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← TGIF13 – Day Eight: Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan
TGIF13 – Day Ten: Jason X →
TGIF13 – Day Nine: Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday
With the ninth film, the Friday the 13th series entered a new era – housed at a new studio, and back under the guidance of its original creator. But what did this mean for the series? There's no doubt New Line's primary interest in acquiring Jason was to finally square him off against their trademark star, Freddy Krueger – but that would have to wait, and, in the mean time, New Line would make a lot of interesting decisions to keep the franchise chugging along. The New Line era, for better or worse, starts here. Read on to find out how the series tried to re-invent itself, and whether or not it pulled it off. And, as always, SPOILERS AHEAD.
JASON GOES TO HELL: THE FINAL FRIDAY (1993)
Directed by: Adam Marcus
Screenplay by: Dean Lorey & Jay Huguely
Story by: Jay Huguely & Adam Marcus
Remember how the last movie ended with toxic waste or lightning or magic or something turning Jason into a dead little boy? Yeah, well, forget all that crap! As this movie begins, Jason is back to his old hockey mask-wearing self, and once again stalking the forests of Crystal Lake. Unfortunately for him, his latest target is actually an undercover FBI agent sent to trap him, and Jason is blown to a hundred pieces in the resultant ambush.
Despite the celebration of both the FBI and the town of Crystal Lake, at least one person isn't convinced Jason is truly dead – bounty hunter Creighton Duke, the only man who somehow knows that Jason's soul actually lives on, and is now actually "hopping" from body-to-body (with the aid of a strange, demon-worm thing…don't ask).
Turns out Jason can only truly be killed by another Voorhees. Not only that, but he must also be "reborn" through a fellow Voorhees, since these regular human bodies he's inhabiting don't last very long. Well, wouldn't you know it, Jason's half-sister Diana just happens to still live in Crystal Lake, and even has her own daughter, Jessica, and granddaughter, baby Stephanie…giving Jason not one but three relatives to go after.
Eventually, it's up to Jessica, her former boyfriend Steven, and Creighton Duke to take on Jason, and finally send him to hell for good…or at least a decade or so.
First, a confession: as much as it pains me to admit, I thought this movie was really cool when I first saw it. In my defense, I was only 12 at the time, and getting to see an R-rated movie in the theater by myself (thanks, cool parents). And, besides, how developed is anybody's taste in movies at that age, anyway? Now, over 20 years later, and armed with an improved bullshit-detector, I see Jason Goes to Hell for what it really is – an ambitious but seriously-flawed attempt to re-invent a dying series.
And dying, it was. Following the box-office failure of Jason Takes Manhattan, and Paramount's subsequent decision to end their long association with the series, there seemed little reason to be hopeful of any immediate future for Friday the 13th. And yet, oddly enough, the same poor fortunes that seemed ready to kill the franchise actually opened the door to its biggest opportunity yet. Because, as far as most people were concerned, there was really only one more legitimately exciting avenue for the series to explore – the long rumored battle between Jason Voorhees and Freddy Krueger.
One person who agreed with this theory was Sean Cunningham. Originally afraid of being pigeonholed as "the Friday the 13th guy," Cunningham had walked away from the series after the third film. But in the subsequent years, he had not seen his career take off the way he had hoped, and was growing more and more comfortable with the idea of returning to the world he had created. Cunningham's only real interest, however, was a Freddy/Jason cross-over…not only did he know this was what fans wanted to see, but – more importantly – he knew what a boon it would be to his wallet. So, after buying back the rights to the series, Cunningham took them right over to Freddy's home base of New Line Cinema, and it looked like the biggest smack-down in horror history was finally going to become a reality.
Except for one small problem. Wes Craven chose that very moment to make his own return to the series that made his name, and so a team-up project was indefinitely put on hold in favor of Wes Craven's New Nightmare (a bummer at the time, but considering how great New Nightmare turned out, I guess it worked out in the end). Cunningham, meanwhile, knew it was important to at least get the Friday name back out there, in order to keep it relevant for the eventual meet-up with Freddy. Enter director Adam Marcus, a protégé of Cunningham's (which is actually just a fancy way of saying he was friends with Cunningham's son).
By that point, it had become pretty much de rigueur for any new Friday filmmaker to insist their film be different than the others…or, as ended up being the case with Marcus, very different. Perhaps looking to retroactively justify the more mystical direction the series had been taking (and no doubt to further help set the stage for the Nightmare crossover), Marcus – together with writers Jay Huguely and Dean Lorey – consciously sought to go for an even more supernatural feeling this time around, including the whole "body-hopping" concept that would end up being the film's most controversial element.
Now, it should be said, the basic idea of a killer passing his soul from body to body isn't necessarily a bad one. It certainly has potential…but would probably work better if you're starting a franchise with it. But to get nine films into a series and suddenly go, "hey, did you know our bad guy can do this, too?" Well, let's just say that was a little too much for even many Friday fans to accept.
The worst part of it is, when fans go to see a Friday the 13th movie, and especially one with the word "Jason" in the title, they want to see Jason! And I don't mean Jason's "soul" in somebody else's body…I mean the Jason we know and love, in all his hockey-mask wearing glory. Instead, the body-hopping notion relegated Kane Hodder's Jason to only the beginning and end of the movie. The rest of the time is spent with various characters "possessed" by Jason's soul…lame enough, but further hindered by the fact that none of the actors seem to know how to "play" Jason. In Peter Bracke's excellent book Crystal Lake Memories, Hodder remembers how he tried to coach the actors on replicating his movements – advice most of them simply ignored.
Not MY Jason…
The filmmakers have come out after the fact to insist the positive of keeping the Jason we know off-screen for so much of the film's running time is that we are much more excited to see him when he finally makes his big return at the end. That sounds good in theory, but doesn't really pay off in the execution. Not only because Jason's puffy head appearance in this one is a little hard to get used to, but also because he doesn't do much once he's back, other than fist-fight our rather unimpressive hero, Steven, for a few minutes.
I'm also no big fan of the whole "it takes a Voorhees to kill a Voorhees" plot element (and for the sake of my own mental well-being, I'm not even gonna get into the whole "magic dagger" nonsense). I can appreciate the desire to establish a mythological back-story for Jason, one that helps explain how he keeps managing to come back from the dead. But the notion that only a relative can kill him is completely unnecessary. And yet, it was apparently a pretty popular story device back then – a similar concept was also used in Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare. If I had to guess, I'd say it all goes back to the revelation of Laurie Strode being Michael Myers' sister in the Halloween series. Suddenly, every series wanted to have the baddie fighting a relative. Well, I'm actually quite happy with the good-old-fashioned Tommy Jarvis' of the world, thank you very much (although, who knows, maybe Tommy and Jason are distant cousins).
It's not all bad, I suppose. I like a challenge, so I'll find some nice things to say. For one, I'm pleased as punch that the movie ignores the "Jason turns into a little boy" ending of the last movie, and instead just begins with him inexplicably fully grown and back in Crystal Lake. You would think that would piss off someone who bitches about the inconsistent continuity of these movies as much as I do, right? Well, after seeing the evidence on hand, I can only imagine that whatever explanation for Jason's return that Marcus and company could have come up with would have probably been even stupider than what is already on the screen. So it was probably best to just ignore it and get on with the damn thing. Kudos to them for realizing this.
And I will give it up for the opening sequence, depicting Jason's apparent demise at the hands of the FBI. Not just for how cool a visual it is to see the task force blowing him to smithereens (but, let's face it, it's pretty awesome), but also because it's the first time the series has ever acknowledged that the rest of the country must be aware of what's going on in Crystal Lake. You figure a town that small can only have so many murder sprees before it gets at least a few minutes of national airtime (I will say this, though – I hate the over-exaggerated grunts Jason makes while being shot. Living Jason can grunt all you want, but zombie Jason should be silent, dammit).
Oh, I'll also admit to enjoying the sight of the Evil Dead's Necronomicon inside the Voorhees house. Sure, it was just a throw-away gag meant to elicit giggles of recognition from horror fans, but it actually makes a weird sort of sense when you think about it. If you can actually believe that Mrs. Voorhees was in fact practicing black magic with a copy of the book, then you can retroactively go back and explain away quite a few of the more "questionable" story concerns from the previous movies. And, of course, it helped set up Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, which might not have made it to the big screen, but did manage to eventually see the light of day in comic-book form.
And as long as I'm throwing out faint compliments, I might as well acknowledge the infamous final shot of Freddy's glove pulling Jason's mask down to hell – a crowd-pleasing moment, to be sure, even if it would take a full decade to get the pay-off.
But don't let any of this minor praise fool you – the movie is a mess. A kinda fun mess, at times, but still a mess. I still put it above Part V: A New Beginning, in terms of the series' worst entries, if only because it's at least somewhat admirable they were attempting something so different. But at what cost? There were probably about a hundred other ways you could have gone about bringing a more supernatural tone to the series, if that's what you so desired…and almost all of them would have probably been superior to what we have here. In trying to reinvigorate and re-create the series, Marcus and company simply went too far, and ended up with a final product that just doesn't feel enough like a Friday the 13th movie. There's got to be a happy middle ground between a completely radical reinvention and still giving the fans what they came to see. Jason Goes to Hell, unfortunately, just can't seem to find it.
But, hey, if you ever wanted to see Jason strap a naked man to a table and then shave him, this is the movie for you!
I don't know, man…I just don't know.
BODY COUNT: 22
The later Friday films tended to have pretty high body counts, and this one is no exception. I should point out this number includes all those that are possessed by Jason, since it is a fatal condition. Once Jason "leaves" their body, they proceed to melt-down in – on at least one occasion – spectacularly gruesome fashion.
Speaking of which, I guess this is a good time to mention that Jason Goes to Hell was the first Friday film to be made with an eventual director's cut in mind, and, as such, the home video version of the film is, if nothing else, a welcome return to gore, following a string of MPAA-neutered entries. If there's one main thing that keeps the movie fairly watchable despite its numerous issues, it's this.
BEST KILL:
Censored for you sensitive types…
No contest here. In a much-improved variation of the "spear through two teens having sex" moment from the second film, Jason this time rams the spear only through the girl, but then proceeds to literally split her in half with it! It's without a doubt one of the most graphic kills in the series' history, and the fact that it comes right at the end of a decent sex scene only makes it that much better. And, yes, I say that knowing full well statements like those are the reason some people think horror fans are sick in the head.
BOOB COUNT: 5
Thank heaven for re-shoots. The kill scene mentioned above was only added in after test-screening audiences demanded some more "traditional" Friday the 13th-type scenes, which also led to the nudity from the poor split-in-half girl and her friend. Before that, the only nudity would have been a quick glimpse of a sole boob in the opening sequence. In all honesty, I'd usually bemoan filmmakers bending to the whims of test audiences who just want to see more blood and breasts. But, then, it's not like this film had a whole lot else going for it, and it is a Friday the 13th movie, after all. So in this case, I'm all for it.
CRAZY OLD COOT:
Let's give the devil its due. For all of the film's problems, bounty hunter Creighton Duke is a pretty great, memorable character. Maybe he's not as old as guys like Crazy Ralph or Abel, but Duke is the one character in the movie with the most knowledge of Jason, and he does spend a lot of his time warning others about what he knows. In that sense, he kind of fulfills the Crazy Old Coot role – it's just a different kind of crazy with him. You know, more of a "bad-ass" crazy.
NITPICK PATROL:
So, as if the whole body-hopping thing wasn't stupid enough, the movie can't even be bothered to stay consistent with its own rules. Near the film's climax, a character possessed by Jason actually speaks in his normal voice and tries to fool the heroes into believing he's fine. But that's the only time this happens! If Jason can do that, why the hell isn't he doing it during the entire movie?? Sure seems like it would have made things easier for him.
I also can't help but wonder why Jason has waited till now to go after his sister? The movie insinuates that she has lived in Crystal Lake for some time, and it kinda seems like Jason is actually aware of the whole "only a Voorhees can kill him" thing, so wouldn't it have made sense to take care of her before? Or did he always suspect that he would someday be blown-to-pieces, and would need to use either her or her offspring to be reborn? That's actually pretty good planning on his part. In fact, now that I think about it, she's the stupid one! She's obviously aware that she is Jason's sister, and thus a potential target, and yet she has continued to stay in Crystal Lake all these years. When you think about it that way, it's sorta tough to feel bad about her eventual fate.
But there is no bigger moment of idiocy in the entire movie than when Jason is finally "reborn" in the final act. Can anyone explain to me how exactly is it that after his "evil worm" form crawls into his dead sister's womb (and yes, you did read that right), he is somehow reborn wearing clothes and the hockey mask?!? I'm sorry, I don't care what kind of black magic, supernatural, Necronomicon bull-crap you use to defend this…I'm calling shenanigans here.
I mean, jeez, if the movie is going to be that stupid, you might as well just go ahead and shoot Jason up into space or something.
Hey…wait a minute…..
FINAL SCORE: 1.5 out of 4 Hockey Masks
About Trevor Snyder
Give me zombies or give me death. Wait...that doesn't make sense.
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Posted on November 12, 2014, in Franchise Post-Mortems, Friday the 13th, Reviews and tagged Body-Hopping, Camp Crystal Lake, Evil Dead, Friday the 13th, Horror Movies, Jason Voorhees, Kane Hodder, Slashers, Zombies. Bookmark the permalink.	Leave a comment.


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Home > Improving Scalability of Symbolic Execution for Software with Complex Environment Interfaces
Improving Scalability of Symbolic Execution for Software with Complex Environment Interfaces
Bucur, Stefan ; Candea, George
Manual software testing is laborious and prone to human error. Yet, among practitioners, it is the most popular method for quality assurance. Automating the test case generation promises better effectiveness, especially for exposing corner-case bugs. Symbolic execution stands out as an automated testing technique that has no false positives, it eventually enumerates all feasible program executions, and can prioritize executions of interest. However, path explosion—the fact that the number of program executions is typically at least exponential in the size of the program—hinders the applicability of symbolic execution in the real world, where software commonly reaches millions of lines of code. In practice, large systems can be efficiently executed symbolically by exploiting their modularity and thus symbolically execute the different parts of the system separately. However, a component typically depends on its environment to perform its task. Thus, a symbolic execution engine needs to provide an environment interface that is efficient, while maintaining accuracy and completeness. This conundrum is known as the environment problem. Systematically addressing the environment problem is challenging, as its instantiation depends on the nature of the environment and its interface. This thesis addresses two instances of the environment problem in symbolic execution, which are at opposite ends of the spectrum of interface stability: (1) system software interacting with an operating system with stable and well-documented semantics (e.g., POSIX), and (2) high-level programs written in dynamic languages, such as Python, Ruby, or JavaScript, whose semantics and interfaces are continuously evolving. To address the environment problem for stable operating system interfaces, this thesis introduces the idea of splitting an operating system model into a core set of primitives built into the engine at host level and, on top of it, the full operating system interface emulated inside the guest. As few as two primitives are sufficient to support a complex interface such as POSIX: threads with synchronization and address spaces with shared memory. We prototyped this idea in the Cloud9 symbolic execution platform. Cloud9's accurate and efficient POSIX model exposes hard-to-reproduce bugs in systems such as UNIX utilities, web servers, and distributed systems. Cloud9 is available at http://cloud9.epfl.ch. For programs written in high-level interpreted languages, this thesis introduces the idea of using the language interpreter as an "executable language specification". The interpreter runs inside a low-level (e.g., x86) symbolic execution engine while it executes the target program. The aggregate system acts as a high-level symbolic execution engine for the program. To manage the complexity of symbolically executing the entire interpreter, this thesis introduces Class-Uniform Path Analysis (CUPA), an algorithm for prioritizing paths that groups paths into equivalence classes according to a coverage goal. We built a prototype of these ideas in the form of Chef, a symbolic execution platform for interpreted languages that generates up to 1000 times more tests in popular Python and Lua packages compared to a plain execution of the interpreters. Chef is available at http://dslab.epfl.ch/proj/chef/.
Advisor(s):
Candea, George
Lausanne, EPFL
symbolic execution ; program environments ; systems software ; interpreted languages
10.5075/epfl-thesis-6719
Other identifiers:
urn: urn:nbn:ch:bel-epfl-thesis6719-1
Laboratories:
Scientific production and competences > I&C - School of Computer and Communication Sciences > IINFCOM > DSLAB - Dependable Systems Laboratory
Scientific production and competences > EPFL Theses
Work produced at EPFL
n/a: EPFL_TH6719 - PDF;
Export as: BibTeX | MARC | MARCXML | DC | EndNote | NLM | RefWorks | RIS
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


1. Industrial Training & Project work as part of the curriculum is being permitted to the students at KSEBL from various Educational Institutions subject to some conditions.
The Chief Engineer - HRM is the sanctioning authority for imparting Project/Industrial training in KSEBL and the permission should be given subject to the conditions indicated below.
(a) A request letter from the Head of the Institution is required.
(b) Industrial/Inplant training at the Generating Stations/Substations/TMR Divisions of KSEBL except at Moolamattom Power Station and Load Dispatch Centre, Kalamassery is limited to ITI/Polytechnic/Graduate Engineering students of 3rd year/final year.
(c) The number of students in a batch shall be limited to maximum of 5 at a time in the Generating Stations/Substations and 10 in the TMR Divisions and permission shall be limited to only one batch at a time.
(d) Permission shall be granted for a maximum of 5 working days only.
(i) Training for M.Tech students: Rs. 1500/- per student.
(ii) Training for B.Tech students: Rs.1000/- per student.
(iii) Training for Diploma students: Rs. 500/- per student.
(iv) Training for ITI Students: Rs. 250/- per student.
(f) The fee should be remitted in the cash section, O/o the Chief Engineer (HRM) under the instructions of Executive Engineer (HRD Cell).
(g) Permission letter should be obtained from the HRD Cell, (3rdFloor) Vydyuthi Bhavanam, Thiruvananthapuram, under the control of Chief Engineer - HRM.
(h) Requests for Industrial training scheduled within a period of 45 days alone should be considered.
(i) Schedule once allotted will not be changed other than due to unavoidable circumstances and will be considered within the period of sanction only.
(j) No other facility of KSEBL shall be available for use by the students permitted for training in KSE Board.
2. Project work at KSEBL – Procedures.
(a) In the case of Project, topics should be relevant to KSE Board /it should be KSEB related topics. Permission shall be given at the Generating Stations/Substations/TMR Divisions/other offices of KSEBL except at Moolamattom Power Station and Load Dispatch Centre, Kalamassery and it shall be limited to Engineering College students.
(b) Project work/Organizational study shall be allowed to the final year BBA/MBA students.
(c) The number of students shall be limited to a maximum of 5 in a batch.
(d) The students shall be given permission for a maximum of 3 months only.
(e) Authorised officers and staff members shall be permitted to guide the students, but restricted to guide only one batch at a time. Their role as guide shall be without detriment to their normal official duties and functions.
(f) Consent letter from the officer who will be guiding the project work should be obtained.
(g) A fee of Rs.1000/- per student shall be levied for the project work. The required fee shall be remitted in the cash section of the Chief Engineer (HRM), Vydyuthi Bhavanam, Thiruvananthapuram.
(h) Requests for carrying out Project Work scheduled within a period of 3 months alone should be considered.
(i) Students shall produce their ID cards whenever required.
(j) Students shall submit a copy of the project report to the HRD Cell for keeping in the Library for reference.
(k) The staff of KSEBL is exempted from remitting the required fee.
As per the Apprenticeship Act, 1961, rate of stipend payable to Graduate Technician apprentices for one year training is detailed below.
Apart from the above students should execute an Indemnity Bond on stamp paper worth Rs.200/- during the training period.
4. Our employees are deputed for training in various reputed institutions like ESCI, CPRI, CIRE, NPTI, NTPC, etc for expertise and for knowledge upgradation. Month wise schedule for the selected programmes are being published in the official website.


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Will Netanyahu Do The Right Thing?
There is a fallacy in thinking that Israel can pursue the "piece process" in a new Likud-like manner. As most of us know, this "Oslo process" does not lead to peace put to the destruction of Israel and its replacement with "Palestine." Perhaps this point is so obvious that I should not be devoting this issue to it. However, Israel's new Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, and many of his advisors continue to express the view that "international agreements" must be honored including the Oslo Accords. It is true that Israel's new government has announced its intention to conduct the negotiations differently from Labor. And Netanyahu has made a point of demanding PLO compliance with their commitments under Oslo. He has also wisely stated that the security interests of Israel will be protected.
(2) Israeli security can never be protected under the Oslo Accords, despite the best of intentions. Many in the new government believe that the key is demanding strict compliance on the part of the PLO. This is also an illusion, since a perfectly compliant PLO would still pose a serious threat to Israeli survival by virtue of its negative impact on Israeli security, water supplies, and national morale.
2. The implementation of Oslo should be frozen until complete PLO compliance.
3. Slowly at first (then more rapidly later) Israel should begin to strengthen and build up the Jewish communities in YESHA including Hebron. Territorial blocks, military bases, and the roads connecting them to each other and the rest of Israel should be annexed officially and taken off the negotiation table. Eventually all public domain land should be added to this territory.
The Palestinian Arabs would soon abandon their dream of creating a new state of Palestine on the ashes of the Jewish state. The international community would soon accept Israel's right to protect its own interests. Israel would be gradually burying Oslo without actually doing it blatantly. Netanyahu must realize that Israel can't be a little bit pregnant. We must either accept Oslo (and Palestine) or reject it.


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← Fit the Fourth – Notes From Nowhere
Fit the seventh – Notes From Nowhere →
FIT THE FIFTH & SIXTH – NOTES FROM NOWHERE
A human mono-culture is the foundation of today's visions of the future – one powered by ingenious replacements for oil, found not on Earth, but in the transcendent intellect of Man! The natural, sublunary world will be married to social needs – some species will predominate for man-food and some for man-medicine, while others will be set aside for her recreation. Flowery meadows for bright butterflies will "delight" school parties, while close-cropped sheep lawns will keep uplands beautifully naked and pretty as a picture. Other kinds of lawns will cushion the feet of golfers, while "wild moorland" will be preserved for shooting parties in which Man can rediscover her primal nature. Of course some bluebell woods will be fenced off from the ravages of the timber-fired power stations which will supersede coal. Timber is natural and so it must be good – the twinned words natural and sustainable drive the post-modern fantasy. Wood-converted, once coal-fired power stations (for just London and suburbs) will burn three times the total annual (for all uses) timber production of the whole of Britain. That impossibility is glossed over as another driver of human ingenuity. The ingenuity engine is powered by a targeted education, which will in turn empower the next generation to solve what is insoluble today.
Meanwhile, the only solution to climate change, rapidly depleting resources and increasingly lifeless soils is to make something from nothing. That ridiculous quest is pursued as realism.
So, crop yields will be increased by changing the nature of species to match human needs – something from nothing in an ingenious genomic splice. As plant hunters once brought the world's wild species home to English cottage gardens, so gene hunters are projected to bring wild evolution up to comfortable, contemporary date. Enclaves of biodiversity will be "preserved" for future genetic mining – rain forests are customarily proposed to be "valuable" because of the genetic pharmaceutical properties, which future human generations may discover there.
The story goes that algae will be cultured to make fuel – by the power of the sun – something from nothing. Children are told by their parents, that trees are like solar panels – clever as people. But apparently-clever people have forgotten that both algae and trees need food to grow and that food comes from somewhere and that somewhere else must be diminished to replace the complex biomass we've just reduced to mere gas and ashes.
I think that Nowhere, Erehwon, Utopia, midsummer night's dreams, Arcadia and the ordered stars will make a better beginning than the careless, abstract futurism of post modernity.
My midsummer night's dream pursues nothing which does not exist in both nature and human nature and which may partially satisfy the deep, intrinsic needs of us all – to be parts of the whole.
FIT THE SIXTH
If ever a social movement was scientific, then the Great Re-settlement was scientific, because it became aware of what was settled – awareness more than understanding, because understanding is a utopian idea for night time tales – Awareness is for daylight. Disillusion with the narrow ideologies and cult-sciences of post-modern education, opened a new, more sceptical, but wide-open eye on nature. Natural truth is attractive, because it is illusive. Understanding is for the dignities of state. I have previously presented the thought (in other books) that the language of state and the language of tools have different and inherited functions. The state-maker's language is serious, parochial, stupid, and guarded, whereas the tool-maker's is funny, diffident, curious, intelligent and convivial. So it has always been. Of course, beneath the facade of our presented roles, we are all the same and by chance may adopt either language. I make the distinction, to emphasise the attraction, which soon became a fashionable attraction, of taking up a trade and abandoning the corporate wage. The trial and error of techniques is playful and funny – It uses our inner child. So the world of tool-making spread with unexpected rapidity – across national, social and cultural boundaries.
No doubt, my listeners will have observed for themselves how chance circumstance can evoke both the best and the worst of human nature. The worst – when the undefined, small injustices and wrongs of our lives, (undefined, but apparent perhaps as simmering, subjugated emotion) find a common scapegoat (equally undefined) with others for unleashed revenge. Newspapers such as the Daily Mail make money from stirring such emotions with an equally (and conveniently) vague reasoning. Objects of hate are always ill-defined. Fear followed by hate is a natural reaction, which allows us to retaliate to potentially invading armies, religions or ideas. Today, such hate is directed at vague shadows which suggest that our ways of life must change – wind turbines, meteorologists, overly-moral Islam…..
The last two UK governments have used hate to maintain oil and gas – and oil and gas pipeline interests in "vulnerable" regions. Democracy, economic growth and the British way of life must be protected at all costs from religious "fundamentalists", invading diseases, "terrorist activists", loony, limp green technologies, badgers, the Nanny State and spongers. The language is unnervingly close to the state language of Stalinist Russia, or Fascist Germany – the state newspaper: the Daily Mail. Both Tory and New Labour parties compete in the same terms and the state broadcaster: the BBC has become just that. To counter the certain truths that resources are being consumed to extinction and that Earth is warming beyond the point where her current species can maintain a balance – the BBC will "impartially" present an equal weight of the opposite view that climate is too big for human influence and that resources can be mined forever. However, it gives no air-time at all to the Flat Earth Society, or to the Colonise the Moon Society and so its impartiality is highly-selective.
Where am I leading with my own tale of shadowy ill-defined forces? Yes. Adversity can bring out both the worst and the best of human nature – The best is perhaps for those night-time tales – the better may be good enough.
As I've said, the way out from the mire, or world of shadowy ill-defined forces – is through it to the other side, not to change it from within – We can prudently pay the mire-geld, but the language of tools is incomprehensible to those who use the language of state. The best remedy is to remain convivial, curious and self-doubting and to keep walking. Civilization is what we do. Meeting strangers while walking, leads to interesting conversation – shadowy lives become interesting lives and the unexpected brings unexpected remedies. But when a state meets another state, minds close – look to history.
The history of the Great Re-settlement flowed through courses of least resistance, beneath closed minds of the state – and to an extent invisible to it. The law through which citizens wandered was for the most part no obstacle. The justice system which had been inherited by post-modernity had evolved through history to fit a common humanity – not the inveiglements of power. Power has administered unjust policies, unjust wars, unjust subsidies and unjust taxes for which law was not to blame. That power has regularly inveigled the law because it was powerful is no fault of the law. We have seen how power has done the same to science in recent times and to religion in deeper history. Law, science and religion remain innocent of their misuse by the powerful. Law, science and religion (or if you like, a common, shaping and perceptive, moral spirit) are the foundations of all societies from hunter-gatherer to the oil-cultures of today.
Since the resettlement was a populist movement its popularity influenced every strata of hierarchy – even some filthy-rich lawyers, politicians, "consultants", bankers and media people felt its pull in their hearts before humanised heads had set feet on its road.
Of course, planning guidance based on (recent) precedents was the hardest to overturn. I mean severely-restricted rural housing, wind turbines banned from national parks and from "scenery" in general – and on the other hand, false "development" such as super markets, which both reduced employment and increased the expensive likelihood of owning a car – also, the construction of anachronistic retail/industrial parks, high-speed railways and increased air-port capacity for the twilight of consumerism.
Well, some planning officers, being human, felt the pull in their hearts and new precedents were incrementally established – following the "guidance" of a social tide.
The heart of law is and always has been the maintenance of the common good. The great resettlement was propelled by that notion. That corrupted law has come to protect some enclosed commons as the property of the self-interested, is self-evidently a weakness to be remedied by interested lawyers. Theft is difficult to defend as a foundation of justice. So the ideas of returned commons and of limits to property were re-established in ordinary conversation.
Commons such as roads, market squares, market halls, town halls and harbours are but half-thought of as commons today. The great resettlement declared them so by general conversation. Other commons, such as soil and water, which are also vaguely accepted as commons, were emphatically defined as beyond property. However, after the Scottish Declaration of Sequestration, (which left fossilised biomass in the ground) living biomass was newly-defined as a common. In truth it is the central common around which all others are satellites. Considering biomass (life) we must observe that the greatest mass of all passes through soil – through land property.
To regard biomass as a common became necessary to maintain crop yields. A farmer can continue to supply a town with produce, only if green wastes and sewage from the town are returned to her fields. So the farmer can own her cabbage, but not its biomass, just as a household can own its garden, or gardenage but not its soil. The property or enclosed common of the cabbage can be bought and sold (at its labour value). What is bought and sold is labour. The cabbage biomass flows through fungi, bacteria, compost, the cabbage itself, into human biomass, green waste, compost and soil. Biomass as a common became a visionary inspiration to ideas of money-flow and to how economies are integrated conduits – receiving and returning tribute to their primary ecologies.
The biomass of all species transcends or subverts the forms of those species, because it flows formlessly and indefinably between them all. Once that simple idea became accepted, some consequent ideas became obvious. The idea of life as liquid meant that to diminish the mass of life in one area, lowered the sea-level of the whole. Such a lowering does not occur, when life flows from one form to another, but only when life disappears into lifelessness – death is an essential part of life, but lifelessness is not necessarily so.
Such lowering occurs by burning – gas and ashes, may, or may not be returned to a life-cycle, but in all cases the tide will fall.
A lowering can also occur by an unbalanced fermentation – for instance, if too much waste is returned to a field, then excess fermentation will release nutrients (salts and minerals) to water courses and gas to the air – some, but not all of those nutrients may be taken up by various species elsewhere, but life will be diminished locally and (to a lesser extent than by burning) sea level will fall.
My listeners can see at once how commons of biomass could be seen as a model for the common values and social justice systems of communities.


text:
War of 1812 Collection
Independent Chronicle Vol. XLVI No. 3477- August 8, 1814
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10464/3765
dc.description.abstract A semi-weekly paper that was published from 1801 to 1817. It was previously called the Independent chronicle and the universal advertiser, and was later the Independent chronicle and Boston patriot (Semiweekly). Publishers were Abijah Adams and Ebenezer Rhoades.
dc.description.abstract Contains an account of the Battle of Bridgewater (Lundy's Lane) from the Buffalo Gazette Extra, 29 July 1814. Some other details about the battle and the losses sustained can be found on page 2 under the heading "Further Particulars, relative to General Brown's late battle". Also contains a detailed account of the battle in a letter written by Dr. E.L. Allen of the 21st Regiment, dated at Buffalo, 26 July 1814. A brief article after this contains the number of British killed, wounded and missing in the Battle of Chippawa, taken from Montreal papers.
dc.description.abstract Page 1: notice from the U.S. War Department seeking proposals for the supply of rations to troops; account of the battle of Bridgewater; list of important military figures wounded in the battle; news of prisoner exchange; Americans and the British negotiate and new prisoner exchange convention;
dc.description.abstract Page 2: report of more British troops sailing to North America; report of some Indian tribes signing a treaty to fight against the British; report of battle near Detroit; report of militia moving from Fredricksburg, Virginia to Baltimore, Maryland; report of troop numbers and casualties in the battle of Bridgewater; report that Commodore Chauncey has recovered from his illness; news of American Naval forces sailing from Sackett's Harbor; Indian tribes sign peace treaty with U.S.; news of U.S. relations with Indians in the southern U.S.; account of battle of Bridgewater and list of casualties; report of the number of men killed and wounded on both sides in the battle of Chippewa;
dc.subject Indians of North America en_US
dc.subject Naval operations en_US
dc.subject Naval warfare en_US
dc.subject Newspapers en_US
dc.subject Prisoners of war en_US
dc.subject War of 1812 en_US
dc.subject Battle of Lundy's Lane en_US
dc.subject United States - History en_US
dc.subject War of 1812- Domestic Life en_US
dc.subject Battle of Chippawa en_US
dc.subject Chauncey, Isaac., Commodore (1779-1840) en_US
dc.title Independent Chronicle Vol. XLVI No. 3477- August 8, 1814 en_US
August8_1814.pdf
A digital collection of the 1812 era records from the Brock University Archives and Special Collections.


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L'assedio di Zara si svolse tra il 22 novembre e il 5 dicembre 1813 nell'ambito dei più vasti eventi della guerra della sesta coalizione: la guarnigione franco-italiana della città di Zara, nelle allora Province illiriche del Primo Impero francese, fu attaccata da una forza congiunta di truppe austro-britanniche al comando del generale Franz von Tomassich e del capitano George Cadogan, capitolando dopo un breve assedio.

Antefatti
A lungo parte dei domini della Repubblica di Venezia, il porto di Zara sulla costa della Dalmazia passò sotto il dominio della Monarchia asburgica nel 1797 per effetto del trattato di Campo Formio, ma già nel 1805 la città fu ritrasferita al Regno d'Italia, stato-cliente della Francia di Napoleone Bonaparte, sulla base della Pace di Presburgo conclusiva della guerra della Terza coalizione; infine, per effetto del trattato di Schönbrunn conclusivo della guerra della Quinta coalizione tra Austria e Francia, nel 1809 Zara fu incorporata nelle nuove Province illiriche dell'impero francese. Il possesso delle Province illiriche doveva servire alla Francia per garantirsi il controllo del mar Adriatico e impedire collegamenti navali tra l'Austria e il Regno Unito, eterno rivale di Napoleone, ma con la vittoria nella battaglia di Lissa del 13 marzo 1811 la Royal Navy acquisì una notevole dominanza sulle acque del bacino. Nell'agosto 1813, infine, l'Impero austriaco riprese le armi contro i francesi e un'armata austriaca invase le Province illiriche da nord; lavorando in congiunzione con gli alleati, la squadra navale dell'ammiraglio Thomas Fremantle iniziò quindi a traghettare per l'Adriatico contingenti di truppe austro-britanniche da un punto all'altro del litorale dalmata, forzando alla resa molti porti di importanza strategica.

Nell'ottobre del 1813 le navi di Fremantle e le truppe austriache posero l'assedio alla città di Trieste, la quale capitolò il 28 ottobre; completata questa operazione, l'ammiraglio decise di distaccare dal suo squadrone la fregata da 36 cannoni  del capitano George Cadogan, appena sopraggiunta nel nord dell'Adriatico, e di inviarla a porre il blocco al porto di Zara più a sud con l'assistenza dello sloop da 18 cannoni . Zara era un obiettivo ben difeso, con fortificazioni moderne armate di 110 cannoni, sette mortai e undici obici in posizioni fisse servite da una guarnigione di circa 2.000 uomini (per più di metà croati reclutati localmente) comandati da un generale francese di una certa esperienza, il barone Roize.

L'assedio
Quando arrivò a Zara il 22 novembre, Cadogan trovò la fortezza ben rifornita e pronta a sostenere un lungo assedio, così decise di bloccarla e di prepararsi a prenderla d'assalto; Cadogan decise di impiegare i cannoni delle sue navi per stabilire delle batterie a terra armate con marinai e Royal Marines tratti dagli equipaggi delle imbarcazioni, lavorando in combinazione con la forza di blocco austriaca al comando del generale Franz von Tomassich appena sopraggiunta con 1.500 uomini e due obici. Il tenente William Hamley ricevette il comando di una forza di 60 marinai con il compito di stabilire le batterie d'assedio intorno a Zara, e un totale di due carronate da 32 libbre, otto cannoni da 18 libbre e sette cannoni da 12 libbre, insieme a tutte le munizioni e la polvere da sparo necessarie, furono sbarcati dall'Havannah e dal Weazle; i pezzi furono trascinati su slitte attraverso paludi e fossati di notte, per poi essere messi in posizione a una distanza di circa tre miglia dalle mura. La Union Jack fu alzata su ciascuna delle tre batterie d'assedio approntate il 23 novembre, e i pezzi iniziarono il bombardamento delle fortificazioni di Zara sotto una pioggia quasi incessante.

La guarnigione francese disponeva di dodici piccole cannoniere ormeggiate sotto le mura, ciascuna armata di un cannone da 24 libbre e un pezzo più leggero; il tiro dei pezzi francesi causò diversi danni alle postazioni degli austro-britannici, obbligando gli assedianti ad approntare continuamente sacchi di sabbia con cui rinforzare i loro trinceramenti. Il 1º dicembre uno dei cannoni da 18 libbre e una delle carronate dei britannici furono reindirizzate a contrastare le cannoniere francesi, e nel giro di un'ora e mezza nessuna di esse era più a galla.

La situazione per la guarnigione si fece seria quando i battaglioni croati si ammutinarono contro i loro comandanti francesi; il generale Roize riuscì a domare la sommossa, ma molti dei ribelli riuscirono a uscire dalla fortezza e a consegnarsi nelle mani degli austro-britannici, privando i francesi di circa i due terzi dei loro effettivi. Il 6 dicembre, dopo tredici gironi di incessante bombardamento e quando ormai le batterie britanniche disponevano di pochi colpi con cui proseguire il tiro, Roize inviò fuori dalle mura una delegazione sotto bandiera bianca offrendo la resa della città.

Conseguenze
Cadogan e Tomassich accettarono i termini di resa offerti da Roize: ai francesi sarebbe stato permesso di tornare in Italia dietro la promessa di non impegnarsi più in combattimento, a meno che non fossero stati successivamente scambiati con un pari numero di prigionieri coalizzati; una volta stabilita la convenzione di resa, la guarnigione francese marciò fuori da Zara e gli austro-britannici fecero il loro ingresso in città.

In totale, i coalizzati catturarono 110 cannoni e 18 obici oltre ad altri 100 pezzi d'artiglieria smontati, 350 prigionieri e dodici cannoniere riportate a galla; al momento di salpare alla volta di Trieste, Cadogan ricevette istruzione di lasciare tutto il bottino e le spoglie di guerra agli austriaci, il che costò alle ciurme delle navi britanniche circa 300.000 sterline di premi di guerra. L'imperatore d'Austria Francesco I, ad ogni modo, insignì il tenente William Hamley dell'onorificenza dell'Ordine imperiale di Leopoldo per i suoi servigi durante l'assedio.

Nel giro di poche settimane le restanti postazioni fortificate dei francesi nelle Province illiriche caddero in mano ai coalizzati: Cattaro capitolò il 3 gennaio 1814, seguita da Ragusa il 27 gennaio seguente; per la fine di marzo tutto il territorio delle Province (con l'eccezione dell'isola di Corfù) era in mano ai coalizzati o ai ribelli croati insorti contro i francesi. Il congresso di Vienna del 1815 ristabilì infine il pieno dominio dell'Impero austriaco su Zara e il resto della Dalmazia.

Note

Bibliografia

Guerra nel 1813
Zara
Battaglie che coinvolgono il Regno d'Italia (1805-1814)
Zara
Storia di Zara

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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Churchill Barriers
From Roader's Digest: The SABRE Wiki
Location Map ( geo)
This is the first Churchill Barrier seen from Lamb Holm
From: Ayre of Cara
To: West Breckan
Highway Authority
On road(s)
The Churchill Barriers are a series of four causeways in Orkney linking the Orkney Mainland to the island of South Ronaldsay, via Lamb Holm, Glimps Holm and Burray. The Barriers were originally built as a war defence during the Second World War to protect Scapa Flow. They are now used to carry the single-carriageway A961 road.
1 The Barriers
1.1 Barrier No 1
The Barriers
The barriers were constructed by Prisoners of War during World War 2, and are constructed from a huge number of concrete blocks dumped in the shallow channels between the islands. The blocks were created from stone quarried on Lamb Holm, where the POW camp was sited. Once completed, smaller blocks were laid on top to form a roughly level surface on which the road could be constructed. Whilst providing a two-way road, the barriers are generally quite narrow by modern standards and can be quite tricky to negotiate with spray raining down!
Barrier No 1
Barrier No 1 from St Mary's
The first Barrier, heading south from the Orkney Mainland, is almost half a mile long and crosses from the mainland to Lamb Holm. At the northern end of the barrier, the B9052 meets the A961, the latter having been extended westwards from the Pier in St Mary's when the barrier had opened. Previously, a ferry served between Mainland and Burray, with no regular access to Lamb Holm or Glimps Holm. Lamb Holm is, of course, home to the world famous Italian Chapel, the last surviving remnant of the prisoner of war camp that was constructed to house the men building the barriers.
Barrier No 2 from Lamb Holm
The second Barrier connects the two small isles of Lamb Holm and Glimps Holm. It is almost exactly the same length as Barrier No 1 and features a concrete wall along the eastern side of the road at the north end to protect traffic from some of the more severe weather, which regularly flings sea water across the road in stormy conditions. Lying in the water to the east of the barrier is one of the blockships that was sunk before the barrier was built.
Running from Glimps Holm to Burray, this is the shortest of the barriers. It crosses the Weddell Sound, where a number of the Blockships can be seen lying to the east of the barrier. Prior to its construction, there were no classified roads on Burray (nor indeed the previously uninhabited Holms), so the extension of the A961 takes a slightly wiggly course across the narrow neck of the island.
Barrier No 4 from Burray
Connecting Burray to South Ronaldsay and replacing a ferry that originally ran further west from the pier in Burray Village to the end of the B9044, Barrier No 4 is the only one to have been reclaimed by nature. Significant sand dunes have built up on the eastern side of the barrier, creating more of a problem than spray does on the other barriers as it is constantly blowing and sliding into the road. As yet, there doesn't seem to be any attempt to minimise this issue by building a retaining structure along the roadside. The opening of the Barriers led to the A961 being extended the length of South Ronaldsay, mostly taking over the former B9040, but also using a newly built section of road to connect to the barrier itself.
Following the sinking of the battleship HMS Royal Oak by a German U-boat in 1939, Winston Churchill ordered permanent barriers to be constructed to block the eastern entrances to Scapa Flow. The narrow channels had already been partially blocked by blockships - old boats deliberately scuttled to minimise the chances of U Boats finding a way in, but one did. Work began on the barriers in 1940, with most of the labour provided by Italian prisoners of war. The barriers were completed in September 1944, although the official opening of the Barriers did not happen until May 1945.
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› Arts and Culture › Entertainment › Monthly Columns › Jim Fouratt's REEL DEAL: Movies that Matter
Jim Fouratt's REEL DEAL: Movies that Matter
administration 04/01/2014 Arts and Culture, Entertainment, Monthly Columns
Well,spring is here and movie festivals are popping up all over New York City like daffodils in Central Park. The Tribeca Film Festival is the biggie (see separate article),but most weeks, there is a smaller festival somewhere in NYC.
LET'S GO TO THE MOVIES
FINDING VIVIAN MAIERdir John Maloof and Charlie Siskel
Imagine buying at a storage space auction a trunk full of undeveloped rolls of film and discovering later it was as if you have found an abandoned Picasso. That is what happened when John Maloof, a documentary film maker, bought the trunk at auction near his home in Chicago. He began to develop and print some of the work of a mysterious photographer. He had discovered Vivian Maier just when her life work was about to be consigned to a dust bin. Who is Vivian Maier you may ask? Well, she had leapt posthumous into the first ranks of photographers, an acknowledged master of picture taking. She was unknown and may have stayed so if Maloof had not raised his auction placard that fateful day
Finding Vivian Maier takes you on a journey of finding who was behind the shutter and raises as many questions as it answers. The rhythm of the editing heightens the sense of investigative discovery usually left to whodunitand crime stories. Maloof discovered Vivian Maier was employed in NYC and Chicago in the '50s-'80s as a nanny. She began taking pictures with the legendary Brownie that became the first camera of many a child before digital photography evolved on everyone's cell phone. She secretly roamed the cities clicking away. The gift of a master is not in the equipment but in the eye itself and the printing of the image. Even today, it is the eye and aesthetic that remains the difference between an artist and an amateur. Maloof documents the 100,000 images she left, most undeveloped, and unearths the biography facts of her life. Yet what makes Finding Vivian Maier a masterful documentary is for every fact we learn, new questions arise. Was she a closet lesbian? Was she a high functioning autistic person long before we had a word for it? Or was she an obsessive voyeur which fulfilled with artistic expression her passion and felt no need to share with anyone else her work.
What we discover is that her work ranks with the masters of contemporary portrait and street photography. Helen Levitt, Peter Hujar, Arthur Tress, Diane and Dune Arbus come to mind. All those questions in addition to the beautiful images of Vivian Maiermake seeing this documentary a pleasure and an adventure.
ONLY LOVERS LEFT ALIVEdir Jim Jarmusch
Indie cinema legend and SoHo resident Jim Jarmusch makes a creative leap forward in this beautifully told love story set in exotic Tangiers and contemporary Detroit.It is the story of the longest love affair in history. The entwined couple Adam and Eve played by Tilda Swinton andTom Hiddlestonare both century-old vampires.
Jarmusch'svampire storytelling is unlike any such story I have ever seen. Jarmuschsays about his characters, "These two lovers are archetypal outsiders, classic bohemians, extremely intelligent and sophisticated — yet still in full possession of their animal instincts." Adam is a reclusive rock star despairing of completing his latest masterpiece despite having surrounded himself in his barricaded residency with a home recording studio that rivals any professional setting (Think Axl Rose or Trent Reznor).
At the right precise moment of need, Eve, his muse and lover for centuries, appears to nourish him, but she is not alone . Her sister Ava, played by Mia Wasikowska, is a punk teen nightmare looking for adventure without the caution Adam and Eve have developed for survival. A Sartre-like triangle evolves that puts all three at risk of discovery. Also present in the superb cast are John Hurt, Jeffrey Wrightand Anton Yelchin. Special mention must be made of the use of color and light in this most specific of vampire tales. Both the director of photography Yorick Le Saux and production designer Marco Bittner Rosser have pushedJarmusch into a new and welcome visual direction.In ONLY LOVERS LEFT ALIVE,Jarmusch manages to make human the yearning and desire these two ancient but ageless lovers have that resonates across centuries: human need rooted in affection. The sister is a ticking time bomb that moves the story from a present day Cocteau fairy tale to an existential survival tale that encapsulates the rough reality of today as individuals become more and more like expressions of robotic life. Nice to see an artist like Jarmusch challenge himself. Tilda, well, she is luminous in every single frame she appears.
NYMPHOMANIAC pts 1 and 2 director Lars Von Trier
What is one to make of the fascination now turned obsession of one of the world's most determined film directors to hold on to his own style and vision? Lars Von Trier has always been bedeviled in a quest to understand the difference between men and women especially when it comes to sexual desire and passion. In Melancholiawith Willem DaFoe and Charlotte Gainsbourg, clearly delineated between the male's desire to understand and to distance himself from the unknown and the female who embodied unfiltered passion and an irrational feeling driven reality check. It was vivid and disturbing and almost Greek in its heightened storytelling. Showing sexual violence in a metaphorical way became indelible in many frames in the memory banks of the viewer.
Von Trier showed the tension and distance and lust vividly but his insight into the sexual energy of the female was almost zilch, so now he is back continuing in Nymphomaniac pts 1 and 2 with both his returning stars (Gainsbourg and Defoe) and with the addition of Shia Labeouf, StellanSkarsgård,Christian Slater, Uma Thurman, Sophie Kennedy Clark, Connie Nielsen Udo Kier andJamie Bell and his body doubles reputedly for all penetrative sex. Now obsessed with understanding female sexuality and pleasure, he foists upon the audience his perceptions of heterosexual man's idea of a living sex doll who can not resist a penis she senses in the room or on the street.
Other than as set up for the flashback, part one does not feature Charlotte Gainsbourg but Stacy Martin, a young actress willing to have sex over and over and over again on screen to the point of boredom for her and the audience. Pt 2 brings out overtly the sadist in Von Trier with a cunning piece of casting. He has Jamie Bell (Billy Elliot) do a Miley Cyrus and with all his wholesomeness embodies the whipping man for hire by females in need of a good leather strap slap, or twenty. Jamie Bell is convincing and makes the big leap from favorite son to sadist with a smile and a work ethic.
Gainsborough brings again an unnerving commitment to her character who a) can't get enough; b): has no feeling . We see her and or her body double give men pleasure. Let me say here that Shia LaBeouf rises to the occasion repeatedly and StellanSkarsard as the understanding older man who finds her roughed up in an alley and takes her in and listens to the story, we seen flashbacks showing how a man can be compassionate. At the screenings I attended, many times there was what I would call inappropriate laughter from the men in the room, most likely to deflect feelings be they erotic or disgusted.
Nymphomaniac is not a comedy. Nor is Von Trier Russ Meyer.
What makes it rise above porn is Lars Von Trier's commitment to nuancing the motivations of his characters and his skilled crafting of this complicated story telling. Brave, yes. Interesting? The answer will come from each individual viewer. For me, I found the 2nd part unnecessarily violent without the underpinnings of classic heightened Greek tragedy. Sadly, he seems no further along in his attempt to understand female sexuality nor in particular the work of noted Psychotherapist Karen Horney which seems to have informed him . Horney, sometimes referred to as the origin of feminist psychotherapy suggested that all differences between men and women were culturally reinforced. Her theory on female neurosis ripples throughout the film but never is truly embraced as it gets mired in s/m expression. In the end his quest to understand remains a male concept. Both parts 1 and 2 are available for the shy on iTunes while playing in theaters.
CESAR CHAVEZ director Diego Luna
Mexican born and internationally renowned actor Diego Luna (he played Harvey Milk's lover in Gus Van Sant's Milk) has chosen to tell the story of CESAR CHAVEZ, the organizer of the Farm Workers movement which built a union for farm workers most of whom were immigrants from Mexico and Latin America. The struggle took place in the 60s and Chavez insisted on using the organizing strategy of Gandhi and non-violence. Grapes became verboten in many a home in America during his campaign for higher salaries and better working conditions for all workers be it from Latin America or the Philippines. With the life threatening fasts and the support of Robert Kennedy, the union eventually won. CHAVEZ is more successful humanizing a larger than life figure in US history than say the biopic of Nelson Mandela. Luna is especially sensitive to the role that women played in the farm workers' struggle.
CC: jim fouratt reeldealmovies@mail.com
New Pizza Invasion on Hudson
Who in their right mind would make a film about land use?


In spite of the reputation as being one of the most common and difficult injuries to fix in all of sports medicine, hamstring strains are not all that difficult to rehabilitate. In our work with Olympic sprinters, hurdlers and jumpers, preventing and treating hamstring strains is the most important and valued skill because of the prevalence of these injuries in their events.
The three muscles of the hamstring group from medial to lateral: the semimembranosus, semitendonosis, and biceps femoris, all originate via a common tendon at the ischial tuberosity, the bony prominence at the base of the pelvic bone that is the contact point when we sit. They insert on the back side of the lower leg bone (tibia) just below the knee joint.
Because this muscle group crosses both the hip and knee joints they are known as two joint muscles. During running the lower hamstring works in a lengthening (eccentric) contraction at the knee joint to slow down the rate that the lower leg swings through the air before it hits the ground. At the hip the upper hamstring works at first eccentrically to limit the degree that the hip joint flexes at foot strike, this helps to slow the speed that your center of gravity drops in mid stance. Later in stance phase they switch function and are active in a shortening (concentric) contraction to extend the hip joint and catapult your body weight over the stationary stance leg. The hamstrings, along with the gluts are the prime movers, (i.e.your motor) in steady state running on flat surfaces as they are responsible for keeping your center of gravity moving forward. In up hill running and sprinting they are even more active.
The difficulty in localizing the exact site of hamstring strain is further illustrated by how often a runner will come in for Physical Therapy evaluation complaining of a hard to locate pain behind the knee. After ruling out knee pathology, the pain is invariably found anywhere in a region from the mid belly of the hamstring to 4-6 inches above the knee even though the pain is experienced lower in the back of the knee.
To further complicate the pain presentation of hamstring strains, there exists a bursa in the gluteal area that will refer pain and tightness into the back of the thigh where the hamstrings are located. A bursa is a fluid filled sac, much like an internal blister; but it's suppose to be there, and it functions to prevent friction between the gluteus maximus muscle and the sit bone (ischial tuberosity). This condition is called an ischial-gluteal bursitis. It is almost always associated with hamstrings strains, but may exist in isolation too. The tell tale sign of this bursitis is pain with sitting, especially in the car. In the car the pain will be either right under the "sit bone" but often radiate into the hamstring in the back of the thigh making it tight and sore. It may also hurt when sitting on soft or hard surfaces too.
If you are experiencing the sitting pain in the buttock, and it's worse when sitting in the car, the bursitis needs to be resolved or the hamstring injury will not get better. The pain from the bursa will keep the hamstring tight. If your stretching and icing techniques are performed twice a day and does not resolve the buttock pain, you will need to consult a Physical Therapist who is experienced with running injuries.
There are at least two other common ailments that will also refer pain to the posterior thigh where a hamstring muscle strain would be experienced and well. Also a compressed nerve root in the low back (lumbar spine) will cause a radiating pain into the hamstring as will a spasm of the Piriformis muscle deep in the buttock.
The Piriformis muscle is one of six "deep rotators" of the hip joint that act mostly as stabilizers during running. When there exists a functional or structural leg length discrepancy, the two lower extremities will not function symmetrically and these deep rotators will often react with a painful spasm that will mimic a hamstring strain. Each of these diagnoses must be ruled out by an experienced physical therapist before an isolated hamstring injury is identified and resolved.
The hamstrings are subject to both acute and overuse injuries.
Since the hamstrings are the motor that keeps runners moving forward they are highly susceptible to fatigue and a subsequent breakdown of normal function. As described above, the hamstrings work at both the hip and the knee joint during running and function quite differently at each.
In overuse hamstring strains fatigue accumulated during a workout will interfere with the smooth transition from a lengthening contraction to a shortening contraction and the result is muscle fiber damage. As the fatigued muscles struggle to gradually release their contraction and lengthen, they suffer micro trauma that will over time build up to become a macro trauma.
In the interim, the body attempts to repair the damage with scar tissue. After repeated failed attempts to heal the damage, the excess and dysfunctional scar tissue becomes a problem. The scar tissue prevents the muscle fibers from contracting because to do so muscle fibers need to shorten and spread apart, the scar tissue prevents that normal function. The resulting muscle weakness not only decreases performance but can lead to an acute strain.
In overuse injuries as the area of damage and scarred tissue accumulates, the muscle gets tighter and weaker and a dull ache will appear during or after a workout. You will lose your ability to stretch, and attempts to do so only increase the muscle tightness. It turns out that the the scar tissue matrix acts just like one of those Chinese finger handcuffs that tighten around your fingers when you pull the two ends apart from one another. This is one of the few injuries that we don't stretch in rehab until the scar tissue is resolved.
Alternately, acute traumatic hamstring injury occurs when the muscle is overloaded and a significant number of fibers tear all at once. The pain can be severe and appears suddenly during a workout. This is the type of strain that causes runners to "pull up" in the middle of a race.
Muscle strains are graded I, II, and III to indicate their severity. A grade I strain is when a limited number of fibers are disrupted. You may feel soreness after a workout and/or stiffness when you stretch. If left untreated, a grade I strain will progress to a grade II.
A grade II strain involves a more significant portion of the muscle fibers and the pain is more severe; you will likely limp home. In some instances the damage also involves the fascia, a connective tissue sheath that wraps around the muscle belly.
The acute pain involved with grade II strains will make walking and daily activities difficult for up to 10-14 days or even longer. Also, black, blue and sometimes yellow bruising may appear further down the thigh from the injury sight 3-7 days post injury, as it drains through the superficial tissues.
Grade III strains involve a complete rupture of the muscle or tendon. Grade III strains are rare. The pain and inability to walk or even contract the hamstring will speak to the severity of a grade III strain.
Whether you have suffered an acute traumatic muscle strain or an overuse injury, the rehab program is similar. Only the timing is different. In both instances the inflammation must be addressed and the scar tissue has to be broken up. Finally the muscle has to be rehabilitated to full flexibility, strength and endurance before sports specific workouts can begin.
In acute injures the inflammation is more significant and is the focus of the first week of rehabilitation. Ice, compression and gentle range of motion exercises begin to move the injury in the right direction. For elite athletes with an imminent competition we will begin treating the scar tissue with cross fiber friction massage quite early, i.e in 48-72 hours post injury.
Cross fiber friction massage is the single most important manual therapy technique used in our approach to sports injuries. This treatment involves the use of specific massage strokes applied in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the tendon or muscle fibers to disrupt the scarring that develops between fibers and prevents normal function.
Because cross fiber friction aids recovery we developed home use massage sticks like this one for daily use.
GET YOUR COPY OF HEALTHY RUNNING STEP BY STEP AND LEARN EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT RUNNING PAIN FREE!


Less than a year after the industry began, running a Blockchain business using a digital token has suddenly become a lot more complicated.
The free-for-all of the first six months of 2017 when Blockchain startups and 'projects' created and sold tokens at will, often for hundreds of millions of dollars, has changed thanks to snap regulatory decisions.
The context of regulator reactions continues to dictate digital token or ICO market performance.
In more liberal settings such as the US, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has sought to create a wary environment among Blockchain businesses looking to issue a token. According to its exact functions and technical make-up, a token may or may not conform to the legacy description of a 'security,' and issuers must act accordingly to stay above the law.
The UK has become the latest major economy to publish official guidance on the phenomenon. Literature released Tuesday, September 12 by the country's Financial Conduct Authority closely tracks the SEC.
"Whether an ICO falls within the FCA's regulatory boundaries or not can only be decided case by case," it states.
Most recently, however, a considerably harder route to ICO market control has come from China. Together with the US, it constitutes the largest participant in the industry, accounting for $398 million of its total $1.7 billion value.
As of September 2017, digital token sales are banned in China, a decision even affecting completed sales retroactively, compelling some businesses to refund sale proceeds.
The situation poses obvious problems for China-based projects, who are now considering how to continue operating in a market where even fiat-to-crypto exchange could soon become illegal for the second time.
"Not a lot of countries have any type of regulation in place," Blackmoon Crypto CEO Oleg Seydak told Bitcoinist about the current status quo.
Token issues will pay major attention to jurisdictions which have a position on the matter like USA, Singapore, China and comply with that regulation or avoid interactions with their citizens. Blackmoon Crypto is a Blockchain-based platform for tokenized investments, also preparing to launch an ICO. Like international platforms such as LakeBanker, the project faces a regulatory headache launching in such an uncertain global environment.
When asked what industry participants should do to bulletproof themselves against unpleasant regulatory challenges, Seydak's immediate reaction is to create as strong an offering as possible.
Shutting The Door For How Long?
Imbued against regulatory shuffling by technical design are ICO projects which have been years in the making, such as Vinny Lingham's Civic.
A steadfast delivery and plan for token use has come on the back of a highly controlled yet innovative token sale that ensured few doubts remained about developer integrity.
But so far, the interim method of choice for ICO-implicated businesses has simply been to deny participation to US and Chinese citizens.
The consequences of being lax about adherence are plain to see. This week, China's regulators ordered even completed ICO campaigns to refund investors, while the scenario of a re-worked regulated ICO industry appearing in the country remain pure speculation.
Ahead of its planned ICO campaign, LakeBanker is therefore reviewing its options for both the short and long term. One thing is for certain: few cues will come from Civic, the platform having labelled Lingham's sale "North Korean" in an article in August.
"At the beginning we will focus our resources on countries other than the US and China," Lakebanker CSO Andrew McCarthy explained to Bitcoinist.
Our choices of the locations are based on two criteria: where our services are needed most and where legal overheads are not beyond reasonable. There are many countries that meet these two criteria better than the US or China.
The company has already converted to a de facto non-Chinese operation, having previously had only little involvement with the market. Chinese investors will also face initial exclusion.
In future, however, things could readily change, and such eventualities are already implanted into the platform's roadmap.
"For the US and China some preparation work of the markets can be done in parallel, which include compliance/licensing, recruitment, and technology," McCarthy added.
We will definitely shift our focus to the two biggest economies in the world in a year or two, when we have more streamlined processes, experienced operational teams, and good track records from other markets.
LakeBanker's ICO is due to commence September 15 as a fixed-price sale, followed by a phase 2 Dutch auction in October.
Do you agree with the tactics of the ICO's mentioned? Does the industry need more regulations? Let us know below!


Most people will never need a financial standby letter of credit unless making a large transaction or when doing business with other companies or other individuals for significant sums of money. Basically a financial standby letter of credit, sometimes called a standby letter of credit or SBLC, is a way to guarantee that all involved will pay invoices, loans or specified costs because a bank is guaranteeing to the third party that financial protection is in place.
For sellers requesting a financial standby letter of credit is sound business sense as it avoids the complication of multiple transactions and complicated many step types of agreements. Everything can be addressed in the financial standby letter of credit, keeping the entire transaction simple and streamlined.
What is a Financial Standby Letter of Credit Used For?
Depending on the type of purchase that you are making a financial standby letter of credit can be used in several different types of large dollar sum transactions. The most common include in real estate transactions, both in business and commercial real estate as well as private purchases, to obtain an increase in credit or on a credit line, and to speed up a transaction by providing a guarantee to all involved rather than going through the more traditional options.
In situations where one party to an agreement is asking for a down payment or deposit that would tie up the other party's operating capital or improvement capital, a financial standby letter of credit could be supplied in lieu of the deposit amount.
The seller is satisfied as they have a guarantee that the actual cash will be made available by a third party, the bank or financial institute furnishing the standby letter of credit financial, and the buyer is able to use the money for the deposit without having it sitting idle.
In most cases the bank or financial institute that furnishes the financial standby letter of credit will want to have their guarantee in the form of collateral. In the scenario above the buyer could use a currently owned property as collateral on the financial standby letter of credit, ensuring that all requirements were met by all parties to the agreement.


text:
Q: Error creating room using Smack: "Feature not implemented" I'm following the documentation and trying to create a room:
  //Create a MultiUserChat using a Connection for a room
  MultiUserChat muc = new MultiUserChat(conn1, "myroom@mycompany.com");

  // Create the room
  muc.create("testroom");

  // Send an empty room configuration form which indicates that we want
  // an instant room
  muc.sendConfigurationForm(new Form(Form.TYPE_SUBMIT));

When I go into PSI, click service discovery, click multiuserchat, right click browse, click myroom. It pops an error message, that says "There was an error getting agents for myroom@mycompany.com, Reason: Feature not implemented. The feature requested is not implemented by the recipient server and cannot be processed".
Any suggestions, anyone?
Now I can create a new room using PSI. I also tried muc.join instead of muc.create. Same error message.

A: Without knowing your exact setup, I would guess that your room name (myroom@mycompany.com) is incorrect. You get a Feature not implemented because the XMPP entity mycompany.com does likely not act as MUC service. Those are implemented as separate XMPP component, usually named conference or muc, e.g. conference.mycompany.com.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Hórus Bá é o nome sereque de um antigo faraó que pode ter governado no final da , a última parte da  ou durante a . Nem a duração exata de seu reinado nem sua posição cronológica são conhecidas.

Fontes ao nome

As únicas fontes seguras de nome para um faraó "Bá" são um fragmento de xisto verde, encontrado nas galerias subterrâneas sob a pirâmide Djoser em Sacará, e a mastaba () do alto oficial Ni-Anque-Bá.

Identidade

Em 1899, o cientista Alessandro Ricci publicou um desenho de um sereque com uma perna (sinal de Gardiner D58) como hieróglifo no interior. A imagem foi vista no volume nº 35 da série Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. Segundo Ricci, o sereque foi encontrado numa inscrição de rocha em Uádi Magara, no Sinai. Os egiptólogos Jaroslav Černý e Michel Baude descobriram que Ricci estava se referindo à inscrição em rocha de Sanaquete (III dinastia). Ricci simplesmente interpretou mal os sinais usados para o nome de Sanaquete - um sinal vertical de um laço de corda, o sinal em ziguezague para água e um sinal de galho abaixo - como um símbolo de perna única.

Egiptólogos como Černý e Peter Kaplony acham que Bá pode ser idêntico a Hórus Pássaro, igualmente atestado. Este governante escreveu seu nome com o sinal de um pássaro parecido com um ganso, mas como a representação do sinal de pássaro em questão carece de detalhes artísticos que permitam qualquer identificação, os egiptólogos estão contestando a leitura e o significado corretos do nome "Pássaro". Černý e Kaplony pensam que os nomes de ambos os faraós têm a mesma transcrição: "Bá". Nesse caso, Hórus Bá e Hórus Pássaro seriam a mesma figura histórica.

Em contraste, egiptólogos como Nabil Swelim pensam que Hórus Bá foi um sucessor imediato do segundo rei da II dinastia, Binótris. Aponta para a forma do nome de Binótris na lista real de Abidos, que começa com o mesmo sinal hieroglífico (um carneiro; sinal de Gardiner E11) como o nome sereque de Hórus Bá. Swelim, portanto, acredita que o nome Hórus Bá foi erroneamente misturado com o nome de nascimento de Binótris.

Bibliografia

Faraós da I dinastia egípcia
Faraós da II dinastia egípcia
Faraós da III dinastia egípcia