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# Multi-stakeholder Forum: Shortlist

Thank you for your interest in the Multi-stakeholder Forum selection process. In response to the [call for nominations](http://www.opengovdialogue.ca/en/apply-multistakeholder-forum.html), we received 21 nominations representing a highly competitive and accomplished list of stakeholder leaders representing different regions and thematic interests. **We are delighted to share the list of 16 short-listed candidates for the eight stakeholder seats.**

      Name
      Region
      Organization
      Nomination
      Other material

      Amanda Wakaruk
      AB
      University of Alberta
      Documents
      Other

      Cara Zwibel
      ON
      Canadian Civil Liberties Association
      Documents
      Other

      Claire Woodside
      ON
      Publish What You Pay-Canada
      Documents
      Other

      Don Lenihan
      ON
      Canada 2020
      Documents
      Other

      Jean-Noé Landry
      QC
      Open North
      Documents
      Other

      Katie Gibbs
      ON
      Evidence for Democracy
      Documents
      Other

      Lindsey Marchessault
      MB
      Open Contracting Partnership
      Documents
      Other

      Michael Lenczner
      QC
      Powered by Data
      Documents
      Other

      Pamela Robinson
      ON
      Ryerson University
      Documents
      Other

      Peter Webster
      NS
      Saint Mary's University
      Documents
      Other

      Rob Davidson
      ON
      Open Data Institute - Ottawa
      Documents
      Other

      Sarah Sutherland
      BC
      CanLII
      Documents
      Other

      Ted Strauss
      QC
      McGill University
      Documents
      Other

      Toby Mendel
      NS
      Centre for Law and Democracy
      Documents
      Other

      Tracey Lauriault
      ON
      Carleton University
      Documents
      Other

      Vincent Gogolek
      BC
      BC Freedom of Information and Privacy Association
      Documents
      Other

The members of the Stakeholder Selection Committee are:

* Andy Kaplan-Myrth (TekSavvy)
* Bianca Wylie (Open Data Institute - Toronto)
* Diane Mercier (Ville de Montréal)
* James McKinney (Open Contracting Partnership)

The selection committee was [selected](http://www.opengovdialogue.ca/en/apply-selection-committee.html) by the interim Forum Chairs: Mary Francoli (Stakeholder Chair, Carleton University) and Jordan Zed (Government Chair, Treasury Board Secretariat).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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De Recknitz is een 88,9 km lange rivier in de Duitse deelstaat Mecklenburg-Voor-Pommeren.

De rivier ontstaat uit diverse bronnen en stroompjes, waarvan de Schaalbeke de langste is. Deze ontspringt ten noorden van Teterow. Bij Liessow bevindt zich een bifurcatie: een deel stroomt als Augraben in zuidwestelijke richting naar de Nebel, terwijl een ander deel als Recknitz naar het noordoosten stroomt. De Recknitz mondt bij Ribnitz-Damgarten uit in de Ribnitzer See, een onderdeel van de Saaler Bodden.

De benedenloop van de Recknitz (tussen Bad Sülze en Ribnitz-Damgarten) is de historische grens tussen Mecklenburg en Voor-Pommeren. Nog tot 2012 was het de grens tussen de Evangelisch-Lutherse Kerk van Mecklenburg en de Evangelische Kerk van Pommeren.

Rivier in Mecklenburg-Voor-Pommeren
Stroomgebied van de Oostzee

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Leading security token trading platform tZERO, has recently won the patent that outlines how it may merge cryptocurrencies and digital asset tech with cryptocurrencies and digital asset tech.
tZERO is a global leader in blockchain innovation for capital markets. The firm aims to revolutionize the market and fix the inherent inefficiencies of Wall Street so that financial processes are less beholden to traditional, institutional market structures.
The patent published by U.S. Patent and Trademark Office describes a platform for 'Crypto Integration' that has the ability to combine market information accumulated from a variety of sources to determine best prices. The system would "secure both the digital transactional items (i.e., the funds for buy order and the digital assets for a sell order)" before conducting the transaction. The patent further states that the system will also sign the transactional items cryptographically prior to matching the orders.
The platform can be used to conduct initial public offerings (IPOs) or other public securities offerings, in addition to secondary market securities transactions (these offerings would be registered through the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
For smooth flow of plans to introduce these processes, tZERO might develop "special-purpose hardware," the document explains.


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Sumampa es una localidad de la provincia de Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Es la cabecera del departamento Quebrachos, al sur de la provincia. La ciudad de Sumampa se encuentra a 236 km de la Ciudad de Santiago del Estero y tan solo a 30 km de los límites con la Provincia de Córdoba, por lo cual recibe una fuerte influencia cultural, social y económica de esta provincia. Cuenta con , lo que representa un incremento del 15,50 % frente a los  del censo anterior.

Si bien "Sumampa" como nombre aparece en escritos históricos, la localidad como casco urbano fue de reciente creación a partir del paso del Ferrocarril General Bartolomé Mitre en 1933. A partir de un pedido de los sacerdotes del lugar quienes a través del Obispado de la Provincia habían cedido terrenos para su construcción y teniendo en cuenta que el edificio de la estación a construir estaba a 3km del santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Consolación de Sumampa.

Historia

Sin fecha de fundación exacta, se sabe igualmente que los orígenes del pueblo de Sumampa datan de finales del siglo XVI. Desde entonces, el lugar está poblado de manera ininterrumpida en un sitio habitado desde hace largos milenios por sus pueblos aborigenes.

A comienzos del , el Gobierno Nacional comienza a proyectar la construcción de una nueva línea férrea entre Córdoba y Santiago del Estero, a raíz de la fuerte riqueza forestal que existía en la región sudoeste de Santiago del Estero.

En 1927 comenzaron a realizar las tareas de construcción, en 1932 el Gobierno Provincial realiza la expropiación de 200 hectáreas para el tendido de las vías férreas que por aquel momento pertenecían a la Curia Eclesiástica y recién en 1933 comenzó a operar el ferrocarril con el servicio de pasajeros. El único pedido que se hizo a los ingenieros, los párrocos de aquella época era que la Estación se llamase Sumampa, por lo cual estos accedieron al mismo. El 20 de noviembre de 1933 se subastaron lotes de 42 manzanas a familias del lugar en ese momento, por lo que ese hecho es reconocido como la fundación del Pueblo "Estación Sumampa".

La intensa actividad económica extractiva que generaba la zona tendría un punto final cuando gran parte de su monte desaparece, sumado a los paradigmas del transporte de los gobiernos nacionales de carácter neoliberal que dejaron en desuso gran parte de las vías férreas en la década del 1990. Esto deja a una masa poblacional acéfala que como gran parte de los pobladores Santiagueños optan por irse de su provincia para conseguir trabajo.

Hoy su principal actividad productiva es la agricultura, en su mayoría, de carácter de subsistencia familiar, los servicios públicos y el comercio. La reciente concreción de obras viales y afines desde el 2005 por parte del Gobierno Provincial como la pavimentación de la Ruta Provincial 1 y la Ruta Provincial 13, permite que Sumampa sea un punto de comunicación estratégico entre las rutas panamericanas como lo es la Ruta Nacional 9 y la Ruta Nacional 34  denominadas las "Rutas del Mercosur".

Geografía

El Departamento Quebrachos tiene una superficie de 5.833 km². y ocupa el 4% del territorio provincial. Sus límites son: Al norte, departamentos Atamisqui y Salavina, al este, Salavina, Mitre y Rivadavia, al oeste, departamento Ojo de Agua, y al sur, con la Provincia de Córdoba (Argentina).
Esta superficie departamental presenta contraste con el resto de la provincia. Principalmente debido a que la atraviesan cordones serranos, cuyo relieve desciende y se inserta en dicha planicie deprimida.
Desde el punto de vista geomorfológico, tal conjunto pertenece al grupo-morfo estructural de las Sierras Pampeanas, pero no conserva cono esta los caracteres morfológicos que en términos generales lo distinguen de otros ambientes montañosos del país.
El suelo de la región está compuesto por materiales gruesos (en cercanía de las sierras) y finos productos de la erosión de las elevaciones vecinas.
Al este, es recorrida en su totalidad por el Río Dulce de variada intensidad ya que depende de las aperturas de las compuertas del dique de Termas del Río Hondo, por lo que su caudal aumenta en épocas de verano. El río Dulce posee una derivación de su caudal, creándose un brazo de variada extensión llamado Río Utis (otro brazo del mismo), por el cual recibe un caudal de agua bastante importante. El Río Dulce en esta parte del Departamento en épocas de verano al recibir importante caudal del naciente, sumado a las precipitaciones estacionarias y el descenso del suelo provoca un tipo de laguna inundable llamado Bañados. Estos forman en conjunto con Mar chiquita un humedal considerado uno de los más importantes de Sudamérica debido a la afluencia de numerosas especies de aves.
El tramo sur del río Dulce está considerado el mejor para la pesca del dorado. La modalidad de pesca más utilizada aquí es el trolling, aunque también es factible practicar casting o spinning de orilla con waders, facilitada por la accesibilidad de las costas. Ambos ríos se prestan a la práctica de las distintas modalidades –y estrategias- de pesca ya que cuentan con una importante cantidad de accidentes como arenales, correderas, palizas, toscales y barrancas con profundidades que oscilan entre uno y tres metros (el vadeo del mismo es seguro ya que no existen rayas ni vediles).
La zona , debido a gran cantidad de afluencia de personas de todo el país, está protegida por organismos de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero que regúlan la actividad.

Clima
Las configuraciones de serranías le otorga a esta zona una exclusividad en su clima, ya que es cálido y seco. Las temperaturas son las más bajas de la provincia con una media anual de 19.º con frecuencia media de heladas en invierno. Las precipitaciones son del promedio de 600mm. en su mayoría en verano configurando a la región en un clima tropical con estación seca.

Flora
Una característica notable es la vegetación xerófita y halofila, y de menor tamaño (jume, jarillas, pastizales, etc.) al este del departamento se observan especies arbóreas de los tipos "orckos": Quebracho colorado, Quebracho blanco, Algarrobos, y al norte Vinales.
En el departamento se encuentran especies de más la nombradas: Mistol, huiñaj o Palo cruz, sombra de toro, Piquillín, Atamisqui, Higuerilla, Higueron, Meloncillo, Palán palán, Poleo, Huacla, duraznillo, ancoche, Jarilla (Arbusto), Paico, Palo amarillo.
Varios tipos de leguminosas: Tusca, teatín, garabato, Churqui, Acacio Blanco, Brea, Chañar, Mastuerzo, Algarrobo blanco, Quentitaco, Alpataco, Barba de tigre. Entre las cactáceas se destacan el Ucle, Quimil, Cardón, Cuerno del diablo, Flor del aire, Pastos salinos.

Fauna
Esta es muy variada, propia de las zonas serranas, bordes de llanuras y áreas de salinas. Se encuentran Chancho del monte, corzuela, Zorros, Zorrino, Comadrejas, Liebres, Vizcachas, Conejos, Quiquinchos, Mulita, Pumas, y Gato del monte, y Lagarto colorado.
Serpientes venenosas: Cascabel, Víboras de la Cruz, Yarará, Víbora de coral, Víbora falsa coral, Tortugas, etc.
Entre las aves: águilas, Perdiz del monte, Chuña del monte, Suri, Garza blanca, Cigüeña, Pato criollo, Ochogo, Lechuza campestre, entre otras especies.
También peces Sábalo, Boga, Dorado (Salminus maxillosus), entre otras.

Cultura
Sumampa posee un rico acervo cultural, es nombrada en numerosas canciones de compositores santiagueños y del NOA, mantiene un calendario cultural todo el año como lo son las Fiestas Patronales en honor a la Nuestra Señora de la Consolación de Sumampa en las fechas 21, 22 y 23 de noviembre que atrae a numerosos peregrinos de todo el país.

Concurso Nacional de Asado con Cuero y Locro y Criollo
Desde 2015 con la iniciativa de promover la cultura, fortalecer el turismo y rescatar las tradiciones regionales, se decidió anexar a la celebración de la fecha patria del 25 de mayo, el Concurso de Asado con cuero y Locro Criollo donde mediante un certamen y la decisión de un jurado se elige al mejor asado con cuero y locro criollo de la región. En la última edición (V) participaron 66 concursantes en la categoría Locro (6000 litros) y  en la categoría asado con cuero 32 reses de vaca. Los concursantes fueron de la localidad, regiones vecinas, Córdoba, Entre Ríos y Santa Fe. Tuvo una convocatoria de más de 20000 personas de esta localidad, ciudades y parajes vecinos,  de Santiago Capital, y de otras provincias como Córdoba, Santa Fe, Buenos Aires y Chaco. En las 2 últimas ediciones se incorporaron las destrezas criollas, carreras de burro, juego de riendas, etc. También en la última fecha se realizó el Primer "Concurso de Cazuelas Alfareras Utilitarias" donde se sirvió el locro para mejora la presentación del mismo. Pertenecientes a la Escuela de Alfarería Municipal con el propósito de incentivar a éstos artesanos a continuar con su aprendizaje.

Durante sus dos últimas ediciones fue declarado de Interés Nacional por la Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación y la Cámara de Diputados de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero.

Festival de la Canción Popular

La otra fecha importante es el Festival de la Canción Popular que se realiza en el mes de febrero de cada año, considerado uno de los más antiguos de la provincia ya que lleva más 45 ediciones a la fecha. Su escenario es llamado Carlos Carabajal en honor al gran compositor y quien ha participado en la misma durante su gran trayectoria.
A partir del 2015 se incorporó la jineteada a las noches por ser este espectáculo muy importante en la región del sur santiagueño y norte cordobés, teniendo en cuenta la participación de tropillas y jinetes de la zona en el Festival de Jesús María, provincia de Córdoba. Por el mismo han pasado exitosos artistas a lo largo de su historia como Los Manseros Santiagueños, Los Fronterizos, Los Tucu-Tucu, Los 4 de Córdoba, Los de Alberdi, Argentino Luna, Peteco Carabajal, Abel Pintos, Pimpinela, Luciano Pereyra, Marcela Morelo, Los Tekis, Paz Martínez, Axel,  Destino San Javier, Los del Fuego, Los Rancheros, OrellanaLucca, Néstor Garnica  entre otros artistas de renombre.

Otro hecho de gran relevancia fue en 2018, la de incorporar a la cartelera el Rock Nacional siendo Los tipitos la primera banda de Rock Argentino en tocar en las ediciones del Festival. En la edición 2019 Los Rancheros fueron la banda aclamada por el público.

La edición 2020 la música tropical tuvo su representación por ser uno de los géneros más populares del país y de la región con la exitosa banda internacional Ráfaga y el reconocido artista de estos últimos tiempos El Polaco.

Orígenes

Sumampa es el lugar en donde se encuentran sierras y llano y chaco, los ricos caudales hídricos y el desierto salino. Esta zona fue el hábitat natural de los Sanavirones, nómades corsario y sedentarios guerreros que ocupaban el sur de la provincia. Oratorio, localidad del departamento, fue importante en el pasado ya que por aquí pasaban las caravanas que se dirigían de Potosí a Córdoba, es decir el Camino Real del bajo.
Quillorata, otra localidad, fue una antigua población indígena.
Sumampa, cabecera departamental, fue sendero indígena, camino de conquistadores, etc. constituye una excepción en Santiago no solo por su historia colonial y religiosa sino por su paisaje, su clima, su ubicación geográfica

Los orígenes de Sumampa se remontan a la época inicial de la conquista o este es al menos el primer registro que se tiene del mismo. Numerosos historiadores concuerdan que Sumampa ya era un asentamiento indígena hace muchos años atrás. Su nombre figura en las crónicas más antiguas y en los más rudimentarios ensayos de cartografía de nuestro país.
Monseñor Pablo Cabrera, en su "Córdoba de la Nueva Andalucia", menciona a Sumampa, siendo Cabrera entre los primeros propietarios de la ciudad fundada en 1573 por don Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera, [...] a "Pedro de Villalba" de la Heredad y Viña de Sumampa"[...]. En otro parte, el mismo autor hace referencia a Sumampa en la época del obispo Victoria, primero del Tucumán (1581-1592) que según se afirma debió ser propietario de la zona.
Sumampa nació como un lugar diferente a todos. Nunca fue doctrina o reducción, denominaciones propias de los núcleos formados con miras a la conversión de los indios, si no que permaneció desde sus comienzos, al margen del objetivo misional, pues aparece claramente como un asentamiento primario de colonias españolas, las expresiones "Heredad y Viña" reflejan esa índole.
Esa colonia española reunida en varias estancias vecinas debió determinar la creación de la parroquia de Sumampa (cosa muy diferente de reducción o Doctrina), creación que vino a reafirmar su jerarquía y cuya data es imposible precisar debido a la ausencia de documentos. Se la ubica en tiempos del Obispo Cortazar, tercero del Tucumán.

Significado del vocablo Sumampa
 Proviene de la raíz sumaj, en quechua, lindo, hermoso y mampa que significa, aguas o vertientes. Esto se deduce debido a que en varios lugares de la región existen la misma terminación Chacomampa, Cantamampa, Jasimampa, Huyamampa y Chayamampa.

Los primeros habitantes originarios

Sumampa, Territorio Sanaviron

Según fuentes documentales de la primera hora, cuando llegaron los españoles a mediados del S. XVI, los sanavirones ocupaban una extensa región, ubicada en el bajo Río Dulce y los alrededores de la laguna de Mar Chiquita.; en este confín de las Tierras Bajas interactuaban sus pequeños señoríos.
El territorio nacía a la altura de Salavina en el Norte, y se extendía hasta el Río Suquia en la Provincia de Córdoba, en el Sur. Al Este el límite llegaba al Río Salado y la Dorsal Santafesina. Hacia el Oeste las Sierras de Sumampa sirvieron a esta nación de contención y frontera con los Comechingones, naturales de las Sierras de Córdoba.

Salavina y Sumampa fueron dos comarcas importantes entre los Sanavirones, a las cuales nos referiremos brevemente. Existieron otros pueblos Sanavirones de menor jerarquía, Angagasta, Chapingasta, Chayamampa, Cantamampa, Rumi Yacu, Para Yacu, Llama Pampa, Jacimampa, Chacomampa, Quillotara, Allituara, Puma Huasi, Inti Huasi, Tacanas, Manchín, Quilino, Untujrinta, Chupilta, entre otros, cuyos topónimos rescatamos de escritos de la época.
Sumampa
Sumampa ubicado en un valle de las sierras homónimas, en el Sur de la provincia de Santiago del Estero, se sitúa en un lugar estratégico y privilegiado, entre las últimas elevaciones de la Sierras Centrales y el pie de monte, al oeste de la llanura boscosa que acompaña los bañados del Río Dulce.
Sumampa estaba ocupado por un señorío étnico de la cultura Sanavirona, los naturales de estas sierras, eran poseedores de un elemento vital permanente, como son las decenas de vertientes de agua cristalina y arroyuelos que recorren los valles.

Hombres de la llanura y las sierras

El Sacerdote Jesuita Alonso de Barzana realizó un gran aporte a la historia, al legarnos sus escritos sobre nuestro pasado, datos que hubieran sido borrados por la "noche de los tiempos", de no ser, por su minuciosa labor de describir la forma de vida de estos pueblos originarios que recorrieron y habitaron el exuberante paisaje de las Tierras Bajas del Tucumán Antiguo.
Fueron muy importante los registros y las descripciones del paisaje, los caminos y los pueblos, realizado por los cronistas españoles, los cuales muchos fueron vivenciando y redactando sus travesías.
"El modo de vivir de todas estas naciones es de ser labradores, sus ordinarias comidas son maíz, y lo (así) lo siembran con abundancia ; también se sustentan de grandísima suma de algarroba, la cual cogen de los campos todos (los) años al tiempo que madura y hacen los grandes depósitos; y cuando no llueve para coger maíz o el río no sale de madre para poder regar la tierra, pasan sus necesidades con algarroba; lo cual no solo le es comida , mas también hacen della bebida, tan fuerte , que nunca hay más muertes ni guerras entre ellos que cuando dura el tiempo de la algarroba."
"En estos mismos tiempos della ha procurado nuestra compañía irse con ellos cuando la van a coger, ha catequizado y bautizado en aquel mesmo tiempo muchos infieles en el mesmo monte de algarrobo, y confesado y predicado y hecho nuestros ministerios."
"También tiene esta provincia, fuera de maíz algarroba y otras muchas comidas, y muchos ríos muy grandes con mucho pescado. Tienen mucha caza de Venado, puercos del monte; hay vicuñas y guanacos como en el Perú. Es tierra toda por mayor parte llana, aunque también tiene sierras; en Calchaquí, Catamarca y Córdoba las hay muy grandes; pero los llanos y los montes todos llenos de árboles muchos dellos fructíferos" (Barzana)
Por lo que nos ilustra Barzana a través de esta carta, los Sanavirones eran gente sedentaria que se dedicaron a cultivar la tierra, aprovechando los zonas bañadas a orillas del Río Dulce y los valles regados por vertientes en las sierras de Sumampa. Cultivaban el maíz, los porotos y zapallos.

Sumampa es tal vez uno de los lugares de la provincia de Santiago del Estero con más vestigios de esta cultura originaria. Lo demuestra a través de sus yacimientos arqueológicos, sus morros y cerros con figuras talladas como objeto de adoración a los dioses, Sumampa es la puerta al pasado para conocer la cultura sanavirona.

Camino Real en el departamento Quebrachos
Sumampa es mencionado desde las primeras crónicas españolas como uno de los asentamientos de referencia por el Camino Real, este derrotero histórico unía el Río de la Plata con el Alto Perú, a pesar de haber desviado su rumbo por tramos, jamás abandono la antigua senda principal trazada por los originarios en tiempos prehispánicos. Hoy quedan sus marcadas huellas, cascos de estancias, postas o lugares que eran parada obligatoria en cada lugar del Departamento Quebrachos.

"luego de que sale de la posta nombrada El Cachi, da principio la jurisdicción de Santiago del Estero, territorio expuesto a inundaciones y el menos poblado de todo el Tucumán. Los correos siempre pasan por la travesía de 30 leguas que hay de Ambargasta a Ayuncha y pagan ocho reales mas por la del postillón, que hay de volver con los caballos". Lazarillo de los ciegos caminantes.
"En tiempos de avenidas hay muchos bañados que impiden la aceleración del viaje, y por el camino de las carretas suelen formarse sequiotes y algunos atolladeros que cortan la marcha, siendo preciso aderazarlos con algunos troncos y espesas ramas. Por este camino se rodean de 7 a 8 leguas pero no faltan ranchos que provean de corderos, gallinas, pollos, huevos, calabazas y sandías y otras menudencias al viajero.
La claridad de estos testimonios y la exploración cartográfica nos ha permitido constatar, que en aquellos tiempos gran parte de lo que es hoy el Departamento Quebrachos.
Santiago pertenecía al virreinato del Alto Perú, el Camino Real se dividía en dos a la altura de la localidad cordobesa de Sinsacate y luego de recorrer el norte de Córdoba y sur de Santiago del Estero se unían nuevamente en Loreto. Estos caminos corrían paralelos, uno al oeste llamado camino del alto o Camino de los correos y el otro al este llamado Camino de las Carretas, el Camino de la Frontera de Abipones.
El autor del testimonio explica que en tiempos de "avenidas", es decir en la estación estival no era conveniente transitar el camino de las carretas que pasaba por Sumampa, ya que el terreno era blando y dificultaba el tránsito de las carretas, formándose numerosos barriales y atolladeros.
 El Camino de los Correos
Desde Sinsacate a Barranca Yaco, pasando por San Pedro y Chañar se llegaba al límite con Santiago del Estero. Desde El Cachi al Portezuelo/ de Portezuelo a Ambargasta/ de Ambargasta a Ayuncha/ de Ayuncha a Chañar Pugio/ de Chañar Pugio a Santiago del Estero y de allí a Vinará.
 El camino de las Carretas
De Sinsacate a la Dormida/ de la Dormida a Río Seco/ de Río Seco a altos de Fierros/ de altos de Fierros se llegaba al límite de Santiago del Estero. Desde Báez a Manchín/ de Manchín a Tacanitas a la Lagunilla (Sumampa)/ de Lagunilla a Rumi Yacu/ de Rumi Yacu a Pozo del Monte/ de Pozo del Monte a Oratorio/ de Oratorio a Anga (cruzando el Saladillo)/ a Salavina hacia Santiago del Estero.

Nuestra Señora de la Consolación de Sumampa

La Virgen de la Consolación de Sumampa, es un arte esencial dentro de la historia de este pueblo. Con la fundación de Santiago del Estero en 1553, no solo comienza el proceso de colonización del país, sino que la provincia de Santiago del Estero se convertirá en el centro de la evangelización, pasando de esta manera a ser Santiago la cuna de la Iglesia Católica Argentina.
El proceso de evangelización comienza con la entrada misma de los conquistadores, por la acción de las órdenes religiosas. La primera en llegar fue la de los Mercedarios, posteriormente llegarían la de los franciscanos, orden en la que se destacan la figura de San Francisco Solano, el que en su peregrinar por las tierras del norte, puso sus pies en Sumampa, según lo afirma el Dr. Orestes Di Lullo al estudiar el itinerario del Licenciado Matienzo fechado en 1566.
Al orden de los Domínicos les siguen la de los Jesuitas, y serán estos los últimos los que más lucharon para la formación de la cultura argentina.
En el año 1580 llegará el primer obispo del Tucumán Fray Francisco de Victoria. Este obispo pasó por Sumampa en 1586 en compañía de los jesuitas Angulo y Bárcena.
En 1592 se crea la parroquia de Sumampa y en 1621 el Curato de Sumampa que abarcaría territorios de Santiago del Estero, Provincia de Córdoba y parte de Santa Fe.
La tradición oral y documental registra la presencia del portugués Antonio Farias de Sáa casado con una descendiente de Pedro Villalba, quién había sido favorecido con una encomienda en Sumampa.
Farias de Sáa encargó a un amigo suyo que vivía en Pernambuco, le enviara una imagen de la Virgen; el amigo le envió dos, las que fueron protagonistas de milagros conocidos en el país.
Una de las imágenes quedó en Buenos Aires a orillas del río Luján y su devoción cobró tal trascendencia que fue declarada Patrona de la República Argentina.
La otra imagen llegó a lomo de mula a Sumampa por el año 1630, donde tuvo lugar el hecho milagroso que atribuyó a la voluntad divina de los deseos de quedarse en estos lugares, y de esa manera comenzaría a construirse el santuario.
La imagen que representa a la Virgen en su maternidad Divina es la más antigua de las diecisiete vírgenes Marianas existentes en la provincia.
Recibió el título de Inmaculada Concepción y el primer cura párroco fue San Miguel y Arévalo (1632).
En el lugar donde se produjo el milagro, se construyó una ermita que se inauguró con ejercicios devotos que se practicaron durante tres días del mes de noviembre: 21, 22 y 23, quedando esa fecha como la fijada para la celebración de las fiestas patronales, celebración que continua hasta nuestros días.

El Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Consolación de Sumampa
El santuario fue construido por los jesuitas y los originarios Sanavirones en 1648 y reconstruido en 1782, por lo que puede ser considerado como el santuario más antiguo del país.
La reconstrucción estuvo a cargo de Miguel Gerónimo Soberan, y serán nuevamente reconstruido en 1808 por orden del Obispo Nicolás Videla del Pino.
Con respecto a la construcción del templo se citan documentos oficiales que hacen referencia la misma. Por ejemplo el Gobernador del Tucumán Alonso de Mercado y Villacorta se refiere a la construcción de una capilla para la Virgen en 1652; en otro documento del año 1670 el Gobernador Ángel de Peredo manifesta que dieron limosnas para el adorno y reedificación de la iglesia de Sumampa.
Durante el  el santuario estuvo vinculado a la reducción de Nuestra Señora de Concepción de Abipones, instalada en 1752 y dirigidas por Jesuitas. Por la misma época los Abipones intentaron robar la imagen , ya que ellos asociaban el triunfo en los combates por parte de los españoles en el hecho de que la Virgen los ayudara.
Pudieron robar la imagen de la Virgen del Rosario del Río Seco, la que se conocería como la Virgen Cautiva, y probaron suerte con la de Sumampa, pero según las tradiciones recogidas por Bravo y Taboada, un milagro divino evitó que los salvajes lograran sus propósitos. Por aquel tiempo abarcaba los Curatos de Caminiaga, Santa Ana, San Antonio, Quebrachos, Ojo de Agua, Río Seco y Tulumba.
La Virgen santiagueña destaca su ternura y humildad en medio de un escenario geográfico y sencillo, cualidades que la contrastan con su Virgen hermana de Luján.
El Santuario de Sumampa fue declarado Monumento Histórico Provincial por Decreto Acuerdo "A" N.º 11 del 18 de julio de 1972, y declarado Monumento Histórico Nacional por Decreto Ley N.º 1180 del 12 de noviembre de 1973 como un testimonio de alta valoración histórica, arquitectónica, religiosa y cultural.

La imagen Mariana

Esta es pequeña, de 25 cm de alto, de arcilla cocida y policromada (túnica roja, manto azul, toca blanca), obra de imaginería popular, característica del . Esta figuración está sentada (sedente) y lleva un Niño Jesús dormido en su regazo y rodillas. Este conjunto descansa sobre dos bases de madera de Quebracho colorado santiagueño agregada en 1934.

Títulos y honores otorgados a la Virgen
 Patrona de los transportistas (por haber recorrido un largo camino desde Brasil hasta Sumampa en diferentes medios de transporte, barco, carreta, lomo de mula, etc.) - 1983.
 Patrona del Pueblo de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero - 1984.
 Patrona de la Cultura de Santiago del Estero - 1995.
 Patrona de los estancieros (un estanciero de apellido Farias de Saa la trajo del Brasil).
 Patrona de la lluvia.
 Madre de los humildes y desamparados.
 Guardiana del Honor y la Dignidad Argentina.
 Patrona de las escuelas y la policía.

Villa Quebrachos

Cúspide y ocaso de una aldea

Quebrachos fue la cabecera del Departamento hasta 1911, cuando paulatinamente comenzó a perder habitantes por el inminente paso del Ferrocarril Central Argentino, quedando hoy tan solo un puñado de familias dispersas en la zona cercana al pueblo.

La iglesia data de 1894, de una arquitectura poco común en las iglesias de la Provincia. El estado actual de esta edificación está abandonado, habiendo cedido su techo, aberturas y varias paredes de toda la edificación. Hoy en Villa Quebrachos quedan ruinas de lo que fue una imponente iglesia que cumplía con una doble función, de valor religioso y de mangrullo para divisar posibles ataques de malones indígenas.
Otra de las construcciones imponentes en esta localidad, se encuentra justo en frente de la iglesia, y es la residencia y comandancia del Coronel Fernández. Este edificio además de albergar a las autoridades públicas, brindaba los servicios públicos a la población. Convirtiendo así a este pueblo en un verdadero centro cívico del departamento. Según los testimonios de los antiguos pobladores, la vida allí era muy apacible, durante la semana los pobladores vendían allí sus productos, las damas salían a caminar luego de la misa mientras los feriantes les ofrecían sus productos como el patay, arrope, quesillos, etc. Hoy al llegar a la Villa es imposible no imaginar cómo era la vida por aquellos tiempos.

El Coronel Fernández, fundador de la Villa
El Coronel Juan Manuel Fernández fue un militar santiagueño que para situarlo históricamente su actividad estuvo centrada en la conquista y re afianzamiento territorial por los años de 1870 a 1890.
Nació el 16 de mayo de 1811 en la localidad de San Antonio, Curato de Sumampa. Hijo de Manuel Fernández y Petrona Cuenca, ambos afincados en Sumampa.
En su plena juventud se alistó a las fuerzas del general José María Paz, combatiendo a su lado en las batallas de La Tablada y en sus campañas de 1829 y 1830. Por 1849 ya era Capitán.
Su experiencia en guerrear contra los aborígenes Abipones y Mocovíes en el Chaco, ganando territorio en Santiago del Estero, lo llevó a ser nombrado 2.º Jefe de Frontera en el Fuerte de Abipones ubicado en Quebrachos. Para luego ser nombrado por 1851, Comandante del Departamento Quebrachos. Junto a sus soldados, recorrían el departamento en toda su extensión. Durante 1865, debió presidir varios fortines ubicados en el sur de Quebrachos, como el Fortín La Cañada, el Fortín La Viuda entre otros.

Referencias

Localidades de Santiago del Estero
Municipios de 3ª categoría de Santiago del Estero
Departamento Quebrachos
Cabeceras de departamento de la provincia de Santiago del Estero


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Darlinghurst Theatre Company & Drowned 8 Productions present THE JUNGLE by Louis Nowra.
Louis Nowra wrote this play and it premiered at The Sydney Theatre Company in 1995. In the program notes to this production Mr Nowra talks of this piece as an "intimate epic" and of "using a small cast to play many characters over a large spectrum of society." 9 actors play some 29 characters over a sprawling three and a half hours in some sixteen scenes. In THE JUNGLE there are quite a collection of characters living in the Darlinghurst/Kings Cross area, "this is a world of, straights, gays, the wealthy, the underclass, the aids virus, users and the desperate…" However, the "large spectrum of society" that Mr Nowra speaks about is very narrow indeed in this epic!!!! Having many friends in this area, I have often been a dinner or luncheon guest, and even just walking to the railway station to get home after this performance, I know, and encountered quite a collection of people who are much more diverse, in all the ways that our society can be, than the set of people that dominate the stage of THE JUNGLE. It seems that Mr Nowra has a very limited set of acquaintances that live in this 'Jungle' and feels a need to write about. The choice of characters are very Tarantino PULP FICTION, the definite underclass, misfit or marginalized. In 1976 Mr Nowra published a photographic essay book (of which I have a copy) called THE BEAUTY OF MISERY. It is an interesting 'essay' and has indicated the viewpoint, for me, that Mr Nowra has been preoccupied with most of his career. Both, the physically and socially deprived and/or deformed and the beauty of their misery. This epic is stuffed with them, not a "normal" person to be seen that is not either gay or drug addled. It is indeed a tiresome group of people that he writes about relentlessly in THE JUNGLE. Tiresome, mostly because it is a relentless-three and a half hours of it. There is no contrasted world and this production renders the final scene titled in the text: HERE COMES THE SUN as a pretentious and lame conceit, attempting to lift this world into a place of beauty, probably because he regards them as human, flawed but human. They probably are, but, not in this manifestation of them.
This has to follow on to the design elements. Nothing, not set (Charli Dugdale) – surely the Darlinghurst stage as many unique problems and they need to be dealt with earnestly), costume (Aasa Neeme), lighting (Jack Horton) or sound (Panos Couros) are very conducive to a good night in the theatre. They are mostly ugly and not useful in the suspension of one's belief. Mr Galeazzi either needed more time or budget or both. But then, of course, he agreed to do the gig. No-one else to blame.
Bravo to the actors. Keep working together, and time and conscientiousness may help solve the problems that the rehearsal obviously hasn't. It was a little dismaying to see a half apologetic curtain call. We wanted to thank you no matter what the experience you felt you had given us, otherwise, we would have left at the interval as well. Bravo.
Playing now until 8 August.


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Engineering a Scalable, Rigorous and Equitable K-12 CS Curriculum - DLS Talk by Emmanuel Schanzer (Bootstrap)
July 19, 2019 by importer
Fred Kaiser Building (2332 Main Mall), Room 2020/2030
What would it take to scale computer science (CS) education to reach every child? Not in the next few decades, but in the next 5 years? Adding a new subject into the core curriculum requires thinking big, and there are many design constraints that lie outside of the CS content itself. All too often, however, we approach CS Education as an engagement problem, with a long history of gimmicky programs that disappear when results fail to appear, or run into a buzz-saw of real-world constraints faced by students, teachers, and administrators in the trenches.
In this talk, Emmanuel Schanzer of Bootstrap (https://www.bootstrapworld.org/) discusses the problem from the point of view of a 12 year project, which has reached 100k+ students across thousands of schools, and describes a novel approach that routes around the challenges at a fraction of the cost and time by shifting the constraints from "where CS fits" to "what CS we teach". By taking a sober approach to CS Education, programs can grow quickly and cheaply, using the existing infrastructure of teachers and course requirements that already impact every child. He will also discuss how this approach is being used right now in the US, and share the results and lessons learned from over a decade of research.
Dr. Emmanuel Schanzer spent several years as a program manager and developer before becoming a public high school teacher and middle school academic coach in Boston. He is the founder and creator of Bootstrap, which he first designed as a curriculum for his own students. He has long been involved in connecting educators and technology, connecting parties at the Computer Science Teachers Association, Google, Microsoft, Facebook and at universities across the country. He holds degrees in computer science and curriculum development, and completed his doctoral studies at Harvard with a research focus on using programming to teach algebra.
Host: Gregor Kiczales, UBC Computer Science
Here is a link to his talk:
https://youtu.be/YtvycvMgAE8
Find more undergrad events on our internal portal at https://my.cs.ubc.ca.
This event's address: https://my.cs.ubc.ca/event/2019/10/dls-talk-emmanuel-schanzer- bootstrap
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Redistricting Weekly
Redistricting Weekly: June 3 - June 9, 2021
This week's top redistricting news.
A former Chief Justice of the state's Supreme Court was hired as the Arkansas Board of Apportionment's redistricting coordinator.
The state's redistricting commissions are seeking public input as they prepare to draw their preliminary redistricting plans.
The Wall Street Journal editorial board criticized Governor Pritzker's decision to sign politician-drawn maps - counter to a previous pledge. Illinois Republicans filed a federal lawsuit against the new legislative maps.
The state's redistricting commission has established a 24-hour community helpline to facilitate public input on the map drawing process. Lansing residents are urging the state's redistricting commission to keep the Greater Lansing region whole when redrawing maps this cycle.
The State Ethics Commission selected a retired state Supreme Court Justice to lead the state's newly created citizen redistricting committee.
Census data reveals that the state's smaller towns and cities lost population this past decade, while its larger cities and suburbs saw increases in population.
The state's new redistricting commission, in a series of split decisions, chose to pursue hiring two sets of partisan attorneys from both sides of the aisle to serve as its redistricting advisors.


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I love the world, life, good and interesting people. I think that I am interesting too. I like to be in nature, grow flowers, watch birds. My hobby is to create a home and environment interior. I would like to travel if I had like-minded companion, share the all small joy of life.
I think it's important for every person to move forward, be youthful, discover big things in small things, and be able to enjoy them. And moving forward is always more courageous and interesting when we have a nearby soul.
Dalialyte heeft nog geen vrienden om een aanbeveling gevraagd.


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Home / Practice Areas / Criminal Defense / Family Violence Assault
Texas Criminal Defense Lawyer Wayne Goralski
An experienced criminal lawyer fighting for your rights
If you have been investigated, arrested and charged with an family violence assault in Texas, you need an experienced criminal defense lawyer on your side. If you want justice, then you will have to fight for it and present your case in the best possible light. The other side wants to win, if you have been charged with a crime in Texas, you need an experienced criminal defense lawyer on your side. As a criminal defense assault lawyer Wayne Goralski understands how to deconstruct a criminal case, and build your defense case, so that you can assert the best criminal defense. Call Wayne if you need a domestic violence lawyer. Attorney Wayne Goralski will fight to defend the rights of his clients. He has built his reputation on getting results. Lawyer Wayne "Roger" Goralski has achieved multiple pre-trial dismissals in criminal cases. He is intimately familiar with all facets of the Texas criminal justice system, and has the criminal defense knowledge and skill to make sure you understand your legal options and to guide you through the criminal legal process.
Attorney Wayne Roger Goralski is a Houston-based attorney, working as a criminal defense lawyer and handling civil litigation cases, has more than 27 years of experience as a former criminal justice professional with the Houston Police Department. Wayne has been trained and has handled Assault and Domestic Violence Investigations as an police investigator for Houston Police Department. Wayne is now honorably retired and practicing law as the owner of his own law office. Wayne Goralski spent 10 years working the streets of Houston as a Supervisor and a Police Officer, and 17 additional years as a Squad and Division Commander. Wayne Goralski worked for several years as the Supervising Staff Attorney, in the Chief's Command for the Chief of Police. Wayne Goralski has been a licensed Texas attorney for 17 years, since 1997.
Based in Houston Criminal Attorney Wayne Goralski has handled cases for clients in numerous Texas Courts including the Harris and Montgomery County Civil, District and County Criminal, Family, and Juvenile Courts. Wayne Goralski has represented clients, all over Southeast Texas, including various related city courts, Houston, Pasadena, Baytown, Bellaire, Huntsville, League City, Missouri City, Pearland, Seabrook, Stafford, Sugarland, Tomball, and in the Woodlands.If you need an experienced based in Houston criminal lawyer, call Wayne now.
The list of crimes and variations that form the category known as Family Violence Assault in Texas are found in Chapter 22 of the Texas Penal Code. Based on the context, the situation, and the characteristics of the act, the extent of the harm or injury to the victim, the exact title of the criminal offense and penalties will vary. It is important to hire an experienced Texas or Houston Criminal Defense Lawyer who will examine and find each and every disputable element to the benefit of the defendant. The prosecutor will be required to both present admissible evidence and prove a link connecting that evidence to every element of the offense. Wayne will work your case to ensure that your defense is the strongest it can be.
Assault consists of the following elements:
Sec. 22.01. ASSAULT. (a) A person commits an offense if the person:
(1) intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another, including the person's spouse;
(2) intentionally or knowingly threatens another with imminent bodily injury, including the person's spouse; or
(3) intentionally or knowingly causes physical contact with another when the person knows or should reasonably believe that the other will regard the contact as offensive or provocative.
(b) An offense under Subsection (a)(1) is a Class A misdemeanor, except that the offense is a felony of the third degree if the offense is committed against:
(1) a person the actor knows is a public servant while the public servant is lawfully discharging an official duty, or in retaliation or on account of an exercise of official power or performance of an official duty as a public servant;
(2) a person whose relationship to or association with the defendant is described by Section 71.0021(b), 71.003, or 71.005, Family Code, if:
(A) it is shown on the trial of the offense that the defendant has been previously convicted of an offense under this chapter, Chapter 19, or Section 20.03, 20.04, 21.11, or 25.11 against a person whose relationship to or association with the defendant is described by Section 71.0021(b), 71.003, or 71.005, Family Code; or
(B) the offense is committed by intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly impeding the normal breathing or circulation of the blood of the person by applying pressure to the person's throat or neck or by blocking the person's nose or mouth;
(3) a person who contracts with government to perform a service in a facility as defined by Section 1.07(a)(14), Penal Code, or Section 51.02(13) or (14), Family Code, or an employee of that person:
(A) while the person or employee is engaged in performing a service within the scope of the contract, if the actor knows the person or employee is authorized by government to provide the service; or
(B) in retaliation for or on account of the person's or employee's performance of a service within the scope of the contract;
(4) a person the actor knows is a security officer while the officer is performing a duty as a security officer; or
(5) a person the actor knows is emergency services personnel while the person is providing emergency services.
(b-1) Notwithstanding Subsection (b)(2), an offense under Subsection (a)(1) is a felony of the second degree if:
(1) the offense is committed against a person whose relationship to or association with the defendant is described by Section 71.0021(b), 71.003, or 71.005, Family Code;
(2) it is shown on the trial of the offense that the defendant has been previously convicted of an offense under this chapter, Chapter 19, or Section 20.03, 20.04, or 21.11 against a person whose relationship to or association with the defendant is described by Section 71.0021(b), 71.003, or 71.005, Family Code; and
(3) the offense is committed by intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly impeding the normal breathing or circulation of the blood of the person by applying pressure to the person's throat or neck or by blocking the person's nose or mouth.
(c) An offense under Subsection (a)(2) or (3) is a Class C misdemeanor, except that the offense is:
(1) a Class A misdemeanor if the offense is committed under Subsection (a)(3) against an elderly individual or disabled individual, as those terms are defined by Section 22.04; or
(2) a Class B misdemeanor if the offense is committed by a person who is not a sports participant against a person the actor knows is a sports participant either:
(A) while the participant is performing duties or responsibilities in the participant's capacity as a sports participant; or
(B) in retaliation for or on account of the participant's performance of a duty or responsibility within the participant's capacity as a sports participant.
(d) For purposes of Subsection (b), the actor is presumed to have known the person assaulted was a public servant, a security officer, or emergency services personnel if the person was wearing a distinctive uniform or badge indicating the person's employment as a public servant or status as a security officer or emergency services personnel.
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Publication #SL373
Topics: Department of Soil and Water Sciences | Silveira, Maria Lucia | Hanlon, Edward A | Carbon Sequestration | Forage Management
Carbon Sequestration in Grazing Land Ecosystems1
Maria Silveira, Ed Hanlon, Mariana Azenha, and Hiran M. da Silva2
This publication provides basic information about the important role of native and improved pastures (referred to as grazing land) in sequestering carbon from the atmosphere. Because of the relatively high sequestration rates and extensive area, grazing land represents an important component of terrestrial carbon dioxide (CO2) offset and is a significant sink for long-term carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas mitigation. This publication contains information for stakeholders, students, scientists, and environmental agencies interested in enhancing ecosystems services provided by grazing lands.
Global Carbon Cycle
The global carbon cycle consists of complex processes that control the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, land, and oceans. Although natural processes dominate the carbon cycle, human-induced activities can also alter these carbon transfers. In the atmosphere, carbon is mainly present as carbon dioxide (CO2). Large amounts of carbon are also present in the soil, primarily as soil organic matter. Soil organic matter plays a key role in determining soil quality and its potential to produce food, fiber, and fuel. During the past two decades, the global carbon cycle has received significant attention because of its role in global climate change.
Two important global topics are the rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations caused by human-induced activities (primarily combustion of fossil fuels) and the potential effects on climate change. In addition to CO2, increased atmospheric concentrations of nitrous oxides (N2O and NO) and methane (CH4) are also believed to cause global warming. Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, and methane (also known as greenhouse gases) can trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. Levels of several important greenhouse gases have increased by 25% since large-scale industrialization began approximately 150 years ago, and this increase is primarily caused by energy use.
Plants remove carbon from the atmosphere during photosynthesis, a process done without human intervention. However, to address the contributions made by humans, the carbon must be stored or sequestered. Typically, carbon in plants undergoes several conversions. Some conversions are rapid, such as the addition of fresh plant material to the soil, while others may take long periods of time. For example, a large amount of carbon is already sequestered in our soil.
What is soil carbon sequestration and why is it important?
Carbon sequestration refers to the process of transferring CO2 from the atmosphere into the soil (Figure 1). Once carbon is transferred to the soil, carbon can be stored for decades or longer. This sequestering process may be accomplished by 1) increasing crop yields through the use of management practices such as fertilization, irrigation, and grazing management, and 2) reducing decomposition of existing or new soil organic matter.
Soil carbon sequestration helps offset emissions from combustion of fossil fuels and other human-induced activities. During the past decade, US agricultural soils overall have acted as a net sink of atmospheric CO2, sequestering approximately 12 million metric tons of carbon per year. Although agricultural soils can also emit CO2 to the atmosphere, adoption of best management practices (BMPs) for soil and cropping allowed agricultural soils to remove more carbon from the atmosphere than the soils release. Increasing carbon storage in soils offers significant accompanying benefits such as improved soil and water quality, reduced soil erosion, increased water conservation, and greater crop productivity.
Native and improved pastures are two types of land use that retain carbon in the soil. These land uses usually cause little soil disturbance, which reduces the carbon loss from organic matter and allows fresh plant materials from the grasses to become part of the soil organic matter over time. Figure 2 demonstrates a typical soil pit profile collected from a bahiagrass pasture in South Florida.
Simplified carbon cycle diagram. While CO2 is removed from the atmosphere and incorporated into plant tissue via photosynthesis, it can also be re-emitted back to the atmosphere as plant (autotrophic) and soil microbial respiration (heterotrophic). The balance between carbon inputs and outputs determines the amount of carbon sequestered in the soil.
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[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
Typical soil pit profile collected in a bahiagrass pasture in South Florida. While the majority of the roots tend to concentrate in the top 4- to 8-inches depth, they can also occur at deeper soil depths. Soil carbon concentration is typically greater at the surface (4–6" depth) where carbon inputs (via root and aboveground biomass) are more abundant.
M.L. Silveira
Soil Carbon Sequestration in Grazing Lands
Grazing lands can be important sinks of atmospheric CO2 and play a major role in the overall carbon cycle fluxes. This land use contains approximately 10%–30% of the world's soil carbon reserves (Eswaran et al. 1993). Unlike tropical forests, where the majority of the carbon is stored in the vegetation, as much as 90% of the carbon pools in grazing-land ecosystems are located in the soil (Schuman et al. 2001), hence it can be readily transferred into more permanent storage in the soil. Because carbon stored below ground is more permanent than plant biomass, soil carbon sequestration in grazing lands provides a long-term alternative to mitigate atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions.
Several factors promote greater soil carbon accumulation in pastures as compared to agricultural lands, including high density of roots, root exudation, and, as stated previously, a lack of physical soil disturbance because of the absence of tillage. Researchers have estimated that from 29.5 to 110 million metric tons of carbon can be sequestered annually in grazing lands in the United States (Follett et al. 2001). Because native and improved pasturelands encompass an extensive area in the United States (~1/3 of the land area), small changes in the amount of carbon sequestered in grazing-land soils have significant consequences in the global carbon cycle. Reports have shown that an increase (or loss) of only 1% of the soil carbon in the top 4 inches of grazing-land soils is equivalent to the total carbon emissions from all US cropland agriculture (Follett et al. 2001). This trend underscores the importance of grazing lands to mitigate at least part of global atmospheric CO2 emissions.
Carbon sequestration rates vary by climate, topography, soil type, management history, and current practices. The majority of the grazing lands in the United States are located in arid and semiarid ecosystems; however, grazing lands in eastern regions receive more precipitation and, consequently, have greater potential to respond to management inputs. For example, because of the warm climate and ability to grow crops year-round in Florida, there is the potential to return great amounts of carbon to the soil as above-ground (i.e., dead leaves) and below-ground (i.e., roots, root exudates) plant inputs. However, carbon accumulation in Florida's soils remains a major challenge because of the fast decomposition rates in warm and moist conditions. Appropriate management practices that favor carbon inputs and minimize decomposition are the key to increase carbon sequestration in Florida soils.
Management Practices That Enhance Soil Carbon Sequestration
Current pasture management strategies (e.g., fertilization strategy and grazing management) are generally aimed at increasing forage production to match animal stocking rates or forage demand from hay. However, pasture management can also promote carbon storage in the soil. In fact, most techniques used to improve forage production promote carbon inputs to the soil and increase soil carbon sequestration. For instance, fertilization, irrigation, grazing management, fire regimen, introduction of legumes, and use of improved grass species can boost plant productivity while promoting soil carbon sequestration. Opportunities for increasing soil carbon sequestration in response to management practices vary in intensity and are specific to each ecosystem.
Studies have shown that when low-fertility soils receive fertilizer or lime, forage productivity and soil carbon levels generally increase (Conant et al. 2001). Research also shows that grazing intensity can have major impacts on soil carbon accumulation. Although overgrazing is often associated with reductions in soil carbon concentrations, proper grazing management can result in greater soil carbon concentrations than non-grazed systems. Well-managed grazing lands generally maintain or even increase soil carbon accumulation compared with native ecosystems. Also, livestock benefit from well-managed lands because the grass usually has higher nutrient concentrations because of proper fertilization (Silveira et al. 2009).
Native and improved grazing lands are a significant sink for long-term carbon sequestration and play an important role in mitigating global climate change. Because grazing lands occupy a vast area throughout the world, small changes in the amounts of carbon stored in this ecosystem can have significant consequences in the overall carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2 levels. Although opportunities for increasing soil carbon sequestration in response to management practices are site-specific, grazing lands in Florida offer a unique opportunity to sequester large amounts of carbon.
However, global estimates show that a significant portion of grazing land area in the United States is being replaced by more intensive agriculture and urban development. This land-use trend is particularly true in Florida, where urban development is increasingly competing with natural resources for land. Reducing grazing land area and increasing management associated with land use intensification (i.e., converting extensively-managed pastures into intensively-managed agriculture or urban development) will change the amounts of carbon sequestered in grazing land soils. Continuation of this trend is expected to have major impacts on our regional climate, potential future carbon sequestration, and greenhouse gas emissions.
Carbon trading-related markets and the growing interest in carbon sequestration as mechanisms for environmental protection can change this scenario in favor of preserving grazing lands in Florida while reducing the rate of urbanization. While carbon markets potentially offer new income for farmers, the present outlook for this revenue is not bright. The recent recession and problems with assigning value for carbon sequestration have prevented a stable or significant carbon-trading market from developing in the United States. The European market, while still functioning, reflects a wait-and-see approach in both low carbon-credit trading volume and low prices. This agriculturally-based ecosystem service is unlikely to be adopted if there is no incentive to sequester carbon in grazing lands.
Conant, R.T., K. Paustian, and E.T. Elliott. 2001. "Grassland Management and Conversion into Grassland Effects on Soil Carbon." Ecol. Appl. 11: 343–55.
Eswaran, H., E. Van Den Berg, and P.F. Reich. 1993. "Organic Carbon in Soils of the World." Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 57: 192–4.
Follett, R.F., J.M. Kimble, and R. Lal. 2001. The Potential of U.S. Grazing Lands to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
Schuman, G.E., D.R. LeCain, J.D. Reeder, and J.A. Morgan. 2001. "Carbon Dynamics and Sequestration of a Mixed-Grass Prairie as Influenced by Grazing." In Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect, special publication no. 57, edited by R. Lal, 67–75. Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America.
Silveira, M.L., J.M. Vendramini, J.E. Rechcigl, and M.B. Adjei. 2009. Soil pH and Liming Issues Affecting Bahiagrass Pasture. SL292. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss505
This document is SL373, one of a series of the Department of Soil and Water Sciences, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date September 2012. Reviewed October 2018. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
Maria Silveira, associate professor, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, UF/IFAS Range Cattle Research and Education Center; Ed Hanlon, professor emeritus, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, UF/IFAS Southwest Florida REC; Mariana Azenha, postdoctoral associate, Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Sao Carlos, Brazil; and Hiran M. da Silva, biological scientist, UF/IFAS Range Cattle REC; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.


SESWA Forecast - Seminar Early-Bird Rates End Soon!
Hello 2018! I hope that you had a peaceful holiday with friends and family! The year certainly started with a bang - and a few snowflakes! Not dissuaded by the weather, your SESWA Board and committee members are already hard at work to build this year's programs. Here is an update on what's going on behind the scenes!
The 2018 Action Plan has been completed by the Executive Committee. Opportunities to partner with State Stormwater Associations are being reviewed.
The Stormwater Policy Committee, chaired by Dave Mason, is monitoring the WOTUS rules and other court cases. WOTUS and other policy initiatives are linked on the SESWA home page along with a summary of the dates for each state's legislative session. All members should keep an eye on their legislative or regulatory interests and post any items of note to SESWA's Community Forum.
The Conference and Education Committee, chaired by Patrick Blandford, brought you the Building Green Webinar on January 18th. A special thank you to Cory Rayburn from the City of Atlanta for sharing his agency's efforts on implementing Green Infrastructure. A recording of the webinar is available online.
Registration is now open for the Spring Seminar on Behind the Stormwater BMP Curtain, Cradle to Grave Management of BMPs in Atlanta, GA on April 13th. Hotel rooms and spaces are filling up quickly so reserve your seat now! Register before March 9th to receive the discounted rate. Please share the seminar information with a fellow jurisdiction or business that might benefit from SESWA.
The Annual Conference in Hilton Head, SC on October 3rd-5th needs YOU!! - the Call for Presentations for the Conference is open with submittals due by March 9th.
The Membership Committee, chaired by Joe Mina, is pleased to report 19 new members this year and counting! Please extend a welcome to our January new members: Black and Veatch; City of Perry, GA; City of Roswell, GA; Davis & Floyd; and, Weston & Sampson Engineers. We only need one new member to meet our growth goal this year but we're not stopping there! Consider asking a neighboring agency, firm or business to attend SESWA's seminar or Conference and to become a member.
The Communications Committee, chaired by Dave Canaan, collects information from around the region to keep you in touch with regulatory issues, permit updates, and beneficial projects through this newsletter. Another communication tool is the Community Forum. Post and answer member questions or share news. This member benefit helps us stay in contact and support each other in between seminars and conferences.
Remember to include funding for SESWA membership and travel/training in your budgets for next year! Consider bringing junior staff to training opportunities to help build future leaders of your programs and our Association.
See you in Atlanta in April!
Spring Seminar - Register Early & Save!
Join us in Atlanta on Friday, April 13th for the Behind the Stormwater BMP Curtain, Cradle to Grave Management of BMPs Seminar. This single-day seminar offers an outstanding opportunity to learn from experts who will present a comprehensive overview of what both large and small MS4s should know about NPDES post-construction stormwater best management practices for new development. Presenters from the private sector, Phase 1 MS4s, and large and small Phase 2 MS4s throughout the Southeast will guide stormwater managers and engineers through the decisions necessary to progress from planning to project close-out and beyond. Professional Engineers that attend the seminar and complete the required form onsite are eligible for up to six (6) continuing education credits. Register early online and save. Hurry, the early bird registration rate will end on March 9th!
You're invited to submit presentations on case studies, evolving policy and regulatory information, and new practices, techniques or research for the 13th Annual Regional Stormwater Conference on October 3rd-5th in Hilton Head, SC. Has your jurisdiction been impacted by new policies or regulations? Have you recently completed an innovative stormwater project, implemented new regulations or utilized innovative technologies? Help us make this year's Conference the best yet by adding your insight, knowledge, and experience to the program! The deadline to submit a presentation for consideration is the close of business on March 9, 2018.
Did you Miss the Building Green Webinar?
The City of Atlanta has one of the most far-reaching stormwater management ordinances in the country, laying the groundwork for a robust Green Infrastructure program for both private development and municipal capital projects and without a dedicated funding source. The Building Green: An Urban Approach to Green Infrastructure webinar reviewed the City's success in implementing this approach to Green Infrastructure, many parts of which are transferable to other jurisdictions. If you were unable to attend, the webinar recording is available online.
SESWA's Community Forum is an online tool that enables SESWA members throughout the Southeast to easily connect with other stormwater professionals, post questions and participate in discussions on BMPs, approaches to new permit conditions, Green Infrastructure and LID, and more! It's a new way to network, ask questions and share answers with other stormwater professionals. In fact, you can see that some of the articles in this newsletter are linked to the Community Forum! Getting started is easy - just go to the How-To Guide!
SESWA members may post position vacancy announcements reaching thousands of qualified stormwater professionals throughout the Southeast at no cost for 30 days! Your listings are accessible by job seekers anywhere. To post your vacancy, visit the Job Board on the SESWA website!
On January 22, 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously held that federal district courts - not federal circuit courts of appeal - must decide challenges to the 2015 Waters of the United States or "WOTUS" Rule. SESWA had participated in the appeal to the Supreme Court, arguing that a district court was the correct and preferred location to challenge such rules.
The SCOTUS decision has the effect of negating the orders of the Sixth Circuit Court in Ohio, including the nationwide stay of the 2015 WOTUS Rule. EPA and the Army Corps of Engineers have not yet finalized their proposal to repeal the 2015 WOTUS Rule and only recently have they sent their final rule seeking to delay enforcement of that rule by two years to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for final review. Final adoption of either measure will block enforcement of the 2015 rule. Thankfully, SESWA filed parallel WOTUS challenges - in both the circuit and district courts - and its challenge in federal district court in Tallahassee has remained active. A motion to stay the implementation of the 2015 WOTUS in the eight Southeastern states can be easily refiled if necessary.
Section 404 of the CWA is the principle federal protection for wetlands. Under Section 404, no person may discharge dredge or fill materials into navigable waters without a permit. The US Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) administers the Section 404 dredge and fill permitting program, while the EPA provides oversight. States may assume administration of the program from the federal government. Assumption allows states to process permit applications, issue permits, and monitor permitted activities on behalf of the federal government. A state's permitting criteria must be at least as stringent as federal criteria and must follow federal permitting procedures. The State of Florida is seeking legislation authorizing the delegation of the Section 404 permitting program from EPA and the Corps to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection. While such requests have been made a few times in the past, EPA and the Corps are now actively supporting Florida's request. The issue is important to stakeholders in other states because EPA is actively seeking to reduce its staff size by 50% and to transfer responsibility for many regulatory programs to state governments.
There is a new manager at Georgia Nonpoint Source Program! Anna Truszczynski has been promoted from managing the MS4 Permitting Program and the Industrial Stormwater Permits to the manager of the Nonpoint Source Program (NPSP) for the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (GA EPD). This Program includes the Erosion and Sedimentation, Floodplain, Grants, Outreach, and Stormwater units. Prior to joining the State, Anna served as the manager of Athens-Clarke County's Stormwater Management Program. This experience provided her with a broad perspective while implementing State and Federal Stormwater regulations. She also holds a bachelor's degree in Environmental Studies with an emphasis in policy from Washington University in St. Louis and a PhD in Ecology and Evolution from the University of California, Davis. You can reach her at Anna.Truszczynski@dnr.ga.gov. Anna has presented at SESWA events many times and we look forward to working with her for many years to come!
Greenville County, South Carolina has recently taken a sophisticated and innovative approach to post-development water quality regulation for new development projects. They have adopted a post versus pre development condition (or anti-degradation) policy related to annual phosphorous loading in the Reedy River watershed. The Reedy River has a long history of nutrient related water quality issues that date back to the days when textile mills lined its banks. As a member of the Reedy River Water Quality Group, Greenville County decided to take a bold step in protecting the river from further degradation related to new development by enacting a policy that will promote the use of Green Infrastructure and Stormwater Control Measures. The policy is scheduled to be put into place in the beginning of February 2018.
The hearing for the MS4 permit appeal was set to take place the week of January 15-19th , however the judge has continued the case to allow for additional settlement negotiation efforts among the litigants. If a settlement is not reached, a new hearing date will be set which likely won't be until April or May of this year at the earliest. In the event of a settlement agreement that requires permit modification, Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation will need to follow the standard permit modification process which will allow additional opportunities for public comment.
A North Carolina House committee authorized some short term measures that would require state regulators to study and share data on contaminants. A draft bill being considered requires that the Department of Environmental Quality study the State's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting program to ensure that associated requirements are sufficient to protect public health, safety, welfare, and the environment. Specifically, the bill would require applicants to address emerging chemicals for which an applicable discharge standard has not been established by State or Federal Laws. One pollutant which this legislation seeks to target is known simply as GenX compounds which have affected areas of the Cape Fear River.
Georgia's Environmental Protection Division (GA EPD) has proposed amendments to the State's Narrative Water Quality Standards. The proposal seeks to clarify current language that EPD believes could lead to subjective interpretations inconsistent with the intent of the Georgia Water Quality Control Act. The affected sections, found at 391-3-6-.03(b) and (c), paraphrased, state that waters shall be free from pollutants in amounts that interfere with legitimate water uses. The proposed changes would add the word "unreasonably" before the word "interfere", and replace the phrase "legitimate water uses" with "designated use of the water body." EPD states in their published rational in support of the proposed rule change, that the current language could allow a single person to find the condition of water objectionable, and thereby cause a violation of the standard. The proposed addition of the word "unreasonably" is offered as a solution to this concern. EPD's justification for the replacement of "legitimate water uses" with "the designated use of the water body" is that "legitimate water uses" is not a defined term, whereas "designated uses" are defined. Written comments are welcomed and should be submitted by January 31, 2018.
SB 116, and companion bill HB 512, were introduced in the 2017 Georgia Legislative Session and sought to prohibit the assessment of stormwater utility fees on "water-neutral sites." Such sites were defined in the bills as properties designed and certified to achieve control of runoff from a 25-year, 24-hour storm event in a manner consistent with the Georgia Stormwater Management Manual. SB 116 did not receive a vote in committee. SR 224, which established the Joint Study Committee on Stormwater Management Fees, was offered as an alternate method of providing further consideration to the proposed legislation. The Committee was tasked with reviewing the existing data and current practices relating to stormwater management fees to assess whether local governments fairly impose stormwater fees on private property owners. The Committee held three public meetings in the fall of 2017. Scott McClelland with CDM Smith spoke to the Committee on behalf of SESWA. The Committee released a final report in December 2017. The Final Committee Report contained three recommendations: stormwater utility fees should be determined by best management practices; the Georgia General Assembly is the enactor of legislation that sets policy; and, that the Georgia Association of Water Professionals (GAWP), Association County Commissioners of Georgia (ACCG), Georgia Municipal Association (GMA), and other organizations and their respective members should develop a guide to creating an equitable credit program to encourage more consistent and equitable credit practices. GAWP has commenced an effort to develop a credits guidance manual. Those interested in being involved should contact James Moore.
Wow, where did the time go? I'm pondering this question not from a personal perspective, but a regulatory perspective. It doesn't seem that long ago we were inundated with stormwater regulations being proposed at the state and federal levels, drafting position papers, and educating our elected officials on the administrative and financial burdens of such regulations and unfunded mandates on local government and, ultimately, the voters. It was an uncertain time in the life of stormwater professionals. That was 19 years ago.
The City of Stuart just completed its Cycle 3, Year 4 Annual Report Review for the Phase II NPDES Permit. Fortunately, all is well and our stormwater utility comfortably funds the minimum measures for compliance.
The Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Program in Florida was another matter. With foresight and fiscal fortitude, Stuart implemented a comprehensive watershed program in 2000. In June of 2013, the St. Lucie River Basin Management Action Plan (BMAP) was signed into law. This document identifies all stakeholders that discharge stormwater runoff to the St. Lucie River and assigns load reductions that each stakeholder must meet by 2028, demonstrating 1/3 compliance each 5-year cycle. Stuart has met 141% of TN and 99% of TP 2028 load reduction goals. 19 years and $19 million later, we've arrived...for now.
Land cover definitions are used for implementation of post-construction stormwater, erosion and sediment control requirements, and implementation of stormwater utilities. Land cover that consists of gravel, rip rap, railroad ballast, etc. can generate a wide range of runoff based on function, usage, and installation method. States are taking different approaches to defining the conditions where these land cover types are considered pervious versus impervious.
In 2013, North Carolina drafted a policy that defined gravel as pervious. Legislative committees studied the issue in more detail and concluded that pervious gravel is defined at 4-inches of 57 stone installed over filter fabric or an installed surface with porosity greater than 1.41 inches/hour. Additional legislative discussions may also consider the vehicular use on the gravel.
In Virginia, a federal judge recently rejected a lawsuit in which Norfolk Southern sought to avoid paying a stormwater management fee to Roanoke. Railroad track beds are classified as impervious by the city and subject to a stormwater management fee; however, Norfolk Southern sought to avoid paying the charge, claiming lawns and track beds absorb stormwater about equally. Meanwhile, Maryland is in the process of developing land use guidance documents that will classify railroad ballasts as pervious.
In late October, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) released a study examining the use of Green Infrastructure (GI) to control urban stormwater, particularly in the context of combined sewer overflows (CSOs). The report, which was requested by Congress, describes how municipalities are incorporating and funding GI efforts and what challenges exist, if any. The report also examines the steps EPA is taking to help municipalities use GI.
Of the 31 municipalities surveyed, 26 communities reported that using GI was more challenging than using gray infrastructure, especially when developing operation and maintenance cost estimates. Nevertheless, 25 communities also reported continued use of GI even if it was more challenging. These communities found that GI performs better or that it provided additional environmental and community benefits.
The report also recommends that EPA document agreements (e.g., memorandum of understanding) when working with municipal departments and other stakeholders. By documenting these collaborative agreements, the GAO report concludes that EPA could have better assurance that groups will successfully develop and implement long-term stormwater plans. EPA indicated that it generally agreed with the GAO recommendation and plans to begin developing collaborative agreements with municipalities over the next year.
Don't see news from your state? Please contact us with your news or share your comments on our newsletter by emailing us at SESWA@ksanet.net.


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1520 Sedgwick Ave Births Hip-Hop: August 11 in Hip-Hop History
Forty-five years ago today, DJ Kool Herc gave birth to hip-hop at a party in the Bronx.
Pete Rock & Ali Shaheed Muhammad Join Moogfest Lineup
The 14th annual festival takes place in Durham, NC on May 19.
Jacinta Howard
A Tribe Called Quest to Perform on 'Saturday Night Live' in November
A Tribe Called Quest are headed to 30 Rock.
A Tribe Called Quest's Final Album Has an Official Release Date
The final A Tribe Called Quest album is definitely dropping and it has an official release date.
Todd "Stereo" Williams
'Marvel's Luke Cage' Soundtrack to Drop by the End of the Week
The album will contain an original score crafted by Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad.
Daryl Nelson
'The Low End Theory' Announced A Tribe Called Quest as Hip-Hop's Foremost Auteurs
A Tribe Called Quest's classic 2nd album turns 25.
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A Tribe Called Quest Reunites on 'Tonight Show', Performs 'Can I Kick It'
Legendary hip-hop group A Tribe Called Quest reunited for the first time in 15 years for a special performance on the 'Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon' on Friday (Nov. 13).
25 Years Later: A Tribe Called Quest's 'People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhyt…
On the 25th anniversary of A Tribe Called Quest's debut album, 'People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm,' we take a look back at the project and its impact.
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Red Bull Academy of Music: Maseo, Ali Shaheed Muhammad DJ — Video
Legendary DJs Maseo of De La Soul and Ali Shaheed Muhammad of A Tribe Called Quest recently traveled to Los Angeles to perform together at the Red Bull Music Academy, as part of the Boombox 5th Annual Celebration of the Life & Music of J Dilla.
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