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MBRX News – Moleculin Announces Significant Discovery with Potential to Treat Pancreatic Cancer
MBRX News
Metabolic Inhibitor Shows Greater Ability to Kill Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines – HOUSTON, TX – (https://www.financialnewsmedia.com News Alert) – Moleculin Biotech, Inc., (NASDAQ: MBRX) ("Moleculin" or the "Company"), a preclinical pharmaceutical company focused on the development of anti-cancer drug candidates, some of which are based on license agreements with The University of Texas System on behalf of the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, today announced the discovery of a metabolic inhibitor with the potential to treat pancreatic cancer.
"We've received a lot of attention from the scientific community for our glucose decoy technology (WP1122 Portfolio, Moleculin Presents Preclinical Data of Novel Inhibitor of Glycolysis at 28th EORTC-NCI-AACR Symposium on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics, December 13, 2016) as a potential means to starve tumors to death by exploiting their hyper-dependence on glycolysis for energy production," commented Walter Klemp, Chairman and CEO of Moleculin, "and now we have identified possible new properties of our compound WP1234, a modification to WP1122. In pre-clinical testing, WP1234 has shown improved drug characteristics when compared with WP1122 and a 20 to 50-fold greater ability to kill pancreatic cancer cell lines when compared with traditional inhibitors of glycolysis. We know that pancreatic cancer thrives even in a reduced oxygen environment, which indicates it may be highly dependent on glycolysis to survive. This discovery now makes WP1234 a promising drug candidate to be studied for the treatment of pancreatic cancer." Read this and more news for Moleculin Biotech at https://www.financialnewsmedia.com/profiles/mbrx.html
Mr. Klemp continued: "Pancreatic cancer is still considered largely untreatable, so even modest gains in treating this disease could represent a significant clinical benefit. WP1234 improves on known inhibitors for glycolysis by increasing drug circulation time, which should increase the potential for drug uptake by and destruction of tumor cells. We are excited about the potential to pursue development opportunities with WP1234 for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. We are also pleased to report that this discovery was the direct result of our ongoing collaboration with M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and the science team there will be presenting detailed findings to the scientific community in the near future."
About Moleculin Biotech, Inc.
Moleculin Biotech, Inc. is a preclinical stage pharmaceutical company focused on the development of anti-cancer drug candidates, some of which are based on discoveries made at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Our lead product candidate is Annamycin, an anthracycline being studied for the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia, more commonly referred to as AML. We also have two preclinical small molecule portfolios, one of which is focused on the modulation of hard-to-target tumor cell signaling mechanisms and the recruitment of the patient's own immune system. The other portfolio targets the metabolism of tumors.
For more information about the Company, please visit http://www.moleculin.com.
Some of the statements in this release are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements in this press release include, without limitation, the ability of WP1234 to become a safe and effective drug for pancreatic cancer in humans and the potential for that to translate into a significant clinical benefit. These statements relate to future events, future expectations, plans and prospects. Although Moleculin Biotech believes that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date made, expectations may prove to have been materially different from the results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Moleculin Biotech has attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology including "believes," "estimates," "anticipates," "expects," "plans," "projects," "intends," "potential," "may," "could," "might," "will," "should," "approximately" or other words that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes to identify these forward-looking statements. These statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors, including those discussed under Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our most recently filed Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and updated from time to time in our Form 10-Q filings and in our other public filings with the SEC. Any forward-looking statements contained in this release speak only as of its date. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements contained in this release to reflect events or circumstances occurring after its date or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
PCG Advisory Group
Kirin M. Smith
E: ksmith@pcgadvisory.com
Source: Moleculin Biotech, Inc.
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Better-off elderly people in Scotland 'propping up' ailing care home sector
By Helen McArdle @HMcardleHT Health Correspondent
BETTER off elderly people in Scotland are "propping up" the ailing care home sector by paying thousands of pounds a year more in fees than council-funded residents, a major report has revealed.
Massive underfunding by the state has been blamed for the gulf which has left residents in Scotland who fund their own care being charged an estimated 39 per cent more - around £12,000 annually - than residents in the same home who are paid for by the local authority via Integrated Joint Boards (IJBs).
Anyone in Scotland with savings or assets in excess of £26,500 is required to pay for their own care.
The findings emerged in a major investigation by industry watchdog the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) which warned that the sector is struggling to plug a UK-wide shortfall of some £1 billion a year because cash-strapped councils are not meeting the full cost of care, with self-funding residents saddled with higher expenses as a result. The fee gap in Scotland between private and council-funded residents is roughly the same as the UK average of 40 per cent.
The CMA states: "We do not consider this to be sustainable; we have seen very few examples of investment in new care home capacity primarily focused at the state-funded sector. The upshot will be that in the future local authorities and IJBs will not be able to provide services to all those with eligible needs.
"Moreover the number of elderly people who are likely to need support, and the acuity of their care needs, is likely to increase."
It added that the shortfall in public expenditure on adult social care meant that there was "no incentive on homes to incur the costs of modernising facilities or building new capacity, and in time some will be forced to close".
It comes months after Scottish Care, the umbrella body for the care home industry, warned the sector was on the "brink of collapse" amid rising fuel and food costs and a shortage of nurses which were pushing up overheads by 8.5 per cent against while councils were offering them a funding rise of less than one per cent.
The CMA said tougher consumer protection was also required after its probe uncovered evidence that some care home providers are unfairly charging upfront fees, and continuing to charge fees for "extended periods" after a resident has died. It is now pursuing enforcing action "a number of providers" across the UK in relation to such infringements, but declined to say whether this included any Scotland-based care homes.
The watchdog stressed that frail elderly people and their families were "vulnerable to unfair contracts and business practices" because they were often choosing a care home "under extremely stressful circumstances, in a very short period". Once established in a home, it added "very few residents are willing and able to move" and therefore "unable to rectify a poor choice of home".
It has called on care homes to disclose accurate information about fees, terms and conditions "in a timely way" and urged the Scottish Government to "introduce stronger sector rules so that compliance with consumer law is embedded into the regulatory regime for care homes".
However, the CMA said Scotland - unlike other parts of the UK - was currently drawing up a cost of care model to guide the rates paid by local authorities to reduce the risk that the fees paid to providers were too low, and that IJBs were developing models "to meet future needs in the next ten to 20 years". It added: "We need to give these initiatives a chance to deliver change."
Dr Donald Macaskill, CEO of Scottish Care, said the report underlined "the impact of stripping tens of millions of pounds out of social care by Westminster and by Scottish Government".
He added: "Current rates of as low as £3.42 an hour to support an elderly person with multiple and complex needs for 24 hours, seven days a week in a care home in Scotland in no way meets the true cost of providing high quality, sustainable care."
Health Secretary Shona Robison said: "Over the last three years funding through the National Care Home Contract has increased by 13.2 per cent - from £609.31 to £667.09 per place, per week. This allows independent care providers to invest in their staff, the quality of their service, and to take a reasonable return out of the business.
"In the current financial year almost half a billion pounds of frontline NHS spending in Scotland will be invested in social care services and integration – showing that we are taking action to protect our care services."

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Writing out SPDFs as shapefiles

Write our an ESRI shapefile from one or more SPDFs. If multiple SPDFs are being written out, they will be combined, optionally with raster::union() in the case of SpatialPolygonsDataFrame.

write.shapefile(spdf, dd = FALSE, dd.list = "sf", union = TRUE, name,
  type, out.path)

 Arguments

    <colgroup><col class="name" /><col class="desc" /></colgroup>

      spdf

Either a single SPDF, a list of SPDFs, or the output from read.dd(). If multiple SPDFs are provided, they will be output as a single combined shapefile. All SPDFs must be of the same class. If not being combined with a raster::union() or if they are SpatialPointsDataFrames the data slots must have identical variables.

      dd

Logical. If the argument spdf is the output from read.dd(), provide TRUE. Defaults to FALSE.

      dd.list

A string specifying which of the three lists in dd to pull SPDFs from. Only used if dd = TRUE. Valid values are "sf", "strata", and "pts". Defaults to "sf".

      union

Logical. If TRUE and multiple SatialPolygonDataFrames are provided as spdf then raster::union() will be applied.

      name

A string of the project name for use in the filename, e.g. "Idaho_SageGrouse".

      type

A string of the type of output for use in the filename, e.g. "reportingunits" or "sampleframes".

      out.path

A string specifying the output folder path.

Contents

Arguments

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The ABC has finally re-posted chief economics correspondent Emma Ablerici's analysis of corporate tax cuts.
The Seven Network has been patting itself on the back for last week's ratings performance, but there are more factors to consider.
Broader factors need to be fed into the gun-control debate, argue those who study its Australian context.
Audiences vastly prefer Insiders to The Bolt Report. Plus other media tidbits of the day.
Breaking news: Oscar Pistorius is not convicted of murder! Except that, whoops, he was actually. Plus other media tidbits of the day.
The protests over the grand jury decision over teenager Michael Brown's death are unprecedented in modern America, but not unexpected.
Bunker down and throw something: but do we need anti-massacre rules?
Australia now has official guidelines for how to survive a mass shooting. Crikey intern Henry Belot reads up on how to survive -- and asks if these rules will really help anyone.


What to expect in a 3D animated video story workshop It's a brain dump. It's typically a 90-minute session where we interview you, record it and talk about your product, process or service.
We have a 3-step process to creating a 3D animated video. Story Rapid Prototype Full Production The goal of this article is to explain what a rapid prototype (RP) is and to show you examples of how it differs from the full production version.


This is a placeholder page for Marilyn Raffety, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find Marilyn Raffety.
You are visiting the placeholder page for Marilyn Raffety. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Marilyn Raffety. We created this page automatically in hopes Marilyn Raffety would find it. If you are not Marilyn Raffety, but are an alumni of Odessa High School Odessa, MO, register on this site for free now.


Two of my current clients are start-ups. They're small but getting bigger. Although there are a number of challenges in this environment one big challenge that I used to see all the time in the "big" corporate world is missing and it's a wonderful thing.
Big companies tend to breed silos and possessiveness. You don't really get that in a start-up since everyone is overlapping and helping with almost everyone else. Those silos are a huge problem, as is the possessive nature of the executives involved since that fosters them. Want an example?
A sizable chunk of marketers are having trouble coordinating efforts between divisions, and well over half think their marketing departments don't even share common goals. Generally, oversight under one group seems to be lacking at a lot of companies with 68% of respondents saying enterprise marketing executives lack central ownership of programs across channels.
The start-up mentality of interdependence is visible every day when the entire company is in a small space. Out of sight, out of mind might just hold in bigger companies. Maybe it's easier to vilify the group on the other floor. There is no "mine" other than accountability for the goals the entire group is trying to achieve. You can't win if other members of the team lose, not in the long-term anyway.


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Wise One Looks Ahead (NROL-162) | Electron
July 18, 2022 Leave a Comment on Wise One Looks Ahead (NROL-162) | Electron
Featured Image: Rocket Lab
July 13, 2022 – 06:30 UTC | 18:30 NZT
Wise One Looks Ahead (NROL-162)
(What rocket company launched it?)
(Who paid for this?)
National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)
Rocket Lab LC-1A, Māhia Peninsula, New Zealand
Where did the satellite go?
Did they attempt to recover the first stage?
Where did the first stage land?
It crashed into the Pacific Ocean
Did they attempt to recover the fairings?
No, this is not a capability of Rocket Lab
Were these fairings new?
This was the:
– 28th launch of Electron
– 27th mission for a Rocket Lab customer
– 3rd mission for the NRO
– 82nd orbital launch attempt of 2022 (80th successful)
Official replay
How Did It Go?
Rocket Lab successfully launched their first of two Electron rockets scheduled to launch within nine days of each other from adjacent pads. Both pads are located at their launch site LC-1 on the Mahia Peninsula, New Zealand. In addition, both missions are for the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) who are collaborating with the Australian Defense Agency. The Wise One Looks Ahead (NROL-162) mission did not see the recovery of the Electron first stage.
What Is NROL-162?
A typical aspect of missions for the National Reconnaissance Office is the secrecy behind the payload details and function. This is due to their purpose of providing information to the United States goverment and other global governments, giving them the ability to access interntational situations. In this case, the payload has been designed, built, and will be operated by the NRO in partnership with the Australian Department of Defence.
NROL-162 payload encapsulated inside the Electron fairing (Credit: Rocket Lab)
What Is Electron?
Rocket Lab's Electron is a small-lift launch vehicle designed and developed specifically to place small satellites (CubeSats, nano-, micro-, and mini-satellites) into LEO and Sun-synchronous orbits (SSO). Electron consists of two stages with optional third stages.
Electron is about 18.5 meters (60.7 feet) in height and only 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) in diameter. It is not only small in size, but also light weight. The vehicle structures are made of advanced carbon fiber composites, which yields an enhanced performance of the rocket. Electron's payload lift capacity to LEO is 300 kg (~660 lbs).
Electrons at the production facility. (Credit: Rocket Lab via Twitter)
The maiden flight It's A Test was launched on May 25, 2017, from Rocket Lab's Launch Complex-1 (LC-1) in New Zealand. On this mission, a failure in the ground communication system occurred, which resulted in the loss of telemetry. Even though the company had to manually terminate the flight, there was no larger issue with the vehicle itself. Since then, Electron has flown a total of 27 times (24 of them were fully successful) and delivered 147 satellites into orbit.
First And Second Stage
First StageSecond StageEngine9 Rutherford engines1 vacuum optimized Rutherford engineThrust Per Engine24 kN (5,600 Ibf)25.8 kN (5,800 Ibf)Specific Impulse (ISP)311 s343 s
Electron's first stage is composed of linerless common bulkhead tanks for propellant, and an interstage, and powered by nine sea-level Rutherford engines. The second stage also consists of tanks for propellant (~2,000 kg of propellant) and is powered by a single vacuum optimized Rutherford engine. The main difference between these two variations of the Rutherford engine is that the latter has an expanded nozzle that results in improved performance in near-vacuum conditions.
For the Love At First Insight mission, the company introduced an update to the second stage by stretching it by 0.5 m. Moreover, they flew an Autonomous Flight Termination System (AFTS) for the first time.
Rutherford Engine
Rutherford engines are the main propulsion source for Electron and were designed in-house, specifically for this vehicle. They are running on rocket-grade kerosene (RP-1) and liquid oxygen (LOx). There are at least two things about the Rutherford engine that make it stand out.
The CEO of Rocket Lab, Peter Beck, standing next to an Electron rocket holding a Rutherford engine. (Credit: Rocket Lab)
Firstly, all primary components of Rutherford engines are 3D printed. Main propellant valves, injector pumps, and engine chamber are all produced by electron beam melting (EBM), which is one of the variations of 3D printing. This manufacturing method is cost-effective and time-efficient, as it allows fabrication of a full engine in only 24 hours.
Rutherford is the first RP-1/LOx engine that uses electric motors and high-performance lithium polymer batteries to power its propellant pumps. These pumps are crucial components of the engine as they feed the propellants into the combustion chamber, where they ignite and produce thrust. However, the process of transporting liquid fuel and oxidizer into the chamber is not trivial. In a typical gas generator cycle engine, it requires additional fuel and complex turbo-machinery just to drive those pumps. Rocket Lab decided to use battery technology instead, which eliminated a lot of extra hardware without compromising performance.
Different Third Stages
Kick Stage
Electron has optional third stages, also known as the Kick Stage, Photon, and deep-space version of Photon. The Kick Stage is powered by a single Curie engine that can produce 120 N of thrust. Like Rutherford, it was designed in-house and is fabricated by 3D printing. Apart from the engine, the Kick Stage consists of carbon composite tanks for propellant storage and 6 reaction control thrusters.
Kick Stages tailored for three individual missions (Credit: Peter Beck via Twitter)
The Kick Stage in its standard configuration serves as in-space propulsion to deploy Rocket Lab's customers' payloads to their designated orbits. It has re-light capability, which means that the engine can re-ignite several times to send multiple payloads into different individual orbits. A recent example includes Electron 19th mission, They Go Up So Fast, launched in 2021. The Curie engine was ignited to circularize the orbit, before deploying a payload to 550 km. Curie then re-lighted to lower the altitude to 450 km, and the remaining payloads were successfully deployed.
Photon And Deep-space Photon
Rocket Lab offers an advanced configuration of the Kick Stage, its Photon satellite bus. Photon can accommodate various payloads and function as a separate operational spacecraft supporting long-term missions. Among the features that it can provide to satellites are power, avionics, propulsion, and communications.
An illustration of the deep space version of Photon (Credit: Rocket Lab)
But there is more to it. Photon also comes as a deep-space version that will carry interplanetary missions. It is powered by a HyperCurie engine, an evolution of the Curie engine. The HyperCurie engine is electric pump-fed, so it can use solar cells to charge up the batteries in between burns. It has an extended nozzle to be more efficient than the standard Curie, and runs on some "green hypergolic fuel" that Rocket Lab has not yet disclosed. NASA has already used the deep-space version of Photon for its robotic Moon mission CAPSTONE. On this mission, the Photon spacecraft delievered NASA's 25 kg CubeSat into a unique lunar orbit, formally known as a near rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO). You can read more about CAPSTONE here.
The post Wise One Looks Ahead (NROL-162) | Electron appeared first on Everyday Astronaut.
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Composite of person with calculator and tax forms
Worst-case scenario: Why more pot businesses are suddenly getting audited by the IRS
Published: Oct 13, 2016, 9:20 am • Updated: Oct 13, 2016, 9:20 am
By The Cannabist Staff
The IRS' auditors have been paying closer attention to the cannabis industry of late, says James Thorburn, an attorney with Thorburn Walker LLC in Greenwood Village, Colo.
Thorburn, whose areas of practice include taxes and cannabis law, joins Cannabist editor-in-chief Ricardo Baca on The Cannabist Show to talk about tax issues — including IRS Code 280E, which limits deductions for cannabis businesses — that are playing out heavily in the marijuana industry.
More on marijuana and taxes
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"Any business that is handling product is probably going to be subject to an audit," Thorburn says. "It's not a question of if at this time, it's a question of when."
Politics, Thorburn says, are largely the reason for the uptick. He says he and others are involved in conversations with members of Congress to educate them about how the current tax code and tax laws are affecting businesses in legal cannabis states.
For instance, he says, because of the all-cash nature of legal weed, businesses often have to file Form 8300, for the report of cash payments over $10,000.
"It is the wholesale transactions among the businesses," he says. "Because there might be five, 10, 20 pounds that (are in transaction) between two businesses and because of the problem with banking, the transaction is in cash."
Each of those transactions prompts the filing of a Form 8300.
"Part of the problem has been that the industry, as a whole, has not been aware of this requirement," he says.
And that, Thorburn says, has triggered the slew of audits.
For his clients in an audit, Thorburn recommends what he calls "cautious compliance."
"We know right now the Department of Justice is not pursuing prosecutions, but that doesn't mean they can't do it in the future," he says.
Watch the full episode of The Cannabist Show
Subscribe to The Cannabist Show podcast:
Topics: audit, cannabist show clip, federal taxes, irs, IRS code 280E, James Thorburn


The beauty of Venice and its world famous canal!
Want a project that ends in a magnificent image, but won't take super long? Head here to Lighting Venice by Clementoni. This scenic canal view with the church behind shows a single gondolier on the waterway. The puzzle measures 19 1/3" x 14 1/5". Made in Italy.


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Irom Sharmila
Home » News » Irom Sharmila
Irom Chanu Sharmila, also known as the "Iron Lady" or "Mengoubi" is a civil rights activist, political activist, and poet from the Indian state of Manipur
Some Lesser Known Facts About Irom Sharmila
Irom Sharmila is best known for her 16-year-long hunger strike, which had begun on 2 November 2000 and ended on 9 August 2016, her strike was against the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) in Manipur.
Her strike began after "Malom Massacre" on 2 November 2o00, ten people were shot at the bus stand by an Indian Army unit operating in the state. A memorial has been built at the site where the massacre had happened.
Sharmila spent most of her 16 years' hunger strike in judicial custody in a hospital in Manipur's capital, Imphal, where she was force-fed a cocktail of medicines and baby formula.
Irom is said to be "world's longest hunger striker."
She was voted the "top woman icon of India by MSN Poll" on the International Women's Day of the year 2014.
Sharmila was approached by several political parties to stand in the national elections but she had denied their offers.
She has been arrested many times under the charges of "attempt to suicide." Irom Sharmila Being Taken Into The Police Custody
In 2011, 'Save Sharmila Solidarity Campaign (SSSC)' was launched.
She was an average student and was always interested in famous personalities like Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, etc., since her childhood.Irom Sharmila's Childhood Photo
Irom Sharmila's Childhood Photo
In the early 1990s, she joined a course in journalism and began writing articles and poetry.
She has also worked with social organisations like the BlindSchool for Children and Universal Youth Development Council.
In 1998, Sharmila attended a course in nature cure and yoga.
Sharmila is a voracious reader and after she reads a book, she donates it to the Imphal Public Library, which has gathered a shelf of her books over the last eleven years.
Her elder brother, Singhajit, had left his job to take care of her sister, Sharmila.
She met her mother only once since she had started her fast; as she felt meeting her mother might affect her resolution to fast, She said:
The day AFSPA is repealed I will eat rice from my mother's hand."
She ended her hunger strike on 9 August 2016 and announced her decision to enter the politics.
On 18 October 2016, she announced her new political party- People's Resurgence and Justice Alliance ( PRJA). This date was significant as the 1st session of the Manipur Assembly was held on the same date in 1948.
In 2017, she fought the Manipur State Assembly Elections against the Congress candidate Okram Ibobi Singh (the then Chief Minister of Manipur) from the Thoubal Constituency. However, she lost the election; as she got only 90 votes.
She has been awarded many prestigious Human Rights Awards.
Her paternal grandmother Irom Tonsija Devi fought in the second Nupi Lan (also called Nupilan or Nupi Lal) or 1939 women's war against the British Raj.
In 1989, her father died of cancer.
Author Deepti Priya Mehrotra has written a book on Sharmila's life- Burning Bright: Irom Sharmila and the Struggle for Peace in Manipur.
After reading the book written on the struggle of Sharmila's life, Desmond Coutinho, a British citizen, fell in love with Sharmila and wrote letters to her. Sharmila confessed that she was in love with Desmond Coutinho and they were planning to get married after the end of her fast, which they did on 17 August 2017 under the Special Marriage Act. Both are living in Kodaikanal in Tamil Nadu.
She considers Mahatma Gandhi as her idol.
On 12 May 2019, on the eve of Mother's day, Irom Sharmila delivered twin girls.
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Ben Stiller marks hand, footprints at TCL Chinese Theatre
HOLLYWOOD, LOS ANGELES
With a red carpet underneath, Stiller placed his hands and feet in wet cement and signed his name. When he was finished, he posed for pictures with his family - his wife, actress Christine Taylor, and their two children.
The honor comes three weeks and a day before the premiere of his latest motive, "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty," a remake of the 1947 film starring Danny Kaye.
The 48-year-old, the son of actors Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara, has appeared in such films as "Meet the Parents," its sequels "Meet the Fockers" and "Little Fockers;" "Night at the Museum" and its sequel, "Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian; "Tower Heist"; and "Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story."
Stiller also directed "Reality Bites," "The Cable Guy" and "Zoolander."
City News Service contributed to this report.


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Q: More button on a tree view So I made a view with a tree view but I can't get the "More" button on the tree, also I can't select any records.
Thought this was by default, how can I get it in my tree view?
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The Undead Are so Popular in Today's Media That a University Even Published a Mathematical Study on the Zombie Apocalypse
Okay, so this isn't necessarily on specific media regarding the horror genre. Forgive me. But it is about the specifics of the horror genre, and there's even literary precedence here! AHA! So you better forgive me.
I found this rather shocking. Tongue-in-cheek. Cool. And perhaps a foreshadow of things to come should it ever occur --
Will There Ever Be a Zombie Apocalypse? IF so, We'll at Least Know What to Expect!
Hypotheticals are indeed fun. And in this case, it's fun to see just how we as a human race would do if
we were systematically close to being wiped out into nothing by zombies overrunning the Earth. It turns out some students at the University of Leicester published such a study detailing the metrics and mathematics of such a probability of a zombie apocalypse with findings that are, in fact, a bit shocking.
The study's findings reported that after only 100 days total, the entire Earth would be reduced to a paltry 273 human survivors. Let that sink in for a bit: Two-hundred. Seventy-three. Humans. Left. if you know just how populated the Earth is currently, you'd be shocked, too.
This is some hard-core mathematical science here, though, and not just speculation. Implementing what is commonly known as the SIR model, the students surmised that if just one zombie had a 90% chance of infecting just one human per day, systematically an entire race of zombies could reduce our population to that number of 273 in just 100 days.
Putting it in perspective, that's an epidemic twice as bad as the Black Death of the 1300s!
The study also came up with a number of zombies after those 100 days: 190MM. So, indeed, the undead are a viral epidemic. However, take solace in this: that's only the worst-case scenario.
The Leicester Students Did Take Into Account Certain Other Variables
This is where it gets interesting.
We have to assume that us humans would fight back since we have, well, a huge assortment of weapons. And we're sure we could manage to make a barb-wire bat like Negan if we were so inclined. So a more realistic model was development to account for those variables --
Originally, each zombie was set to live for a total of 20 days without getting to munch on brains, but to balance out the oncoming apocalypse war, the new study would increased the zombie lifespan to a year. Plus as our population would diminish, it would be increasingly hard for those walking dead to find us, making it that much easier for those ghouls to just drop 'dead' for lack of human nourishment.
However.... We also received the added benefit that each human would have a literal 10% chance (oh, come on, 10%??) of killing just one zombie per day. Additionally, human reproduction played a role in the follow-up study assuming each fertile woman in the study could have a baby every three years.
Would You Like to Know What the Results of This Zombie Apocalypse Study Was?
Sadly.... Even with those factors implemented, our population would still drop to just a few hundred in the world. However, it turned out that after 1,000 days of roaming the Earth looking for guts to gobble up, the zombies would eventually die out due to starvation or death by machine gun or whatever, and our population would begin to recover.
It would take a long time, though, for us to recover: about 10K days total. In a nutshell, a realistic zombie apocalypse would put us on the endangered species list.
It's at least nice to know that we wouldn't go extinct. I'd still better stock up on Ramen noodles and hide away in my underground cellar for the rest of my sad life, though.
Labels: disaster, Fear the Walking Dead, iZombie, study, The Walking Dead, University of Leicester, Z Nation, zombie apocalypse, zombies


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Home > Categories > Art and Entertainment > Musicians > Gavin Rossdale's Biography
Gavin Rossdale's Biography
Gavin Rossdale Facts
Photo of Gavin Rossdale through http://www.flickr.com/people/brendaannerl/ [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
He has three children with Gwen Stefani: Kingston, Zuma and Apollo. He is also the father of Daisy Lowe
cooking, tennis
www.twitter.com/GavinRossdale
Gavin Rossdale's Early Life
Gavin Rossdale was born in London on October 30, 1967. Note: the year of his date of birth also appears as 1965.
His father's side of the family were of Russian Jewish origin, whilst his mother's was Scottish Christians.
Bush and Gwen Stefani
Gavin Rossdale became famous in the 1990s as the frontman of Bush, whose commercial successes included their debut album Sixteen Stone.
In 1995 Bush supported No Doubt on tour, and Rossdale got together with Gwen Stefani, marrying in 2002, the same year Bush disbanded.
Rossdale and Stefani had three sons Kingston James McGregor, Zuma Nesta Rock and Apollo Bowie Flynn.
However they broke up in 2015. Stefani filed for divorce prompted, according to media reports, by Rossdale having an affair with the family nanny.
In Rossdale's past he had a short relationship with Pearl Lowe, and they had a child the model Daisy Lowe. Although Rossdale had very little contact with her.
Boy George's autobiography revealed that Gavin Rossdale had a relationship with the singer Marilyn also known as Peter Robinson in the 1980s.
After Bush
Rossdale pursued his music career with the band Institute and also as a solo artist.
Bush re-formed in 2011 and released The Sea of Memories.
In 2016 ITV announced that Gavin Rossdale would be a coach on The Voice in the UK.


Victoria must decide whether to fight the Chartists or allow them to present their petition.
Read an exclusive interview with Kate Fleetwood, Victoria's Princess Feodora!
Delve into Episode 2's real history through actual images from Victoria's reign!
What's fact and what's fiction in Episode 2? Victoria's writer & creator reveals all!


Discover the true Cradle of Human Civilization when you visit Egypt. While most people tend to associate the country with its infamous pyramids, there are also many equally as impressive ancient Egyptian temples. Most of the best ones are found along the length of the Nile River Valley, from Luxor to Aswan.
The best way to experience these remarkable tourist attractions would be to look for Egypt tour packages that include a Nile River cruise since practically all cruises include a visit to the most famous temples, including the breathtaking Abu Simbel Temple; Philae Temple; Luxor Temple and etc.
The Abu Simbel Temples are two exceptionally fascinating rock-cut temples constructed during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses the Great in the 13th century BCE.
Visiting Wadi El Seboua while you're touring Lake Nasser makes for an unforgettable experience since the area is home to a number of relocated ancient sites.
The Temple of Wadi El Seboua is located at Wadi El Seboua, an area also known as the Valley of Lions, and there are actually two temples, both of which are worth exploring.
The fascinating Temple of Dakka at Wadi El Seboua is believed to be more than 2,000 years old, and historians believe it was originally built for Thoth.
Philae Temple is a well preserved ancient temple that was dedicated to the goddess Isis. It was built in 380 BC and then abandoned in the 6th century.
Egypt has many temples that are much more famous than Kalabsha Temple, but what makes this site special is the fact that it was rescued from Lake Nasser.
Kom Ombo Temple is unique in that it's actually a perfectly symmetrical "double" Ptolemaic temple built to honor two sets of gods: god Sobek and god Horus.
Like many historical sites in Egypt, there are many unanswered question relating to the Temple of Maharraqua, and the mystery is likely to remain unsolved.
Rameesess II is one of Ancient Egypt's best known pharaohs thanks to his long and impressively victorious reign, and the Temple of Derr is a fitting reminder.
Located at the site of New Kalabsha, the Temple of Beit El Wali was built by Ramesess II, and while it might be relatively small, it's also very fascinating.
When the Aswan High Dam was built, it created the world's largest manmade lake, Lake Nasser, and many ancient sites were at risk, including the Kiosk of Kertassi.
Amada Temple is the oldest known Egyptian temple in Nubia. Despite have been altered over the years, it's a great place to visit during a Lake Nasser cruise.
The Philae Temple Sound And Light Show - Don't Miss This!
The Philae Temple Sound and Light Show is very popular with tourists because it combines the fascination of an historical temple with modern entertainment.
Gebel El Silsila Temple which is located not far from Aswan was rescued from Lake Nasser, but because of it's location, it has remained largely out of reach to tourists.
The Philae Temple Sound And Light Show – Don't Miss This!


BALTIMORE, April 4, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Julie R. Brahmer, MD., MSc, is recognized by Continental Who's Who as 2019 Oncologist of The Year in the field of Healthcare in recognition of her role as Oncologist at Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins.
Headquartered in Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Medicine is a multi-billion dollar global health enterprise that is home to six academic and community hospitals, four suburban health care and surgery centers, and thirty nine primary and specialty care outpatient sites. With leadership, respect, and diversity at the forefront of the institution's values, John Hopkins mission is to "improve the health of the community and the world by setting the standard of excellence in medical education, research and clinical care."
Having gathered over fifteen years of experience in the field of healthcare, Dr. Brahmer was inspired to enter the medical field when her grandfather was diagnosed with lymphoma. In addition to being Director of the Upper Aerodigestive Clinical Research Program, she is also the Director of the Thoracic Oncology Program and a Professor of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins. In her current capacity, Dr. Brahmer directs the Kimmel Cancer Center on the Johns Hopkins Bayview campus and is co-principal investigator on Johns Hopkins' National Clinical Trials Network.
Throughout her career, Dr. Brahmer has attained expertise within the areas of lung cancer, and medical oncology, mesothelioma, and clinical trials.
Early in her career, Dr. Brahmer attained her Medical degree from the University of Nebraska's Medical Center, and completed her residency in Internal Medicine at the University of Utah. Fellow of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Dr. Brahmer is also Board Certified in Oncology through the American Board of Internal Medicine.
In an effort to further advance her professional development, Dr. Brahmer is an esteemed member of several organizations including the American Society of Clinical Oncology and American Association for Cancer Research. As one of the founding Board Members for the National Lung Cancer Partnership, Dr. Brahmer is on the Medical Advisory Board of the Lung Cancer Research Fund and LUNGevity.
Outside of work, Dr. Brahmer enjoys spending time with her family, and her favorite vacation place is Sun Valley, Idaho.
Dr. Brahmer dedicates this recognition, to her family as well, along with her patients, and in loving memory of Michael Nash. She would also like to acknowledge her mentor, David Ettinger, M.D.
For more information, please visit www.hopkinsmedicine.org.


Push play and take a little winter horseback riding vacation at The Home Ranch, one of the "1,000 Places To See Before You Die" in the American West. A renowned Colorado dude ranch in the summer and fall and a boutique Colorado Winter Resort and family vacation destination in the Winter, The Home Ranch is the ultimate destination for a Colorado winter vacation with luxury lodging, gourmet cuisine,cross-country skiing, snowshoeing and daily shuttles to Steamboat Ski Area. For more information on winter vacations visit www.homeranch.com.


Akrotiri hotels and luxurious villas!
Akrotiri is a quiet village, not as popular and developed, but of great interest and importance. It is situated on the south west edge of Santorini, about 15 kilometers away from Fira, offering exquisite views of the island. Akrotiri means cape and it is an actual promontory due to its geographical position. It is famous for the lighthouse, one of the best in Greece, from where you can relish majestic sunsets.
In Akrotiri you have the opportunity to discover two wondrous beaches, nothing like others, which compose an imposing landscape. The scenery in Red Beach will positively fill you with awe. It is surrounded by reddish, steep cliffs that along with the dark blue waters form a stupendous contrast. A wild spectacle with red big rocks lying in the sea and red stones all along the beach. The second is a small, charming beach, called White Beach, encircled with high, white rocks and covered in white pebbles. Neither of them is easily accessible, but that just adds to their allure.
Akrotiri village is home of two historical treasures that are the main attractions of the village. One of them is the archaeological site of Akrotiri, a very important prehistoric town of the Aegean that is totally worth a visit. You can walk through it and observe frescoes, artifacts, objects, furniture, advanced drainage systems and even multi-story buildings from the Bronze Age.
The other is the Castle of Akrotiri, called La Ponta, which was one of the five fortified settlements of Santorini. A 13th century tower (Goulas) is situated in the middle of the Venetian castle and boasts a magical view. Today one can admire the remnants and visit the exhibition and workshop of traditional musical instruments. Music concerts are also organized on some evenings which are a great idea on how to spend your time in Akrotiri.
You can find a handful of residence options in Akrotiri with heavenly views of the caldera and the volcano. There are hotels, villas and suites with dreamy swimming pools and some more modest rooms, something for everybody. You can access Akrotiri by car or buses that depart from Fira.
See Akrotiri village from the air. Enjoy the view and plan your vacations.
From 98 feets above the ground, everything is so peaceful.


The right foundation can do wonders for your face, no matter how small the makeup is. Whether it is minimal eye makeup or blush, the best foundation gives you a perfect look for any event; it makes your skin glow all day long. You need to choose the perfect foundation, so here are some tips when looking for it.
You should first consider your type of skin before buying foundation. There are some people with dry skin, and others have oily skin. This two types of skin are different when it comes to purchasing the right foundation. People with dry skin will need to get a foundation with the creamy formulation or with additional moisturisers while one with oily skin will have to go for one that is an oil-free foundation that will minimise looking shiny.
Keep in mind that different looks will need different kinds of foundation and you may be forced to buy two types. The cosmetics are there to help you get the perfect look that you want. These foundations will give that flawless look you want to achieve, from a matte party look to a light tinted sheen, so choose the kind that you want and one that works for you.
Liquid foundation is the best choice for most of the women since it blends easily with most skin types. They are also easy to use, and they last for a long time. These bottled foundations come in oil and water bases. If you have oily skin, then you can use a water-based foundation which will easily blend with your skin giving you a perfect look. These are also the best foundation choices for most women of colour.
When you go out to buy a liquid foundations, it is always advisable to test the tone. Apply a small amount on the base of your jaw to check out the exact colour. When you have applied a small amount of the foundation on your jaw, blend it with your finger or a sponge, and it should dissolve into your skin. When it does not dissolve into your skin, then that is not the right foundation for your skin. You may find difficulties in getting the perfect foundation, so asking for a little help might be of great assistance in getting the right choice. You may also go throughout the store checking other types of foundation before buying one. This will help you to make up your mind and decide to buy the right kind.
When looking for the best foundation products for your daily makeup, consider buying foundation from https://PinkLust.com.au. They are a reputable company dealing with quality makeup products that are safe and are very affordable. Visit their website and order your favourite foundation makeup products. It is a one-stop shop for all your makeup products.


I love freezer cooking because it saves me time and money. I'm grateful to eat whole foods which glorify God.
Are you freezer cooking this week? Join us for Gratituesday at Heavenly Homemakers!
This entry was posted in Weekly Menu and tagged freezer cooking recipes on 03.10.2011 by admin.
way to go, looks great, do you have a blog? I must get a linky up for our freezer cooking menus on Mondays. Thanks for sharing!


Join us at our open house on Sunday, April 28th, 2019 2 - 4pm. Refreshments, live music by Jed Clampit, and school tours will be provided. Everyone is welcome! Past and present students, faculty, and staff! BLAZING TRAILS since 1968!
Book Fair is almost here! Join us February 25 - March 1, 8:00 am - 3:00 pm 🦕 🦖 Join us on February 27th for our Annual Grandparents' Lunch!
Come and celebrate our students achievements. This Friday at 8:30!
There will be no school on Monday, February 18th, 2019 honoring Presidents' Day.
Spring pictures are February 15th from 8:00 AM - 10:00 AM.
There is no school on Monday, January 21st 2019.
Butterfield Winter Break is December 20th through January 7th. Enjoy your break with family and try to stay warm!!!
Butterfield Winter Sing Along/Spirit Assembly is on December 19 from 8:30 to 9:30.
Butterfield's 4th graders are going to get the opportunity to see and talk with Mayor Jordan. He is coming to our school Monday, December 17th from 2:00 to 2:30.Thank you Mayor Jordan for taking time out of your schedule to come and talk with our 4th graders!
Butterfield Winter Parties will be Friday, December 14th from 1:45 to 2:45. Please contact your child's homeroom teacher for more details.
Butterfield Spelling Bee will be Friday, December 14th from 1:45 to 2:45.
Bronco Academy Online Registration starts now!!!
October 12th Louie the Lightning Bug is coming!!!
Louie the Lightning Bug is coming to visit our students! October 12th at 9:00, kindergarten through 1st grade will enjoy him. At 9:30, 2nd through 4th grade will get to see him.
Friday the 28th is teacher in service. No school for students!
First of school is Monday, August 13th! Come ready to have a great year!
Download the Fayetteville Public Schools app to stay connected!
Get your Butterfield Shirt Online!
It's almost time for our back to school night! You can take care of all your back to school business and have a chance to visit the garden! Snow cones will be available in the garden area for a donation of $1.00, with all proceeds going to our garden project. Hope to see you there!
Click here for the 2018-2019 school supply list.Students can turn in school supplies at the back to school bash on August 10th, the first day of school on August 13th, or during the first week of school.


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My Philosophical Views
PhD, 2004
Email (login required)
Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Areas of Specialization
All publications (30)
Are Emotions Embodied Evaluative Attitudes? Critical Review of Julien A. Deonna and Fabrice Teroni's The Emotions: A Philosophical Introduction
Disputatio 6 (38): 93-106. 2014.
Deonna and Teroni's The Emotions is both an excellent introduction to philosophical work on emotions and a novel defence of their own Attitudinal Theory. After summarising their discussion of the literature I describe and evaluate their positive view. I challenge their theory on three fronts: their claim that emotions are a form of bodily awareness, their account of what makes an emotion correct, and their account of what justifies an emotion.
Theories of Emotion
What is Empathy For?
Synthese 194 (3). 2017.
The concept of empathy has received much attention from philosophers and also from both cognitive and social psychologists. It has, however, been given widely conflicting definitions, with some taking it primarily as an epistemological notion and others as a social one. Recently, empathy has been closely associated with the simulationist approach to social cognition and, as such, it might be thought that the concept's utility stands or falls with that of simulation itself. I suggest that this is…Read more
The concept of empathy has received much attention from philosophers and also from both cognitive and social psychologists. It has, however, been given widely conflicting definitions, with some taking it primarily as an epistemological notion and others as a social one. Recently, empathy has been closely associated with the simulationist approach to social cognition and, as such, it might be thought that the concept's utility stands or falls with that of simulation itself. I suggest that this is a mistake. Approaching the question of what empathy is via the question of what it is for, I claim that empathy plays a distinctive epistemological role: it alone allows us to know how others feel. This is independent of the plausibility of simulationism more generally. With this in view I propose an inclusive definition of empathy, one likely consequence of which is that empathy is not a natural kind. It follows that, pace a number of empathy researchers, certain experimental paradigms tell us not about the nature of empathy but about certain ways in which empathy can be achieved. I end by briefly speculating that empathy, so conceived, may also play a distinctive social role, enabling what I term 'transparent fellow-feeling'.
Empathy and Sympathy
Music and the Puzzle of Temporal Experience
with Abigail Connor
In Michelle Phillips & Matthew Sergeant (eds.), Music and Time: Psychology, Philosophy & Practice, Boydell & Brewer. forthcoming.
Temporal Experience, MiscExperience of Temporal Passage
The Perceptual Present
Philosophical Quarterly (277): 1-21. 2019.
Phenomenologically speaking, we perceive the present, recall the past, and anticipate the future. We offer an account of the temporal content of the perceptual present that distinguishes it from the recalled past and the anticipated future. We distinguish two views: the Token Reflexive Account and the Minimal Account. We offer reasons to reject the Token Reflexive Account, and defend the Minimal Account, according to which the temporal content of the perceptual present is exhausted by its direct…Read more
Phenomenologically speaking, we perceive the present, recall the past, and anticipate the future. We offer an account of the temporal content of the perceptual present that distinguishes it from the recalled past and the anticipated future. We distinguish two views: the Token Reflexive Account and the Minimal Account. We offer reasons to reject the Token Reflexive Account, and defend the Minimal Account, according to which the temporal content of the perceptual present is exhausted by its direct reference to the interval of time over which it occurs.
Temporal Experience, MiscThe Specious Present
The First-Person Plural and Immunity to Error
Disputatio 10 (49): 141-167. 2018.
I argue for the view that some we-thoughts are immune to error through misidentification (IEM) relative to the first-person plural pronoun. To prepare the ground for this argument I defend an account of the semantics of 'we' and note the variety of different uses of that term. I go on to defend the IEM of a certain range of we-thoughts against a number of objections.
Indexicals, MiscImmunity to Error through Misidentification
Can Transcendental Intersubjectivity be Naturalised?
Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 10 (1): 91-111. 2011.
I discuss Husserl's account of intersubjectivity in the fifth Cartesian Meditation. I focus on the problem of perceived similarity. I argue that recent work in developmental psychology and neuroscience, concerning intermodal representation and the mirror neuron system, fails to constitute a naturalistic solution to the problem. This can be seen via a comparison between the Husserlian project on the one hand and Molyneux's Question on the other
Husserl: Cartesian MeditationsHusserl: Phenomenology and Cognitive ScienceHusserl: Other-AwarenessPh…Read more
Husserl: Cartesian MeditationsHusserl: Phenomenology and Cognitive ScienceHusserl: Other-AwarenessPhilosophy of Neuroscience, Misc
Review of F. Nietzsche, Writings from the Late Notebooks. Edited by R. Bittner and translated by K. Sturge (review)
Philosophical Writings 22 69-71. 2003.
As so often with his published texts, the experience of reading Nietzsche's notebooks is at once mesmerising and infuriating. One is in the presence of a thinker who, on the one hand, meditates deeply on fundamental issues in philosophy and psychology but who, on the other, refuses to be pinned down. The fact that Nietzsche's style is so elusive can account for the enormously disparate interpretations of his work and it is no surprise that his notebooks have been read in the most extreme fashion…Read more
As so often with his published texts, the experience of reading Nietzsche's notebooks is at once mesmerising and infuriating. One is in the presence of a thinker who, on the one hand, meditates deeply on fundamental issues in philosophy and psychology but who, on the other, refuses to be pinned down. The fact that Nietzsche's style is so elusive can account for the enormously disparate interpretations of his work and it is no surprise that his notebooks have been read in the most extreme fashion. The notebooks have a chequered history having been variously touted as the crowning achievement of his philosophy, and as not repaying the effort of reading.
Nietzsche: Nachlass of the Late Period
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2009.
In its central use "phenomenology" names a movement in twentieth century philosophy. A second use of "phenomenology" common in contemporary philosophy names a property of some mental states, the property they have if and only if there is something it is like to be in them. Thus, it is sometimes said that emotional states have a phenomenology while belief states do not. For example, while there is something it is like to be angry, there is nothing it is like to believe that Paris is in France. A…Read more
In its central use "phenomenology" names a movement in twentieth century philosophy. A second use of "phenomenology" common in contemporary philosophy names a property of some mental states, the property they have if and only if there is something it is like to be in them. Thus, it is sometimes said that emotional states have a phenomenology while belief states do not. For example, while there is something it is like to be angry, there is nothing it is like to believe that Paris is in France. Although the two uses of "phenomenology" are related, it is the first which is the current topic. Accordingly, "phenomenological" refers to a way of doing philosophy that is more or less closely related to the corresponding movement. Phenomenology utilizes a distinctive method to study the structural features of experience and of things as experienced. It is primarily a descriptive discipline and is undertaken in a way that is largely independent of scientific, including causal, explanations and accounts of the nature of experience. Topics discussed within the phenomenological tradition include the nature of intentionality, perception, time-consciousness, self-consciousness, awareness of the body and consciousness of others. Phenomenology is to be distinguished from phenomenalism, a position in epistemology which implies that all statements about physical objects are synonymous with statements about persons having certain sensations or sense-data. George Berkeley was a phenomenalist but not a phenomenologist. Although elements of the twentieth century phenomenological movement can be found in earlier philosophers—such as David Hume, Immanuel Kant and Franz Brentano—phenomenology as a philosophical movement really began with the work of Edmund Husserl. Following Husserl, phenomenology was adapted, broadened and extended by, amongst others, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida. Phenomenology has, at one time or another, been aligned with Kantian and post-Kantian transcendental philosophy, existentialism and the philosophy of mind and psychology. This article introduces some of the central aspects of the phenomenological method and also concrete phenomenological analyses of some of the topics that have greatly exercised phenomenologists.
Phenomenology, MiscSelf-Consciousness in ExperienceJacques DerridaDerrida: Phenomenology
Merleau‐Ponty and the Phenomenological Reduction
Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 48 (6): 553-571. 2005.
_reduction in favour of his existentialist account of être au monde. I show that whilst Merleau-Ponty _ _rejected, what he saw as, the transcendental idealist context in which Husserl presents the _ _reduction, he nevertheless accepts the heart of it, the epoché, as a methodological principle. _ _Contrary to a number of Merleau-Ponty scholars, être au monde is perfectly compatible with the _ _epoché and Merleau-Ponty endorses both. I also argue that it is a mistake to think that Merleau-_ _Ponty…Read more
_reduction in favour of his existentialist account of être au monde. I show that whilst Merleau-Ponty _ _rejected, what he saw as, the transcendental idealist context in which Husserl presents the _ _reduction, he nevertheless accepts the heart of it, the epoché, as a methodological principle. _ _Contrary to a number of Merleau-Ponty scholars, être au monde is perfectly compatible with the _ _epoché and Merleau-Ponty endorses both. I also argue that it is a mistake to think that Merleau-_ _Ponty's liberal use of the results of empirical psychology signify a rejection of the epoché. A proper _ _understanding of his views on the relation between phenomenology and psychology shows that, at _ _least in Merleau-Ponty's eyes, the methods of phenomenology and the empirical sciences are _ _largely similar. I conclude that we have every reason to think that Merleau-Ponty accepted _ _Husserl's demand that the phenomenologist place the world in brackets._.
Maurice Merleau-PontyHusserl: Transcendental and Phenomenological ReductionPhenomenology and Conscio…Read more
Maurice Merleau-PontyHusserl: Transcendental and Phenomenological ReductionPhenomenology and Consciousness
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2017.
Human beings are conscious not only of the world around them but also of themselves: their activities, their bodies, and their mental lives. They are, that is, self-conscious (or, equivalently, self-aware). Self-consciousness can be understood as an awareness of oneself. But a self-conscious subject is not just aware of something that merely happens to be themselves, as one is if one sees an old photograph without realising that it is of oneself. Rather a self-conscious subject is aware of thems…Read more
Human beings are conscious not only of the world around them but also of themselves: their activities, their bodies, and their mental lives. They are, that is, self-conscious (or, equivalently, self-aware). Self-consciousness can be understood as an awareness of oneself. But a self-conscious subject is not just aware of something that merely happens to be themselves, as one is if one sees an old photograph without realising that it is of oneself. Rather a self-conscious subject is aware of themselves as themselves; it is manifest to them that they themselves are the object of awareness. Self-consciousness is a form of consciousness that is paradigmatically expressed in English by the words "I", "me", and "my", terms that each of us uses to refer to ourselves as such. A central topic throughout the history of philosophy—and increasingly so since the seventeenth century—the phenomena surrounding self-consciousness prompt a variety of fundamental philosophical and scientific questions, including its relation to consciousness; its semantic and epistemic features; its realisation in both conceptual and non-conceptual representation; and its connection to our conception of an objective world populated with others like ourselves.
Immunity to Error through MisidentificationNonconceptual/Prereflective Self-ConsciousnessSelf-Consci…Read more
Immunity to Error through MisidentificationNonconceptual/Prereflective Self-ConsciousnessSelf-Consciousness in ExperienceSelf-Consciousness in Action
Egocentric Space
International Journal of Philosophical Studies 22 (3): 409-433. 2014.
I discuss the relation between egocentric spatial representation and the capacity for bodily activity, with specific reference to Merleau-Ponty.
Spatial ExperienceMaurice Merleau-Ponty
The Expression of Emotion: Philosophical, Psychological, and Legal Perspectives (edited book)
with Catharine Abell
Cambridge University Press. 2016.
The Expression of Emotion collects cutting-edge essays on emotional expression written by leading philosophers, psychologists, and legal theorists. It highlights areas of interdisciplinary research interest, including facial expression, expressive action, and the role of both normativity and context in emotion perception. Whilst philosophical discussion of emotional expression has addressed the nature of expression and its relation to action theory, psychological work on the topic has focused on…Read more
The Expression of Emotion collects cutting-edge essays on emotional expression written by leading philosophers, psychologists, and legal theorists. It highlights areas of interdisciplinary research interest, including facial expression, expressive action, and the role of both normativity and context in emotion perception. Whilst philosophical discussion of emotional expression has addressed the nature of expression and its relation to action theory, psychological work on the topic has focused on the specific mechanisms underpinning different facial expressions and their recognition. Further, work in both legal and political theory has had much to say about the normative role of emotional expressions, but would benefit from greater engagement with both psychological and philosophical research. In combining philosophical, psychological, and legal work on emotional expression, the present volume brings these distinct approaches into a productive conversation.
Emotional Expression
Strawson on Other Minds
In Joel Smith & Peter Sullivan (eds.), Transcendental Philosophy and Naturalism, Oxford University Press. 2011.
I critically discuss Strawson's transcendental argument against other minds scepticism, and look at the prospects for a naturalised version of it.
The Problem of Other MindsTranscendental ArgumentsP. F. StrawsonPerception and Skepticism
Review of M. R. Bennett & P. M. S. Hacker, Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience (review)
Mind 114 (454): 391-394. 2005.
In this long and detailed book Bennett and Hacker set themselves two ambitious tasks. The first is to offer a philosophical critique of, what they argue are, philosophical confusions within contemporary cognitive neuroscience. The second is to present a 'conceptual reference work for cognitive neuroscientists who wish to check the contour lines of the psychological concept relevant to their investigation' (p.7). In the process they cover an astonishing amount of material. The first two chapters …Read more
In this long and detailed book Bennett and Hacker set themselves two ambitious tasks. The first is to offer a philosophical critique of, what they argue are, philosophical confusions within contemporary cognitive neuroscience. The second is to present a 'conceptual reference work for cognitive neuroscientists who wish to check the contour lines of the psychological concept relevant to their investigation' (p.7). In the process they cover an astonishing amount of material. The first two chapters present a critical history of neuroscience from Aristotle to Sherrington, Eccles and Penfield. Chapter three (to which I shall return), offers the philosophical basis for much of the book. Chapters four to twelve present detailed philosophical criticisms of a wide variety of neuroscientists (and some philosophers) on a large number of topics. These include: Crick, Damasio, Edelman, Marr and Frisby on perception (particularly the primary/secondary quality distinction and the binding problem); Milner, Squire and Kandel on memory; Blakemore and others on mental imagery; LaDoux and Damasio on the emotions; Libet on voluntary movement; and Baars, Crick, Edelman, Damasio, Penrose, Searle, Chalmers, and Nagel on consciousness (with a great deal on qualia and self-consciousness). Chapters thirteen and fourteen, along with the two appendices, contain an elaboration and defence of the book's methodology and present explicit contrasts with the Churchlands, Dennett and Searle. Bennett and Hacker maintain that whilst neuroscientists have made significant discoveries concerning the workings of the brain, these discoveries have been obscured by their presentation within an incoherent conceptual framework. Their complaints, therefore, are often not with neuroscience itself but with what might be called its philosophical self image.
Philosophy of Neuroscience, MiscSelf-Consciousness in Psychology
Are Emotions Embodied Evaluative Attitudes? (review)
Theories of Emotion, Misc
The Perceptibility of Emotion
In Hichem Naar & Fabrice Teroni (eds.), The Ontology of Emotion, Cambridge University Press. pp. 130-148. 2018.
I offer an account of the ontology of emotions and their expressions, drawing some morals for the view that we can perceive others' emotions in virtue of seeing their expressions.
Direct Knowledge and Other MindsTheories of Emotion, MiscEmotional Expression
Review of Shaun Gallagher, How the Body Shapes the Mind (review)
Philosophy 82 (1): 196-200. 2007.
The stated aim of Shaun Gallagher's book is to provide, "an account of embodiment that is sufficiently detailed, and that is articulated in a vocabulary that can integrate discussions across the cognitive sciences...to remap the terrain that lies between phenomenology and cognitive neuroscience" (10). With this in mind, the book must be considered a success. The book provides a unified account of embodiment, and its relations to a number of aspects of experience, that is genuinely accessible fro…Read more
The stated aim of Shaun Gallagher's book is to provide, "an account of embodiment that is sufficiently detailed, and that is articulated in a vocabulary that can integrate discussions across the cognitive sciences...to remap the terrain that lies between phenomenology and cognitive neuroscience" (10). With this in mind, the book must be considered a success. The book provides a unified account of embodiment, and its relations to a number of aspects of experience, that is genuinely accessible from the perspectives of the philosophy of mind, phenomenology, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience. The book is divided into two parts. The first presents an admirably lucid account of the different ways in which embodiment informs and structures experience. The second attempts to "extend the results of the scientific and phenomenological studies developed in the first part into various philosophical problem areas that border on the cognitive sciences." (12). A large amount of the material that appears here has appeared, in some form or other, before. This is perhaps partly responsible for the feel, especially in the second part of the book, that we are being given a collection of essays on a loosely connected theme. However, this does not detract from its philosophical and scientific significance, and there is genuine value in having this impressive body of work to hand in a single book. It must be said that some chapters are more successful (for example, chapters 5 and 7 on gesture and on Molyneux's Problem respectively) than others (for example, chapters 6 and 10 on perception and free will respectively), and some of them appear rather well distanced from the general picture of embodiment presented in the first part of the book (for example, chapter 9 on other minds). It also has to be admitted that the book's primary strength, the vast and interdisciplinary range of resources under its command, occasionally becomes a weakness. This happens in chapter 8 where we are promised an exploration of, "a variety of issues that pertain to the structure of self-awareness and the capacity for self-reference...[demonstrating] just how complex and fragile these phenomena are." (173). Yet what we get is an account of how thought insertion is explained by deficiencies in the temporal structure of experience. Whilst this is fascinating in its own right, and does speak, to a certain extent, to issues concerning self-awareness, the vexed issue of self-reference is not even mentioned again. Minor gripes aside, this book contains such an incredible wealth of information and argumentation that it must surely be considered required reading for anyone working on embodiment, embodied cognition and the philosophy of mind more generally.
PhenomenologyBodily AwarenessTheory of Mind and Folk Psychology, MiscHusserl: Philosophy of Mind
The Phenomenology of Face‐to‐Face Mindreading
Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 90 (2): 274-293. 2015.
I defend a perceptual account of face-to-face mindreading. I begin by proposing a phenomenological constraint on our visual awareness of others' emotional expressions. I argue that to meet this constraint we require a distinction between the basic and non-basic ways people, and other things, look. I offer and defend just such an account.
Direct Knowledge and Other Minds
Transcendental Philosophy and Naturalism (edited book)
with Peter Sullivan
Oxford University Press. 2011.
Kant's introduction of a distinctive form of philosophical investigation and proof, known as transcendental, inaugurated a new philosophical tradition. Transcendental Philosophy and Naturalism assesses the present state and contemporary relevance of this tradition. The contributors aim to understand the theoretical structures involved in transcendental explanation, and to assess the contemporary relevance of the transcendental orientation, in particular with respect to contemporary philosophical…Read more
Kant's introduction of a distinctive form of philosophical investigation and proof, known as transcendental, inaugurated a new philosophical tradition. Transcendental Philosophy and Naturalism assesses the present state and contemporary relevance of this tradition. The contributors aim to understand the theoretical structures involved in transcendental explanation, and to assess the contemporary relevance of the transcendental orientation, in particular with respect to contemporary philosophical naturalism. These issues are approached from both naturalistic and transcendental perspectives.
Transcendental ArgumentsNaturalismKant: Transcendental Idealism
Review of JeeLoo Liu & John Perry (eds.), Consciousness and the Self: New Essays (review)
Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. 2012.
The authors in this collection pursue a number of questions concerning self-consciousness, self and consciousness. Although the essays range rather broadly, there is a good deal of unity. In her introduction Liu organises the chapters under three headings: the Humean denial of self-awareness, the issue of self-knowledge, and the nature of persons or selves. This is helpful although it is worth bearing in mind that some chapters fall under more than one heading (for example, Shoemaker) and some d…Read more
The authors in this collection pursue a number of questions concerning self-consciousness, self and consciousness. Although the essays range rather broadly, there is a good deal of unity. In her introduction Liu organises the chapters under three headings: the Humean denial of self-awareness, the issue of self-knowledge, and the nature of persons or selves. This is helpful although it is worth bearing in mind that some chapters fall under more than one heading (for example, Shoemaker) and some don't fall neatly under any (for example, O'Brien).
First-Person ContentsImmunity to Error through MisidentificationSelf-Consciousness in Experience
Bodily awareness, imagination, and the self
European Journal of Philosophy 14 (1): 49-68. 2006.
Common wisdom tells us that we have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. These senses provide us with a means of gaining information concerning objects in the world around us, including our own bodies. But in addition to these five senses, each of us is aware of our own body in way in which we are aware of no other thing. These ways include our awareness of the position, orientation, movement, and size of our limbs (proprioception and kinaesthesia), our sense of balance, and our …Read more
Common wisdom tells us that we have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. These senses provide us with a means of gaining information concerning objects in the world around us, including our own bodies. But in addition to these five senses, each of us is aware of our own body in way in which we are aware of no other thing. These ways include our awareness of the position, orientation, movement, and size of our limbs (proprioception and kinaesthesia), our sense of balance, and our awareness of bodily sensations such as pains, tickles, and sensations of pressure or temperature. We can group these together under the title.
Imagination, MiscBodily AwarenessBodily Sensations
Which immunity to error?
Philosophical Studies 130 (2): 273-83. 2006.
A self-ascription is a thought or sentence in which a predicate is self-consciously ascribed to oneself. Self-ascriptions are best expressed using the first-person pronoun. Mental self-ascriptions are ascriptions to oneself of mental predicates (predicates that designate mental properties), non-mental self-ascriptions are ascriptions to oneself of non-mental predicates (predicates that designate non-mental properties). It is often claimed that there is a range of self-ascriptions that are immune…Read more
A self-ascription is a thought or sentence in which a predicate is self-consciously ascribed to oneself. Self-ascriptions are best expressed using the first-person pronoun. Mental self-ascriptions are ascriptions to oneself of mental predicates (predicates that designate mental properties), non-mental self-ascriptions are ascriptions to oneself of non-mental predicates (predicates that designate non-mental properties). It is often claimed that there is a range of self-ascriptions that are immune to error through misidentification relative to the first-person pronoun (IEM for short). What this means, and exactly which self-ascriptions are properly classed as IEM, is a topic hotly disputed. Some claim that only mental self-ascriptions are IEM, others claim that some non-mental self-ascriptions are IEM. Before this question can be decided, it needs to be judged exactly what it means to say that a self-ascription is IEM. And here we stumble across the fact that there are, at least, two non-equivalent ways of defining the phenomenon1. I will be claiming that one of these definitions should be rejected.
Attitude AscriptionsImmunity to Error through MisidentificationEpistemology of Specific DomainsSelf-…Read more
Attitude AscriptionsImmunity to Error through MisidentificationEpistemology of Specific DomainsSelf-Knowledge
On knowing which thing I am
Philosophy 79 (310): 591-608. 2004.
Russell's Principle states that in order to think about an object I must know which thing it is, in the sense of being able to distinguish it from all other things. I show that, contra Strawson, Evans and Cassam, Russell's Principle cannot be applied to first-person thought so as to yield necessary conditions of self-consciousness. Footnotes1 Thanks to Naomi Eilan, Keith Hossack, Lucy O'Brien and Ann Whittle for helpful comments.
First-Person ContentsKnowledge-Wh
Review of Naomi Eilan & Johannes Roessler (eds.), Agency and Self-Awareness: Issues in Philosophy and Psychology (review)
The Human Nature Review 3 346-8. 2003.
On hearing a sound behind me I may turn my head in order to see what is happening. This piece of behaviour is a deliberate action, one which feels to be under my own control. If asked what I am doing, I will be able to provide an immediate and knowledgeable answer, viz. 'turning my head' or maybe 'looking to see what is going on'. Not only do I know that an action is taking place, I know which action is taking place, and I know who the agent of that action is.
Philosophy of Action, MiscSelf-Consciousness in Action
Review of Radu Bogdan, Our Own Minds: Sociocultural Grounds for Self-Consciousness (review)
Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 2011 (2). 2011.
Our Own Minds presents an account of the nature and development of self-consciousness. Bogdan describes the mind of the infant as outward looking, turning in on itself only at a relatively late stage of development. This it does as a response to the increasingly sophisticated sociocultural pressures it faces throughout infancy and early childhood. The book is difficult to follow (about which, more later) but the main line of argument is this: to begin with, infants are attuned to their physical …Read more
Our Own Minds presents an account of the nature and development of self-consciousness. Bogdan describes the mind of the infant as outward looking, turning in on itself only at a relatively late stage of development. This it does as a response to the increasingly sophisticated sociocultural pressures it faces throughout infancy and early childhood. The book is difficult to follow (about which, more later) but the main line of argument is this: to begin with, infants are attuned to their physical and sociocultural environment, employing an early form of intuitive psychology, a practical capacity to interact with conspecifics, referred to by Bogdan as 'naïve psychology' (129). However, infants are faced with a series of sociocultural tasks (109-12), the implementation of which requires them to develop various executive capacities (105-9) which 'install' a form of self-consciousness, dubbed by Bogdan 'extrovert self-consciousness' (99-100). The increasingly demanding nature of these sociocultural tasks has the consequence that, around the age of 4, intuitive psychology undergoes a shift, becoming 'commonsense psychology' (129-30). This enables children to represent others' propositional attitudes and to think 'offline' (129-30). These new abilities and associated executive capacities, in their turn, 'install' a new form of self-consciousness, 'introvert self-consciousness' (159). Whilst the child's intuitive psychology and self-consciousness continue to develop until adolescence (33), this is where the book's central argument ends.
Self-Consciousness in Psychology
Experiencing Phenomenology: An Introduction
Routledge. 2016.
Phenomenology is the general study of the structure of experience, from thought and perception, to self-consciousness, bodily-awareness, and emotion. It is both a fundamental area of philosophy and a major methodological approach within the human sciences. Experiencing Phenomenology is an outstanding introduction to phenomenology. Approaching fundamental phenomenological questions from a critical, systematic perspective whilst paying careful attention to classic phenomenological texts, the book …Read more
Phenomenology is the general study of the structure of experience, from thought and perception, to self-consciousness, bodily-awareness, and emotion. It is both a fundamental area of philosophy and a major methodological approach within the human sciences. Experiencing Phenomenology is an outstanding introduction to phenomenology. Approaching fundamental phenomenological questions from a critical, systematic perspective whilst paying careful attention to classic phenomenological texts, the book possesses a clarity and breadth that will be welcomed by students coming to the subject for the first time. Accessibly written, each chapter relates classic phenomenological discussions to contemporary issues and debates in philosophy. The following key topics are introduced and explained: the methodological foundations of phenomenology intentionality as the 'mark of the mental' and the problem of non-existent objects perceptual experience, including our awareness of things, properties, and events the experience of body, self, and others imaginative and emotional experience detailed discussions of classical phenomenological texts, including: Brentano's _Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint _ Husserl's _Logical Investigations_, _Cartesian Meditations, _and On_ the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time _ Heidegger's _History of The Concept of Time,_ and _Being and Time _ Stein's _On the Problem of Empathy _ Sartre's _Transcendence of the Ego_, _Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions,_ and _The Imaginary _ Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception. Also included is a glossary of key terms and suggestions for further reading, making this book an ideal starting point for anyone new to the study of phenomenology, not only in Philosophy but related disciplines such as Psychology and Sociology.
Self-Consciousness in Experience
Seeing Other People
I present a perceptual account of other minds that combines a Husserlian insight about perceptual experience with a functionalist account of mental properties.
Husserl: PerceptionDirect Knowledge and Other MindsThe Experience of High-Level PropertiesHusserl: O…Read more
Husserl: PerceptionDirect Knowledge and Other MindsThe Experience of High-Level PropertiesHusserl: Other-Awareness
Perceptual Recognition, Emotion, and Value
In Julian Dodd (ed.), Art, Mind, and Narrative, Themes from the Work of Peter Goldie, Oxford University Press. 2016.
I outline an account of perceptual knowledge and assess the extent to which it can be employed in a defence of perceptual accounts of emotion and value recognition. I argue that considerations ruling out lucky knowledge give us some reason to doubt its prospects in the case of value recognition. I also discuss recent empirical work on cultural and contextual influences on emotional expression, arguing that a perceptual account of value recognition is consistent with current evidence.
Direct Knowledge and Other MindsEmotional Expression
Review of Naomi Eilan, Christoph Hoerl, Teresa McCormack & Johannes Roessler (eds.), Joint Attention: Communication and Other Minds (review)
Mind 115 (460): 1126-9. 2006.
You and I are watching a spider crawl across the carpet. We are both aware of the spider, and aware that both are so aware. We are jointly attending to it. This collection of essays addresses a bewildering array of questions that arise regarding the notion of joint attention. How should joint attention be characterised in adults? In particular, how can we articulate the sense in which it is plausible to say that nothing is hidden from either participant in cases of joint attention? What is the r…Read more
You and I are watching a spider crawl across the carpet. We are both aware of the spider, and aware that both are so aware. We are jointly attending to it. This collection of essays addresses a bewildering array of questions that arise regarding the notion of joint attention. How should joint attention be characterised in adults? In particular, how can we articulate the sense in which it is plausible to say that nothing is hidden from either participant in cases of joint attention? What is the relationship between joint attention and the much discussed phenomenon of common, or mutual, knowledge? What account should be given of the development of the capacity for joint attention in children (and in non-human primates)? At what age is it correct to say that children are engaging in episodes of full blown joint attention? Relatedly, what is the relation between joint attention and pointing behaviour, gaze following and mutual affect regulation? Why is it that autistic children appear to exhibit a joint attention deficiency, and what might this tell us about autism, or about joint attention itself? Does the capacity for joint attention presuppose an understanding of the notion of attention, or more generally a subject of experience, and if so what is the relation between that understanding and the types of behaviour associated with joint attention? More generally, how does joint attention relate to our understanding of others? Finally, is the capacity for joint attention pivotal for the development of linguistic communication, or perhaps even a sense of objectivity—of the mind independence of the world?
Philosophy of Psychology, MiscJoint Attention
Self-Consciousness and Embodied Experience
Dissertation, UCL. 2003.
The Body Claim states that a transcendental condition of self-consciousness is that one experience oneself as embodied. The contention of this thesis is that popular arguments in support of the Body Claim are unconvincing. Understanding the Body Claim requires us to have a clear understanding of both self-consciousness and embodied experience. In the first chapter I lay out two different conceptions of self-consciousness, arguing that the proponent of the Body Claim should think of self-consciou…Read more
The Body Claim states that a transcendental condition of self-consciousness is that one experience oneself as embodied. The contention of this thesis is that popular arguments in support of the Body Claim are unconvincing. Understanding the Body Claim requires us to have a clear understanding of both self-consciousness and embodied experience. In the first chapter I lay out two different conceptions of self-consciousness, arguing that the proponent of the Body Claim should think of self-consciousness as first-person thought. I point out that since arguments for the Body Claim tend to proceed by stating putative transcendental conditions on self-reference, the proponent of the Body Claim must maintain that there is a conceptual connection between self-consciousness and self-reference. In the second chapter I argue against views, originating from Wittgenstein and Anscombe, which reject this connection between self-consciousness and self-reference. In chapter three I show that a well known principle governing the ascription of content, that which Evans calls 'Russell's Principle', occupies an ambiguous position with regards to the Body Claim. I argue that Russell's Principle should be rejected. Chapter four distinguishes between two conceptions of embodied experience: bodily-awareness and bodily self-awareness. I argue that there is no such thing as bodily self-awareness and so it cannot be a transcendental condition of self-consciousness. Chapter five looks at, and finds wanting, arguments for the Body Claim that can be found in the work of Strawson. Chapter six argues that it is a transcendental condition of self-consciousness that one enjoy spatial experience. Chapters seven and eight assess two influential arguments that attempt to complete a defence of the Body Claim: the solidity argument and the action argument. I argue that neither argument is convincing. Although the conclusions are primarily negative, much is learned along the way about the nature of both self-consciousness and embodied experience.
Bodily AwarenessSelf-Consciousness in Experience