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Star Citizen Astrometrics - Going Deep Written Monday 24th of July 2017 at 07:00am by Nehkara
Is Star Citizen really only going to be a fraction of its originally planned size at launch?
"Star Citizen will launch with 100 star systems." - $6 million stretch goal (November 18, 2012)
"Star Citizen will launch with 5-10 star systems." - GameStar Magazine interview (July 14, 2017)
On the face of it, those two statements could paint a gloomy picture of Star Citizen. With those two statements alone many would feel justified to cast aspersions on the Star Citizen project.
But all is not as it seems.
Those who have been around the Star Citizen community for most of the journey thus far will recall that the original plan was for 100 systems with roughly 400 landing zones. In some systems these landing zones would have taken the form of space stations. Given the original limitations of the game engine, the surface landing zones would have been roughly 8 x 8 km (64 sq km). This would have given an approximate total land-area in the Star Citizen universe of 25,600 sq km - assuming all 400 of those landing zones were on the surfaces of worlds.
This 8 x 8 km limitation for a given play area is present in most modern game engines - including CryEngine - and is the result of the use of 32-bit floating point numbers to describe the position of an object in the game world. CIG modified their game engine to instead use 64-bit floating point numbers for this purpose which, believe it or not, expands the total play area to billions of kilometers in each direction - enough to build a star system inside.
Shortly after Tony Zurovec joined the project in May 2014, the plan was still for small playable areas on the surfaces of some worlds but for significantly more of them. Let's say at that point 1000 landing zones were planned, and that they were larger once the 64 bit floating point change was made to the game engine - let's say 20 x 20 km (400 sq km). At this point these were still going to be mostly artist-created areas and would take a long time… and really not be that large in the grand scheme of a game universe. Lots of assumptions here, but a rough planned land area of 400,000 sq km seems about right.
In 2015, Marco Corbetta brought his expertise in procedural systems to Star Citizen, and he developed a prototype that rapidly thrust Star Citizen into the realm of procedurally-assisted creation of entire worlds. This change would slow the process of building star systems; however, it vastly increased the depth of the universe by allowing the full exploration of almost all rocky worlds.
Stanton has 15 or so rocky worlds (planets + moons). I estimate that Stanton alone has 162 million sq km of rocky world surface area. This is heavily influenced by the fact that microTech, ArcCorp, and Hurston are all super-Earths (larger than Earth).
If we assume an average of 10 rocky worlds per system and that the average size of these worlds is ~1150 km diameter (slightly larger than Delamar), then we arrive at a figure of roughly 480 million sq km in 5 systems or 960 million sq km in 10 systems. The surface area of the real-world Earth is 510 million sq km.
I would estimate the explorable surface area available in the upcoming 3.0 patch to be at least 5.5 million sq km (assuming Yela, Daymar, and Cellin are half the size of Delamar) up to perhaps 12.5 million sq km (assuming all 3 moons in 3.0 are the same size as Delamar, which we know to be 1,000 km diameter).
Keep in mind these estimates do not include space stations, landable asteroids, or floating cities like Crusader's Orison. However, they also do not account for the fact that a world like ArcCorp will not allow free roam of the players across its surface due to its entire surface being covered by city (Stanton's playable surface area shrinks to about ~112 million sq km if you take out ArcCorp). Additionally, these estimates are absolutely that - I don't know what the distribution of different sized worlds will actually be, so I had to make an educated guess.
Star Citizen has made an interesting transition throughout its development. Initially it was going to be a game almost solely played in space, due to the fact that land area was going to be quite limited and your play options in that area would also be limited.
At its current and projected state I would say it is much more balanced. There is a ton of gameplay to be had in space, but every day they are adding more to the surface as they now have this massively expanded play area to utilize.
Big is good but Empty is bad
Having this gigantic play area is fantastic. However, a large play area without enough content to keep the players engaged isn't good game design. This will remain a concern for many players until CIG can prove that such a concern is unwarranted.
I am cautiously optimistic based on what we've seen and heard of the plans for procedural worlds. Varied biomes, outposts, bases, cities, and derelicts should all contribute significant gameplay, while the mining, science, research, exploration, and farming professions (among others) should all add their own content to these worlds as well.
If you let them build it, they will come
One of the keys to actually and properly filling that much playable area with content is to allow players to build their own bases/structures/homes/farms on the surfaces of planets. This opportunity was identified early on by Chris Roberts and was elaborated upon by Erin Roberts recently in an interview by BoredGamerUK. There are no estimations on when this content will come as it was not considered a priority until more recently.
I personally expect the addition of player-built assets to be accelerated somewhat in the long run as it would be an obvious way for the game universe to be filled out without CIG having to do it all themselves.
Exploration Realized
The ability to truly explore has long been a major expectation of Star Citizen. The gigantic star systems and now the huge explorable area on the surfaces of worlds add up to a game universe so vast that you can actually have a true exploration experience. From canyons, craters, jungles, and mountains to nebulae, asteroid belts, comets and black holes (to name just a few), there should be enough there to satisfy any explorer.
The second piece to this was how to reward exploration. Exploration does have some inherent rewards but with ships needing fuel, insurance, and other upkeep, there must be some UEC available in this equation as well. Obviously there could be some rewards to be found in ship derelicts, but the most important piece to this puzzle is the ability to sell data - sensor data and locations for mining and salvaging opportunities, scientific data from interesting phenomena, or the locations of undiscovered Jump Points.
One of my longstanding concerns for Star Citizen has been how one creates enough exploration content to ensure a true sense of discovery. I feel that CIG has the foundation for their solution.
An Expanding Universe
One of the aspects I feel is of great importance to the long term health of Star Citizen is for CIG to completely flesh out their star system pipeline before release. Post-release the cadence for adding new star systems to the universe should be regular and as rapid as can be achieved while maintaining high quality. We have seen what the ship pipeline has done to the timelines for completing ships; hopefully the star system pipeline can achieve similar results in the future.
A truly grand adventure
Star Citizen will not feature 100 star systems at initial launch. The number will be a much more conservative 5-10 systems. However, I hope that I have properly portrayed that if the surfaces of these worlds are properly fleshed out, this was not truly a loss for the Star Citizen universe.
The original plan for roughly 25,600 sq km of playable surface area in the full 100 systems has become an estimated 480 million sq km in just 5 systems or 960 million sq km in 10. If we extrapolate out into the future when all 100 systems are complete under the new game design of fully-realized worlds, this play area becomes an estimated 9.6 billion sq km - or 375,000 times larger than the original design.
An already deep game concept has become deeper, richer, and more varied.
If you'd like to see my calculations, check them out here:
Surface Area of Rocky Worlds in Star Citizen


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'The Cosby Show': Bill Cosby Changed His Character's Role From Limo Driver to Doctor
by Monique Douty linkedin | More Articles: Celebrity
When television shows are in the early creative phases, they rarely turn out exactly the way they were envisioned. All sorts of changes take place between the planning and execution stages. Ideas are scrapped, characters evolve into something completely different, and plots are reconsidered.
The Cosby Show went through a few of those significant changes before it hit the air in 1984. Several changes were made, from the professions of the characters to the number of kids in the family. Apparently, the changes were smart ones, because The Cosby Show was one of the most successful family sitcoms of all time.
'The Cosby Show' dominated prime-time family fun in the '80s
The Cosby Show cast | Frank Carroll/NBCU Photo Bank
The Cosby Show was perhaps the most iconic family sitcom of the 1980s. Families eagerly gathered around the television every week to welcome the Huxtables into their homes. Cliff and Clair, along with their five kids, epitomized the successful, nuclear family.
Cliff was a hard-working obstetrician, highly skilled and devoted to his patients. Quick-witted Clair was a strong female role model for her four daughters, working as a top-notch lawyer in a field dominated by men. The couple had a solid marriage with an indestructible foundation, often working as a team to outsmart their five children.
The couple's eldest daughter, Sondra, was an overachieving college student who attended Princeton. Next came Denise, the exact opposite of her older sister. Denise was a free spirit with a love of fashion and partying. Right in the middle of the Huxtable brood was the only boy–Theo.
Theo was athletic, girl-crazy, and not too concerned about his grades (which were the source of a constant struggle between him and his parents). Vanessa was next, 11 years old when the series started and facing typical pre-teen problems. The youngest of the bunch was Rudy, an outspoken, precocious kid who gave the audience a lot of laughs throughout the series.
Cliff Huxtable wasn't originally supposed to be a doctor
Bill Cosby as Dr. Heathcliff Huxtable and Keshia Knight Pulliam as Rudy Huxtable of 'The Cosby Show | Al Levine/NBCU Photo Bank/NBCUniversal via Getty Images via Getty Images
The Cosby Show was originally inspired by one of Bill Cosby's stand-up sketches. He wasn't fond of the family sitcoms he was seeing on television at the time, with wise-cracking kids who always seemed to have the upper hand on their parents. He came up with a more traditional show where the kids would get into funny messes, but the parents always came out on top.
Cosby pitched the idea to producers Marcy Carsey and Tom Werner, but there were a few changes to his original plans. He originally planned for Cliff to be a limo driver and Clair to be a plumber. Cosby's wife, Camille, disagreed. She thought it would be a better idea to create the characters to more closely resemble their own family, with the parents working white-collar jobs.
Marcy Carsey agreed with Camille, and Cosby knew he'd lost the battle. He rewrote the pitch, making Cliff an obstetrician and Clair an attorney.
Other surprising facts about 'The Cosby Show'
The Huxtables professions weren't the only early changes to Cosby's original pitch. He had envisioned Clair as having a Dominican background. He planned to have her launch into Ricky Ricardo-style rants whenever she became really frustrated, lapsing into fluent Spanish during a tirade.
There were also only supposed to be four Huxtable children, but Sondra was later added in as a successful college student as a nod to Cliff and Clair's awesome parenting skills.
What's the Net Worth of 'The Cosby Show' Cast Today?
Fans absolutely adored Keshia Knight-Pulliam, who portrayed Rudy, the youngest of the Huxtable kids. She was smart as a whip, sarcastic, and fast-talking, and she never failed to make the audience burst out in the laughter. Viewers almost got a very different version of Rudy Huxtable, however.
Originally, Rudy was supposed to be a boy, and Jaleel White had put in a fantastic audition for the part. In fact, his agent was so sure he had the part on lock that he told them to start looking for a home in New York City. Oops.
Tags:Bill Cosby celebrities The Cosby Show tv shows

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Today (June 22, 2015): Top 10 world's ultimate glamping sites.
Camping is the ultimate way to get back to nature. It makes for great storytelling around the camp fire, beautiful adventures in the majestic outdoors, and bonding with family and friends. However, many, especially discerning travelers are put off by the lack of facilities and suboptimal sleeping comfort. But there is an alternative these days: glamorous camping or 'glamping'. Glamping offers the thrill of a camping adventure in the wilderness, but without compromising on comfort and with all five-star luxury amenities present. I hereby present you my selection of the world's 10 most (ultra)luxurious glamping sites, that should be on your bucket list (if you have deep pockets).
More info below the slide show. Think I missed one? Share your favorite glamping site in the comments section, or take my poll below!
EcoCamp is situated in the very heart of Torres del Paine National Park – one of most amazing places to visit in South America – and provides the region's first fully sustainable accommodation, complete with green technology. You enjoy guided treks and wildlife excursions by day and share fabulous evening meals with new friends, before falling asleep gazing up at the star-filled sky through your dome ceiling. Domes are built in the same shape as the ancient Kaweskar tribe dwellings. The camp is still rather basic, so be sure to book one of the suite domes, the only ones with an ensuite bathroom, that were designed for sleeping in the highest level of comfort.
Longitude 131° is a transcendent experience of discovery, located in the spirited heart of Australia. Facing majestic Uluru, Longitude 131° commands spectacular views of the outback icon and World Heritage listed wilderness of Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. Crouched in the lee of a red sand dune and set among desert oaks and spinifex, the 15 luxury tented pavilions of Longitude 131° are dwarfed by the majesty of the landscape. Here, you can delve into the foundation of Anangu culture and explore their irresistible land. Luxurious and unfettered, Longitude 131° will make your senses come alive.
Other top 10 accolades: Longitude 131° also features in my top 10 list of the best luxury hotels & lodges in Australia, the world's most luxurious desert retreats, and the world's best wilderness lodges.
Review: click here to read my review of Longitude 131°.
Singita Sabora Tented Camp is situated in an untouched wilderness area of Grumeti Reserves, spanning over 350,000 acres in northern Tanzania, forming part of the Serengeti Mara ecosystem. The resort is ideally positioned on the renowned migratory route traversed annually by more than a million wildebeest, one of the world's greatest wildlife adventures. The intimate 1920s-style explorer's camp with 9 one-bedroom ensuite tents is permeated by a sense of nostalgic adventure. Steeped in character, Singita Sabora Tented Camp surprises guests with an opulence that is delightfully out-of-place with the rugged terrain of the surrounding savannah plains.
An oasis of peace awaits you at Banyan Tree Al Wadi hotel, a desert resort comprising an Asian-inspired spa, a dedicated nature reserve (where you interact with Arabian gazelles, camels and oryxes), an 18-hole championship golf course and access to a private beach. A jewel amidst the endless sandscape, the resort is set against the waters of the Arabian Gulf and magnificent Al Hajjar Mountains, offering you the surreal aura of desert romance. Here, tented roofs in the style of traditional Bedouin nomadic dwelling, modern villa furnishings in classic Arab style and the thrill of your very own private pool in the middle of the desert make your journey a veritable grand adventure.
Amanwana is located on the Moyo, an island reserve east of Bali. Set on a beach in a secluded cove overlooking the Flores Sea, Amanwana is a wilderness hideaway with accommodation in luxury tents. The protected marine park offers some of Indonesia's best scuba diving and snorkelling, with pristine reefs boasting a rich array of sea life. Amanikan is the camp's 32-metre coastal cruiser which hosts adventures to Rinca and Komodo islands where the legendary Komodo dragons can be seen. Jungle treks on Moyo offer guests the chance to discover waterfalls and a variety of birdlife. The island is also home to a sanctuary for the indigenous rusa deer. The resort belongs to Aman, the world's most exclusive hotel brand.
Tip: enjoy free VIP amenities when booking via Virtuoso (e.g. room upgrade, early check-in, late check-out, continental breakfast, and a complimentary dive for 2 at Amanwana's sea wall once per stay or A 60 minute massage per person per stay).
Clayoquot Wilderness Resort, open from May to September, is an exotic paradox of indulgent luxury and remote, untamed wilderness within Canada's Pacific Rim National Park. This unique 21st-century-safari-style enclave of great white canvas suite tents, dining, lounge, and spa tents, offers exquisite cuisine and breathtaking adventures, giving visitors a rare taste of how the fortunate spent their summers 'roughing it' some 100 years ago. Twenty suite tents showcase antique furnishings, opulent rugs, down duvets, remote-controlled propane powered woodstoves and luxurious amenities. Watch out for black bears and whales though!
Other top 10 accolades: Clayoquot Wilderness Resort also features in my top 10 lists of the best luxury hotels in Canada and the world's best wilderness lodges.
Mombo Camp, situated in the northern point of wildlife-filled Chief's Island in the Okavango Delta, is built under large, shady trees overlooking a floodplain generally filled with life. Its nine spacious en-suite tents are raised two metres from the ground, with a long veranda, a sala and indoor and outdoor showers. Mombo Camp's main living, bar and dining areas are under thatch, while the boma adds traditional flavour to a delicious dinner under the stars. There are 2 plunge pools in which to soak and a gym to work off the excellent food. Little Mombo, situated on Chief's Island, is a smaller and more intimate camp to its sister and has its own dining and lounge area and a sparkling pool.
Other top 10 accolades: Mombo and Little Mombo Camp also feature in my top 10 lists of the world's most expensive hotels and Africa's most luxurious safari lodges.
Al Maha, A Luxury Collection Desert Resort & Spa, is nestled in a verdant palm oasis, deep within Dubai's magical dune and desert landscape. Al Maha showcases the heritage and architecture of the Bedouins and also offers a sense of desert adventure. The suites, reminiscent of Bedouin tents, are faced far apart, blend gently into the desert and offer unsurpassed luxury. Beautifully furnished with a unique collection of authentic Arabian artifacts and antiquities, all suites boast private pools and offer spectacular views of the Dubai Desert Reserve and its wildlife (gazelles & Arabian oryx).
Other top 10 accolades: Al Maha Desert Resort also features in my top 10 lists of the hotel rooms with a spectacular view and the world's most luxurious desert retreats.
A natural paradise surrounded by majestic mountains, Four Seasons Tented Camp Golden Triangle puts you in an exquisite bamboo jungle close to some of Thailand's oldest civilizations. Here, you can ride an elephant, take a nature stroll, and discover the customs of northern Thailand's most colourful hilltribes. Four Seasons Tented Camp contains just 15 tents, where you can stretch out in 54 square metres (581 square feet) of living space appointed with leather-and-hardwood bush chairs, paddle fans and a hardwood desk, or soothe your muscles in a custom-made wooden hot tub on the outdoor deck.
Other top 10 accolades: Four Seasons Golden Triangle also features in my top 10 lists of the world's most expensive hotels, the world's most remote luxury hotels, and the best luxury hotels in Thailand.
Tip: enjoy exclusive VIP amenities when booking via Virtuoso (e.g. daily breakfast and $100 USD spa credit).
Open from October through May each year, the best season for wildlife spotting, Aman-i-Khás – also part of Aman's portfolio – is a wilderness camp located in a rugged brushwood forest on the fringes of Ranthambore National Park. Combining the Sanskrit word for 'peace' with the Hindi word for 'special', khás, Aman-i-Khás offers accommodation in 10 luxury air-conditioned tents each with soaring canopies draped in the Moghul style. There are also three separate tents for dining, spa treatments and relaxing. Twice-daily, guided wildlife viewing excursions take guests into the park to spot indigenous game including tigers, leopards, hyenas, sloth bears, crocodiles and chital deer.
Tip: enjoy free VIP amenities when booking via Virtuoso (e.g. room upgrade, daily breakfast, a 60 minute massage per room per stay , early check-in, and late check-out).
Really great selection of camps. Shame you didn't include some from Morocco, where you find some really cool glamping experiences in the desert luxury camping. My favorite is Desert Luxury Camp in the Royal camp. The tent was so huge, beautiful moroccan carpets everywhere and the bathroom better then in my home. Imagine jacuzzi with window overlooking the desert dunes. Experience not to be missed!!


Find out all about the new BetLucky in New York Sportsbook, expected to go live with a special introductory Welcome Offer early 2019.
Although The BetLucky Sportsbook is currently no longer operating along the Wheeling Island Casino and Mardi Gras Casino in West Virginia, there is still a possibility of opening a BetLucky In New York branch in the near future. For a detailed review of what you can expect from BetLucky NYC and a possible BetLucky Welcome Offer which may be available with the launch read below. Keep in mind that sports betting with Betlucky is not yet possible within the State of New York.
The BetLucky Sportsbook is an online sports betting platform which has been running in West Virginia in association with the Wheeling and Mardi Gras Casinos since December of 2018. The platform is run by Delaware North, one of the leading casino gaming operators in America. The brand has also partnered with software provider Miomni as a plan to expand into additional states which now permit sports betting.
As the first mobile sportsbook in West Virginia, BetLucky is primed to take over the states online betting industry and is expected to fare well in other states such as New York, Nevada, and New Jersey, as they roll out through the US. Expect BetLucky In New York to be available within the first few months of 2019, making sure the brand doesn't fall behind other top brands looking to enter the New York market.
Is BetLucky Legal In New York?
Although the repeal of the Federal ban on sports betting took place last year, the New York Gambling Commission has yet to start issuing licenses to sportsbooks, such as BetLucky, looking to expand into the state. It is, however, expected that BetLucky In New York along with other top sportsbooks such as DraftKings, bet365, and FanDuel will be entering the market early in 2019 if all goes well.
If the site goes live users will be required to be over the age of 21 and geo-located within the state of New York to access the BetLucky sports betting NY platform. Location setting will be required to be turned on for any device that is looking to participate in sports betting at BetLucky in New York.
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Bonus money cannot be withdrawn from a user's account.
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Is There Customer Care At BetLucky In New York?
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Since the BetLucky in New York Sportsbook will just be starting out you can expect the sports coverage to be smaller than what will be expected when the platform becomes more established.
Are There Streaming Options Available With BetLucky NYC?
BetLucky WV still isn't offering any streaming options, however, the brand has expressed intentions to get a live streaming section going. The BetLucky In New York is unlikely to have streaming when it launches but may well add the feature down the line.
A BetLucky Sports Betting NY App should be featured when the site goes live much like the West Virginia Sportsbook which runs solely on the mobile app. The app will be available on both iOS and Android devices and can be downloaded by visiting the BetLucky website and clicking on the download app button at the bottom of the homepage.
Using the BetLucky NYC App will be useful in making quick bets on the go anywhere in the state of New York. Location settings will be required to be turned on for mobile devices to ensure that users are within state lines. Users will also be able to turn on notifications on their mobile app that will notify them when their bets are completed or their favorite teams are available for betting.


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Why the Obama Administration Is Favoring al-Qaeda's Main Syrian Ally
By Gareth Porter
Truth Out 10 June 2016
Theme: Terrorism, US NATO War Agenda
In-depth Report: SYRIA
In yet another a dangerous US political-diplomatic move in Syria, the Obama administration is going out of its way to protect the interests of al-Qaeda's closest and most powerful ally in Syria, Ahrar al-Sham.
The administration's decision to shield the Islamist organization from the consequences of collaborating closely with al-Qaeda's Syrian branch, Nusra Front, in threatening what had been a promising "cessation of hostilities," goes much further than the US failure to pressure other armed opposition groups to separate themselves from Nusra Front, as US Secretary of State John Kerry had promised in negotiations with his Russian counterpart, Sergey Lavrov.
Ahrar al-Sham is believed to be the largest military force seeking to overthrow the Assad regime in Syria, with at least 15,000 troops. It is not considered by analysts who have followed its evolution to be a "jihadist" organization like Nusra Front, because it has shown no interest in terrorism against Western countries. However, some of its senior leaders have had ties with jihadists, including Osama bin Laden, in the past, and it has worked closely with al-Nusra Front since both organizations entered the Syrian conflict in 2011.
Ahrar not only helped Nusra Front gain control of all of Idlib Province last year, but also joined with Nusra Front in an offensive south of the city of Aleppo in early April that was an open breach of the "cessation of hostilities" brokered by the United States and Russia. And in another development that should have alarmed Washington, Ahrar used shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles to bring down Syrian regime planes in March and April. Those two firings of so-called man-portable air defense systems (Manpads), which the Obama administration has tried to keep out of the Syrian war, raise the specter that Ahrar's al-Qaeda allies could possibly acquire dangerous weapons such as these.
But instead of treating Ahrar as it has treated Nusra Front in the context of the partial cease-fire that went into effect on February 27, the Obama administration is treating it with the kind of kid gloves normally reserved for clients in the Syrian opposition.
Last December, the Obama administration gave the director of foreign affairs for Ahrar, Labib al Nahhas, a visa to visit the United States for a few days on what was clearly a mission to build political support in Washington for its future role in Syria. Nahhas' visit to Washington was a closely guarded secret at the time and was only revealed in a story by McClatchy News Service on May 21.
Given the United States' highly restrictive travel policy, which routinely denies visas to anyone imagined to have connections with Islamic extremists, granting a high official of Ahrar al-Sham a visa for such a visit to Washington had obvious political significance.
In fact, Nahhas had already met with US special envoy for Syria Michael Ratney in Istanbul in early December. And the US State Department had already made the decision to include Ahrar among the opposition groups to be invited to participate in a conference of Syrian opposition groups in Riyadh that same month.
The Riyadh conference, which the United States organized along with its regional allies, was aimed at reaching agreement on the representation of opposition groups at political talks to be held with the Assad regime. At the Riyadh conference on December 9 and 10, however, the Ahrar al-Sham representative walked out of the conference after complaining that the results did not sufficiently reflect Ahrar's insistence that the opposition should have a "Muslim" identity — meaning that Islamist groups should be dominant in the composition of the negotiating team.
Ahrar's participation in the Nusra Front-led offensive that began April 3 is a far more reliable indicator of its political-military intentions than showing up at the Riyadh conference. In a video lecture on May 29, Ahrar's deputy leader, Ali al-Omar,explained its participation in the political talks as part of a strategy to "divide or neutralize our enemies." The offensive on three fronts in northern Syria has touched off further rounds of fighting that threaten to render the partial cease-fire meaningless.
The Russian response to Ahrar's disruptive behavior was to propose in late April that Ahrar be blacklisted and put outside the cease-fire framework. That would have meant that the United States would not insist that Russia and the Syrian regime avoid targeting Ahrar in airstrikes.
But the Obama administration rejected that Russian proposal, and in the process it revealed the new status that Ahrar now has in US policy. On May 24, when US State Department spokesman Mark Toner was asked why Ahrar should be given any protection under the "cessation of hostilities" agreement despite its violation of the cease-fire, Toner replied that Ahrar "is part of this vetted group of opposition forces that are part of the HNC, High Negotiating Council." (The actual name of the body is the High Negotiations Committee.) He also said the State Department believed that agreeing with the Russian request "would have a damaging effect on the cessation of hostilities."
Toner characterized the HNC as having multilateral status, reflecting the involvement of US regional allies as well as Russia and other world powers. His response indicated that the Obama administration has decided to give Ahrar special status as part of the "legitimate" opposition.
The real turning point in the administration's attitude toward Ahrar al-Sham, however, came in early 2015 when Turkey, in cooperation with Saudi Arabia and Qatar, supported the establishment of an "operations room" for the planning of a major offensive by the "Army of Conquest" (Jaish al-Fatah), the joint command led by Nusra Front and Ahrar al-Sham for the operation to take control of all of Idlib Province from Syrian government troops in March and April 2015.
That operation marked the beginning of a much closer relationship between Turkey and Ahrar al-Sham. Since then, Ahrar al-Sham has been "a Turkish project in Syria," Faysal Itani, resident senior fellow with the Atlantic Council's Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East, told Truthout in an interview. This, according to Itani, was the reason behind the Obama administration's refusal to reject Ahrar despite its open flouting of the cease-fire.
"I know for a fact," Itani said, "that the US calculated that we need the Turks, who already have a lot against us." That consideration alone, he says, accounts for the accommodation with a group it had previously spurned as too extremist.
Over the past year some in Washington, including former US Ambassador to Syria Robert Ford, have suggested that, despite its hard-line Islamist posture, Ahrar is too important to exclude from a political process aimed at a settlement. Others have suggested that Ahrar could play the role of limiting Nusra Front power. A leading specialist on the jihadists in Syria, Charles Lister, now at the Middle East Institute, has written that his Syrian Islamist contacts believed Ahrar's close relationship with Nusra Front is the "only viable method" of controlling the al-Qaeda branch's behavior.
That's not the same as a readiness to break with Nusra Front, much less confront it, however. Ahrar has opposed some of the harshest implementations of Sharia law that Nusra has imposed in areas the anti-Assad coalition has conquered in Idlib. But it has far more in common with Nusra Front than in conflict with it. Like Nusra Front, Ahrar's demand for a post-Assad political system calls for "an Islamic State under Sharia law," and Ahrar fully shares Nusra's visceral hatred of the Alawite minority, to which both organizations refer by the derogatory terms "Nusaryri" and "Rafidah."
Ahrar al-Sham's military cooperation with Nusra Front has been so complete, in fact, that Nusra has come to regard it as a source of weapons, according to a former Nusra fighter who has left Syria. He was referring to weapons supplied by external parties, especially Turkey, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, to Ahrar.
Perhaps the most crucial factor binding Ahrar al-Sham to Nusra Front, however, is that it is afraid to provoke a confrontation with Nusra Front over the latter's policies. As Aron Lund, a leading specialist on the war in Syria and a nonresident associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, has observed, Ahrar "probably feels too weak and internally divided to stand up to its jihadi ally."Any confrontation with Nusra, therefore, would likely split Ahrar in two and weaken it drastically overnight.
There is virtually no chance that Ahrar would act to block Nusra Front's path to power. The Obama administration's coddling of Nusra's main ally is far more about the politics of its relations with regional allies — and especially with Turkey — than about its professed concern about bringing the Syria conflict to an end.
Copyright, Truthout. Reprinted with permission.
Gareth Porter is an independent investigative journalist and historian writing on US national security policy. His latest book, Manufactured Crisis: The Untold Story of the Iran Nuclear Scare, was published in February of 2014. Follow him on Twitter: @GarethPorter.
The original source of this article is Truth Out
Copyright © Gareth Porter, Truth Out, 2016
Articles by: Gareth Porter


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Tyler Eugene Colvin (né le  à Augusta en Géorgie, États-Unis) est un voltigeur de baseball qui évolue en Ligue majeure avec les Giants de San Francisco.

Carrière

Cubs de Chicago
Tyler Colvin est le choix de première ronde des Cubs de Chicago en 2006 et le  sélectionné par un club des Ligues majeures lors de cette séance du repêchage amateur.

Il fait ses débuts dans les majeures pour Chicago le  et obtient dans ce match son premier coup sûr, réussi aux dépens du lanceur des Brewers de Milwaukee Braden Looper.

Il dispute sa saison recrue avec les Cubs en 2010. En 135 parties, il présente une moyenne au bâton de ,254 avec 20 circuits et 56 points produits. Il réussit son premier coup de circuit dans les majeures le 8 avril aux dépens de Tommy Hanson des Braves d'Atlanta. Sa saison prend fin le 19 septembre alors qu'il subit un pneumothorax dans un accident inusité pendant un match entre les Cubs et les Marlins de la Floride. Welington Castillo, des Cubs, fracasse son bâton en frappant un coup sûr. Colvin, qui part du troisième but pour venir marquer, est atteint à la poitrine par un éclat de bois projeté en sa direction après l'impact avec la balle. Colvin ne paraît pas blessé sur le moment, mais il passe plusieurs jours à l'hôpital.

En 2011, Colvin ne frappe que pour ,150 en 80 matchs avec six circuits et 20 points produits pour les Cubs.

Rockies du Colorado
Le , Chicago échange Colvin et le joueur de champ intérieur D. J. LeMahieu aux Rockies du Colorado en retour du joueur de troisième but Ian Stewart et du lanceur droitier Casey Weathers.

En 136 matchs joués en 2012, Colvin frappe pour ,290 de moyenne au bâton avec 18 circuits et 72 points produits, son plus haut total en carrière, pour les Rockies. Il réussit également des records personnels de coups sûrs (122), de doubles (27), de points marqués (62) et de buts volés (7). Avec 10 triples, il prend le  des joueurs de la Ligue nationale.

Pour Colorado en 2013, Colvin ne dispute que 27 matchs, n'obtenant que 12 coups sûrs. Il est tenu à l'écart du jeu par des maux de dos.

Giants de San Francisco
En janvier 2014, Colvin, devenu agent libre, a une entente avec les Orioles de Baltimore, mais le contrat n'est pas signé après les examens médicaux d'usage, qui révèlent que l'ancien des Rockies souffre toujours d'une blessure au dos. Le , il signe chez les Giants de San Francisco et rejoint leur entraînement de printemps.

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Fiche de Tyler Colvin sur le site des Ligues majeures de baseball.
  Statistiques de Tyler Colvin sur Baseball-Reference.

Naissance en septembre 1985
Naissance à Augusta (Géorgie)
Joueur américain de baseball
Joueur des Cubs de Chicago
Joueur des Rockies du Colorado
Joueur des Giants de San Francisco
Voltigeur des ligues majeures de baseball

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
الرئيسيةمنوعاتhow to get cows in a 1x1 hole minecraft
how to get cows in a 1x1 hole minecraft
Well you can fit as many mobs as you want in a 1x1 area.. Find Two Cows. Guardians spawn in water blocks within a 57×24×57 volume defined horizontally by the base of the monument and vertically from the floor level of the monument (usually if not always Y=39) up to just above the decorative structure at the top (usually if not always Y=61). Next to the hole, build a tower that is at least 3 stacks of blocks high (just to be safe). I had a 2 blocks high hole in the ground with a lot of cows (around 40). Please post it in the, Super Sonic achievement in Minecraft: Xbox One Edition (Xbox One), Super Sonic achievement in Minecraft: Xbox 360 Edition (Xbox 360), Super Sonic achievement in Minecraft (Win 10) (Windows), Super Sonic achievement in Minecraft (Apple TV) (), Super Sonic achievement in Minecraft (Nintendo Switch) (), Super Sonic achievement in Minecraft (Android), Super Sonic achievement in Minecraft (iOS), Super Sonic achievement in Minecraft (Gear VR) (Android), Super Sonic achievement in Minecraft (Kindle Fire) (Android), Super Sonic achievement in Minecraft (Windows Phone), Super Sonic trophy in Minecraft: PlayStation 3 Edition (PS3), Super Sonic trophy in Minecraft: PlayStation Vita Edition (Vita), © 2020 TrueGaming Network Ltd, All Rights Reserved. Dig a trench 2 blocks deep and herd them through it 2. The cows are generated based on what´s in the Fluid Registry. I have to completely restart the game to get rid of the 'ghost' cow, at which point the cow has disappeared. To begin you make a 12x10 1 block high square made of any type of block. Try aiming for the lower half of the Cow when milking, or try to milk while standing a level below the Cow. On top of the blocks, place fence peices so the cows can't get out. I have cows in a hole in the ground, but no way for them to get suffocated. Although, Minecraft is not always very predictable about these things, and I could be 100% wrong and it … Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts 3)The cart exits the spawner with a cow and goes down the rail to the farm. Tunnel under the fence, and dig up under the farm. Then use an empty minecart-full minecart seperator to lead the minecart to another pen when the baby animal is in the minecart. Get Minecraft Explore Minecraft Games. Tunnel under the fence, and dig up under the farm. Mob farms will work fine, but if the count of pending mobs in a 1x1 space exceeds 24, they will start to die. Can't see it? Do this on the sides where there are four blocks to the wall, not three. Bring the Minecraft universe into the real world with augmented reality! This may be fixed though Cows spawn on grass in light areas, and are very common to run upon. View 2 more guides for this achievement. Where the minecart enters the farm, have a 1x1 hole so other 1x2 mobs can't enter. I know it was already possible to get into a 1x1 space while wearing an elytra or by using the swim mechanics but this makes it SUPER EASY. 1)The cart goes down the rail. On top of those fence pieces place another row of blocks, this will prevent certain mobs from entering the cage. You can drag a cow into your pen in a number of ways... 1. 2) Baby cows are no longer ejected reliably. To place hoppers you will have to crouch down using the crouch button in the middle of the direction controls. If you're playing Minecraft PE, tapping the Cow will attack it, so press and hold on the Cow or Mooshroom to get milk. Build a hopper collection system at the bottom of the hole; Preparation. Place more ladders. Breedthem until you have a reasonable number. Cows also provide leather, which can be made into armour, and is essential for crafting books. Farming cows, sheep or pigs will provide a ready source of meat for food. Cows in water no longer constantly jump. "Manual" animal farming is a pretty simple loop of steps: 1. Do you have a question about this achievement? Hello everyone. This is a tutorial that shows how to make a simple cow farm / cow crusher in Minecraft Java Edition. Use Elytra to fly through a 1 by 1 gap while moving faster than 40 m/s. 5)The cows drops, (cooked beef and leather),and fall into the hopper and gets fed into the first hopper. Since Pigs, Cows, and Sheep are more than one block wide, they will not fit in the hole resulting in them running in circles trying to get in the hole. Steps to Breed Cows 1. I have them go up a water ladder to a build up area. Make a 5x5 3 block deep hole and begin filling it with hoppers. Some users report difficulty getting milk from the Cow. This makes it difficult to breed all the cows in a 1x1 hole. Build a fench and herd them through it 3. 3)The cart exits the spawner with a cow and goes down the rail to the farm. The game control to use/feed the wheat to the cows depends on the version of Minecraft: For Java Edition (PC/Mac), right click on the cows one at a time. When the cage is done place rails in the pattern I have shown. Next to the hole, build a tower that is at least 3 stacks of blocks high (just to be safe). 2)The cart enters the spawner and gets a cow. You've dug yourself down a deep, deep hole in Minecraft to harvest some metals, before you realize that you can't actually get yourself back up again. The main drop of cows is leather, dropping from 0 … Light the netherrack with flint and steel and send minecarts from your house down the rails. Add mob spawners inside the pen and spawn cows in it. 1)The cart goes down the rail. But don't get too cocky as this painting is also a doorway. First you make a 1x1 hole in the middle of the pen - only the babies will be able to get through. This achievement may unlock after the requirements have been met or not at all. In this instructable I will show you how to make an automatic cow farm. I like having my crops setup like this with a single source block. If the cow dies while on fire, steak will be dropped instead of beef. Light the netherrack with flint and steel and send minecarts from your house down the rails. Cows can be milked by right-clicking on them whilst holding a bucket. This design is Java 1.15+ friendly. This food will be cooked if they are on fire at the time of death. I like having my crops setup like this with a single source block. Have you got any tips or tricks to unlock this achievement?Add a guide to share them with the community. User account menu. Once you have the required materials, you will need to find two cows to breed. Some users report problems getting milk in Creative mode. 4)The cow and cart enter the farm and the fire breaks the cart and the cow gets cooked. Minecraft dungeons. Dig a hole outside of the farm, at least three blocks deep (two for the tunnel, one for the ceiling). To lead animals around, you need to wield the same food that you can breed them with (or a lead if you have slimeballs): Wheat for cows, mooshrooms, and … The painting is placed over a hole in the wall that leads into a room. Build a fench and herd them through it 3. Cows are a passive animal mobs found on the overworld of Minecraft. Additionally, the player gains no experience for cooking the meat in this manner, as they normally do when cooking in a furnace. Then tunnel out and get back up to the surface. 128. Minecraft. That way I go around smacking things off the farm blocks where the wheat is and what I don't catch flows down to a single collection point making things easy without sneaking on top or having fencing under the farm blocks (Might get fixed in the future). Add four sticky pistons, facing inward, one block away from the hole. Pigs, chickens, cows, sheep, rabbits, and mooshrooms can all provide food when killed. Add a switch station if you want to have multiple farms. 4)The cow and cart enter the farm and the fire breaks the cart and the cow gets cooked. Now for the farming station. Also, I have a double spawner farm, one being skeletons, the other zombies. Posted by 26 days ago. Battery Powered Lamp That Turns on Through the Use of Magnets. Did you make this project? Some do, but a good 40-60% do not. Currently I have them falling into a water stream which shuffles them into another 1x8 stream to push them into the hole and direct them towards the center of my trap, but the Witches (along with other mobs) get stuck and don't go down smoothly. Kill off some of the cows for beef while leaving some for breeding and re-population. Guide not helping? Finish the rails going from the house to the spawner, shown in the third and fourth photos. If the cows completely vanished, then I would assume it was player caused. When killed, a cow can drop up to 2 pieces of leather, as well as up to 3 pieces of raw beef. Due to the fact that cows can be bred an unlimited number of times using renewable wheat, all of the cow's products are renewable. Don't panic. On the 12 block side, break the second and fifth block. You don't want to die, but you don't want to lose your materials. Dig a trench 2 blocks deep and herd them through it 2. If done correctly, there should be two empty spaces between your pistons and the wall. Do this on the sides where there are four blocks to the wall, not three. If you are having trouble finding cows, you can summon a cow using a cheat or you can use a spawn egg.. 3. For Xbox 360 and Xbox One, press the LT button on the Xbox controller. Alright, smartypants. Farming Sheep, Cows and Pigs in Minecraft. Yes, it's a painting. Log In Sign Up. Tunnel under the fence, and dig up under the farm. Gotcha! You can drag a cow into your pen in a number of ways... 1. The Milk Jar is placed at the bottom, and I'm using a lasso with a cow in to place over the jar. Lead your cows inside by holding wheat. Guardians only spawn in ocean monuments, which themselves only spawn in deep oceanbiomes. First, dig a 1x1 hole that is at least 20 blocks deep. Since pigs, cows, and sheep are more than one block wide, they will not fit in the hole resulting in them running in circles trying to get in the hole. 3)The cart exits the spawner with a cow and goes down the rail to the farm. Usage. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Today when I came to feed them, ALL of them were gone at once. Walk away from where you started following the pattern in the fourth photo, then place rails and netherrack in the pattern in the fifth photo. 1)The cart goes down the rail. Press J to jump to the feed. Since Pigs, Cows, and Sheep are more than one block wide, they will not fit in the hole resulting in them running in circles trying to get in the hole. Now make a rail line to where your house will be. Water flows down to the cobblestone where it's a half block. If done correctly, there should be two empty spaces between your pistons and the wall. Sneaky! They spawn in mob spawners which are surrounded by lots of Cobwebs. Round up at least two animals into a pen. Everyone's giving you and your massive brain a round of applause. When killed, cave spiders drop 0-1 spider eyes and 0-2 string. Place more ladders. Add four sticky pistons, facing inward, one block away from the hole. 2. Fences are classic, and avoid suffocation, However, you can use honey blocks on carpet with solid blocksaround to make a modern pen and stop then escaping. Spawn rate of each fluid cow can be change in "fluidcows_v2.json" found in the config folder. Discover an all-new action adventure game, inspired by classic dungeon crawlers! For example, if you have 100 cows in a 1x1 hole, is it more laggy than if you had them in a large pen where they wouldn't collide? Also, note the cow in the background photobombing me. Your cows will need to be close together when breeding, so we have built a fence to keep our two cows from running away. They are poisonous and their venom does health damage in addition to the bite. When they bump together constantly I think that causes lag of some sort. First, dig a 1x1 hole that is at least 20 blocks deep. Place more ladders. Place ladders as needed. Share it with us! There is no one block holes for babies to grow up into, and die. Explore your own unique world, survive the night, and create anything you can imagine! Any bugs/ideas/requests - Post it on Issues page! However, if they are killed by the fire itself, rather than the player, they may not drop experienceorbs. For Pocket Edition (PE), you tap on the cows one at a time. 5)The cows drops, (cooked beef and leather),and fall into the hopper and … -- Cows seem to be a less common mob in the game -- which may have something to do with the fact that they give an abundance of resources including beef, leather, and milk -- so it is considered smart to obtain a breeding herd of them at your earliest convenience. However, baby animals and Chickens can fit in a one block hole, so you may want to place a trapdoor at the top. Minecraft community on reddit. In the HUD, it shows the cow is there, but in every other way it's invisible. That way I go around smacking things off the farm blocks where the wheat is and what I don't catch flows down to a single collection point making things easy without sneaking on top or having fencing under the farm blocks (Might get fixed in the future). Plus, the cows are usually roaming around the area then, they don't just disappear. 128. how to get out of a 1x1 hole with 2 people (more common than you think) Help. Min/Max players will need to increase the setting, or design creative mob farms that spread mobs over a larger area or more 1x1 cells. -- All cows in Minecraft have udders, therefore all baby cows have two mothers. Cave Spiders are mobs that are only found in Abandoned Mineshafts. Minecraft earth. The worst thing that can happen is (heaven forbid) a creeper falls down the hole at nightfall.
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Patent application title: PROCESS FOR THE ALKYLATION OF ISOBUTANE WITH DILUTE PROPYLENE
Inventors: Mitchell E. Loescher (Houston, TX, US) William M. Cross, Jr. (Seabrook, TX, US) Lawrence A. Smith, Jr. (Pasadena, TX, US)
IPC8 Class: AC07C258FI
USPC Class: 585730
Class name: By condensation of a paraffin molecule with an olefin-acting molecule, e.g., alkylation, etc. using extraneous nonhydrocarbon agent s-containing
Patent application number: 20100076241
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PROCESS FOR THE ALKYLATION OF ISOBUTANE WITH DILUTE PROPYLENE - Patent application <?php require_once('/home/patents/php/mtc.config.php'); require_once('/home/patents/php/mtc.class.php'); $MTC = new MTC(); $MTC->init(); ?>
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Inventors: Lawrence A. Smith, JR. Mitchell E. Loescher William M. Cross, JR.
Agents: OSHA LIANG LLP / CDTECH
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Origin: HOUSTON, TX US
A process for alkylation of propylene, the process including: contacting a stream comprising propylene and propane with sulfuric acid in a first reaction zone under conditions to form propylene sulfate esters; contacting the propylene sulfate esters with isoparaffin and sulfuric acid in an alkylation reaction zone under conditions to react the propylene sulfate esters and the isoparaffin to form a reactor effluent comprising an acid phase and a hydrocarbon phase comprising unreacted isoparaffin and alkylate product; separating the hydrocarbon phase from the sulfuric acid; separating the hydrocarbon phase to form a fraction comprising unreacted isoparaffin and a fraction comprising the alkylate product.
1. A process for alkylation of propylene, the process comprising:contacting a stream comprising propylene and propane with sulfuric acid in a first reaction zone under conditions to form propylene sulfate esters;contacting the propylene sulfate esters with isoparaffin and sulfuric acid in an alkylation reaction zone under conditions to react the propylene sulfate esters and the isoparaffin to form a reactor effluent comprising an acid phase and a hydrocarbon phase comprising unreacted isoparaffin and alkylate product;separating the hydrocarbon phase from the sulfuric acid;separating the hydrocarbon phase to form a fraction comprising unreacted isoparaffin and a fraction comprising the alkylate product.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the stream comprising propylene and propane comprises from 1 to 90 weight percent propylene.
3. The process of claim 1, further comprising separating the propane from the propylene sulfate esters prior to the contacting the propylene sulfate esters with isoparaffin.
4. The process of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon phase further comprises propane, the separating the hydrocarbon phase further comprising forming a fraction comprising propane.
5. The process of claim 1, further comprising recycling at least a portion of the sulfuric acid separated from the hydrocarbon phase to the first reaction zone.
6. The process of claim 1, further comprising recycling at least a portion of the fraction comprising isoparaffin to the alkylation reaction zone.
7. The process of claim 1, wherein the sulfuric acid fed to the first reaction zone has a strength that titrates as less than 75 weight percent H2SO4/water mixtures.
8. The process of claim 1, wherein the contacting in the first reaction zone is at a temperature in the range from -28.degree. C. to 7.degree. C. (-20.degree. F. to 45.degree. F.).
9. The process of claim 1, wherein the contacting in the alkylation reaction zone is at a temperature in the range from -7.degree. C. to 38.degree. C. (20.degree. F. to 100.degree. F.).
10. The process of claim 1, wherein a molar ratio of the sulfuric acid to the propylene fed to the first reaction zone is in the range from 1:1 to 3:1.
11. The process of claim 1, wherein a mass ratio of the sulfuric acid to the propylene sulfate ester fed to the alkylation reaction zone is in the range from 1:1 to 10:1.
12. The process of claim 1, wherein a mass ratio of the isoparaffin to the propylene sulfate ester fed to the alkylation reaction zone is in the range from 1:1 to 20:1.
13. The process of claim 1, wherein the isoparaffin comprises at least one of isobutane, isopentane, and mixtures thereof.
14. The process of claim 13, wherein the isoparaffin comprises isobutane.
15. The process of claim 1, further comprising feeding at least one of butene and pentene to the first reaction zone.
16. A process for alkylation of propylene, the process comprising:contacting a stream comprising propylene and propane with sulfuric acid in a first reaction zone at a temperature in the range from -28.degree. C. to 7.degree. C. (-20.degree. F. to 45.degree. F.) to form propylene sulfate esters;separating the propane from the sulfuric acid and the propylene sulfate esters;contacting the propylene sulfate esters with isobutane and sulfuric acid in an alkylation reaction zone at a temperature in the range from -7.degree. C. to 38.degree. C. (20.degree. F. to 100.degree. F.) to react the propylene sulfate esters and the isobutane to form a reactor effluent comprising an acid phase and a hydrocarbon phase comprising unreacted isoparaffin and alkylate product;separating the hydrocarbon phase from the sulfuric acid;separating the hydrocarbon phase to form a fraction comprising unreacted isoparaffin and a fraction comprising the alkylate product.
17. The process of claim 16, wherein the separating the propane comprises decanting.
18. The process of claim 16, wherein the separating the hydrocarbon phase from the sulfuric acid comprises decanting.
19. The process of claim 16, wherein the stream comprising propylene and propane comprises from 1 to 90 weight percent propylene.
20. The process of claim 16, further comprising recycling at least a portion of the sulfuric acid separated from the hydrocarbon phase to the first reaction zone.
21. The process of claim 16, further comprising recycling at least a portion of the fraction comprising isoparaffin to the alkylation reaction zone.
22. The process of claim 16, wherein the sulfuric acid fed to the first reaction zone has a strength that titrates as less than 75 weight percent H2SO4/water mixtures.
23. The process of claim 16, wherein a molar ratio of the sulfuric acid to the propylene fed to the first reaction zone is in the range from 1:1 to 3:1.
24. The process of claim 16, wherein a mass ratio of the sulfuric acid to the propylene sulfate ester fed to the alkylation reaction zone is in the range from 1:1 to 10:1.
25. The process of claim 16, wherein a mass ratio of the isoparaffin to the propylene sulfate ester fed to the alkylation reaction zone is in the range from 1:1 to 20:1.
26. The process of claim 16, further comprising feeding at least one of butene and pentene to the first reaction zone.
BACKGROUND OF DISCLOSURE
[0001]1. Field of the Disclosure
[0002]Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to the alkylation of propylene with isobutane. More particularly, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a process for the alkylation of isobutane with a dilute propylene stream under conditions to promote the propylene alkylation reaction and to avoid excessive oligomerization or polymerization of propylene.
[0003]2. Background
[0004]Alkylation is the reaction of paraffins, usually isoparaffins, with an olefin in the presence of a strong acid which produces paraffins, e.g., of higher octane number than the starting materials and which boils in the range of gasolines. In petroleum refining, the alkylation reaction is generally the reaction of a C3 to C5 olefin with isobutane.
[0005]In refining alkylations, hydrofluoric or sulfuric acid catalysts are commonly used. For sulfuric acid catalyzed alkylation, low temperature or cold acid processes are favored, minimizing side reactions. In a typical process, the reaction is carried out in a reactor where the hydrocarbon reactants are dispersed into a continuous acid phase.
[0006]For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,762,853 discloses an alkylation process including feeding isoparaffins, such as isobutane or isopentane and C2-C5 monoolefins to an alkylation reactor. The alkylation reaction is catalyzed with sulfuric acid in excess of 88 percent, preferably in excess of 96 percent. The alkylation products are then separated into gasoline range components and heavier alkylate products, among other finishing processes.
[0007]As another example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,859,260 discloses an alkylation process including reacting isoparaffins with olefins in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst. The reaction product is then separated to recover a hydrocarbon-rich phase and an acid-rich phase. The hydrocarbon-rich phase is further treated to remove catalyst esters from the hydrocarbon phase, among other downstream operations. Another example of a prior art alkylation process is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,013,092.
[0008]Whereas the above alkylation reactions may occur in a single reactor, Albright et al. disclose a two-step alkylation process in which butyl sulfates or butyl fluorides are formed in the first step and alkylate is produced in the second step. See, for example, "Alkylation of Isobutane with C4 Olefins. 1. First-Step Reactions Using Sulfuric Acid Catalyst," Lyle F. Albright et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1988, 27, 381-386 and "Alkylation of Isobutane with C4 Olefins. 3. Two-Step Process Using Sulfuric Acid Catalyst," Lyle F. Albright et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1988, 27, 391-397.
[0009]In a modern refinery, one of the gasoline blending components comes from the FCC unit. This FCC unit also produces mixed C4's (butenes/butanes) and mixed C3's (propylene/propane). These light gasses are not suitable as gasoline, so they must be converted into gasoline components or converted into other useful products. In the sulfuric acid alkylation process, as discussed above, C4 olefins (butenes) are reacted with isobutane to produce a mixture of C6 to C9 paraffins. Because the alkylation process produces branched paraffins, the resulting octane value of the product is good. The disadvantages of the process include high energy use, and the need to regenerate and recycle the sulfuric acid due to the buildup of heavy compounds that are soluble in the acid, commonly referred to as "acid soluble oils," or ASO.
[0010]Normally, in a refinery, very few of the C3 compounds from the FCC unit are fed to the alkylation unit. The primary reason is that the reactive propylene is very stable once absorbed in the acid and alkylates slowly. Thus, one problem with conventional sulfuric-acid-catalyzed alkylation using propylene is that the stable absorbed propylene reacts slowly with isobutane. As a result, the propylene tends to form heavy compounds which necessitate additional acid regeneration.
[0011]The most prevalent process for conversion of propylene is commonly referred to as "poly." In a poly unit, the propylene is oligomerized over solid phosphoric acid (SPA) catalyst to form C6 and C9 olefins. These heavier olefins can then be used in gasoline. The non-reactive propane is then sold as a separate fuel. The SPA catalyst life is short and as the reaction gives off heat, the reactor consists of tubes and must be water cooled. In addition, the catalyst is often difficult to remove from the reactor after it is spent, and must sometimes be drilled out due to polymer formation. While this is expensive and maintenance intensive, the refiner has few other economic alternatives for dealing with propylene.
[0012]As another alternative, propylene may be separated from propane by distillation and sold as a chemical product. This option is not available to all refiners, as some do not have a nearby customer for the propylene. Consequently, these "stranded" refiners have no choice but to convert the propylene into gasoline range components. The present invention is a new
[0013]Accordingly, there exists a need for alternative processes to convert propylene into gasoline in a way that produces more gasoline than oligomerization in a poly unit.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0014]In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a process for alkylation of propylene, the process including: contacting a stream comprising propylene and propane with sulfuric acid in a first reaction zone under conditions to form propylene sulfate esters; contacting the propylene sulfate esters with isoparaffin and sulfuric acid in an alkylation reaction zone under conditions to react the propylene sulfate esters and the isoparaffin to form a reactor effluent comprising an acid phase and a hydrocarbon phase comprising unreacted isoparaffin and alkylate product; separating the hydrocarbon phase from the sulfuric acid; separating the hydrocarbon phase to form a fraction comprising unreacted isoparaffin and a fraction comprising the alkylate product.
[0015]In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a process for alkylation of propylene, the process including: contacting a stream comprising propylene and propane with sulfuric acid in a first reaction zone at a temperature in the range from -28° C. to 7° C. (-20° F. to 45° F.) to form propylene sulfate esters; separating the propane from the sulfuric acid and the propylene sulfate esters; contacting the propylene sulfate esters with isobutane and sulfuric acid in an alkylation reaction zone at a temperature in the range from -7° C. to 38° C. (20° F. to 100° F.) to react the propylene sulfate esters and the isobutane to form a reactor effluent comprising an acid phase and a hydrocarbon phase comprising unreacted isoparaffin and alkylate product; separating the hydrocarbon phase from the sulfuric acid; separating the hydrocarbon phase to form a fraction comprising unreacted isoparaffin and a fraction comprising the alkylate product.
[0016]Other aspects and advantages will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.
[0017]FIG. 1 is a simplified process flow diagram of a process for the alkylation of propylene according to embodiments disclosed herein.
[0019]In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to the alkylation of hydrocarbon feedstocks. More particularly, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a process for alkylation of propylene and an isoparaffin. More particularly, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a process for the alkylation of isobutane with a dilute propylene stream under conditions to promote propylene alkylation reaction and to avoid excessive oligomerization or polymerization of propylene.
[0020]Alkylation feedstocks used in embodiments disclosed herein include mixtures of propylene with various paraffins. For example, alkylation feedstocks may include C1-C5 paraffins, including n-alkanes and iso-alkanes. In certain embodiments, paraffins may include propane, C4 alkanes (n-butane and isobutane), C5 alkanes (n-pentane, neopentane, and isopentane), and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, high purity isoparaffins, such as isobutane and/or isopentane, are used as the paraffin feed. The propylene feedstock, in some embodiments, may be a mixture of propylene and propane, such as a dilute propylene stream containing 1 wt. % to 90 wt. % propylene in propane.
[0021]Dilute propylene may be mixed with sulfuric acid at temperatures and sulfuric acid to propylene molar ratios where propylene will readily chemisorb into the acid phase forming propylene sulfate ester. Temperatures and acid ratios may be controlled to suppress oligomer formation while the chemisorption reaction proceeds. High-efficiency mixing is not required. In some embodiments, propane vapors may be removed from the acid/hydrocarbon mixture at this point.
[0022]The mixture of acid and propylene sulfate is then fed to an alkylation reactor, such as a high efficiency contacting device, along with isoparaffin and sulfuric acid. In the alkylation reactor, the propylene sulfate ester reacts with isoparaffin to form C7 and/or C8 alkylate. Heavies formation may also be suppressed by keeping the amount of free propylene low during the alkylation reaction.
[0023]Following the above contacting, acid is separated for recycle to the contactor and the cold mixer. The hydrocarbon phase then enters a separation section where propane, if not previously separated, isobutane and alkylate are recovered. In some embodiments, such as where a high purity isobutane feed is used, very little n-butane will be present, and the separation section will be less expensive than typical for C4 alkylation units, which have to separate n-butane from isobutane.
[0024]As described above, by careful selection of mixing, contacting, and temperatures, the processes disclosed herein can efficiently alkylate propylene and isoparaffins, such as isobutane and isopentane, with minimal heavies formation.
[0025]Referring now to FIG. 1, a simplified process flow diagram of a process for alkylation of propylene, according to embodiments disclosed herein, is illustrated. Dilute propylene feedstock 10, which may include propylene and propane, may be contacted with a stream 12, which may include fresh or spent sulfuric acid, in a reactor 14. The contacting results in the formation of a mixed hydrocarbon/acid system.
[0026]Conditions in reactor 14 may be maintained such that at least a portion of the propylene reacts with the sulfuric acid to form propylene sulfate esters, as mentioned above, while minimizing formation of heavies. For example, in some embodiments, the temperature in reactor 14 may be maintained in the range from -29° C. to 7° C. (-20° F. to 45° F.); embodiments having other reactor conditions will be described below. At these conditions, the chemisorption of propylene into the acid phase and formation of propylene sulfate esters readily occurs in reactor 14. As intimate contact of the acid and propylene is not required, contact of the acid and dilute propylene may occur in any type of device to contact or mix feed streams, including piping, static mixers, agitated vessels, counter-current contact vessels, and co-current reactors or vessels including contact structures to promote the contact of the acid and hydrocarbon phases.
[0027]In some embodiments, the resulting reaction mixture 16, including propane and propylene sulfate esters, may be fed directly to an alkylation reactor 18 to react the propylene sulfate esters with an isoparaffin. In other embodiments, reaction mixture 16 may be separated, for example, by decanting the reaction mixture to recover a hydrocarbon fraction 22, including propane and any unreacted propylene, and an acid propylene sulfate ester fraction 24. As illustrated, where contact of propylene and acid are co-current in reactor 14, propane vapors may be separated from the acid sulfate ester using a separator 20, which may be a flash vessel, coalescer, decanter, or other types of separators that may be used to separate vapor/liquid mixtures or hydrocarbon/acid mixtures, as each may be used, or mixtures thereof. (Although not illustrated in FIG. 1, where contact of the propylene and acid are counter-current, propane may be recovered, for example, from the top of reactor 14 and the acid propylene sulfate ester fraction may be recovered from the bottom of reactor 14.)
[0028]Acid propylene sulfate ester fraction 16 (or 24) may then be contacted with isoparaffin fed via flow line 26 and a stream 28, which may include fresh or spent sulfuric acid, in alkylation reactor 18. Alkylation reactor 18 may include an upper section 18a and a bottom section 18b. Contact structures 32 may be positioned in upper section 18a to facilitate the intimate contact of the propylene sulfate esters, the isoparaffin, and the sulfuric acid.
[0029]Conditions in alkylation reactor 18 may be maintained such that at least a portion of the propylene sulfate ester reacts with the isoparaffin to form alkylate. The reaction mixture may then be separated, for example, by decanting the reaction mixture in lower section 18b to recover a hydrocarbon fraction 34, including alkylate, unreacted isoparaffin, and propane, when present, and an acid fraction 36.
[0030]Hydrocarbon fraction 34 may be recovered from alkylation reactor 18 via line 38. Additionally, the heat of reaction may produce some vapors, which may be removed via line 40. If desired, these vapors may be condensed or compressed, such as by using a compressor 42, and combined with the hydrocarbons in line 38.
[0031]If desired, the recovered hydrocarbons in line 38 may pass through a de-entrainment device 44. Additionally, a portion of the recovered hydrocarbon fraction may be recycled via line 46 to the top of reactor 18, such as for purposes of reactor temperature control and to react any unreacted isoparaffin recovered via line 38.
[0032]The remaining hydrocarbons, including isoparaffin, alkylate, unreacted propylene, and propane, where a separator 20 is not used, may be separated into product streams via a separation unit 48. Separation unit 48, in some embodiments, may include one or more distillation columns for example, and may be used to recover a propane fraction 50 (if necessary), an isoparaffin fraction 52, and an alkylate product stream 54. In some embodiments, isoparaffin fraction 52 may be recycled to alkylation reactor 18 via flow line 56.
[0033]Acid fraction 36, which may include unreacted propylene sulfate esters and sulfuric acid, may be recovered from alkylation reactor 18 via line 58. At least a portion of the recovered acid fraction in line 58 may be purged via line 60. In some embodiments, a portion of the acid fraction recovered via line 58 may also be recycled via line 62, such as to maintain a desired acid concentration in reactor 18a. In other embodiments, a portion of the recovered acid may fed via flow line 64 as a spent acid feed to the sulfate ester reactor 14.
[0034]A reactor that may be used for the reaction of propylene with sulfuric acid to form propylene sulfate esters, in some embodiments, may include a scaled down version of an alkylation reactor, such as reactor 18 illustrated in FIG. 1. Use of such a reactor is illustrated in FIG. 2, where like numerals represent like parts. Referring to FIG. 2, a simplified process flow diagram of a process for alkylation of propylene, according to embodiments disclosed herein, is illustrated. Dilute propylene feedstock 10, which may include propylene and propane, may be contacted with a stream 12, which may include fresh or spent sulfuric acid, in a reactor 14. The contacting results in the formation of a mixed hydrocarbon/acid system.
[0035]Reactor 14 may be similar to an alkylation reactor, and may include an upper section 14a and a bottom section 14b. Contact structures 62 may be positioned in upper section 14a to facilitate the contact of the olefins with the sulfuric acid. Conditions in reactor 14 may be maintained such that at least a portion of the propylene reacts with the sulfuric acid to form propylene sulfate esters. The reaction mixture may then be separated, for example, by decanting the reaction mixture in lower section 14b to recover a hydrocarbon fraction 68, including propane and any unreacted propylene, and an acid propylene sulfate ester fraction 70.
[0036]Hydrocarbon fraction 68 may be recovered via line 72. Additionally, the heat of reaction may produce some vapors, which may be removed via line 74. If desired, these vapors may be condensed or compressed, such as by using a compressor 76, and combined with the hydrocarbons in line 72.
[0037]If desired, the recovered hydrocarbons may pass through a de-entrainment device 78. Additionally, a portion of the recovered hydrocarbon fraction may be recycled via line 80 to the top of reactor 14, such as for purposes of reactor temperature control and to react any unreacted propylene recovered via line 72.
[0038]Acid propylene sulfate ester fraction 70, which may include propylene sulfate esters and excess sulfuric acid, may be recovered via line 84. At least a portion of the recovered acid sulfate ester fraction may be forwarded as alkylation feed to an alkylation unit, similar to that described with respect to FIG. 1, via line 86. A portion of acid sulfate ester fraction 70 recovered via line 84 may also be recycled via line 88, such as to maintain a desired acid concentration in reactor 14a.
[0039]Stream 12 may include spent sulfuric acid from a cold acid alkylation unit in some embodiments. In other embodiments, stream 12 may include fresh sulfuric acid at an appropriate concentration. In yet other embodiments, additional olefins, such as butenes, pentenes, and mixtures thereof, may be added to reactor 14a via line 90, resulting in additional sulfate esters for use in downstream alkylation processes.
[0040]In some embodiments, a pulse flow regime may be used for the sulfate ester and/or alkylation reactions. The pulses may be characterized by large mass and heat transfer rates. Increased contact structure wetting and a continuous mixing between parallel flowing rivulets may diminish flow maldistribution. In addition, the formation of local hot spots may be reduced, leading to an intrinsically safer process. The pulses may continuously mobilize stagnant liquid holdup to the point where its stagnant nature disappears. Since stagnant holdup represents 10 to 30 percent of the total liquid holdup in trickle flow operations, the dynamic character of the pulse flow regime may enhance reactor performance, such as by improved radial mixing.
[0041]As described above, contact structures may be positioned in the sulfate ester and alkylation reactors for contacting the sulfuric acid and a feed stream comprising n-olefins. In some embodiments, contact structures or dispersers used in embodiments described herein may include at least 50 percent void space; at least 60 percent void space in other embodiments; at least 70 percent void space in other embodiments; at least 80 percent void space in other embodiments; and up to 99 percent void space in yet other embodiments. For example, in some embodiments, a contact structure may include a multi-filament component and a structural element, such as a co-knit wire mesh, dispersers, or other suitable contact structures. For example, contact structures as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,774,275, incorporated herein by reference, may be used.
[0042]Reaction of olefins and sulfuric acid to form sulfate ester, as described above, is performed at conditions to preferentially form sulfate esters and to avoid heavies formation (oligomerization or polymerization of the feed), allowing for the separation of the propane prior to alkylation. The sulfate ester reactor operating conditions may include reaction temperatures ranging from -34 to 43° C. (-30 to 110° F.) in some embodiments; ranging from -29 to 7° C. (-20 to 45° F.) in other embodiments; ranging from -23 to 4° C. (-10 to 40° F.) in other embodiments; and ranging from -18 to 2° C. (0 to 35° F.) in yet other embodiments. Reactor pressures may range from about 5 to about 500 psig in some embodiments; from about 10 to 250 psig in other embodiments; and from about 20 to 150 psig in yet other embodiments. The combination of temperature and pressure used in some embodiments is sufficient to maintain the feed and products in the liquid phase.
[0043]In some embodiments, the concentration of sulfuric acid phase entering the sulfate ester reactor may be maintained at a concentration that titrates as below 75 weight percent strength sulfuric acid/water mixtures or less. In other embodiments, the sulfuric acid may be maintained at a concentration range titrating as 20 to 50 weight percent sulfuric acid/water mixtures; titrating as 25 to 45 weight percent sulfuric acid/water mixtures in other embodiments; and titrating as 30 to 40 weight percent sulfuric acid/water mixtures in yet other embodiments. It can be noted that that the acid phase entering the sulfate ester reactor in these instances is composed of sulfuric acid, ASO (acid soluble oils) and water. It does not contain significant quantities of water, typically 0-5% by weight, and for the purposes of describing the acid content, the terminology "titrates as" or "titrating as" is used to indicate a sulfuric acid/water mixture which has the same acidity, understanding that the acid mixture used herein is more complex in chemical makeup. Measurement of the acidity may be measured, for example, using a METTLER DL-77 or a METTLER T-90 titrator.
[0044]The formation of the propylene sulfate esters may be performed where sulfuric acid is present in at least a stoichiometric ratio to the propylene in the reactor feed. In other embodiments, sulfuric acid may be present in a range from about 0.9 to about 4 times the stoichiometric ratio; from about 1 to about 3 times the stoichiometric ratio in other embodiments; and from about 1 to about 2 times the stoichiometric ratio in yet other embodiments.
[0045]Conditions in the alkylation reactor to form alkylate product from propylene and isoparaffin are also controlled so as to avoid formation of heavies. Alkylation reactor operating conditions may include reaction temperatures ranging from -7 to 38° C. (20 to 100° F.) in some embodiments; ranging from -4 to 18° C. (25 to 65° F.) in other embodiments; ranging from -1 to 10° C. (30 to 50° F.) in other embodiments; and ranging from -7 to 4° C. (20 to 40° F.) in yet other embodiments. Reactor pressures may range from about 5 to about 500 psig in some embodiments; from about 10 to 250 psig in other embodiments; and from about 20 to 150 psig in yet other embodiments. The combination of temperature and pressure used in some embodiments is sufficient to maintain the feed and products in the liquid phase. Under such conditions, the propylene sulfate reacts with isobutane and isopentane to form C7 and C8 alkylate. Heavies formation is also suppressed as the amount of free propylene is kept low during the alkylation reaction.
[0046]Sulfuric acid fed to the alkylation reactor may include fresh or recycled sulfuric acid. In some embodiments, the concentration of sulfuric acid phase entering the alkylation reactor may be maintained at a concentration that titrates as below 98 weight percent strength sulfuric acid/water mixtures or less. In other embodiments, the sulfuric acid may be maintained at a concentration range titrating as 20 to 80 weight percent sulfuric acid/water mixtures; titrating as 25 to 75 weight percent sulfuric acid/water mixtures in other embodiments; and titrating as 30 to 70 weight percent sulfuric acid/water mixtures in yet other embodiments. It can be noted that that the acid phase in these instances is composed of sulfuric acid, sulfate esters, ASO (acid soluble oils) and water. It does not contain significant quantities of water, typically 0-5% by weight, and for the purposes of describing the acid content, the terminology "titrates as" or "titrating as" is used to indicate a sulfuric acid/water mixture which has the same acidity, understanding that the acid mixture used herein is more complex in chemical makeup. Measurement of the acidity may be measured, for example, using a METTLER DL-77 or a METTLER T-90 titrator.
[0047]In some embodiments, a mass ratio of the sulfuric acid to the propylene sulfate ester fed to the alkylation reaction zone is in the range from 0.5:1 to 30:1. In other embodiments, a mass ratio of the sulfuric acid to the propylene sulfate ester fed to the alkylation reaction zone is in the range from 0.9:1 to 20:1; and in the range from 1:1 to 10:1 in yet other embodiments.
[0048]In some embodiments, a mass ratio of the isoparaffin to the propylene sulfate ester fed to the alkylation reaction zone is in the range from 0.5:1 to 30:1. In other embodiments, a mass ratio of the sulfuric acid to the propylene sulfate ester fed to the alkylation reaction zone is in the range from 0.9:1 to 25:1; and in the range from 1:1 to 20:1 in yet other embodiments.
[0049]The C7 and C8 alkylate formed using embodiments of the processes disclosed herein may be used as gasoline. In some embodiments, the C7 and C8 alkylate products may be blended with other components to form a gasoline.
[0050]As described above, by careful selection of the reactor temperatures, mixing conditions, acid to propylene ratios, and isoparaffin to propylene sulfate ester ratios, processes disclosed herein may alkylate isoparaffins, such as isobutane and isopentane, with propylene. Advantageously, embodiments disclosed herein may allow for formation of C7 and C8 gasoline pool products from propylene, with minimal formation of heavies, such as due to oligomerization and polymerization. Additionally, processes disclosed herein may provide alternatives that may be especially useful for "stranded" refiners to form gasoline range products, thus avoiding expensive and maintenance intensive processes, such as propylene oligomerization. Further, embodiments disclosed herein may provide a beneficial use for spent sulfuric acid.
[0051]While the disclosure includes a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments may be devised which do not depart from the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the scope should be limited only by the attached claims.
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Yeovil Town manager Darren Way spoke to local journalist Chris Spittles, in an interview for BBC Somerset, after his side had won 1-0 against Notts County on Saturday 12th March 2016.
CS: Darren, the run keeps going. That's four wins in a row - just how pleased are you tonight?
DW: I think I'm really pleased, because we went into that game as the underdogs. You talk about Notts County, but that was a difficult game to continue that run. It was a team that I was very wary about from the position that they are in, even though they have had a few bad results. They've got a wealth of experience and they've got a big squad, and it's a big club. So to actually feel like we're in a position where we should be beating those teams, I didn't want the players to realise that. We were up against a really good outfit today. That's a really proud moment as a manager that they continue their run against a good opposition. As you said we continue winning, and that's been the main thing since I've taken over as manager. You have to win football matches, and we've got a good ratio with that at the moment.
CS: Are you having to adapt the way you play? Opposition like Notts County today are coming here and sitting in and making it very difficult for you.
DW: I know that's going to happen. You can see that I'm quite flexible with my three, even through making all the subs again with my front three. I thought their keeper was fantastic, because it could have been a big score. I want the players to get that score. Unfortunately it didn't happen today, but fair play to their keeper (Scott Loach) as he saved a lot of chances. We've just got to make sure that we remain positive and continue the momentum.
DW: I think that if you've got to be critical then I would say that would be the case. As everyone has seen, that game should have been dead and buried.
CS: Let's talk about the penalty. Leroy Lita took it. Jack Compton was on the bench and couldn't come on, but he was your penalty taker at Wimbledon. What's your plan for penalties?
DW: We did have Liam Walsh, so I could understand why Liam was disappointed. But obviously Liam has been out, and Leroy Lita was in last week and there has been a change in personnel. When you change your personnel it's always difficult when the one you normally say is the penalty taker is off the pitch. But we had confidence in Leroy and he had his opportunity. Some players score penalties and some don't, and it's nothing to get too bothered about. You've only got to look at Francois Zoko's response - he scored a goal today, but he obviously missed that dreadful penalty against Carlisle. I think it's important that we stay on the positives, because there are a lot of positives coming out of this football club at the moment. I want to make sure that remains.
CS: So will it be Liam Walsh in the future? Is he your nominated penalty taker?
DW: Yes with Walshy, you can see his technique. I don't know how many man of the matches he's got now, but there's times when you watch him in training and you have to smile - he's that sort of a player.
CS: You pulled further clear of York and Dagenham today, but are you almost not looking at them now, and you're looking above you? You'll see that both Newport and Morecambe won, and you're continuing to chase them, aren't you?
DW: That's why I said we were underdogs today. We had to catch Notts County, and it's important that we keep doing that. I don't want to look behind us. Normally if you look behind you, you end up hitting something. I don't want to hit anything - I want to be in charge, and I want the players to know where they're going. I want them to keep driving it forward and keep this momentum, and this real run - this fantastic run - going. It's another clean sheet. I know the game should have been dead and buried, but I said to the players that with their defensive record, that I'd trust them with my kids at the moment! It's that strong. When you've got that trust, and they're all leading at the back - Nathan Smith had his 200 appearances (commemorative shirt presented) today and that's a fantastic achievement to play 200 games. Obviously we won and didn't concede. So they're all playing their part.
CS: Ten games left now. Have you set a target? I think four wins would get you to fifty points. Is fifty a mark you want to get to as quickly as possible?
DW: I think my target as manager has been the same, and that's just to win. That's what I want - I want a winning environment both on and off the pitch. That becomes quite powerful.
CS: So no figures for us - you just want to keep winning.
DW: I just want to keep winning. If I had set you a figure, or if I had told you that we were going to go on this run, you just would have laughed at me. So I don't want to do that.


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I live in Australia and I have two daughters and five grandchildren. I have been privileged to have had the love and companionship of seven Irish Setters (sometimes known as Red Setters) over many years. I still have one Irish Setter named Cash. This is obviously how my Red Dog design name has come about. After working in the one place for 28 years, I retired from office administration in 2001.
I have been designing digital scrapbook products since 2006, but am currently having a break from designing.