and outputs and health care resources available will determine if the program can be recommended for general use.
59 12,495 1,756
Prevalence of mandibular fractures reported at C.S.M.S.S Dental College, aurangabad from february 2008 to september 2009
Monali H Ghodke, Subhash C Bhoyar, Seemit V Shah
July-December 2013, 3(2):51-58
Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the etiology, frequency of mandibular fractures among different age and sex, to determine the frequency of anatomic distribution, and to report the different modalities of treatment provided to the patients reported at our institution from February 2008 to September 2009. Materials and Methods: All patients fulfilling the selection criteria and having mandible fracture were selected for the study. Patient information was collected by means of a medical data form specifically designed for the present study. The values were subjected to Z and Chi-square tests. Results: Out of 35 patients, thirty one were males (88.57%) and four were females (11.43%) with a male:female ratio of 8:1. We found a peak occurrence in young adults, aged 21-30 years (n = 15, 42.86%). In case of etiology of fracture, road traffic accidents (RTAs) was the most common (n = 25, 71.43%) and condyle was most frequently involved site (n = 19, 38.78%). In most (n = 16, 45.71%) of the patients, an open reduction and rigid internal fixation using bone plate and screws was done. Conclusion: In the present study, the prevalence of mandible fractures was more prevalent in male patients, especially during the 3 rd decade of life. The most common cause was road traffic accident and the more frequently affected region was condyle of the mandible. Open reduction and rigid internal fixation using miniplates and screws was the most commonly used treatment.
Knowledge, awareness and practices of dental care waste management among private dental practitioners in Tricity (Chandigarh, Panchkula and Mohali)
Mohit Bansal, Shelja Vashisth, Nidhi Gupta
Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the awareness and practices of dental care waste management among private dental practitioners in Tricity (Chandigarh, Panchkula and Mohali). Materials and Methods : A cross-sectional study was conducted in 100 private dental practitioners selected by simple random sampling using a close-ended questionnaire. Results: Amongst the total respondents 52% were males and 48% were females. Nearly 14% of the dental practitioners were not aware of the different categories of the waste generated in their clinics and 12% of the practitioners were not aware of the color coding used to dispose the waste. About 26% of them practiced wrong measures to dispose sharps and extracted tooth respectively. A majority 32% of Dentists did not disposed outdated and expired medicines properly. Conclusion: Majority of the dental practitioners was aware of categories and color coding used for disposal of different types of wastes yet they do not follow the same in their practice. Hence, strict prosecution laws should also be imposed under biomedical waste management act for the Dentists so that it should be implemented in daily practice.
Assessment of relationship between body mass index and periodontal status among state government employees in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
Vinay Kumar Bhardwaj, Deepak Sharma, Pravesh Jhingta, Shailee Fotedar, Manish Sahore, Kavita Manchanda
Background: The literature shows that an increased body mass index (BMI) may be a potential risk factor for periodontitis. Association between BMI and periodontitis has been ascribed to unhealthy dietary patterns with insufficient micronutrients and excess sugar and fat content. Aim: The present study intended to assess the relation between BMI and periodontal status among state government employees in Shimla city, Himachal Pradesh in India. Materials and Methods: The study sample comprised 1,008 subjects aged 18-58 years, drawn by a proportional sample from 10,908 employees. BMI was calculated by the Quetelet index as the ratio of the subject's body weight (in kg) to the square of the height (in meters). Periodontal status was recorded using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Binary multiple logistic regression analysis was done to assess the relation between BMI and periodontal status. The dependent variable for logistic regression analysis was categorized into control group (scores 0-2 of the CPI) and periodontitis group (scores 3 and 4 of the CPI). Results: The overall prevalence of periodontal disease was 98.9%. Score 2 (bleeding and calculus) was the highest score prevailing among the subjects. They had an increased risk of periodontitis by 56% for each 1 kg/m 2 increase in BMI, which means that a higher BMI could be a potential risk factor for periodontitis among the adults aged 18 to 58 years. Conclusion: BMI evaluation could be used in the assessment of periodontal risk.
Awareness and risk perception of hepatitis B infection among auxiliary healthcare workers
Shankargouda Patil, Roopa S Rao, Anveeta Agarwal
Context: Auxiliary healthcare workers (AHCWs) have a higher risk of occupational exposure to hepatitis B virus infection than the general population. Daily handling and exposure to biomedical wastes, blood, and its products make the AHCWs vulnerable to blood borne diseases among which Hepatitis B is one of the world's most common and serious infectious diseases. Aims: To evaluate the HBV infection related awareness and occupational risk perception among AHCWs. Settings and Design: Survey. Materials and Methods : A cross-sectional survey was carried out in M. S. Ramaiah Medical and Dental Hospitals among 300 auxiliary health workers which comprised of laboratory technicians, hygienists, laundry workers, and the housekeeping staff. After acquiring ethical clearance and informed written consent, they were explained about the objective of the study and were requested to fill a standard questionnaire. The data was compiled and subjected to statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Statistical Analysis Used : SPSS Software Version 19. Results: Our survey revealed that 90.03% of the respondents were aware of hepatitis B infection (HBI) and 67.2% answered questions correctly on risk perception. Only 37% of the respondents correctly answered questions on biomedical waste management. Conclusions: Overall, an adequate awareness and a moderate occupational risk perception about HBI were found among the study group. However, knowledge regarding hospital waste disposal was found to be insufficient. Our vision aims at a nation committed to combat silent epidemic of viral hepatitis infection.
Mandibular hypo-hyperdontia: A report of three cases
S. V. S. G. Nirmala, C Sandeep, Sivakumar Nuvvula, Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni
Dental anomalies of tooth number in development of the permanent dentition are quite common than the primary dentition, however, the combined occurrence of hypodontia and hyperdontia is a rare phenomenon, especially in the same dental arch. The purpose of this report is to describe a case of concomitant hypo-hyperdontia (CHH) in three patients (one girl and two boys) with missing mandibular central incisor and an erupted mandibular mesiodens. Three rare cases of mandibular CHH were observed during routine examination, where the two anomalies manifested in the anterior region of the mandible. Furthermore, these are the only cases exhibited taurodontism in association with mandibular CHH.
Comparison of different caries diagnostic thresholds under epidemiological and clinical settings among 7-15 year old school children from Bangalore city
Swapnil Kumar Jain, K Pushpanjali, Satheesh Kumar Reddy, Rahul Gaikwad, Shravani Deolia
Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the different caries diagnostic thresholds under epidemiological and clinical settings among 7-15 year old school children. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken among 7-15 years old school children of Bangalore city. Total 738 children were enrolled in the study. General information was collected regarding oral hygiene practice and personal habits of the schoolchildren. Subsequently, examination was done under both the settings to record Decayed, missing and filled surfaces index for permanent teeth (DMFS) and Decayed, missing and filled surfaces index for deciduous teeth (dmfs) using the World Health Organization (WHO) and WHO + IL criteria. Results: The present study showed that both the settings (clinical and epidemiological) and diagnostic thresholds (WHO and WHO + IL), could influence the detection of carious lesions. Mean Ds under WHO + Initial lesions (IL) criteria (3.92 + 3.49) was nearly double of WHO criteria (1.88 + 2.73,) and the influence observed was more in 14 years of age, where mean Ds under WHO + IL criteria (5.43 + 2.5) which was more than double of WHO criteria (2.02 + 1.9). Conclusion: The choice of a diagnostic threshold (WHO and WHO + IL) and the conditions of examination (epidemiological and clinical) are important for the detection of caries.
Dental health attitude in Indian society
Pritma Singh, Afshan Bey, ND Gupta
Every society provides a unique soil for a health-care programmer to build upon. Indian society is similarly unique in factors such as social mindset, prevalent beliefs and customs. These factors should not be given a passive glance and should be explored carefully giving an adequate weight to each factor's background and its progress to the present status in contemporary dental practice. Only a careful scientific analysis of society is therefore the need of the hour for oral health-care programmers.
Evaluation and co-relation of the Oratest, colorimetric Snyder's test and salivary Streptococcus mutans count in children of age group of 6-8 years
Sanket S Kunte, Shweta Chaudhary, Asha Singh, Mayur Chaudhary
Aim: Evaluation and co-relation of the caries susceptibility using Oratest, colorimetric Snyder's test and salivary Streptococcus mutans count amongst children in the age group of 6-8 years. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 healthy children were grouped into control and test groups according to their dmft/DMFT scores. Snyder's test, salivary S. mutans count and Oratest were performed for each individual. Results: The relationship of three caries activity tests with each other and with existing caries status was found out. Conclusion and Clinical Implications : The present study has shown that Oratest has a definite clinical relationship with caries status and microbiological relationship with S. mutans count of the individual.


Confirming what close observers have long suspected, investigators from the United Nations have determined that Burmese authorities have committed genocide against the Rohingya population. Without any prospects of the Burmese government investigating and prosecuting atrocities committed against a people they won't even recognize, the latest revelations have predictably led to renewed calls for the United Nations Security Council to refer Myanmar to the International Criminal Court (ICC).
Before proceeding, let me be unequivocal: the ICC or some other competent judicial body should absolutely investigate crimes committed in Myanmar. While I do not purport to speak on their behalf, the Rohingya deserve justice and accountability. But there are real questions as to whether a UN Security Council is the best way to deliver that. Indeed, experience suggests that such referrals can do more harm than good to victims, survivors, the ICC, and justice itself.
The first Security Council referral of a situation to the ICC came in 2005, when Darfur was referred to the Court. The second came six years later, when the 2011 uprising and civil war in Libya was referred to the ICC. Both referrals have done damage to the institution. They included political carve-outs which ensured that citizens of states that were not members of the Court were excluded from its jurisdiction. This violates the very premise of equality before the law. Despite saddling the Court with a significant and difficult task in both Libya and Darfur, the Council also refused to provide the ICC with any commensurate funding.
The results have been brutal for the Court. Not a single individual for whom the ICC has issued an arrest warrant in Libya or Darfur has ever been convicted. Not one. Making matters worse, the Council's role in referring situations to the ICC has become a keystone criticism of African states towards the Court. While it is true that the Security Council, and not the ICC, should be criticized for the failures to achieve justice in Darfur or Libya, it is clear that the Court has received the brunt of criticism.
Security Council referrals have also done little for those victims who favour ICC justice. They have elevated expectations that justice will be delivered and that the ICC's investigations and prosecutions will be supported by a united Council. Not only has no justice been achieved in any Council-referred situation in over thirteen years, but in some cases, victims have resigned from participating in the cases altogether.
We should further avoid an argument which suggests that, because Darfur and Libya received referrals to the ICC, Myanmar should have one too. If the tool is broken, it needs to be fixed – not applied again, in the same way with us expecting different results.
Incredibly, none of the organizations, such as Human Rights Watch, that have pushed for a referral by the Security Council of Myanmar to the ICC, have spelled out why anything would be any different this time. Nor have they put forward a vision of what an appropriate referral would look like – one that would be good for victims, survivors, and the ICC. One possible reason for this is that they know a referral will fail, but that the process is, in and of itself, valuable.
Still, there may be an argument that the Security Council referral route must be exhausted. Why? So that the UN General Assembly can then create an investigatory mechanism for Myanmar – as it did following the failed referral of Syria to the ICC. This may be a reasonable approach, but it isn't clear that naming-and-shaming China and Russia by forcing them to veto a referral would be useful for resolving the crisis facing the Rohingya people. It would also give the perception that the ICC (and not just the Council) is impotent. Surely, given Russian and Chinese antipathy towards the ICC, the Security Council route can already be considered exhausted.
The UNSC referral option is not the only option. In comparison to an ICC referral, there has been scant discussion about creating a hybrid court located in the region. Could the 132 legislators from regional states who have declared their support for accountability for the Rohingya not be asked to push for an ad hoc tribunal? It would be a remarkable opportunity for Asian states to extend their influence and leadership on international criminal justice. There has also been bizarrely little discussion of exercising universal jurisdiction, something that at least eight European are invoking to prosecute crimes committed in Syria.
There has been too little discussion about how to put pressure on, and provide support to, Bangladesh so that authorities in the country can investigate and prosecute allegations of genocide committed against the Rohingya. Over 900,000 Rohingyas have fled to Bangladesh since the crisis erupted. With them, they carry the testimony and evidence of the Burmese government's crimes. More can, and should be done, to seek a degree of accountability at the source of the suffering, closer to where victims and survivors live.
Many of those over 900,000 civilians who fled were, in fact, forcibly deported. In a widely praised move, ICC Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda requested to investigate the deportation of Rohingya from Myanmar into Bangladesh, arguing that because it is a crime initiated on the territory of a non-member state (Myanmar) but completed in a member-state (Bangladesh), it gave her jurisdiction to investigate. On 6 September, ICC judges not only approved the Prosecutor's request to investigate the deportation of the Rohingyas into Bangladesh, but also suggested that other crimes — including persecution — be investigated as well.
It is not a popular position to argue against a Security Council referral of Myanmar to the ICC. But as advocates of international justice, we need to think through the consequences of what we advocate – as well as the expectations we are setting for victims and survivors. If the Darfur referral was fooling us once, and the Libya referral was fooling us twice, why would we accept, even advocate, to be fooled for a third time? Instead of repeating the same mistakes and reifying the problematic relationship between the Council and Court, it behooves us to reimagine it.
Advocates of a Security Council referral cannot claim ignorance this time. Groups pushing for a referral may get pro-ICC states to support a referral of Myanmar to the Court, but these states may only do so to show that they are "doing something" and not out of any faith that it will be successful in producing accountability. We have ample evidence of the negative consequences of such decisions. It won't be good enough to only blame the Security Council if a referral is passed and leads to unmet expectations and no accountability. This time, advocates will have to own it too. This time, they can't claim to be surprised if it doesn't work out.
Again, victims and survivors of genocide in Myanmar deserve justice. The ICC should investigate these atrocities. But let us not repeat the same mistakes with the same tools that failed us before. Let us be creative and re-imagine how to best pursue accountability for those suffering from unconscionable crimes. We owe it to them and the project of international justice.
A version of this article was first published at UN Dispatch.
This entry was posted in Burma/Myanmar, Genocide, International Criminal Court (ICC), International Criminal Justice, UN Security Council. Bookmark the permalink.
7 Responses to Buyer's Beware – Is a UN Security Council Referral of Myanmar to the International Criminal Court a Good Idea?
The referral allows for the judiciary to take a substantive apolitical decision on the matter. In particular to rule on the evidence presented before it.
The Security Council would have taken a political decision to delegitimise or legitimize the actions of the state of Myanmar.
I support the decision for the referral albeit more than 100 states stand against the human rights violations. However the general perception of guilt, it is clear that the UN Security Council was not convinced on the alleged guilt charge.
Very well articulated and only part of the problem. UNSC referrals are political by definition. Political reasons are probabaly the only reasons for UNSC referrals. That's why Myanmar will not be referred. It's hardly a political issue the UNSC cares about.
The whole issue , has to do simply , with South Africa (speaking of African states ) . It is a leading state in that continent , yet , and although party member to the Rome statute , they didn't comply with the arrest warrant against Omar Al Bashir , letting him attending the AU summit , and escape manipulatively so from arrest . After that , African states , became bolder , starting to follow South Africa , and challenging the court .
In Libya , we deal with lawlessness state , very hard to trace a person , and let alone , arrest him , and deliver him to the court .
To enforce , more cooperation , and global one . That is to be done , by the only body which can do it effectively ( but doesn't really do it , among other due to lack of assertiveness from the part of ICC ) and it is the SC . Imposing sanctions , on states ( Chapter VII to the UN charter ) which don't cooperate with the ICC .
That is the real issue , although not the only one , but we fall short here , and won't stay young no more .
Omar Al Bashir , visited Chad , also party member , before visiting South Africa . Yet , didn't create of course , the same level of harm as in South Africa , after the latter , the real game changer started the effect of senseless International debate , concerning apparent conflict between CIL and immunity of heads of states , and the Rome statue .
We stated earlier that the departure of president Bashir from this country before the finalization of this application and in the full awareness of the explicit order of Sunday 14 June 2015 , objectively viewed , demonstrates non – compliance with that order . For this reason we also find it prudent to invite the National Director of Public Prosecutions to consider whether criminal proceeding are appropriate .
So , this has nothing almost to do , with UN referral of course , but the conduct of South Africa for example .


Now in one volume, three unforgettable stories of summer love from an award-winning, bestselling author. "Of Dreams and Magic": The ethereal Sheri was the stuff of fairy tales, too good to be true. But oh, how Jack Ryan wanted to believe. "The Morning After": Lacey had a ring to prove she had just been married to Cameron. Could the bond truly last beyond the morning after? "A Summer to Come Home": Jake returns to Riverbend and Paige is dreaming he came home because of her.


Have you talked about your product with the installation teams?
We recently bought a new washing machine. After a few days, we were terribly disappointed with its performance and exchanged it for another machine. When the installer arrived, he said, "Oh yes, we replace a lot of these. I would never recommend anything from this manufacturer."
Many firms measure Net Promoter Score, based on how your customers respond to the question "Would you recommend this to a friend?" Those who give you a 9 or 10 are known as "promoters." Those who give you less than 8 are "detractors."
I wonder how many firms ask this question of their installation and support personnel.
In addition to customers, most product managers chat up the product with sales people and developers. You should also get insights from customers support and progressional services folks.
She analyzes synergies, or synergizes analogies... or some such thing.—Edward Norton (as "Father Brian Finn"), Keeping the Faith.
Alas, most of us have fairly rudimentary tools. Try to get some help from someone with data mining experience but let's see what we can do without assistance. Nobody knows the data as well as you do so you'll definitely find things that others will not. Let's get started!
If interviewing is both an art and a science, analyzing what you've learned is almost completely an art. You'll review the text of what you've heard and look for patterns in the information.
Listen for patterns. The key to getting insights from what you've heard is to look for the patterns. Before using any of the techniques below, review your notes and transcriptions, and perhaps listen to the recordings again. Discuss your impressions with your interview buddy. What areas are you hearing again and again? Are you hearing problems or recommended solutions? What are the root causes of what you're hearing?
The size of the word indicates its frequency. In this case, we'll want to look more closely at phrases that include the words clients, customers, market, information, and management.
Sometimes one comment is enough to cause you to take action. For example, "I got a 404 page when I clicked on the link." You don't need any more instances of this situation to go fix the link. But usually you'll need three or four—or ten—requests before you should propose an action. If one person says your monthly support costs are too high, that's interesting. If ten more say it, it's worth exploring further. Maybe you should consider multiple levels of support. Or expand the online support area to include clients-helping-clients. Or maybe your premium support really is too expensive for a significant portion of your clients.
You have a hypothesis now: "support may be too expensive." Interviews are great for identifying issues but not very good at quantifying them. You'll want to conduct a survey of a few hundred clients to see how many want to continue at premium and how many would entertain a less expensive option.
I've found that marketing people are not very good at marketing themselves or their information. In general, they present data and assume that others can draw their own conclusions. But not everyone can look at a blueprint and see the finished building.
Who needs the information you've discovered? And what action should they take? You'll need to think of how your audience processes information and what form is most persuasive, particularly when you're asking them to change their point of view.
I've found that technical teams want to see the raw data so they can draw their own conclusions while marketing people prefer key insights that provide guidance on the personas and positioning and messaging. Sales people don't trust data as much as their own intuition, so they want to hear stories about individual clients, in the clients' words.
And perhaps the biggest challenge for product managers and marketers is "speaking truth to power." When speaking to the leadership team, particularly when the conclusions aren't favorable, we tend to soften it with generalities. Executives want a summary of your conclusions and specific recommendations to address the issues you've discovered.
When presenting your information, the medium needs to align with the message. Use a Word document when you need to provide detail. Tell a story about an interview that best represents your conclusions —with the name of the person, their company information, and quotes from the interview. Always end your discussion with a conclusion and a recommendation but feel free then to open up the session for alternative conclusions and recommendations.
PowerPoint is a fine tool to get you started but it isn't the right tool for every audience. Use a report when there's lots of information to consume. Use a presentation to share summary information. Tell a story to bring the data to life.
Start with a role-play with someone in sales or customer support. You'll want to try out your opening, and get practice asking questions and probing for answers. Then get feedback from your colleague about what you could improve. You'll notice some things that you need to tighten up or revise. If nothing else, this role-play will build your confidence.
After a few practice interviews, you're ready to start calling more people. The more recent their experience with your company, the easier they'll be to reach; and they'll also provide more valuable information. Who better to tell you what you do right and wrong with your product than someone who recently chose to buy? Or someone who chose not to buy? Recent wins and recent losses are the best sources for insightful interviews.
If you'd like more help with interviewing, I can coach you and your team, so get in touch with me.
If you prefer to read, I recommend Kristin Zhivago's Roadmap to Revenue with a step-by-step approach to conducting customer interviews.
Do you have a story about a customer interview? Add a comment to this blog post and share your experience.


Insomnia Timmins - The definition of insomnia is the report of an individuals problems in sleeping. Sufferers of insomnia will usually respond "yes" to these subsequent questions, "Do you have difficulty falling or staying asleep?" and "Do you experience trouble sleeping?" The term of insomnia is usually used in sleep literature so as to describe a disorder which is evidenced by disrupted sleep.
Insomnia has normally been seen as a symptom or sign which accompany several psychiatric, medical and sleep disorders. The condition of insomnia is characterized by a recurring inability to fall asleep or to stay asleep or by poor quality of sleep. Usually, because of not enough rest, insomnia is normally followed by functional impairment whilst awake. One definition of insomnia is "difficulties maintaining or initiating sleep." Non-restorative sleep is another factor and is linked with marked distress and poor sleeping for a month and impairments in daytime functioning.
There are three main categories which Insomnia can be grouped, including: primary and secondary or co-morbid insomnia. Primary insomnia refers to a sleep disorder which is not resulting from whichever medical, environmental or psychiatric cause. A comprehensive diagnosis is required in order to differentiate between: insomnia as secondary to a different condition, primary insomnia co-morbid with one or more conditions and free-standing primary insomnia.
Transient insomnia is defined as lasting less than one week. This may be caused by changes in sleep environment, severe depression, stress, and timing of sleep or by another illness. The main consequences of transient insomnia are impaired psychomotor performance and sleepiness, similar to those of sleep deprivation.
Acute insomnia is the inability to consistently sleep for a time period of less than a month, whereas chronic insomnia generally lasts for longer than one month. Chronic insomnia can be a primary condition or it could be a result of another illness. The circumstances can differ based on its causes and can consist of hallucinations, muscular fatigue and mental exhaustion. Several people who suffer from this disorder describe stuff as almost occurring in slow motion, as though things seem to blend together and causing double vision.
Nocturnal awakenings are defined as difficulty going back to sleep after waking in the middle of the night or waking too early in the morning. There is also terminal insomnia, that can be a characteristic of clinical depression and middle-of-the-night insomnia that can be a indication of pain disorders or sickness.


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My Biographies
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Detail of Biography - Arlene Francis
Arlene Francis
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Biography - Arlene Francis
All | Life | Glance | Chronology | Works | Quotation | Achievement
Once called "the first lady of television" by Newsweek magazine, Arlene Francis is best remembered as a longtime panelist on the highbrow game show What's My Line. The show featured celebrity panelists trading quips and comments while trying to guess the occupation of guest contestants. The warmly witty Francis was a permanent regular on both the original long-running network show (which ran from 1950-67) and the syndicated version (1968-75). She also hosted a groundbreaking NBC afternoon program, Home, from 1954-57; the show is often credited with laying the foundation for future magazine-style shows for women. Prior to her television work, Francis appeared on many radio daytime dramas and had a modest career on Broadway; she also made radio and stage appearances with the Mercury Players of Orson Welles. For many years she also hosted a radio interview show on radio station WOR in New York. In her last years she suffered from Alzheimer's Disease. Her memoir, Arlene Francis, was published in 1978.
Home is also known as The Home Show... Other regular panelists on What's My Line included columnist Dorothy Kilgallen, publisher Bennett Cerf and (in syndication) Soupy Sales... Francis's father, a photographer, was an Armenian immigrant... Her first marriage, to Neil Agnew, lasted from 1935 until their divorce in 1945... She married actor Martin Gabel in 1946, the marriage lasting until his death in 1986... Francis and Gabel had one son, Peter, born on 28 January 1947; Peter Gabel later became an editor for Tikkun magazine... She frequently wore a diamond heart-shaped pendant, a gift from Martin Gabel.
Comments - Arlene Francis


Nice cleared lot a few miles from the sandy shores of Holden Beach, NC. Community picnic area overlooking the Intracoastal Waterway and private pier for members. Road frontage on State maintained Seashore Rd part of Styron's Landing. Subdivision. County water available and county permit needed for septic evaluation. Great location to the beach for all your fun activities.


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Tanya Habjouqa
Education, Events, Tanya Habjouqa
Tanya Habjouqa teaching at the International Summer School of Photography (ISSP) 2019, in Latvia
We're happy to share that the applications are now open for the International Summer School of Photography (ISSP) 2019 in Latvia ( ISSP ), and that Tanya Habjouqa will be teaching one of the masterclasses "Storytelling as a Tool for Social Change". Make sure to sign up now!
Tagged: Tanya Habjouqa
Education, Exhibition, Experience, News, Tanya Habjouqa, Workshops, Video
The Reason Why with Tanya Habjouqa, Extract from full podcast episode
On InternationalWomanDay, NOOR sat down with Tanya Habjouqa for a two hour long conversation about her career as a photographer, writer, humanitarian, punk rocker, mother, and asked why she continues to document injustice and violence.
Exhibition, News, Tanya Habjouqa
"In Transit" group exhibition reviewed by Artforum
Curated by East Wing Doha's Peggy Sue Amison, the current 'In Transit' group show exhibited until March 15th at SF Camerawork, including photographs from Tanya Habjouqa was reviewed by Artforum. Make sure to read the review!
Link to the article: https://bit.ly/2IzjGKw
Education, Experience, News, Tanya Habjouqa
Last days to apply: Tanya Habjouqa teaching at Gulf Photo Plus Week 2019
"You take the red pill, you stay in Wonderland, and I show you how deep the rabbit hole goes." - The Matrix
Tanya Habjouqa will teaching at Gulf Photo Plus Week 2019 from February 4th to 9th, a workshop designed to clear any creative blocks and help you dive headfirst into your project.
Tanya Habjouqa will take your mental process and approach to documentary work into uncharted territories of personal narrative liberation. In other words, you are choosing the red pill.
Source: https://gulfphotoplus.com/gpp/2019/workshops/445/The-Red-Pill-Uncharted-Territories-of-Personal-Narrative-Liberation?fbclid=IwAR0YXQPNXl4t6XrSs82AWUGT6vWH3-T8awZlcNeJDHTiWa3J2l6dzK6j6GQ
Education, Experience, Tanya Habjouqa, News
Worskhop with Tanya Habjouqa in San Francisco, USA: Intimacy of Place and Tools of Telling
Together with NOOR photographer Tanya Habjouqa, explore the ways you can move beyond linear narrative to create to create a felt experience for your audience. Explore critical theory around issues of representation, community engagement, participatory approaches, and the ethical considerations of using storytelling as a tool for social change.
Link here to the call for applications: http://bit.ly/2CsIMEN
The 4-day workshop will focus on:
exploring what motivates your photographic practice
defining your project and approach
expanding research and access
storytelling and photographic strategies
photography as "writing"
Thursday, February 28 - Sunday, March 3, 2019 All classes meet from 9 AM to 5 PM in the SF Camerawork Conference Room
Source: http://bit.ly/2CsIMEN
Tanya Habjouqa teaching at Gulf Photo Plus Week 2019
Gulf Photo Plus has also graciously offering a scholarship to emerging photographers and artists from the MENA, SouthEast Asia and Africa region for a space in Tanya Habjouqa's documentary photography workshop at GPP Photo Week 2019.
Find the link to the scholarship here: https://bit.ly/2CvbBAf
The idea behind this scholarship is to provide the education, mentorship and an opportunity to connect with like minded photographers and artists to young, emerging photographers in the regions that have limited opportunities for a workshop like this.
Preference is given to applicants who have a body of work in progress or an idea for a strong and compelling project related to the social issues of our region.
The deadline for the application is Jan 8, 2019. Tanya along with GPP will review the applicants' submissions.
Source: https://bit.ly/2CvbBAf
News, Tanya Habjouqa, Tearsheets
Tanya Habjouqa for Libération
Tanya Habjouqa captured Baguette demonstration at Notre Dame of Jerusalem for
Libération.
Education, News, Robin Hammond, Sebastian Liste, Tanya Habjouqa
participants for nikon-noor manchester workshop
©Tanya Habjouqa / NOOR
We are excited to announce the 15 participants selected for the Nikon-NOOR Academy Workshop, which will take place in Manchester between 30 March and 2 April 2017. We would like sincerely thank all the people who sent forward their applications and congratulate the photographers who will participate in the workshop with Tanya Habjouqa, Robin Hammond & Sebastian Liste
Ana Cross
Adib Chowdhury
Carlotta Cardana
David Shaw
Ekaterina Anchevskaya
Giorgia Tobiolo
Jacob King
José Luis Fajardo
Mathieu Willcocks
Matteo Congregalli
Maurizio Martorana
Sandra Franco
Shaista Chishty
Tory Ho
Valeria Luongo
We are excited to meet & work together in Manchester!
Tagged: #NikonNOORManchester
Education, Events, News, Robin Hammond, Sebastian Liste, Tanya Habjouqa
announcing manchester nikon-noor academy tutors
We are excited to announce the tutors for 2017 Nikon-NOOR Academy Workshop in Manchester, the UK from 28 February to 3 March 2017:
Tanya Habjouqa, Robin Hammond & Sebastian Liste will lead the workshop, sharing their expertise and working together with participants to develop their visual stories and projects.
NOOR and Nikon Europe invite young aspiring documentary photographers and photojournalists living and/or working in the UK to submit their applications before 29 January 2017. The workshop is free of charge. Read more about the workshop and how to apply here.
Tanya Habjouqa is a documentary photographer specializing in gender, social, and human rights issues in the Middle East. She approaches her subjects with sensitivity and an eye for the absurd. She is the author of Occupied Pleasures, heralded by TIME magazine and the Smithsonian as one of the best photo books of 2015 (winning a World Press Photo award in 2014). She was the recipient of the Magnum Foundation 2013 Emergency Fund, and mentors grantees from across the Arab region for their "Arab Photographer Documentary Fund" with the Prince Claus Foundation and the Arab Fund for Arts and Culture. Tanya is a founding member of Rawiya, the first all female photo collective of the Middle East. She lectures 'Narrative/ National Identity in Photography' at Al Quds Bard University.
Sebastian Liste is a documentary photographer and sociologist devoted to document the profound cultural changes and contemporary issues in Latin America and the Mediterranean area. In 2010, while getting his Masters degree in Documentary Photography in Barcelona, he won the Ian Parry Scholarship for his project "Urban Quilombo" and was named young editorial photographer of the year at the Lucie Awards. In 2011 Sebastián was selected for the World Press Photo Joop Swart Masterclass. In 2012 was announced as the Young Reporter of the Year at Visa pour l'Image festival. He was the recipient of the Magnum EF Grant, the Getty Editorial Grant and the Alexia Foundation Grant. He also received the Fotopres grant in Spain to develop a project in Venezuela, and a World Press Photo prize in 2016 for his story 'Citizen Journalism in Brazil's Favelas'. Sebastián Liste is a frequent lecturer and he is currently based between Spain and Brazil.
Tagged: #NikonNOOR, #NikonNOORacademy, NikonNOORUK


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Brief report: the sexual and physical abuse histories of offenders with intellectual disability
William R. Lindsay, Lesley Steptoe, Fabian Haut
Background: Some studies have found higher rates of childhood sexual abuse in sex offenders while others have failed to find such relationships. Method: This study reviews the sexual and physical abuse histories of 156 male sex offenders with intellectual disability (ID), 126 non-sexual male offenders with ID and 27 female offenders with ID. Results: Sexual offenders reported a higher rate of sexual abuse in childhood than non-sexual male offenders (32.6% vs. 17.8%), while the opposite was true for non-accidental injury (16.0% vs. 32.5%). Female offenders reported the highest rates of sexual abuse in childhood (59.3%). Conclusions: Some specificity of childhood abuse was evident in the male cohorts suggesting limited evidence of a developmental pathway to offending, while the women were a group highly vulnerable to all forms of abuse.
Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Brief report: the sexual and physical abuse histories of offenders with intellectual disability'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Sexual Abuse Arts & Humanities
Intellectual Disability Arts & Humanities
Physical Abuse Medicine & Life Sciences
Criminals Medicine & Life Sciences
Offenders Arts & Humanities
Sex Offenses Medicine & Life Sciences
Abuse Arts & Humanities
Childhood Arts & Humanities
Lindsay, W. R., Steptoe, L., & Haut, F. (2012). Brief report: the sexual and physical abuse histories of offenders with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56(3), 326–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01428.x
Lindsay, William R. ; Steptoe, Lesley ; Haut, Fabian. / Brief report: the sexual and physical abuse histories of offenders with intellectual disability. In: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2012 ; Vol. 56, No. 3. pp. 326–331.
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title = "Brief report: the sexual and physical abuse histories of offenders with intellectual disability",
abstract = "Background: Some studies have found higher rates of childhood sexual abuse in sex offenders while others have failed to find such relationships. Method: This study reviews the sexual and physical abuse histories of 156 male sex offenders with intellectual disability (ID), 126 non-sexual male offenders with ID and 27 female offenders with ID. Results: Sexual offenders reported a higher rate of sexual abuse in childhood than non-sexual male offenders (32.6% vs. 17.8%), while the opposite was true for non-accidental injury (16.0% vs. 32.5%). Female offenders reported the highest rates of sexual abuse in childhood (59.3%). Conclusions: Some specificity of childhood abuse was evident in the male cohorts suggesting limited evidence of a developmental pathway to offending, while the women were a group highly vulnerable to all forms of abuse.",
author = "Lindsay, {William R.} and Lesley Steptoe and Fabian Haut",
journal = "Journal of Intellectual Disability Research",
Lindsay, WR, Steptoe, L & Haut, F 2012, 'Brief report: the sexual and physical abuse histories of offenders with intellectual disability', Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 326–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01428.x
Brief report: the sexual and physical abuse histories of offenders with intellectual disability. / Lindsay, William R.; Steptoe, Lesley; Haut, Fabian.
In: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, Vol. 56, No. 3, 03.2012, p. 326–331.
T1 - Brief report: the sexual and physical abuse histories of offenders with intellectual disability
AU - Lindsay, William R.
AU - Steptoe, Lesley
AU - Haut, Fabian
N2 - Background: Some studies have found higher rates of childhood sexual abuse in sex offenders while others have failed to find such relationships. Method: This study reviews the sexual and physical abuse histories of 156 male sex offenders with intellectual disability (ID), 126 non-sexual male offenders with ID and 27 female offenders with ID. Results: Sexual offenders reported a higher rate of sexual abuse in childhood than non-sexual male offenders (32.6% vs. 17.8%), while the opposite was true for non-accidental injury (16.0% vs. 32.5%). Female offenders reported the highest rates of sexual abuse in childhood (59.3%). Conclusions: Some specificity of childhood abuse was evident in the male cohorts suggesting limited evidence of a developmental pathway to offending, while the women were a group highly vulnerable to all forms of abuse.
AB - Background: Some studies have found higher rates of childhood sexual abuse in sex offenders while others have failed to find such relationships. Method: This study reviews the sexual and physical abuse histories of 156 male sex offenders with intellectual disability (ID), 126 non-sexual male offenders with ID and 27 female offenders with ID. Results: Sexual offenders reported a higher rate of sexual abuse in childhood than non-sexual male offenders (32.6% vs. 17.8%), while the opposite was true for non-accidental injury (16.0% vs. 32.5%). Female offenders reported the highest rates of sexual abuse in childhood (59.3%). Conclusions: Some specificity of childhood abuse was evident in the male cohorts suggesting limited evidence of a developmental pathway to offending, while the women were a group highly vulnerable to all forms of abuse.
JO - Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
JF - Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
Lindsay WR, Steptoe L, Haut F. Brief report: the sexual and physical abuse histories of offenders with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2012 Mar;56(3):326–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01428.x


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Harmony Day 2017
Welcoming the Babies 2016
MEDIA RELEASES - LOCAL
Media Releases - COMMUNICATIONS
Continue the fight to Save Medicare
Protect Our Oceans
SAVE TAFE
#SUNSMART LEGO PROJECT
Michelle Rowland
TRANSCRIPT - ABC NEWS BREAKFAST - 16 OCTOBER 2018
E&OE TRANSCRIPT
SUBJECTS: Labor's call for Senate Inquiry into political interference at the ABC; Medical transfers of children from regional processing locations.
VIRGINIA TRIOLI: Now it's been revealed the Minister in charge of overseeing the ABC knew about the plans to sack the then Managing Director Michelle Guthrie. With her thoughts on this, Shadow Communications Minister Michelle Rowland joins us now from Canberra. Michelle, good morning.
MICHELLE ROWLAND MP, SHADOW MINISTER FOR COMMUNICATIONS: Good morning.
TRIOLI: Now that we have the departmental investigation into Michelle Guthrie's sacking, are you satisfied that the decision was justified?
ROWLAND: Well to be clear Virginia, what this was, was an investigation by the Secretary of the Department of Communications and the Arts into media reports on the 26th of September this year, so he was requested to do that by the Minister and he did that, as he would, in a professional manner and that was released by the Minister yesterday. The key points in this go to the veracity of the media reports that day in relation to, specifically, two ABC journalists Emma Alberici and Andrew Probyn and the Secretary found, in those cases, there were some findings of fact that indeed the reporting of certain emails and conversations had taken place; but in relation to a number of key questions about political interference and those allegations, they are still wanting, and that is why Labor has been calling for a public inquiry to be conducted by the Senate that looks specifically into ABC governance and upholding its independence and integrity.
TRIOLI: Well, let's just stay on that for a moment then I'll return to the question which hasn't been answered yet, the inquiry found no justification for the view that either the then Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull or other Government Ministers tried to secure the sacking of those ABC journalists.
ROWLAND: Well we knew that, and we knew that because both the Minister had stated that, and the former Prime Minister had stated that.
TRIOLI: So, so that's dealt with then?
ROWLAND: That is dealt with but it also specifically says in relation to that, that both Mr Milne and Ms Guthrie had the impression, the clear impression, that there would be certain consequences and that there would be, there was a certain view held by Government in relation to how these matters were being handled. Now, as I said, the Secretary did not make any other specific findings in relation to that other than those observations. But the key point here is that this clearly raises more questions than answers. Indeed the Minister has said that there was no direct request or instruction. The question remains: What sort of covert interference had taken place, because clearly these two people were left in no doubt as to the Government's view on these matters and the fact that the ABC could be impacted by how this matter was being handled. And these are the questions that need to be explored publicly.
TRIOLI: Let's deal with the situation as we find it right now. Do you have confidence in the current Board of the ABC?
ROWLAND: I think that these are questions that need to be answered and I don't think a view can be formed on that without having a full public inquiry.
TRIOLI: I'm just going to jump in there, as the Shadow Communications Minister it must be something that on a daily basis particularly given the circumstance we find ourselves in, you would be focused on, so I'm going to ask that again because I do believe you should have a view on this. Do you have confidence in the current ABC Board?
ROWLAND: I have confidence that the ABC Board is performing its duties. As to whether or not it is performing those duties to the full spirit, and to the letter of the law, that is something that I simply do not know, Virginia. And that is why, I believe, and Labor believes, that there needs to be a full public inquiry into this. I only have access to a certain amount of information, both as a member of the public and as the Shadow Communications Minister and I actually think that it would be wrong of me to form a view not knowing the full set of facts. I would hope that they are acting in a way in which not only myself, but the Australian people can have full confidence, and that's what I think is the most important here.
TRIOLI: The Minister has acknowledged that he knew beforehand of Ms Guthrie's looming sacking and he clearly didn't interfere in that playing out in that decision. Is that reassuring to you that there wasn't any direct or indirect Ministerial interference in the way that that Board decision played out?
ROWLAND: Well as I said from the outset, the Board can make this decision and it doesn't need to give reasons for it. So they exercised their judgment and their powers as provided for under the legislation.
TRIOLI: And what sort of person should be selected to be the next MD, do you think?
ROWLAND: Well I think that that person clearly needs to be a champion of the ABC, at a time when the ABC is under political attack in various forms, but also someone who needs to be focused on the morale of the organisation. Having been contacted and having engaged with a number of people representing the ABC, and also just in conversations, I recognise that that's a very important thing for our most trusted broadcaster.
TRIOLI: Now the Department Secretary who ran this inquiry, Mike Mrdak, apparently didn't get hold of Michelle Guthrie's 11 page dossier that she sent to the Board before she was finally sacked, even though that dossier has been widely leaked and reported. Have you seen it?
ROWLAND: No I have not.
TRIOLI: Does it surprise you that he didn't manage to get hold of it?
ROWLAND: Well, with all respect to the Secretary, he was required to undertake a very discrete task and he did that to the best of his ability, he's a professional. But again I think that this points to the fact that this inquiry was a whitewash designed by the Minister, to try and say 'nothing to see here, everybody should move on'. And again it points to the need for a transparent public inquiry into this matter to be conducted by the Senate that goes specifically to issues of independence, integrity and governance, because governance is all about trust.
TRIOLI: Now just finally before I let you go this morning, Michelle Rowland, there are calls from some Liberal backbenchers today for long-term detainee children to be released from Nauru. Do you regret that the Australian Labor Party has played such a key role in detaining adults and children on Nauru for so long, with that 2013 agreement being signed by then Prime Minister Kevin Rudd?
ROWLAND: Well, let's be clear, there were matters during the 2010-2013 Parliament which could have seen a very different result here, including the Malaysia agreement that Labor had proposed. But I think going forward it is very clear that there is strong public sentiment, and there is also strong sentiment across the Parliament, that we need to be guided, as Parliamentarians, by what clinicians are saying, that they should be making decisions in this matter. They should have access to these children and that their welfare should be paramount.
TRIOLI: You're talking about the AMA and Medicines sans Frontiers as well.
ROWLAND: Certainly.
TRIOLI: All right, good to talk to you this morning, thanks so much.
ROWLAND: Pleasure.
Authorised by M. Rowland, 230 Prospect Hwy, Seven Hills NSW 2147.
Follow @MRowlandMP on Twitter