Best Treatment for Basal Cell Skin Cancer After medical examination, BCC diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy. In this procedure, the skin is first stunned by local anesthesia. A tissue sample is then taken and sent for testing under a microscope in the laboratory for a definitive diagnosis. If tumor cells are present, treatment is necessary. Fortunately, there are several effective ways to get BCC out of the way. The choice of treatment depends on the type, size, position, and depth of the tumor, the age and overall health of the patient and the likely outcome.
Treatment can almost always be outpatient at the outpatient clinic or doctor's office. Various surgical techniques often use local anesthesia. Pain or discomfort during surgery is minimal and pain is rare after that.
This technique is usually reserved for small lesions. Growth is scraped with a curette, a tool with a ring-shaped tip, then the tumor facility is dried with an electrocautery needle (burnt). The process usually has recovery rates of over 95%. In some parts of the body it is repeated several times to ensure that all cancer cells are eliminated. Local anesthesia is required. This technique may not be useful for sites with high-risk web sites that are left with aggressive BCCS or cosmetically undesirable results. Typically, a round, white scar remains in the surgical area.
A doctor trained in Mohs micrographic surgeon removes a thin tissue layer containing the tumor. While the patient is waiting, the frozen sections of this selected layer are shown in detail and are usually examined under a microscope in a laboratory. If there is cancer in any of the selected regions, surgery is repeated only in those areas of the body that are defined by these cancer cells (tissue mapping permits the MOHS surgeon to find this region of the body), microscopically accepted until the last unsuccessful stage. This technique can maintain the greatest amount of healthy tissue and has the highest recovery rate, 99 percent or better. It is often used for large tumors in cosmically important areas and repetitive ones are defined weakly (difficult to detect) or critical regions around the eyes, nose, lips and ears, temples, crown or fingers.
With the help of a skalpels, the doctor removes all growth along with a surrounding edge of the seemingly normal skin as a safety margin. The skin around the surgical site is closed with sutures and the tissue sample is sent to the lab to check if all the cancer cells have been removed. Healing rates are usually over 95 percent in most areas of the body, similar to those of curettage and elektrodesiccation. In the event of a subsequent opportunity, a new excision may occur if a proof of skin cancer is found in the sample.
X-rays are directed through the skin to the tumor without the need for cutting or anesthesia. Total destruction usually requires several treatments over a few weeks, or sometimes daily for a month. This is ideal for tumors difficult to administer surgically and for elderly patients or others in poor health. The healing rates are around 90 percent. Although the radiation restricts the damage to the adjoining tissue, it can cause long-term cosmetic problems and radiation risks.
Tumor tissue is destroyed by freezing. Liquid nitrogen is applied to grow with a cotton applicator or sprayer and frozen without cutting or anesthesia (the technique can usually use local anesthesia because it contains a reasonable amount of pain). The procedure can be repeated in the same session in order to ensure the complete destruction of malignant cells. The growth blistet in the aftermath or becomes crusty and falls off, usually within weeks. Intermittent redness and swelling can occur, and in most cases pigment can be lost at the spot. Cryosurgery is the most common tumor, especially for superficial BCC, and is useful for patients with bleeding disorders or anesthesia intolerance. This method is used less frequently today and has a lower healing rate than surgical techniques – about 85-90 percent, depending on the physician's experience.
PDT is FDA approved for the treatment of superficial or nodules of BCC, with healing rates of 70 to 90 percent. A light sensitizing medium, topical 5-aminolevulinsäure (5-ALA), is applied to the lesion in the doctor's office. Then the medicinal area is activated by a strong blue light; In theory, this will selectively destroy the BCCS and at the same time cause minimal damage to the surrounding normal tissues. Some redness, pain and swelling may occur. Patients should absolutely avoid sun exposure for at least 48 hours, or exposure to UV may further activate the disease and cause severe sunburn.
The Doctor uses a ray of light of a certain wavelength to destroy superficial bccs. Some lasers vaporize (late) the skin cancer, while others (Nonablative lasers) convert the light beam into heat, which destroys the tumor. Laser therapy has not yet been approved for BCC, but if other techniques fail, it is sometimes used as a secondary treatment. Laser therapy has similar recurrence rates as PDT.
These creams, gels or solutions are used to treat limited, specific BCCS.
Imiquimod is FDA approved only for superficial BCCS, with healing rates usually between 80 and 90 percent. The cream is gently rubbed into the tumor five times a week for up to six weeks or longer. The first in a new class of medications that work by stimulating the immune system causes the body to produce interferon, a chemical that attacks cancer.
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapy drug that is approved for the treatment of internal cancers, is also approved for superficial BCCS, with similar healing rates as Imiquimod. The liquid or cream is rubbed into the tumor twice a day for three to six weeks. Side effects are variable, and some patients experience no discomfort, but redness, irritation and inflammation usually occur.
(As opposed to Mohs and extracorporeal surgeons), fatigue and electrophylic, radiation, cryosurgery, and topical medicines all have a significant disadvantage, such as no paper under the microscope. the sound was removed.
Vismodegib (Erivedge ™), an oral drug, has been approved by the FDA 2012 for extremely rare and dangerous and even life-threatening highly metastatic BCC or locally advanced bcc cases. The first drug ever developed for advanced BCC, blocking the "hedgehog" signal path, which is an important step in the development of the BCC. Vismodegib is only allowed for very limited circumstances in which the type of cancer excludes other therapeutic options (such as surgery or radiation). Because of the risk of genetic abnormalities, Vismodegib should not be used by women who are pregnant or may become pregnant. Control of contraception should be used by couples when the woman is able to get pregnant.
Sonidegib (Odomzo®), a second oral contraceptive drug, has been approved by the FDA 2015 for patients with locally advanced BCCS, especially patients whose tumors have recurred after surgery or radiotherapy or who are not candidates for surgery or radiotherapy. Like Vismodegib, Sonidegib can cause death or severe genetic defects in a developing fetus when given to a pregnant woman. Both male and female patients should be warned of these risks and recommend the use of effective contraceptives. Other possible side effects are severe musculoskeletal disorders, elevated serum creatine kinase values, muscle aches and cramps.
Some other targeted hedgehog inhibitors are also being investigated as potential treatments for locally advanced and metastatic bcc.


text:
Will Civil Engineering and Construction SME's benefit from the changes to the 2014 EuropeanProcurement Directives
Robert Eadie, Samuel Potts
Belfast School of Architecture & the Be
Abstract—Construction industry fragmentation into nearly a million Small to Medium Sized Enterprises (SME) in the UK led to calls for the European procurement process to be moreinclusive. The innovation and skills of these organisations was not being correctly utilized in Government contracts. The introduction of the new procurement directives Europe widesought to solve this problem. However, the perspective of SME's on issues such as self-declaration provisions, breaking contracts into lots, limits to the financial capacity required, andthe effect on procurement if more SMEs tendered had not been fully researched. This paper's findings show an increase in SME involvement as predicted, and that the other elements ofthe new regulations are appreciated but that organisations have concerns over the capacity of government departments to administer contracts in lots.
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Published - 31 Aug 2016
Small to medium-sized enterprises
Eadie, R., & Potts, S. (2016). Will Civil Engineering and Construction SME's benefit from the changes to the 2014 EuropeanProcurement Directives. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, 3(2), 117-121.
Eadie, Robert ; Potts, Samuel. / Will Civil Engineering and Construction SME's benefit from the changes to the 2014 EuropeanProcurement Directives. In: International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering. 2016 ; Vol. 3, No. 2. pp. 117-121.
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note = "Reference text: [1] European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, (2014b) Directive 2014/23/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the award of concession contracts, Official Journal of the European Union [2] European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, (2014c) Directive 2014/25/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on procurement by entities operating in the water, energy, transport and postal services sectors and repealing directive 2004/17/EC, Official Journal of the European Union [3] European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, (2014a) Directive 2014/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on public procurement and repealing Directive 2004/18/EC, Official Journal of the European Union [4] Hall, D., de la Motte, R. and Davies, S.(2003), Terminology of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), Available on-line at www.epsu.org/IMG/doc/PPPs-defs-2.doc [Accessed February 2016]. [5] The Stationary Office (2015), The Public Contracts Regulations 2015, Available on-line at http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2015/102/pdfs/uksi_20150102_en. pdf [Accessed February 2016]. [6] European Commission (2014a), Revision of Public procurement Directives - Frequently Asked Questions, Available from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-20_en.htm [Accessed February 2016]. [7] European Commission (2014). What is an SME? Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/business-friendly-environment/smedefinition/ index_en.htm [Accessed February 2016]. [8] BIS. (2014). Business population estimates for the UK and regions 2014. Sheffield: Enterprise Directorate Analytical Unit, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS). [9] Cabinet Office (2013) Making Government business more accessible to SMEs: two years on, Available on-line at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/making-governmentbusiness- more-accessible-to-smes-2-years-on [Accessed February 2016]. [10] Curran, P. (2014). A new dawn for public procurement? Agenda NI, March 31, 2014, Available on-line at http://www.agendani.com/anew- dawn-for-public-procurement/ [Accessed February 2016]. [11] Claeson, A. (2014) Modernisation of Public Procurement, Making the public market more competitive and collusion proof? Master Thesis, Lunds Universitet, Available on-line at https://lup.lub.lu.se/studentpapers/ search/publication/4459522 [Accessed February 2016]. [12] Stothart C.,(2014) How the EU is shaking up procurement, Construction News September 24, 2014 Wednesday, Available online at http://www.constructionnews.co.uk/analysis/analysis/how-theeu- is-shaking-up-procurement/8669861.fullarticle [Accessed February 2016]. [13] Holden, N. and Pearson, S. (2014) The New EU Procurement Directives, Freeth Cartwright LLP, Available on-line at http://www.freeths.co.uk/content/pages/images/publications/THENE WEUPROCUREMENTDIRECTIVES-2014227-151837.pdf [Accessed February 2016]. [14] Cabinet Office (2015a) Government Response to the Consultation on UK Transposition of new EU Procurement Directives, Public Contracts Regulations 2015. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/transposing-the-2014- eu-procurement-directives [Accessed February 2016] [15] Taylor-Powell, E. (1998) Sampling, University of Wisconsin, Cooperative Extension. [16] Rubin, A. and Babbie, E. (2009) Essential research methods for social work, Second Edition, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. [17] Eadie, R (2014) Does Europe need a Specific Prequalification System for Highway Projects? In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Civil Engineering Design and Construction (Science and Practice), Varna, Bulgaria. Научно-технически съюз по строителство в България.",
journal = "International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering",
Eadie, R & Potts, S 2016, 'Will Civil Engineering and Construction SME's benefit from the changes to the 2014 EuropeanProcurement Directives', International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 117-121.
Will Civil Engineering and Construction SME's benefit from the changes to the 2014 EuropeanProcurement Directives. / Eadie, Robert; Potts, Samuel.
In: International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, 31.08.2016, p. 117-121.
T1 - Will Civil Engineering and Construction SME's benefit from the changes to the 2014 EuropeanProcurement Directives
AU - Eadie, Robert
AU - Potts, Samuel
N1 - Reference text: [1] European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, (2014b) Directive 2014/23/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the award of concession contracts, Official Journal of the European Union [2] European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, (2014c) Directive 2014/25/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on procurement by entities operating in the water, energy, transport and postal services sectors and repealing directive 2004/17/EC, Official Journal of the European Union [3] European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, (2014a) Directive 2014/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on public procurement and repealing Directive 2004/18/EC, Official Journal of the European Union [4] Hall, D., de la Motte, R. and Davies, S.(2003), Terminology of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), Available on-line at www.epsu.org/IMG/doc/PPPs-defs-2.doc [Accessed February 2016]. [5] The Stationary Office (2015), The Public Contracts Regulations 2015, Available on-line at http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2015/102/pdfs/uksi_20150102_en. pdf [Accessed February 2016]. [6] European Commission (2014a), Revision of Public procurement Directives - Frequently Asked Questions, Available from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-20_en.htm [Accessed February 2016]. [7] European Commission (2014). What is an SME? Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/business-friendly-environment/smedefinition/ index_en.htm [Accessed February 2016]. [8] BIS. (2014). Business population estimates for the UK and regions 2014. Sheffield: Enterprise Directorate Analytical Unit, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS). [9] Cabinet Office (2013) Making Government business more accessible to SMEs: two years on, Available on-line at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/making-governmentbusiness- more-accessible-to-smes-2-years-on [Accessed February 2016]. [10] Curran, P. (2014). A new dawn for public procurement? Agenda NI, March 31, 2014, Available on-line at http://www.agendani.com/anew- dawn-for-public-procurement/ [Accessed February 2016]. [11] Claeson, A. (2014) Modernisation of Public Procurement, Making the public market more competitive and collusion proof? Master Thesis, Lunds Universitet, Available on-line at https://lup.lub.lu.se/studentpapers/ search/publication/4459522 [Accessed February 2016]. [12] Stothart C.,(2014) How the EU is shaking up procurement, Construction News September 24, 2014 Wednesday, Available online at http://www.constructionnews.co.uk/analysis/analysis/how-theeu- is-shaking-up-procurement/8669861.fullarticle [Accessed February 2016]. [13] Holden, N. and Pearson, S. (2014) The New EU Procurement Directives, Freeth Cartwright LLP, Available on-line at http://www.freeths.co.uk/content/pages/images/publications/THENE WEUPROCUREMENTDIRECTIVES-2014227-151837.pdf [Accessed February 2016]. [14] Cabinet Office (2015a) Government Response to the Consultation on UK Transposition of new EU Procurement Directives, Public Contracts Regulations 2015. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/transposing-the-2014- eu-procurement-directives [Accessed February 2016] [15] Taylor-Powell, E. (1998) Sampling, University of Wisconsin, Cooperative Extension. [16] Rubin, A. and Babbie, E. (2009) Essential research methods for social work, Second Edition, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. [17] Eadie, R (2014) Does Europe need a Specific Prequalification System for Highway Projects? In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Civil Engineering Design and Construction (Science and Practice), Varna, Bulgaria. Научно-технически съюз по строителство в България.
N2 - Abstract—Construction industry fragmentation into nearly a million Small to Medium Sized Enterprises (SME) in the UK led to calls for the European procurement process to be moreinclusive. The innovation and skills of these organisations was not being correctly utilized in Government contracts. The introduction of the new procurement directives Europe widesought to solve this problem. However, the perspective of SME's on issues such as self-declaration provisions, breaking contracts into lots, limits to the financial capacity required, andthe effect on procurement if more SMEs tendered had not been fully researched. This paper's findings show an increase in SME involvement as predicted, and that the other elements ofthe new regulations are appreciated but that organisations have concerns over the capacity of government departments to administer contracts in lots.
AB - Abstract—Construction industry fragmentation into nearly a million Small to Medium Sized Enterprises (SME) in the UK led to calls for the European procurement process to be moreinclusive. The innovation and skills of these organisations was not being correctly utilized in Government contracts. The introduction of the new procurement directives Europe widesought to solve this problem. However, the perspective of SME's on issues such as self-declaration provisions, breaking contracts into lots, limits to the financial capacity required, andthe effect on procurement if more SMEs tendered had not been fully researched. This paper's findings show an increase in SME involvement as predicted, and that the other elements ofthe new regulations are appreciated but that organisations have concerns over the capacity of government departments to administer contracts in lots.
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Eadie R, Potts S. Will Civil Engineering and Construction SME's benefit from the changes to the 2014 EuropeanProcurement Directives. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering. 2016 Aug 31;3(2):117-121.
EadiePottsSMEsEUDirectivesFinal published version, 595 KB
http://www.seekdl.org/search.php?q=Will+Civil+Engineering+and+Construction+SME%92s+benefit+from+the+changes+to+the+2014+European+Procurement+Directives&search=&title=1&abstract=1&publisher=1&author=1&doi=1&udi=1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


His hairstyle. Nice and neat. The length of our streetstyle of the day's beard and hair is no coincidence. His beard is starting to grow nicely and his hair has been worked into a deliberately roughed-up style. For a perfect 3-day beard, leave it to grow for about three days then trim. Choose the comb guide that goes with your hair clippers and work in the opposite direction of hair growth.
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Boar's Head, manufacturer of premium delicatessen products for over 100 years, has joined the American Diabetes Association as a national promotional sponsor of the Diabetes Association's School Walk for Diabetes program. Boar's Head, along with the assistance of hundreds of independent Boar's Head Distributors, will encourage schools across the country to participate in the American Diabetes Association's School Walk fundraising program to promote healthy living, school spirit and community involvement. Throughout 2009, Boar's Head and the American Diabetes Association will work together to champion the cause of diabetes prevention by promoting healthy lifestyle options through good eating habits and physical fitness.
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For more information about breast health or breast cancer, visit www.komen.org. For more recipe and nutrition information, background on Boar's Head healthy eating affiliations and a list of foods that meet the AHA food criteria for saturated fat and cholesterol for healthy people over age 2, please log on to www.boarshead.com.


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text:
Obituaries for the week of Jan. 2
01/02/2017 12:00PM ● By J. Chambless
JEAN M. ZUNINO
Jean M. Zunino, 73, of Avondale, passed away on Dec. 24, surrounded by her family, at the Chester County Hospital.
She was the wife of Joseph L. Zunino, who passed away in 2008, and with whom she shared 44 years of marriage. Born in West Chester, she was the daughter of the late Robert and Mary D'Annunzio Lattanzio. Jean was a homemaker. She enjoyed cooking, reading, and being with her family and friends. She was a member of St. Gabriel of the Sorrowful Mother Church in Avondale.
She is survived by one son, Joseph A. Zunino, Jr. and his wife Dawn of Toughkenamon; one daughter, Deana Fragale and her husband Michael of Kennett Square; two brothers, John Lattanzio of Avondale, and William Lattanzio of Kennett Square; one sister, Lucy DiUbaldo of Avondale; five grandchildren; and her friend, Joe Olivieri of Kaolin. She was predeceased by one brother, Robert Lattanzio, Jr.
A funeral was held Dec. 29. Burial was in St. Patrick's Cemetery in Kennett Square. In memory of Jean, a contribution may be made to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 501 St. Jude Place, Memphis, TN 38105. Online condolences may be made by visiting www.griecocares.com.
PEARL ELIZABETH BEST
Pearl Elizabeth Best, 93, of Yorklyn, Del., passed away on Dec. 21 at her residence.
She was the wife of Elmer A. Best, who passed away in 1970, and with whom she shared 19 years of marriage. Born in Unionville, she was the daughter of the late Joseph and Pearl Suloff Dunn. Pearl was a homemaker. She enjoyed watching cowboy movies, reading about cowboys , doing Word Find, and being with her family and friends.
She is survived by three sons, Robert E. Best and his wife Diana of Landenberg, Richard A. Best of Yorklyn, and William J. Best and his wife Susan of Yorklyn; three daughters, Rose M. Price and her husband Gary of Landenberg, Barbara A. Best of Yorklyn, and Patricia A. Ward and her husband Wayn of Las Vegas, Nev.; six brothers, John Dunn of Downingtown, Mark Dunn of Coatesville, Fred Dunn of Landenberg, Gerald Dunn of West Grove, Sam Dunn of West Grove, and Boyd Dunn of Avondale; two sisters, Joann Torello of Kennett Square, and June Basher of Casa Grande, Ariz.; ten grandchildren; 15 great-grandchildren; and three great-great-grandchildren. Pearl was predeceased by one son, Gary "Jake" L. Dempsey; two brothers, Joe Dunn and Jim Dunn; and one sister, Mary Savini.
A funeral was held Dec. 29. Burial was in Union Hill Cemetery in Kennett Square. In memory of Pearl, a contribution may be made to Delaware Hospice, 16 Polly Drummond Center, Polly Drummond Shopping Center, Newark, DE 19711; or to the Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Suite 1200, 4701 Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, DE 19713. Online condolences may be made by visiting www.griecocares.com.
VALERIE LYNN FAIRMAN
Valerie Lynn Fairman, 23, of Oxford, passed away on Dec. 21 at Brandywine Hospital.
Born in Lancaster, she was the daughter of Gary and Janice Lynn Fairman of Oxford. She attended Safe Harbor Baptist Church in Cochranville. As a child, she played softball for Oxford Little League. Valerie was a loving, caring mother and daughter, and will be greatly missed by her birth family and adopted family.
She is survived by her parents; daughter, Nevaeh Lynn Fairman; five sisters, Jackie Regal, Janet Fairman, Karen Fairman, Angela Fairman and Nicole Fairman; and four brothers, Joey Fairman, Andre Fairman, Brian Fairman and Robert Fairman. She was preceded in death by a sister, Patricia Regal.
A memorial service will be held at 1 p.m. Jan. 14 at the Safe Harbor Baptist Church (478 Daleville Rd., Cochranville). Interment will be private. Online condolences may be made at www.elcollinsfuneralhome.com.
ANTHONY JOHN SEIDL, JR.
Anthony John "Tony" Seidl, Jr., 70, of Delmar, Md., passed away on Dec. 7 at Coastal Hospice at the Lakes in Salisbury, Md., of congestive heart failure.
Tony was loved and cared for by his wife, Andrea J. Gentry-Seidl, born and raised in West Grove, following 12 years together. Tony was born in 1946 in Washington, D.C., and was predeceased by his mother, Marie M. Nostadt-Seidl and Anthony J. Seidl, Sr., and was raised in Silver Spring, Md. He graduated from Georgetown Preparatory School in Georgetown, Md. A lifelong trucker, he was previously employed by Maloney Concrete Company as a driver and safety director, Koske Trucking, and for 14 years until 2012 by Pepsi/Pepsi Bottling Ventures of Salisbury, Md. He loved truck driving. especially his Pepsi truck, Baby.
In addition to his wife, he is survived by son Anthony J. "JR" Seidl, III (wife Dorothy) of Myrtle Point, Ore., daughter Mary-Seidl Pietsch (husband George) of Hagerstown, Md.; and stepsons Frank Gerlando of Ocean City, Md., and Dominick Gerlando of Hagerstown, Md. He was blessed with six grandchildren, Matthew Gerlando, Dominick Gerlando, Jr., Donna Rae Seidl, Kati Pietsch, Elizabeth "Lizzie" Seidl and the late George "Ricky" Pietsch Jr.; and a great-grandson, Brendan Pietsch.
In lieu of flowers, memorial gifts may be made to the online GoFundMe Anthony J. Seidl Fund to offset medical and interment costs; or Coastal Hospice at the Lakes, P. O. Box 1733, Salisbury, MD 21802-1733.
Following a life gift to the Maryland Anatomy Board for medical research, it was Tony's hope that much could be learned about heart/kidney disease, Type 2 diabetes and the effects of smoking. He will be interred privately in Clinton, Md.
RICHARD J. WEINACHT
Prof. Richard J. Weinacht, 85, of Bethany Beach, Del., and Jenner's Pond Retirement Community in West Grove, passed away after a long illness on Dec. 26.
Born and raised in New Jersey, he received a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the University of Notre Dame and a masters degree in civil engineering from Columbia University. Following a tour of duty with the U.S. Navy, Dr. Weinacht returned to academic studies and received a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Maryland. A National Science Foundation post-doctoral appointment at New York University preceded his 45-year career at the University of Delaware, Department of Mathematical Sciences, retiring as professor. Post-retirement, he continued to be active in research and teaching as an emeritus professor.
A longtime resident of Newark, Del., Richard was an avid sailor, racing, cruising and fishing on the Chesapeake and Rehoboth bays. A lifelong basketball player, he was a regular at noon pick-up basketball games at the University of Delaware Carpenter Sports Building, playing into his 80s.
Richard is survived by his beloved wife of 61 years, Bernice; sons and daughters, Paul Weinacht and wife Janette, John Weinacht and wife Amy, Karen Ruben and husband Richard, Richard Weinacht, Joseph Weinacht and wife Jody, and Judith Weinacht; 12 grandchildren and one great-grandson.
A funeral was held Dec. 30. In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made to Department of Mathematical Sciences in memory of Dr. Richard Weinacht, c/o the University of Delaware Development Office, Development and Alumni Relations Gifts Receiving and Processing Office, 83 East Main Street, 3rd Floor, Newark, DE 19716. To view his online tribute and to share a memory with his family, visit www.griecocares.com.
FLORENCE A. VEAZEY PARRETT
Florence A. Veazey Parrett, 100, of Chadds Ford, died on Dec. 29 at the Ware Presbyterian Village in Oxford.
She was the wife of the late Ralph L. Parrett Sr., who died in 1979, and with whom she shared 46 years of marriage. Born in Wilmington, she was a daughter of the late John and the late Lena Douty Veazey. She lived in Chadds Ford for over 45 years with her family. She frequently enjoyed camping with her family in their RV, and especially enjoyed trips to Indian River Inlet and the Delaware beaches.
Survivors include one son, Richard Parrett and his wife Nancy of Bethany Beach, Del.; one daughter, Carol Hammond of Milford, Del.; two daughters-in-law, Joyce Parrett of Kennett Square and Alma Elizabeth Parrett of Chadds Ford; 10 grandchildren; 26 great-grandchildren; and one great-great-grandchild. In addition to her husband, she was predeceased by two sons, Ralph L. Jr., and Robert L.; one brother, John; and one sister Doris.
A visitation with family and friends will be held from 11 a.m. to noon Jan. 6 at the Kuzo & Grieco Funeral Home Inc. (250 W. State St., Kennett Square). A service celebrating her life will follow at noon. Inurnment will be in Longwood Cemetery, Kennett Square. In lieu of flowers, memorial donations to the Employee Appreciation Fund at Ware Presbyterian Village will be honored. Make checks to WPV – Residents Council – EAFund, write "In Memory of Florence Parrett" in memo and send to 7 E. Locust Lane Oxford, PA 19363. To view Florence's online tribute and to share a memory with her family, visit www.griecocares.com.
MARY GOUGE MILLER DAVIDSON
Mary Gouge Miller Davidson, 97, of Oxford, went to her rest on Dec. 30 at Ware Presbyterian Village in Oxford.
She was the wife of the late Lester William Miller, who died in 1959, with whom she shared 13 years of marriage, and the late Charles Davidson, who died in 1999, with whom she shared 35 years of marriage.
Born in Jonesboro, Tenn., she was a daughter of the late West Grove dairy farmer David Gouge and the late Abbie (Tipton) Gouge. She was preceded in death by two sisters, Leota Miller of Tennessee, and Elsie Mae Kilby of Kelton, Pa.; four brothers, Hoy Gouge, Nelson Gouge and Geter Gouge, all of West Grove; and Lonza Gouge of Delaware. She is survived by her son, Howard Lee Miller, and his wife Barbara Lea of West Grove; one granddaughter, Trisha Lea Coe of Wakefield, Pa.; and three great-grandchildren, Cheyenne Michael Coe, Luther Charles Coe and Samantha Lea Coe, all of West Grove; as well as many nieces and nephews.
During Mary's early years, her brothers would frequently bring home fish and game for the girls of the house to prepare for dinner. This resulted in Mary and Elsie becoming excellent cooks. Their holiday feasts will be missed by all who were lucky enough to enjoy them. The family was never able to determine who made the best pies. Mary began her working career with the West Grove Knitting Mills and retired many years later from NVF Company in Kennett Square. She never strayed from her farming background and enjoyed her huge vegetable garden and flower beds until her age and health required her to move to Ware Presbyterian Village. She was a longtime, dedicated member of the Kelton Church of Christ.
A visitation will be held from 10 to 11 a.m. Jan. 5 at the Foulk & Grieco Funeral Home Inc. (200 Rose Hill Rd., West Grove). A funeral celebrating her life will follow at 11 a.m. Interment will be in Union Hill Cemetery, Kennett Square. To view her online tribute and to share a memory with her family, visit www.griecocares.com.
KIM LOUISE RINGLER
Kim Louise Ringler, age 60, of West Grove, died on Dec. 22 at her home, surrounded by her family.
She was the wife of Tom Wurm, with whom she shared 38 years of marriage. Born in Abington, Pa., she was the daughter of the late Warren E. Ringler Jr. and Delores (Mattern) Ringler of Elizabethtown, Pa. Kim earned her bachelor's degree in library science and English from Shippensburg State College, and her master's degree in library information systems from the University of Pittsburgh. She was the director of the Avon Grove Library for over 22 years. She helped lead the move from the older downtown location to the new facility. She was also a talented artist, exercised regularly and loved doing genealogy.
Survivors include, in addition to her mother and husband, two sons, Tim A. Wurm of West Grove, and Tom A. Wurm of Murphy, N.C.; one daughter, Erica L. Wurm of Bainbridge, Pa.; one brother, Warren Ringler III and his wife Marilyn of Springfield, Pa.; and several nieces and nephews.
A visitation will be held from 9:30 to 11 a.m. Jan. 20 at the Foulk & Grieco Funeral Home Inc. (200 Rose Hill Rd., West Grove). A service celebrating her life will follow at 11a.m. Inurnment will be in Union Hill Cemetery, Kennett Square. Contributions in her memory may be made to the Avon Grove Library. Make checks payable to Avon Grove Library and mail to117 Rosehill Avenue, West Grove, PA 19390. To view her online tribute and to share a memory with her family, visit www.griecocares.com.
LAURIE ANNE SICKO-SZOKE
Laurie Anne Sicko-Szoke, 59, of Kennett Square, died on Dec. 24 at Pembrooke Health & Rehabilitation Center in West Chester, after a battle with renal failure and multiple myeloma.
Born in Hoosick Falls, N.Y., and raised in Niskayuna, N.Y., she was the beloved daughter of the late John and the late Laura (Eycleshimer) Sicko, and stepdaughter of the late Suzanne (Randals) Sicko.
She graduated from the State University of New York Oneonta and went on to work at the Wolfeboro School System in New Hampshire as a teacher. She then worked as the Director of Outreach Programs for the Silver Bay YMCA, located in the Adirondack Mountains, for many years and never lost her love for the area. She served as an extension educator with Penn State Extension Chester County since 1985 and made a difference in many lives throughout Chester County. During her career, Laurie worked with volunteers, leaders in business and industry and interagency networks to secure a funding base that has raised significant financial resources to expand 4-H programs for under-served and under-represented youth in Chester County. Laurie was a recipient of many awards and recognitions. Her kindness and positive energy touched many lives. She was an advocate for holistic healing, and taught yoga and fitness classes.
She was pre-deceased by her life partner, Juan Avila, in 2007. She is survived by Juan's son, Anawim and Allegra Avila and their children, Ava, Ora, Camellia and Vera; her spirit daughters, Maria Navarrete-Olvera and Elizabeth Garduno; her sister, Stephanie O'Neil and her husband Brian; their children Liam, Madeleine, Maeve and Genevieve; one brother, John Sicko; a stepbrother, Will Randals and his wife Mercedes; a stepsister, Margaret Kotes and her husband John, and their children, Emma, Julia, and Molly; and her cousin Joy Plumme.
A celebration of life will begin with a 10 a.m. ceremony, followed by a gathering from 11 a.m. to noon, on Jan. 5 at the Kennett Friends Meeting (125 W. Sickle St., Kennett Square). Interment will be held privately. Contributions in her memory may be made to Brandywine Valley SPCA, 1212 Phoenixville Pike, West Chester, PA 19380. To view her online tribute and to share a memory with her family visit www.griecocares.com.
KATHRYN L. MARTINEZ
Kathryn L. "Kitten" Martinez, 54, of West Grove, passed away peacefully on Dec. 29 at Suburban Community Hospital, surrounded by her family.
She was the wife of Hector Martinez, with whom she shared 40 wonderful years. Born in West Chester, she was the daughter of the late Walter and Bessie Walker. She enjoyed spending time with her family and friends, she loved doing her crafts, listening to music, and cuddling her cat, but most of all her she had a special love for her grandchildren.
She is survived by her husband; daughter Carmen Martinez (Eddie Padillia) of West Grove; son, Hector Martinez Jr. (Beckie Martinez) of Wilmington, Del.; and ten grandchildren, Izac, Arianna, Cazi, Kirin, Romeo, Xavier, Malaysia, Robbie, Madalyn, and Analeasea.
Funeral services will be held at 1 p.m. Jan. 4 at the Edward L. Collins, Jr. Funeral Home, Inc. (86 Pine St., Oxford). Interment will be in Union Hill Cemetery in Kennett Square. Online condolences may be made at www.elcollinsfuneralhome.com.
RICHARD L. VAN NORMAN, SR.
Richard L. Van Norman, Sr., 86, of Oxford, passed away on Dec. 30 at home.
He was the husband of Alice (Becky) Van Norman. Born in Bethlehem, Pa., he was the son of the late Ralph and Mary E. Geary Van Norman. Richard lived most of his life in Oxford. He was a member of the Union Operator Engineers of Baltimore. He was also employed as a carpenter, mushroom grower and farmer. He enjoyed spending time with his grandchildren, fishing, and going to sales and auctions.
He is survived by his wife; three sons, Richard L. Van Norman, Jr. of Lancaster, Jason Droz (Rachel) and Robert Droz, all of Oxford; two daughters, Lois Miller of West Chester and Mary Ibrahim (Rey) of Oxford; 13 grandchildren, Lizzy Carns, Lexy, Jessica, Tristan, Braiden Droz, Alex Powell, Megan Ibrahim, Gabby Ibrahim, Sarah Sivels, Matt Wilson, Rob Pryor, Chris Wilson and Kathy Fischer; and eight great-grandchildren. He was preceded in death by a son, Eugene Van Norman; and daughter, Wanda Wilson.
Funeral services will be held at 11 a.m. Jan. 5 at the Edward L. Collins, Jr. Funeral Home, Inc. (86 Pine St., Oxford), where friends and family may visit from 10 to 11 a.m. Interment will be in Oxford Cemetery. Online condolences may be made at www.elcollinsfuneralhome.com.
ROSE MARTELLI ANDERSON
Rose Martelli Anderson, 87, of Kennett Square, passed away on Jan. 1 at the Jennersville Regional Hospital.
She was the wife of Edward R. Anderson, who passed away in 1976, and with whom she shared 21 years of marriage. Born in West Chester, she was the daughter of the late Luca and Josephine Galante Martelli. She was a secretary at Lau Electronics in Kennett Square for 20 years, retiring in the late 1990s. Prior to working at Lau Electronics, she had worked for Bell Telephone Company, Pocopson Home, the Unionville Inn and Connor's Pharmacy. Rose enjoyed cooking, helping others, making others laugh, and being with her family and friends, especially her grandchildren.
She is survived by two sons, Roy Anderson and his wife Pamela of Kennett Square, and Edward R. Anderson, Jr. of Collegeville; two daughters, Josephine Clay and her husband Don of Elkton, Md., and Genevieve Byrne and her husband Gary of Springfield, Pa.; one brother, James Martelli of Downingtown; nine grandchildren; and three great-grandchildren. Rose was predeceased by two brothers, Anthony Martelli and Daniel Martelli; and two sisters, Gilda Raffaele and Louise Falcone.
A visitation with family and friends will be held from 9 to 10:30 a.m. Jan. 7 at the Kuzo & Grieco Funeral Home (250 W. State St., Kennett Square). Her funeral mass will follow at 11 a.m. at St. Patrick Church (212 Meredith St., Kennett Square). Burial will be in St. Patrick's Cemetery in Kennett Square. Online condolences may be made by visiting www.griecocares.com.
EDITH WISE KEGG
Edith Wise Kegg, 91, of Kennett Square, went to be with the Lord on Jan. 2 at home, surrounded by many of her family.
Born and raised near Delta, Pa., Edie was the daughter of the late Walter A. and Clara (Wiley) Wise. She graduated from Delta High School in 1940 at the age of 15 and enrolled at Shippensburg State Teacher's College. She majored in business education and taught business subjects for 26 years, four at Kennett High School and 22 at Unionville High School. Edie and her husband, Ray, were founding members of Willowdale Chapel, where she was an active member all her adult life. After retiring in 1981, Edie and Ray enjoyed spending many winters in their motor home in Florida. Edie also delighted in gardening, reading, serving her Lord Jesus and spending time with her family, especially her grandchildren.
Edie is survived by her loving husband, Raymond E. Kegg, with whom she celebrated 70 years of marriage on Aug. 17, 2016. She is also survived by one brother, Wilmer E. Wise and his wife Isabel; her children, Alan L. Kegg and his wife Jean of Hatfield, Pa., Joyce E. Pinkham and her husband John of Middletown, N.J., Larry R. Kegg and his wife Carolof Chesapeake, Va., Linda R. Vavro and her husband Jeffery of Strongsville, Ohio, and Karen A. Hess and her husband Ray of Kennett Square; 15 grandchildren; and 30 great-grandchildren. She was predeceased by two brothers, Paul W. Wise and W. Ross Wise; and her sister, Ruth King.
A celebration of Edie's life will be held at 7 p.m. Jan. 6 at Willowdale Chapel (675 Unionville Rd, Kennett Square). Memorial gifts may be made to Willowdale Chapel, 111 Marshall Street, Kennett Square, PA 19348. Online condolences may be made by visiting www.griecocares.com.
IGNITE: Free Auto/Diesel Summer Program for High Schoolers
7:00am · UTI-Exton
Costuming THE CROWN
9:00am · Winterthur Musuem, Garden & Library
Best Summer Kids Camps in Chester County!
9:00am · Chester Springs Studio at Historic Yellow Springs
Archaeology Dig for Kids! Best Kids Summer Camps in Chester County!
Chester Springs Kids Art and Clay Summer Camps
A DAY OF FUN
9:00am · RE/MAX Ace Realty
N. C. Wyeth: New Perspectives exhibition
9:30am · Brandywine River Museum of Art


Patras, Sacred Spring of Demeter-Well of Saint Αndrew. Copperplate from the edition E. Dodwell, «A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece», London 1819.
The 30th of November is the feast day of Peter the Apostle's brother Andrew who was also called Protoklitos (the First to be summoned by Christ), patron saint of Patras where he was martyred. He is a popular winter saint whose feast falls on the last day of autumn.
1) The name of the Saint, particularly in its folk-etymology form.
2) Whatever was mentioned in the holy scripts as well as hymns to the saint heard by the people in church.
3) The date of his celebration in the calendar. Here it is worth noting that time in popular perception is not an abstract and mathematical concept, but is identified with its content and experience. Hence November is called Sporiatis (sporos= seed) because it is the season of sowing.
4) Various random historical events, such as the liberation of the city of Nafplion from the Turks on 30th November 1822. This is why Saint Andrew is also considered the patron of Nafplion.
Villagers in both mountains and plains fear the month of November, that is why they give it the name of St. Andrew. The people in the Peloponnese and Epirus named the month of November "Aindria". In Kozani, Thessaly, Thrace and Sinope in the Pontus, November is called "Andrias". In Greek traditional culture it is usual for the months to be named after a saint, as for example, October is called "Aidimitriatis (the month of St Dimitris)".
The church has declared the day of Saint Andrew's feast a holiday, which the agricultural populations of rural Greece kept with reverence and fear, believing that the Protoklitos "andrievei", i.e. helps the crops to "sprout". In Roumeli as in the rest of Greece, the feast of St. Andrew's was believed to be an agricultural one and customs of that day were purely agricultural. On the saint's feast day, so as to help crops grow, yield more fruit and have a better harvest, farmers would boil wheat, add sugar, raisins and walnuts and then have it blessed in church. Afterwards they would bring it home, where it was eaten by the family or handed out to friends and neighbours. On the day of the feast, polysporia (a mixture of grains) were boiled in Epirus, Acarnania, Thessaly and Thrace. In these regions, wheat was cooked to which sugar was added, raisins and nuts, and festive koliva (boiled wheat with various fruits usually consumed in funeral services), which were then distributed. These customs show the magic-productive effects of the season, when sowing has ended and germination is anticipated. In Nigrita in Serres, it was believed that crops sprout ("andrievoun") on St. Andrew's feast day. That was why polysporia were boiled. In Koniatsi ( today's Evangelismos) in Elassona, boiled wheat, having been blessed in church, was distributed among the houses, for the souls of the dead. A more common offering for the same purpose were the so called polysporia, spores, bolia, bousbourelia, polykoukia, Bobola or sitaromageiria. The polysporia are boiled cereals mixed with pulses, namely a mixture of wheat, barley, corn, peas, chickpeas, beans and lentils. On the eve of the feast, they were taken to church to be blessed. Then they were eaten and some were distributed.
In Damaskinia (old Vedyloustion) in Kozani, the locals went to church in the morning. That evening in every farm house, the housewives made lalangites (type of fritters).With a piece of the dough they made a cross on the ambari (storage crate) in the basement of the house, to ensure that supplies would always be plentiful. Along with the lalangites, housewives boiled a pot of polysporia in a corner of the fireplace. The oldest woman of the house took a dish with cooked polysporia and went out in the yard, where she threw some of it into the air three times –the number of the Holy Trinity–, saying: "May the crops grow this high". Afterwards, polysporia were eaten and best wishes were exchanged. Lalangites were made primarily for the men to grow ("andriothoun") as well as the other family members. The following day, early in the morning on the first day of the month, lalangites were given to the animals of the house, for them to grow as well.
In Agraph, uncooked polysporia were taken to church, where they were placed in front of the iconostasis' Oraia Pyli (central door) to be blessed by the priest. In Lykorrachi (old Loupsiko) in Konitsa, polysporia were thrown into the gardens for a good crop. In Aiani in Kozani, boiled wheat was thrown onto the tiled church roof by the priest after the service. In Eptachori (formerly Vourvoutsiko) in Kastoria, sporidia (seedlings) were boiled for "Bereket" (abundance). Before the seedlings were taken out of the fire, three spoonfuls of them were thrown at the house, for the crops to grow. In Tyrnavos, on the eve of the feast, the farmers lit one tall candle in their courtyard or barn in Saint Andrew's honour, among their agricultural tools, plough etc. and wished for their crops to grow as high as the candle. In Magoula in Elassona, farmers' families boiled the "pachida", i.e. crushed wheat. In many parts of Greece farmers threw polysporia into their fields, to have a good harvest. In Farasa Cappadocia, a kourbani (blood sacrifice) was performed, slaughtering young cockerels to St. Andrew or "E Ntre", as he was called, in a ruined chapel located outside the village.
The element of sympathetic magic is present in the habit of the house's oldest women throwing three spoonfuls of polysporia up into the sky, wishing for the crops to become as high, as well as the belief that boiled wheat, whose volume increases with cooking, will help crops quickly sprout from the earth. The polysporia of St. Andrew's feast are not the only ones in the month of November. They are preceded by the polysporia of the feast of the Eisodia (Presentation of the Virgin Mary), when in church she is offered fine boiled wheat mixed with pomegranate brunches, raisins and almonds. The priest blessed them and the congregation ate them with delight. The polysporia of the Virgin Mary were also cooked at home, boiling in a pot with grains of cereals mixed with pulses. The polysporia of Our Lady, and those of St. Andrew, are not unrelated to Pyanepsia or Chytroi of antiquity. The Pyanepsia was a feast dedicated to Apollo, during which the god was offered the first fruits of the harvest. The name of the festival comes from the word pyamos (broad bean) and the verb "epso" meaning to boil. In Pyanepsia, every species of seed was cooked. A mixture was prepared and during the so-called "Chytroi", the third day of the Anthesteria, a festival dedicated to the god Hermes Psychopompos (conductor of souls) and the dead. On that day, each home cooked various seeds in chytres (pots). None of the living ate the food intended for Hermes and the dead, whose souls, it was believed, would ascend to the upper world on that day.
In Artotina in the mountains of Doris, the bride would throw a nail on the roof tiles to prevent the harmful effects of demons. In Vourvoura, Kynouria, the groom turned over the roof tiles of the bride's house, and even cracked a few. In Vournika, Lefkada, the bride would propitiate the roof demons by throwing almonds, nuts and koufeta (wedding bonbons) onto the tiles. In Baousioi, Ioannina, the bride threw a glass full of honey or wine on the roof.
In Cyprus, St. Andrew, or "Ai Ntrikas" as he is called, is considered the healer of the deaf, paralyzed and epileptic. Up to the fateful year of 1974, crowds of pilgrims, both healthy and ill, thronged to the saint's monastery, located in the Karpasitiki region on the east coast. Many Cypriots took their children there to baptize them and give them the name of Andros and Androula, i.e. Andreas and Andriana.
According to one tradition that comes from Chios, Saint Andrew, together with Saint Charalambos, is also considered to be an exterminator of the plague. It is said that he walked around the village of Chalkios at night, to protect the local people from the Black Death.
In years gone by, on the day of Saint Andrew's feast, tiganites (fritters) with honey were made everywhere. It was even believed that Saint Andrew pierced the frying pan of the housewife who forgot the custom. That is why one of the saint's nick names was Trypotigana or Trypotiganiti (he who pierces frying pans). In the Patriarchate of Constantinople, loukoumades (donuts) with honey were offered to the congregation after the church service. The French traveller Guillaume-Joseph Grelot, who travelled in Greece in 1670, informs us that on Saint Andrew's day, women were always making tiganites.
Today, clean water coming from the oracular spring of the goddess Demeter fills St. Andrew's well, next to the austere Basilica designed by Lysander Kaftantzoglou, which is the "Old Saint Andrew" church of 1836, on the west coast of Patras. After the church service on November 30th, young lovers went to St. Andrew's well and drank handfuls of water, to ensure their welfare. In earlier times, in the Patras area, on the eve of the feast of St. Andrew, lachanopites (cabbage pies) were made and sent to the church to be distributed among the poor. This was a custom of consoling and worshipping the dead. At the same time, i.e. early winter, farmers in European countries were making crèpes of wheat, for worms not to eat the young plants. These were for placating evil spirits.
Another tradition from Patras says that seaweed was often found in the Saint's cenotaph. This was because the Saint, who was a fisherman, helped fishing boats in danger during big storms. In places that were close to the sea, next to the great maritime routes and islets, Saint Andrew was considered the patron of fishermen and crews of small ships. This view was prevalent in Kimolos, Paxous, Ithaca, Astypalaia, Cyprus and the coast of Propontis.
The association of the name of St. Andrew with the word "andras" (man) explains dream predictions on marriage that took place on the feast day. In Skyros, on the day of "Ai-Andrios", young girls fasted so as to dream that night of their future husband. In the village of Chalkios in Chios, girls lit the candles in the chapel of St. Andrew, praying to him to arrange a good marriage for them.
Many Saints are punishers, imposing punishments on people who do not observe the holidays and customs or are disrespectful. Punisher saints are usually the ones, like St. Andrew, whose feast falls on days critical for agriculture and animal husbandry. From the Chronicler of Dorotheos, a vernacular text of 1570, we learn that in a church situated on some Cycladic island, an irreverent priest used a spear to extract the right eye of Saint Andrew's icon. Miraculously, at that same moment, out came the priest's right eye and replaced that of the saint's in the icon.
-Saint Andrew how do you do?
In winter where will you go?
and treat you all to wine!
In Mesara, Crete, on the 30th of November, carpets would be laid and heavy woollen bedding known as batanies, taken out of chests.
Summing up all that was mentioned above, the Greek people believed St. Andrew to be the patron of farmers and crops, healer of the blind, deaf, paralyzed and epileptic and the plague's exterminator. He was also patron saint of fishermen, the crews of small vessels, of lovers and young girls who he helped dream of their future husbands.
Finally we should note that the knowledge and study of customs preserved and practiced mainly by women, help us understand the simple country people with their hopes, beliefs and fears about the visible and the invisible world surrounding them. Traditional customs are part of our cultural heritage. They constitute a palimpsest of the popular worship practiced by our ancestors, both ancient, Byzantine and more recent.
Ambari: Wooden, lidded storage crate for grain, measuring 1.50×1.00×1.20m.The maker of the ambari opened a hole in its centre, that closed with a stopper. Directly under this hole, sacks full of grain were placed and sent to the mill to be ground. Each house had three ambaria in its basement; for wheat, maize and barley.
Lalangites: Donuts, crispy fritters. The Byzantine lalangia. Traditional round sweets made of batter and fried in hot oil. After frying, they were placed in a dish and sprinkled with honey and walnuts. Served hot. They were made on saints' days and the New Year.
Bereket: Abundance of goods, wealth.
Νychteria, aposperides, parakathia or vengeres: These were mainly women's gatherings at home for entertainment. They got together, sang, worked-knitting, weaving, spinning or peeling maize- told tales, humorous stories, riddles, tongue twisters and tserefilika (daring, allegorical stories).
Pachida: Crushed and boiled wheat.
Polysporia: Cooked cereal mixed with pulses. A festive mixture, to which sometimes sugar, nuts and raisins were added. Polysporia are also called sporidia, bolia, Bobola, bousbourelia and polykoukia.
Pyanepsia: Feast in the fourth month of the Attic calendar, known as Pyanopsion (October-November) dedicated to Apollo, to whom the first fruits of the harvest were offered. The Pyanepsia was linked with the procession of the Eiresione by young boys. The Eiresione was an olive branch wrapped in wool, on which fruits were tied. It was a symbol of abundance, which brought good luck to all the homes it entered.
Koniatsi in Elassona: Today it is called Evangelismos. Settlement in Thessaly, NW of Larisa.
Damaskenia in Kozani: In earlier times called Vedyloustion. Settlement in West Macedonia, on the slopes of the Askion Mountain.
Lykorrachi in Konitsa: Its earlier name was Loupsiko. Settlement of Epiros, NE of Ioannina, on the slopes of northern Pindos.
Eptachori in Kastoria: Its earlier name was Vourvoutsiko. Settlement of West Macedonia, SW of Kastoria.
Artotina: Settlement in the mountainous part of Doris, on the slopes of the Vardousia.
Vourvoura in Kynouria: Mountainous settlement in Arcadia, SE of Tripolis.
Baousioi in Ioannina, on the slopes of mount Tomaros.
Chalkeio. Settlement on the SE part of Chios.
Burkert Walter, Αρχαία Ελληνική Θρησκεία, Αρχαϊκή και Κλασσική Εποχή, trans. Νικ. Π. Μπεζεντάκος – Α. Αβαγιανού, έκδ. Καρδαμίτσα, Athens 1993.
Ήμελλος Στέφανος Δ., Αγίου Ανδρέα Λαϊκή Λατρεία, Πελοποννησιακά, vol. 19 (1991-1992), pp. 225-251.
Λουκάτος Δημήτρης Σ., Τα φθινοπωρινά, έκδ. Φιλιππότης, Athens 1982, pp. 182-187 and pp. 200-203.
Λουκόπουλος Δημήτρης, Τα γεωργικά της Ρούμελης, έκδ. «Δωδώνη», Athens-Ioannina 1983 (2nd ed.), pp. 163, 171.
Μέγας Γεώργιος Α., Ελληνικές γιορτές και έθιμα λαϊκής λατρείας, έκδ. Οδυσσέας,Athens 1988 (2nd ed.), p. 35.
Nilsson Martin P., Greek Folk Religion, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972.


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iStock/BTWImages
Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture Trends
– Wild capture 79m tonnes
– Marine/brackish aquaculture 32m tonnes
Growth rate of sector (2015–2019)
– Marine fisheries 0.1%
– Aquaculture sector 4.4%
Certifications or ratings
– 21% of wild capture landings
– 4.4% of aquaculture production
Wild fisheries and aquaculture production provide important contributions to food security and livelihoods globally. Fish provide a source of protein for about 3.3 billion people, playing a particularly crucial role in many developing countries and coastal communities.1 An estimated 60 million people are employed in the primary sector of fisheries and aquaculture, a figure which has gradually trended upward over time.2 Most workers live in developing countries, and the majority are aquaculture workers and small-scale fishers, responsible for half of global fish catch.3
Unsustainable fishing practices threaten both marine wildlife as well as the livelihoods and food supply of seafood-dependent populations. These threats manifest through overfishing; illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing; bycatch (incidental capture); destructive habitat impacts; poor governance and regulatory systems; and human rights and labor abuses. In some cases, aquaculture—or the farming of fish and other seafood—can provide a solution to help meet the growing global demand for seafood. However, unsustainable farming practices can present their own environmental challenges—including habitat destruction, contamination of native wild fish populations, disease spread, and pollution into the ocean—as well as human health and labor abuse concerns.
A synthesis of recent trends from the marine fisheries and aquaculture sectors is outlined below.
From civil society and industry engagement to published literature, the past year has seen an increased focus on the intersection of equity, fisheries health, and fisher well-being.
For instance, new research from collaborators at University of British Columbia, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and University of California Santa Barbara challenged the long-held theory of change that managing stocks for sustainable levels will produce more fish and more money for fishers. The study found that up to 70 percent of fishers globally would not earn a minimum wage in their home country, even if fisheries were managed to meet maximum sustainable yield (MSY).4 The authors suggest that stronger focus on social issues is necessary to ensure a vibrant ocean and thriving communities. Other efforts—from focusing on the underrecognized role of women in fisheries management and policy to drawing attention to human rights and labor abuses in the seafood supply chain—are highlighting the opportunity to center social dimensions in seafood production.
Traditional fishing in Tanzania. Photo: iStock/kasto80
Combined production from wild fisheries and aquaculture has steadily increased, although the aquaculture sector is responsible for most of this growth over the past three decades.
In 2019 (the most recent year for which official data is available), production from brackish and marine aquaculture reached a record-high of 32 million tonnes, growing at a combined growth rate of 4.4 percent during 2015–2019.5 Meanwhile, production from capture fisheries reached 79 million tonnes in 2019, expanding at a slower rate of 0.1 percent during 2015–2019.6
Global fisheries and aquaculture production (tonnes)
The long-term trend in total global capture fisheries has been relatively stable since the mid-1990s.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which estimates landings primarily based on self-reporting from national governments, wild fisheries production was 79 million tonnes in 2019, a slight reduction from the 18-year high of 83 million tonnes in 2018.7 Two other sources—Sea Around Us8 and Watson and Tidd (2018)9 —apply a catch reconstruction methodology to estimate total production, including difficult-to-monitor categories such as artisanal landings, discards, and illegal fishing. Incorporating these unreported categories of catch places global landings approximately 20 to 35 percent higher than the FAO's officially reported figures. (The most recent year of data from the Sea Around Us is 2018, while Watson and Tidd estimated production through 2015.) Both catch reconstruction methodologies suggest that wild capture landings have been on a slight downward trajectory since the mid-1990s, despite increases in overall fishing effort over the same period.10
Marine fisheries production, by data source (tonnes)
A handful of countries account for a significant portion of global fisheries production. The top seven capture producers—China, Indonesia, Peru, the United States, Russia, India, and Vietnam—account for roughly 50 percent of total marine fisheries production.11 Meanwhile, the top 20 producers represent nearly 75 percent of total global capture production.12 In 2019, China alone accounted for 15 percent of global wild capture landings.
Top 20 countries for marine fisheries production (tonnes)
In terms of recent fishing activity, satellite tracking data suggests an unprecedented global decline in fishing activity in 2020, at least partly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in fishing activity varied significantly by region.
Based on this data, Global Fishing Watch estimates a 9 percent decrease in active fishing vessels and a 5 percent decrease in fishing hours during 2020 compared to 2019 levels.13 This is potentially a substantial underestimate of the actual decline in fishing activity.14
As shown in the map below, fishing activity declined in many parts of China, Europe, Argentina, India, and sections of the high seas in the western Pacific during 2020. In contract, increases in fishing activity were observed along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts in the United States, northwest Africa, in the central Indian Ocean, and off the coasts of South Korea and Japan. Emerging research will likely provide a more detailed picture on the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on seafood production, from sub-national changes in fishing activity to impacts on livelihoods, seafood supply chains, and consumer behavior.
Changes in fishing activity by region, 2020
Change in fishing hours per 1000 square kilometers in 2020 relative to the average activity in that grid cell between 2018-2019. Large declines in activity (blue) are observed in China, Europe, India, Argentina, and in the high seas pockets of the western Pacific. Increases (pink) can be seen along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the United States, northwest Africa, off the coasts of South Korea and Japan, and in the central Indian Ocean. Figure exclude vessels new to the AIS data in 2020. Link to source: https://globalfishingwatch.org/data/covid-19-brings-unmatched-downturn-in-global-fishing-activity/
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Several of the world's largest fishing countries saw curtailed fishing activity during 2020. China and the United Kingdom observed the largest reductions in fishing activity within their EEZs, with annual decreases of 13.5 percent and 16.5 percent, respectively.15 Meanwhile, the United States, South Korea, and Japan each had more than a 15 percent increase in fishing hours during 2020.
Changes in fishing activity by country, 2020
Daily percent change in 2020 fishing activity relative to the 2018-2019 average by EEZ for the top 10 fishing nations in the AIS data, excluding China. Calculations based on a two-week rolling average number of fishing hours. Each day of 2020 is represented sequentially by a colored band, with groups of blue/pink indicating sustained periods of lower/higher average fishing activity. Source https://globalfishingwatch.org/data/covid-19-brings-unmatched-downturn-in-global-fishing-activity/
The status of fisheries resources varies significantly by geography and is closely related to the level of fisheries management.
According to data from Sea Around Us, which considers both assessed and unassessed stocks, 20 percent of stocks were considered overexploited or collapsed in 2018, the most recent year for which data is available.16 The proportion of stocks considered overexploited or collapsed has stayed roughly consistent in recent years. Data from the Sea Around Us indicate that the proportion of stocks undergoing rebuilding has slowly increased since the mid-1990s, from less than 1 percent in 1994 to nearly 12 percent in 2018.17
Stock status according to the Sea Around Us (%)
For the half of the world's fish catch for which abundance data are available, there has generally been an uptick in the biomass of fish stocks in recent years.18 In contrast, unassessed stocks are believed to have continued to decline. In several countries, reduction in fishing pressure is directly associated with fisheries management policy changes.
Average trends in Mean B\Bmsy for assessed and unassessed stocks
Overfishing is closely correlated with insufficient fisheries management capacity.
The Fisheries Management Index (FMI), which relied on expert surveys to rate management effectiveness on a stock-by-stock basis, found substantial variation in management globally.19 The analysis found that three management attributes related to science-based limits are the largest determining factors of a country's stock health: effectiveness of stock assessments, strength of fishing pressure limits, and comprehensiveness of enforcement programs.20
The FMI survey was conducted in 2016 and 2018. Over that two-year period, there was relatively little change in the FMI scores of individual countries. The FMI scores continue to hold a strong positive correlation with GDP per capita and a negative correlation with capacity-enhancing subsidies.
Fisheries Management Index (score of 0–1)
In 2021, the Minderoo Foundation released the Global Fishing Index (GFI) to assess the governance and sustainability of the world's fisheries. During the inaugural year of the GFI, no country received an 'A' or 'B' grade based on the state of fish stocks and local governance systems. Six countries were assigned a 'C' grade while 20 countries received an 'F' grade.21 The report highlighted three core challenges to science-based fisheries management in many countries around the world: fisheries data are not consistently collected or analyzed; data are not used for fisheries management; and fisheries laws and policies are not enforced.
Country scores in the Global Fishing Index (score of A–F)
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Overall Grade Country Governance capacity Progress score
C Chile 9 47.73
C Iceland 8 40.07
C Norway 8 48.18
C United States of America 8 44.98
D Argentina 6 31.26
D China 6 11.41
D India 7 26.07
D Indonesia 8 18.12
D Japan 8 20.86
D Mauritania 6 15.03
D Mexico 6 17.80
D Peru 4 59.08
D Philippines 8 22.15
D Republic of Korea 8 13.55
D Russian Federation 6 30.62
D United Kingdom 9 35.61
E Myanmar 6 1.13
E Thailand 7 7.92
F Malaysia 5 5.83
F Viet Nam 3 1.35
Note: GFI scores are based on a scale of A-F. Source: Minderoo Foundation, 2021. "The Global Fishing Index: Assessing the sustainability of the world's marine fisheries." Perth, Western Australia, 60 pp.
The research teams for the Fisheries Management Index and Global Fishing Index applied different methodologies, which led to some differences in results. Most notably, Myanmar, Brazil, and Tanzania are outliers that scored relatively high on the GFI but received somewhat low FMI scores. Another outlier between the two studies includes Indonesia and the Philippines receiving FMI scores of less than 0.5 and a GFI score of 8—the latter of which is the same score assigned to countries such as Iceland, Norway, and Canada which ranked high on the FMI.
FMI Scores versus GFI Governance Capacity
In 2021, a seminal report shed new light on the age-old practice of bottom trawling, one of the most destructive fishing methods.
Bottom trawlers catch 26 percent of the total global marine fisheries catch. The report found that over 99 percent of bottom trawling worldwide occurs inside the Exclusive Economic Zones of coastal nations—with much of the effort focused within just 12 miles of shore—posing risks to critical habitats and traditional, small-scale, artisanal fishing operations.22 Roughly 50 percent of all bottom trawled fish is caught in the EEZs of Asia or by the foreign fleets of Asian countries.23
Global catch by gear type (within EEZs)
Source: Steadman, D. et al. "New perspectives on an old fishing practice: Scale, context and impacts of bottom trawling." 2021. https://oursharedseas.com/new-perspectives-on-an-old-fishing-practice.
The top five bottom trawling countries—as measured by average catch over the most recent decade for which there is complete data (2007–2016)—are China, Vietnam, Indonesia, India, and Morocco. China alone accounts for 15 percent of the total bottom trawled catch.24 Whereas bottom trawling is expanding rapidly in Asia, the practice is declining or staying constant in most other parts of the world.
Top 10 bottom trawling countries by total catch and percentage of catch
Country Average annual bottom trawl catch (2007–2016) in million tonnes Percentage of global bottom trawl catch
China 4.1 14.9
Vietnam* 2.3 8.3
Indonesia 2.2 8.1
India* 1.9 6.8
Morocco* 1.8 6.5
Japan 1.8 6.4
South Korea 1.1 4.1
United States 1.1 4.0
Argentina* 0.7 2.5
Malaysia 0.7 2.4
*Vietnam, India, Morocco, and Argentina have high uncertainty in the disaggregation of reconstructed catch estimates by gear type from SAU due to large amounts of unreported data and unidentified species in their catch reports. Source: Steadman, D. et al. "New perspectives on an old fishing practice: Scale, context and impacts of bottom trawling." 2021. https://oursharedseas.com/new-perspectives-on-an-old-fishing-practice.
To address overfishing and support livelihoods for coastal communities, the marine conservation community and industry have pursued market-driven efforts to promote fisheries sustainability. Currently, 21 percent of marine fisheries landings are considered rated or certified.
In recent years, the conservation community has placed an increasing emphasis on human rights and labor rights across seafood markets initiatives.
For the first time ever, the total number of fisheries certified by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) exceeded 1,000. Meanwhile, the number of fisheries either in assessment or suspension are both in decline.
Wild capture landings under Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Certification (units of certification)
By species group, tuna, whitefish, small pelagics, and shellfish are the most engaged commodities.
MSC and FIP certification, by species (%)
Within Fishery Improvement Projects, the distribution of FIPs by continent has stayed relatively the same over the last 3 years, with an exception of a slight decline of FIPs in Asia and an increase of FIPs in Africa.
The total number of active Stages 2-5 FIPs decreased slightly from 148 FIPs in 2018 to 144 FIPs in 2021.
Distribution of FIPs by continent
Distribution of FIPs by species
The volume of landings certified under FairTrade increased sharply during 2016–2019. This volume decreased slightly from 6,074 tonnes in 2019 to 5,510 tonnes in 2020.
Volume of wild capture landings under FairTrade Certification (tonnes)
While marine fisheries landings have generally plateaued since the mid-1990s, aquaculture has driven continued growth in global seafood production.
The aquaculture sector has seen many dynamic changes over the past two decades, one of which includes transitioning from a relatively small role to a more mainstream role in the global food system.
A landmark study released in 2021 identified key global trends and challenges in the aquaculture sector over the past two decades. Those trends include:
The aquaculture sector has made considerable progress in increasing efficiency in the feed and fish nutrition sectors, with lower fish-in-fish-out ratios for all fed species. However, there has been an increase in dependence on feed ingredients from terrestrial systems.
The main species groups contributing to the top 75 percent of aquaculture production in 2017 included seaweeds, carps, bivalves, tilapia, and catfish, with freshwater fish accounting for 75 percent of the global edible aquaculture volume.
The effects of climate change can contribute to losses in aquaculture productivity and livelihoods, due to suboptimal growing temperatures, sea-level rise and subsequent saltwater intrusion, infrastructure damage, droughts, and freshwater shortages, rising feed costs, and amplified uncertainties surrounding harmful algal blooms.
Aquaculture in marine and brackish waters increased from 13 million tonnes in 2000 to 32 million tonnes in 2019.26 Currently, production from marine and brackish aquaculture is growing at the rate of roughly 500,000 tonnes annually.
Aquaculture production by species group (tonnes)
China continues to produce more aquaculture than the rest of the world combined. Other major producers include India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Egypt, Ecuador,27 and Norway. Despite China's dominant role in the aquaculture sector, growth rates in South America and Africa have been strikingly high during the past two decades, pointing to the growing globalization of the sector.
Aquaculture production by continent (tonnes)
Not all aquaculture production has the same environmental footprint. A handful of farmed species pose a greater threat to the environment in terms of dependency on feed inputs, freshwater use, disease introduction, biodiversity impacts, and other concerns. These concerns are most concentrated in the production of marine finfish, diadromous fish (e.g., salmon, eel), and crustaceans such as shrimp. These species of concern made up approximately 40 percent of marine and brackish aquaculture production in 2019, up from 27 percent of total production in 2000.28
Aquaculture production by species of concern (tonnes)
Aquaculture Species of Concern
Amberjacks*
Ayu sweetfish
Banana prawn
Barramundi (Giant seaperch)
Bastard halibut
Chinese mitten crab
Chinook salmon (Spring salmon, King salmon)
Clearhead icefish
Coho salmon (Silver salmon)
Fleshy prawn
Freshwater prawns, shrimps*
Giant river prawn
Giant tiger prawn
Groupers*
Indo-Pacific swamp crab
Jacks, crevalles*
Japanese amberjack
Japanese eel
Japanese jack mackerel
Japanese seabass
Kuruma prawn
Large yellow croaker
Lefteye flounders*
Longfin yellowtail
Marine crabs*
Marine Fishes*
Metapenaeus shrimps*
Milkfish
Mullets*
Obscure pufferfish
Oriental river prawn
Pacific bluefin tuna
Penaeus shrimps*
Pond smelt
Porgies, seabreams*
Portunus swimcrabs*
Red drum
Righteye flounders*
River eels*
River prawns*
Salmonoids*
Silver seabream
Snubnose pompano
Sturgeons*
Tiger pufferfish
Tropical spiny lobsters*
Trouts*
White trevally
Whiteleg shrimp
Yellowfin tuna
Aquaculture Species Groups Not of Concern
Brown seaweeds
Red seaweeds
Green seaweeds
Pearls, mother-of-pearl, shells
Sea-squirts and other tunicates
Scallops, pectens
* not elsewhere identified
In the same way that certifications and ratings have expanded in the wild capture sector, the aquaculture sector has experienced even more rapid growth (proportionally) in product under responsible sourcing. Certifications and ratings programs have a shared goal of encouraging aquaculture to pursue continuous improvement toward environmental sustainability, social responsibility, and economic growth. Additional information on the complementary role of certifications and ratings programs can be found here.
Roughly 2.11 percent of global aquaculture production is certified under the Aquaculture Stewardship Council. The top five countries with the most certified volume include Norway, Chile, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Ecuador.
Certified aquaculture production under the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) (tonnes)
The share of aquaculture certified under the Best Aquaculture Practices, a program of the Global Seafood Alliance, has steadily increased, from 0.4 percent in 2010 to 1.8 percent in 2017 and 2.3 percent in 2021. The top five countries with the most certified volume under the BAP include Chile, Canada, China, India, and Vietnam.
Certified aquaculture production under the Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP) (tonnes)
Readers are invited to explore trends in the production and certification of marine fisheries and aquaculture using the embedded interactive tool (below) from the Certifications and Ratings Collaboration.
Source: Certifications and Ratings Collaboration. "Data Tool." 2021. Accessed January 4, 2022. https://certificationandratings.org/data-tool-2021/.
FAO. 2020. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in action. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en.
Giron-Nava, Alfredo, Vicky W. Lam, Octavio Aburto‐Oropeza, William W. Cheung, Benjamin S. Halpern, U. Rashid Sumaila, and Andrés M. Cisneros-Montemayor. "Sustainable Fisheries Are Essential but Not Enough to Ensure Well‐Being for the World's Fishers." Fish and Fisheries 22, no. 4 (July 30, 2021): 812–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12552.
FAO. 2021. FishStatJ Manual. Version 4.01.8. Accessed December 6, 2021.
Pauly D., Zeller D., Palomares M.L.D. (Editors), 2020. Sea Around Us Concepts, Design and Data (seaaroundus.org).
Watson, Reg A., and A. Tidd. "Mapping Nearly a Century and a Half of Global Marine Fishing: 1869–2015." Marine Policy 93 (July 2018): 171–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.04.023.
J.D. Bell, R.A. Watson, Y. Ye. "Global fishing capacity and fishing effort from 1950–2012." Fish and Fisheries. 18 (3) (2017) 489–505
Global Fishing Watch, "COVID-19 Brings Unmatched Downturn in Global Fishing Activity – Global Fishing Watch." March 11, 2021. https://globalfishingwatch.org/data/covid-19-brings-unmatched-downturn-in-global-fishing-activity/.
RAM Legacy Stock Assessment Database. 2018. Version 4.44-assessment-only. Released December 12, 2018. Accessed May 20, 2018. Retrieved from DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2542919.
Melnychuk, Michael C., Emily Peterson, Matthew Elliott, and Ray Hilborn. "Fisheries Management Impacts on Target Species Status." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 178–83. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609915114.
Minderoo Foundation, 2021. "The Global Fishing Index: Assessing the sustainability of the world's marine fisheries." Perth, Western Australia, 60 pp.
Steadman, D. et al. "New perspectives on an old fishing practice: Scale, context and impacts of bottom trawling." 2021. https://oursharedseas.com/new-perspectives-on-an-old-fishing-practice.
Naylor, R.L., Hardy, R.W., Buschmann, A.H. et al. "A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture." Nature 593, E12 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03508-0.
Naylor, R.L., Hardy, R.W., Buschmann, A.H. et al. "A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture."
Analysis by CEA Consulting based on data from: FAO. 2021. FishStatJ Manual. Version 4.01.8. Accessed December 6, 2021.


text:
ADM rewards North Dakota couple's regenerative practices with premium contract for 'Knwble Grwn' flax
Archer Daniels Midland is paying Paul and Diane Overby, regenerative farmers from Wolford, North Dakota, to produce flaxseed to be sold in specialty food production markets.
Paul and Diane Overby of Wolford, North Dakota, say they're energized by a new Archer Daniels Midland contract that rewards "regeneratively" produced crops -- with an emphasis on soil health and reduced inputs. They're hoping consumers and new growers emerge to keep the concept growing. Photo taken Sept. 30, 2022, near Wolford, North Dakota.
Mikkel Pates / Agweek
By Mikkel Pates
WOLFORD, N.D. — A North Dakota farmer is among a handful of farmers in the Dakotas to grow flaxseed "regeneratively" for the food market for agricultural powerhouse Archer Daniels Midland.
Paul and Diane Overby of Wolford, North Dakota, grew flax in 2022 for ADM's new brand that is spelled "Knwble Grwn" and pronounced "Noble Grown." ADM started a pilot program in 2022 and officially will launch the brand in March 2023 and wants to double acres in 2023.
Under the contract, ADM pays a per-acre premium for flax in ways consistent with ADM's environmentally-friendly aspirations.
Paul Overby of Lee Farm, near Wolford, North Dakota, said the stems of the flax crop he was growing for a new Archer Daniels Midland crop were still green, but the tops were ready to harvest on Sept. 30, 2022.
The Overbys harvested their flax for the brand in September 2022. The company will pick the flax up this month at the farm and truck it directly to their Red Wing, Minnesota, processing plant. They'll sell some of the seeds raw but will crush most for an oil market, in small runs. They sell the seeds to foodies and the flaxseed oil to consumers — initially through their own website and then through online retailers like Amazon and Walmart.com.
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Paul said he's happy about the premiums but even more excited that one of America's major agricultural players is connecting consumers with building soil health.
Flax seeds grow in a "boll" which is a protective covering around the seeds, or kernels, that grow in eight to ten segments, in a configuration reminiscent of how orange slices grow. Photo taken Sept. 30, 2022, near Wolford, North Dakota.
"Knwble Grwn" is a "play on words," explained Jaime Goehner, an ADM commercial manager in Minneapolis. "If you think about the 'noble' work that farmers have done for centuries."
And consumers want to "know" about where their food is coming from — " what type of soil, what geography," Goehner said.
Valuing soil health
To Paul, "regenerative" means reducing disturbance to the soil. It means reducing the "environmental load," increasing soil biology and health, and reducing synthetic inputs.
Diane Overby on Sept. 30, 2022, runs the swather in a flax field on "Lee Farm," a family operation she runs with her husband, Paul Overby, who grew up here. The two-person operation focuses on regenerative cropping techniques, including cover crops. Photo taken Sept. 30, 2022, near Wolford, North Dakota.
The Overbys employ no-till farming and manage inputs — chemicals and fertilizer — for minimal use. The key thing on flax is not to use any desiccant as a harvest tool. That means no glyphosate (Roundup).
The Overbys have been involved with ADM for about 10 years. They had produced sunflowers for ADM (and Cargill), and moved into Nusuns and high-oleics. Paul grew peas for ADM's new facility at Enderlin, North Dakota, when the company entered the alternative protein market.
Paul Overby's combine on Sept. 30, 2022, picks up swathed flax, with its characteristic bolls –- the part of the plant that holds the seed kernels. The straw of the plant was still green, but the seeds were ready to harvest, at only about 7% moisture. Flaxseeds are about 38% oil. Photo taken Sept. 30, 2022, near Wolford, North Dakota.
"It is not organic," Paul said, of the regenerative descriptor. "It doesn't mean you don't have any chemicals. It's just, 'How little can we use?'"
The Overbys scout the growing crop, looking for disease that requires a fungicide.
"We scouted aggressively," Paul said.
Paul and Diane planted cover crops last year in preparation for this year's flax, which they "no-till" planted in the spring. Paul said flax itself is earth-friendly because it doesn't need phosphorus fertilizer and needs very little nitrogen fertilizer.
Paul Overby of Wolford, North Dakota, takes off his flaxseed crop in ideal weather on Sept. 30, 2022 – temperatures in the 60s and light winds.
Paul's chemical weed control is limited to a Spartan Charge, a pre-emergent herbicide designed to tackle ALS- and glyphosate-resistant kochia, plus preplant burndown of broadleaf weeds. They can use only one pass with a post-emergence chemical. Importantly, Overby said the contract excludes the use of glyphosate as a pre-harvest desiccant, which is typically done with straight-cut combining.
"We can't use glyphosate on because it is very specifically going into the food-grade market," Overby said. "Consumers are getting very nervous about … finding traces of glyphosate in the food supply. It's something we're going to have to deal with."
Paul Overby, a farmer at Wolford, North Dakota, was pleased at this year's flax yield, but also that his "regenerative" principles were rewarded by Archer Daniels Midland's new Knwble Grwn (noble grown) premium contract.
Read more soil health news:
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When the seeds are ripe and dry, Diane swaths the flax. Immediately afterward, Paul picks it up with the combine.
"The flax itself is ripe and dry, but the straw is green," Overby said. The quick pick-up is designed to prevent windrows blowing in the wind.
Harvest worked well on Sept. 30, 2022, with temperatures in the 60s, sunny and dry. If it had been in the 50s and cloudy, it would have been tougher, Paul acknowledged.
"This contract needs to have a premium. If they're going to require no glyphosate, they're going to have to have a premium because it does add risk to the farmer for harvestability," Overby said.
Planting to politics
Paul's father, Glenn, farmed conventionally. He chisel-plowed a couple of times in the fall and cultivated in the spring, running a disk in front of the drill. He also raised flax. Glenn was an early-adapter for starter fertilizer use.
Paul Overby on Sept. 30, 2022, at Wolford, North Dakota, unloads flax from the combine that year averaged over 30 bushels per acre, with spots in the field running over 40 bushels per acre.
Paul graduated high school in 1977. As the farm crisis developed, he went on to North Dakota State University, where he was active in student government and Republican politics. He graduated at NDSU 1982, with degrees in agricultural education and agriculture, into the teeth of the farm credit crisis.
With slim profits at the farm, Paul worked off-farm at the Fargo United Republican Committee and then North Dakota 4-H Foundation. In 1988, he went to Nebraska to work the unsuccessful re-election campaign for U.S. Sen. David Karnes, R-Neb. (Karnes made the mistake of suggesting "decoupling" farmers from subsidies and suggesting the country needed "fewer farmers." Karnes was defeated by former Gov. Bob Kerrey, the Democrat.)
Paul and Diane Overby harvested flax for a new "Knwble Grwn" contract with Archer Daniels Midland in 2022. The crop was grown with "regenerative" principles and is headed to a premium consumer market. Photo taken Sept. 30, 2022, near Wolford, North Dakota.
Post-election, Paul took a job as vice president of development at Great Plains Regional Medical Center at North Platte, Nebraska. In 1989, he married Diane, from Frazee, Minnesota, whom he'd met in Toastmaster's back in Fargo. Diane worked in marketing for Great Plains Software (later Microsoft), and then in newspaper advertising.
In 1993, Paul's parents retired at the farm.
ADM's Red Wing, Minnesota, plant has always produced flax seed oil for industrial purposes and has been certified for human food in a specialty market under the Knwble Grwn brand.
"We chose to give up our suit-and-tie careers and move north to Dakota and start farming," Paul said, laughing.
Today, they still operate about 1,800 acres on what's called "Lee Farm," named for a maternal grandmother's surname. It includes 1,350 acres of crops. They raise canola, field peas, flax, sunflowers, sometimes soybeans, oats and hard red spring wheat, as well as cover crops.
Also in 1993, the climate turned wet in the Dakotas and Canada.
Diane Overby stands next what she and her husband called "pea-ola," a harvested field in which they "inter-cropped" peas and canola, Wolford, North Dakota. The crops were harvested together in 2022, and then separated for marketing. Photo taken Sept. 30, 2022.
On top of that, in 1996, Congress passed the "Freedom to Farm" bill that allowed farmers to plant more crops than the standard "program crops" like wheat and barley. The Overbys added field peas, sunflowers and canola. Meanwhile, Paul served on a local co-op board and was a part-time ag mediator for the North Dakota Agriculture Department.
In the early 2000s, the Overbys became active in the Manitoba-North Dakota Zero-Till Association. The group had started in the dry 1980s as farmers converted to no-till to save moisture.
No-till conversion
In 2005, the Overbys converted the whole-farm to no-till, confirming the benefits with yield monitors.
"It all actually fits into the long-term 'regenerative' ag," Paul said. "I just didn't know it."
Diane admits that at first, she thought Paul was a "lunatic" for shifting to no-till. After two or three years, she was impressed with improved yields and ability to get machines into the field after a rain.
In 2005, Paul became a part-time farm business management instructor at Lake Region State College, in Devils Lake, working with the Dakota Center for Precision Ag Technology. In 2007, he established Verdi-Plus, a reseller of Trimble agricultural software. In 2009, he went on the Northern Plains Resource Conservation and Development Council, and became its president, helping advance cover-cropping.
As he grew crops more renewable, he delivered some crops into smaller-scale "food-grade" markets.
But the Man-Dak Zero Till group was unsuccessful at getting the larger food industry to connect to soil health. Paul got off the board in 2015. The group disbanded in 2016. Meanwhile, Paul went on an advisory committee for the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education grant program. In 2017, he went on the advisory board for the NDSU Ag & Biosystems Engineering Department.
In 2019, an ADM official approached the Overbys about an idea to get into products that supported "soil health." That led to the 2022 Knwble Grwn contract.
Looking ahead, Overby hopes consumers will become more interested. And the Overbys would like to hand things over to a younger family with similar ideas.
"I am very hopeful that there is a whole bunch of young people that want to try this," he said. "One of our needs is going to be finding young people who want to try this, and meet Paul and Diane Overby, and maybe we can get together."
Related Topics: SOIL HEALTHCROPSNORTH DAKOTAMINNESOTAAGRIBUSINESS
Mikkel Pates is an agricultural journalist, creating print, online and television stories for Agweek magazine and Agweek TV.
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