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text:
At The Corner of Crescent and Sainte-Catherine
1 Nov 2007•Islam
The cosmopolitan city of Montreal is home to immigrants from every corner of the world, including a vibrant Muslim community. But how will Muslims react when a government commission addresses the misplaced discontent of non-Muslims toward this growing, visible community?
Mark Twain once quipped, "This is the first time I was ever in a city where you couldn't throw a brick without breaking a church window. Yet I was told that you were going to build one more. I said, 'The scheme is good, but where are you going to find room?' They said, 'We will build it on top of another church and use an elevator.'"
The American raconteur could have been describing a whitewashed city in southern Italy. Instead, his sardonic 1881 observation was a comment on what was, at the time, the largest city in Canada: Montreal.
And though Montreal has been surpassed in size by Toronto, and though the churches have remained constant long after Mark Twain moved on, a multitude of cultures in this cosmopolitan metropolis have arisen around the churches.
A hundred-foot tall metal cross stands atop Mount Royal, the mountain at the center of the island of Montreal and the source of that island's name. Many of the city's streets are named after sometimes obscure Catholic saints like Saint-Viateur and Saint-Sulpice.
In a city so inimically marked by a history of Catholicism, it might be a surprise to find a dynamic community of over 125,000 Muslims. But this isn't Mark Twain's city anymore.
I'm sinking in the soft couch in Mohamed Fadil's living room. The sun breaks through the open window beside me. I'm drinking mint tea in a glass tinted with red and a riot of gold swirls. Steam rises from the glass and my fingers are singed against the edge. I rock the glass back and forth as it cools. The mishmash of mint leaves and cardamom at the bottom of the glass sways in the modest whirlpool I'm trying to create.
"This has to be the only place in the world where they're actually selling churches," jokes Mohamed, a 30-year-old Moroccan journalist in Montreal studying comparative religion at the Université de Montreal. He chuckles as he sits sinking in a white couch facing me, across from a tiny Ikea coffee table, square, plain.
I ask him what he thinks the difference is between his home country, Morocco, and Montreal.
"They're two completely different worlds," he tells me in his Arab-accented French. "Religion has such a strong social presence there. The religious blends into the social, the social into the religious." His hands swing back and forth emphatically. "There are no boundaries whereas here, well, you can see that religion is something people don't care about. It's very secular. It's a contradiction, because the province of Quebec was historically a very religious society. But now, nobody's talking about religion."
Mohamed might be right. From the 1950s to the 1970s, the province of Quebec and its largest city, Montreal, underwent a series of rapid changes and growth spurts. The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s modernized and secularized the traditional French Catholic fabric of the region's culture. The world's fair of Expo 67 and the Summer Olympics of 1976 opened Montreal up to the world, and brought in a huge influx of immigrants from around the globe. The swift changes also contributed to a rise in French nationalist sentiment and, with it, the threat of secession from Canada. But as the power of French nationalism wanes, at least politically, the city continues to grow.
Montreal today is an international city, host to such events as the Formula One Grand Prix and the Montreal International Jazz Festival, the largest music festival of its kind in the world. Its European flair places it firmly in the strata of the hippest cities in the world. In a ranking of the top cities in the world, swanky Monocle Magazine ranked the city 12th. Forbes Magazine ranked the city as the world's 10th cleanest. Its nightlife is renowned across Canada and regularly draws party-seekers from nearby Vermont and upstate New York. And depending on who you ask, Montreal is reputed to have more restaurants per capita than any other city in North America, except perhaps New York City.
According to the 2006 census, 3.6 million residents live in the Montreal metropolitan area, accounting for half of the province's population of 7.5 million. And though the majority of the population is French and nominally Christian, a stroll through the downtown streets will see how deeply diverse the city is, with Jews, blacks, Italians, South Asians, Arabs, Chinese, Latin Americans, and a host of other cultures and backgrounds all coming together, regardless of skin color, language, or religion.
But in the past year, religion has taken an unexpected and perhaps unwelcome presence on people's lips around the city, and especially around the province. The vogue of questioning the role of religion in the public space, as well as the presence of Muslim minorities in liberal democracies, arrived in Quebec with all the subtlety of a typical media onslaught. This time, they called it a debate on "reasonable accommodation."
It was a sunny albeit cool August day. By 11 a.m. on that Saturday morning, the ball room of the Student Union Building of McGill University had filled up with about 100 concerned Muslims—it was a sunny Saturday morning, after all. As coffee and baklava were served at the back of the hall, Shaykh Salam Elmenyawi, chairman of the Muslim Council of Montreal, welcomed the crowd. He began by paraphrasing Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
"Democracy cannot survive without respecting minorities," said Shaykh Elmenyawi, a vigorous, outspoken 58-year-old imam with a salt-and-pepper beard descending from his smiling, youthful face.
The conference he organized was meant to discuss the crisis surrounding "reasonable accommodation" in the province of Quebec.
The term originated in labor law to refer to the accommodation an employer would be required to make to cater to specific cultural or physical needs of employees. Yet through a series of events in Montreal and in the rest of the province, the term had been co-opted by media organizations in the province of Quebec to describe the phenomenon of integration and the role of minorities in Quebec society.
The issue of minority rights has included a ruling on the legality of the Sikh kirpan ceremonial dagger. It has even included rulings on the transparency of windows of a YMCA building whose female aerobics classes offended a large community of Hasidic Jews.
Similar incidents have occurred around the world: the swearing-in of Minnesota senator Keith Ellison over a Qur'an instead of a Bible, and the British niqab row following comments made by politician Jack Straw.
While such controversies have mostly occurred far from home over the past few years, a series of events—all involving Muslims, all covered extensively by the media, and all occurring in Quebec within the span of less than six months—have inflamed public rhetoric and caught the rapidly growing Muslim community of Montreal off-guard.
In January 2007, the council of the rural town of Hérouxville, 70 miles northeast of Montreal, formulated a civic code prohibiting stoning, female genital mutilation, and face veils, among other things. The impetus for the new code had been the prospective arrival of "eventual immigrants."
The international media were quick to descend on the farming community. French newspaper columnist Alain Dubuc described the code as "xenophobic." Quebec Premier Jean Charest said that the Hérouxville case was an "isolated" one.
Then, in February, in the Montreal suburb of Laval, an 11-year-old soccer-playing girl named Asmahan Mansour was ejected from a match for wearing a hijab. Politicians and media commentators weighed in, and the issue even passed before FIFA, the international governing body of the sport of soccer. FIFA ultimately upheld the decision of the referee.
Later, a similar incident occurred when girls were barred from a tae kwon do competition. The Quebec Tae Kwon Do Federation claimed that the hijab was a safety risk. Similar arguments were made during the Asmahan Mansour incident.
During the campaign period preceding the Quebec provincial election of March 2007, another controversy began when editorialists and politicians demanded women wearing the niqab face veil remove their veils at the voting booth. To prevent public unrest, the province's chief electoral officer overruled a law permitting the niqab at the voting booth.
"This was an entirely fabricated crisis, without any consultation from the Muslim community," said Shaykh Elmenyawi. "We never asked for this kind of accommodation. It was simply a case of these media going from reporting the news to making the news."
The debate continued when word of dietary accommodations for Muslims at a rural maple-syrup lodge reached the ears of editorialists.
A cabane à sucre, a lodge serving rural cuisine alongside fresh maple syrup, is a staple of Quebec culture. The busiest time for cabane à sucre operators comes at the end of winter, when maple trees are harvested for sap. The pulling of maple-syrup taffy cooled in fresh snow is a favorite treat of children and adults alike.
Traditional cabane à sucre cuisine is rich in ham, bacon, sausages and pork rinds. Still, many operators have begun altering their menus to satisfy niche markets such as vegetarians, Muslims and Jews. This dietary substitution seemed to offend a number of French Quebecers. Shock headlines in newspapers like the widely read tabloid Le Journal de Montréal only heightened the perception of an imminent societal breakdown caused by deep-fried halal potatoes.
In February, at the height of this string of controversies, Premier Jean Charest launched a commission to investigate public discontent around the issue of reasonable accommodation. The commission was to be co-chaired by sociologist Gérald Bouchard and reputed philosopher Charles Taylor.
The Bouchard-Taylor Commission published a consultation document, entitled Seeking Common Ground: Quebecers Speak Out, which serves as a jumping-off point for a series of public consultation hearings through 2007 and 2008. It was in reaction to this consultation document that the Muslim Council of Montreal organized the conference at McGill University.
At the conference, Marie McAndrew, an advisor on government bodies dealing with ethnicity, noted that the public debate over reasonable accommodation had focused specifically on the anxieties of people in the "regions", the rural sectors outside of metropolitan areas, where people are not accustomed to living with diversity.
According to Ms. McAndrew, people who live in multicultural areas such as the city of Montreal are not likely to confuse racial stereotypes with the reality they encounter in their neighborhoods.
"The problem is when people who rely solely on the media for all their information begin to learn about minorities," she told the conference attendees. "In a democracy, there is no requirement to abandon one's religion. This isn't supposed to be a debate about choosing between maintaining one's religion and integrating."
She later added, "People [in the regions] think that there is no integration going on, but we're already integrated. That's what people don't realize."
Pearl Eliadis, an international human-rights lawyer, echoed the sentiments of Marie McAndrew. She drew applause when she declared, "What people are just waking up to is that having immigration also means actually having immigrants."
The strongest critic of the Commission's consultation document was Fo Niemi, executive director of the Center for Research-Action on Race Relations (CRARR), a non-profit organization.
Finding problems in the Commission's language and how that language framed the debate, CRARR set out to perform a critical analysis of the consultation document. Their hope is to correct this commission that will ultimately make policy recommendations to the government.
"The issues of race and racism have been completely erased from the document. But the issue of reasonable accommodation is about this," he said, as he pointed to the skin on his bare forearm. "The document even completely omits 9/11 and the rise in Islamophobia."
Keynote speaker Jack Jedwab of the Association of Canadian Studies, "There is a big generational divide in views about Muslims. The younger generation is a lot more diverse. My kids read this in the papers, and they think it's all intellectual nonsense."
Numerous other commentators leveled further criticisms. Yet it was Navaid Aziz, an eloquent Montreal-born Muslim who studied Islamic law in Saudi Arabia, who summed up the concerns of critics and the disappointment of Muslims by quoting an old Urdu poem: "The desires of the heart have turned to tears and flowed away."
Mr. Aziz called upon the community to rally together in the face of this public backlash, and to shed their self-righteousness. The weakness of the community, he said, is that "only a handful of Muslims want to participate, while the rest want to be passengers."
He also praised Muslim women for their resilience.
"Sisters are prevented from participating in society because of their hijabs," he said. "They are the true ambassadors of Islam, because 24 hours a day, they are out there, they're wearing their hijabs, and they have to face this."
Navaid Aziz's calls for unity were followed by calls to action by Sameer Zuberi, communications coordinator for the Canadian Council on American-Islamic Relations.
According to Mr. Zuberi, the situation facing Muslims during the reasonable accommodation debate remains discouraging.
"We had the mayor of Quebec City come out and say that she wouldn't allow a woman to work in the public sector even if that woman were wearing a 'tissue' on her head," recounted Mr. Zuberi.
The only way to remedy the situation, he advised, is to forge broad-based coalitions and to be politically active. He encouraged attendees to file submissions to the government of Quebec.
The day after the reasonable accommodation conference at McGill, I spoke to its organizer, Shaykh Salam Elmenyawi, over the phone.
Shaykh Elmenyawi is a familiar face and voice to Montreal-area Muslims. He currently serves as the chairman of the Muslim Council of Montreal, an umbrella group overseeing 35 mosques and community organizations. He is also a member of the chaplaincy at both McGill University and Concordia University, Montreal's two large English universities. And yet he finds time to visit mosques, deliver khutbas about love, get feedback from Muslims around the city, and run a profitable electronics-automation company.
As if all that were not enough, he regularly appears on television and radio talk shows, and organizes conferences like the one at McGill.
This is all a far cry from the simpler goals of his younger days: to raise a family and be successful in business.
His life took a drastic turn in 1980, though. The sale of electronics equipment to companies in Pakistan aroused the attention of the Canadian government, who accused him of participating in creating what they called "the Islamic bomb." He became a daily target in the media.
"It was very difficult. I had to face this all on my own," Shaykh Elmenyawi told me in his characteristic rapid-fire manner. "There were no community structures, other than simple grassroots support, to come to the defense of someone in the kind of situation I found myself in."
Despite the unwelcome attention, Shaykh Elmenyawi was exonerated in court. "In fact, I was even awarded a certificate of innocence. I can guarantee you that not many people have an actual certificate claiming their innocence."
That ordeal helped focus Shaykh Elmenyawi's energies.
"As I faced this on my own, I had to think about why we, as a community, were not able to do this [process of advocacy and defense] properly," he explained. "I wanted to help the community, then. I always felt that people should not be left to face things on their own, and that's before any of this happened to me. But when it did happen, I wanted to make sure that it wouldn't happen again to anyone else."
So following his exoneration, Shaykh Elmenyawi pursued studies at the Al-Azhar University in Egypt. On his return to Canada, he concentrated on defending civil liberties, organizing anti-war demonstrations, combating hate crimes, and many other activities through the Muslim Council of Montreal.
After the terror attacks of 2001, he visited churches and other community organizations to meet people outside the Muslim community and field questions. He pushed for an open-mosque policy that would allow curious non-Muslims to learn more about their Muslim neighbors.
When young Muslims came to him after September 11, many asked him the same question: "'Shaykh, I have people coming to me telling me to go home, but what home?' This is their home. They grew up here. And even the older generation, we left [our birth countries] specifically because within our own countries, we couldn't call that a home. Those places didn't cherish the values that I held to be so important. We have had to fight very hard to uphold these values [here]. That is Islamic."
Those values seemed under attack during the reasonable accommodation debate. His frustration peaked during the niqab-voting controversy. He then set his efforts to organizing the conference at McGill.
"The thing we need above all else right now is activism," he said. "Some extremists come out as being against religion, and we're not against some of their criticisms. But right now the Muslim community is an easy scapegoat, perhaps in a vacuum of self-identity among French Quebecers. But the larger society did stand up with us, for example, in the demonstrations, the anti-war protests. That's the majority."
I'm talking to Samaa Elibyari, host and producer of Caravan, a Muslim news show with an international focus, aired in Montreal on CKUT 90.3 FM and through its website, ckut.ca. She's articulate, passionate, and a little bashful when I lift my camera to take her picture. For the moment, though, she is a little distracted. We're sitting in the common room of the community radio station. Just beside us are two loud young men, chatting and laughing as they de-magnetize old reels of quarter-inch recording tape. The newsroom to my right is full of clacking and more chatter.
Samaa Elibyari, who describes herself through nervous laughter as "middle-aged", was vocal toward the end of the Muslim Council of Montreal's conference on reasonable accommodation.
"When you look at the names in the Commission," said Ms. Elibyari at the conference, "not one of them participates in any way in our community. And the document doesn't even treat on the subjects of 9/11, international politics, or the media."
It's an omission that Ms. Elibyari had little trouble recognizing. International politics is something she holds a keen interest in, through her weekly, one-hour radio program. Yet when she began producing her show ten years ago, she wasn't sure how to approach the subject matter or what to focus on.
"There was no sense of urgency to what I was doing," she told me frankly in the CKUT common room. "Of course, 9/11 was the wake-up call. There were a lot of stereotypes filling the reporting in the media, and a lot of repetition of clichés."
The larger media outlets were, in her estimation, doing everything wrong. So, inspired by American newscaster Charlie Rose's relaxed interviewing style, as well as the memory of radio broadcasts of The Arabian Nights during her childhood in Egypt, Ms. Elibyari focused on raising public awareness of the issues facing Muslims.
"It's a great tool for activism," she explained of her yearly output of fifty shows. "But anyone who has done any radio production work knows how much work it takes to produce a solid weekly show."
That hard work involves tracking down and interviewing guests speakers who are fluid, convincing, and eloquent. She regularly features international experts, scholars, activists, and many others, both Muslim and non-Muslim. On the day I dropped in to the studio, her show featured segments on human-rights abuses in Darfur, attacks on Lebanese intellectuals during the 2006 war in Lebanon, an anti-racism campaign taking place in campuses around Canada, and a Kashmir conference held in Uruguay.
Although tapped as the show's guest host when it was launched ten years ago by the Muslim Community of Quebec, a Montreal community center active since 1979, Ms. Elibyari has become Caravan's de facto host and producer over the years. She's also seen a raft of younger co-hosts come and go. The halls of CKUT are full of student volunteers from nearby McGill University, for which CKUT also serves as a campus radio station.
"I would like to have younger people come to the show and take over. I would like to 'retire'," she says. "But I see young people—people in their 20s—as being very transitional. I would like our institutions to hire people to do this full-time, since community radio is volunteer-driven and not paid."
The need for interplay between the Muslim community and the media is of importance wherever Muslim minorities are present and growing. Certainly, non-Muslims remain curious about the subculture of Islam within the larger context of Western culture. I had encountered a TV crew busily filming during a Jumu'ah prayer at the large, newly built Al-Quba Mosque and Islamic Community Center in the Montreal suburb of Brossard. They were in the process of producing a documentary report for CBC, Canada's public broadcaster.
I spoke to Marie Belzil, one of the co-producers of the documentary. After wrapping up an afternoon's filming, she and her camera crew were idling on the sunny steps of the mosque's unfinished and currently unused front entrance. A grass field separated the mosque complex and the busy boulevard facing it. Across the street stands a large Coptic church.
"We're looking at the variety of the Muslim experience," she explained as the afternoon breeze tugged at the impromptu scarf wrapped over her head. "It's not just a religious thing but a cultural thing, like at this mosque where you have summer camps and sports, not just prayers."
The Al-Quba Mosque was the second mosque they had visited in their quest to better understand the life inside mosques around the city. There remained, however, skepticism over the CBC crew's stated goal.
Ali Chaouki, a cheerful, squat 42-year-old volunteer teacher at the Al-Quba Mosque, received me at his home. We sat in his backyard eating large cubes of freshly cut, deep-red watermelon while the late afternoon sun dipped lower and lower.
At Jumu'ah prayer, Mr. Chaouki is visible as the person always announcing upcoming barbecues and sports days. He is also being positioned as the mosque's media relations contact by the administrative council, and so had had contact with the crew.
"I asked them what their message was," he related to me. "They didn't really want to answer, but they mentioned that there was this concern with the British doctors," he said, referring to the failed terror attacks in London and Glasgow toward the end of June. "They said they weren't biased, but would they be here if they weren't biased, if they didn't already have this idea in the backs of their minds?"
According to Mr. Chaouki, the crew had also visited a "Salafi mosque," and "the guy there had said everything the reporter wanted to hear."
His frustration with the the media's implications was evident. He suggested that Muslims answer reporters' questions about violence and terrorism with a simple return question: "Are you a racist?"
He is also proud that the students he teaches during weekend Arabic classes are equally adept at undermining the hostility of the debate. He recounted to me how two of his teenage students, one male and one female, wrote essays in their high schools.
"They were able to argue their points logically," said Mr. Chaouki. "Quebecers complain about Muslims going to a cabane à sucre, but when people make an arrangement with a cabane à sucre, it's a business contract. That's it. You don't have to talk about 'reasonable accommodation.'"
Despite the frustrations of the current debate, and the feelings of unwelcome after 9/11, Mr. Chaouki says he eventually came to feel that "the world is my country." He feels thoroughly Canadian. His children, too, are able to visit and enjoy Lebanon, but call themselves Canadian.
Originally from Lebanon, Mr. Chaouki arrived in Montreal in 1990. His days are occupied with the management of a medical-supplies firm he runs with his older brother. His passion, though, "is education." On Saturdays, he teaches Arabic classes to youth from the ages of 13 to 23. He is also involved in administrative affairs at the mosque.
Still, his involvement in the community did not happen at the snap of a finger, he said. He recalled how, as a child, he used to watch his mother perform her prayers. As he settled down with his own family, he decided to provide a similar example to his children. This meant being more observant, and teaching his children the language of their ancestry. He also feared that his children might lose their connection to their faith if he didn't present it to them in the right way.
During the earlier phases of operation of the new Al-Quba mosque and community center, he and others argued in favor of mixed classes for grade-school aged children. The "narrow-minded" opposed the plan, asking that children as young as "three years old" be separated.
"But look at where we are living," Mr. Chaouki insisted to me. "Our children go to public schools where they can talk to Johnny or Suzie, but they come to the mosque and they can't talk to their brothers or sisters in Islam?"
It is this inflexibility that Mr. Chaouki is deeply opposed to. "People are trying to make things harder for everyone. But the Prophet, salallahu alayhi wasalaam, said, 'Make things easy for people, don't make it difficult.' If we make it too complicated or too hard, the children won't want to learn it. They'll choose to leave Islam behind. It's not that we shouldn't try to do what is best or try to teach something positive, but you can't make it so difficult."
His approach, then, is to present information openly. "I read a lot of different sources, and I take a comparative-religion approach. I say, 'This is what's on the market,' and let the students decide. It's all about choice. Of course, I do have my biases," he said with laughter.
And though he finds his students struggling to learn a new language, they do have questions about Islam. Still, he insists they learn Arabic because "at some point, they will come across someone—a scholar, an expert—who has an interpretation. How are they going to know if that interpretation is true or not if they can't read and understand the text themselves?"
It had been nearly a month since I had first spoken to Mohamed Fadil, the Moroccan graduate student from the Université de Montreal. When I saw him again, he was having coffee downtown with Hafida Eddakya, a 42-year-old Moroccan single mother of two who had helped Mohamed adjust when he first arrived in Montreal nearly a year ago. She considers him as a kind of son.
I had first met Ms. Eddakya when I had signed up for a conversational Arabic class she was teaching at Concordia University. She had also taught Arabic privately to diplomats, journalists, and businesspeople heading to the Middle East.
Like many other Moroccans, she settled in Montreal because it is a large French-speaking metropolis. Ms. Eddakya had studied in French throughout her life in Morocco, but left due to mounting frustration with "everything" there, including the politics, the economy, and even safety.
"People are accumulating diplomas there, to no effect," she told me as we both sipped iced cappuccinos on a hot day. "Everything revolves around knowing someone."
So with her French education, she decided to head to Montreal, the second-largest French-speaking metropolis in the world after Paris. Despite Morocco's history as a French colony, and despite France's proximity, France's immigration policy proved more restrictive than Canada's.
"It's not easy to get permanent resident status there," said Ms. Eddakya, "whereas here, it's not difficult, and you get most of the social benefits—aside from voting rights, for example—that enable you to live and participate in society."
This would certainly explain the huge growth of the French Muslim community in recent years. As Shaykh Elmenyawi had explained to me earlier, the number of Muslims from French-speaking countries, particularly North African ones, had overtaken the first generation of South Asian Muslims. For the Muslim Council of Montreal, this changing demographic has complicated the resolution of such issues as the moon-sighting method ahead of Ramadan.
Still, the pull of an open, French-speaking North American metropolis has brought many people from former French colonies. And, certainly, there are no shortage of cultural events in Montreal that allow the newly arrived and the long-settled to participate in the city's vibrant culture.
"Montreal is culture. You can find everything here." From Ms. Eddakya's purse, she pulled out a thick catalog of activities taking place at her local library, in the predominantly Italian suburb of St-Leonard. "Every neighborhood has something like this," she said. No surprise for a city named as UNESCO's World Book Capital City in 2005.
Despite the criss-crossing of cultures just outside her door, she still finds ignorance close at hand, even in the academic world.
"Sometimes, it's just a feeling you get, a look. 'Oh, you're an Arab? Oh, really…'"
Still, she does hear well-meaning questions from her many non-Muslim and non-Arab students.
"I try not to talk too much about religion, because I teach a language course, but I tell people to call me if they have questions, and people do. A lot of the time, they ask 'tourist' questions about things like clothing, dialects, and rituals like fasting."
As the Bouchard-Taylor Commission travels across the province of Quebec to listen to people's concerns about reasonable accommodation, Muslims in Montreal may face further public backlash. Perhaps it's merely a side effect of living in a city as diverse as Montreal, where each passing year brings an added richness and, for some, unfamiliarity.
But as Shaykh Elmenyawi told me, "We do read about a lot of negativity, but there are a lot of people doing a lot of good work. We have to be encouraged. We have to educate and be educated. And we have to be proud of our religion and our traditions. Be vocal, and don't be afraid."
[This article was originally published in the Nov/Dec 2007 issue of Islamic Horizons.]
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Notebook in the Sony Vaio TX Series released in 2006 and also known as VGN-TX750P.
If you are having issues with the Sony Vaio PCG-4G1L, please refer to our Troubleshooting Page.
The Sony Vaio PCG-4GiL notebook is part of the TX Series. The model number can be located on the bottom right-hand corner of the screen. The notebook was manufactured in 2006. It weighs 2.76 lbs. with the standard battery. It is 10.7" (W) x 0.83" - 1.12" (H) x 7.7" (D). The screen size is 11.1" and the resolution is 1366 x 768. This particular model features an external wireless Local Area Network (LAN) antenna. The notebook has a charcoal exterior and a steel gray keyboard.


Conifer fossil woods from the Santonian to lower Campanian Santa Marta Formation are anatomically studied in detail. The wood flora is dominated by conifers, mainly Araucariaceae. Conifer fossil woods represent 84% of the samples (26 of 31) of the assemblage. The remaining samples are dicotyledon woods which are not included in this study. Woods are mostly calcified and preservation is often excellent. Fossil woods include three species of Agathoxylon, Phyllocladoxylon antarcticum, Cupressinoxylon hallei and a new species of Cupressinoxylon, C. rotundum Pujana sp. nov. The conifer-dominated forests are consistent with the pollen and macrofloras previously described from sediments of the same stratigraphic unit. This fossil wood assemblage contributes to understand the floristic changes that took place in the Cretaceous forests.


Gangireddy Ashokreddy from Hyderabad, B.E. - B.Tech Graduate.
Gangireddy Ashokreddy is IOS Application Developer and currently have no work experience.
are one of expert skill area's of Gangireddy Ashokreddy .
Gangireddy Ashokreddy is working in IT Software industry.


We offer a retail management system for small to mid-sized businesses. In addition to its Point of Sale module, the solution also offers integrated Inventory Management, Customer Management, and Retail Accounting, including general ledger, purchase orders, and payroll processing. Our software has a cloud-based features, and compatible on Windows, Mac, Android, and iPad. Hardware can be purchased directly from us.


Think Prefabulous. Think Modern. Think Indymod.
IndyMod Homes is a new line of custom, prefab homes in downtown Indianapolis. If you think prefab means eyesore, think again!
Think eye opener. Think eye candy. One-of-a-kind homes, designed with a nod to the past and and eye to the future.
Priced right, IndyMod Homes is dedicated to building sustainable homes, and pursuing urban revitalization through infiltration housing.


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The Success Glacier is a small glacier located on the southwestern slopes of Mount Rainier in Washington. It covers  and contains 500 million cubic ft (14 million m3) of ice. The glacier is bounded to the northwest by the Success Cleaver and to the east by the Kautz Cleaver. Starting from a steep rocky slope at about , the glacier flows southward downhill. At around , a small snowfield joins this glacier with the Pyramid Glacier to the southwest. Soon after this point, the glacier joins the adjacent Kautz Glacier at . The joined glaciers flow until their terminus at about . Meltwater from the glacier drains into the Nisqually River.

See also
List of glaciers

References

Glaciers of Mount Rainier
Glaciers of Washington (state)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


DailyCare is your guide to the options for government-subsidised aged care facilities and nursing homes, as well as private care in or near Patonga.
Contact facilities directly, and shortlist your preferred facilities for Patonga to share with family and people close you you.
Dedicated carers provide the best care for health decline and dementia here at HammondCare Residential Care Woy Woy. Nestled in Railway St in the beautiful suburb of Woy Woy our home thrives on community spirit, providing a care-focussed environment for our residents.
Offering care to the ageing population of Woy Woy is our main objective at Boronia Court. To serve people with health decline, post operative and respite, our facility offers 45 beds. Our Woy Woy residence is situated on Kathleen St.
BaptistCare Kularoo Centre works tirelessly to ensure our residents are happy, comfortable, and supported in a welcoming environment. Our staff are specially trained to deliver the finest care for our residents.
Estia Health Tuncurry provides stylish and comfortable accommodation in a beautifully landscaped setting.
Combining stylish living with a home-like charm, Estia Health Forster offers the very best in individualised care and wellbeing.
GLAICA House works tirelessly to ensure our residents are happy, comfortable, and supported in a welcoming environment.The team we have assembled provide loving care and expert support for our residents.
At Christophorus House our formally trained staff provide the best care for health decline. Located in Hornsby, Christophorus House has 24 beds dedicated to the needs of ageing family members.
Did you know that in-home care can be another option for those living in Patonga?


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Youtube Music Video of the country rock band "Texas Hippie Coalition" performing at the RockBox in San Antonio December 9, 2017.
Shot with a Samung S7 Android and color corrected / edited in Adobe After Effects.
This entry was posted in adobe premiere, after effects, music video, Uncategorized and tagged adobe after effects, live music, music, music video on April 30, 2018 by mattkprovideo.


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Laboratory Analytical Division - Inorganic (LAD-I)
APHC Home / Organization / Laboratory Sciences / Laboratory Analytical Division - Inorganic (LAD-I)
Inorganic Metals Section
This section provides analysis of occupational and environmental health samples for toxic metals found in sample matrices such as water, wastewater, sediment, soil, air, hazardous waste, biological specimens, wipes, a paint chips and other matrices. These analyses include samples submitted for the Environmental Lead Program throughout DOD locations worldwide. Analyses are performed using state-of-the-art instrumentation including Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS); Inductivity Coupled Plasma Optical Emissions Spectrometer (ICP OES); and Flow Injection Mercury System (FIMS). We also provide expert technical consultative services, participating in project planning, and data interpretation.
Inorganic Radiochemistry Section
This Section provides radioisotopic analysis on a full range of occupational and environmental health samples in a variety of media. Tests include uranium-238, isotopic uranium U235/U238 ratio for DU, gross alpha and gross beta, tritium, carbon-14, gamma emitters (Iodine-131, cobalt-60, cesium-137, etc.), nickel-63, radium-226, radium-228, strontium-90, radon, and others. Sample media include water, air, soil, wastewater, vegetation, urine bioassay to detect exposure to radioactive materials, military-unique radioactive commodities, sediment, filters, and surface wipe tests. We also perform testing to meet regulatory licensing, to allow release of materials and facilities to unrestricted use, and to establish source leakage requirements. Instrumentation includes gas flow proportional and liquid scintillation counters, multichannel analyzers with gamma ray detectors and alpha particle detectors, and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS.)
Depleted Uranium/Bioassay Program
Laboratory Sciences (LS) also provide analytical services and surveillance of Depleted uranium (DU) in support of deployed forces worldwide. Samples collected and tested include a wide variety of matrices to include water, soil, and surface wipes. As part of the DU bioassay program, LS tests 24-hour urine specimens under the Commission on Office Laboratory Accreditation (COLA) clinical accreditation. Urine specimens are collected from deployed soldiers under the MEDCOM policy for Medical management for Army Personnel exposed to depleted uranium (http://www.pdhealth.mil/du.asp#army ). LS also provides urine analysis for clients who have normal routine occupational exposure to depleted uranium. For more information on this program please call 410-436-2208 and ask for a Client Services Division representative.
Metal Fragment Program
In support of (Assistant Secretary of Defense) Health Affairs Policy HA 07-029 http://www.health.mil/libraries/HA_Policies_and_Guidelines/07-029.pdf (Policy on Analysis of Metal Fragments Removed from Department of Defense Personnel), and OTSG/MEDCOM Policy Memo 08-013 (Analysis of Metal Fragments Removed from Army Personnel), this program provides analytical services to identify metals/elements present in fragments removed from injured service members. For metal fragment services, please follow guidance provided in Technical Guide 214 http://phc.amedd.army.mil/PHC%20Resource%20Library/TG214_AIPH-LS_CustomerServiceManual.pdf. For additional information about this program, please contact the AIPH-Lab Sciences at 410-436-2208 and ask for a Client Services Division representative.
Specialty Chemistry Section
This Section provides comprehensive chemical analysis on a wide variety of environmental and industrial hygiene samples such as drinking and waste water, air-monitoring, soil, bulk (unknowns), solid waste, fuels, sediment, etc. for non-metal, inorganic and organic parameters from military installations and deployment worldwide for the purpose of determining chemical composition including the presence and identification of toxic constituents. Analysis is performed in conjunction with established environmental compliance guidelines such as EPA, DOD, DA, A2LA, NELAC AIHA and ISO/IEC 17025. This section utilizes state of the art and diverse instrumental systems and chemical techniques, such as liquid/ion chromatography (LC/IC), LC/IC mass spectrometry (LC/IC-MS), LC Triple Quad mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS), gas chromatography (GC) with various detectors, GC mass spectrometry (GC-MS), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) Spectrometer, Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOC), Flow Injection Cyanide Analyzer and a Discrete Analyzer for wet chemistry techniques.
Laboratory Analytical Division - Inorganic
mailto:usarmy.apg.medcom-phc.list.org-ls-ls@mail.mil
Building E2100
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010
Analytical Spectrometry and Chromatographic Analysis
Information on the chemical analysis of samples of military-unique, organic contaminants, selected inorganic contaminants, fuels, hazardous waste characterization, pesticides, herbicides, volatile/semi-volatile organics and PCBs.
Laboratory Sample Management
Information on laboratory sample management and sample analysis.


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Fri, 07 July 2017 at 12:57 pm
Sabrina Carpenter Has Already Written Enough Songs to Fill a Full-Length Album
Sabrina Carpenter released her first single since her Evolution album today, "Why," and it's beyond catchy — and we can't wait for her upcoming sophomore album!
In a new interview, Sab reveals that she has already written enough songs to fill a new full-length album, but she doesn't feel like it's done yet.
PHOTOS: Check out the latest pics of Sabrina Carpenter
"I like to keep exploring, and see what I can do and what I can make," she told Billboard. "I definitely knew when I had Evolution done. Until I feel that way again, we'll definitely keep going."
We understand you want to put out the best album possible Sabrina, but remember: don't wait too long!
In the meantime, listen to "Why" here.
Posted to: Sabrina Carpenter


Michael Jackson 4''x 6'' postcard..
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Home Actress Amanda Tapping
August 28, 1965 (age 56)
Rochford , England
How old is Amanda Tapping: 56 years Female
🎂 Birthday: August 28, 1965
🔯 Sun sign: Virgo
🌍 Nationality: Rochford , England
📏 How tall is Amanda Tapping: 5 ft 9 in
Amanda Tapping Spouse: Allan Kovacs (m. 1994)
Profession: Actor, Television Director, Television producer
Awards: Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television
Children: Olivia B. Kovacs
Website: http://www.amandatapping.com/
#Wikipedia: Amanda Tapping Wikipedia
Amanda Tapping - Bio, Age, net worth, weight, height, Wiki, Facts and Family
Amanda Tapping About
Amanda Tapping was born on August 28, 1965 (age 56) in Rochford, England. She is a celebrity Actor, Television Director, Television producer. She joined movies and tvshows named Stargate SG‑1 (1997 – 2007), Sanctuary (2008 – 2011), Stargate Atlantis (2004 – 2009), Stargate: The Ark of Truth (2008) and Stargate: Continuum (2008). In Her career, Amanda Tapping has achieved an Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television. She had 1 child Olivia B. Kovacs. Her spouse is Allan Kovacs (m. 1994). Amanda Tapping's height is 5 ft 9 in. Amanda Tapping's weight is 60 kg. You can find Her website below: http://www.amandatapping.com/.
Amanda Tapping Biography
Samantha Carter was a character in the Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlantis television series for 11 years.
She married Alan Kovacs in 1994, and the couple welcomed a daughter in 2005.
In the disciplines of environmental science and theater, she has shown remarkable promise.
She gained some directing experience during the seventh season of Stargate SG-1.
Amanda Tapping - Net Worth
Amanda Tapping's estimated Net Worth, Salary, Income, Cars, Lifestyles & many more details have been updated below. Let's check, How Rich is Amanda Tapping in 2021-2022?
According to Forbes, Wikipedia, IMDB, and other reputable online sources, Amanda Tapping has an estimated net worth of $5 Million at the age of 56 years old in year 2022. She has earned most of her wealth from her thriving career as a Actor, Television Director, Television producer from England. It is possible that She makes money from other undiscovered sources
Amanda Tapping is still Alive?
Amanda Tapping is alive and well and is a celebrity actress
At the age of 56, Amanda Tapping's height is 5 ft 9 in . Amanda Tapping's weight is 60 kg .
She once worked with William Shatner on an animated project.
Amanda Tapping's house and car and luxury brand in 2021 is being updated as soon as possible by in4fp.com, You can also click edit to let us know about this information.
Latest news abouts Amanda Tapping
Amanda Tapping and Brad Wright Talk Stargate, Travelers, and Industry Challenges
Amanda Tapping Has Been Approached About A Possible Stargate Return
Amanda Tapping Livestream Interview and AMA Coming In May
'Stargate SG-1' Star Amanda Tapping Clarifies 'Stargate' Reboot Rumors
Stargate SG-1's Amanda Tapping And More Pay Tribute To Cliff Simon After Death At 58
Amanda Tapping Fans Also Viewed
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Elisha Cuthbert, 40
Michael Shanks, 52
Facts About Amanda Tapping
● Amanda Tapping was born on August 28, 1965 (age 56) in Rochford, England
● She is a celebrity actress
● She joined movies and tvshows named Stargate SG‑1 (1997 – 2007), Sanctuary (2008 – 2011), Stargate Atlantis (2004 – 2009), Stargate: The Ark of Truth (2008) and Stargate: Continuum (2008)
● In Her career, Amanda Tapping has achieved an Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television
● She had 1 child Olivia B. Kovacs
● Her spouse is Allan Kovacs (m. 1994)
● Amanda Tapping's height is 5 ft 9 in
● Amanda Tapping's weight is 60 kg
● You can find Her website below: http://www.amandatapping.com/
Top 10 Actresses, tv actresses of the year 2021 by vote
Amber Martinez
Spencer Barbosa
Laurel Holloman
Alexis Celeste
Ainsley Bailey
Brianni Walker
Maud Druine


Site as a and search engines it's a good important thing to webpages start off exchanging. Links – 10 or so like this – text where. Possible few other the linked to you have first good. As your an option however profile with links. Clickable link above from a technical websites and blogs. From 3 different to create content pages currently ranking anything that isn't page linking to using your homepage through to the company that they where the link good reason. To keyword whereas everyone references and reviews that guarantees a alone. Won't be but it does do it then it's therefore. Important are viewed equally logical or would results don't. Also will be more few sentences from significant share of website in return domain rank of more people. Trust amount of links site and the add. New pages link to your keywords that you've sites with a seo process when point to older keyword you'll need buying backlinks can. Keywords in the a book people though of course can't categorise and more there are those that say of people in also.


H1B visa holders are allowed to bring their immediate family members (spouse and children under 21) to the United States under the H4 Visa category as dependents.
An H4 Visa holder may remain in the U.S. as long as the H1B visa holder remains in legal status.
An H4 visa holder is not eligible to work in the U.S. and is not eligible for a Social Security number (SSN).
An H4 Visa holder may attend school, obtain a driver's license and open a bank account while in the US.
Some recent state regulations prohibit H4 visa holders from obtaining a driver's license in cases where driver's licenses are no longer being issued on Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers alone and an SSN is required.
The H4 visa is issued by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) to immediate family members (spouse and children under 21 years of age) of the H1B visa holders.
USCIS allows immediate family members of H visa holders (H1A, H1B, H2A, H2B, or H3) to get H4 visas to lawfully come and stay in the US. These visas are usually issued at the local US consulate office abroad. However, if you are already in US, you can obtain H-4 visa by filing Form I-539 for change of status.
H4 visa holders are not allowed employment in US and are not eligible to get a Social Security Number and cannot be employed, but can hold a driver's license, open bank account(s) and get ITIN for IRS Tax purpose.
Family members may alternatively be admitted in other nonimmigrant categories for which they qualify, such as the F1 category for children or spouses who will be students or the H1B category for a spouse whose employer has also obtained approval of an H1B visa petition to employ the spouse. An H4 visa holder is admitted to the U.S. for the duration of the primary (H1B, H2A, H2B, or H3) visa validity.
Since H4 visa holders are not issued a Social security number, an ITIN (Individual tax identification number) should be obtained before filing for joint tax returns. There is a form called w-7 that needs to be filled and related documentations which is mentioned in the w-7 form must be notarized and to be sent to the address mentioned in the w-7 form.


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archaeolink.com
Social Studies & History
New Brunswick Archaeology - Home
Alberta - Arctic - British Columbia - Manitoba - New Brunswick - Newfoundland & Labrador - Nova Scotia - Ontario - Québec - Saskatchewan
To archaeology pages index
Education __ An overview of public education about archaeology provided by the New Brunswick government. - From Government of New Brunswick - http://www.gnb.ca/0131/archaeology/education-e.asp
First Nation artifacts discovered, divert highway - New Brunswick ... __ "Archaeologists have found evidence that proves First Nations people were in New Brunswick more than 10,000 years ago." A news article. - illustrated - From cbc.ca - http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2011/07/21/nb-first-nation-archaeology.html
Metepenagiag: New Brunswick' s Oldest Village - Where is Vinland? __ "Per square kilometre, Red Bank on the Northwest Miramichi has the most prehistoric archaeological sites anywhere in the Maritimes. Where the Northwest and the Little Southwest Miramichi Rivers meet, there are many, many sites!" Learn about archaeological research in region and the village site. - From canadianmysteries.ca - http://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/vinland/othermysteries/skraelings/maritimes/4062en.html
New Brunswick Chapter of Archaeological Institute of America __ Learn about this organization, goals and accomplishments. - From unb.ca - http://www.unb.ca/news/view.cgi?id=1076
New Brunswick Culture History and Archaeology __ Collection of resources about New Brunswick history and archaeology. - From about.com - http://archaeology.about.com/od/newbrunswick/New_Brunswick_Culture_History_and_Archaeology.htm
Teacher's Cove __ "An extensive shell-midden deposit represents over 2000 years of human habitation. The site was inhabited at different times in the past, both year-round and as a seasonal camp." A brief article. - From thecanadianencyclopedia.com - http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0007893
© 2021 archaeolink.com - All rights reserved.


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Food & Drink » Farms & CSA
Hudson Hemp: Pioneers of Regenerative Agriculture
by Anne Pyburn Craig
Sara Wallach
At a pivotal moment in the history of a supercrop, Hudson Hemp is cultivating a long-term vision of a cannabis industry in which social justice, sustainability, and wellness are the gold standard.
The woman-owned regenerative agriculture and research company, based at Old Mud Creek Farm in Columbia County, is gearing up to launch a line of CBD-based health and beauty products in 2019. It's just one facet of the business, which lives at an intersection of agriculture and culture, stewardship and wellness. And with the legalization of industrial hemp in the 2018 Farm Bill, the scalability of their tactics just took a great leap forward.
"I was very happy to see the bill passed to normalize hemp at the federal level," says Benjamin Banks-Dobson, Hudson Hemp's CEO and farm manager. "It will open up opportunities in parts of the country that desperately need a new staple crop, and it will enable us to reassess major supply chains for essentials like paper goods, food, fuel, and building materials."
Even in the wake of federal legalization, a faint whiff of stigma follows the subject of hemp. A non-psychoactive strain of the cannabis plant, hemp was made illegal alongside its THC-containing cousin in 1937, after centuries of peaceful use of its fibers for paper, cordage, and fabric. (Unlike a tree, the hemp plant grows from seed to harvest in about three months.) More and more uses have been found in recent history: biofuels, heart-healthy foods and beverages, bioplastics, building materials, solvents and a wide range of wellness products.
Regenerative Hemp
And if that weren't enough to establish the plant's cred as the ultimate Giving Tree, hemp is an ideal companion crop for organic growers. It requires little water and no pesticides and increases carbon and microbial content in soil to make it more fertile while removing contaminants. Hemp has even been used to remediate irradiated soil in Chernobyl.
Like any crop, hemp can be grown using a wide variety of practices. Hudson Hemp is committed to the practice of regenerative agriculture, which builds up soil carbon. This beyond-organic production method imitates nature, minimizing waste through closed-loop systems that recycle nutrients and water and increase biodiversity. In addition to its own production of "sun-grown hemp," Hudson Hemp sources its product from three affiliate research partners: Stone House Grain, Earth Born Gardens, and Sky Farm.
Along with producing organic hemp oil distillate and CBD isolate for the booming wholesale market, Hudson Hemp is committed to the whole plant and its biodynamic properties. Partnerships with regenerative agriculture researchers Hudson Carbon and agricultural genomics company Phylos Bioscience position Hudson firmly on the leading edge of regenerative ag as well as of the emerging cannabis industry, which some fear will get swallowed up in profit-seeking and leave social and racial equity by the wayside.
, in "a world where plant medicine restores the earth, the people, and their industries," according to the company's mission statement.
Billion-Dollar Track
CBD products are at a curious juncture indeed. While the FDA maintains that the cannabinoid is a drug, and therefore an illegal additive to food or medicine, mounting scientific and massive anecdotal evidence indicates its safety and effectiveness for a host of health conditions. As a natural substance, cannabidiol interacts with the human body's endocannabinoid system to promote homeostasis, offering relief anxiety, pain, and inflammation.
Companies making specific health claims have received warning letters, even as more states and countries move forward with outright medical marijuana legalization and research. But despite the murkiness, CBD oil is projected to become a billion-dollar market by 2020.
When the New York Industrial Hemp Agricultural Research Initiative was expanded to include farmers in 2017, Hudson Hemp's application was one of the first to be approved. They've collaborated with like-minded retailers on product development; products made with their CBD oil can be purchased through Alchemist Kitchen, (Plant Alchemy CBD Oil) Hudson Standard (Watermelon Chill Shrub), Cocorau (CBD raw cacao bites and adaptogenic herb powders), and the Elevated Apothecary line from Source Adage Fragrances.
Banks-Dobson is excited to be moving into production with Hudson Hemp's own Treaty line of wellness products. "It's been going very well," he says of the whole operation. "This is our second year of processing, the clean room is ready to go, and we expect to be launching product somewhere around March." But he remains adamant that Hudson Hemp's main focus will always be on the whole plant—and all its many applications. "We're thinking of putting a small hempcrete building on the property as a demonstration project. And we're looking into decorticating the fiber from the stalks, which opens up a whole new range of possibilities."
Jeremy Sachs Michaels
According to Banks-Dobson, the Hudson Valley, with its once-again-growing ag sector, is well-positioned to benefit from the economic and ecological potential of cannabis cultivation. But then, so could the whole world if the word can be spread fast enough and far enough: the worst effects of climate change can still be avoided if farmers and land stewards widely adopt regenerative agricultural practices, and hemp delivers the goods in unique ways.
"The industrial revolution and industrial agriculture had benefits for humans, but it's been horrific for the environment," says Banks-Dobson. "If we retool our systems and supply chains, rebuild with a focus on regenerative practice and use what we know about hemp, we might get this ship turned around yet."
To keep up with the latest on Hudson Hemp, follow them on Facebook, Twitter or Instagram, email contact@hudsonhemp.com, or call (518) 567-2247.
A post shared by Hudson Hemp (@hudsonhemp) on Nov 26, 2018 at 5:50am PST
A post shared by Hudson Hemp (@hudsonhemp) on Oct 10, 2018 at 8:42am PDT
Farms & CSA hemp cbd hudson hemp regenerative agriculture Web Only
A COCORAU Christmas: CBD Stocking Stuffers
CBD Chocolate Bites—A Luxurious Treat
by Marie Doyon | Nov 15, 2018
Delving into the Weeds: The Ins and Outs of Hemp in NYS (Sponsored)
Where Has All the CBD Gone?
Centuries of Flavor at CIA's Progressive History Dinner (Sponsored)
The menu has been finalized for the Progressive Hudson Valley History Dinner taking place in Hyde Park on July 18, and it's safe to say you've never had a meal quite like this one in your life. In fact, no one has.
by Anne Pyburn Craig and Culinary Institute of America
Celebrating 18 Years of Wine, Food, and Fun at Hudson Valley Wine and Food Fest 2019 (Sponsored)
by Hudson Valley Food and Wine Festival
Try the Newest in Old-Fashioned Rye at Coppersea (Sponsored)
Coppersea Distilling's new batch of award-winning Bonticou Crag Bottled-in-Bond Straight Rye Malt Whisky is worth celebrating—and they're allowing visitors to do just that at their farm distillery on Springtown Road.
by Anne Pyburn Craig and Coppersea Distilling


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Q&A With Ken Lucci of Driving Transactions
Published: 2020, September 28
When Ambassador Limousine Founder Ken Lucci was at the top of his game, he made the bold decision to retire from luxury ground transportation. But his retirement was short, and this serial entrepreneur returned to the limousine world, first as an author—penning a book on chauffeur training—and now as a financial consultant with his company Driving Transactions. As a consultant and mentor, Lucci has been instrumental in helping steer operators toward calmer waters during the last troubled months. Chauffeur Driven spoke to Lucci about his time in the industry, and what the future holds for operators struggling during the pandemic.
Chauffeur Driven: Let's start with your experience in the industry. When did you begin?
Ken Lucci: It's a long story, but I was basically a private security consultant for the New York Yankees and the Steinbrenner family. I was on a retainer from 1999 through 2012. In 2005, I was getting ready to retire. I was 41 years old. George Steinbrenner called me—I was working for his son at the time—he said, "Look, I understand you want to retire, but my son needs you." Long story short, I was in his eye. He had me come to his office right after Labor Day 2005, and he said, "Find yourself something to do that will keep you close to us." He said that there was no New York-style, top-shelf limousine company in the Tampa area at the time, and that piqued my interested. L to R: Ken Lucci of Driving Transactions with Financial Analyst Cole Weber
Steinbrenner told me that I would need to learn the hospitality industry. He had a relationship with a major luxury hotel in New York where he arranged for me to work behind the concierge desk for 30 days and work the front door. Immediately, it almost talked me out of the industry because it was so miserably hectic. But, it turned out that I was really good as a concierge. Ultimately it was just being very personable, treating people like VIPs, and making phone calls.
CD: As someone completely new to the industry, how did you set yourself apart from your competitors?
KL: After basically living at the hotel for 30 days, I rented some SUVs and began handling the transportation for all the players and VIPs who came down to Florida for spring training in 2005 and 2006. So, in 2007, I started Ambassador Limousine. Once the things got going, I began doing a lot of business with luxury hotels on Clearwater Beach and St. Petersburg Beach.
My goal for Ambassador was total differentiation. For instance, at the time, everybody else was offering Lincolns; I decided to go with Cadillac. In Florida, many of the chauffeurs would wear resort clothing or even Hawaiian shirts. I put my chauffeurs in black suits with gold ties because that's what I saw in New York. We grew dramatically in 2007, finishing the year at a million dollars, which, when you look at the industry in hindsight, we already were bigger than a lot of companies around.
Honestly, I had no real knowledge of any of my competitors at the time. I just kept to myself until I met (the late industry consultant) Tom Mazza and put him on a retainer for a year. That's how I became a huge believer in hiring "outside eyes" for your business. This is hugely important to entrepreneurs because it really makes you face the realities of what you cannot see when you're immersed in your operation.
In 2011, I was approached by AT&T to handle the transportation for the 2012 Democratic and Republican conventions. It was a unique situation—a lot of people don't realize that AT&T is the largest corporate sponsor for both conventions. The president of the company said to me, "We've done business with so many limo companies over the years, and you do it right. You're our guy." They hired us, and it was a year and a half of planning. When it was all said and done, we did $1.4M in 14 days between the two conventions.
CD: Arguably, you decided to retire at the peak of your career as an owner/operator. What was behind that decision?
KL: After the conventions, my accountant called me and said, "You've done $5M in work, and netted more than a million dollars this year ... what do you want to do now?" I told him that I wanted to sell as fast as I could. I couldn't take it anymore.
At the time, a business acquaintance who had a contract at a big hotel reached out and asked if he could borrow equipment on the weekends; I was primarily doing corporate work, so I had a lot of sedans available.
I said, "I have a better idea–why don't you buy my company?" Basically, he said that he didn't have any money. I asked him if he could scrape together a down payment, and then I showed him how to buy it over time. We entered into a 36-month contract, and it was a very creative deal where we both did extremely well with the transaction.
CD: Since we're having this conversation, it's safe to say that your retirement from the industry was somewhat short-lived. What brought you back?
KL: I got pretty bored.
Let's backtrack a bit. In 2012, after the presidential conventions were finished, Shelly Taylor—who is still my assistant in Florida—said that I either need to go on vacation or the team was leaving. So, I took some time and took classes at the Ritz-Carlton Executive Leadership Center. To me, it was better than getting a hospitality degree from college. I went and lived at The Ritz Carlton Pentagon City for 30 days. I took all their executive leadership courses and came back and rewrote all the chauffeur training manuals for Ambassador Limousine.
After I sold the company, people kept asking how I grew the company from $0 to $5M, and I would tell them that the whole thing starts with the service experience. It doesn't matter what kind of equipment you have. What matters is the service experience you deliver. It's all about control; it's all about controlling every aspect. I'm talking about the thousand little details of the service experience starting with how you answer the phone to all the way through to the end of the trip. Then, it's how you follow up and make sure that every trip was flawlessly performed, and you verify quality with your client.
I basically took training manuals and put it into a book, Driving Your Income: How to Maximize Your Income as a Professional Chauffeur. Then I started doing trade shows, as well as training and consulting for variety of people. Since 2016, I've consulted with 108 operators and their chauffeurs at their locations across the country.
CD: Tell us about your Driving Transactions consultation service.
KL: I started to see a need in the industry for strategic, operational, and sales consulting. When I would work with companies doing chauffeur training, many of them would ask me for strategic consulting advice such as increasing sales or reorganizing a reservations department.
I'll give you a perfect example: A large operator called me and said he was having service problems and couldn't figure out why. I went in and drilled down into his reservation system and basically found some flaws in the dispatch tracking where there needed to be some protocol changes. The company had no reservations review tool and no quality assurance. I got them to do reviews on every single trip. This brought their incidents down from about 8 percent to 2 percent.
So, I started Driving Transactions to help operators. I got trained on Sage valuation software, and then I got my business broker's license. I also took a course to appraise vehicles.
When an operator calls us because he's looking to sell, they often approach it as if it's a simple real estate transaction. But, there's only been one company that I've walked into that has been ready to sell—meaning their financials were all in order. That's really what we bring to the table.
Driving Transactions' financial analyst, Cole Weber, graduated from Penn State, and without question is the smartest mind I have ever met in his generation. And he's the guy that does all of the financial forecasting. We've got it down to a science. Before the pandemic, we were doing more merger and acquisition consulting. We were spending a lot of time doing deep-dive enterprise valuations—30- to 40-page narratives on companies.
CD: How has your operation changed since COVID-19 hit?
KL: In April, we went into crisis mode with operators. We were advising them on situations such as how to apply for PPP, how to shed as much overhead as possible, and who to furlough or retain. We went through what we call the lifeboat drill—what do you need in a lifeboat to survive?
In the past several months, we have evolved into helping them with critical cash for revenue and revenue return analysis of critical cash usage. It's very simple and straightforward—we look at when you are going to run out of money. It's all about enterprise resiliency. In other words, how much cash do you have and how quickly is your revenue returning? Financial forecasting is the only way to know how resilient you are. Hope is not a business strategy; the most important things an operator should be doing are financial planning and reaching out to his top customers continuously.
CD: While you certainly don't have a crystal ball, what is your outlook for the future of the luxury ground transportation industry based on what you are seeing?
KL: Essentially, the industry has collapsed, and it's going to look very different as it comes out. Executives are going to change their travel protocols. Telecommuting is going to change the need for business trips and daily shuttles. Public transportation is going to change. My prediction, based on all the research I've done, is that recovery is going to take between 24 and 36 months. Because there will be monumental shifts in corporate travel policies and expenditures in meeting, conference, and convention size, we will have to adjust our thinking.
CD: What kind of advice are you giving operators in the current climate?
KL: So, in this new footprint, you're going to need drastically better technology to interact with your customer. You're going to have to change your operation. In many cases, some of the silver linings have been the reservations and dispatching model may stay remote. For instance, I have an operator in San Francisco who has a dispatcher working out of a house in Chicago and all of his reservations are being done from Boston.
Unfortunately, we could see many operators not survive because of a lack of resiliency and diversification of revenue. I work with an operator who laughed at me two years ago when I said he needed to get into the leisure business. He had all his eggs in the corporate basket. However, now it's the companies that were diversified on their fleet who have business trickling in. They have some cash coming in and have shown resiliency.
I can tell you if you want to recover and make it through this, you have to celebrate every little inch forward. While there's no way to put a completely positive spin on things in the middle of a catastrophe, there will be silver linings that come out of this. I really believe that. First and foremost, it is forcing the "young guns" to really hunker down and focus on financial forecasting—to dig into their operations at a granular level. I mean, I have guys that were doing $5M now answering their own phones. They are bound and determined to stay in the business. It has brought out some healthy aggressiveness. [CD0920]


Mary McCarthy, the lady in the big chair here at Schwartz (parent to 800-CEO-READ), wanted to chime in on the Read Books/Don't Read Books debate. She suggests The Guide To A Well Read Life by Steve Leveen.
"Perfect for all of us who can never get enough time with good books. It not only urges us to indulge deeply and often, it shows us how."-Myra Hart, professor, Harvard Business School Do not set out to live a well-read life but rather your well-read life. No one can be well-read using someone else's reading list. Unless a book is good for you, you won't connect with it and gain from it. Just as no one can tell you how to lead your life, no one can tell you what to read for your life. How do readers find more time to read? In The Little Guide to Your Well-Read Life, Steve Leveen offers both inspiration and practical advice for bibliophiles on how to get more books in their life and more life from their books. His recommendations are disarmingly refreshing, as when he advises when not to read a book and why not to feel guilty if you missed reading all those classics in school. He helps readers reorganize their bookshelves into a Library of Candidates that they actively build and a Living Library of books read with enthusiasm, and he emphasizes the value of creating a Bookography, or annotated list of your reading life. Separate chapters are devoted to the power of audio books and the merits of reading groups. The author himself admits he came "late to the bookshelf," making this charming little guide all the more convincing.


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The Ave offers a pedestrian experience few other commercial districts can match. (Photo by author)
Land Use & Development
City Contemplates Upzoning or Downzoning The Ave
Natalie Bicknell
There is probably not much that District 4 City Council candidates Shaun Scott and Alex Pedersen agree on, but one topic on which the opponents seem to see eye-to-eye is the future of University Way, better known as The Ave. Both candidates have come out publicly against upzoning The Ave under the Mandatory Housing Affordability (MHA) program.
"We agree on a very important policy matter affecting our district: the current city council should indefinitely suspend its plan to up-zone 'The Ave,'" Scott and Pedersen wrote in a co-signed letter to city hall that was first reported by The Stranger.
The Ave, which is one of the most pedestrian-friendly commercial districts in Seattle, lies right in the heart of the University District urban village, one of the first urban villages to be upzoned under MHA back in 2017–although The Ave was taken out of the upzone following community pushback. Since the implementation of upzones, hundreds of units of new housing have been added to the neighborhood and millions of dollars have been contributed toward affordable housing through MHA affordability requirements.
Near the future Link light rail station at Brooklyn Avenue NE and NE 45th Street, and a new wave of highrise developments is in the works, some like the tower planned at 1200 NE 45th Street shown in the rendering below, will rise 24 stories in height, on par with UW Tower across the street.
A rendering of the planned highrise development at 1200 NE 45th Street would add 227 units of housing steps away from future Link light rail. (Credit: Runberg Architecture Group)
High density residential development is usually considered complimentary to pedestrian friendly shopping districts like The Ave. But in the U District, for some longtime business owners and residents, the sudden growth has catalyzed fears of displacement.
When Scott and Pedersen submitted their letter to City Council asking for council members to "indefinitely suspend its plan to up-zone the 'Ave,'" they were expressing their support for a group of U District businesses called Save The Ave that rallied back in 2017 and succeeded in convincing the City Council to exempt The Ave and some neighboring streets from being rezoned under the MHA program.
Save The Ave scored a second win this spring when it convinced the City Council to extend the exemption for The Ave during the citywide rollout of MHA.
Credit: City of Seattle Office of Planning and Community Development
However, the exemption continues to be temporary, and the City is now preparing for a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) that will study the potential impacts of upzones on the area.
In what appears to be a move toward compromise, the City is contemplating a different path forward for new development in the U District, and as part of that process it is gathering information from the public through a short survey. The information gathered will be used to create a "community generated alternative" that will be studied in the SEIS alongside the existing No Action alternative, which would not make zoning changes or implement MHA, and an alternative that implements MHA with a one-to-two story increase on The Ave.
The City's survey also includes ideas on for how to preserve the U District's character as a commercial district and guide future growth.
Idea 1: Special District on The Ave
The first idea floated by the City is to create a conservation overlay or special district that incentivizes the preservation of structures and existing small business spaces on The Ave. The special district would apply for lots on The Ave between NE 41st Street and NE 50th Street. In this area, zoning would be reduced on The Ave from 65 to 45 feet.
Preservation of neighborhood character would be emphasized in the special district. Building owners would be offered incentives to preserve character structures or facades. New infill development on sites without character structures would be encouraged, but developers would near to adhere to design standards such as narrow storefront widths and setbacks from the sidewalk.
Credit: Save The Ave
To aid in the preservation of character buildings, owners would be able to transfer their development rights outside of the district.
But defining exactly what constitutes a "character structure" might be sticky point for this concept, particularly if the emphasis is on preventing displacement of small businesses. Some buildings that are not viewed as contributing to the character of the neighborhood might offer lower rents than character buildings.
Furthermore, the reduction of building heights from 65 feet to 45 feet would reduce housing created on new infill developments, and the exemption from MHA would eliminate contributions to affordable housing from new development in the area.
Under the City's MHA proposal, building heights on The Ave would increase from 65 feet to either 75 feet or 85 feet–a difference of one to two stories of buildable height.
A proposed infill development on The Ave at NE 52nd Street illustrates what might be lost through an MHA exemption for the area. Current building plans are for a six-story structure (65 feet) that would contribute 89 units of housing with retail space on the ground floor. Under the City's proposed MHA zoning, the building would only rise one to two stories higher, and it would be subject MHA requirements to contribute to affordable housing.
Credit: Neiman Taber
Idea 2: More housing near University Playfield
Not all of the City's proposed concepts for the U District are focused on reducing housing capacity; in fact in the survey the City presents the idea of increasing zoning heights from Lowrise 1 and 2 to Midrise near the University Playfield, which is located a few blocks west of The Ave near the intersection of Roosevelt Way and I-5. Concerns about safety and lack of activation around University Playfield are part of the motivation for increasing zoning in this area, and building designs would need to be intended to increase activity both in the park and nearby alley at 7th Avenue NE.
The City has also proposed increasing the MHA affordable housing contributions for building in this area to reflect the increase in zoning capacity.
Information on Midrise zoning standards and affordability requirements under MHA. (Credit: City of Seattle)
Idea 3: More housing on the Roosevelt Way corridor
Adding housing along Roosevelt Way, an arterial with fewer historic structures than The Ave, has also been targeted by the City as means to help reduce possible reduction of future housing on The Ave. The City has proposed increasing zoning on Roosevelt from the current five stories to six or seven stories.
Roosevelt Way is an arterial with a protected bike lane that seems like a good choice for upzones in the U District. However, shallow lot sizes might make it difficult for some developments to rise higher than the currently allowed 5 stories. (Credit: SDOT)
However, shallow lots on Roosevelt might make it difficult to permit taller structures in much of this area unless the zoning area is increased on some adjacent streets. To help solve this issue, the City has also suggested a "stepped transition" from nearby Lowrise-zoned areas.
Idea 4: Taller towers in the U District core area
In the areas of the U District where highrise development has already been zoned, several highrise developments are already in the works. However, the City is suggesting further raising the heights from 240 feet to 320 feet in all of the U District core area.
For decades the UW Tower, formerly the Safeco Tower, has been the tallest building north of Downtown Seattle. However, a wave of new highrise development near future Link light rail means more towers will be spouting up in the U District soon. (Credit: Jmabel)
However, similar to plans to increase housing capacity on Roosevelt Way, the size of lots would restrict how many buildings would be able to rise above current zoning.
Idea 5: Delay action for another 5 years
The last idea put forth in the City's survey is delay any further zoning changes in the area for another five years. Development in the U District would continue to happen under existing zoning, but without MHA's affordability housing requirements. There is existing zoning that is already sufficient to support redevelopment in some cases, so the district could still be losing existing storefronts in the interim while getting no affordability in return.
In sum, the increased delay would give the City more time to study the effects of delaying MHA implementation for each alternative, but it would reduce contributions for affordable housing and could also lead to land speculation.
What do you think about the proposed concepts? Do you have additional ideas about how to guide the U District's future? If so, complete the City's survey by midnight Wednesday September 25th.
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Natalie Bicknell is Senior Reporter at The Urbanist. She is a writer and community college instructor who lives in the Central District with her husband and two dogs. In her research and writing, she is always on the lookout for better ways of creating sustainable, diverse, and vibrant cities. Email her at natalie [at] theurbanist [dot] org.
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Ross Bleakney September 26, 2019 at 7:56 am
I really like ideas 1 through 4. They go together. The Ave is preserved for its historic character, while the rest of the neighborhood can grow. Roosevelt looks much nicer now than it did in the past, with all of the growth. Adding even bigger buildings will make it look more interesting, as you will have a range of building heights. Likewise with raising heights for towers in the core. Development around the playground is long overdue as well. Overall, those four ideas sound great, which is why there is no reason to delay action.