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Australian Human Rights Commission Submission to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security
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Inquiry into the Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment Bill (No. 1) 2015
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Australian Human Rights Commission Submission to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security 1
1.The Australian Human Rights Commission welcomes the opportunity to make this submission to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security (the Committee) in its Inquiry into the Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment Bill (No. 1) 2015 (the Bill). 8
2.The Commission is established by the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth). It is Australia's national human rights institution. 8
3.This submission addresses a number of human rights concerns raised by the Bill. It does not, however, purport to be a comprehensive analysis of all the human rights implications of the proposed legislation. 8
4.The Commission recommends that certain provisions of the Bill not be passed. In addition, the Commission makes a number of recommendations about ways the impact of the Bill on human rights could be ameliorated. 8
5.The Commission recognises the vital importance of ensuring that intelligence and law enforcement agencies have appropriate powers to protect Australia's national security and to protect the community from terrorism. Indeed, such steps are consistent with Australia's international obligations in international law, both under Security Council Resolutions, and to protect the right to life of persons under its jurisdiction. This right is itself a human right, enshrined in article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). 8
6.Human rights law provides significant scope for these agencies to have extensive powers, even where they impinge to some extent on individual rights and freedoms. Such limitations on rights must, however, be clearly expressed, unambiguous in their terms, and must be necessary and proportionate responses to potential harms. 8
7.As the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights has observed, 'the purpose of security measures is, fundamentally, to protect freedom and human rights.' It is therefore essential that fundamental human rights are protected in the struggle against terrorism. 8
8.The Australian Human Rights Commission makes the following recommendations: 8
Recommendation 1: The proposed amendments to the control order and preventative detention order regimes, including changes to the monitoring and surveillance powers in relation to those regimes (effected by schedules 2, 5, 8, 9, and 10 of the Bill), not be passed. Any amendments on these lines should be considered either after, or together with, a comprehensive review of the control order and preventative detention order regimes on the lines recommended by the Committee in its Advisory Report on the Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment (Foreign Fighters) Bill 2014. 8
Recommendation 2: An issuing court should be required to appoint a court appointed advocate prior to issuing a control order in relation to a person aged under 18. 9
Recommendation 3: An issuing court should explicitly be required to make the best interests of the child a primary consideration at all stages in proceedings relating to the potential issue of an interim or confirmed control order. 9
Recommendation 4: A court appointed advocate should be entitled to participate in all proceedings related to a control order, including closed hearings, and be entitled to review all the materials put before the court, including material that is sensitive for national security reasons. 9
Recommendation 5: A court appointed advocate should be required to possess relevant expertise in working with children and the development of the child 9
Recommendation 6: in addition to the appointment of the court appointed advocate, a child should be provided with security-cleared legal representation in all control order proceedings, and their lawyer should be entitled to attend and participate in all proceedings relating to the control order. 9
Recommendation 7: it should be a requirement that whenever a control order is imposed in relation to a person under 18 years of age, any obligations, prohibitions and restrictions imposed should constitute the least interference with the child's liberty, privacy or freedom of movement that is necessary in all the circumstances. 9
Recommendation 8: The Commission recommends that the amendments to the preventative detention order regime contained in Schedule 5 of the Bill not be passed. 9
Recommendation 9: Schedules 8, 9 and 10 of the Bill should not be passed. In the event that this recommendation is not accepted, the Bill should be amended to ensure that: 9
a.Monitoring warrants and control order warrants should only be granted where the relevant authority is satisfied that there are no less intrusive means of obtaining the information, and 9
b.Monitoring warrants and control order warrants should only be available where a relevant authority is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to suspect non-compliance with a control order. 9
Recommendation 10: If Schedule 15 is passed, it should be amended so that: 10
a.a legal representative with an appropriate security clearance may not be excluded from control order proceedings 10
b.there is a legislated minimum standard concerning the extent of the information to be given to a person the subject of an application for the confirmation of a control order, or an application for a variation or revocation of a control order, to ensure a person is made aware of the allegations against them and is in a position to challenge those allegations, and 10
c.a system of special advocates is established to represent the subjects of control orders, and that those advocates be entitled to attend at all hearings in control order proceedings and have access to all material before the court. 10
9.The control order and preventative detention order regimes were first introduced into the Criminal Code by the Anti-Terrorism Act (No. 2) 2005 (Cth). The relevant provisions became operative on 15 December 2015, and were subject to 10 year 'sunset' clauses. 10
10.Control orders are made under division 104 of the Criminal Code. They are made to allow obligations, prohibitions and restrictions to be imposed on a person to: 10
c.protect the public from a terrorist act; 10
d.prevent the provision of support for or the facilitation of a terrorist act; and/or 10
e.prevent the provision of support for or the facilitation of the engagement in a hostile activity in a foreign country. 10
11.Control orders can impose a number of restrictions on a person, including: 10
f.restricting them from being in certain areas, or from leaving Australia 10
g.restricting them from communicating or associating with certain people 10
h.restricting them from owning or using certain things 10
i.restricting them from carrying out certain activities, including work 10
j.restricting them from accessing specified forms of telecommunications or other technology (including the internet) 10
k.requiring them to remain at specified premises for up to 12 hours in any 24 hour period (ie applying a curfew) 10
l.requiring them to wear a tracking device 10
m.imposing reporting requirements 11
n.requiring them to be photographed or fingerprinted. 11
12.Preventative Detention Orders (PDOs) may be made under division 105 of the Criminal Code. State and Territory laws also provide for the making of preventative detention orders. 11
13.The stated object of the Commonwealth PDO regime is to enable police to detain a person for a 'short period of time' to prevent an imminent terrorist act occurring or to preserve evidence of, or relating to, a recent terrorist act. Commonwealth PDOs may be granted for a period of up to 48 hours. State and Territory laws allow for preventative detention orders to be granted for up to 14 days. 11
14.Both the control order and preventative detention order regimes have been the subject of criticism. The Commission has previously expressed the view that these regimes: 11
15.In 2012, the Independent National Security Legislation Monitor (INSLM) questioned the need for both the control order and preventative detention order regimes, and recommended that they be repealed. 11
16.In 2013, a review of Australia's national security legislation conducted by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) recommended that the preventative detention order regime be repealed. The COAG review did not recommend that the control order regime be repealed, but stated: 11
17.It made a number of recommendations for the reform of the control order regime, including: 12
18.Despite these criticisms and recommendations, in 2014 the Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment (Foreign Fighters) Bill 2014 (Cth) was introduced, containing clauses which would have extended the sunset clauses in relation to both the control order and preventative detention order regimes by 10 years, without implementing any of these recommended reforms. The Commission made a submission to the Committee with respect to that Bill, recommending that the sunset provisions for the control order and preventative detention order regimes should not be extended without a thorough review of those regimes and the criticisms and recommendations made by the COAG Review and the INSLM. 12
19.The Committee accepted the need for a review of these provisions, stating: 13
It is the Committee's view that, given the nature of these powers, it is important that their use and ongoing need is assessed within a reasonable time-frame. 13
The Committee also considers it is essential that the Parliament has sufficient time to consider whether these powers need to be further amended, repealed, extended or made permanent prior to the powers being due to sunset. This should be done through a thorough review of each power. 13
20.The Committee recommended both that the INSLM be required to complete a review of the operation of the control order and preventative detention regimes, and that the Committee be required to conduct its own review. 13
21.These recommendations were, at least in part, accepted. The sunset clauses were extended only until 7 September 2018. The INSLM is currently conducting an inquiry into the control order regime and is required to complete both that review and a review of the PDO regime by 7 September 2017. The Committee is required to complete a review of these regimes by 7 March 2018. 13
22.In light of the above, the Commission is concerned that the current Bill proposes to expand both the preventative detention order and control order regimes before the recommended reviews have been conducted. The Bill would expand both regimes in circumstances where this Committee has recommended that, at least, consideration be given to abolishing them or introducing further protections. For instance, the Bill would: 13
o.allow control orders to be applied to 14 and 15 year olds, 13
p.increase the possible intrusions into the privacy of the subjects of control orders by introducing new monitoring and surveillance powers 13
q.potentially reduce the ability of subjects and potential subjects of control orders to participate in proceedings leading to the grant and continuation of those orders, and 13
r.lower the threshold for the grant of preventative detention orders 13
without putting in place any of the additional protections recommended by the COAG Review and others. 13
23.The Commission recommends that these amendments not be passed in the absence of a full review of the control order and preventative detention order regimes. 13
Recommendation 1: The proposed amendments to the control order and preventative detention order regimes, including changes to the monitoring and surveillance powers in relation to those regimes (effected by schedules 2, 5, 8, 9, and 10 of the Bill), not be passed. Any amendments on these lines should be considered either after, or together with, a comprehensive review of the control order and preventative detention order regimes on the lines recommended by the Committee in its Advisory Report on the Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment (Foreign Fighters) Bill 2014. 14
24.The Commission makes some additional comments about each of these proposed amendments below. 14
25.Currently, a control order cannot be made with respect to a child under 16 years of age. Where a control order is made with respect to a child aged between 16 and 18, it can be granted for no more than three months. (Control orders may be made with respect to adults for a period of up to 12 months.) In either case, successive control orders may be made. However, the shorter permissible maximum duration of control orders made with respect to children ensures that a court regularly reviews whether an order, and the conditions it imposes, remain justified. 14
26.Schedule 2 of the Bill would amend division 104 of the Criminal Code to allow control orders to be made with respect to children aged 14 and older. 14
27.Due to the potentially very intrusive limitations on human rights which a control order may impose, and the particular vulnerability of children, compelling reasons would be required to establish that this amendment is necessary and proportionate. The Statement of Compatibility with Human Rights prepared in relation to the Bill states: 14
28.The Commission is not aware of what evidence there is to support these claims. However, it considers that they are, on their own, insufficient to demonstrate that allowing control orders to be granted for children between 14 and 16 would be necessary and proportionate. In particular, the Statement of Compatibility contains no discussion of: 14
s.how many of the incidents referenced above 'led by' children under 16 occurred within Australia, and the nature of these incidents 14
t.whether control orders, if available, would have been effective to significantly reduce the risk of a specific terrorist act planned or carried out by a child under 16 years of age 15
u.whether other measures were, or would have been, available to mitigate any risk of a terrorist act occurring, whether those measures were taken, and whether or how far they were successful 15
v.how great an impact a control order would have had on the rights of any child concerned, and whether that would have been proportionate to the reduction of risk that might have been achieved. 15
29.Without such evidence, it is not possible to conclude that the proposed amendment is necessary or proportionate to a legitimate objective. The Commission urges the Committee to consider carefully whether there is cogent evidence that supports the assertion that the proposed lowering of the age limit for control orders would significantly mitigate a real risk of terrorism. 15
30.Children's rights, like those of adults, are protected by international human rights treaties including the ICCPR. The Commission's concerns about the impacts on human rights of the control order and preventative detention order regimes discussed above apply equally to children. 15
31.In addition, in recognition of the fact that 'the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection', the international community has enshrined the rights of the child in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). 15
32.One of the central rights protected in the CRC is contained in article 3(1), which provides: 15
In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration. 15
33.The 'best interests of the child' is a complex concept. Ultimately, what is in the best interests of a child must be determined in all the circumstances of a particular case. 15
34.This right applies 'in all actions' concerning children. That includes administrative actions and judicial proceedings, and at all stages of those proceedings. 15
35.Finally, the best interests of the child must be made 'a primary consideration.' That means that these interests cannot be automatically trumped by another consideration. 15
36. This does not mean that the best interests of the child will always prevail over all other considerations. However, in all actions concerning a child, their best interests must be given high priority. The Committee on the Rights of the Child has stated: 15
37.Further: 16
the purpose of assessing and determining the best interests of the child is to ensure the full and effective enjoyment of the rights recognized in the Convention and its Optional Protocols, and the holistic development of the child. 16
38.The 'best interests' of the child therefore must be considered by reference to the other rights of the child enshrined in the CRC. 16
39.Of particular relevance in the present context is the right of the child to be heard. The child's views should be taken into account in assessing what is in their best interests, and the weight given to these views should be given progressively greater weight as the child matures. The child also has a right to be heard, either directly or through a representative, in any judicial or administrative proceeding affecting him or her. 16
40.The Commission welcomes the inclusion in the Bill of measures designed to reduce, to some extent, the negative impact the control order might have on a child between 14 and 18 years of age. However, for the reasons that follow, the Commission considers that these measures are not sufficient to protect fully the rights of children who may be affected by control orders. 16
(a)Court appointed advocates 17
41.The Bill would introduce provisions into the Criminal Code requiring that a 'court appointed advocate' be appointed whenever a court makes a control order with respect to a child. The advocate would be required to: 17
w.ensure, as far as possible, that the child understands the proceedings 17
x.form an independent view about what is in the best interests of the child 17
y.act on that independent view about what is in the best interests of the child 17
z.make submissions to the court about what course of action might be in the best interests of the child 17
aa.ensure that any views expressed by the person in relation to the control order are fully put before an issuing court; and 17
ab.endeavour to minimise any distress to the person associated with the control order matters. 17
(a)Requirement to take into account the best interests of the child 17
42.The Bill would also explicitly protect the 'best interests' of an affected child in several ways. 17
43.First, in deciding what conditions should attach to a control order in relation to a child, an issuing court would be required to consider the best interests of the child. In doing so, the court would be required to take into account: 17
(a) the age, maturity, sex and background (including lifestyle, culture and traditions) of the person; 17
(b) the physical and mental health of the person; 17
(c) the benefit to the person of having a meaningful relationship with his or her family and friends; 17
(d) the right of the person to receive an education; 17
(e) the right of the person to practise his or her religion; 17
(f) any other matter the court considers relevant. 17
44.While this is an improvement on the current situation, the court would not be required to make the best interests of the child a 'primary' consideration. It would simply be one factor for the court to consider. The Explanatory Memorandum states that: 17
the paramount consideration with respect to control orders is the safety and security of the community. 17
45.While the requirements of national security might outweigh the best interests of a child in the circumstances of a particular case, that must be determined on a case-by case basis. The existence of another 'paramount' consideration is inconsistent with treating the best interests of a child as a primary (or 'first order') consideration. 18
46.Further, a court would be required to consider the best interests of the child only when considering whether particular obligations, prohibitions and restrictions are reasonably necessary, and reasonably appropriate and adapted, to prevent relevant terrorism-related conduct. The court is not required to consider the best interests of the child when deciding whether a control order should be made. 18
47.As noted above, the Bill would require the court appointed advocate to ensure the child understands the proceedings, seek the views of the child, form an opinion about the best interests of the child, and communicate that opinion to the court. 18
48.The requirement for court-appointed advocates is an improvement on the current situation. However, it does not ensure that the best interests of the child will be a primary consideration in all relevant actions, for a number of reasons: 18
ac.The court appointed advocate is not appointed until after an interim control order is granted. The advocate can therefore do nothing to protect the interests of the child at the outset of the proceedings. Article 3 requires that the best interests of the child be protected in relation to every action, which in this context necessarily includes the grant of an interim control order. 18
ad.The court appointed advocate would not be the representative of the child and would not be obliged to act on the child's instructions. The advocate could indeed make submissions contrary to the child's wishes. 18
ae.The court appointed advocate would communicate its own views of the child's best interests to the court. There would be a real risk that the court may be led to give the advocate's views more weight than those of the child. The child may not have the capacity to express his or her views about his or her best interests in the context of a contested court proceeding. 18
af.The court appointed advocate would be permitted to disclose matters to the court against the wishes of the child on whose behalf they are appointed. That could discourage affected children from communicating frankly with the advocate. 18
ag.The advocate is not explicitly guaranteed access to all relevant information, including classified information, that might be considered by the court. 18
ah.The advocate would not be required to have any special expertise or training in working with children. 18
49.In the event that the amendments in Schedule 2 are passed, the Commission makes the following recommendations to ameliorate their impact on children: 19
Recommendation 2: An issuing court should be required to appoint a court appointed advocate prior to issuing a control order in relation to a person aged under 18. 19
Recommendation 3: An issuing court should explicitly be required to make the best interests of the child a primary consideration at all stages in proceedings relating to the potential issue of an interim or confirmed control order. 19
Recommendation 4: A court appointed advocate should be entitled to participate in all proceedings related to a control order, including closed hearings, and be entitled to review all the materials put before the court, including material that is sensitive for national security reasons. 19
Recommendation 5: A court appointed advocate should be required to possess relevant expertise in working with children and the development of the child 19
Recommendation 6: in addition to the appointment of the court appointed advocate, a child should be provided with security-cleared legal representation in all control order proceedings, and their lawyer should be entitled to attend and participate in all proceedings relating to the control order. 19
Recommendation 7: it should be a requirement that whenever a control order is imposed in relation to a person under 18 years of age, any obligations, prohibitions and restrictions imposed should constitute the least interference with the child's liberty, privacy or freedom of movement that is necessary in all the circumstances. 19
50.Schedule 5 of the Bill would significantly lower the threshold for the grant of a Commonwealth preventative detention order. 19
51.A preventative detention order may be made either: 19
ai.where it would 'substantially assist' in preventing an 'imminent' terrorist act, and is reasonably necessary to achieve that end; or 19
aj.where it is reasonably necessary to preserve evidence of a terrorist attack that has occurred within the preceding 28 days. 19
52.The word 'imminent' is not currently defined in the Criminal Code (although it is qualified by the further requirement that the relevant event be one that is at any event expected to occur within the next 14 days). The word 'imminent' therefore currently bears its ordinary meaning. The Macquarie Dictionary (3rd ed.) gives the definition 'likely to occur at any moment, impending'. The first meaning given by that dictionary for 'impending' is 'about to happen.' The notion of imminence therefore involves both a very high level of likelihood (or even certainty) of an event occurring and a short timeframe within which it is to occur. 19
53.The requirement that an issuing authority be satisfied there are reasonable grounds to suspect an imminent terrorist attack may not be an easy one to meet. However, that is entirely consistent with the extraordinary nature of the preventative detention order regime. Preventative detention orders are administrative orders, made, in the first instance, by a senior AFP member, which authorise an individual to be detained without charge, and without a necessary intention to charge the subject with any offence. It is not appropriate that powers of this nature be exercised if there is not a high risk of a terrorist act. 20
54.Further, the purpose of preventative detention orders is to prevent a terrorist act that would occur within a short period of time, by taking a potential perpetrator 'out of circulation' in circumstances where the urgency of the case is such that other means of preventing the act are unlikely to be effective. This rationale requires that the potential act be likely to occur within a short space of time. 20
55.Schedule 5 of the Bill would amend the Criminal Code to insert a new definition of an 'imminent terrorist act.' A terrorist act would meet that definition if an issuing authority were satisfied that there were reasonable grounds to suspect that it were 'capable of being carried out, and could occur, within 14 days'. 20
56.It is the Commission's view that that is far too low a threshold to enliven the power to issue a preventative detention order. On its face, it could allow an order to be made in cases where no more is shown than that there is a possibility a terrorist attack might occur. While some types of terrorist act might require very significant planning, expertise and resources, others, such as 'lone wolf' type attacks, would be 'capable of being carried out' by virtually anybody at any time – and therefore it could also be said at any time that they 'could occur within 14 days'. 20
57.It is true that an issuing authority would still need to be satisfied that a preventative detention order would 'substantially assist' in preventing an 'imminent terrorist attack', and that it would be 'reasonably necessary' to achieve that goal. However, it is unclear how those requirements would interact with the new definition of an 'imminent terrorist attack'. The Commission considers therefore that the revised definition of imminence would substantially reduce the threshold that must be met to obtain an order. (That, indeed, is the rationale for the proposed amendment). 20
58.The Commission has discussed the potential human rights impacts of preventative detention orders elsewhere and does not reproduce that analysis here (see, for instance, the summary above in this submission and the corresponding references). However, it is the Commission's view that given these impacts, the proposed lowering of the threshold has not been shown to be justified. That is particularly so in circumstances where both COAG and the INSLM have recommended that the preventative detention order regime be repealed, in large part because its objectives can substantially be achieved by the use of ordinary police powers. 20
Recommendation 8: The Commission recommends that the amendments to the preventative detention order regime contained in Schedule 5 of the Bill not be passed. 21
59.Schedules 8-10 of the Bill contain a range of provisions apparently designed to assist law enforcement agencies in monitoring and enforcing control orders. The proposed measures include: 21
ak.amending the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) to introduce a new class of 'Monitoring Warrant', which would allow police to enter premises, question and frisk search people subject to control orders, for purposes including determining whether a control order is being complied with (Schedule 8) 21
al.amending the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979 (Cth) (TIA Act), to allow warrants to be issued to authorise the covert interception of telecommunications for purposes including determining whether a control order is being complied with (Schedule 9) 21
am.amending the Surveillance Devices Act 2004 (Cth) (SD Act), to allow for warrants to be issued to authorise the use of covert surveillance devices (including cameras, microphones, data surveillance devices and tracking devices) to determine whether a control order is being complied with (Schedule 10). These warrants could be granted, and executed, after an interim control order were granted, but before it came into effect (which occurs when the interim order is served on the subject). 21
60.These proposed provisions would all limit the right to privacy of persons subject to control orders. Premises searches, and the new warrants under the TIA Act and the SD Act, would also limit the privacy of third parties whose activities may be observed in the course of conducting intercepts or surveillance. The right to privacy is protected by article 17 of the ICCPR, which provides: 21
1. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation. 21
2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. 21
61.Surveillance, or the 'menace of surveillance', may also restrict free speech and the freedom of expression. 22
62.Human rights law recognises that covert surveillance, which may limit the right to privacy, may in some circumstances be necessary to protect democracies from the threat of terrorism. However, the discretion of states to conduct surveillance is not unlimited. It may be permitted only so far as is strictly necessary to protect democratic institutions. As the European Court of Human Rights has observed, surveillance powers pose a danger of 'undermining or even destroying democracy on the ground of defending it.' 22
63.The new warrant powers that the Bill would introduce are different from other warrant powers, in that an issuing authority would not need to be satisfied that there is reason to suspect a person may have breached a control order or committed any other offence. Rather: 22
an.In the case of monitoring warrants under the Crimes Act, a warrant may be granted where the issuing authority is satisfied that the grant is reasonably necessary to determine whether a control order is being complied with. The issuing authority is required to consider the 'possibility that the person has contravened, is contravening, or will contravene, the control order;' 22
ao.In the case of a control order warrant under the TIA Act, a warrant may be granted where the issuing authority is satisfied that information that would be likely to be obtained under a warrant would be likely to substantially assist in connection with determining whether a control order, has been, or is being, complied with; 22
ap.In the case of a control order warrant under the SD Act, a warrant may be granted where the issuing authority is satisfied that the use of a surveillance device would be likely to substantially assist in determining whether a control order has been, or is being, complied with. 22
64.While there are requirements that issuing authorities take a number of other factors into account, including the extent to which any person's privacy would be affected and whether there are alternative means of obtaining the information, the Commission considers these requirements are insufficient in circumstances. 22
65.It is necessary to bear in mind that control orders are granted following a civil hearing, determined on the civil standard of proof. The subject of the order need not have been charged with or convicted of any offence. In those circumstances, the Commission considers that it has not been demonstrated that it would be appropriate to allow for the highly intrusive monitoring or surveillance which would be authorised by these amendments, in the absence of any evidence which could found a suspicion that a control order had not been complied with. Further, the threshold that a warrant would be likely to assist in determining whether an order has been complied with is very low. Indeed, in the case of certain restrictions or prohibitions that might be imposed under a control order, it is hard to imagine circumstances where this threshold would not be met. 22
Recommendation 9: Schedules 8, 9 and 10 of the Bill should not be passed. In the event that this recommendation is not accepted, the Bill should be amended to ensure that: 23
aq.Monitoring warrants and control order warrants should only be granted where the relevant authority is satisfied that there are no less intrusive means of obtaining the information, and 23
ar.Monitoring warrants and control order warrants should only be available where a relevant authority is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to suspect non-compliance with a control order. 23
66.Schedule 15 of the Bill would introduce new provisions into the National Security Information (Criminal and Civil Proceedings) Act 2004 (Cth) (NSI Act). 23
67.The NSI Act currently allows a court to prevent the disclosure of information in federal criminal and civil proceedings, where that disclosure would be likely to have an adverse effect on national security. In preparing this submission, the Commission has not undertaken a human rights analysis of the NSI Act as a whole. Rather, it has confined its attention to the amendments that would be effected by Schedule 15 of the Bill. 23
68.Schedule 15 of the Bill would introduce new provisions in the NSI Act, relating solely to control order proceedings. As the explanatory memorandum states, those provisions would allow the court to make orders to the effect that: 23
as.the subject of [a] control order and their legal representative may be provided with a redacted or summarised form of the national security information. However, the court may consider all of the information contained in the original source document, even where that information has not been provided in the redacted or summarised form (new subsection 38J(2)) 23
at.the subject of [a] control order and their legal representative may not be provided with any information contained in the original source document. However, the court may consider all of that information (new subsection 38J(3)), or 23
au.a witness may be called and the information provided by the witness need not be disclosed to the subject of [a] control order or their legal representative. However, the court may consider all of the information provided by the witness (new subsection 38J(4)). 23
69.Further, the Bill would provide that the court could exclude a person subject to a control order, and/or their legal representative from a control order hearing, even if they have an appropriate security clearance. 23
70.These provisions would limit the rights of persons to a fair trial protected by article 14(1) of the ICCPR. In particular, they would limit the right of a person subject to a control order to 'equality of arms' by restricting their knowledge of the accusations made against them and the evidence adduced in support of those accusations. The amendments would also limit the right to be represented by legal counsel. 24
71.International Human Rights law recognises that some restrictions on fair trial rights may be necessary to protect national security. For instance, in some circumstances, it may be permissible for closed hearings to be held. It may also be acceptable for some evidence to be withheld from a person in court proceedings, where a redacted version, or a summary of the allegations against a person, is provided. However, it is necessary that sufficient detail be provided to give a person a sufficient opportunity to respond to the case against them. 24
72.Under the NSI Act as amended, control order proceedings might proceed in circumstances where only a very general description is given of the terrorism-related conduct of which a person is accused. That is likely to be inconsistent with the right to a fair trial. 24
73.The Explanatory Memorandum observes that a court would retain a discretion about whether to make the orders requested, and what weight to place on material not disclosed to a person subject to a control order. However, the Commission considers that further protections would be necessary to ensure that closed hearings did not impermissibly interfere with the right to a fair trial. Given the explicit powers to make certain orders under the NSI Act, it is unclear how readily a court would refuse to make those orders on a discretionary basis. 24
74.Finally, the Commission does not consider that adequate justification has been given for treating control order proceedings differently from other civil proceedings affected by the NSI Act. 24
75.The Commission considers that some of these concerns could be ameliorated to a degree by implementing some of the recommendations made by the COAG review (discussed above in this submission). 24
av.a legal representative with an appropriate security clearance may not be excluded from control order proceedings 24
aw.there is a legislated minimum standard concerning the extent of the information to be given to a person the subject of an application for the confirmation of a control order, or an application for a variation or revocation of a control order, to ensure a person is made aware of the allegations against them and is in a position to challenge those allegations, and 24
ax.a system of special advocates is established to represent the subjects of control orders, and that those advocates be entitled to attend at all hearings in control order proceedings and have access to all material before the court. 24
76.Genocide is a heinous crime. Under the Criminal Code, genocide is the performance of actions such as the killing, infliction of serious harm, or infliction of conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of or on persons of a particular national, ethnic, racial or religious group, with the intention of destroying that group. 25
77.Incitement to genocide is already, quite properly, a criminal offence under the Criminal Code. Incitement is the urging of a person to commit an offence, with the intention that the offence be committed. 25
78.These provisions of the Criminal Code are consistent with Australia's obligations under the Genocide Convention, which explicitly requires States Parties to criminalise both genocide and incitement to genocide. 25
79.Criminalisation of incitement to commit violent crimes is an example of a permissible limitation on the right to freedom of expression, to achieve the legitimate objective of protecting the rights of other members of the community. 25
81.The Bill would create a new crime of 'advocating genocide'. The word 'advocate' would be defined to mean 'counsel, promote, encourage or urge.' The Explanatory Memorandum states that the new offence is necessary for the following reasons: 25
[Current] offences require proof that the person intended the crime or violence to be committed, and there are circumstances where there is insufficient evidence to meet that threshold. Groups or individuals publicly advocating genocide can be very deliberate about the precise language they use, even though their overall message still has the impact of encouraging others to engage in genocide. 25
Furthermore, in the current threat environment, the use of social media by hate preachers means the speed at which persons can become radicalised and could prepare to carry out genocide may be accelerated. It is no longer the case that explicit statements (which would provide evidence to meet the threshold of intention and could be used in a prosecution for inciting genocide) are required to inspire others to take potentially devastating action against groups of individuals. Law enforcement agencies require tools to intervene earlier in the radicalisation process to prevent and disrupt the radicalisation process and engagement in terrorist activity. This new offence, along with the offence prohibiting advocating terrorism, which came into effect on 1 December 2014, is intended to be one of those tools. 25
82.Several points may be made about this new offence. 25
83.First, the precise ambit of the offence is not entirely clear. This is acknowledged in the Explanatory Memorandum, which states: 26
Whether specific conduct, such as making or commenting on a particular post on the internet or the expression of support for committing genocide, is captured by the offence will depend on all the facts and circumstances. Whether a person has actually "advocated" the commission of a genocide offence will ultimately be a consideration for judicial authority based on all the facts and circumstances of the case. 26
84.This indicates that the provision may infringe the right, protected by article 15 of the ICCPR, that criminal offences be defined with sufficient precision to allow people to regulate their conduct. 26
85.Further, it appears that it would not be necessary to prove that a person intend that an act of genocide occur to make out the new offence. 26
86.In the context of terrorism offences, a number of international bodies have stated that regardless of the abhorrence of the conduct urged or 'glorified', advocacy of terrorism should only be criminalised in circumstances where it is proved that: 26
ay.The advocate has a subjective intention to incite the offence, and 26
az.There is an objective danger that one or more relevant offences would be committed as a result of the advocacy. 26
87.The Commission notes that in addition to the current offence of inciting genocide, the Criminal Code also contains provisions prohibiting 'urging violence' and 'advocating terrorism.' These provisions would appear to capture much of the conduct at which the proposed measures are said to be targeted. 26
88.In light of the above, the Commission urges the Committee to scrutinise closely the claimed justifications for the creation of the proposed offence, and to consider: 26
ba.whether there is cogent and persuasive evidence to support the assertion that the creation of the new offence of advocating genocide is likely have a significant effect in achieving its stated goals of preventing acts of genocide and reducing radicalisation 26
bb.whether the provisions are a necessary and proportionate measure to achieve those goals, and 26
bc.if the provisions are passed, whether it is possible to define 'advocacy' with greater precision better to target the mischiefs at which the provisions are said to be directed. 26
Directory: sites -> default -> files
files -> The United States and Post-Castro Cuba
files -> 9. 5 Political Powers and Achievements Tom Burns- beacon High School
files -> Indiana Academic Standards Resource Guide World History and Civilization Standards Approved March 2014
files -> Women in Slavery and the Fight for Social Freedoms
files -> How to Place Slavery into British Identity
files -> Title Publishing Format / Length
files -> Oh Freedom! Teaching African American Civil Rights Through American Art at the Smithsonian
files -> Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site's interpretation of Al Capone's cell, c. 2013. Al Capone Approved Source for Tour Content Developed by Annie Anderson May 2013 Draft 2 For Web Guiding questions
files -> Dr amanda wise & dr jan ali commonwealth of Australia 2008
best interests
international covenant
european court
information contained
criminal code
vital importance
following recommendations
human rights implications
physical destruction
court would
proposed amendments
commission does
weight given
evidence adduced
requirement that
rights recognized
allegations against them


text:
static TLMoreKeyboard *moreKB;

@implementation TLMoreKeyboard

+ (TLMoreKeyboard *)keyboard
{
    static dispatch_once_t once;
    dispatch_once(&once, ^{
        moreKB = [[TLMoreKeyboard alloc] init];
    });
    return moreKB;
}

- (id)init
{
    if (self = [super init]) {
        [self setBackgroundColor:[UIColor colorChatBox]];
        [self addSubview:self.collectionView];
        [self addSubview:self.pageControl];
        [self p_addMasonry];
        [self registerCellClass];
    }
    return self;
}

#pragma mark - Public Methods -
- (void)showInView:(UIView *)view withAnimation:(BOOL)animation;
{
    if (_keyboardDelegate && [_keyboardDelegate respondsToSelector:@selector(chatKeyboardWillShow:)]) {
        [_keyboardDelegate chatKeyboardWillShow:self];
    }
    [view addSubview:self];
    [self mas_remakeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
        make.left.and.right.mas_equalTo(view);
        make.height.mas_equalTo(HEIGHT_CHAT_KEYBOARD);
        make.bottom.mas_equalTo(view).mas_offset(HEIGHT_CHAT_KEYBOARD);
    }];
    [view layoutIfNeeded];
    if (animation) {
        [UIView animateWithDuration:0.3 animations:^{
            [self mas_updateConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
                make.bottom.mas_equalTo(view);
            }];
            [view layoutIfNeeded];
            if (_keyboardDelegate && [_keyboardDelegate respondsToSelector:@selector(chatKeyboard:didChangeHeight:)]) {
                [_keyboardDelegate chatKeyboard:self didChangeHeight:view.height - self.y];
            }
        } completion:^(BOOL finished) {
            if (_keyboardDelegate && [_keyboardDelegate respondsToSelector:@selector(chatKeyboardDidShow:)]) {
                [_keyboardDelegate chatKeyboardDidShow:self];
            }
        }];
    }
    else {
        [self mas_updateConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
            make.bottom.mas_equalTo(view);
        }];
        [view layoutIfNeeded];
        if (_keyboardDelegate && [_keyboardDelegate respondsToSelector:@selector(chatKeyboardDidShow:)]) {
            [_keyboardDelegate chatKeyboardDidShow:self];
        }
    }
}

- (void)dismissWithAnimation:(BOOL)animation
{
    if (_keyboardDelegate && [_keyboardDelegate respondsToSelector:@selector(chatKeyboardWillDismiss:)]) {
        [_keyboardDelegate chatKeyboardWillDismiss:self];
    }
    if (animation) {
        [UIView animateWithDuration:0.3 animations:^{
            [self mas_updateConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
                make.bottom.mas_equalTo(self.superview).mas_offset(HEIGHT_CHAT_KEYBOARD);
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            [self.superview layoutIfNeeded];
            if (_keyboardDelegate && [_keyboardDelegate respondsToSelector:@selector(chatKeyboard:didChangeHeight:)]) {
                [_keyboardDelegate chatKeyboard:self didChangeHeight:self.superview.height - self.y];
            }
        } completion:^(BOOL finished) {
            [self removeFromSuperview];
            if (_keyboardDelegate && [_keyboardDelegate respondsToSelector:@selector(chatKeyboardDidDismiss:)]) {
                [_keyboardDelegate chatKeyboardDidDismiss:self];
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        }];
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        [self removeFromSuperview];
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            [_keyboardDelegate chatKeyboardDidDismiss:self];
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}

- (void)reset
{
    [self.collectionView scrollRectToVisible:CGRectMake(0, 0, self.collectionView.width, self.collectionView.height) animated:NO];
}

- (void)setChatMoreKeyboardData:(NSMutableArray *)chatMoreKeyboardData
{
    _chatMoreKeyboardData = chatMoreKeyboardData;
    [self.collectionView reloadData];
    NSUInteger pageNumber = chatMoreKeyboardData.count / 8 + (chatMoreKeyboardData.count % 8 == 0 ? 0 : 1);
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}

#pragma mark - Event Response -
- (void) pageControlChanged:(UIPageControl *)pageControl
{
    [self.collectionView scrollRectToVisible:CGRectMake(self.collectionView.width * pageControl.currentPage, 0, self.collectionView.width, self.collectionView.height) animated:YES];
}

#pragma mark - Private Methods -
- (void)p_addMasonry
{
    [self.collectionView mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
        make.top.mas_equalTo(self).mas_offset(HEIGHT_TOP_SPACE);
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        make.top.mas_equalTo(self.collectionView.mas_bottom);
        make.bottom.mas_equalTo(self).mas_offset(-2);
    }];
}

- (void)drawRect:(CGRect)rect
{
    [super drawRect:rect];
    CGContextRef context = UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext();
    CGContextSetLineWidth(context, 0.5);
    CGContextSetStrokeColorWithColor(context, [UIColor colorChatBoxLine].CGColor);
    CGContextBeginPath(context);
    CGContextMoveToPoint(context, 0, 0);
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}

#pragma mark - Getter -
- (UICollectionView *)collectionView
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@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
(Updated Apr 9, 2015)
Long-time photojournalist Jeff Berger first visited St. Maarten while working for New England Mutual Life Insurance Company (NEL) in 1978, when he was editor of NEL's field magazine, The Pilot's Log. NEL was holding its annual agents meeting and Jeff was there to write about and photograph it. He fell in love with the island and with its people, and was especially impressed with a dinner under the stars at the "Caravanserai Restaurant," then the best restaurant on the island, and with the island's pristine beaches.
He and his wife returned in 1979 and have been visiting and staying longer ever since.
Late in 1993, three years after launching JMB Communications, his PR and marketing company, Jeff launched www.jmbcommunications.com, his company website, on which he posted many writing samples including a one-page narrative about St. Maarten / St. Martin.
New search engines picked up that writing sample, people started reading it, and soon Jeff got calls from friends on the island thanking him for mentioning them in his "St. Maarten Website." "I had no idea what they were talking about," he recounts.
He quickly figured it out. His "St. Maarten site" has grown and changed tremendously since then, and in December, 2014, it surpassed 4,000,000 visitors.
JMB Communications today provides marketing communications, PR, and website design / web content creation services to high technology, financial, manufacturing, hospitality, B2B, B2C, and other clients around the world. Its websites today include Everything St. Maarten / St. Martin and Websites That Work. In December, 2009, the company acquired the Fly! Travel! Go! travel website from its investors.
JMB Communications continues to be based in Plymouth, Massachusetts, and has virtual offices in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Arizona, and California.
JMB Communications
Plymouth, Massachusetts 02362-1812
Updated April 9, 2015
Tags: About JMB Communications and Jeff Berger

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Daniela Papadia, has exhibited her works in Italy, Europe, USA and Switzerland.
She was born in Palermo, currently lives and works in Rome.
Modern Art in Palermo and Naples Museum of CAM.
exhibition with the last years of her activities.
1999 La distanza come dimora Sergio Tossi Arte Contemporanea, Prato.


The Porsche 928 is sold in many different colours. Besides factory colours, you could also have your car painted in your own preferred colour. Through this page you will find all factory colours of all construction years. Besides an as good as possible reproduction of the colour you will also find the correct colour code. Porsche used several code systems throughout the years. All codes I know are restored. If you miss something or have a code that is not listed, please let me know. Maybe I can find some information for you.
SUMMON: Do you have a Porsche 928 in a standard colour of a specified construction year? And do you have a nice picture of it? And do want it to be published on this site? Then e-mail it to me. The higher the resolution the better. If you do not want your license plate number to be on the web, you have to make it unreadable yourself. I do not have any problems with it at all, but do mind retouching all the pictures. Thanks in advance.


text:
DataCite's New Membership Model - Join Us!
October 5, 2016 by Trisha Cruse • read
https://doi.org/10.5438/8szs-1h0h
It has been a busy few months at DataCite, but we want to share some important information about changes to DataCite's membership model. Earlier this year DataCite members voted to revise our membership model and open membership up to any organization that shares our data sharing mission. Previously DataCite limited membership to non-profit organizations.
We invite members from all types of organizations – including data centers, publishers, libraries, and funders – to join our global network committed to supporting data sharing through partnership, advocacy, and by developing tools and services that accelerate data sharing, use, and reuse. Together, we will be at the forefront of helping to transform scholarship and the role of research data in our society.
Based on the design by Liravega
DataCite members enjoy numerous benefits and show their support for research data sharing by:
demonstrating an elevated level of commitment to open-data and open research.
becoming part of a global data-sharing community, learning, collaborating, and advocating with a leading-edge network of data research experts.
supporting and participating in the creation and management of persistent identifiers (DOIs) for research outputs (allocating members).
playing a critical role in advancing DataCite's data-sharing mission through their financial support.
shaping the future DataCite – and data research in general – by serving on DataCite's Executive Board.
There are two types of memberships:
Allocating Members are those who wish to allocate DOI names and use the Registration Agency of DataCite in their capacity as allocating agents. They work actively with data centres and users for the purpose of issuing DOIs.
Non-Allocating Members are those who support DataCite's mission but do not wish to allocate DOI names. They work actively with DataCite and the wider research data community
If you are interested in DataCite membership contact us at
support at datacite dot org
or for more information on DataCite membership see our membership page.
Trisha Cruse
DataCite Executive Director
© 2016 Trisha Cruse. Distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license.


Photo point Site Templates 2010 New 11 Best Point Site Templates 2010 Free Download point Template Gallery Unique Free Visio Templates 2010 Gallery Free.
Photo point Templates Free Unique 2018 Weekly Calendar Template Image Simple Unique Excel Templates for Business Gallery. Free Point Reviews SEBLib digital library for Point 2010 2013 Picture Great Sample Resumes Examples.


This gorgeous 'Easter' themed skirt with beautiful bunnies in the print shouts out that Spring is here!
A stunning off white fabric with flowers and rabbits in an array of beautiful colours.
Paired with these bunny ears from Delicate & Wild, it just looks super cute!


Which Supplement Should You Start With?
Choosing the right supplement for your particular goals and objectives can be a little tricky. However, it's not rocket science and with the right information and common sense one should be able to choose the best combination of supplements for one's objectives.
Provided all three of these elements are in place, the supplement one should be starting with (if you're a beginner) is a simple vitamin/mineral pack. The reason I'm suggesting a quality vitamin/mineral pack for beginners is simple, nutrition will be the biggest challenge you face when it comes to your program. A nutrition program is/can be confusing and more often than not most beginners fail to eat enough quality nutrients to support their goals and/or training program.
Beginners will often fall short on protein, carbohydrates and fat to support core muscle growth but more importantly, will not ingest enough micro nutrients to support the basic growth process (micro and macronutrient process). By using a vitamin/mineral pack a beginner will ensure they ingest the basic micronutrients to start the muscle building process while laying down a solid nutrition program.
I'm sure you've all heard that you should be taking creatine or whey protein at the onset of your training routine but you really don't need these supplements until you start to see some real progress with your routine and nutrition program. I'm suggesting 4 to 8 weeks of progressive training until you even start to think about taking creatine or protein supplements.
4 weeks into program: Introduce whey protein or other protein powder. Taken twice a day, once in the morning and once immediately after working out. Remember, at this point your nutrition program should be in place and you've been consistently following it.
6 to 8 weeks into program: Introduce creatine monohydrate powder: 30 minutes prior to working out or after working out. Your workout program should be in place and have been consistently following it.
A half decent vitamin/mineral supplement can be found at your local drug store. The same can be said for creatine monohydrate and whey protein powder. Personally, I enjoy using vitamin packs such as Universals Animal Packs. These are a little more powerful in terms of the amount of active ingredients than your standard multi vitamin tablet.
As for creatine, try and look for a "micronized" creatine monohydrate powder. It's much easier to mix and drink in this form. At this point, don't worry about any other type of fancy creatine mixtures. Stick to a simple creatine monohydrate powder, follow the directions and you'll see some results after 3 weeks of steady use.


Rukhsana Shaheen Khan Vs. Union of India & Ors.
2. In view of the decision of this Court in Sukhdev Singh Vs. Union of India & Ors. reported in (2013) 9 SCC 566, there cannot be any dispute on this aspect. This Court has settled the law that uncommunicated and adverse ACRs cannot be relied upon in the process.
4. It will be open to the appellant to make all available submissions, including the reference to the Judgment of this Court in Prabhu Dayal Khandelwal Vs. Chairman, U.P.S.C & Ors. reported in (2009) 16 SCC 146.


text:
Dave Davies: Off Mic
Insurgents win two legislative seats in Pennsylvania's House
Listen 6:21
Former WHYY reporter Elizabeth Fiedler came away with a win in the 184th House District primary race. (Kimberly Paynter/WHYY)
In Philadelphia, state legislative races tend to be won party by organizations. But Tuesday, two candidates bucked their local machines and won impressive victories.
Running for a state House seat in South Philadelphia, first-time candidate and former WHYY reporter Elizabeth Fiedler was up against local Democratic ward leaders and the most politically powerful union in the state, Local 98 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers.
Though the union put $112,500 into the campaign of T.R. Rowan, a ward leader and one of her opponents, Fiedler won handily in the Democratic primary Tuesday, taking more than 50 percent of the vote in a four-way primary.
How did she do it? Hard work and an agenda that mattered, she says.
"We knocked on hundreds of doors, tens of thousands of doors, starting months ago," Fiedler said in an interview Wednesday. She picked up volunteers among friends, friends of friends, parent groups, community organizations, and those who answered the door when she knocked.
"This woman, Janet, was watching MSNBC when we knocked on her door," Fiedler said. "She said she knew she wanted to get more involved. She knew she should pay more attention to local races."
Soon, Janet was knocking on doors herself, answering phones, helping any way she could.
Fiedler was lucky in that, months after she began her campaign, incumbent Democratic state Rep. William Keller decided not to seek re-election.
It probably also helped that Fiedler launched her grass-roots campaign when progressives' anger over the election of Donald Trump stirred many to political activism.
Fiedler spent several hours, four days a week, making fundraising calls from a basement office on Tasker Street, once known to South Philly politicos as state Sen. Vince Fumo's "bunker."
Why there? It was basement space, so it was cheap, and near two bus lines and the subway, Fiedler said. It's a coincidence that it happened to be the former lair of Fumo, who went to prison on corruption charges in 2009.
Fiedler ran on a progressive agenda that includes Medicare for all, and she earned the endorsement of Our Revolution, the network spawned by Bernie Sanders' presidential campaign.
There's no Republican on the ballot in the 184th legislative district, so Fiedler is headed to Harrisburg in January.
An independent holds the line
Miles away in Northwest Philadelphia, state Rep. Chris Rabb pulled off his second win against the vaunted Democratic organization of former city Councilwoman Marian Tasco and current Councilwoman Cherelle Parker.
Rabb, an Ivy League-educated former U.S. Senate staffer, beat an incumbent backed by the organization two years ago, in part by knocking on doors and introducing himself.
The organization came back hard this spring, backing Melissa Scott in an effort to unseat Rabb. It was a race, but he survived, 52 to 48 percent.
Rabb said in a phone interview he did what he'd done before, except that he now had a record to run on, including introducing 21 bills and opening three satellite offices to service constituents.
Is his battle with the organization over now?
"I work with those who are willing to collaborate," Rabb said. "I have a good relationship with (U.S. Rep.) Dwight Evans and others."
"I'm not in any political camp," he said. "I philosophically oppose the existence of any political machine. By its nature, it's exclusionary."
Tasco, Democratic leader of the 50th Ward in West Oak Lane, said in a brief interview she wasn't discouraged that her candidate came up short.
"You're not always going to win," Tasco said. "She did well, considering she was a first-time candidate taking on an incumbent, and she only lost by a small amount."
Changing times?
Political consultant Mustafa Rashed said the victories of Fiedler and Rabb show "there are a lot of independent voters out there," but he said it's distressing that voter turnout is so low.
It was tough election for IBEW Local 98, at least by one measure.
The union put more than $500,000 in three races — and lost all three.
The biggest investment — more than $300,000 — was in 5th District congressional candidate Rich Lazer. The union put $112,500 into Rowan's state House candidacy in South Philadelphia, and $75,000 into the state House bid of union plasterer Sean Kilkenny in Northeast Philadelphia.
But Local 98 generates plenty of political cash from member contributions, and it isn't going anywhere.
"I'm not upset about anything that happened," John Dougherty, Local 98 business manager, said in a phone interview. "There's nothing we would have done different. We're involved in practically every race in this city. Some are just more high profile than others."
Disclosure: IBEW Local 98 represents engineers at WHYY.
Brought to you by Dave Davies: Off Mic
More segments from NewsWorks Tonight May 16, 2018
11 cyclists are dead and the city has done nothing, mourners say at silent ride
Bucks murderer of 4 men sentenced to life, accomplice may get death penalty
GOP nominee Scott Wagner calls education his 'cornerstone,' emphasizes fiscal accountability
With Conrail cleanup in rear view, Philly clearing new Kensington heroin camps
View full episode
Battleground 2020: Western Pennsylvania and suburban women
We look at Trump's relationship with suburban women in the state and what the newest polls tell us about how western Pennsylvania will vote this election.
Listen 49:45
Wild campaign: How Lehigh Valley's first congresswoman rose to power
Two weeks before Election Day, Democratic National Committee Chairman Tom Perez was speaking on stage during a rally at Cedar Crest Colle ...
Pennsylvania will send a record-setting four women to Congress next year, up from the current total of zero. Is the "Year of the Woman" here again?
About Dave Davies
@davedavieswhyy ddavies@whyy.org


text:
Monolithic Dome
Grow Domes
Ecoshells
Dome Tour
Airform
Mixer Rental
Compost Covers
'Round To It
President's Sphere
Construction Blog
Eye of the Storm — View of "Eye of the Storm" dome home from the beach on Sullivans Island, SC. The "Eye of the Storm" is much more than a pretty house, it also demonstrates the practical aspects of a Monolithic Dome on beach front property.
Wind, Water, Corrosion and Monolithic Domes
David B. South and Freda Parker • Published March 25, 2009 7:21pm • Residential Plan and Design
Building a beach front home offers a few extra challenges such as wind, water, erosion, flying debris and corrosion. A Monolithic Dome home successfully meets each of these challenges.
Hurricane Winds
A Category 5 hurricane, like Hurricane Andrew, is as bad as a hurricane gets. Fortunately, only a few ever reach a Category 5 intensity with sustained wind speeds up to 150 miles per hour. Such a wind pushes with a force of 100 pounds per square foot (psf). That's a lot of pressure!
Most conventional homes are designed for 50 psf — about equal to the force of a 100 mph wind, but not 150 mph. Many conventional structures cannot withstand the internal pressure from a hurricane. For example, if a garage door pops open or a window pops out, air pressure coming into the structure can explode it.
A Monolithic Dome home easily withstands winds of 150 mph, so that will not happen with a Monolithic Dome – even if all the doors and windows are left open or taken down. Obviously, it's easier on the occupant if windows stay in place. Consequently, Monolithic suggests using hurricane-rated windows and/or shutters that pull down over the windows to protect them.
Its ability to resist wind is a by-product of the Monolithic Dome's shape that passes the wind around the home, thus eliminating any serious pressure build up.
The strength of the Dome exceeds that of the wind. So, the hurricane wind by itself means nothing to a Monolithic Dome.
Tornado Winds
Unfortunately, hurricanes often have twisters or tornadoes within or around them. A tornado is much more destructive and can have wind speeds up to 300 mph, exerting a force up to 400 psf. Most conventional buildings cannot withstand a force of 400 psf.
Fortunately, if you can call it fortunate, tornadoes usually do not cover a broad front. Compared to hurricanes, tornadoes generally cover a small area. However, if that small area includes your home, the much greater pressure can cause far greater damage.
When a tornado hits a home, several things can happen: The wind can exert a pressure up to 400 psf. That's twice the pressure a loaded semi-truck and trailer exert sitting on the ground. That much pressure can push a building sideways and even topple it!
As a tornado travels over a structure, a depressurization occurs. That depressurization often sucks the roof off the house.
Monolithic Dome homes can withstand 400 psf pressure and severe depressurization. Nevertheless, windows and doors should be protected. The dome can easily survive air pressure that might get in, but unprotected windows might result in flying glass. To avoid injury, people sheltering in a Monolithic Dome during a hurricane or tornado should stay behind the concrete portion of the dome – never in front of glass.
How do we know this?
We often build Monolithic Domes for use underground — some at depths of 30 feet. More than 2,000 psf of force can push against a buried dome. And unlike a tornado where the shape of the dome reduces the overall stress of the wind pressure, the buried dome is always under full load. So if a dome can withstand a constant 2,000 psf force, it can easily withstand 400 psf.
Hurricanes bring water as well as winds. If the location of the dome is such that water can wash up against it, great care must be taken in its design and construction. While water surge will not hurt the dome, it can loosen its foundation by washing away the ground under the dome.
In September 2004, Hurricane Ivan hit Dome of a Home in Pensacola Beach, Florida and caused enormous beach erosion. Water surge wiped out all of the protective dunes between the dome and the shoreline.
Had Dome of a Home not been set on pilings, the onslaught of water would have moved it. In a large area, water actually excavated the ground out from under the dome. But because Dome of a Home was set on a series of pilings that were driven 17 feet into the earth, it held its position.
Erosion and Debris
A conventional home located where massive erosion occurs probably can be protected only with a substantial seawall, built to contain the erosion.
Even when massive erosion is not a problem, the destructive force of moving water can threaten a beach front home. Water has more mass than wind; therefore, water pushes with more force than wind. If storm surge is a possibility, the home must be able to resist the combined push of wind and water and flying debris. That flying debris could include everything from shingles to automobiles.
Monolithic Domes are Survivors!
The very process used in constructing a Monolithic Dome beach front home makes it a moving-water survivor: We begin with pilings driven in a circle under the perimeter of a Monolithic Dome. We connect these pilings with a circular concrete pile cap that becomes the foundation ring beam.
This means that a circle of concrete is built attached to the top of each of the pilings. The pilings act as teeth in the ground and keep the building from sliding. The pile cap attaches the dome to the teeth.
From the pile cap, we run rebar into the floor; this prevents moving water from lifting or moving the floor. We then build the dome on top of this pile cap/foundation, adding hundreds of tons of weight to hold the pile cap/foundation down. Thus, the weight of the dome setting on the pile cap/foundation, and the pile cap attached to the teeth keep the entire structure from traveling. So the real key is the weight of the Monolithic Dome, plus its strength and ability to stay in one piece during high winds and storm surge.
The lower section of a Monolithic Dome beach front home has very large openings. Storm surge flows through these openings and under the main part of the house, leaving it undamaged. These openings can be closed with screens or break-a-way walls; the walls will breakaway from the building during heavy storm surge. Obviously, it's better to lose a relatively inexpensive breakaway wall or replaceable screen than to lose the structure.
In normal weather conditions, this ground floor of a Monolithic Dome provides excellent automobile parking and storage space. However, during times of storm surge these vehicles should be moved to higher ground or they might get flooded.
The beach front Monolithic Dome is built with its main floor suspended from the dome. We recommend the level of the floor be above the highest expected water level. This has huge advantages: It eliminates posts that can be knocked out by storm surge from underneath the floor. It also adds more weight to the dome perimeter, hence pile cap, that helps hold it in place.
For beach front housing, it's generally better to build a single Dome and concentrate the weight to resist any movement from storm surge. This is particularly true in areas where storm surge can hit the building. In other areas, it absolutely doesn't matter and you can build whatever you want.
Windows and doors of a beach front property should have shutters. Roll-down shutters generally are adequate. Monolithic Dome designs include those. Obviously, major debris can destroy shutters and windows — but never the Monolithic Dome.
Monolithic Domes use an Airform and urethane foam immune to corrosion. The rebar (reinforcement steel) properly placed is protected from corrosion by the concrete. Properly mixed concrete is very resilient to corrosion, and proper coatings to the exposed concrete can also add protection.
What about a tsunami?
I recently had a representative from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an agency of the US Department of Commerce that conducts environmental research, contact me. The NOAA wanted to know if a Monolithic Dome could be built that would survive a 100 foot tsunami.
My answer was an absolute Yes with this provision: a rock that I could anchor the dome to.
The rock would have to prevent the uplift created by the water flowing over the dome to pop the dome to the water's surface. Water over the top of a Monolithic Dome turns that dome into an upside-down boat that will struggle to pop to the surface. So for this situation, the dome must be anchored. But if the water gets inside the dome, the pressure is equalized, and the water's lifting capacity is lost.
The Monolithic Dome is ideal for beach front property. It cannot be burned or blown away and its life expectancy is measured in centuries.
Note: We first presented this information in our Winter 1998 Roundup and updated it in March 2009.
Foundation — The dome sits on a foundation attached to pilings buried deep into the ground. All concrete and steel reinforcement are interconnected. Notice the drainage pipes embedded in the dome to drain water from the deck above.
Storm shutters — Powered storm shutters, designed to withstand a 2 × 4 at 100 miles per hour, protect the windows and the occupants inside. During a power failure, all the shutters may be manually closed in a short period of time.
Garage — The bottom floor is completely open and the upper floors are actually suspended from the dome. During severe weather, storm surge can fill the entire garage without damage to the living spaces above. Repairs costs are limited to only the minor walls in the garage.
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City Bible Church
Since its opening in 1991, the two Monolithic Domes of City Bible Church have become somewhat of a landmark in Portland, Oregon. Art Johansen, facility administrator at City Bible, is very much in favor of that development.
We Know Domes – Hire Monolithic Today
Being the coinventor of the dome and the founder of the Monolithic Dome Institute has given David B. South the opportunity to not only fine tune the building process, but to create a company whose main mission is to make available Monolithic Dome technology to all the world. It is the hope of Monolithic to educate the public about Monolithic Domes and to provide professional services to its customers by creating a successful partnership with them through all phases of their dome design, planning and construction.
Monolithic Floor Plans
For your dream dome-home, our library includes floor plans in a wide variety of sizes and shapes. That size-range includes small, cozy cottages, as well as spacious and spectacular castle-like domains and everything in between. But while sizes and shapes may vary, the benefits of a Monolithic Dome home remain constant. In addition to long-range savings, our very green Monolithic Domes provide energy-efficiency, disaster protection and more. This website has tools and hundreds of articles related to dome design. In addition, our staff includes professionals with experience and expertise that can help you design the exact floor plan you want and need.
Monolithic Dome Builders Workshops
A Monolithic Dome Workshop is a combination of hands-on training and classroom instruction. Equal time is given to studying dome construction principles in a classroom setting and to applying those principles by actually building a Monolithic Dome.
Captain America's shield covers MIT Great Dome
MIT students hacked the MIT Great Dome by turning it into Captain America's shield in honor of Avengers: Endgame. According to the Boston Globe, "dozens of people worked on the project for months, which they started planning about a year ago after learning a new Marvel movie was going to be released."
Fantastic Colorado Dome Home With Indoor Salt-Water Swimming Pool for Sale
There's a palpable "wow factor" to this home. Surrounded by a sense of pleasure and possibility, the structural roots of this monolithic dome home define its genius. The brainchild of aeronautical engineer Chris Barnes, the dome was built intentionally to be a showplace for modern design, energy efficiency, optimism and individuality.
Anonymous donor gives new gymnasium to Hansen, Idaho
Thanks to a generous, anonymous donation the community of Hansen, Idaho, has a new gymnasium. The Hansen School District owns the 120-foot diameter monolithic dome but shares it with the city. "This is a unique facility," said Superintendent David Carson at Friday's open house. "It's a community school district partnership. Both entities will be able to use it — a lot."
Dave and Mary Spellings' Palapa Pineapple taking shape in Belize
Interior construction is underway for Dave & Mary Spellings' Monolithic Dome home — the Palapa Pineapple — in Belize. Dave Spellings said he got the idea about 25 years ago when he visited Ivan Sheinbaum's Xanadu Resort on Ambergris Caye in Belize. "I wanted a smaller, more unique shape, with one room on top of the other. I squeezed the dome into the shape it's in."
Monolithic Dome cameo in upcoming ABC TV show
A shoutout for the Monolithic Dome making a brief cameo in the trailer for ABC's new show, Stumptown. The trailer clearly shows the cement storage facility built for Lone Star Northwest, Inc. on the Willamette River in downtown Portland, Oregon.
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If you are passionate about beaches, sundrenched days, the most beautiful waterfalls and carefree fun under the Caribbean sun, this is the perfect trip for you! We take you on a journey full of relaxation, the joy of the Caribbean lifestyle and the most famous and beautiful beaches and waterfalls in the Dominican Republic, maybe even of the entire world. On the first part you will enjoy the snow-white beaches of the southern coast along the Caribbean shores. The second half of this trip you will bask in the sun on the dream-like beaches on the north coast of the Dominican Republic at the Atlantic Ocean. The peninsula of Samaná, the most beautiful region of the country, will be your paradise for a couple of nights and provides various opportunities for exciting excursions. One of them is already included in the package, a trip to the fascinating and picturesque waterfall "Salto El Limon". In both areas you can call a prestigious five-star hotel your home, pampering you with spacious suites, exceptional service and unobtrusive luxury. The Sublime Samaná, your hotel for the second half of your trip is even a member of the "small luxury hotels of the world". However, the highlight of the whole trip will definitely be the helicopter flight to the "Salto de la Jalda", the highest waterfall in the whole Caribbean. This hidden gem is located in a much undiscovered area as it is only accessible via a 3-hours hike or by helicopter – most likely you will be alone at this magnificent place.
Transfer from the airport to the Westin Punta Resort & Club. Check-in into a spacious double room with ocean view. Afterwards you can enjoy your first dinner at either the Anani restaurant with an international cuisine or at the Brassa Grill & Bar with an American fare right at the beach.
The package includes a helicopter excursion to the waterfall "Salto de la Jalda". This excursion will be a true highlight on your holiday. The waterfall is located in an absolutely undiscovered area. During a one hour stopover you have time to swim, relax and enjoy a snack at the foot of the waterfall in a wonderful nature surrounding.
The rest of these days can be arranged according to your wishes. There are many options for excursions and trips from which you can choose from. For example a catamaran trip to Isla Catalina, a trip to one of the most famous cigar and rum factories in the country or a round of golf at one of the golf courses located directly in the Resort.
If you prefer to leave the rush and daily routine behind there are various options to have wonderfully relaxed days in the resort, like for example going for a walk along the beautiful beach, take a refreshing bath in the turquoise water of the Caribbean Sea or indulge yourself with a massage or beauty treatment in the Six Senses Spa.
Today our chauffeur will pick you up from the hotel and take you to the Punta Cana International Airport. From there you are going to fly to the Samaná Arroyo Barril Airport, which takes about 45 minutes and is a unique opportunity to get a lot of panoramic shots of the Dominican Republic.
A private chauffeur is waiting at the airport to take you to the Sublime Samaná Hotel in Las Terrenas. During the transfer you already will get a first impression of the lush vegetation of the peninsula, the endless palm groves and the fantastic views this region has to offer.
Check-in into a beautiful One Bedroom Suite and go for a stroll along the amazing beach Playa Cosón.
A picturesque beach in the Caribbean.
After breakfast you can decide whether staying at the beach and lying under the palm trees or if you want to go on an excursion. The peninsula of Samaná offers a wide range of different activities.
The package includes one excursion to the impressive waterfall "Salto El Limón". On a nice gentle horseback ride a local guide will lead you to the top of the waterfall El Limon from where water drops 50 meters down. On the way to the waterfalls the local guide will give you an introduction into a variety of tropical plants and fruits. At the waterfall you have time to take a refreshing bath in the natural pool and take some imposing holiday shots. After returning to the starting point you will enjoy a delicious Dominican lunch at a nearby ranch.
Further excursions like a boat ride to hidden and pristine beaches, a zipline adventure through the lush nature or a river tubing tour through tropical vegetation will show you more hidden and gorgeous places on the Samaná peninsula.
In the evening of day 5 you will be picked up and taken to the MI CORAZON Restaurant in Las Terrenas. You will get spoiled with a 5-course gourmet dinner with a personal guidance through the courses by the owners. The restaurant is a romantic hideaway and will impress with its atmosphere and culinary delights.
After check-out your private driver will take you to the Samaná Arroyo Barril Airport from where your return flight to Punta Cana International Airport will leave.
In case you have an early flight to your home country we also can organize a private ground transfer which brings you to Punta Cana or Santo Domingo Airport at any time according to your convenience.
Package also available for 11 days / 10 nights.


The following steps are NOT supported, this is a community-driven workaround. You can rely on the zimbra forums to ask for help.
This article describes how to allow log into Zimbra by using an username totally unrelated to real email addresses connected to the account.
At the moment Zimbra accounts are tightly connected to their email addresses. Any login inserted when authenticating has to be part of a email address. This is true even if we then rely on external directories for authentication.
Then we need to make this unroutable domain the default domain so that when users log into the webmail, the authentication form will then assume that the username will be looked into this domain by default.
zmprov ca john.ryan@domain.com password # Real email address, it will act as the main username as well. This is very important, otherwise many other issues might arise.
zmprov aaa john.ryan@domain.com jryan@domain.com  # (optional) Alias email address for legacy reasons.
zmprov aaa john.ryan@domain.com 001234@domain.local # Alias email address to host the username part we need. We'll then see how to remove it from anywhere in Zimbra to avoid its usage in production.
You can check that everything is working by appending ?dev=1 to the URL (Refer to: http://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Web_Client_URL_Tricks for more information).
Once done, repackaging is required as per the wiki instructions referred above.
To minimize chances of having these addresses slipping through the system, the following change can be done in the MTAs.


that Brexit has recently masked, in particular cuts to our public services. Therefore MPs grasped with both hands the chance to press home their concerns.
welcomed North Macedonia as its aspirant 30th member with the signing of the Accession Treaty on Wednesday. The US's decision to pull out of the INF Treaty has placed the UK and NATO in a position where difficult decisions may have to be made, and I would urge you to read the Urgent Question asked about this issue.
Pleas click here for the latest edition of This Week In Parliament.


We are in the midst of a very intense time of the year, with holidays and seasonal celebrations like Thanksgiving (recently past), Hanukkah this week and Christmas a mere two-plus weeks away.
Wrap that up with a New Year's celebration and "Wham"—more friends, family and food/alcohol than one normally enjoys in a three-month period.
Yet it can also be the season of SAD—seasonal affective disorder, when the amount of daylight decreases daily, and for those of us in the northern latitudes, cold weather intensifies. We're eating more, getting less sunshine and quite probably less exercise. Hibernation is great for bears, not so good for humans.
It's the wintertime blues. For myself and many, once the solstice passes and day length starts to increase, mood improves. But noticeable day-length increases don't really occur here until mid-February. That's a long time to feel blue.
Of course, light therapy helps. One can purchase a lamp that emits a light spectrum that replaces the amount and intensity of light missing from the sun during late fall and early winter.
Or you could go to Norway, where they're using mirrors, light therapy and the power of positive thinking to improve mood and survive the long dark winter days.
We know that exercise helps—in fact, if it weren't so cold and slippery, one would think that January and February would be great months for marathon training, with the release of endorphins due to those long runs.
Blue zone diets are composed of good fats, and nonprocessed carbohydrates like nuts, seeds.
While prepping for a blog about dietary fat and carbohydrates, I stumbled on a blue zones article—remember the blue zones?
In 2005, National Geographic fellow Dan Buettner wrote about several locations on Earth where men and women lived exceptionally long lives, with almost no incidence of the chronic conditions obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
These diseases have been on a sharp increase in the U.S. for the past 40 years—and the slope of that disease incidence line has intensified in the last decade.
This increase in chronic disease could make a person feel blue at the equator in July!
Chronic disease affects everyone. We tend to eat like and mimic the activity patterns of the people we spend the most time with. The Framingham studies provide the data to prove it. One person's chronic health issues affect many more people.
This article needs some redemption. How about an injection of happy here?
The Blue Zone locations include: Ikaria, Greece; Okinawa, Japan; Ogliastra Region, Sardinia; Loma Linda, California; and Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica.
It's intriguing that persons in five different locations on the planet have these lifestyle habits in common. Blue moods is not one of their traits and maybe, during these short cold days, you might feel as inspired as I do by traits and habits that have enabled blue zoners to have long lives nearly free of disease.
This information has been collected and studied by a team of scientists, physicians and data analysts. Those habits are summarized here.
Here is a brief summary of the habits that blue zone people share.
They move naturally. A commonality is that these people live in environments that encourage them to move—they walk, they garden and they do not use mechanical tools to aid house and yard work. You won't find a leaf blower in the blue zones.
They have a sense of purpose, a reason to get up in the morning.
They downshift. Yes, there is some stress in their lives, but they have established routines to let go of their stress, be it prayer, happy hour or honoring their ancestors.
They have more stringent eating habits. In Okinawa there is a 2,500-year-old Confucian mantra said before meals that reminds them to stop eating when they are 80% full. In all locations, the last meal of the day is the smallest.
Plant-based food is best. Beans play a major part in most centenarian diets. Meat is generally pork, and enjoyed but only about once a week. Serving sizes are 3–4 oz.; think of the size of a deck of cards.
They enjoy wine with friends. With the exception of Adventists in the Loma Linda, CA blue zone, all others enjoy moderate amounts of alcohol, regularly. 1–2 glasses of wine per day, with friends or family is common.
Most centenarians of the blue zones belong to some faith group—denomination varies but research has found that attending faith-based services four times monthly adds years to life span.
They keep family close. Aging parents and grandparents are kept nearby or in the home. This has been shown to lower mortality of children in the home as well. The blue zoners commit to a life partner as well, and invest in their children with time and affection.
They choose or are born into social circles committed to healthy behaviors. Okinawans, for example, create groups of five friends committed to each other for life in support of healthy behaviors.
Persons in the blue zones naturally understand and put into practice the benefits of a social network (presumably without the use of computers).
Focusing on adapting some of these habits is going to be my new tool for surviving the short, dark days. There might be a 2019 resolution or two in there even.
If you're still reading this blog, I bet you have a blue zone habit or two in your life? We'd love to hear about your habits—either in progress or soon to be adopted.
In the meantime, let's meet at a solstice bonfire and celebrate, maybe with a glass of wine. Bring the spouse and kids!


In this article, we describe 11 possible causes of stomach churning. We besides explain when to see a doctor and provide some tips for feeding and preventing stomach churning.
Indigestion, or dyspepsia, refers to pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen.
Food poisoning is a common unwellness that affects people who have used-up contaminated foods or beverages. The most common causes of food poisoning are harmful bacterium and viruses. Other causes include certain parasites, molds, and chemicals.
The symptoms of food poisoning can range from mild to severe, and they can take hours or even years to appear after a person consumes the contaminated food.
microorganism stomach flu, which people often refer to as "stomach flu," is a microorganism infection of the bowels.
The most common cause of microorganism stomach flu in adults is norovirus, which accounts for between 19 and 21 million cases of the unwellness each year in the United States. In children, the most common cause of microorganism stomach flu is rotavirus.
Treatment for people with microorganism stomach flu primarily involves replacement lost fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration.
Stomach churning can sometimes be a symptom of a food intolerance, so much as milk sugar intolerance.
People with milk sugar intolerance experience digestive symptoms after they consume foods containing milk sugar, a sugar that is naturally present in milk and dairy farm products. These symptoms occur because their body does not produce enough Lactaid, an macromolecule that breaks down milk sugar.
milk sugar intolerance is different than a milk allergic reaction, which is due to an immune response.
Many people with milk sugar intolerance can manage their symptoms by making dietary changes to avoid this sugar.
People with celiac unwellness experience digestive symptoms after feeding products containing macromolecule. macromolecule is a macromolecule that occurs chiefly in wheat, barley, and rye.
In people with celiac unwellness, the immune system overreacts to the presence of macromolecule and begins assaultive the lining of the small bowel.
As the symptoms can be similar to those of other digestive disorders, celiac unwellness can be difficult for doctors to diagnose. People with celiac unwellness can manage their symptoms by adopting a macromolecule-free diet.
IBS is a disorder that affects the function of the bowel. Between 10 and 15 percentage of people in the U.S. have IBS.
Experts do not know what causes IBS, but they believe that it may be due to the accrued sensitivity of the bowels.
Doctors generally recommend dietary and life style changes for people with IBS. nevertheless, they mightiness besides order medications to help relieve symptoms.
An enteric obstruction is a blockage inside the small or large bowel that can prevent digestible food and waste products from passing through.
enteric obstructions can lead to possibly dangerous complications. People with symptoms of an obstruction should seek immediate medical attention.
People should speak to a doctor if they experience stomach churning that worsens, does not improve, or recurs.
There are galore possible causes of stomach churning, including dyspepsia, stress and anxiety, and taking certain medications.
Stomach churning often only causes temporary discomfort before resolution without treatment. nevertheless, this symptom can sometimes be a sign of an underlying health issue.
People with persistent or perennial stomach churning should see a doctor, especially if it occurs aboard severe or concerning symptoms.


The first Light Dragoon troops were originally raised in the mid-18th century for reconnaissance and patrolling. The 13th Light Dragoons were at the forefront of the famous Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean War, and subsequently immortalised by the words of the poet Tennyson. But with the outbreak of the First World War, the role of the Light Dragoons regiment began to evolve. All four regiments fought on the Western Front but increasingly dismounted and fought in the trenches. After the war, the army was reduced in size and the first of the amalgamations took place reducing four regiments to two. In the late 1930s the two Light Dragoons regiments were hastily mechanized and served with distinction during the Second World War. Since 1992 the remaining two regiments have formed under the one umbrella of The Light Dragoons and this volume traces the almost two centuries of proud fighting traditions.
Lt. Col. Eric Hunt served for several years as a member of the Light Dragoons Regiment and is now an active member of the Regimental Association. He has spent the last several years compiling a history of the Regiment and this volume is the culmination of his research.