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Network Topology Pdf Notes In Hindi
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• • • Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (,, etc.) of a communication network. Network topology is the structure of a network and may be depicted physically or logically. Physical topology is the placement of the various components of a network, including device location and cable installation, while illustrates how data flows within a network.
Distances between nodes, physical interconnections,, or signal types may differ between two networks, yet their topologies may be identical. An example is a (). Any given node in the LAN has one or more physical links to other devices in the network; graphically mapping these links results in a geometric shape that can be used to describe the physical topology of the network. Conversely, mapping the between the components determines the logical topology of the network. Diagram of different network topologies. Two basic categories of network topologies exist, physical topologies and. The cabling layout used to link devices is the physical topology of the network.
This refers to the layout of, the locations of nodes, and the links between the nodes and the cabling. The physical topology of a network is determined by the capabilities of the network access devices and media, the level of control or fault tolerance desired, and the cost associated with cabling or telecommunications circuits. In contrast, logical topology is the way that the signals act on the network media, or the way that the data passes through the network from one device to the next without regard to the physical interconnection of the devices. A network's logical topology is not necessarily the same as its physical topology. For example, the original using was a logical bus topology carried on a physical star topology. Is a logical ring topology, but is wired as a physical star from the. Logical topologies are often closely associated with methods and protocols.
Some networks are able to dynamically change their logical topology through configuration changes to their and switches. Further information: The transmission media (often referred to in the literature as the physical media) used to link devices to form a computer network include (,,, ), (), and (). In the, these are defined at layers 1 and 2 — the physical layer and the data link layer. A widely adopted family of transmission media used in local area network () technology is collectively known as. The media and protocol standards that enable communication between networked devices over Ethernet are defined. Ethernet transmits data over both copper and fiber cables.
Wireless LAN standards (e.g. Those defined by ) use, or others use signals as a transmission medium. Uses a building's power cabling to transmit data. Wired technologies [ ].
Are used to transmit light from one computer/network node to another The orders of the following wired technologies are, roughly, from slowest to fastest transmission speed. • is widely used for cable television systems, office buildings, and other work-sites for local area networks. The cables consist of copper or aluminum wire surrounded by an insulating layer (typically a flexible material with a high dielectric constant), which itself is surrounded by a conductive layer. The insulation helps minimize interference and distortion. Transmission speed ranges from 200 million bits per second to more than 500 million bits per second.
• technology uses existing (, phone lines and ) to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) local area network • wire is the most widely used medium for all telecommunication. Twisted-pair cabling consist of copper wires that are twisted into pairs. Ordinary telephone wires consist of two insulated copper wires twisted into pairs. Computer network cabling (wired as defined by ) consists of 4 pairs of copper cabling that can be utilized for both voice and data transmission. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce and. The transmission speed ranges from 2 million bits per second to 10 billion bits per second.
Twisted pair cabling comes in two forms: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted-pair (STP). Each form comes in several category ratings, designed for use in various scenarios. 2007 map showing submarine optical fiber telecommunication cables around the world. • An is a glass fiber. It carries pulses of light that represent data. Some advantages of optical fibers over metal wires are very low transmission loss and immunity from electrical interference.
Optical fibers can simultaneously carry multiple wavelengths of light, which greatly increases the rate that data can be sent, and helps enable data rates of up to trillions of bits per second. Optic fibers can be used for long runs of cable carrying very high data rates, and are used for to interconnect continents.
Price is a main factor distinguishing wired- and wireless-technology options in a business. Wireless options command a price premium that can make purchasing wired computers, printers and other devices a financial benefit. Before making the decision to purchase hard-wired technology products, a review of the restrictions and limitations of the selections is necessary. Business and employee needs may override any cost considerations.
Figure 15.2 Various network topologies. Types of Networks. Wide-area network (WAN) A network that connects two or more local-area networks over a potentially large geographic distance. Often one particular node on a LAN is set up to serve as a gateway to handle all communication going between that LAN. Network बनाने से पहले यह Decide करना पड़ता है की हम अपने सभी Computer को कैसे एक दुसरे से जोड़ेंगे और जिस तरह से हम इन Computer को जोड़ेंगे इस.
Wireless technologies [ ]. Main article: • Terrestrial – Terrestrial microwave communication uses Earth-based transmitters and receivers resembling satellite dishes.
Terrestrial microwaves are in the low gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Relay stations are spaced approximately 48 km (30 mi) apart. • Communications – Satellites communicate via microwave radio waves, which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere.
The satellites are stationed in space, typically in geosynchronous orbit 35,400 km (22,000 mi) above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals. • and PCS systems use several radio communications technologies.
The systems divide the region covered into multiple geographic areas. Each area has a low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next area. • Radio and technologies – Wireless local area networks use a high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area. Defines a common flavor of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology known as. • uses visible or invisible light for communications.
In most cases, is used, which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices. Exotic technologies [ ] There have been various attempts at transporting data over exotic media: • was a humorous April fool's, issued as. It was implemented in real life in 2001.
• Extending the Internet to interplanetary dimensions via radio waves, the. Both cases have a large, which gives slow two-way communication, but doesn't prevent sending large amounts of information.
An network interface in the form of an accessory card. A lot of network interfaces are built-in. A (NIC) is that provides a computer with the ability to access the transmission media, and has the ability to process low-level network information. For example, the NIC may have a connector for accepting a cable, or an aerial for wireless transmission and reception, and the associated circuitry.
The NIC responds to traffic addressed to a for either the NIC or the computer as a whole. In networks, each network interface controller has a unique (MAC) address—usually stored in the controller's permanent memory. To avoid address conflicts between network devices, the (IEEE) maintains and administers MAC address uniqueness. The size of an Ethernet MAC address is six. The three most significant octets are reserved to identify NIC manufacturers. These manufacturers, using only their assigned prefixes, uniquely assign the three least-significant octets of every Ethernet interface they produce.
Repeaters and hubs [ ] A is an device that receives a network, cleans it of unnecessary noise and regenerates it. The signal is at a higher power level, or to the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. In most twisted pair Ethernet configurations, repeaters are required for cable that runs longer than 100 meters.
With fiber optics, repeaters can be tens or even hundreds of kilometers apart. A repeater with multiple ports is known as an. Repeaters work on the physical layer of the OSI model. Repeaters require a small amount of time to regenerate the signal. This can cause a that affects network performance and may affect proper function. As a result, many network architectures limit the number of repeaters that can be used in a row, e.g., the Ethernet. Hubs and repeaters in LANs have been mostly obsoleted by modern.
Bridges [ ] A connects and filters traffic between two at the (layer 2) of the to form a single network. This breaks the network's collision domain but maintains a unified broadcast domain. Network segmentation breaks down a large, congested network into an aggregation of smaller, more efficient networks. Bridges come in three basic types: • Local bridges: Directly connect LANs • Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between LANs. Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end networks, largely have been replaced with routers. • Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote devices to LANs. Switches [ ] A is a device that forwards and filters () between based on the destination MAC address in each frame.
A switch is distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the frames to the physical ports involved in the communication rather than all ports connected. It can be thought of as a multi-port bridge.
It learns to associate physical ports to MAC addresses by examining the source addresses of received frames. If an unknown destination is targeted, the switch broadcasts to all ports but the source. Switches normally have numerous ports, facilitating a star topology for devices, and cascading additional switches. Are capable of routing based on layer 3 addressing or additional logical levels.
The term switch is often used loosely to include devices such as routers and bridges, as well as devices that may distribute traffic based on load or based on application content (e.g., a Web identifier). A typical home or small office router showing the telephone line and network cable connections A is an device that forwards between networks by processing the routing information included in the packet or datagram (Internet protocol information from layer 3).
The routing information is often processed in conjunction with the routing table (or forwarding table). A router uses its routing table to determine where to forward packets. A destination in a routing table can include a 'null' interface, also known as the 'black hole' interface because data can go into it, however, no further processing is done for said data, i.e. The packets are dropped. Modems [ ] (MOdulator-DEModulator) are used to connect network nodes via wire not originally designed for digital network traffic, or for wireless. To do this one or more are by the digital signal to produce an that can be tailored to give the required properties for transmission.
Modems are commonly used for telephone lines, using a technology. Firewalls [ ] A is a network device for controlling network security and access rules. Firewalls are typically configured to reject access requests from unrecognized sources while allowing actions from recognized ones. The vital role firewalls play in network security grows in parallel with the constant increase in. Classification [ ] The study of network topology recognizes eight basic topologies: point-to-point, bus, star, ring or circular, mesh, tree, hybrid, or daisy chain. Point-to-point [ ].
Main article: The simplest topology with a dedicated link between two endpoints. Easiest to understand, of the variations of point-to-point topology, is a point-to-point that appears, to the user, to be permanently associated with the two endpoints. A child's is one example of a physical dedicated channel. Using or technologies, a point-to-point circuit can be set up dynamically and dropped when no longer needed. Switched point-to-point topologies are the basic model of conventional. The value of a permanent point-to-point network is unimpeded communications between the two endpoints.
The value of an on-demand point-to-point connection is proportional to the number of potential pairs of subscribers and has been expressed as. Main article: In local area networks where bus topology is used, each node is connected to a single cable, by the help of interface connectors. This central cable is the backbone of the network and is known as the bus (thus the name). A signal from the source travels in both directions to all machines connected on the bus cable until it finds the intended recipient. If the machine address does not match the intended address for the data, the machine ignores the data. Alternatively, if the data matches the machine address, the data is accepted.
Because the bus topology consists of only one wire, it is rather inexpensive to implement when compared to other topologies. However, the low cost of implementing the technology is offset by the high cost of managing the network. Additionally, because only one cable is utilized, it can be the. In this topology data being transferred may be accessed by any.
Linear bus [ ] The type of network topology in which all of the nodes of the network that are connected to a common transmission medium which has exactly two endpoints (this is the 'bus', which is also commonly referred to as the, or ) – all that is in between nodes in the network is transmitted over this common transmission medium and is able to be by all nodes in the network simultaneously. Note: When the electrical signal reaches the end of the bus, the signal is reflected back down the line, causing unwanted interference. As a solution, the two endpoints of the bus are normally terminated with a device called a that prevents this reflection. Distributed bus [ ] The type of network topology in which all of the nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium which has more than two endpoints that are created by adding branches to the main section of the transmission medium – the physical distributed bus topology functions in exactly the same fashion as the physical linear bus topology (i.e., all nodes share a common transmission medium). Star network topology In local area networks with a star topology, each network host is connected to a central hub with a point-to-point connection. So it can be said that every computer is indirectly connected to every other node with the help of the hub. In Star topology, every node (computer workstation or any other peripheral) is connected to a central node called hub, router or switch.
The switch is the server and the peripherals are the clients. The network does not necessarily have to resemble a star to be classified as a star network, but all of the nodes on the network must be connected to one central device.
All traffic that traverses the network passes through the central hub. The hub acts as a. The star topology is considered the easiest topology to design and implement. An advantage of the star topology is the simplicity of adding additional nodes.
The primary disadvantage of the star topology is that the hub represents a single point of failure. Since all peripheral communication must flow through the central hub, the aggregate central bandwidth forms a network bottleneck for large clusters. Extended star [ ] A type of network topology in which a network that is based upon the physical star topology has one or more repeaters between the central node and the peripheral or 'spoke' nodes, the repeaters being used to extend the maximum transmission distance of the point-to-point links between the central node and the nodes beyond that which is supported by the transmitter power of the central node or beyond that which is supported by the standard upon which the physical layer of the physical star network is based. If the repeaters in a network that is based upon the physical extended star topology are replaced with hubs or switches, then a hybrid network topology is created that is referred to as a physical hierarchical star topology, although some texts make no distinction between the two topologies. Distributed Star [ ] A type of network topology that is composed of individual networks that are based upon the physical star topology connected in a linear fashion – i.e., 'daisy-chained' – with no central or top level connection point (e.g. Chief Keef Finally Rich Deluxe Edition Download Free. , two or more 'stacked' hubs, along with their associated star connected nodes or 'spokes'). Ring network topology A ring topology is a in a closed loop. Data travels around the ring in one direction.
When one node sends data to another, the data passes through each intermediate node on the ring until it reaches its destination. The intermediate nodes repeat (re transmit) the data to keep the signal strong. Every node is a peer; there is no hierarchical relationship of clients and servers. If one node is unable to re transmit data, it severs communication between the nodes before and after it in the bus. Advantages: • When the load on the network increases, its performance is better than bus topology. • There is no need of network server to control the connectivity between workstations. Disadvantages: • Aggregate network bandwidth is bottlenecked by the weakest link between two nodes.
Partially connected mesh topology In a partially connected network, certain nodes are connected to exactly one other node; but some nodes are connected to two or more other nodes with a point-to-point link. This makes it possible to make use of some of the redundancy of mesh topology that is physically fully connected, without the expense and complexity required for a connection between every node in the network. Hybrid [ ] Hybrid networks combine two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.). For example, a (or star-bus network) is a hybrid topology in which are interconnected via. However, a tree network connected to another tree network is still topologically a tree network, not a distinct network type. A hybrid topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies are connected.
A star-ring network consists of two or more ring networks connected using a (MAU) as a centralized hub. Snowflake topology is a star network of star networks.
[ ] Two other hybrid network types are hybrid mesh and hierarchical star. Daisy chain [ ] Except for star-based networks, the easiest way to add more computers into a network is by, or connecting each computer in series to the next. If a message is intended for a computer partway down the line, each system bounces it along in sequence until it reaches the destination. A daisy-chained network can take two basic forms: linear and ring. • A puts a two-way link between one computer and the next. However, this was expensive in the early days of computing, since each computer (except for the ones at each end) required two receivers and two transmitters.
• By connecting the computers at each end, a can be formed. An advantage of the ring is that the number of transmitters and receivers can be cut in half, since a message will eventually loop all of the way around.
When a sends a message, the message is processed by each computer in the ring. If the ring breaks at a particular link then the transmission can be sent via the reverse path thereby ensuring that all nodes are always connected in the case of a single failure. Centralization [ ] The reduces the probability of a network failure by connecting all of the peripheral nodes (computers, etc.) to a central node. When the physical star topology is applied to a logical bus network such as, this central node (traditionally a hub) rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network, sometimes including the originating node. All nodes may thus communicate with all others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only. The of a linking any peripheral node to the central node will result in the isolation of that peripheral node from all others, but the remaining peripheral nodes will be unaffected.
However, the disadvantage is that the failure of the central node will cause the failure of all of the peripheral nodes. If the central node is passive, the originating node must be able to tolerate the reception of an of its own transmission, delayed by the two-way (i.e. To and from the central node) plus any delay generated in the central node.
An active star network has an active central node that usually has the means to prevent echo-related problems. Hierarchical topology) can be viewed as a collection of star networks arranged in a.
This has individual peripheral nodes (e.g. Leaves) which are required to transmit to and receive from one other node only and are not required to act as repeaters or regenerators. Unlike the star network, the functionality of the central node may be distributed. As in the conventional star network, individual nodes may thus still be isolated from the network by a single-point failure of a transmission path to the node. If a link connecting a leaf fails, that leaf is isolated; if a connection to a non-leaf node fails, an entire section of the network becomes isolated from the rest. To alleviate the amount of network traffic that comes from broadcasting all signals to all nodes, more advanced central nodes were developed that are able to keep track of the identities of the nodes that are connected to the network.
These will 'learn' the layout of the network by 'listening' on each port during normal data transmission, examining the and recording the address/identifier of each connected node and which port it is connected to in a held in memory. This lookup table then allows future transmissions to be forwarded to the intended destination only.
Decentralization [ ] In a partially connected mesh topology, there are at least two nodes with two or more paths between them to provide redundant paths in case the link providing one of the paths fails. Decentralization is often used to compensate for the single-point-failure disadvantage that is present when using a single device as a central node (e.g., in star and tree networks). A special kind of mesh, limiting the number of hops between two nodes, is a. The number of arbitrary forks in mesh networks makes them more difficult to design and implement, but their decentralized nature makes them very useful.
In 2012 the (IEEE) published the protocol to ease configuration tasks and allows all paths to be active which increases bandwidth and redundancy between all devices. This is similar in some ways to a, where a linear or ring topology is used to connect systems in multiple directions. A multidimensional ring has a topology, for instance. A fully connected network, complete topology, or full mesh topology is a network topology in which there is a direct link between all pairs of nodes.
In a fully connected network with n nodes, there are n(n-1)/2 direct links. Networks designed with this topology are usually very expensive to set up, but provide a high degree of reliability due to the multiple paths for data that are provided by the large number of redundant links between nodes. This topology is mostly seen in applications. See also [ ]. • ^ Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005). Network+ Study Guide, Fourth Edition.
• ATIS committee PRQC.. ATIS Telecom Glossary 2007.. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
• Chiang, Mung; Yang, Michael (2004). 42nd Allerton Conference. • ^ Inc, S., (2002).
Networking Complete. Third Edition. San Francisco: Sybex •, The Disadvantages of Wired Technology, Laura Acevedo, Demand Media.
Retrieved 2014-03-01. Hooke (September 2000), (PDF), Third Annual International Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies, archived from (PDF) on 2012-01-13, retrieved 2011-11-12 •. Retrieved April 8, 2008. Network Design Basics for Cabling Professionals. McGraw-Hill Professional.. • ^ Sosinsky, Barrie A. Networking Bible.
Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing. Power Maxx Vibration Plate Manually. Retrieved 2016-03-26. • Bradley, Ray.. Retrieved 2016-03-26.
1 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014. • Peter Ashwood-Smith (24 February 2011). Retrieved 11 May 2012. • Jim Duffy (11 May 2012).. Retrieved 11 May 2012. Shortest Path Bridging will replace Spanning Tree in the Ethernet fabric.
Tech Power Up. Retrieved 11 May 2012. Fedyk, Ed.,; P. Ashwood-Smith, Ed.,; D. Unbehagen (April 2012).. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list () External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. • Application of a tetrahedral structure to create a resilient partial-mesh 3-dimensional campus backbone data network.
Visit for Network topology in Hindi Urdu plus Ring topology in Hindi Urdu. This tutorial explains what is a ring topology in Hindi Urdu. This tutorial continues the introduction of what is a network typology in Hindi Urdu and introduce about Ring topology in Hindi Urdu.
This is the Computer Networking Tutorial 14 lecture. This tutorial is a part of 20 Computer Networking video tutorial lecture in Computer Networking in Hindi Urdu tutorial series. I explain what is a Ring topology in hindi urdu. Learn what is a RING topology in Hindi Urdu in the Computer Networking Urdu Hindi lectures tutorial series by ifacter.com.
Tutorial 14 introduces the viewers to networking and computer network Ring topology in Hindi Urdu. Networking in Urdu tutorials can be read at and downloaded in pdf. We have notes, pdf and list of books of Computer Networking and how does Internet work in Hindi and Urdu. This tutorial introduces to the fundamentals Ring topology in layman's term ifactner.com and can be used for info for computer networking certifications and technology operations. Ifactner introduces diagram and image of basic computer networks and the Ring topology. This computer networking tutorial introduces the viewers to internal working of network topology, internet and the concept of ring topology.
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This is a treble clef. The symbol is called a G clef… but when it's placed on the second line of a 5-line staff, counting up from the bottom, it's called a treble clef. The reason is that the staff lines now define an exact range of notes.
The treble clef is therefore a type of G clef. Theoretically, the G clef could be placed on any of the five lines of the staff, and that line would be G. In practice, however, the only type of G clef that is in common use today is the treble clef, so that's all you need to know!
For reference, I've included one ledger line below and above the staff. The first ledger line below the treble clef staff is middle C.
Many students are taught mnemonic devices to learn to read music. For the lines of the treble clef, the most common mnemonic is "Every Good Boy Does Fine," with the first letter of each word indicating the notes on that line (bottom to top: E, G, B, D, F). For the spaces, the acronym FACE is used.
Such devices may be useful memory aids, and if they are useful to you in the very beginning stages, then use them by all means. However, I find them ineffective and therefore do not teach them.
Instead, the professional method used in my How to Read Sheet Music course trains the eyes to recognize reference notes and patterns on the treble clef as well as bass clef. This is the method used by music conservatories to train professional classical musicians due to its proven effectiveness.


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Ronda Rousey's former manager speaks out on contract dispute
March 6, 2018 April 4, 2014 by Jack Bratcher
The California State Athletic Commission has ruled that the contract between UFC women's bantamweight champion Ronda Rousey and former manager, Darin Harvey of Fight Tribe Management, is invalid and unenforceable as it relates to her professional fighting career. There is also a commercial aspect of the contract which will be decided through arbitration or through California Superior Court. But, regarding the CSAC's decision and his thoughts on how Rousey has handled this whole thing, Harvey has made the following statement:
"When I first met Ronda Rousey four years ago, she was destitute and UFC President Dana White was quoted as saying a woman would never fight in the UFC. I set out to make Ronda a star and prove Dana wrong. The results speak for themselves. Ronda is now a highly sought-after model, spokesperson and actress, not to mention the first and still reigning female UFC champion. She deserves all the credit in the world for her accomplishments, but she never would have achieved such unprecedented success without the unwavering financial investment, career guidance and professional support Fight Tribe Management and I provided her.
I am not a litigious person, but I never thought for a moment that once she made it to the top, Ronda would turn her back on us and refuse to honor her legal and moral obligations. After months of radio silence and without even giving me the courtesy of an explanation I was forced to go to court to compel Ronda to private arbitration per the terms of our agreement. Before that could be sorted out, Ronda's legal team ran to the State Athletic Commission, demanded an expedited hearing and tried to get our entire agreement thrown out on a technicality. During our four-hour hearing last week, I finally heard Ronda's side of the story. Frankly, it's pathetic and I'm not surprised the Commission chose not to include any of that in their written decision. The Commission did properly reject Ronda's attempt to invalidate the entirety of our agreement, and I am very pleased with that aspect of their decision. Our case against Ronda will now proceed. I am confident that when all the facts are presented to an impartial private arbitrator, Fight Tribe Management's contributions to Ronda's career will be fully recognized and fairly rewarded."
You never want to hear about a successful person turning their back on the people that helped them make it big, or those celebrities who "forget where they came from". Is that what Ronda Rousey has done in this case? Frankly, I don't know. There's always two sides to a story. What are your thoughts?
For more background and information on this story visit Sherdog.com.
Categories UFC, Women's MMA Tags contract dispute, CSAC, Darin Harvey, featured, Fight Tribe Management, legal, MMA contracts, Ronda Rousey Post navigation
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5-bromouracil (5-Bu), 5-chlorouracil (5-Cu) and 5-iodouracil (5-Iu) can replace thymine in DNA but, 2-aminopurine (2-AP) is incorporated in such a small amount that it could not be possible to find out which base it replaces. 2,6-diaminopurine is also highly mutagenic, but its effect has not been studied in detail. Although these base analogues are much less inhibitory for bacterial and phage growth than other purine and pyrimidine analogues, yet they are much more mutagenic. Their mutagenic effect has been attributed, therefore, to pairing mistakes due to their incorporation in DNA.
(i) 5-Bromouracil (Bu) or 5-Bromodeoxy-uridine (BUdr). 5-Bu can pair with adenine just like thymine (Fig. 23.2). Occasionally 5-Bu loses a hydrogen atom in position-1 and pairs with guanine instead of adenine (Fig. 23.3). This pairing mistake may occur at the time of 'incorporation' (Fig. 23.4) or after incorporation at the time of 'replication'.
Hence both kinds of transitions, G-C into A-T and A-T into GC should be inducible. Thus although 5-Bu-induced mutations are mainly due to Bu-incorporation, the frequency of forward mutations is not necessarily proportional to the amount of Bu incorporated, since the ratio of mistakes in incorporation to mistakes in replication may vary. The higher frequency of pairing mistakes are due to higher electronegativity of Br in Bu as compared to methyl group in thymine (methyl uracil). The pyrimidine ring gets poorer in electrons and thus can lose H-atom at position-1 more easily than in thymine, thus giving rise to enol form. This suggests that mistakes in incorporation may be more frequent, since once incorporated, the electronegativity of Bu is reduced and the mistakes in replication will be less frequent (Fig. 23.5). Thus changes GC →AT should be more frequent.
Fig. 23.2. Base pairing between adenine (A) and normal keto state of 5-bromouracil (5-Bu).
Fig. 23.3. Base pairing between adenine (A) and rare enol form of 5-bromouracil (5-Bu).
Fig. 23.4. Steps involved in GC →AT base pair transition due to mistake in incorporation of 5-bromouracil (5-Bu).
Fig. 23.5. Steps involved in AT → GC base pair transition due to mistake in replication caused by the presence of 5-bromouracil (5-Bu).
Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) is more effective mutagen probably because it is more easily converted to deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate. Both Bu and BUdR induce point mutations.
(ii) 2-Aminopurine (AP). 2-AP can pair with thymine (T) by 2-hydrogen bonds (Fig. 23.6) and with cytosine (C) by a single bond (Fig. 23.7). The pairing involving two bonds is more common, since in the other case, nitrogen (N) in AP and nitrogen (N) in cytosine (C) repel each other and cause their separation. Incorporation of AP at place of guanine (G) to give AP-C base pair will cause mutation in subsequent generations (Fig. 23.8). Similarly a mistake in replication after incorporation of AP, leading to the formation of AP-T base pair may lead to a mutation (Fig. 23.9). AP will thus induce transitions in both directions.
Fig. 23.6. Normal base pairing between 2-aminopurine (2-AP) and thymine (T).
Fig. 23.7. Rare base pairing between 2-aminopurine (2-AP) and cytosine (C).
Fig. 23.8. Steps involved in GC →AT base pair transition due to mistake in incorporation of 2-aminopurine (AP).
Fig. 23.9. Steps involved in AT →GC base pair transition due to mistake in replication caused by the presence of 2-aminopurine (AP).
(b) Inhibition of nucleic acid precursors. There are several agents which interfere with normal synthesis of nucleic acid precursors. While some interfere with synthesis of purines or pyrimidines, others are more specific and interfere with the synthesis of thymine, adenine, or guanine. Azaserine is one of the strongest mutagen inhibiting purine synthesis. Since this is also an alkylating agent, its mutagenicity may be due to its alkylating ability rather than its inhibitory action. Similarly urethane is an inhibitor of pyrimidine synthesis and also a mild alkylating agent. Thymine inhibits the production of chromosome breaks by urethane. It is surprising that adenine also showed mutagenic effect, though normal purine nucleosides have an antimutagenic effect. It is possible that lack of one base either causes breaks or causes pairing mistakes. It is also possible that the inhibitor causes the formation of another base analogue which is the actual mutagen.
(a) Nitrous acid: Nitrous acid deaminates, the bases G, C and A with decreasing frequency in DNA and with equal frequencies in RNA. Its mutagenic effect was analysed for tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), bacteria, phages T2 and T4, yeast and other organisms. HNO2 deaminates adenine (A) to hypoxanthine (H) (Fig. 23.10); cytosine (C) to uracil (U) (Fig. 23.11) and guanine (G) to xanthine (X) (Fig. 23.12). H pairs with C (Fig. 23.13); U pairs with A (Fig. 23.14) and X pairs with C (Fig. 23.15). Thus HNO2 may bring about changes like AT to GC (due to deamination of A to H); GC to AT (due to deamination of C to U) (Figs. 23.16, 23.17), but no change is brought about when guanine is deaminated to xanthine (Fig. 23.18).
Fig. 23.10. Conversion of adenine (A) into hypoxanthine (H) due to deamination caused by nitrous acid (HNO2).
Fig. 23.11. Conversion of cytosine (C) into uracil (U) due to deamination caused by nitrous acid (HNO2).
Fig. 23.12. Conversion of guanine (G) into xanthine (X) due to deamination caused by nitrous acid (HNO2).
Fig. 23.13. Base pairing between cytosine (c) and hypoxanthine (H).
Fig. 23.14. Base pairing between adenine (A) and uracil (U).
Fig. 23.16. Steps involved in AT → GC base pair transition caused due to deamination of adenine (A) into hypoxanthine (H) and H-C base pairing.
Fig. 23.17. Steps involved in GC→AT base pair transition caused due to deamination of cytosine (C) into uracil (U) followed by A-U base pairing.
Fig. 23.18. Effect of deamination on guanine (G) to give xanthine (X) resulting into no change in G-C base pair.
(b) Hydroxylamine (HA = NH2.OH) and hydrazine (HZ = NH2NH2). In DNA, cytosine is the strongest reacting base when treated with hydroxylamine (HA). Therefore, it is possible that the major mutagenic effect of HA is due to alteration of C. Hydroxylamine probably causes hydroxylation of cytosine at amino group giving rise to hydroxylcytosine, which then subsequently pairs with adenine (Fig. 23.19). This is because the hydroxyl-amino group should be more electronegative than amino group (due to electronegative oxygen) and hence this hydroxylated molecule should be more frequently in the tautomeric form having a hydrogen atom in place of nitrogen at position-3. This tautomeric form can not pair with guanine (G) but can pair with adenine (A). Thus we should expect that the effect of hydroxylamine (HA) on DNA induces base pair transitions predominantly (Fig. 23.20).
Fig. 23.19. Conversion of cytosine (C) into hydroxylcytosine (HC), which pairs with adenine (A) and not with guanine (G).
Fig. 23.20. Steps involved in GC→AT base pair transition, due to conversion of cytosine (C) into hydroxylcytosine (HC) followed by A-HC base pairing.
The effect of hydrazine lies in breaking the rings of uracil and cytosine giving rise to pyrazolone and 3-aminopyrasole respectively. Treatment of RNA by anhydrous hydrazine produces 'ribo-apyrimidinic acid' free of pyrimidines and the treatment of DNA produces the corresponding 'apyrimidinic acid'.
(c) Alkylating agents. Many mutagenic agents carry one, two or more alkyl groups in a reactive form. These are called mono-, bi- or poly functional alkylating agents. Most extensively studied alkylating agents both with tespect to their chemical effects as well as mutagenic effects are diethyl sulphate (DES), dimethyl sulphate (DMS), methyl methane sulphonate (MMS), ethylethane sulphonate (EES) and ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS). They all act as mono-functional agents even when they carry two groups like DES and DMS, since each group alkylates separately. DNA can be changed by alkylating agents in four different ways.
(i) Alkylation of phosphate groups of nucleic acids. When phosphate group is alkylated (Fig. 23.21), unstable phosphate triester is formed, which hydrolyses to return the alkyl group. If enough alkyl groups remain attached till the time of duplication, the duplication might be inhibited, The attached alkyl group may, but not necessarily, interfere with duplication in such a manner that non-complementary bases may be incorporated.
(ii) Hydrolysis of triester between sugar and phosphate. Hydrolysis of phosphate triester may take place between sugar and phosphate and thus causes the breakage of backbone (Fig. 23.22). This will be lethal or cause larger alterations, but will not cause point mutations.
Fig. 23.21. Alkylation (Al) of phosphate (Ph) group in a polynucleotide segment of DNA.
Fig. 23.22. Alkylation (Al) of phosphate (Ph) group leading to breakage of backbone of a polyniicleotide segment of DNA.
(iii) Alkylation of bases. Some of the bases are also alkylated (Fig. 23.23). Although 1-methyl adenine, 3-methyl adenine, 1,3-dimethyl adenine and some cytosine derivatives can also be obtained, 7-alkyl guanine is the most common derivative formed, which may pair with thymine instead of pairing with cytosine (Fig. 23.24). The alkylated bases may inhibit DNA duplication or cause base pair mistakes during DNA duplication.
Fig. 23.23. Alkyiation (Al) of bases (B) leading to breakage of backbone of a polynucleotide segment of DNA.
Fig. 23.24. Base pairing between 7-ethylguanine (7-EG) and thymine (T).
(iv) Depurination. Alkylation of guanine at 7th position gives rise to quaternary nitrogen which is unstable. This either hydrolyzes away the alky! group or else alkylated purine separates from deoxyribose sugar leaving it depurinated (Fig. 23.25). The gap may then interfere with DNA duplication or may cause incorporation of wrong base (Fig. 23.26). The depurinated DNA is also more labile and may undergo breakage in the backbone soon after. This may induce large alterations or may be lethal but will not cause point mutations.
Fig. 23.25. Two different fates of 7-ethylguanine formed due to alkylation : (a) ethyl group liberated or (b) 7-ethylguanine is cleaved off (depurination).
Fig. 23.26. Alkylation of phosphate (Ph) groups and bases (B) leading to breakage of sugar-base linkage.


text:
Q: TabLayout always shows the last fragment I am trying to fill Tablayout from 2 different fragments depending on the value (0 or 1) of the argument Radios.newInstance(int type)
The first fragment contains all radio stations and the second contains the favorite stations
But it shows me always the fragment containing the favorite stations
public class HomeFragment extends Fragment {

public static final String TAG = "HomeFragment";
private SectionsPagerAdapter mSectionsPagerAdapter;
private ProgressBar mProgressView;
private ViewGroup mContainer;
private BaseActivity activity;

public HomeFragment() {
}

public static HomeFragment newInstance() {
    return new HomeFragment();
}

public void showProgress(final boolean show) {
    mContainer.setVisibility(show ? View.GONE : View.VISIBLE);
    mProgressView.setVisibility(show ? View.VISIBLE : View.GONE);
}

@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
                         Bundle savedInstanceState) {

    View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_home, container, false);
    activity = (BaseActivity) getActivity();
    activity.findViewById(R.id.tabs).setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
    getActivity().getWindow().setSoftInputMode(WindowManager.LayoutParams.SOFT_INPUT_ADJUST_RESIZE);

    activity.getSupportActionBar().show();
    mProgressView = (ProgressBar) activity.findViewById(R.id.progress);
    mContainer = container;
    showProgress(true);

    ViewPager mViewPager = (ViewPager) view.findViewById(R.id.container);

    List<Fragment> fragments = new Vector<Fragment>();
    fragments.add(RadiosFragment.newInstance(0));
    fragments.add(RadiosFragment.newInstance(1));

    mSectionsPagerAdapter = new SectionsPagerAdapter(getChildFragmentManager(), fragments);

    mViewPager.setAdapter(mSectionsPagerAdapter);
    TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) activity.findViewById(R.id.tabs);
    tabLayout.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
    tabLayout.setTabMode(TabLayout.GRAVITY_CENTER);
    tabLayout.setupWithViewPager(mViewPager);
    showProgress(false);

    return view;
}

public class SectionsPagerAdapter extends FragmentStatePagerAdapter {

    private List<Fragment> mFragments;

    public SectionsPagerAdapter(FragmentManager fm, List<Fragment> fragments) {
        super(fm);
        mFragments = fragments;

    }

    @Override
    public Fragment getItem(int position) {
        return mFragments.get(position);
    }

    @Override
    public int getCount() {
        return 2;
    }

    @Override
    public CharSequence getPageTitle(int position) {

        switch (position) {
            case 0:
                return "RADIOS";
            case 1:
                return "FAVORITES";
            default:
                return null;
        }

    }
}
}

This is the fragment that i want to show, if type == 0 it shows the all radio stations, and if type == 1 it shows the favorite stations
public class RadiosFragment extends Fragment {

private static String TYPE = "NONE";

private FirebaseRecyclerAdapter<FireBaseManager.Radio, ViewHolder> mAdapter = null;
private FirebaseRecyclerAdapter<FireBaseManager.Favorites, ViewHolder> mAdapter_fav = null;

private RecyclerView recyclerView;

public ArrayList<FireBaseManager.Favorites> listOrder;

public RadiosFragment() { }

public static RadiosFragment newInstance(int type) {
    if (type == 1 )
        TYPE = "favorite";
    else
        TYPE = "radios";

    RadiosFragment fragment = new RadiosFragment();
    Bundle args = new Bundle();
    fragment.setArguments(args);
    return fragment;
}

@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

}

@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
                         Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_item_list, container, false);

    final Context context = view.getContext();
    getActivity().getWindow().setSoftInputMode(WindowManager.LayoutParams.SOFT_INPUT_ADJUST_RESIZE);

    recyclerView = (RecyclerView) view.findViewById(R.id.list);
    recyclerView.setLayoutManager(new LinearLayoutManager(context));

    Query query = FireBaseManager.Radio.Ref.orderByChild(FireBaseManager.Radio.Table.Name.text);
    ProgressDialog progressDialog = new ProgressDialog(getContext());

    if (TYPE == "favorite"){
                    ....
                    @Override
                    protected void populateViewHolder(ViewHolder viewHolder, FireBaseManager.Favorites model, int position) {
                        ...
                        viewHolder.Initialize(Data);
                        ...
                    }
                };
                recyclerView.setAdapter(mAdapter_fav);
            }
        });
    }
    else if(TYPE == "radios") {
                ....
                @Override
                protected void populateViewHolder(ViewHolder viewHolder, FireBaseManager.Radio model, int position) {
                    ...
                    viewHolder.Initialize(Data);
                    ...
                    });
                }
            };
            recyclerView.setAdapter(mAdapter);
        });
    }
    return view;
}

}

I think the problem has to do with onCreateView / onCreate but i am no sure, can you help me please.

A: This might help you.
mViewPager.setCurrentItem(0);

Add this line after you setup tabLayout with viewpager

A: thank you very much for your answers, i have found a solution for my problem.
the solution is to add Listener on the Tablayout and intercept the events.
tabLayout.addOnTabSelectedListener(new TabLayout.OnTabSelectedListener() {
        @Override
        public void onTabSelected(TabLayout.Tab tab) {
            if (tab.getPosition() == 0)

                getActivity().getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction().replace(R.id.flContent, RadiosFragment.newInstance(0), FavoriteActivity.TAG).addToBackStack(null).commit();

            if (tab.getPosition() == 1)

                getActivity().getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction().replace(R.id.flContent, RadiosFragment.newInstance(1), FavoriteActivity.TAG).addToBackStack(null).commit();

        }

        @Override
        public void onTabUnselected(TabLayout.Tab tab) {

        }

        @Override
        public void onTabReselected(TabLayout.Tab tab) {

        }
    });

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text:
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Previously, Justin was the Senior Director of Accounting at Richmond International Raceway and Darlington Raceway, portfolio companies within publicly traded International Speedway Corporation. While at International Speedway Corporation, Justin's role included overseeing all financial management, strategic planning, and budgeting functions for multiple business units.
Justin has a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration and a Master of Professional Accountancy, both from West Virginia University. In addition, he is a Certified Public Accountant and a member of the American Institute of CPAs as well as the Virginia Society of CPAs.
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Waltham, MA, April 17 2018: Global Premier Soccer (GPS) are pleased to announce the latest addition to the GPS network in the form of GPS Dominican Republic, now seeing the club active in 26 states and territories including Puerto Rico and Canada.
GPS Dominican Republic will be based out of the La Media Cancha Facility in Santo Domingo. The launch of the club will see our programming, philosophy and One Vision Plan implemented on the island with local academies and clubs who have partnered with GPS.
The club will gain access to the trained and professional coaches provided by GPS in addition to the curriculum and methodology promoted via the GPS-FC Bayern partnership.
Founded in 2001, GPS is one of the largest and most successful soccer organization in the United States. Its mission is to establish a unique player development model in the US and produce players who can compete at the highest level of world soccer.
GPS is the Official North American partner of German giants FC Bayern Munich. Extended in 2017, the extensive agreement is one of the most unique European Club partnerships ever developed in the United States which includes five annual visits from FC Bayern coaches to the US, monthly conference calls, and curriculum support from the club that developed World Cup Winner such as Philipp Lahm and Thomas Mueller amongst others.
For more information on club partnerships please contact Andy Prosser at aprosser@globalpremiersoccer.com.


text:
Q: What is the proper way to structure build scripts within a CRA React app? I've built both Node.js servers, and React apps before, but I'm working on a project that requires some deployment scripting for the first time.
Specifically, I'd like to be able to have a script download a file locally and generate some json before my CRA React + Typescript build happens, in order to automate some functionality.
More generally though, I'm wondering what the best practice is for creating an arbitrary script (ideally in Typescript!) that can be run as a part of the build pipeline for a React app.
I assume this would be a node or node-ts script of some sort, but I can't figure out how to slot it into the project structure!
Bonus points if WebStorm will still be able to resolve any import/requires :)
Thanks!


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text:
Tacko Fall and Mamadou Ndiaye, both 7-foot-6, whiff on opening tip of Central Florida vs. UC Irvine game
By Bernie Augustine
Nov 19, 2015 | 9:07 AM
UC Irvine center Mamadou Ndiaye and Central Florida center Tacko Fall swing and miss at the opening tip of Wednesday's game in Orlando. (John Raoux/AP)
The bigger they are, the harder they fail.
A pair of 7-foot-6 Senegalese sensations, Tacko Fall and Mamadou Ndiaye, whiffed on the opening tip of Wednesday night's game between Central Florida and U.C. Irvine in Orlando, with the Anteaters only gaining posession after Ndiaye slapped the ball back to guard Alex Dunning after the two big men had already swung and missed at the rock.
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At 7-foot-6, you'd think that at least one of these two guys, UFC's Tacko Fall and UC Irvine's Mamadou Ndiaye, would get a hand on the opening tip. And you'd be wrong for thinking that. (John Raoux/AP)
The game was billed as the tallest matchup in college basketball history, and Knights fans were cheering "He's big. He's tall. His name is Tacko Fall," from the outset.
Morbidly obese terrorist 'Jabba the Jihadi' captured
Fall didn't give them much to cheer about, though. He had just six points and seven rebounds in 27 minutes, he also had four blocks, in his debut — he was only recently cleared by the NCAA — while Ndiaye played only 19 minutes and scored five points and pulled down a whopping two rebounds.
"Now I can see how people feel when they play against me," Fall said after the 61-60 overtime loss.
— With News Wire Services
mamadou ndiaye
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Penn State football program hit with hazing claims, including threats 'to Sandusky' players


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This might be size – a child's bench or a bench to suit 7 adults, special or ornate carvings to reflect a country, person or specific place, style – traditional asian benches are very different to western benches or material – teak will outlast any other timber for durability. Memorial benches with custom engravings carved directly into the wood are a particular example of unique benches, often donated by families to local governments for display in parks and other public spaces.
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Benchesare part of our collection of solid Teak furniture from Indonesia and this is a custom bench for 7 persons for a customer in Phoenix.


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text:
Q: create column for a table from select data from another table column I have a table that shows the date information of a topic.
FirstTable looks like this:

id
DateP

1
1397/01/02

2
1398/05/09

3
1398/06/07

4
1398/08/09

5
1399/02/01

I want to create columns for another table that are the result of selecting the DateP column from FirstTable.
SecondTable looks like this:

id
1397/01/02
1398/05/09
1398/06/07
1398/08/09
1399/02/01

1

2

3

I am trying below but no success.
DECLARE @i INT = 0;
DECLARE @DatTim NVARCHAR(50)='';
SELECT @count=  Count(*) FROM FirstTable

WHILE @i <= @count
BEGIN
    @DatTim=(select DateP+TimeP FROM FirstTable where id=@i)
    ALTER TABLE SecondTable ADD @DatTim NVARCHAR(50);
    SET @i = @i + 1;
END

Please guide me in finding the SQL code.

A: Thanks to the members, thank God, I was able to find a solution
DECLARE @i INT = 1;
DECLARE @count INT = 0;
DECLARE @DatTim NVARCHAR(50)='';
Set @count=(select Count(*) FROM FirstTable)

WHILE @i <= @count
BEGIN
    Set @DatTim=(select DateP FROM FirstTable where id=@i)
    exec ('ALTER TABLE SecondTable ADD ['+@DatTim +'] int NULL')
    SET @i = @i + 1;
END


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text:
Rollins student gets transatlantic flight back to Florida all to himself
Florida named deadliest state for cyclists
By Adrienne Cutway
With more than 100 deaths per year, Florida is still the deadliest state for cyclists, according to a CDC study.
The study, released last month, examines deaths per state for two time periods: 1975 to 1979 and 2008 to 2012.
With .57 cyclist deaths per 100,000 people, Florida proved to be the deadliest of all 50 states yet again and it doesn't seem like that is poised to change any time soon.
Researchers also examined how much deaths decreased between the two time periods and Florida had a 9.7 percent decrease. Only Wyoming fared worse with a 6.7 percent decrease, but its overall fatality rate was much lower at 0.17 deaths per 100,000 during the more recent period of the study.
Like any other study, this one has its limitations. It only accounted for fatalities that involved a motor vehicle and happened on a public road, which means the fatality rates could be higher than what we see in the numbers.
On top of that, the data was measured in terms of population, but it's been suggested that measuring it in terms of distance traveled or number of cycling trips could make for a better representation.
As more and more people turn to cycling as their primary mode of transportation, the report highlights the need to keep the streets safe. Click here to read the full analysis at CDC.gov.


There are some simple tips to remember with pool safety.
1. Watch your children at all times. Even the best of swimmers need to be watched.
2. Learn how to swim yourself if you do not know how. Take swimming lessons.
3. Know how to administer CPR and have a first aid kit on hand.
4. Have a phone close by in case of emergencies.
5. Install a fence at least 4 feet high around the perimeter of your pool.
6. Use self-closing and self-latching gate locks to keep children from accidentally wandering into the area.
7. Teach others about pool safety.
Closing Out a Home Improvement Project Are you Fully Insured with Homeowners Insurance?


text:
Leucon americanus är en kräftdjursart som beskrevs av John Todd Zimmer 1943. Leucon americanus ingår i släktet Leucon och familjen Leuconidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

Kommakräftor
americanus

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Kimchi Fried Rice is one of the "go to" recipes in every Korean home. Tired, feeling lazy, or maybe drunk but you are hungry? The answer is kimchi fried rice. Haven't gone to the store? Perhaps you are a college student and tired of ramen. The answer is kimchi fried rice.
When you look into every Korean kitchen you are likely to find 2 things in common: kimchi and rice. Add in a few more items and cook it up and you have a quick, simple and delicious meal.
As with many Korean foods, it goes back to the time when most people in Korea were poor. They would start to run out of things to cook and the ingenious women would think of something delicious to still feed their families. So, with a few scraps, some rice and the ever present kimchi, this amazing dish was born.
Now it has become a common staple on virtually every Korean table. Even in many restaurants when you have finished the main course. The server will return with a plate of rice and a bowl of kimchi. Right before your eyes they turn that and your leftovers into culinary heaven.
How Can You Get The Main Ingredient?
In most markets you may not find kimchi easily but, if it is there, you will probably find it in the produce section's specialty section. However, if you want the best kimchi, you will need to go to a true Asian food store or your closest "Korea/China-town" to get it homemade.
Our recipe was shared with us by a dear friend. She is a hard working wife and mother of 2. So you know that she has a lot of practice at pleasing a picky eater. Her recipe is an adaptation of her mother's family recipe. Tried, tested and proven over many generations. Each mother changing it slightly to make it their own before passing it on to their own children. Now its your turn. Give tis delicious recipe a try and then try adding your own spin on it. As always, we hope you will let us know how it turned out!
1. Dice the ham into small cubes.
3. Heat the oil in a frying pan, add the ham, kimchi and sugar and fry on medium heat until ham is heated through.
5. Set finished rice aside and fry egg to your preferred liking.
6. Serve rice topped with fried egg and garnish with a sprinkle of sesame seeds.
7. Enjoy by yourself or with friends and family! Korean food always tastes better when shared!


How do you guys remember who you have met?
How far have you traveled for this hobby?
Questionable, Invalid, and Hilarious Bad Auctions!
Monster Mania 39 Mess: "The Altamont of Horror Conventions"
Is Legends Of The Ring 26 the last?
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Community & Business Partners C.I.C. appoint Operations Director
Jaydee Davis has been appointed as the new Operations Director of Blackburn-based C.I.C, Community & Business Partners. The company, which works across Lancashire has been linking business and community since 1988 and most recently launched lovefromlancs.com as a voluntary response to COVID-19.
A well known face across the County's business networks, Jaydee has worked with many businesses on the County's Boost Business Lancashire Programme, and works to match experienced mentors with businesses.
Following five successful years as the Operations Manager, she will take up the Operations Director role with immediate effect. Community & Business Partners Chief Executive Amanda Meachin said "Jaydee has put an enormous amount of work into promoting business across Lancashire. Not only that, but she has ensured that we as a team are organised and well placed to provide that support".
"As the County moves to a new strategy, from that of growth to resilience, it's important that we have those with the knowledge and strength at the forefront. Jaydee is that person".
Operations Director Jaydee Davis said "I was born and brought up in Lancashire, it's where my heart is and I am ready for the challenge that lies before me. And all of a sudden that challenge just got bigger. I will do everything I can to support business in the County, and to drive forward Community & Business Partners.
What was always going to be a big challenge, has now become a huge challenge. It is also an enormous opportunity to shape the Community & Business Partners of the future.
Amy King2020-04-01T17:11:19+01:00
Community & Business Partners CIC to deliver Government-backed peer networks initiative in Lancashire
UK FUNDING AWARDED TO HELP LOCAL PEOPLE DEVELOP DIGITAL ENGINEERING SKILLS TO FIND JOBS POST COVID – 19
A Lancashire-wide relief effort has been launched this morning to support those in isolation by utilising the spare capacity of hospitality businesses during the Coronavirus pandemic.
Boost check-in: Gaining the confidence to grow your business
Innovation agency sees global expansion after Boost mentoring
© Copyright | Web Site by D&M Creative Limited | All Rights Reserved
CBP is an ethical, diverse organisation that empowers communities and businesses to build quality relationships, connect people and achieve success without boundaries.
Community & Business Partners CIC Room 7, Energy Zone, Newfield Drive, Blackburn, Lancashire BB2 3UA


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At EscapeShoes, you will be able to find the famous Outsider line from this irreverent brand. The products that belong to this line continue the idea of nonconformity that is part of the identity of the brand, but are more flexible and easy-going and towards people that have a youthful spirit. Most of these models are characterized for their use of colours and materials that stand out and for their thick and lightweight sole that wishes to give you a relaxed walk while you keep your cheerful and youthful look.
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Animal In Captivity
Disadvantages of Animals in Captivity Elizabeth Weise in her journal for International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) stated that approximately 18000 more species on the top list of endangered wild animals and 1940 species of the latter are listed as critically endangered wildlife (E.Weise,2011)¹. However, conservation is not the main reason for keeping animals in captivity. For thousands of years, animals have lived without being captivated by human. Keeping animals in captivity have a lot of disadvantages such as animal abuse, limits animals' freedom and changes in animal behaviors. Firstly, keeping animals in captivity promotes animal abuse. Animals in circuses are used for entertainment purposes. They are tortured with inhumane methods such as beating and using electrical prod to make sure they perform well in training and shows. This is because businesses focus more on profit making rather than the animals' welfare. According to Mayra Calvani in her journal in World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) mentioned that in Latin America and Europe, around 250,000 bulls die per year due to tortured and killed for entertainment purpose especially in bullfighting. (M.Calvani, 2008)². This shows that, keeping animals for entertainment purposes promotes animal abuse. Secondly, captivity also takes away animals' freedom. Many of wild animals cannot cope with situation that they are taken from their natural habitats and placed in captivity. They cannot carry on their normal activity like in the wild and become listless and inactive in zoo. They also lose their natural abilities such as sprinting and hunting when placed in captivity. According to Virginia McKenna, the founder of Born Free Foundation and wildlife campaigner of United Kingdom suggested that freedom is a precious concept, and wildlife suffers mentally and physically from the lack
Animal Cruelty In The United States
Just thinking about the skinning of an animal terrifies me, but it saddens me more to know that there are people in the world that can kill animals just for the profit that it can bring to them. When an animal is captured, it is put through unbelievable pain. It sometimes drives the animal to tear through its own flesh and bone, sometimes the animal even loose teeth because they bite on the trap. Sometimes the animals are left suffering for hours before the hunters show up to kill the animal by stumping on the animal. This type of animal cruelty is legal for people with a license to hunt, but for those who are not legalized hunters can face many years in prison and be fined thousands of dollars.
>>I will now inform you of the dangers of owning a wild animal. >The Humane Society of the United States's website tells us that >Exotic animals, by their very nature, are dangerous. Although most exotic animals are territorial and require group interactions, an exotic pet typically isolates and spends the majority of his/her day in a small enclosure unable to roam and express natural behaviors freely. These animals are time bombs waiting to explode. >Wild animals
Stop Animal Testing In Cosmetic Industry
I understand medication being tested on animals but the cosmetic industry should not test on animals because its animal cruelty, the testing is not accurate, and there are other ways to test products. First reason they should not test on animals is because it's animal cruelty. In America animal abuse is illegal. Testing on animals is abuse! Everyday millions of animals are locked in small cages giving them only enough room to turn around, and they have makeup put on them, and thousands die from it everyday.
Cosmetic Testing On Animals Should Be Banned
At least seventy percent of the worlds leading cosmetic companies are testing their products on animals. The Animal Statistics show that at least 12 million animal testing experiments were conducted in Europe during the year 2009. But why do companies do this, don't they know the harm they are doing to the animals? Not only animal testing is wrong, but also inhumane and should be stopped. Each year in the United States, an estimated 70 million animals were blinded, scalded, force-fed chemicals, genetically manipulated, and otherwise hurt and killed in the name of science.
The Importance Of Orca's In Captivity
When comparing orcas held in captivity to orcas that are able to live freely, their behaviors have vast differences. The small tank size they are compressed in, the role in decreased speed and natural movement, lack of diversity to other species all lead to the result of unhealthy habitats, and orcas. Other health problems are blamed on
Persuasive And Informative Essay: Horse Slaughter
Most ex-athletes are slaughtered or sold to slaughter houses because they were not collecting income or were worn out and was physically unable to do anything anymore. Many other species of horses are being sent to slaughter houses such as mothers that are pregnant, general old horses, and horses that are injured. Many horses were abused and even murdered just to be able to be sent to a slaughter house; because of this face the United States has passed a law about animal
Research Paper On Horse Slaughter
If you don't deserve it then either does the animals of the world. If somebody took something of mine I will take something of theirs because it isn't fair to anyone or anything. I am tired of people murdering then for no reason at all. Animals (horses) all over the world get killed because there are so many slaughter houses in the world. I chose this topic because people need to know what a lot of people in the world do to animals it just sickens a lot of people because of their cruelty.
Argumentative Essay On Horse Slaughter
Panicked horses are often prodded and beaten off the truck and into the kill-chute. An improper use of stunning equipment, designed to render the animal unconscious with a swift shot to the head, means that horses sometimes endure repeated blows, and remains conscious during their own slaughter, including throat slitting." There have been myths about horse slaughter being a form of humane euthanasia. The fact is it's a far cry from being "humane." Euthanasia means a gentle, painless death provided in order to prevent suffering; Horses for slaughter are shipped for more than 24 hours at a time in crowded double-decker cattle trucks without food, water or rest. Pregnant mares, foals, injured horses, and even blind horses must endure
Amish Animal Abuse
Buggy horses are tortured every day, just to die a disgusting death at the slaughterhouse the horse will be sent to when it cannot fight anymore. Allowing the Amish to continue to abuse these horses should be against the law. Using horses as vehicles is ignorant as well as idiotic. It is not safe, and there are other transportation methods that can be available to the Amish. With the technology today, horses are no longer required for the Amish to get to where they want to go.
What is more, zoos are like prisons for animals as they live in small cages and do not get necessary food. In addition, animals become very aggressive and unpredictable as they get older and often attack zoo keepers and other people. However, most people think that zoos help endangered species survive. But this is not true because most rare animals are extremely difficult to breed in captivity. Besides, in zoos, it is almost impossible to meet the animals' natural needs.
More about Animal In Captivity


The world is grey, not black and white.
Did you know that? I mean, not, have you heard it said? I mean, is this a visceral knowing for you? Can you feel it in your guts that nothing is ever one thing or another…that interpretation is Pantone-rich.
I was discussing morality the other day with Drew Jacob. I told him I thought nobility and duty was a pretty stupid hill to die on; that living, no matter how tarnished you feel you've become, is almost always a better way to serve.
He replied that his takeaway was that you need to be more careful of what you commit to, not that commiting, and dying for that commitment, is the wrong thing to do.
We're both right, of course (Naturally, we're also both wrong, in a different set of circumstances).
Circumstances and values; context and degree intertwine in a complex harmony.
Drew says "Values, not rules." And I agree.
As long as it doesn't become a rule or anything.


APME/ASNE: How Did We Do? Take Our Survey Today!
If you attended, we'd like to hear what was useful and how we could improve. If you didn't attend, we'd appreciate feedback on what might make you more likely to attend the 2016 conference in Philadelphia.
Please respond by Nov. 20. Link to the survey here.


Highly acclaimed Canadian emcee Moka Only (Swollen Members co founder) just dropped his newest body of work titled "Concert For One" and it's a follow up to his 12 albums for 12 months in 2016.
Known for his dusty, jazzy beats and unique flow and lyricism, Moka Only gets busy from start to finish with the bars and the beats.
Moka works as a multi-faceted artist, and has been writing, producing, and creating relentlessly since the mid '90s. He has been celebrated by his community, too, and earned a 2015 WCMA Rap Recording of the Year nomination in addition to three Canadian Urban Television nods. And as a co-founder of the Swollen Members — a name that Moka says they used "…because I liked the double entendre" — his successes garnered him three Juno Awards, seven Platinum Plaques, and seven Muchmusic Video Awards. That's not to mention his collaborations with rap legends MF Doom, J Dilla, and Grand Puba, and international tours with the likes of Tanya Morgan and ILLA J — to name a few.
Despite being two decades in, Moka's creative spark remained vibrant through 2016, a year in which he continued to progress and expand his creativity. Through URBNET, Moka gifted fans with his "12 For 12" project, a mammoth musical feat wherein he released one album every month for the entire year. Each album was curated from his trademark palette of anecdotal quips, time hops, and relativity.
Moka may flaunt the traits of a musical superhero through his years of accomplishments, but he has never been one to disappear into the night. He embodies what today's artists strive to attain. That is to say, the experience, the wins, the brain power, and the unbelievable creative will that fuels him. This hero is nowhere near done, and that's apparent on the stellar Concert For One, which is bursting with melodic, soulful boom-bap.
Concert For One is now available for both stream and download through the digital retailer of your choice, and is also available on CD, vinyl and cassette, via URBNET's Bandcamp page.