text:
package org.openhubframework.openhub.admin.web.auth.rpc;

import java.security.Principal;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.EqualsBuilder;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.HashCodeBuilder;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringBuilder;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringStyle;
import org.springframework.security.core.Authentication;

/**
 * RPC for {@link Principal user} entity.
 *
 * @author Tomas Hanus
 * @since 2.0
 */
public class AuthInfoRpc {

    private String fullName;
    private List<RoleInfoRpc> roles;

    /**
     * Default constructor.
     */
    public AuthInfoRpc() {
        fullName = null;
        roles = null;
    }

    /**
     * Default constructor that creates {@link AuthInfoRpc} based upon full name and roles.
     *
     * @param fullName of authenticated user.
     * @param roles    of authenticated user.
     */
    public AuthInfoRpc(final String fullName, final List<RoleInfoRpc> roles) {
        this.fullName = fullName;
        this.roles = Collections.unmodifiableList(roles);
    }

    /**
     * Default constructor that creates {@link AuthInfoRpc} based upon {@link Authentication}.
     *
     * @param authentication of authenticated user.
     */
    public AuthInfoRpc(final Authentication authentication) {
        this.fullName = authentication.getName();
        final List<RoleInfoRpc> roles = authentication.getAuthorities().stream()
                .map(e -> new RoleInfoRpc(e.getAuthority())).collect(Collectors.toList());
        this.roles = Collections.unmodifiableList(roles);
    }

    /**
     * Gets full name of user.
     *
     * @return full name
     */
    public String getFullName() {
        return fullName;
    }

    /**
     * Sets full name of authenticated user.
     *
     * @param fullName as common name of user
     */
    public void setFullName(String fullName) {
        if (this.fullName != null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("This property is already set");
        }
        this.fullName = fullName;
    }

    /**
     * Gets roles.
     *
     * @return roles
     */
    public List<RoleInfoRpc> getRoles() {
        return roles;
    }

    /**
     * Sets roles.
     *
     * @param roles to be set
     */
    public void setRoles(List<RoleInfoRpc> roles) {
        if (this.roles != null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("This property is already set");
        }
        this.roles = roles;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(final Object o) {
        if (this == o) {
            return true;
        }

        if (!(o instanceof AuthInfoRpc)) {
            return false;
        }

        final AuthInfoRpc authInfoRpc = (AuthInfoRpc) o;

        return new EqualsBuilder()
                .append(getFullName(), authInfoRpc.getFullName())
                .isEquals();
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return new HashCodeBuilder()
                .append(getFullName())
                .toHashCode();
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return new ToStringBuilder(this, ToStringStyle.SHORT_PREFIX_STYLE)
                .append("fullName", fullName)
                .append("roles", roles)
                .toString();
    }
}


text:
Q: MySQL select where first three letters are different Is it possible to do a select statement where it only returns results where the first three letters of the words that you are selecting are different?
If, for example, select russian from info where english = 'defense'; produces these results
обороне,оборонного,оборонное
Then can i say something like
select russian from info where english = 'defense' and where first three letters are not 'обо';
This, for example, would result only in.
`обороне'
An example of what the table looks like is below.
id,  english,  russian
1    defense   обороне
2    defense   оборонного
3    defense   оборонное
4    defense   другой

I would want one of the results that begins with обо, and I would want другой as well

A: You can group by english and the first 3 chars of russian and return the min value of russian:
SELECT english, MIN(russian) russian
FROM info
GROUP BY english, LEFT(russian, 3)

See the demo.
Results:

english
russian

defense
обороне

defense
другой

A: You can do
select russian from table where english = 'defense' and english not like 'обо%';

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
North Korea flood death toll rises to 133, several still missing
The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs says mass-mobilisation 200-day labour campaign has been redirected to assist the flood victims.
By Samhati Bhattacharjya
September 12, 2016 15:08 +08
IBTimes UK
The United Nations said severe flooding in the north-east of North Korea has killed nearly 133 people while another 395 were missing and tens of thousands were homeless.
The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) cited Pyongyang government figures and said in a statement on Monday that some 107,000 people have been forced to flee their homes in the area along the Tumen River.
According to North Korean state media, people who are in the north-eastern region near the border with China and Russia are suffering "great hardship".
A nationwide mass-mobilisation 200-day labour campaign was launched to help the economy but now it has been redirected to assist the flood victims.
On Sunday, OCHA said in a statement that more than 35,500 houses have been hit by floods. The statement also said that 69 per cent of those houses were completely destroyed and 8,700 public buildings have been damaged.
Around 16,000 hectares of farmland have been inundated and at least 140,000 people urgently need help, the statement added.
The UN agencies, international non-governmental organisations, the international Red Cross and the North's Red Cross have made a group to help the flood victims. OCHA said the group had visited parts of the flood-stricken region last week to assess needs.
The aid agencies have released material from stockpiles in the North such as food, shelter and kitchen kits and water purification and health supplies.
The North Korean government was working to reopen the roads as soon as possible. The government distributed relief goods and building materials. The priority was to rebuild 20,000 homes by early October before the bitter Korean winter sets in.
The North has already trumpeted the role of its ruling Workers' Party in responding to the disaster in North Hamgyong province.
The aim is "to turn the area into the fairyland in the era of the Workers' Party within this year by dint of army-people great unity, harmonious whole", Rodong Sinmun, the party newspaper said on Monday.
"The party regards the work for taking care of the people's life in a responsible way as the most important affair and duty and has steadily created legendary stories about love for the people," the paper added.
North Korea is quite vulnerable to natural disasters, especially floods as the surrounding mountains and hills have long been deforested for fuel, which allows the rainwater to flow downhill unchecked.
In 2012, as many as 169 people were killed by a massive rainstorm that also destroyed thousands of houses.
In April, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization said chronic food shortages were expected to worsen in North Korea due to the tight food supplies last year and this year when "most households were already estimated to have poor or borderline food consumption levels".
The United Nations Security Council is planning fresh sanctions on North Korea after the nation staged its fifth nuclear weapons test on Friday.
Rachel Levine: Biden Nominates First Openly Transgender to Serve as Assistant US Health Secretary
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Biggs says that he is going to turn himself in to the FBI.
BREAKING: Trump Decides to Pardon Steve Bannon Hours Before Leaving White House
News outlets say the decision is not final and that Trump has not signed...
Raunchy Couple Caught Having Sex Inside Ferris Wheel in Myrtle Beach; Videos Posted on Porn Website
Eric Harmon and Lori Harmon have posted videos of having sex at multiple...
We Built the Greatest Political Movement in US History, Trump Says in Farewell Speech (FULL TEXT)
'I want you to know that the movement we started is only just beginning.'
750 Ethiopians Hiding in Famous Aksum 'Ark of Covenant' Church Shot Dead - Report
The attacks were carried out by Ethiopian federal troops and Amhara...
Moving Trucks Spotted Outside Trump's Mar-a-Lago, Residents told Road Closure Will Last 'Several Days'
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Malaysia's Deputy Minister Ahmad Marzuk Shaary called for stricter...
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The draft letter was a personal tirade against Comey which was found to be...
Does Pfizer's COVID-19 Vaccine Stop Coronavirus Transmission? Israeli Study Offers Optimistic Results
The study at Sheba Medical Center in Israel found the Pfizer-BioNTech...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Hellenic Focusing Centre (HFC) was established and is directed by Pavlos Zarogiannis and Anna Karali.
Both they have studied psychology and are living and practicing in Athens. They work as psychotherapists-counselors, trainers, and supervisors in Person-Centred and Focusing-Oriented Counselling and Psychotherapy and they are Certified Coordinators of the New York International Focusing Institute for Greece.
development, promotion and establishment of the Person-Centred and Focusing-Oriented Counselling and Psychotherapy in Greece.
Read below about the Main Activities of HFC, about the Principles and Aims of HFC and about the Code of Ethics of HFC.
The Hellenic Focusing Centre acknowledges that all people deserve a therapy according to the individuality of their reactions and experiences.
It believes that each person is entitled to a safe, discrete and effective therapeutic approach, which, at the same time, must respect their right to fully control their therapeutic process.
Hence, it trains counselors/psychotherapists according to the humanistic principles and the directions and philosophy of the Person-Centred and Focusing-Oriented Psychotherapy.
Furthermore, it supports its trainees for the development of their empathy, skills and experiences in order to be able to help vulnerable groups or people in the best possible way, depending on their particular needs at a social or personal level.
It supports its trainees in their attempt to establish Person-Centred and Focusing-Oriented Counselling and Psychotherapy in their work environment.
Those in charge of the Centre work within an atmosphere of respect, comradeship, cooperation and good will between all the members, the colleagues, trainers and trainees of the Centre.
of the Greek Association for Counselling as it appears on its official website.


Because yoga is such an individualized activity and can be adapted for all ages and abilities, it is the perfect exercise to keep senior citizens moving.
Yoga for seniors can be specially tailored for unique situations. For example, seniors who are wheel chair bound can perform simple stretches in a seated posture.
The side stretch whittles the waistline, improves breathing, and keeps the spine supple.
The knee squeeze aids digestion and keeps the lower back loose.
The forward bend is great for the neck and upper back.
The sun pose helps the internal organs work more efficiently and increases blood flow.
The spinal twist keeps the spine moving freely and is great for the circulation.
Yoga for seniors can also be done by those who are bedfast. Although it may take some imagination, most basic yoga poses that are ordinarily done on a mat can be done from a bed.
The head to knee pose is an easy pose for yoga beginners and is a stretch that can be adjusted for comfort. The spinal twist also works well for those who have difficulty getting out of bed and can be instrumental in releasing the stress which the body accumulates from this limitation. The child pose can also relieve some of the pressure points and ease pain.
Of course, many seniors are able to attend yoga for seniors at their local gyms or community centers. This gives them both the benefits of this wonderful exercise opportunity along with the social interaction of their peers. Yoga for seniors can then give added psychological benefits and prevent depression from developing.
For those men and women who have difficulty traveling to one of these yoga for seniors classes, DVD's are available in which certified instructors give clear instruction and lead the viewers through the basic yoga poses. If money is a problem, many local libraries have videos available for seniors to borrow. With a little practice, seniors will soon be able to go through the poses without additional help.
Senior yoga is appropriate for almost everyone, but it is wise to consult a physician before beginning even mild stretching programs to ensure that these movements are not going to acerbate other ongoing health problems.
Thanks for your query, but we are not familiar with any particular institute. However Google shows us that there are few institutes.
I am 61 years old and practising simple yoga poses by referring the books.
I am still employed and working in Indonesia.
I am planning to visit rishikesh and yoga there, may be after july this year.


text:
NRHM scam: CBI raids at more than 60 places
Edited By Odishatv Bureau Published By Odishatv Bureau On Jan 4, 2012 - 12:11 PM
New Delhi: CBI today carried out searches at more than 60 places, including at the residence of former UP Family Welfare Minister Babu Singh Kushwaha in Lucknow, after registering five new cases to probe alleged irregularities in funds allocated to the National Rural Health Mission. Besides Uttar Pradesh, the searches were being carried out at other places including Delhi and Haryana.
Official sources said the cases were registered on January two in a designated court at Lucknow after which CBI sought search warrants against the accused people. The searches began this morning at 60 places including at the residence of the former Minister, who joined BJP on Tuesday after being sacked by UP Chief Minister Mayawati.
The CBI had filed FIRs pertaining to the scam. Kushwaha has been named as an accused in one of the five FIRs registered against the NRHM officials and private companies in UP.


Ask questions: how long was the vehicle owned? Are there maintenance records? Why are they selling?
You're only protected by OMVIC and Ontario consumer protection laws when you buy from a registered dealer.


text:
American Bombshell start Indiegogo crowd funding campaign for second album
Posted on October 20, 2017 by Olivier in Uncategorized // 0 Comments
Indianapolis, Indiana, USA rockers American Bombshell have announced that they have started a crowd funding campaign via Indiegogo to raise funds for their second upcoming album.
American Bombshell's debut album No Regrets finished at #6 on the Sleaze Roxx's Top Ten Albums of 2016. Sleaze Roxx stated as follows in that regard: "There's nothing pretty about American Bombshell's debut album No Regrets. It is simply an in your face, dirty, sleazy, rocking album. Again, I was aware of the group's video for the song "No Regrets" yet that did not resonate that much with me. Luckily, American Bombshell sent a physical copy of their album to the Sleaze Roxx headquarters and despite the odd album cover, all I could say was "Wow"! What a great album. American Bombshell kept the pedal to the metal in a relentless fashion on No Regrets. In a way, American Bombshell's debut album reminds me of the now defunct 21st Century Goliath's debut album Radio Destroyer, which came out in 2012 and was also full of piss and vinegar while throwing caution to the wind. Out of the albums on Sleaze Roxx's Top Ten Albums of 2016, the one that I think will be the most difficult to follow up will be American Bombshell's No Regrets because I suspect that the natural inclination may be to slow things down a bit for the sophomore album just like 21st Century Goliath unfortunately did as well. In any case, only time will tell."
American Bombshell's "Story" for their Indiegogo campaign states:
American Bombshell – Round 2!
American Bombshell – 5 guys who joined together with a simple goal…to write and perform kick ass rock and roll! It all started in a 10′ x 10′ practice space…a very hot and loud practice space. Through hour upon sweaty hour of motivation, creation, and collaboration – "No Regrets", our first album, came to be. No Regrets, named for an idealism we've come to live by in American Bombshell. Through it all, we give it everything we've got, leaving nothing left unsaid or undone – with NO
REGRETS. Through the release of No Regrets – we won a nationwide contest (beating over 4000 other entries) – recorded with Mike Clink at EastWest Studio in Hollywood, CA – played the world famous Whisky-a-GoGo stage – performed in front of 6000 people at SXSW '16 – and played countless shows in front of thousands of people.
That's awesome…so what's next?
Now it's time for the next chapter in our story. We've returned to our 10′ x 10′ blazing hot riff factory to craft an even bigger and better group of tunes for the next album. We've already started work at The Pop Machine studio in Indianapolis, IN (where "Saving Me" was recorded and produced). With this release, we're pushing harder than ever to bring American Bombshell to a wider audience. WE NEED YOUR HELP! We need the BOMBSQUAD in full force! We are looking for help to fund the recording, production, videos, and PR campaign.
Considering what we were able to accomplish with the first album, just think what we will be able to do with album #2. We want you to be a part of this with us, and join us in every step of the way.
What's Our Goal?
We've set our goal at $10,000. Included in that goal is recording, duplication, promotion, videos – anything and everything you can think of that you're used to seeing when a band puts out a new album. The more we raise, the more we'll be able to offer tor you, our friends and fans.
We think we've set up some great and unique perks that offer a little something to everyone. Just want a CD? You got it! Looking for something a little more indulgent? We've got you covered as well!
What Will This Mean for American Bombshell?
We've got a proven track record of making the most of every opportunity we get, and this is no exception. We have some VERY BIG things in the works, and the success of this campaign will have direct and lasting effects for American Bombshell.
If you can't contribute there are a lot other ways you can help us out!
Tell your friends about American Bombshell and this campaign. Get them excited!
Share the campaign on your social media networks.
IndieGoGo Campaign – American Bombshell Album #2


In the current world, it is increasingly becoming a fact that you must take responsibility for your own weight by adopting a healthy lifestyle. Medical research has revealed that a healthy lifestyle can hold back the aging process by as much as thirty years. Having the required body mass index is the cornerstone to a healthy lifestyle. Weight lose through the following ten morning habits will enable you to achieve the optimum weight for a healthy lifestyle.
Scientific study has shown that a good breakfast helps you to become less irritable, more efficient and more energetic.A good breakfast, by the way provides you with one third of your day's calories requirements.Most important is to have a protein rich breakfast, this helps in preventing food cravings that may make you have unplanned snacks and lead to increased weight gain.Start your day with protein-rich breakfast and you will find that your appetite is minimal and incidences of food cravings are reduced.A protein-rich breakfast suppresses the secretion of ghrelin, a hormone that increases your appetite for food.
Your body is 70 percent water, and your kidney processes more than 47 gallons of water in it in a day.Water to the body is like oil to a vehicle, it makes your body to use more calories efficiently.The more calories your body uses the less that are available for increased weight gain.Taking water in the morning is exactly what your body needs to carry out its life processes efficiently and hence help reduce weight.
The bathroom scale reveals our eating and exercising habits.It can also, for the better or worse predict our health in coming years.Taking a look at your weight in the morning helps you adapt eating habits and behavior that gear you towards weight loss.
In proper amounts, the sun's rays are good for weight loss.With sunshine, the body is able to manufacture vitamin D, which prevents you from gaining weight.Sunlight also helps lower blood cholesterol that is important for a healthy heart.Having a daily dose of morning sunshine is important for weight loss.You must understand your own tolerance to sunshine.Fair-skinned people and redheads should have less exposure to sunshine per day compared to darker-skinned people.On average up to 30 minutes exposure daily is healthy.
A good mental state and a healthy body are intertwined.Train your thoughts on what is at hand and be aware of your feelings.This will help you a great deal to reduce your weight.Thoughts and emotions directly influence the mind, which in turn powerfully affects your body weight.In the morning, make it a habit to locate to a quite place and wire in to your senses.
Regular morning exercises are an important ingredient for effective weight loss.Morning exercises help in maintaining desirable weight levels.It burns muscles and fat.Moderate exercise blunts appetite by temporarily increasing blood sugar levels.
When going to work, make it a point to plan your lunch in the morning.This will ensure you maintain healthy eating habits that will assist you to lose weight.Planning you lunch will prevent you from preparing lunch hurriedly which may make you eat a less healthy lunch.
Resting is an important part of life's rhythm.Most adults do best with seven hours of rest each night.Sleep helps your body to replenish itself.Wastes products removed, repairs effected, enzymes are replenished.This makes your body to be more efficient and reduce food cravings that may lead to weight gain.
Regular use walking or use of public transport helps you in keeping your weight in check.This is unlike use of personal vehicles which is not exerting on the body and encourages weight gain.Using your bike to go work is also a big plus.Walking or biking assists your body to burn more calories hence effective weight control is achievable.
Keep a record of the food in your diet.This will assist you to carefully monitor the amount of calories you are taking.Knowing the amount of calorie intake will assist you to make healthy food choice and hence control your weight.Healthy weight loss is not an overnight affair.There is no magic bullet for instant weight loss.Be kind to yourself.It takes time to adapt to a new way of eating and living.Be patient, you are making a long-term investment in yourself. Keep going.


We all dread that bunged up feeling when you catch a cold or flu , and it can be tempting to give your nose a good blow to clear your airways.
That's what we were taught to do as children, after all – and we've been doing it ever since.
But apparently the way we blow our nose can be bad for us and can actually make symptoms worse or create more problems.
Granted, that blocked feeling in your nostrils is usually down to a build-up of mucus, but mostly it's a sign that our nasal passages are swollen and inflamed.
GP Lucy Belton told Good Housekeeping : "'Blowing your nose hard is not a good idea, as it can irritate the inside of your nose and damage the lining of the nose and sinuses.
A surgeon also said that blowing your nose hard can force air down tubes connected to our ears and eyes, causing more pain.
What should we do when our noses are blocked?
– Press a finger against one nostril, leaving the other one clear, and blow gently into a tissue. This should help clear the mucus in your nostrils.
– Whatever you do, avoid blowing hard or straining yourself to clear your nose – this is what will worsen your symptoms and potentially cause damage.
– Over-the-counter nasal decongestants or steaming can help relieve symptoms, while anti-inflammatory medication like Ibuprofen can relieve swelling and pain.


text:
Dusona japonica  — вид мелких наездников—ихневмонид (Ichneumonidae) рода Dusona из подсемейства Campopleginae.

Распространение
Азия: Сибирь, Средняя Азия (Узбекистан, Киргизия, Казахстан), Дальний Восток (Китай, Южная Корея, Япония, Россия), Индия. Встречается в России (Иркутская область, Сахалин).

Описание
Длина тела от 10 до 13 мм. Жгутик усика состоит из 48—52 члеников. Клипеус слабо выпуклый. Внутренние края глаз несут орнамент в виде глубокого выреза напротив основания усиков. Зеркальцо переднего крыла большое и от его середины отходит 2-я возвратная жилка. Дыхальце проподеума удлинённое. Брюшные сегменты сжатые с боков, красновато-чёрные. Поперечное сечение первого брюшного сегмента трапециевидное или квадратное. Нижнечелюстные щупики 5-члениковые, нижнегубные щупики состоят из 4 сегментов. Предположительно, паразитируют на гусеницах бабочек.
Вид был впервые описан в 1906 году английским энтомологом Петером Камероном (Cameron Peter; 1847—1912) и ревизован в 2014 году корейскими гименоптерологами Дж.-К. Хои и Ж.-В. Ли (Jin-Kyung Choi, Jong-Wook Lee; Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Южная Корея), включён в состав рода Dusona (триба Limneriini).

Примечания

Литература
 Hinz R., Horstmann K. (2004). Revision of the eastern Palearctic species of Dusona Cameron (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae). Spixiana, supplement 29. 183 pp.
 Horstmann, K. 2009: Revision of the western Palearctic species of Dusona Cameron (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae). Spixiana, 32: 45-110.
 Townes, H. T. (1969): Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 3 (Lycorininae, Banchinae, Scolobatinae =Ctenopelmatinae), Porizontinae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 13: 1-307.
  doi: 10.3897/zookeys.424.7546

Ссылки

Campopleginae
Насекомые Азии
Животные, описанные в 1906 году

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Tatari är en stadsdel i distriktet Kesklinn i Estlands huvudstad Tallinn, belägen söder om den medeltida innerstaden. Befolkningen uppgick till 1 781 invånare i maj 2010.

I stadsdelen ligger bland annat Estlands musik- och teaterakademi och USA:s ambassad.

Externa länkar

Stadsdelar i Tallinn


I'm a big fan of Empirical Labs and use their products every chance I get. They recently announced a new 500 series channelstrip module appropriately called the DocDerr. It's available in both vertical and horizontal styles. The circuitry is identical in both only the front panels are different. I want two of these.
Empirical Labs is pleased to announce the DocDerr, a brand new API 500 series multi-purpose channel strip. This breakthrough tone enhancement module houses six different sections of digitally controlled analog processing at an extremely affordable price point ($799 MSRP).
A super low-noise preamp capable of line or 16 dB of "instrument" gain is followed by four sections of EQ offering one selectable high pass and three parametric bands. The dynamics section provides renowned Empirical Labs compression at an unprecedented price, as well as a tape emulation circuit to soften high frequencies and clips. A "Mix" knob allows the user to blend the uncompressed EQ's signal with the compressed and saturated signal. Inputs and outputs are DC coupled, and the output can be switched between single ended or differential, yielding + 6dB of gain. A "Bad!" hard clip indicator monitors most every section for internal clipping.
The DocDerr model EL-Rx will be available with either horizontal or vertically oriented front panel configurations, and begins shipping July 2011.
Empirical Labs Inc. (ELI) is a New Jersey-based company that designs and produces professional audio equipment and software for creative professionals. ELI products are made with one simple philosophy that drives the company and continues their success: "We want to make products that work a little easier, a little better, and a lot longer - and make sure they are fun to use."
"The INPUT KNOB is the compressor's main control (not counting the MIX control), which affects how much compression, is put on a source. The INPUT Knob follows the EQ, and drives signal into the compressor, scrunching the dynamics and peaks into an increasingly narrow range. The time constants and the curve of the compressor were selected to be as aggressive as possible without crackly unmusical distortion. The ratio is about 5:1. With an attack under 1mS, it could be considered a limiter. Above about 8 – 10dB of compression there will be saturation caused by fast time constants working on each peak of the waveform. We think it sounds very "tubey", with nice harmonics added at high gain reduction… but, it IS a form of distortion, and it will get more prevalent with more gain reduction. Many of the classic old compressors from the 60's and 70's were valued for this fat distortion. One can tame any saturation by turning down the input knob, thereby turning down the compression, OR, by adjusting the MIX control to include more of the uncompressed (dry) signal in the output. When using the MIX control, the user may find they can put on tons of compression (up to 20dB), and still get a very natural sounding instrument or voice. By judiciously mixing the compressed signal under the dry signal, the sustain and note detail will come out without feeling squashed. Modern mixdown engineers use this "blend" technique all the time, but have to split the signal going to a compressor and then return it to submix the dry and compressed signal on their mixing console. For the first time, the common live instrumentalist can use this advanced compression technique just by turning a knob."
Here's an article on NPR.org that gives you a breakdown on what it takes to make a "hit song". Rihanna's "Man Down" is used as a real world example and it shows the actual cost of making the record (writers, producers, engineers, studio etc.) runs in the high 5 figures but pales in comparison to the promotion and marketing costs that can easily exceed 7 figures.
"Getting a song on the pop charts takes big money.
That's about $53,000.00 spent on the song so far-- before Rihanna even steps into the studio with her vocal producer.
Every song is different. Some songs have a momentum all their own, some songs just break out out of the blue. But the record industry depends on hits for sales. Having hits is the business plan. The majority of songs that are hits — that chart high, that sell big, that blast out of cars in the summertime-- cost a million bucks to get them heard and played and bought.
But Def Jam makes up the shortfall by releasing other singles. And only then-- if the label recoups what it spent on the album — will Rihanna herself get paid. [Copyright 2011 National Public Radio]"


text:
General Sir Banastre Tarleton
Tarleton, Sir Banastre
Leintwardine, Shropshire, England
Banastre Tarleton was the fourth of seven children born to the merchant, ship owner and slave trader, John Tarleton of Liverpool (1719 – 1773), who was mayor of Liverpool (1768). Tarleton was educated at the Middle Temple, London and went up to University College, Oxford University where he matriculated in 1771, after which entered the British army. As a young man, he had inherited £5,000 on his father's death, but squandered it all on gambling. In 1775 he purchased a commission as a cavalry officer in the 1st Dragoon Guards, and proved to be a gifted horseman and leader of troops.
In December 1775, he sailed as a volunteer to America with Earl Cornwallis, and his services to the British during the American War of Independence in the year 1776 gained him the position of a brigade major of cavalry.
Under the command of Colonel William Harcourt, Tarleton was part of a scouting party sent to gather intelligence on the movements of General Charles Lee in New Jersey. On Friday, December 13th, Tarleton surrounded a house in Basking Ridge, New Jersey and forced Lee, still in his dressing gown, to surrender by threatening to burn the building down. After becoming the commander of the British Legion, a mixed force of cavalry and light infantry also called Tarleton's Raiders, he proceeded at the beginning of 1780 to South Carolina, rendering valuable services to Sir Henry Clinton in the operations which culminated in the capture of Charleston, South Carolina.
On May 29, 1780 Tarleton, with a force of 150 mounted soldiers, overtook a detachment of 350 to 380 Virginia Continentals led by Abraham Buford. Buford refused to surrender or even to stop his march. Only after sustaining heavy casualties did Buford order the surrender. What happened next is cause of heated debate. According to American accounts, Tarleton ignored the white flag and mercilessly massacred Buford's men. By Tarleton's own account, his horse was shot from under him in the charge, and chaos erupted when his men believed he had been killed. In the end, 113 Americans were killed and another 203 captured, 150 of whom were so badly wounded that they had to be left behind. Tarleton's casualties were 5 killed and 12 wounded [1]. The British called the affair the Battle of Waxhaw Creek, while the Americans knew it as the Buford Massacre or the Waxhaw Massacre.
In recounting Tarleton's action at the scene one member of the British Army who was there, a surgeon named Robert Brownfield, wrote that "... Tarleton with his cruel myrmidons was in the midst of them, when commenced a scene of indiscriminate carnage, never surpassed by the ruthless atrocities of the barbarous savages." The Waxhaw massacre became an important rallying cry for the revolutionaries. Many people who had been more or less neutral became ardent supporters of the Revolution after the perceived atrocities. "Tarleton's quarter" and "no quarter" became rallying cries for American Patriots for the rest of the war.
Tarleton's nemesis in South Carolina was Francis Marion, whom he could never capture or neutralise. Marion remained quite popular with South Carolina residents and continued his guerrilla campaign with their support. Tarleton, by contrast, alienated the citizenry by numerous acts of cruelty to the civilian population. For example, at one plantation of a deceased Patriot officer, he had the man's body dug up, then required the widow to serve him a meal. One of Marion's men later wrote of the incident:
On one expedition (Nelson's Ferry - Nov. 1780), Tarleton burnt the house, out houses, corn and fodder, and a great part of the cattle, hogs and poultry, of the estate of Gen. Richardson. The general had been active with the Americans, but was now dead; and the British leader, in civilised times, made his widow and children suffer for the deeds of the husband and parent, after the manner of the East, and coast of Barbary. What added to the cruel nature of the act, was that he had first dined in the house, and helped himself to the abundant good cheer it afforded. But we have seen before the manner in which he requited hospitality. It was generally observed of Tarleton and his corps, that they not only exercised more acts of cruelty than any one in the British army, but also carried further the spirit of depredation.
Tarleton materially helped Cornwallis to win the Battle of Camden in August 1780. He was completely victorious in an engagement with Thomas Sumter at Fishing Creek, or Catawba Fords, but was less successful when he encountered the same general at Blackstock Hill in November 1780. Then in January 1781, in spite of much personal valour, Tarleton's forces were virtually destroyed by American Brigadier General Daniel Morgan at the Battle of Cowpens. Tarleton, however, managed to escape.
Having been successful in a skirmish at Tarrants House, and having taken part in the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in March 1781, he marched with Cornwallis into Virginia. Tarleton undertook a series of small expeditions while in Virginia. Among them was a raid on Charlottesville, Virginia in an attempt to capture then-Governor Thomas Jefferson and the Virginia legislature. The raid was mostly foiled when Jack Jouett rode 40 miles through the night to warn Jefferson and the legislature of Tarleton's approach. All but seven of the legislators escaped. After other missions, Cornwallis instructed Tarleton to hold Gloucester Point, Virginia. This post, however, was surrendered to the Americans with Yorktown, Virginia in October 1781, and Tarleton returned to England on parole.
It is noteworthy that after the surrender at Yorktown, all of the British commissioned officers were invited to dine with their American counterparts, except for one — Banester Tarleton.
In 1784, Tarleton stood for election as M.P. for Liverpool, but was narrowly defeated. In 1790 he succeeded Richard Pennant as MP for Liverpool in the Parliament of Great Britain and, with the exception of a single year, remained in the House of Commons until 1812. He was a supporter of Charles James Fox despite their opposing views on the British role in the American War of Independence. Tarleton spoke on military matters and a variety of other subjects, but especially the slave trade, with which the port of Liverpool was particularly associated. In reality, Tarleton was working to preserve the slavery business of his brothers Clayton and Thomas, and he became well-known for his taunting and mockery of the abolitionists. He generally voted with the Parliamentary opposition, with exception to when the Fox-North Coalition came to power, he gave his support to the government nominally headed by William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland. He was rewarded with the title of Governor of Berwick and Holy Island.
In 1794, he was promoted to Major-General, in 1801 to Lieutenant-General, and in 1812 to General. He held a military command in Ireland and another in England. In 1815, he was made a Baronet and in 1820 a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB).
Despite being married to the daughter, born out of wedlock, of the 4th Duke of Ancaster since 1798, Banastre died childless at Leintwardine, Shropshire, England. For some time, he lived with the actress Mary Robinson (Perdita), whom he seduced on a bet. Despite their 15 year relationship, Tarleton and Robinson had no children, although in 1783 Robinson had a miscarriage.
Books on General Banastre Tarleton are available from Amazon.com


On April 2, 2018 we completed a large project at the Nhan Ai Orphanage. Nhan Ai is a loving home to over 120 orphans of all ages, set in a peaceful country location in Cam Ranh, to the south of Nha Trang. The nuns of Nhan Ai recognized that the existing water system needed improvements and put together a project that would route a new line into the orphanage, and a new pumping system into the large water tanks. After several days of work, crews finished making the improvements on the water system, ensuring the orphans will continue to have access to clean water.
This wonderful project was sponsored by Juli and Kyle.


All photos for railroad "Lycoming Valley", sorted by posting date, most recent first.
The Lycoming Valley Railroad is a short line that operates 38 miles of track in Lycoming and Clinton counties in Pennsylvania.
Added to archive April 5, 2009 by Elroy Davis.
Added to archive April 26, 2006 by Mark Beebe.
Added to archive December 20, 2005 by Mark Beebe.
Added to archive December 9, 2005 by Mark Beebe.


text:
Mons Hansteen är ett litet berg på månen vid månhavet Oceanus Procellarums södra kant. Berget har fått sitt namn efter den norske fysikern och astronomen Christopher Hansteen.

Mons Hansteen var ursprungligen en vulkan. Berget har en trekantig bas där den östra kanten är längst på omkring 30 km. Väster om Mons Hansteen ligger kratern Hansteen. Mons Hansteen hette tidigare Hansteen A efter denna krater. Söder om berget ligger kratern Billy.

Se även
Lista över månens berg
Lista över månens hav
Lista över månens kratrar

Källor
Rükl, Antonín, Mondatlas, Prag 1990

Hansteen, Mons


text:
Barger-Oosterveen is a hamlet in the Netherlands and is part of the Emmen municipality in Drenthe.

Barger-Oosterveen is a statistical entity, however the postal authorities have placed it under Klazienaveen. It was first mentioned in 1867 as Ooster Veen, and means "The eastern bog near Barge".

References

Populated places in Drenthe
Emmen, Netherlands


The blog article that accompanies this photo is really great: "The Basic White Shirt: 1 Shirt 4 Ways". Most style bloggers would call this "remixing" but most regular folks would call this "wearing a shirt again with other stuff".
Thank you, Francesca's, for featuring me! I've never had someone take an outfit photo of mine and do a shoot based on it! I feel flattered!


text:
Dans le système éducatif en France, le collège est l'appellation courante du premier cycle des études du second degré. C'est un enseignement de quatre ans, qui fait suite à l'école élémentaire. La fourchette d'âge est, généralement, de 10-11 ans (en sixième) à 14-15 ans (en troisième).

Par extension, « collège » est le nom de l'établissement où se fait cet enseignement.

Histoire

Sous la Monarchie

La Gaule romanisée possédait des écoles municipales : un maître enseignant dans les écoles primaires, un grammairien dans les écoles secondaires et un rhéteur dans l'enseignement supérieur.

Charlemagne crée au  des écoles dans les abbayes pour éduquer le clergé et former un corps de fonctionnaires efficaces, . Seule une petite élite de femmes, issues de milieux intellectuels, comme Radegonde ou Hildegarde de Bingen se distinguent par leur savoir et leurs écrits. C'est aussi le cas d'Héloïse d'Argenteuil pour laquelle son oncle fait appel à Abélard comme professeur particulier.

Les collèges sont créés au  en liaison avec les universités. Les collèges assurent à la fois l'hébergement et une assistance spirituelle, mais également des fonctions d'enseignement, en complément de celui de l'université.

Petit à petit, ces collèges deviennent autonomes vis-à-vis de l'université et leur enseignement tend à se suffire à lui-même.

Les collèges deviennent donc des établissements ayant leurs propres fonctions, assurant une formation de base à des élèves issus de la bourgeoisie ou de la noblesse. Il existe à la fois des « collèges de plein exercice » et des « petits collèges » dont les enseignements se limitent à deux ou trois classes. Si les uns et les autres dépendent des municipalités, les collèges de plein exercice sont généralement confiés à des congrégations religieuses enseignantes tandis que les autres relèvent de maîtres n'appartenant pas aux congrégations.

À la veille de la Révolution, le royaume compte 271 collèges mais la moitié environ ne sont que des « petits collèges ». L'enseignement comprend quatre classes de grammaire, une classe d'humanité et une classe de rhétorique, auxquelles s'ajoutent deux classes de philosophie. Il s'appuie sur les principes de la Ratio Studiorum ; les matières les plus enseignées sont le français, le latin et le grec ancien. Dans les années 1730, s'ajoutent l'histoire et la géographie, puis la physique. Les auteurs français commencent à être étudiés vers 1770.

Les femmes exclues de cet enseignement ne peuvent donc développer leurs connaissances que grâce à des pères, des frères, des maris lettrés et possédant des bibliothèques, comme Christine de Pisan qui plaidait tant au  pour que les filles reçoivent une éducation comme les garçons et ne soient pas cantonnées à filer la laine et aux ouvrages de broderie.

De la Monarchie à la Troisième République

Les collèges sont provisoirement maintenus pendant la Révolution, mais la situation est peu favorable aux congrégations. Le décret du 8 mars 1793 ordonne la vente des biens des collèges. La législation révolutionnaire finit par créer les écoles centrales correspondant à ce niveau d'enseignement. Ces dernières sont à leur tour supprimées à la suite de la loi du 11 floréal an X ( mai 1802) : certaines d'entre elles sont transformées en lycées entretenus par l'État. Les autres peuvent être reprises en charge par les villes sous le nom de « collège » ou d'« école secondaire communale ». Selon l'article 5 du décret du 17 mars 1808, ils enseignent « les élémen[t]s des langues anciennes et les premiers principes de l'histoire et des sciences ».

Avec la Restauration, les lycées prennent le nom de « collèges royaux ». Les collèges gérés par les communes deviennent donc des « collèges communaux » pour les distinguer des premiers.

Théoriquement, l'enseignement du collège est proche de celui du lycée et conduit au baccalauréat, mais les collèges restent dans les faits des établissements de second ordre. Certains collèges sont « de plein exercice » et mènent jusqu'au baccalauréat, mais les autres s'arrêtent avant ; en revanche, la plupart des collèges, à l'image des lycées, ont des « classes élémentaires », connues sous le nom de petit lycée, commençant pour certains à la ) dont le programme se rapproche du primaire, à ceci près que le latin est étudié à partir de la , équivalent de l'actuel CM 1.

Pour les filles, ce n'est qu'en 1836 que l'enseignement primaire public est créé, mais il faut attendre 1867 la loi de Victor Duruy pour que l'ouverture d'une école de filles soit rendue obligatoire dans les communes de plus de 500 habitants et la loi de Jules Ferry de 1882, pour que toutes les communes aient une école de filles.

Pour mieux répondre aux besoins, des collèges développent des « cours spéciaux » à visée plus professionnelle. Ces initiatives sont relayées par la création de l'« enseignement secondaire spécial » en 1865 par Victor Duruy. Dans la lignée de ces mesures est finalement créé en 1882 un « baccalauréat spécial ». Les décrets du 4 et du 5 juin 1891 transforment le secondaire spécial et son baccalauréat en « enseignement moderne » et « baccalauréat moderne ». On parle dès lors de collège classique (pour l'enseignement proche de celui des lycées) et de collège moderne.

C'est seulement  à partir de 1880 avec la loi Camille Sée que les filles se voient ouvrir un enseignement secondaire, donné dans les lycées et collèges de jeunes filles ; mais les programmes sont spécifiques mais sont proches de l'enseignement « moderne ». Le diplôme de fin  d'études secondaires pour les filles, non équivalent au baccalauréat, ne leur donne pas accès à l'Université. Il faut attendre 1924 pour que les contenus, la durée, les horaires des enseignements soient les mêmes que pour les garçons et le baccalauréat identique pour filles et garçons, donnant enfin aux jeunes filles accès à l'université.

Dans les années 1910 et 1920, les collèges se rapprochent davantage de l'enseignement primaire supérieur et des « petites classes » du lycée. Une circulaire de 1922 prévoit ainsi que les collèges pourront s'adjoindre une section d'EPS ou une école technique. À partir de 1927, par le décret-loi du  octobre 1926, le ministère de l'Instruction publique encourage leur « amalgame » au sein d'« établissements géminés ». Toutefois, ce rapprochement s'essouffle dans les années 1930. Entretemps, en 1924, les collèges de jeunes filles ont été officiellement assimilés aux collèges modernes.

En 1941, c'est au tour de l'enseignement primaire supérieur d'être réuni au collège, moderne pour les anciennes EPS, technique pour les écoles pratiques, les écoles de métiers et les sections professionnelles. Les cours complémentaires sont en revanche maintenus.

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale

La réforme du collège unique permettant à toute une classe d'âge de suivre le premier cycle du secondaire a commencé à la fin des années 1950 mais ne s'est achevée qu'à la fin des années 1980. Son impact est difficile à mesurer en termes de niveau de connaissances et de réduction des inégalités car les chercheurs ne disposent pas de suivis à long terme des élèves comme dans d'autres pays comme la Finlande.

Le décret 59-57 du 6 janvier 1959 portant réforme de l'enseignement public transforme les cours complémentaires en collèges d'enseignement général (CEG), où l'enseignement dure cinq ans (deux années de cycle d'observation, communes à l'enseignement général long et à l'enseignement technique suivies de trois années d'enseignement spécifique). La même année la loi Berthoin porte de 14 à 16 ans l'âge minimum de la fin de la scolarité et institue la fin progressive des classes de fin d'études.

En 1963 sont créés les collèges d'enseignement secondaire (CES) destinés à remplacer les premiers cycles des lycées : le lycée fait désormais suite au collège. Mais dans le cadre du CES, se maintiennent des filières très hiérarchisées.
 La filière I, subdivisée avant 1969 en section classique et section moderne long, a comme objectif de mener les élèves au lycée, dont il constitue l'ancien premier cycle;
 La filière II, ou moderne court avant 1969, correspondant aux CEG, de les mener au collège technique;
 La filière III, divisée en classes de transition en - et terminale pratique en -, d'assurer la transition vers la vie active. Les passerelles entre les cursus existent mais sont difficilement empruntées.
La Loi Haby de 1975, en regroupant les CEG et les CES sous le nom simple de collège, crée le « collège unique » mettant ainsi fin aux filières. Dans les faits, l'usage massif du redoublement permet de continuer l'orientation d'une partie des élèves vers l'apprentissage et les classes pré-professionnelle de niveau (CPPN) et la vie active dès la fin de la cinquième ou de la quatrième. De plus, les classes de niveau se substituent aux filières. Les élèves les plus faibles se retrouvent dans les CPPN ou en CAP. Ce n'est qu'au cours des années 1980, que la fréquence des redoublements diminue et que l'orientation précoce à la fin de la cinquième ou de la quatrième disparaît. À la fin des années 1980, 90 % des élèves vont jusqu'en troisième contre 70 % au début de la décennie.

En étudiant à long terme, les statistiques de l'INSEE sur les revenus et les salaires, Éric Maurin arrive à la conclusion qu'une année d'études supplémentaires aboutit à une augmentation de salaire moyenne de 10 à 16 %. Le recours massif aux redoublements est aussi une spécificité française. Les autres pays qui ont démocratisé leur système scolaire ne l'ont guère utilisé. La conséquence en est un alourdissement des coûts de la démocratisation de l'éducation que Maurin estime à 50 %, tout en retardant l'accès à l'autonomie aux jeunes. On peut expliquer ces nombreux redoublements par l'inadaptation des programmes scolaires, toujours destinés à former l'élite, au nouveau public d'élèves beaucoup plus faibles.

Au

Le projet de réforme du collège est la poursuite de la refondation de l'Enseignement un des axes du quinquennat de François Hollande déjà engagée pour l'École primaire dans la loi 8 juillet 2013. Sans remettre en cause la notion de collège unique, elle prétend mieux assurer l'enseignement des savoirs fondamentaux en combinant les apprentissages théoriques et pratiques, en généralisant les projets interdisciplinaires, et en donnant une plus grande liberté pédagogique aux établissements. L'objectif est une mise en place de la réforme à la rentrée 2016.

Le projet doit être soumis au Conseil supérieur de l'éducation le 19 mars 2015. S'il est accueilli favorablement avec quelques réserves par le SE-UNSA et le SGEN-CFDT, il est décrié par le SNES-FSU, syndicat majoritaire dans le Second Degré qui est hostile à la multiplication des modules interdisciplinaires et dénonce une usine à gaz.

Les enseignements du collège

Les cycles d'adaptation, central et d'orientation
Le cycle d'adaptation est composé de la classe de sixième qui est considérée comme un temps d'adaptation au collège. L'accueil et l'intégration des élèves fait l'objet d'une attention particulière et une évaluation nationale est faite au début de l'année.

Le cycle central est composé de la classe de cinquième et de quatrième. Lors de ce cycle de deux ans apparaît l'itinéraire de découverte (2 heures hebdomadaires interdisciplinaires; semblables aux travaux personnels encadrés du lycée).

Le collège se termine par la classe de troisième qui est aussi la classe d'orientation entre les filières générales, technologiques et professionnelles. Au cours de l'année, les élèves effectuent une « séquence d'observation en milieu professionnel » (stage de courte durée) et se préparent au Diplôme national du brevet.

Diplômes et certifications

 Le diplôme national du brevet se compose d'un contrôle continu en classe de troisième et d'examens à la fin de celle-ci.
 Le certificat de formation générale est destiné aux élèves de sections adaptées.
 L'attestation scolaire de sécurité routière  se passe en cinquième (ASSR niveau 1) et en troisième (ASSR niveau 2).
 Le brevet informatique et internet (b2i).

Les disciplines
La formation dispensée repose sur un ensemble de disciplines qui, toutes, reposent sur le socle commun de connaissances, de compétences et de culture. La formation est donc découpée en trois cycles. Les enseignements suivent des programmes nationaux. La version en vigueur s'applique depuis la rentrée 2009.

Français
Enseignement de l'orthographe, la grammaire, la conjugaison, le vocabulaire, la production écrite, etc. De la sixième à la troisième.

Mathématiques
Enseignement de numération, géométrie, arithmétique, calcul mental, aire (surface), périmètre, angles, algèbre, théorèmes

Langues
Une langue vivante étrangère dès la sixième, une deuxième (étrangère ou régionale) à partir de la cinquième.

Histoire-géographie et enseignement moral et civique

Au collège, l'enseignement de l'histoire, la géographie et l'enseignement moral et civique (EMC) représente 3 heures par semaine. Les thèmes abordés en enseignement moral et civique sont abordés par cycles : le cycle 3 (cycle de consolidation) et le cycle 4 (cycle des approfondissements).

La matière joue un rôle clé dans la compétence intitulée « Représentations du monde et de l'activité humaine » du socle commun de connaissances, de compétences et de culture.

L'enseignement moral et civique est fondé sur trois thèmes qui sont l'identité, le respect, le droit.

Sciences de la vie et de la terre

Au collège, l'enseignement des SVT représente une heure et demie par semaine. Les programmes sont en vigueur depuis la rentrée 2017. Comme toutes les disciplines, elle contribue à apporter les connaissances et compétence du socle commun, en particulier pour « les principaux éléments de mathématiques et la culture scientifique et technologique ». Cette matière est utile pour certains métiers comme : médecin, vétérinaire, etc.

Physique-chimie

Depuis 2016, la sixième a cours de physique-chimie. Au collège, l'enseignement de physique-chimie débute en sixième (voir ci-dessus), au cycle 4 (à partir de la classe de cinquième) il représente une heure et demie par semaine. Les programmes sont en vigueur depuis la rentrée 2016. Comme toutes les disciplines, elle contribue à apporter les connaissances et compétence du socle commun de connaissances, en particulier pour « les principaux éléments de mathématiques et la culture scientifique et technologique ».

Technologie

Depuis 2009 avec les nouveaux programmes de technologie, l'enseignement se fait autour de domaines d'applications propres à chaque niveau d'enseignement. Il ne s'agit pas de développer des connaissances et capacités de ce domaine mais plutôt de s'en servir comme support d'apprentissage pour acquérir de nouvelles connaissances et capacités transposables dans n'importe quel domaine technique.

Arts plastiques et histoire des arts

Dans le cycle 4 de l'enseignement (2e, 3e, et 4e année du collège) l'enseignement des arts plastiques est ainsi présenté : "L'enseignement des arts plastiques se fonde sur la pratique plastique dans une relation à la création artistique. Il offre les moyens de porter un regard informé et critique sur l'art et sur les univers visuels auxquels il renvoie, artistiques et non artistiques. Privilégiant la démarche exploratoire, l'enseignement des arts plastiques fait constamment interagir action et réflexion sur les questions que posent les processus de création, liant ainsi production artistique et perception sensible, explicitation et acquisition de connaissances et de références dans l'objectif de construire une culture commune. Il s'appuie sur les notions toujours présentes dans la création en arts plastiques : forme, espace, lumière, couleur, matière, geste, support, outil, temps. Il couvre l'ensemble des domaines artistiques se rapportant aux formes : peinture, sculpture, dessin, photographie, vidéo, nouveaux modes de production des images…". Quant à l'histoire des arts, c'est un enseignement pratiqué dans toutes les disciplines ayant pour objectif principal l'épreuve du Diplôme National du Brevet (prend fin en juin 2016).

Éducation musicale et chant choral

L'éducation musicale est l'une des matières enseignées de façon obligatoire au collège en France, dans les classes de la  à la , avec 1 heure par semaine. Cette matière peut être renforcée de deux manières : avec l'option chorale ou avec des heures complémentaires pour certaines classes dites CHAM.

Éducation physique et sportive

À la fin du collège, les élèves doivent avoir atteint le niveau 2 (compétence attendue) dans au moins une activité de chaque groupe.

Selon les niveaux de classe, le volume horaire hebdomadaire obligatoire d'EPS pour le collégien varie : il est de 4 heures en sixième, 3 heures en cinquième, en quatrième et en troisième. Ce sont les professeurs d'EPS (titulaires du CAPEPS) qui enseignent la discipline dans le Secondaire (collège + lycée + lycée professionnel). En 2010-2011 (France métropolitaine + DOM), ils constituaient un corps de  enseignants, soit 8,46 % de l'ensemble des enseignants du second degré public.

Éducation aux médias et à l'information

Ce nouvel enseignement entré en vigueur à la rentrée 2016 est décrit dans le projet de programme du cycle 4 par le C.S.P.

Filières spécifiques

 Sections de langues régionales
 Classes bilingues
 Sections européennes et internationales
 Collèges franco-allemands
 Classes à projet artistique et culturel
 Classes à horaires aménagés (par exemple Classe à horaires aménagés musique)
 Sections sportives scolaires

Élèves handicapés
Les Unités Localisées pour l'Inclusion Scolaire (ULIS) permettent de scolariser les élèves handicapés dans les collèges, le recours à des établissements spécialisés ou à des services médico-sociaux n'interviennent que de façon subsidiaire.

Élèves en difficulté
Les élèves dont les difficultés d'apprentissage sont graves et durables suivent des enseignements aménagés en SEGPA ou dans des établissements particuliers : les établissements régionaux d'enseignement adapté.

Enseignement par alternance
En classe de troisième et de quatrième, les élèves de plus de 14 ans peuvent avoir une formation partagée entre collège et lycée professionnel ou entre collège et entreprise ou encore entre les trois entités.

Le collège en tant qu'établissement
Il existe 7046 collèges en France en 2011 (publics et privés en contrat) .

Les collèges publics

Les collèges publics sont des établissements publics, des EPLE. Avec la première vague et seconde vague de la décentralisation les bâtiments appartiennent au département, les agents techniques (Personnel ATOS) sont désormais des agents qui dépendent de la fonction publique territoriale. Les départements jouent un grand rôle dans le fonctionnement des collèges publics, puisque ce sont eux qui équipent (informatique, téléphone, restauration scolaire…), gèrent et rénovent ses EPLE. En revanche, le personnel enseignant, administratif et éducatif est lui sous l'autorité du Ministère de l'Éducation nationale.

L'équipe de direction du collège est constituée légalement du principal, de son adjoint, du gestionnaire à laquelle s'ajoute souvent (dans le cadre d'une équipe de direction élargie) le conseiller principal d'éducation. Le conseil d'administration est composé de 30 membres pour les EPLE de plus de 600 élèves et de 24 membres en dessous de ce seuil. Le Conseil d'Administration gère les affaires de l'établissement (projet d'établissement, budget…)

Les collèges privés

Statistiques

Les élèves
Les élèves du collège (les « collégiens ») ont généralement entre 11-12 () et 14-15 ans () (sauts de classe et redoublements exclus, on peut donc voir des 6èmes de 10 voire 9 ans, et des  de 16 ans).

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 Sous la direction de Marie-Madeleine Compère, Dominique Julia, Les collèges français, - siècles, Répertoire 1, France du Midi, Publications de l'Institut national de recherche pédagogique, éditions du CNRS, 1984,  (lire en ligne)
 Sous la direction de Marie-Madeleine Compère, Les collèges français, - siècles, Répertoire 3, Paris, Publications de l'Institut national de recherche pédagogique, 2002 (lire en ligne)

Articles connexes
Collège de garçons de Carpentras, datant du , classé au titre des monuments historiques en 1993 ()


If beards could sing, they would sound like Ben Caplan: deep, coarse, and all over the map (in a great, messy-on-purpose way). His intensity is certain, and comes with ease, but it's not Ben's booming voice that makes him a great live entertainer: it's his ability to find the balance between soft and coarse, to know when to hit a ten or opt for a seven on the loud-o-meter.
A different Ben opened for Caplan at The Electric Owl. Vancouver-native Ben Rogers took to the dimly lit stage sporting his own beard and a casual sports jacket look. The venue hadn't quite filled yet; most people were still arriving or outside pulling on (jazz) cigarettes. The dull buzz of casual chatter and clinking glasses dominated the room. Ben's first song, "The Dealer", a story about, you guessed it, a drug dealer, captivated the audience and silenced the clinks and the buzz to a murmur. Rogers reminded me of Bob Dylan with his style of songwriting and proficient playing of the mouth harp between verses. His onstage persona is a little awkward, but it's obviously part of his performance. As a result, the awkwardness, instead of inducing a cringe, welcomes a laugh. Little anecdotes about bums, and the overwhelming struggles of a bad cup of coffee (sarcastic), and the death of Tupac Shakur were great segues into his acoustic ballads. Overall, I thoroughly enjoyed his set from start to finish and had a few chuckles in between. I would keep an ear open for this guy.
Following Ben Rogers was Ben Caplan without his band, The Casual Smokers, to back him up. Alone with a guitar, a piano, and his beard-like voice. Like Rogers, Caplan was also sporting a jacket. He made sure to note that it was freshly pressed from that afternoon, which explained the lack of off-yellow sweat stains (he took the jacket off about halfway through his set due to a high amount of perspiration). Caplan's stripped down set allowed the focus to centre on his voice and his onstage antics. Between each song were moments of back and forth chatter with the crowd. During his set, Ben travelled between his guitar and his piano, playing songs from his album, In the Time of the Great Remembering. Without a band to support him, Ben's lyrics were really able to jump into the foreground. Songs that touch regular themes of love, heartbreak, and lonely travel, but in an irregular manner, without the overuse of words such as "hands", "hold", and "heart" – a nice change from the well-trodden trend found in contemporary folk music.
The emotional low point of Ben's set was a span of four or five love songs in the middle of his set. To be fair, Ben proposed the idea and the crowd replied enthusiastically.
He followed through on a promise. Nothing wrong with that. We asked for it!
Besides the collection of low-energy love songs, Mr. Caplan put forth a high-intensity set. With the bulk of the songs performed from his album, there were a few new songs, and a haunting cover of A.A. Bondy's "Lover's Waltz". With this, he managed a balance characteristic of seasoned performers. With a voice like his, I'm surprised he wasn't belting out every note.
Ben's charisma is obvious, he had the whole venue laughing at the flick of a finger. He carries a personality that is naturally magnetic. People are drawn to his presence. His talent is apparent as well, if you don't believe me, ask the girl who screamed out "BEN, YOU'RE SO TALENTED" during one of his many exchanges with the audience.
To carry a crowd for ninety minutes, alone on stage, demands exceptional talent – the kind of talent that doesn't go unnoticed for very long, and I think that everyone felt lucky to catch his show at a small venue like The Electric Owl. Next time, we probably won't be so lucky. Look out for Ben Caplan.
Read Thomas' interview with Ben Caplan.


One reason for electric scooters' fast growth: companies are jockeying for strategic position in the so-called micromobility revolution, where consumers are embracing shared scooters and bikes for short trips and exploring alternatives to car ownership buoyed by the ubiquity of smartphones.
If it seems like electric scooters popped up overnight, that's because they did. Several companies distributed them throughout cities without permission or permits, reminding local officials of when ride-hailing companies such as Uber launched in their markets years ago without warning.
It also raises questions about user privacy. The location data provided to cities is not linked to names, emails or other directly identifiable information, but "if you take enough GPS data points and begin attaching other data sets, it can be used to identify specific individuals," said Regina Clewlow, CEO of Populus, a company that helps cities securely access data for policy and planning while protecting privacy.
Another consequence of electric scooters is head injuries. Dr. Vishal Bansal, director of trauma surgery at Scripps Mercy Hospital San Diego, noticed many riders were getting on scooters at night intoxicated, without wearing a helmet, taking "30, 40 years of what we've learned about injury prevention and has just thrown it out the window," he said.
"These little fads come and go," Keller said.


Extractions: Encyclopedia Somalia Between the 7th and 10th cent., immigrant Muslim Arabs and Persians established trading posts along Somalia's Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean coasts; Mogadishu began its existence as a trading station. During the 15th and 16th cent., Somali warriors regularly joined the armies of the Muslim sultanates in their battles with Christian Ethiopia. Italy first asserted its authority in the area in 1889 by creating a small protectorate in the central zone, to which other concessions were later added in the south (territory ceded by the sultan of Zanzibar) and north. In 1925, Jubaland, or the Trans-Juba (east of the Juba [now Jubba] River), was detached from Kenya to become the westernmost part of the Italian colony. In 1936, Italian Somaliland was combined with Somali-speaking districts of Ethiopia to form a province of the newly formed Italian East Africa . During World War II, Italian forces invaded British Somaliland; but the British, operating from Kenya, retook the region in 1941 and went on to conquer Italian Somaliland. Britain ruled the combined regions until 1950, when Italian Somaliland became a UN trust territory under Italian control.
Extractions: Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives The history in general of Somalia UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, analysis, 14 July 2003. In the past, Somali women have not had a significant role in politics, but there are now signs that the trend is slowly changing. Women from privileged groups which have been able to spend time abroad during the 13-year civil war.
Extractions: Located in the Horn of Africa, adjacent to the Arabian Peninsula, Somalia is steeped in thousands of years of history. The ancient Egyptians spoke of it as "God's Land" (the Land of Punt). Chinese merchants frequented the Somali coast in the tenth and fourteenth centuries and, according to tradition, returned home with giraffes, leopards, and tortoises to add color and variety to the imperial menagerie. Greek merchant ships and medieval Arab dhows plied the Somali coast; for them it formed the eastern fringe of Bilad as Sudan, "the Land of the Blacks." More specifically, medieval Arabs referred to the Somalis, along with related peoples, as the Berberi. The last quarter of the nineteenth century saw political developments that transformed the Somali Peninsula. During this period, the Somalis became the subjects of state systems under the flags of Britain, France, Italy, Egypt, and Ethiopia. The new rulers had various motives for colonization. Britain sought to gain control of the northern Somali coast as a source of mutton and other livestock products for its naval port of Aden in present-day Yemen. As a result of the growing importance of the Red Sea to British operations in the East, Aden was regarded as indispensable to the defense of British India. British occupation of the northern Somali coast began in earnest in February 1884, when Major A. Hunter arrived at Berbera to negotiate treaties of friendship and protection with numerous Somali clans. Hunter arranged to have British vice consuls installed in Berbera, Bullaxaar, and Saylac.
by Southwestern Somaliland, the fourth such regional state to be proclaimed, were further somalia history. Apartheid and education in South Africa select historical analyses.
Extractions: The Somali Republic is the easternmost extension of the African continent and is bordered by Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean (Maxted and Zegeye, 1997: 453). The Somali are one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa (Aguiar 1999a: 1745). More than eight million Somalis live in a territory stretching north from northern Kenya to Djibouti and west from the Indian Ocean to the Ogaden in Ethiopia. Although Somalis are often seen as one of the few ethnic groups that define a nation, but the country of Somalia does contain small enclaves of other groups. The Somalis speak the Somali language and are Sunni Muslims. By the end of the 19th century years of treaties had partitioned the Somali home territory into the British Somaliland Protectorate, French Somaliland, Italian Somalia, northern Kenya and the Ogaden in Ethiopia (Aguiar, 1999b: 1748). A total of sixty per cent of the population of Somalia, concentrated primarily in the north, is nomadic (Maxted and Zegeye, 1997: 453). The southern region between the Juba and the Shebelle rivers is the main area where settled agriculture is practised. Because only 13% of the land is arable, there is intense pressure on available pasture and water. Somalis are divided into three major clan families, Saab, Irir and Darood, each of which comprises numerous sub-families and lineages. The Irir and the Darood are predominantly pastoralist, while the Saab, who live in the south, have long mixed herding with peasant farming. Pastoralists have faced grave problems in environmental degradation of the grain lands in the north since the 1980s.
Extractions: Encyclopedia Somalia Between the 7th and 10th cent., immigrant Muslim Arabs and Persians established trading posts along Somalia's Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean coasts; Mogadishu began its existence as a trading station. During the 15th and 16th cent., Somali warriors regularly joined the armies of the Muslim sultanates in their battles with Christian Ethiopia. Italy first asserted its authority in the area in 1889 by creating a small protectorate in the central zone, to which other concessions were later added in the south (territory ceded by the sultan of Zanzibar) and north. In 1925, Jubaland, or the Trans-Juba (east of the Juba [now Jubba] River), was detached from Kenya to become the westernmost part of the Italian colony. In 1936, Italian Somaliland was combined with Somali-speaking districts of Ethiopia to form a province of the newly formed Italian East Africa . During World War II, Italian forces invaded British Somaliland; but the British, operating from Kenya, retook the region in 1941 and went on to conquer Italian Somaliland. Britain ruled the combined regions until 1950, when Italian Somaliland became a UN trust territory under Italian control. In 1969, President Abd-i-rashid Ali Shermarke was assassinated. The new rulers, led by Maj. Gen. Mohammed Siad Barre, dissolved the national assembly, banned political parties, and established a supreme revolutionary council with the power to rule by decree pending adoption of a new constitution. The country's name was changed to the Somali Democratic Republic.
Extractions: Only days remaining until Maywoods! Top Regional Africa Somalia ... Travel and Tourism See also: This category in other languages: Danish French German Greek ... AllPuntland.com - News reports and headlines from Somalia and the world. Updated frequently. In Somali and English. AllSomali - Latest news and announcements, political sketches, business listings, and other information. BBC Country Profile - Somalia - Key facts, figures and dates, media links. Burtinle Online - Offers a varied range of sites including news, sport, community, education, with radio on demand, and an easy to use web search. CIA Factbook - Somalia - Features map and brief descriptions of geography, economy, government, and people. The Country and People - One page of categorized listing of sites which widely cover Somalian life. FOC Country Profile - Somalia - Notes on geography, history, politics, economy, international relations, travel, current affairs. Somali Talk - Somalia news, chat, forum, web resources.
Extractions: Somalia Facts Population : 7,488,773-9,656,500(July 2001 est.) Life Expectancy : 46.6 years Ethnic Groups : Somali (85%), Bantu, Arabs Religion : Sunni Muslim Literacy : 24% (total population) Exports : Livestock, Bananas, and Fish Currency Somali Shilling (SOS) External Debt : US$2.6 billion Internally Displaced Persons Refugees Children 5-14 Years of Age Currently Working Source: CIA Factbook and The United Nations Eldery Women Outside a Traditional Hut Young Girl With Bride to Be in a Traditional Hut Source: www.un.org Mogadishu, the capital city of Somalia, is an extremely dangerous city where different clans constantly battle for control. Source: www.bbc.com. People Suffering from Drought and Famine. The delivery of food is often restricted by fighting among competing clans. Source: www.bbc.com Somalia's History Is Somalia a State? Somalia is a country that has experienced excessive amounts of political instability during the past decade. Somalia, like most other countries in Africa, was colonized by European nations during the late 1800s. In 1887, Britain became concerned with keeping the route to India open through the Suez Canal, which was opened in 1869 and as a result Britain proclaimed Somalia as a British protectorate and named it British Somaliland. In the beginning of the 20th century British control of British Somaliland was challenged by native uprisings. In 1910 the British abandoned the interior of Somaliland and withdrew to the coastal regions. Italy seized the opportunity to extend its control inland and took over many of the regions that the British had abandoned.
Extractions: By Rights: Ask the Commissioner The Rights Stuff newsletter on-line Settlement agreements Partner with us ... Somali Culture: An Islamic Point of View July 22, 2000: Somali Culture and Islamic Values conference set for August 16 in Rochester A major conference on "Understanding Somali Culture and Islamic Values" is scheduled for Wednesday, August 16 in Rochester, MN. The conference is designed to enable educators, public service providers and those encountering people in the Somali culture to have a better understanding of their history, culture, and the problems and misperceptions that confront them in American society. The League cosponsored a conference on Somali culture at Roosevelt High School in Minnesota last October. Like Minneapolis and St. Paul, Rochester has a growing Somali population. "Of the more than 22,000 Somali who have recently settled in the United States, more than half live in Minnesota," observed Minnesota Commissioner of Human Rights Janeen Rosas. "We believe it's important for Minnesotans to understand the culture and challenges facing these new immigrants, and we're delighted to be partnering with the League to co-sponsor this event." The conference will feature a series of workshops with Somali experts, exploring Islamic values, family and community structure. Workshop topics will include.
Extractions: Please Select a link Qat The Menace Add your Site Free SMS Free fax Latest Links Modify your link Popular Site Recruitment sites Education Entertainment Organisations Reference Regional Personal Homepages Search For Links: Latest News More Headlines Warkii Dalka News/Articles Search Latest On The Forums Re:where the original somali people came from truly ? Welcome to Big Brother House, Ahmed is losing the plot Re:IMPORTANT Re:Why do gals go for a guy darker then her? ... More This Month's Survey Do you think that the peace process is dead? Yes No Not sure Expected as much Don't care Top : Regional Links: Aflax.com - Muxaadaro, Tafsiir, Daruus, Tajwiid, Quraan (Added: 28-Aug-2003 Hits: 32 Rating: Votes: 0) Rate It Hiiraan Online. - Welcome to Hiran Homepage your only source of information about Somalia. (Added: 24-Apr-2000 Hits: 368 Rating: 4.50 Votes: 8) Rate It ISNA - Islamic Society of North America (Added: 25-May-2002 Hits: 55 Rating: Votes: 0) Rate It Ogaden online - The official Home Page of Ogadenia.


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Pat Buchanan on Budget & Economy
2000 Reform Candidate for President
Outsourcing and imports let foreigners control US economy
Foreign powers have a large control of our economy and jobs " White-collar jobs are being outsourced [by the thousands to India and elsewhere]. The dollar is sinking. With the money we are pumping out for imports, foreigners are buying up America. Asian nations continue to accept and hold depreciating dollars in return for their goods for two reasons: To maintain and increase their share of the US market and to continue to suck production out of the United States. This cannot go on indefinitely. We are approaching a precipice, and the only question is when we reach it. [One analyst writes] "Should Asian central banks even temporarily lose their appetite for dollars, the United States could face a crisis not unlike the ones that afflicted the Mexican peso in 1994 or the Thai baht in 1997." A sinking currency represents the silent theft of a people's wealth by their rulers. And when the currency of an imperial power sinks, there are strategic consequences. " Source: Where the Right Went Wrong, by Pat Buchanan, p.202-4 , Sep 1, 2004
Return surplus to American people; end 'bipartisan pig-out'
Q: How would you handle the projected surplus?
A: Given the bipartisan pig-out that is taking place up in that hog confinement on Capitol Hill where Republicans have been exceeding in spending Clinton's request, this so-called surplus is going to be gone, in my judgment, because Clinton raised taxes. Why? To balance the budget. Bush raised taxes. Why? To balance the budget. The budget is balanced. Unless this is some kind of scam, that money ought to be given back entirely to the American people, the whole $2 trillion in the non-Social Security surplus. At that point if we want to do something new with it, Mr. Bush's $700 billion and Mr. Gore's $2 trillion in spending, go back to the American people and ask for it. Otherwise, it's a bait and switch. If Clinton and Bush told the American people the truth, they ought to give the so-called surplus back to the American people. If they have to raise taxes then, do it with the consent of the nation. Source: Nader-Buchanan debate on 'Meet the Press' , Oct 1, 2000
Break up OPEC instead of Microsoft
Buchanan blasted OPEC for the rising price of crude oil and criticized Al Gore for proposing to tap into the nation's strategic oil stockpile. "I think that Clinton and Gore have failed America and their failure is responsible for this energy crisis. Instead of breaking up Microsoft let's break up OPEC. They've got Europe by the throat, and here we are begging this price-rigging, criminal conspiracy to help us & increase oil. Tell the Persian Gulf countries, if they want us to defend them, Pump oil!" Source: AP Story, NY Times , Sep 21, 2000
Dow crash is based on OPEC conspiracy
The trillion-dollar losses suffered this year by American stockholders, reflected in the 14% plunge in the Dow, crowns with success a global conspiracy by the OPEC cartel to loot the American nation. Those stock losses are a direct result of the tripling of the price of oil, from $10 a barrel in early 1999 to $30 today. As the US imports 10 million barrels a day, a run-up of $20 a barrel represents a gouging of the US economy and American consumer of $200 million a day, or $73 billion a year.
Who are the co-conspirators torpedoing the stock market and gouging American consumers? Venezuela and Nigeria, beneficiaries of billions in foreign aid. Mexico, bailed out of an economic crisis in 1994 by the US with $50 billion in loans. Kuwait, liberated by American arms. Saudi Arabia, currently defended by thousands of US soldiers and sailors. Source: Press Release , Mar 14, 2000
Lethal projectile-the trade deficit-aimed at US workers
September's stunning $ 24.4 billion trade deficit is a lethal projectile bearing down on America's superficial prosperity. According to latest figures, the American trade shortfall for September has risen a full 4% since August. These figures exact a high human cost: Americans have lost a half million manufacturing jobs since the beginning of 1998. Meanwhile the leaders of the two Beltway parties speak in one identical voice-'full speed ahead with globalization' no matter what price paid. Source: GoPatGo.com "Press Releases" , Dec 15, 1999
Pay down debt; reduce federal share of economy
We'd reduce taxes and change the tax code. First off, I do believe you keep paying down the debt. We ought to do that. We owe that to the next generation. Secondly, put more taxes on transnational corporations, take them off small business. The federal government now spends 22% of the entire economy-that's more than we did during the Cold War, and we've got to cut that down, and we would do it. Source: Interview on MSNBC's "Equal Time" on 2000 election , Nov 2, 1999
Interventionist in US economy; isolationist abroad
Buchanan wants the government to intervene in the economy to save American jobs. He heaps scorn on free trade and foreigners alike. He wants to withdraw American troops from more or less everywhere. And if the Chinese do not do what he wants, they will have sold "their last pair of chopsticks in the US." Buchanan embodies a reactionary conservatism which thinks that "America First" can be achieved by shoving everyone else to the back. Source: The Economist, p. 34 , Sep 18, 1999
Supports Balanced Budget Amendment & tax cuts
I will transform America into one vast enterprise zone by getting big government out of the way of free enterprise and unleashing the entrepreneurial genius of our small business community:
Pass a Balanced Budget Amendment with a tax limitation provision.
Eliminate the federal income tax for small businesses and put a flat tax on large corporations.
Eliminate the capital gains tax for new risk capital.
Eliminate inheritance taxes under $5 million.
Source: www.GoPatGo.org/ "Issues: Small Business" , Jun 12, 1999
Click here for definitions & background information on Budget & Economy.
Click here for VoteMatch responses by Pat Buchanan.
Click here for AmericansElect.org quiz by Pat Buchanan.
Click here for MyOcracy.org quiz by Pat Buchanan.
Click here for a Wikipedia profile of Pat Buchanan.
Click here for a Ballotpedia profile of Pat Buchanan.
Other candidates on Budget & Economy: Pat Buchanan on other issues:
Former Presidents/Veeps:
George W. Bush (R,2001-2009)
Bill Clinton (D,1993-2001)
George Bush Sr. (R,1989-1993)
Ronald Reagan (R,1981-1989)
Jimmy Carter (D,1977-1981)
Gerald Ford (R,1974-1977)
Richard Nixon (R,1969-1974)
Lyndon Johnson (D,1963-1969)
John F. Kennedy (D,1961-1963)
Dwight Eisenhower (R,1953-1961)
Harry_S_TrumanHarry S Truman(D,1945-1953)
Religious Leaders:
Political Thinkers:
Secy.Robert Reich
Gov.Jesse Ventura Abortion


A pile is a long cylinder of strong material to support heavy structures built over top. Many structures are supported on piles, particularly a large number of waterfront structures. Pile foundations are used when there is a layer of weak soil at the top. The structure can't be put on this later so it is then by passed into a stronger rock or soil layer below the weaker one.
The bottom end of the pile rests on a layer of especially strong soil or rock in end bearing piles.The load of the building is transferred through the pile onto the strong layer. In a sense, this pile acts like a column.
The pile transfers the load of the building to the soil across the full height of the pile using friction in friction bearing piles. In other words, the entire surface of the pile, which is cylindrical in shape, works to transfer the forces to the soil. The amount of load a pile can support is proportionate to the length of the pile.
Piles can be constructed of concrete, steel or timber. Overtime the environment in which the pile resides can cause the pile structures to deteriorate or corrode. Most piles are put in larger bodies of water. Severe conditions are often linked to splash zone areas which has the portion of the pile between the low and high-tide water levels. The corrosive nature of seawater can damage marine and waterfront structures, destroy their aesthetics or render them unable to support the machinery, equipment or other loads they were designed to carry.
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U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton today conducted a rountable discussion with Afghan civil society leaders at U.S. embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan.
Ms. Clinton said she wants to be sure that as they move forward together, she has the benefit of their views, their concerns, and that they know they're being heard at the highest levels of the American Government.
She cited that she has met some of the civil society leaders before, particularly the women, with whom she has working now for a decade. She said the changes that she has seen in Afghanistan are very encouraging, but she said they must be made permanent. She said it can only happen if there is a consensus within the country about what kind of future you are seeking.


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WWE pushing forward with Crown Jewel as Saudi Arabia admits the death of journalist
Wrestleview.com Staff
During Wrestleview Live #45 this past week following Smackdown 1000, Adam Martin and Roy Nemer discussed the media backlash to WWE over Crown Jewel in Saudi Arabia.
At the time of the podcast, Saudi officials had yet to officially admit to the death of Jamal Khashoggi, although reports had surfaced they were preparing to do so.
Over the weekend, CNN reported that Saudi Arabia finally admitted to Khashoggi's death at the country's consulate in Turkey. The country had insisted for 18 days that they had no involvement in the disappearance or death of the Washington Post journalist.
Saudi Arabia Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir told Fox News this weekend that the killing of Khashoggi was a "tremendous mistake" and claimed it was part of a rogue operation.
"The individuals who did this did this outside the scope of their authority. There obviously was a tremendous mistake made, and what compounded the mistake was the attempt to try to cover up. That is unacceptable in any government."
WWE has showed no signs of pulling out of the event as of Sunday. The official listing on WWE.com still doesn't list Saudi Arabia or the location of the event. At one point the on-sale date for tickets was displayed for this past Friday, but was then later pulled.


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With 20 years of meditation experience including Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), vipassana meditation, and yoga, I embarked on Unified Mindfulness teacher training after experiencing significant breakthroughs in my personal meditation practice using Unified Mindfulness techniques. I have been an L2 Certified Pathways Coach with Unified Mindfulness since May 2018. As a teacher, I'm known for my humor, flexibility, and willingness to work in conjunction with a range of contemplative approaches. I often refer to mindfulness meditation as a "choose your own adventure" experience and I love serving as a friendly guide for other adventurers.


Hope you're having a great day. I am, but gotta get back to the kitchen🐓.
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