text:
Q: Document keydown triggers button not working | Javascript I need help with getting the keydown of Enter to trigger a button click. I have already coded some javascript so that when the user presses enter in the text boxes that different buttons are clicked, but I now want the 'You shall Pass!' button to be triggered when the user presses enter anywhere in the document(not a text box) so that a div will be created with their inputted text. Right now if you click the 'You shall pass!' button, it will work, but I want this button to be triggered even when the user presses Enter.
I have tried using:
document.onkeydown = function(event){
if(event.keyCode === 13) {
    if(document.getElementById('buid')) {
       bu.click();
    }
}
}

but then when the user presses enter to trigger the 'Validate Inputs' button, the div just appears and no 'You shall Pass!' appears, thus it just triggers that button without it appearing. The above code is not in the below code snippet. How do I solve this using Vanilla JS?
P.S. 'bu' is the variable of the 'You shall Pass!' button and 'buid' is the id of that button.

var inputg = document.getElementById("inputtext");
var b = document.getElementById('button');
inputg.onkeydown = function(event){
if(event.keyCode == 13){
 b.click();
}
};

inputg.addEventListener("input", noButton);

function noButton(){
if(inputg.value === ""){
 b.style.display = 'none';
}else{
 b.style.display = 'inline-block';
}
}

noButton();

b.addEventListener('click', function(){
addDiv();
});

function addDiv(){
b.parentNode.removeChild(b);
var inputv = document.getElementById("inputtext").value;
var n = document.createElement("input");
n.type = "number";
n.placeholder = "Enter your Age";
var nv = n.value;
document.getElementById("bodydiv").appendChild(n);
n.onkeydown = function(event){
if(event.keyCode == 13){
 but.click();
}
};
var but = document.createElement("button");
but.innerHTML = "Validate Inputs";
document.getElementById("bodydiv").appendChild(but);
inputg.onkeydown = function(event){
if(event.keyCode == 13){
 but.click();
}
};
var bu = document.createElement("button");
bu.id = "buid";
bu.innerHTML= "You shall Pass!";
document.getElementById("bodydiv").appendChild(bu);
bu.style.display = 'none';
but.addEventListener('click', function(){
if(n.value<=0 || inputg.value === ""){
alert("Invalid Age or Name, You shall not pass!");
}else{
inputg.disabled = true;
n.disabled = true;
but.style.display = 'none';
bu.style.display = 'inline';
}
});
bu.addEventListener('click', function(){
inputg.disabled = false;
n.disabled = false;
bu.style.display = 'none';
but.style.display = 'inline-block';
var inputvs = document.getElementById("inputtext").value;
var ns = n.value;
var d = document.createElement('div');
d.innerHTML = "My name is " + inputg.value + "
" + "And I am " + n.value + " years old";
d.style.display = 'block';
document.getElementById("bodydiv").appendChild(d);
n.value = "";
inputg.value = "";
});

if((bu.style.display = 'none')){
inputg.disabled = false;
n.disabled = false;
}
}
body {
  font-family: Century Gothic;
  height: 100%;
  width: 100%;
}
 <input type="text" id="inputtext" placeholder="Enter LOTR name">
  <button id="button">GO!
  </button>

A: You can try different method for listen the whole div or page.
$(window).keydown(function(event){
    if(event.keyCode == 13){
        b.click();
    }
});

Also
$('body').on('keydown', function() {
     if(event.keyCode == 13){
        b.click();
    }
});

And
$(document.body).on('keydown', function (e) {
    if(event.keyCode == 13){
        b.click();
    }
}):


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text:
Every single movie coming out this summer
"Bad Samaritan" from left, "American Socialist: The Life and Times of Eugene Victor Debs," "RBG," "The Cleanse," "Overboard," "Papillon," "Crazy Rich Asians," "The Darkest Minds" and "Le Corbeau."
(Electric Ent / Indian State University / Sundance / CNN / Akaster / Pera / MGM/ Pantelion / Bleecker / WB / McFadden / Fox / Christophel / Continental / Radio Pics / Studiocanal)
By Times Staff
After Auschwitz
Documentary directed by Jon Kean. Passion River Films
Alex & the List
Romantic comedy with Patrick Fugit, Jennifer Morrison, Karen Gillan. Gravitas Ventures
American Socialist: The Life and Times of Eugene Victor Debs
Documentary directed by Yale Strom. First Run Features
Crime thriller with David Tennant. Directed by Dean Devlin. Electric Entertainment
Robert Sheehan in "Bad Samaritan."
(Scott Green / Electric Entertainment )
FULL COVERAGE: Summer Movie Sneaks »
The Cleanse
Fantasy comedy-drama with Johnny Galecki, Anna Friel, Kyle Gallner, Oliver Platt, Anjelica Huston. Vertical Entertainment
The Con is On
Comedy with Uma Thurman, Tim Roth, Alice Eve, Parker Posey, Maggie Q, Crispin Glover, Sofia Vergara, Stephen Fry. Lionsgate
Gehenna: Where Death Lives
Horror-suspense with Doug Jones. Uncork'd Entertainment
In the Last Days of the City
Drama directed by Tamer El Said. Big World Pictures
Jeannette, The Childhood of Joan of Arc
Historical drama written and directed by Bruno Dumont, based on novels by Charles Péguy. KimStim
Le Corbeau
Restored version of 1943 French crime drama directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot. Rialto Pictures
Juliette Binoche stars as a divorced Parisian painter who tires of the disappointing men she dates. With Xavier Beauvois, Philippe Katerine, Josiane Balasko. Written by Christine Argot, Claire Denis. Directed by Claire Denis. Sundance Selects
Love and Bananas: An Elephant Story
Documentary directed by Ashley Bell. Abramorama
A debauched Mexican billionaire falls off his yacht, wakes with amnesia and is convinced by the woman who cleans his boat that he's her working-class husband in this reboot of the 1987 Goldie Hawn-Kurt Russell comedy. With Eugenio Derbez, Anna Faris, Eva Longoria, John Hannah. Written by Bob Fisher, Rob Greenberg, Leslie Dixon. Directed by Greenberg. MGM / Pantelion Films / Lionsgate
Racer and the Jailbird
European crime drama directed by Michaël R. Roskam. Super LTD
Director Michaël R. Roskam, actress Adèle Exarchopoulos and actor Matthias Schoenaerts from the film "Racer and the Jailbird."
(Los Angeles Times )
Ray Meets Helen
Romantic drama with Keith Carradine, Sondra Locke, Samantha Mathis. Directed by Alan Rudolph. TriCoast Worldwide
Documentary on Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bade Ginsberg. Co-directed by Betsy West, Julie Cohen. Magnolia Pictures | Read more
Son of Bigfoot
Animated. DirecTV / Viva Pictures
The Test & the Art of Thinking
Documentary directed by Michael Arlen Davis. Abramorama
Train to Zakopané
Romantic drama with Tanna Frederick. Written and directed by Henry Jaglom. Rainbow Releasing
"Juno" writer Diablo Cody reunites with director Jason Reitman for a comedy about a night nurse who provides a stressed-out mother of three unexpected relief. With Charlize Theron, Mackenzie Davis, Mark Duplass, Ron Livingston. Written by Diablo Cody. Directed by Jason Reitman. Focus Features
WW II thriller with Thomas Gullestad, Jonathan Rhys Meyers. IFC Midnight
Another Kind of Wedding
Comedy-drama with Kathleen Turner, Kevin Zegers, Jessica Pare, Frances Fisher. Vertical Entertainment
Romantic drama with John Carroll Lynch, Matt Bomer, Maura Tierney. Paladin
The arrival of a stranger in a small island town encourages an oppressed young woman who must defend him when he's accused of a series of heinous crimes. With Jessie Buckley, Johnny Flynn, Geraldine James. Written and directed by Michael Pearce. Roadside Attractions
Boom for Real: The Late Teenage Years of Jean-Michel Basquiat
Documentary directed by Sara Driver. Magnolia Pictures
Born Guilty
Comedy-drama with Rosanna Arquette, Jay Devore. Written and directed by Max Heller. Freestyle Digital Media
Gabrielle Union as a desperate mother hellbent on saving her two children being held in an impregnable home. With Billy Burke, Richard Cabral, Christa Miller. Written by Ryan Engle, story by Jaime Primak Sullivan. Directed by James McTeigue. Universal Pictures
Comedy with Skyler Gisondo, Olivia Holt. Directed by Eric Stoltz. Cinedigm
The Desert Bride
South American drama directed by Cecilia Atán and Valeria Pivato.Strand Releasing
Gemma Arterton plays an overwhelmed British mother and housewife who buys a one-way ticket to Paris. With Dominic Cooper, Frances Barber, Marthe Keller. Written and directed by Dominic Savage. IFC Films
French drama starring Nathalie Baye. Directed by Xavier Beauvois. Music Box Films
Melissa McCarthy plays a housewife who returns to college alongside her daughter and lets loose after her husband leaves her. With Gillian Jacobs, Maya Rudolph, Julie Bowen, Matt Walsh, Molly Gordon, Stephen Root, Jacki Weaver. Written by McCarthy & Ben Falcone. Directed by Falcone. Warner Bros. / New Line Cinema
Lu Over the Wall
Japanese animated adventure comedy directed by Masaaki Yuasa. GKIDS
Comedy-drama with Blake Cooper, Donald Sutherland, Luke Wilson, Judy Greer. Great Point Media
A young woman fights back after being sexually assaulted by her married millionaire boyfriend's hunting buddies. With Matilda Lutz, Kevin Janssens. Directed by Coralie Fargeat. Shudder / Neon
Annette Bening, Saoirse Ronan, Corey Stoll and Elisabeth Moss star in this adaptation of Anton Chekhov's classic play about misplaced love, art, fame and foolishness among family and friends on a Russian country estate. With Mare Winningham, Jon Tenney, Billy Howle, Brian Dennehy. Written by Stephen Karam. Directed by Michael Mayer. Sony Pictures Classics
Thriller with Margot Robbie, Simon Pegg, Mike Myers, Max Irons. Written and directed by Vaughn Stein. RJLE Films
Always at the Carlyle
Documentary featuring George Clooney, Anjelica Huston, Jeff Goldblum, Sofia Coppola. Directed by Matthew Miele. Good Deed Entertainment
"Book Club" stars Diane Keaton, Candice Bergen, Jane Fonda and Mary Steenburgen.
Critics' Picks: 10 films to see this summer »
Diane Keaton, Jane Fonda, Candice Bergen and Mary Steenburgen star as lifelong friends whose book club tackles "Fifty Shades of Grey," triggering new romances and rekindling old flames. Written by Bill Holderman, Erin Simms. Directed by Holderman. Paramount Pictures | Read more
Dramatic thriller with Martin Freeman, Anthony Hayes, Susie Porter. Written by Yolanda Ramke. Directed by Ben Howling, Ramke. Netflix
Carter & June
Heist comedy. Freestyle Digital Media
French drama with Virginie Ledoyen and Cyprien Fouquet. Written and directed by Olivier Assayas.Janus Films
Thriller with Jim Carrey, Marton Csokas, Charlotte Gainsbourg. Saban Fims / Lionsgate / DirecTV
South Korean romantic drama with Kwon Haehyo, Kim Minhee. Written and directed by Hong Sangsoo. Cinema Guild
Ryan Reynolds is back as the crazy assassin and sometime X-Man, joined on his murderous adventures by Domino (Zazie Beetz) and Cable (Josh Brolin). Directed by David Leitch. 20th Century Fox | Read more
Ryan Reynolds in a scene from the movie "Deadpool 2."
(20th Century Fox)
Filmworker
Documentary directed by by Tony Zierra. Kino Lorber
A middle-aged pastor with a declining congregation in upstate New York struggles with his tortured history and bleak future. With Ethan Hawke, Amanda Seyfried, Cedric the Entertainer. Written and directed by Paul Schrader. A24
Documentary directed by Sébastien Chabot. Gravitas Ventures
Directed by Ian Cheney. Abramorama
On Chesil Beach
A young British couple from very different backgrounds pursue a relationship in 1962. With Saoirse Ronan, Billy Howle, Anne-Marie Duff, Adrian Scarborough, Emily Watson, Samuel West. Written by Ian McEwan, based on his novel. Directed by Dominic Cooke. Bleecker Street
Pope Francis — A Man of His Word
Director Wim Wenders focuses on the pontiff's ideas, message of peace and justice and his personal journey in this documentary. Focus Features
Sharon 1.2.3.
Comedy with Skyler Samuels, Erinn Hayes, Gina Rodriguez. Freestyle Releasing
Show Dogs
A detective and his four-legged partner go undercover to crack a case at a high-stakes pageant for pooches. With Will Arnett, Chris "Ludacris" Bridges, Natasha Lyonne, Jordin Sparks, Gabriel Iglesias, Shaquille O'Neal, Alan Cumming and Stanley Tucci. Written by Max Botkin, Marc Hyman. Directed by Raja Gosnell. Global Road Entertainment
A 50th-anniversary 70 mm rerelease of Stanley Kubrick's classic science fiction epic, overseen by Christopher Nolan. With Keir Dullea, Gary Lockwood. Written by Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke, based on Clarke's novel. Warner Bros.
Horror. IFC Midnight
The Gospel According to Andre
Documentary directed by Kate Novack. Magnolia Pictures
A group of teens, enamored with punk rock in 1977 London, encounter an equally rebellious flock of adolescent aliens. With Elle Fanning, Alex Sharp, Nicole Kidman, Ruth Wilson and Matt Lucas. Written by John Cameron Mitchell, Philippa Goslett, based on a short story by Neil Gaiman. Directed by Mitchell. A24
Romantic comedy with Gillian Jacobs, Phoebe Robinson, Vanessa Bayer, Richard Madden, Michaela Watkins. Written by Lauryn Kahn. Directed by Alex Richanbach. Netflix
Thriller with Natalie Dormer, Emily Ratajkowski, Joely Richardson. Vertical Entertainment
Drama with Elle Fanning, Maisie Williams, Bel Powley, Douglas Booth, Joanne Froggatt, Stephen Dillane. Directed by Haifaa Al-Mansour. IFC Film
Documentary narrated by Willem Dafoe. Greenwich Entertainment
Sollers Point
Drama with Jim Belushi, McCaul Lombardi, Zazie Beetz. Directed by Matthew Porterfield. Oscilloscope Laboratories
Alden Ehrenreich stars as a young Han Solo navigating the underworld and meeting his forever wingman Chewbacca and his scoundrel buddy Lando Calrissian. With Emilia Clarke, Thandie Newton, Woody Harrelson, Donald Glover, Paul Bettany. Written by Jonathan Kasdan, Lawrence Kasdan, based on characters created by George Lucas. Directed by Ron Howard. Walt Disney Pictures | Read more
A 6-year-old Barcelona girl goes to live with relatives after the death of her mother. With Laia Artigas, Paula Robles, Bruna Cusí, David Verdaguer, Fermi Reixach. Written and directed by Carla Simón. Oscilloscope Laboratories
That Summer
Filmmaker Göran Hugo Olsson uses long-lost footage to revisit the eccentric Beales of Grey Gardens in this documentary. Sundance Selects
Action Point
Johnny Knoxville stars as the proprietor of a safety-challenged theme park threatened by the arrival of a nearby mega-amusement park. With Chris Pontius, Dan Bakkedahl, Matt Schulze, Eleanor Worthington-Cox. Written by John Altschuler & Dave Krinsky; story by Knoxville, Derek Freda, Altschuler, Krinsky, Mike Judge. Directed by Tim Kirkby. Paramount Pictures
Shailene Woodley and Sam Claflin star as a pair of bohemian lovers whose sailing adventure leads into a catastrophic hurricane. Written by Aaron Kandell, Jordan Kandell, David Branson Smith; based on a book by Tami Oldham Ashcraft with Susea McGearhart. Directed by Baltasar Kormákur. STXfilms
All Summers End
Romantic thriller with Tye Sheridan, Kaitlyn Dever, Pablo Schreiber. Gravitas Ventures
Friends attempting a daring art heist doubt their motives. With Evan Peters, Barry Keoghan, Blake Jenner, Jared Abrahamson, Ann Dowd, Udo Kier. Written and directed by Bart Layton. The Orchard
Thriller with Jonny Mars. Uncorke'd Entertainment
Drama. Breaking Glass Pictures
A Kid Like Jake
Drama with Clare Danes, Jim Parsons. IFC Films
Comedic thriller written and directed by Bruce LaBruce. Cartilage Films
Nossa Chape
Documentary directed by Jeff Zimbalist, Michael Zimbalist. Fox Sports Films
Romantic drama with Vincent Lindon. Izia Higelin, Severine Caneele. Written and directed by Jacques Doillon. Cohen Media Group
Social Animals
Comedy with Noël Wells, Josh Radnor. Paramount Pictures / Vertical Entertainment
Strangers on the Earth
Documentary directed by Tristan Cook. First Run Features
Paralyzed during a attack in which his wife was killed, a man receives an A.I. implant that offers an experimental cure and allows him to pursue violent revenge. With Logan Marshall Green, Betty Gabriel. Written and directed by Leigh Whannell. BH Tilt
Alex Strangelove
A high school senior's plan to lose his virginity takes a detour when he meets an intriguing, gay kid from across town. With Daniel Doheny, Madeline Weinstein, Antonio Marziale. Written and directed by Craig Johnson. Netflix
Bernard and Huey
Comedy-drama with David Koechner and Jim Rash. Directed by Dan Mirvish. Freestyle Digital Media
Colombian drama. Breaking Glass Pictures
Nick Offerman and Kiersey Clemons play a Red Hook, Brooklyn, father and daughter who bond through songwriting before she leaves for college. With Ted Danson, Toni Collette, Sasha Lane, Blythe Danner. Written by Brett Haley and Marc Basch. Directed by Haley. Gunpowder & Sky
Chills and thrills: 7 scary movies to see this summer »
Secrets emerge after the death of a matriarch setting her daughter's family on a seemingly inevitable, ominous path. With Toni Collette, Alex Wolff, Milly Shapiro, Ann Dowd, Gabriel Byrne. Written and directed by Ari Aster. A24 | Read more
Jodie Foster stars as a woman who runs an exclusive criminals-only emergency room in strife-ridden near-future L.A. With Sterling K. Brown, Sofia Boutella, Jeff Goldblum, Brian Tyree Henry, Jenny Slate, Zachary Quinto, Charlie Day, Dave Bautista. Written and directed by Drew Pearce. Global Road Entertainment
Dramatic thriller with Andrea Riseborough, J. Smith-Cameron, Ann Dowd, John Leguizamo, Steve Buscemi. Written and directed by Christina Choe. Samuel Goldwyn Pictures
Watch the "Ocean's 8" trailer.
Sandra Bullock and Cate Blanchett recruit an all-female crew to pull off a $150-million diamond heist. With Anne Hathaway, Mindy Kaling, Sarah Paulson, Awkwafina, Richard Armitage, James Corden, Rihanna, Helena Bonham Carter. Written by Gary Ross & Olivia Milch, story by Ross. Directed by Ross. Warner Bros. | Read more >>
The Quest of Alain Ducasse
Documentary directed by Gilles de Maistre. Magnolia Pictures
Saving Brinton
Documentary directed by Tommy Haines, Andrew Sherburne. Barn Owl Pictures
2036 Origin Unknown
Sci-Fi action-adventure with Katee Sackhoff. Gravitas Ventures
Nicolas Cage plays a police officer caught with a young civilian passenger in the midst of a bloody bank heist. With Cory Hardrict, Michael Rainey Jr., Ori Pfeffer, Weston Cage, Sophie Skelton, Alexandra Dinu. Written and directed by York Shackleton. Momentum Pictures
Documentary portrait of Fred "Mister" Rogers, who for decades positively affected and educated children through his public television series. Directed by Morgan Neville. Focus Features | Read more
Family adventure with Art Parkinson, Penelope Wilton, and Toby Jones. Samuel Goldwyn Pictures
Half the Picture
Documentary featuring Ava DuVernay, Jill Soloway, Lena Dunham. Gravitas Ventures
The Third Murder
Japanese murder mystery with Masaharu Fukuyama, Kōji Yakusho. Written and directed by Hirokazu Kore-eda. Film Movement
Crime thriller with Blake Jenner. Gravitas Ventures
Action with Dong-xue Li, Mike Tyson, Steven Seagal. Directed by Tan Bing. Cleopatra Entertainment
Eating Animals
Documentary narrated by Natalie Portman. Sundance Selects
En el Séptimo Día (On the Seventh Day)
Drama written and directed by Jim McKay. Cinema Guild
Gabriel and the Mountain
Brazilian drama directed by Fellipe Barbosa. Strand Releasing
Crime drama with John Travolta, Kelly Preston, Stacy Keach. Sunrider Productions / Vertical Entertainment
Mr. Incredible stays home with the kids while Elastigirl is pressed into hero action to save the day. Voice cast includes Holly Hunter, Craig T. Nelson, Samuel L. Jackson, Sophia Bush, Huck Miner, Sarah Vowell. Written and directed by Brad Bird. Pixar / Disney | Read more
Kids welcome: 7 family-friendly movies to see this summer »
Javier Bardem stars as the infamous Colombia drug lord Pablo Escobar during his rise and fall and his torrid affair with a journalist. With Penélope Cruz. Written and directed by Fernando León de Aranoa. On the Lot / Universal Home Entertainment
Set It Up
Two overtaxed executive assistants scheme to distract their bosses with fake romance. With Zoey Deutch, Glen Powell, Taye Diggs, Lucy Liu, Pete Davidson, Tituss Burgess. Written by Katie Silberman. Directed by Claire Scanlon. Netflix
A Skin So Soft
Documentary. Breaking Glass Pictures
Director X reimagines the blaxploitation classic about a stylish enterprising criminal, set in present-day Atlanta. With Trevor Jackson, Jason Mitchell, Lex Scott Davis. Written by Alex Tse. Columbia Pictures | Read more
Five friends gather at the wedding of the only undefeated player in an annual game they've played since childhood. With Ed Helms, Jake Johnson, Annabelle Wallis, Hannibal Buress, Isla Fisher, Rashida Jones, Leslie Bibb, Jon Hamm, Jeremy Renner. Written by Rob McKittrick and Mark Steilen, screen story by Steilen, based on a newspaper article by Russell Adams. Directed by Jeff Tomsic. Warner Bros. / New Line Cinema
Documentary directed by Lorna Tucker. Greenwich Entertainment
The Year of Spectacular Men
Comedy-drama with siblings Madelyn Deutch, Zoey Deutch, and their mother, Lea Thompson. Written by Madelyn Deutch. Directed by Thompson. MarVista Entertainment
War drama with Jennifer Aniston, Alden Ehrenreich, Tye Sheridan, Toni Collette, Jason Patric, Jack Huston. Written by David Lowery, R.F.I. Porto. Directed by Alexandre Moors. Saban Films / Lionsgate / DirecTV
Documentary directed by Laura Fairrie. Cohen Media Group
A reluctantly embarked upon road trip from Seattle to Los Angeles offers a woman the opportunity to bond with her roguish octogenarian father and 12-year-old son. With Vera Farmiga, Christopher Plummer, Lewis MacDougall, Bobby Cannavale, Kristen Schaal. Written and directed by Shana Feste. Sony Pictures Classics
The Catcher Was a Spy
Drama with Paul Rudd, Jeff Daniels, Paul Giamatti, Mark Strong, Sienna Miller, Guy Pearce. IFC Films
Western with Robert Pattinson and Mia Wasikowska. Magnolia Pictures
Psychological thriller with Christina Ricci, John Cusack. QME Entertainment
Izzy Gets the F Across Town
Comedy-drama with Mackenzie Davis, Carrie Coon. Shout! Studios
Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard return to Isla Nublar to rescue the remaining dinosaurs four years later, after a volcano becomes active. With BD Wong, James Cromwell, Jeff Goldblum. Written by Derek Connolly, Colin Trevorrow, based on characters created by Michael Crichton. Directed by J.A. Bayona. Universal Pictures | Read more >>
FULL COVERAGE: 2018 Summer Movie Sneaks »
Racing Colt
Drama. Indie Rights
An unhappy Angeleno crisscrosses the neo-noirish landscape of the city in pursuit of clues to an enigmatic woman, who vanished from his life as quickly as she appeared. With Andrew Garfield, Riley Keough, Topher Grace. Written and directed by David Robert Mitchell. A24
The Cakemaker
Drama directed by Ofir Raul Graizer. Strand Releasing
Five Seasons: The Gardens of Piet Oudolf
Documentary directed by Thomas Piper. Argot Pictures
Comedy with David Spade, Nat Faxon, Joey Bragg, Matt Shively, Bridget Mendler. Written by Tyler Spindel, Brandon Cournoyer. Directed by Spindel. Netflix
Science fiction with Cleopatra Coleman. Syfy Films
Anne Hathaway and Rebel Wilson star in a gender-swap remake of "Dirty Rotten Scoundrels." MGM
Documentary featuring Alec Baldwin, Rosanne Cash, Chuck D, Emmylou Harris. Written and directed by Eugene Jarecki. Oscilloscope Laboratories
Drama with Ben Foster. Directed by Debra Granik. Bleecker Street
Love All You Have Left
The cartels escalate the tensions along the U.S.-Mexico border when they begin trafficking terrorists in this sequel to the 2015 crime drama. With Benicio Del Toro, Josh Brolin, Isabela Moner, Jeffrey Donovan, Manuel Garcia-Rulfo, Catherine Keener. Written by Taylor Sheridan. Directed by Stefano Sollima. Columbia Pictures
This is Congo
Documentary. Abramorama
Documentary directed by Tim Wardle. Neon
Basketball star Kyrie Irving reprises his popular character from a series of Pepsi digital shorts, a legendary hoopster reassembling his team for a Harlem street ball tournament. With Lil Rel Howery, Shaquille O'Neal, Nick Kroll. Written by Jay Longino. Directed by Charles Stone III. Lionsgate
Woman Walks Ahead
A widowed painter journeys to North Dakota in the 1880s to make a portrait of Chief Sitting Bull despite the resistance of a U.S. Army officer. With Jessica Chastain, Michael Greyeyes, Chaske Spencer, Sam Rockwell. Written by Steven Knight. Directed by Susanna White. A24 / DirecTV
Japanese animated family drama. GKIDS
Striving for a work-life balance proves elusive for the super hero with the ability to shrink when he is confronted with a new mission. With Paul Rudd, Evangeline Lilly, Michael Pena, Walton Goggins, Bobby Cannavale, Judy Greer, Tip "T.I." Harris, Randall Park, Michelle Pfeiffer, Laurence Fishburne, Michael Douglas. Written by Chris McKenna, Erik Sommers, Rudd, Andrew Barrer, Gabriel Ferrari. Directed by Peyton Reed. Marvel Studios / Disney
Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly star in the trailer for Marvel Studio's "Ant-Man and the Wasp."
7 sci-fi films to see this summer »
The fourth entry in the dystopian horror series focuses on the origins of the social experiment gone terribly wrong. With Y'Lan Noel, Lex Scott Davis, Joivan Wade, Luna Lauren Velez, Marisa Tomei. Written by James DeMonaco. Directed by Gerard McMurray. Universal Pictures
Bleeding Steel
Action thriller with Jackie Chan. Lionsgate Premiere
The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter
A TV outdoorsman, cameraman in tow, plans an epic weekend of bonding with his distant son. With Josh Brolin, Danny McBride, Montana Jordan, Scoot McNairy, Carrie Coon. Writtten by John Carcieri, Jody Hill, Danny McBride. Directed by Hill. Netflix
Southern drama. Breaking Glass Pictures
A supernaturally empowered key sends an Oakland telemarketer into a bizarre alternative realm. With Lakeith Stanfield, Tessa Thompson, Armie Hammer, Terry Crews, Steven Yeun, Omari Hardwick, Jermaine Fowler, Danny Glover. Written and directed by Boots Riley. Annapurna Pictures | Read more
Icelandic comedy-drama directed by Hafsteinn Gunnar Sigurðsson. Magnolia Pictures
Director Kevin Macdonald probes the meteoric life and career of singer Whitney Houston in this documentary. Miramax / Roadside Attractions
Gauguin: Voyage to Tahiti
Romantic drama with Vincent Cassel, Tuheï Adams. Directed by Edouard Deluc. Cohen Media Group
Drama with Denis Ménochet, Léa Drucker, Thomas Gioria. Written and directed by Xavier Legrand. Kino Lorber
Don't Worry, He Won't Get Far On Foot
Joaquin Phoenix plays a man who discovers a talent for cartooning after a devastating drunk driving accident. With Jonah Hill, Rooney Mara, Jack Black. Written and directed by Gus Van Sant; based on John Callahan's memoir. Amazon Studios
The endless final week of middle school stands between a young teen and her future. With Elsie Fisher, Josh Hamilton, Emily Robinson, Jake Ryan. Written and directed by Bo Burnham. A24
The extended family of monsters heads out on a luxury cruise ship. Voices include Adam Sandler, Andy Samberg, Selena Gomez, Mel Brooks. Written by Genndy Tartakovsky, Michael McCullers. Directed by Tartakovsky. Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation
Documentary directed by Ian Bonhôte. Bleecker Street
Kelly Macdonald plays a wife and mother who breaks out of her cloistered existence with the discovery she has a talent for jigsaw puzzles. With Irrfan Khan, David Denman, Bubba Weiler, Austin Abrams, Liv Hewson. Written by Oren Moverman. Directed by Marc Turtletaub.Sony Pictures Classics
7 Splinters in Time
Science fiction thriller with With Edoardo Ballerini, Greg Bennick, Austin Pendleton, Emmanuelle Chriqui. Written and directed by Gabriel Judet-Weinshel. Gravitas Ventures
Political drama with Woody Harrelson, James Marsden, Milla Jovovich, Jessica Biel, Tommy Lee Jones, Rob Reiner, Luke Tennie,Richard Schiff. Directed by Rob Reiner. Vertical Entertainment
Wrongly held responsible for a fire in the world's tallest building, former FBI agent and security expert Dwayne Johnson must bring the guilty parties to justice and rescue his family. With Neve Campbell, Chin Han, Noah Taylor, Roland Møller, Byron Mann, Pablo Schreiber, Hannah Quinlivan. Written and directed by Rawson Marshall Thurber. Universal Pictures
Unbanned
Documentary directed by Dexton Deboree. Los York
Daveed Diggs and Rafael Casal co-wrote and star in this comedy-drama about Oakland men whose lifelong friendship is tested after one witnesses a police shooting. With Janina Gavankar, Jasmine Cephas Jones, Ethan Embry, Tisha Campbell-Martin. Directed by Carlos López Estrada. Lionsgate | Read more
Broken Star
Thriller with Analeigh Tipton, Tyler Labine. Gravitas Ventures
The Equalizer 2
Denzel Washington is back as the former CIA black ops agent delivering vigilante justice for those in need. Written by Richard Wenk, based on the television series created by Michael Sloan and Richard Lindheim. With Pedro Pascal, Ashton Sanders, Bill Pullman, Melissa Leo. Directed by Antoine Fuqua. Columbia Pictures
Far From the Tree
Parents and families with "exceptional" children share their stories in this documentary. Directed by Rachel Dretzin, based on the book by Andrew Solomon. Sundance Selects
Generation Wealth
Filmmaker Lauren Greenfield explores an out-of-control global economy and the high cost of capitalism in this documentary. Amazon Studios
Amanda Seyfried, Christine Baranski, Colin Firth, Pierce Brosnan and Stellan Skarsgård star in "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again."
The cast returns to revisit their younger selves in this sequel to the Abba-fueled musical comedy. With Meryl Streep, Pierce Brosnan, Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Dominic Cooper, Amanda Seyfried, Christine Baranski, Lily James. Written and directed by Ol Parker, story by Catherine Johnson, Richard Curtis, Parker. Universal Pictures
Science fiction written and directed by Luke Sparke. Saban Films
Saban Films
Dark comedy-drama with Joshua Burge. Written and directed by Joel Potrykus. Oscilloscope Laboratories
Documentary directed by Kimberly Reed. PBS Distribution
14 Cameras
Horror. Gravitas Ventures
Ethan Hunt (Tom Cruise) and his IMF team (Alec Baldwin, Simon Pegg, Ving Rhames) are in a race against time (again) and the forces of evil. Henry Cavill, Angela Bassett and Vanessa Kirby also star. Written by Christopher McQuarrie, Dylan Kussman. McQuarrie returns to direct. Paramount Pictures
Horror with Thomas Mann, Nicola Peltz. IFC Midnight
Scotty and the Secret History of Hollywood
Documentary directed by Matt Tyrnauer. Greenwich Entertainment
Teen Titans Go to the Movies
Led by the headstrong boy wonder, Robin, the young superheroes head to Hollywood in search of big-screen stardom. Voices include Will Arnett, Kristen Bell, Greg Cipes, Scott Menville, Khary Payton, Tara Strong, Hynden Walch, Nicolas Cage, Halsey, Lil' Yachty. Written by Michael Jelenic and Aaron Horvath, based on characters from DC Comics. Directed by Horvathm, Peter Rida Michail. Warner Bros.
July TBD
Rerelease of the 1968 Beatles animated film. Directed by George Dunning. Abramorama
Dramatic thriller with Taron Egerton, Emma Roberts, Kevin Spacey. Vertical Entertainment
Teens with strange powers unite to resist the government that has turned on them. With Amandla Stenberg, Mandy Moore, Bradley Whitford. Written by Chad Hodge, based upon the novel by Alexandra Bracken. Directed by Jennifer Yuh Nelson. 20th Century Fox | Read more
Disney's Christopher Robin
Winnie the Pooh's young friend, now grown, is stressed out and overwhelmed by life but his childhood stuffed animals band together to help him find his way. With Ewan McGregor, Hayley Atwell, Bronte Carmichael, Mark Gatiss, and voices by Jim Cummings, Chris O'Dowd, Brad Garrett, Toby Jones, Nick Mohammed, Peter Capaldi, Sophie Okonedo. Written by Alex Ross Perry and Allison Schroeder, story by Perry, based on characters created by A.A. Milne. Directed by Marc Forster. Walt Disney Pictures
Like Father
Comedy with Kristen Bell, Kelsey Grammer, Seth Rogen. Written and directed by Lauren Miller Rogen. Netflix
Mark Wahlberg stars as the leader of a secret mission to sneak an enigmatic law enforcement official to safety. With Lauren Cohan, Iko Uwais, Ronda Rousey and John Malkovich. Written by Graham Roland, Lea Carpenter. Directed by Peter Berg. STXfilms
Comedic drama with Chloë Grace Moretz, Sasha Lane. Directed by Desiree Akhavan. FilmRise
The erstwhile Velvet Underground singer and musician tours Europe and attempts to forge a relationship her estranged son. With Trine Dyrholm, John Gordon Sinclair, Sandor Funtek. Written and directed by Susanna Nicchiarelli. Magnolia Pictures
A father searches his missing teenage daughter's laptop for digital clues to her disappearance. With John Cho, Debra Messing, Joseph Lee, Michelle La. Written by Aneesh Chaganty, Sev Ohanian. Directed by Chaganty. Screen Gems | Read more
The Spy Who Dumped Me
"The Spy Who Dumped Me" stars Mila Kunis and Kate McKinnon, and is directed By Susanna Fogel.
Mila Kunis and Kate McKinnon play best friends unexpectedly plunged into the world of international espionage. With Justin Theroux, Gillian Anderson, Hasan Minhaj, Ivanna Sakhno, Sam Heughan. Written by Susanna Fogel, David Iserson. Directed by Fogel. Lionsgate | Read more
Thriller. Gunpowder & Sky
A woman stands by her husband as he receives the Nobel Prize for literature in 1993 and recalls the ups, downs and sacrifices of their 30 years together. With Glenn Close, Jonathan Pryce, Christian Slater, Max Irons, Harry Lloyd, Annie Starke, Elizabeth McGovern. Written by Jane Anderson; based on the novel by Meg Wolitzer. Directed by Björn Runge. Sony Pictures Classics
Big Kill
Western with Jason Patric. Archstone Distribution
BlackKkKlansman
Colorado Springs' first black policeman goes undercover with his partner to infiltrate the Ku Klux Klan. With John David Washington, Adam Driver, Laura Harrier, Topher Grace. Written by Charlie Wachtel, David Rabinowitz, Kevin Willmott, Spike Lee; based on a book by Ron Stallworth. Directed by Lee. Focus Features
Comedy with Nina Dobrev, Vanessa Hudgens, Eva Longoria, Finn Wolfhard, Adam Pally. Directed by Ken Marino. LD Entertainment / Mirror
Science fiction thriller with Michael Peña, Lizzy Caplan. Written by Spenser Cohen, Bradley Caleb Kane. Directed by Ben Young. Netflix
Shortly after World War II, an English author encounters a group formed on the isle during the German occupation and decides to write a book about them. With Lily James, Michiel Huisman, Jessica Brown-Findlay, Glen Powell, Matthew Goode, Tom Courtenay. Written by Thomas Bezucha, Don Roos; based on the novel by Mary Ann Shaffer and Annie Barrows. Directed by Mike Newell. Netflix
A 75-foot-long prehistoric shark attacks a deep-sea submersible necessitating a rescue operation at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. With Jason Statham, Li Bingbing, Rainn Wilson, Ruby Rose, Winston Chao, Cliff Curtis. Written by Dean Georgaris, Jon Hoeber, Erich Hoeber, based on the novel by Steve Alten. Directed by Jon Turteltaub. Warner Bros.
Drama directed by Crystal Moselle. Magnolia Pictures
During the last Ice Age, a young man teams with a lone wolf in this epic tale of survival. With Kodi Smit-McPhee, Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson. Written by Daniele Sebastian Wiedenhaupt; story by Albert Hughes. Directed by Hughes. Columbia Pictures
Family comedy with Garret Dillahunt, John C. McGinley. Gravitas Ventures
A native New Yorker's first trip to Asia is complicated by her longtime boyfriend's status as one of Singapore's most desirable bachelors and his judgy mother. With Constance Wu, Gemma Chan, Lisa Lu, Awkwafina, Henry Golding, Sonoya Mizuno, Chris Pang, Jimmy O. Yang, Ken Jeong, Michelle Yeoh. Written by Peter Chiarelli and Adele Lim, based on the novel by Kevin Kwan. Directed by Jon M. Chu. Warner Bros. | Read more
Watch the trailer for "Crazy Rich Asians" starring Constance Wu, Henry Golding and Awkwafina.
Horror with AnnaSophia Rob, Uma Thurman. Lionsgate Premiere
To All the Boys I've Loved Before
Romantic drama with Lana Condor, Noah Centineo, Janel Parrish, John Corbett. Written by Sofia Alvarez, based on a novel by Jenny Han. Directed by Susan Johnson. Netflix
Two detectives — one puppet, one human — investigate the murders of the cast of a once-popular TV puppet show. With Melissa McCarthy, Maya Rudolph, Joel McHale, Elizabeth Banks. Written by Todd Berger; story by Berger, Dee Austin Robertson. STXfilms
Rose Byrne, Chris O'Dowd and Ethan Hawke form an unlikely triangle brought together by inertia, pop culture obsessiveness and heartache. Written by Tamara Jenkins, Jim Taylor, Evgenia Peretz; based on the novel by Nick Hornby. Directed by Jesse Peretz. Lionsgate / Roadside Attractions
Madeline's Madeline
Drama with Helena Howard, Molly Parker, Miranda July. Written and directed by Josephine Decker. Oscilloscope Laboratories
Puppet Master: The Littlest Reich
Horror with Thomas Lennon. RLJE Films
Blue Iguana
Black comedy with Sam Rockwell, Ben Schwartz, Phoebe Fox. Written and directed by Hadi Hajaig. Screen Media
The Bookshop
Drama with Emily Mortimer, Bill Nighy, Patricia Clarkson. Directed by Isabel Coixet. Greenwich Entertainment
John McEnroe: In the Realm of Perfection
Documentary written and directed by Julien Faraut. Oscilloscope Laboratories
An L.A. Minute
Satire with Gabriel Byrne, Kiersey Clemons. Strand Releasing
A Memoir of War
French drama with Mélanie Thierry, Benoît Magimel. Directed by Emmanuel Finkiel. Music Box Films
Prison drama with Charlie Hunnam, Rami Malek. Bleecker Street
Teens perform a rite in a small Massachusetts town hoping to disprove a terrifying local legend. With Joey King, Julia Goldani-Telles, Jaz Sinclair, Annalise Basso, Javier Botet. Written by David Birke, based on a character by Victor Surge. Directed by Sylvain White. Screen Gems | Read more
Support the Girls
Comedy with Regina Hall, Haley Lu Richardson, Shayna McHayle, James LeGros. Directed by Andrew Bujalski. Magnolia Pictures
An Actor Prepares
Comedic drama with Jeremy Irons, Matthew Modine, Jack Huston, Mamie Gummer. Gravitas Ventures
A 12-year-old misfit enters a private educational facility housed in a terrifying mansion. With Will Patton, Samantha Mathis, Luke Prael, Sterling Jerins, Nadia Alexander, Tammy Blanchard, Lucy Walters. Written and directed by Boaz Yakin. Momentum Pictures
An ex-con and his adopted brother, possessing a strange weapon of unknown origin, are pursued by a ruthless criminal, Federal agents and otherworldly soldiers. With Jack Reynor, Zoë Kravitz, Carrie Coon, Dennis Quaid, James Franco, Myles Truitt. Written by Daniel Casey. Directed by Jonathan Baker, Josh Baker. Lionsgate
In 1947, a country doctor is called to the home of a wealthy family where his mother once worked and discovers a terrifying connection to his own life. With Domhnall Gleeson, Ruth Wilson, Will Poulter and Charlotte Rampling. Written by Lucinda Coxon, based on the novel by Sarah Waters. Directed by Lenny Abrahamson. Focus Features
Action thriller with Frank Grillo, Bruce Willis. Lionsgate Premiere
August TBD
Tatterdemalion
Mystery. Breaking Glass Pictures
Kusama — Infinity
The painting, sculpture, installation art, performance art, poetry and novels of Japanese artist Yayoi Kusama, creator of the Infinity Mirrored Rooms, is explored in this documentary. Directed by Heather Lenz. Magnolia Pictures
The Vatican sends a troubled priest and a novitiate to investigate a suicide at an abbey in Romania and are forced to face the demonic presence witnessed in "The Conjuring 2." With Demian Bichir, Taissa Farmiga, Jonas Bloquet, Charlotte Hope, Ingrid Bisu, Bonnie Aarons. Written by Gary Dauberman, story by Dauberman and James Wan. Directed by Corin Hardy. Warner Bros. / New Line Cinema
Summer TBD
Drama with Imogen Poots, Callum Turner, Keith Rennie. Written and directed by Vladimir de Fontenay. Dark Star Pictures
Never Goin' Back
A pair of suburban Dallas waitresses scheme to flee their diner existence. With Maia Mitchell, Cami Morrone, Kyle Mooney, Joel Allen, Kendal Smith, Matthew Holcomb, Atheena Frizzell, Spencer Rayshon, Marcus Mauldin, Liz Cardenas. Written and directed by Augustine Frizzell. A24
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to combine multiple existing plots in r? I have created several plots that each required several lines of code.
I am trying to combine them using  par(mfrow=c(1,6)). However, rather than programming the plot creation below this code (which would be rather messy), I would like simply 'list' the saved plots underneath that command, and have those combined.
I have tried
par(mfrow=c(1,5))

# The premade plots
scatter_1
scatter_2
scatter_3
scatter_4
scatter_5

But the plots still are outputted individually rather than combined.
Any suggestions?

A: Here is a really quick example of how to achieve what you want using gridExtra::grid.arrange. The ncol argument controls the number of columns. Use nrow=2 to stack the plots on top of each other. I suggest that you go through this read.
library(ggplot2)
library(gridExtra)

p1 <- ggplot(data = mtcars) +
  geom_point(aes(hp, mpg))

p2 <- ggplot(data = mtcars) +
  geom_point(aes(wt, mpg))

grid.arrange(p1, p2, ncol = 2)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


GABA tea (Gabaron) has the highest GABA content of all foods. Its effect has been proven on high blood pressure, insomnia and stress.
The so-called Gabaron (jap .: ギ ャ バ ロ ン 茶) or GABA-tea (jap .: GABA 茶) is a Japanese Green Tea which was developed in Japan as a special health tea subjected to a unique manufacturing process. It is most commonly extracted from Green Tea, however in Taiwan and China the tea has also been produced from oolong tea and black tea. GABA tea has an extremely high content of the special amino acid GABA (up to 50 times more than normal green tea and other foods). But on top of this it also contains all of the other important ingredients of conventional green tea – particularly the catechins – and at similar levels.
The ingredients of GABA tea act in a synergistic way creating very strong health benefits especially against high blood pressure, insomnia and stress. In addition, it is also very helpful in improving concentration, fighting fatigue, building muscle growth, fat loss, lower pain sensitivity, supporting the liver, diabetes, leukemia and many more. The special tea complements and works to boost the numerous other outstanding effects of green tea. Aside from its good qualities it also possesses a very popular nutty and warm taste.
Green tea is known for its abundance of healthy amino acids. Frequently, however, importance is only given to the L-theanine which creates a special effect in the buffering of caffeine. However the tea plant has many other valuable amino acids that we can put to good use in our bodies. See the contribution amino acids in green tea.
A particular amino acid is the γ-aminobutyric acid, shortened to GABA. They can be found in most traditional green tea in significant amounts, up to almost 400mg / 100g but in the special green GABA tea up to nearly fifty times the number. GABA-tea therefore possesses by far the largest amount of GABA in all natural foods. GABA-tea also has, however, high amounts of valuable theanine and alanine.
At the Japanese National Institute of Advanced Food Research, the Japanese researcher Prof. Tojiro Tsuchida discovered by chance in 1984 through research on the amino acid theanine in tea on a peculiarity of nitrogen metabolism. By the addition of nitrogen to the tea leaves after harvesting and before the tea leaves were steamed large amount of the specific amino acid GABA were being formed.
For some time now the particular health benefits of GABA have been well documented, including, in particular its strong hypotensive effect (see FIG. 4, p 648). From this discovery and following successful trials on hypertension patients in 1985, with the help of colleagues Murai, Omori and Okamoto, a new method for processing green tea called GABA (named after Prof. Tsuchida "Gabaron") was developed.
Gaba Tea was first introduced into the Japanese market in 1987 by a farmer from Shizuoka. One of his main obstacles was overcoming during production the development of unpleasant odors. Today he is recognized as one of the leading manufacturers and his production process has been so refined that his GABA tea is appreciated throughout Japan for its taste and is seen as an important green tea. In Taiwan and China GABA is also made from oolong tea or black tea.
L-glutamic acid is a messenger of the central nervous system (neurotransmitters) and the precursor of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). It modulates monoamines and growth hormones, reduces nerve irritation and thus engages directly into stress management, in the formation of hormones and personality (cf.. 16, p 1230, 23, pp 32f.). GABA is a metabolite of plants and microorganisms that results from the decarboxylation of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). GABA is formed also in our brains as glutamine. It is found clearly in the cells of the cortex and the hypothalamus, moreover, in the cerebrospinal fluid, blood and central nervous system (see FIG. 23, p.32).
GABA also plays an important role in cardiovascular function and influences blood pressure (see FIG. 23, pp 32). In addition, it stimulates the growth hormone Somatropin (GH) and triggers muscle building and fat loss. At the same time GABA is an important inhibitor of hormone secretion in different endocrine cells. At the heart of scientific research with regard to its use against diabetes, GABA has been shown to be an inhibitor of glucagon secretion in alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
In GABA tea an exceptionally high content of the two amino acids alanine and GABA can be found. In addition, the tea also has high amounts of the important amino acid theanine as well as containing all the other healthy ingredients found in conventional green tea. Amongst which it has an unusually high content of catechins (a little less of EGCG and EC, for more EGC and GC) and major free fatty acids. (see FIG. 4, p 652).
This combination of specific amino acids, catechins and other important ingredients enables the GABA-tea to possess specific health benefits for blood pressure, the central nervous system and the heart / circulatory system.
For many centuries, the medicinal properties of plants containing amino acid GABA has been well documented. Specifically, the flowers of the Chinese Windmill Palm (Trachycarpus fortunei) and the Chinese medicine Ougi that is obtained from the "Mongolian Astragalus" has been highly emphasized. The Chinese windmill palm has about 34-35 mg GABA at 100g (approximately 50mg when converted to a dry mass) and is already at this level known for its antihypertensive effect (see. 1, p 818). It is used as an antihypertensive agent in Asia. However in comparison to the up to 400 mg of GABA found in 100g GABA Green Tea the benefits of the Chinese Windmill Palm are relatively modest.
Astragalus Mongholicus also has significant GABA levels and is ranked among the top 10 Chinese medicinal plants in the TCM. It is not only used to treat high blood pressure, but also protects against stress, immune deficiency, colds, strengthens the immune system, heart / circulatory problems, diabetes and cancer. But again here Gabaron Tea has significantly higher levels of GABA.
In recent years, GABA has been used in Japan as an active ingredient in various popular medicines produced especially for the brain. In 2001 GABA was classified in Japan as an OTC food, so that since 2004, many GABA-products can be found in the Japanese market. Particularly popular are germinated brown rice and fermented foods.
A study on Leukemia in mice found that brown germinated rice with high GABA values as compared to ungerminated rice led to a significantly stronger cell death rate of cultured L1210 cancer cells and significantly delayed the proliferation of L1210 and Molt4 cancer cells.
Green tea has large amounts of the important amino acid theanine. GABA tea has a similarly high content thereof. Theanine supports numerous very beneficial properties in the brain, the balancing of blood pressure and also has useful properties in the prevention of cancer (see FIG. 4, p 651).
Alanine is known for its positive effect on fat burning, muscle building, physical fitness, in assisting the liver, kidneys and prostate, for strengthening the immune system, aiding sugar metabolism and also as a very good preventive measure against "hangover" (see FIG. 19, 20, 21).
Lysine, isoleucine and leucine are present in GABA tea in much larger quantities than in traditional Green Tea. They are considered essential nutrients for the liver and the neurons in the brain and act positively against alcoholism and liver problems such as Hepatic encephalopathy and hepatic comas (see FIG. 4, p 651).
GABA tea contains as well as the amino acids the same ingredients as conventional Green Tea. In other words, the tea is rich in catechins, has a medium-sized caffeine content and retains all other valuable substances. The tea basically has the same effect as normal Green Tea. However, it is different in that the caffeine content can be almost removed by a short infusion time. In contrast the amino acids are absorbed very quickly by the water.
– A similar study with GABA milk on hypertensive rats (see FIG. 13).
Consumption, recommended amount and make-up of GABA tea is discussed in detail below. It should be pointed out also that high blood pressure cannot be treated with GABA tea alone, but with a combination of other teas. This is illustrated in detail in the article on treating high blood pressure with tea.
There are strong indications that this important amino acid exhibits a significantly better health effect when found in natural foods as opposed to synthetic products (see FIG. 10). The three main food groups that contain a lot of GABA, namely GABA-tea, fermented foods (e.g. tempeh GABA) and GABA germinated rice also have numerous other highly beneficial ingredients that exhibit strong synergistic and additive effects.
A very good impression can be obtained regarding the current state of research into GABA tea and its effects on high blood pressure from an interview with Professor Tshushida, the discoverer of GABA tea. Tojiro Tshushida is the Head of Planning and Coordination Research of the National Institute of Advanced Food Research. The interview is published in Japanese in the original on the website of jafra.gr.jp/Tshushida and is reproduced in the following excerpts.
"Through research on the biosynthesis and degradation of theanine in tea leaves I found out that theanine converts to glutamic acid and ethylamine and beyond that glutamate is subject to an abnormal metabolism under certain conditions. When storing the tea leaves under oxygen-free conditions or in nitrogen nearly almost 100% of glutamic acid is converted to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
The antihypertensive (lowering of the blood pressure) effect of γ-aminobutyric acid was first published in 1963 by the research conducted by Stanton. This had been tested in animal experiments on cats, guinea pigs and dogs. In cats, however, a 100-times higher dose was required in order to achieve the same results. Following these results, the natural conclusion was human testing. The experiment began in 1985 where we carried out experiments with Ichibancha (first crop) and Nibancha (second crop) and in both cases we drew very positive results.
A new tea was born. It looks the same as normal Green Tea, but the glutamic acid turns into GABA and the aspartic acid to alanine, almost up to 100%, as by glutamic acid, but the rest showed no change.
The experiments in vivo were carried out with the help of Prof. Oomori (Otsuma Women's University). In collaboration with the doctors at the hospital, he treated 13 patients daily with the GABA tea, at a daily recognized amount for green tea. Half of the patients showed an improvement in blood pressure leading to the hypothesis that if you only already take daily a normal daily amount of GABA tea, you could expect a reduction in hypertension.
Together then with Takeda Food we continued the development of the tea and thought even at one point to patent it. But I did not want the tea farmers to have to pay royalties. At that time, the tea production in Japan had fallen from 100,000 to 90,000 tons, and I wanted to give young Tea Farmers a good reason to involve themselves more and to be excited. We called the tea Gabaron because we thought "GABA tea" as being too boring and at the time oolong tea was becoming very popular, so we decided to choose the "ron" shape of "Oolon". But everyone is allowed to use this name.
There have never been any medical reports of any side effects from consuming larger amounts of GABA. For example, it is used intravenously in grams. So I knew that there would be no problems with side effects from drinking the tea. An open question was whether GABA crosses the blood-brain barrier or not. Does it lower high blood pressure by acting directly in the brain? Our previous understanding was that it would not cross the blood-brain barrier. However, we found in animal experiments with mice, under the use of isotopes by Prof. Omori, that it showed up into the brain. Nevertheless, we are convinced that GABA does not trigger many side effects, even though it reaches the brain.
Human emotions are controlled by the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin (or by the amine system), but the γ-aminobutyric acid suppresses the excited nerves in the inhibition system. If we consume GABA in our diet, we do not know with certainty whether it goes directly to the nerve synapses.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid is a naturally occurring amino acid. It is one of the non-protein genic amino acid. It is the most commonly found acid in this group and in humans it acts as a neurotransmitter.
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) can be found in many foods, plants, bacteria, insects and animals (see FIG. 23, p.32). In foods it is however usually present in only very limited quantities. Rich in Gaga but still very limited when compared to GABA tea are tomatoes, potatoes are (preferably steamed), germinated rice, eggplant, soybean, mulberry leaves and certain citrus fruits such as grapefruit and oranges (see FIG. 23, p.32). Fermented foods also exhibit through the chemical processes of the microorganisms during fermentation higher GABA levels (cf.. 16, p 1230ff.). Particularly high GABA-producing microorganisms include lactic acid bacteria (lacto acid bacteria, LAB). This is used in the development of food products with the highest possible GABA content.
Other significant amounts are found in carrots: 6mg, beets: 4-8mg, cucumbers 7mg, pumpkins: 10mg, carbon: 8mg, green peppers: 4mg, Edamame: 6mg, Shiitake Mushrooms: 8mg, Peach: 13mg, Figs: 9mg, Kiwi: 11mg.
But even with the consumption of large GABA amounts through foods, the GABA Green Tea still shows the highest possible health benefits with its combination of appears other important ingredients.
In a test in 1987, Japanese researchers exposed green tea under anaerobic conditions to different gases at room temperature and analyzed by a one-minute steaming of the tea leaves the content of amino acids in the resulting freeze-dried powder (see FIG. 1, p 818). The green tea seed variety Yabukita was used. Yabukita is most common found seed strain used in Japan for green tea.
It was found that under nitrogen exposure the tea increased massively its GABA amino acid content from about 13 to 234 mg per 100g tea. The same happened with the amino acid alanine, which rose from about 15 to 165 mg per 100 g of tea. At the same time the content of aspartic and glutamic acids was almost completely reduced (glutamic acid decarboxylase a.k.a. GADA).
Similar effects were achieved by the use of carbon dioxide instead of nitrogen. However, since nitrogen is easier to handle, the Japanese producers have focused on this manufacturing technique.
There is a broad spectrum of information on the content of GABA in traditional Green Tea. The Japanese research organization NARO states on its website, for example, 8mg / 100g GABA can be found in Aracha significantly lower than the 24-39mg found by Tsuhshida (1). Through repeated anaerobic treatment on the other hand NARO scored 374 mg in Aracha and up to 571 mg in stalks of green tea, which in turn significantly exceeds 234mg found in the Tshushida research.
A study from Wang (4) compared the amino acid content of 28 different Green Teas and 28 GABA teas from Taiwan. It shows the same conversion process between aspartic acid and glutamic to GABA and alanine. The Taiwanese GABA tea sourced from different seed varieties showed on average about 181 mg GABA (± 51 mg) as opposed to the approximately 17 mg (± 9mg) displayed in the Green Teas.
The analysis also showed that GABA tea has a significant amount of other important amino acids. The levels of threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine and leucine are similar to those found in traditional green tea. Lysine, isoleucine and leucine were even significantly higher. Only phenylalanine was significantly lower.
Arithmetic average ± standard deviation. Taiwanese spring and summer harvests. GABA tea: nitrogen treatment 8h and then 3-4h anaerobic mixing. Repeat the entire process a second time (22-24h in total), then 8h anaerobic fermentation and cushioning, rolling and drying.
As reported by the Japanese Research Institute NARO, GABA content can actually be increased even higher by treating the tea leaves with oxygen at the end of the process and then further re-treated with nitrogen (see FIG. 11). This leads to a change from aerobic and anaerobic treatment. This is because new glutamate is formed by the oxygen needed as a basis for the transformation into GABA. This process can be repeated several times but the amino acid alanine cannot be increased by this method. The repeated aerobic and anaerobic process does, however, little good to the taste and harmony of the tea which is why leading tea farmers therefore avoid this technique.
In conclusion it can be stated that GABA content in conventional green tea has a range of about 8 to 39 mg / 100g of tea. In contrast and depending on the quality, GABA tea has a GABA content of about 150 to just under 400 mg / 100g of tea, which is an increase of about 4x to 50x almost. Repeated treatments with nitrogen achieve even higher values, but are at the expense of taste and general harmony of the tea and therefore should be avoided. In tea stems up to 571mg per 100g tea GABA were found (see FIG. 11).
The same investigation by Tshushida (see FIG. 1) showed in relation to the total catechin and caffeine content only minor differences. The addition of nitrogen instead of oxygen ensures an even better preservation of the catechins. GABA tea has approximately catechin and caffeine levels in similar levels to that of Green Tea from which it's made.
A closer look at Wang's analysis of the individual main catechins (see FIG. 4) made it clear that GABA tea through the oxidation has less EGCG and EC. The non-ester catechins EGC and GC on the other hand are more pronounced in GABA tea.
Arithmetic average ± standard deviation. Analysis after 20 minutes infusion in water at 80 ° C. For more details see table above.
As for all amino acids found in Green Tea, the same applies for GABA that the levels in the first harvest and the young leaves are by far the highest. The same applies to the GABA-tea. If it is made from the first harvest, it will have significantly more GABA than later harvests. The same applies for Alanine.
The below chart shows that stems have the highest GABA content with about 2,8mg / g tea, followed by the buds with about 2,2mg / g and the equally strong 1. Leaves and Aracha without stalks. It is however to be added that GABA tea from top Japanese farmers achieved a GABA content of nearly 4mg / g. Since little caffeine is present in the stalks consideration was given as to whether a GABA Kukicha tea (Kukicha = Stem) would represent an even gentler variant for enjoying at night. However, it has not yet examined whether the lower levels of catechins have therefore a smaller antihypertensive effect (see. 10).
Which is Better – GABA Tea from Green, Black or Oolong Tea?
Another interesting study undertaken by Tshushida (see FIG. 4) measured the levels of the amino acids in oolong tea and black tea after exposure to nitrogen.
The first observation was that GABA levels were significantly enriched in these teas treated by the nitrogen treatment. This however was best managed by subjecting the tea leaves with the inert gas after and not before the wilting of the leaves. For the experiment, Oolong and Black tea from the Benifuuki seed strains was used and harvested on June 15 (Nibancha, Second Harvest).
The second result was striking in that the GABA tea made from the Green Tea (Yabukita) had in comparison slightly lower GABA levels (about 216 mg / 100g) than the Oolong GABA (246mg). It must however be pointed out that the Japanese market is known for a GABA teas made from Green Tea which achieves a GABA content of almost 400mg / 100g tea. This is evidently the highest quality in the market.
Although the Oolong GABA tea (Gabalong) from the seed variety Benifuuki contains a lot of GABA, it has low levels of arginine, theanine, serine, alanine than the green GABA (especially from the first harvest). Against that though the Oolong GABA has more glutamine, asparagine and aspartic acid L-than GABA Tea from the Green Tea out of the first harvest. The latter two substances are still higher in Green GABA's Teas second crop (July 2).
In addition, it is obvious that the nitrogen treated Black GABA tea has substantially less GABA and alanine but alternatively has the highest values of aspartic acid and glutamine.
Since it is well known that Green Tea in comparison to Oolong tea & Black Tea is full of a healthier mix of ingredients it is recommendable that GABA Tea should be brought originating from Green Tea. Oolong tea and Black tea do have special ingredients and health effects that are beneficial but these are less apparent and not for everyday use.
Note: "Oolong 1" and "Black Tea 1" were treated before wilting with nitrogen. Oolong GABA and Black GABA were treated after wilting. Oolong and Black Tea came from the Benifuuki seeds. Green GABA was exposed to wilting process and was not fermented. It originated from the Yabukita seeds.
The production of GABA tea goes through four main steps. First, the tea leaves are (best of the first harvest) are harvested and then freshly housed in a warehouse. There, they are enriched without oxygen for several hours with nitrogen. Through this particular amino acids in the tea leaves are transformed into GABA and alanine resulting in the desired high GABA levels. The remaining ingredients remain almost completely unaffected. Finally fermentation / oxidation of the tea leaves is carried out. Usually in Green Tea this is caused by gentle steaming or by pan heating. Nowadays the tea leaves are placed in special machines and "massaged" and finally deprived of moisture to dry out so that sufficient durability is ensured.
Some manufacturers use the fact that multiple repetitions of the nitrogen-treatment lead to increased GABA levels further still. However, this produces very adverse effects for the taste. When buying the tea look for ones that have been treated only once and as such palatable.
There are two main aspects that determine the quality of GABA Tea during production: The fatty acid Ester created during the chemical conversion process produces a very unpleasant smell and taste, which is then corrected by a gentle and clever roasting process (see FIG. 1, p 818) called Kameiri. Only a few manufacturers have been able to improve the manufacturing process so that the tea remains undamaged and does not taste musty but has a pleasant, earthy, slightly nutty flavor. As you can then imagine these leading Japanese manufacturers guard their manufacturing secrets. When buying one should explore the teas on the market to compare the quality -GABA tea is not unpleasant, but should have a well-rounded, harmonious and slightly nutty taste!
This tea is said to have the highest possible GABA content. A good GABA tea should have at least 150mg GABA / 100g tea. The best teas should have levels above 300mg which some studies have shown can have even up to 400 mg. This is only achievable with tea from the first harvest (Ichibancha) and from young leaves. This is absolutely essential as specific health benefits only occur from daily intakes of about 10-20mg GABA only a part of the GABA can dissolve from the tea leaves into the tea water. The texts below explain exactly what it is required for the preparation and daily intake of the tea.
Caution is advised when production has involved a multi-pronged treatment with nitrogen. Although this increases the GABA content even further, it is definitely at the expense of taste and harmony so one should purchase Gabaron that has been treated only once.
In research carried out by Lin. (see FIG. 5) an extract of GABA tea was tested in different temperatures (25, 50, 75 and 95 ° C) in water and in different ethanol solution levels. Every batch was then centrifuged for 30 minutes at 100 rpm and then for 10 minutes at 6000 revolutions per minute. Subsequently, the respective levels of GABA and catechins was measured. The following table shows the results per pure water solution and at the end of the table the maximum dissolved levels and its drawing temperature and solution ratio. Thus the final value can be interpreted as the maximum soluble value.
Substituting the individual values in relation to the maximum detachable value, you get a general idea of the influence of the drawing temperature on the solubility of the active substance. It should be taken into consideration that unlike the relatively short brewing time in normal tea, the experiment allowed for a steeping time of 40 minutes in a centrifuge. The actual average normal tea infusion is about 2-3 minutes steeping time meaning significantly lower results. Nevertheless, it was found that the amino acids GABA and theanine have a significantly increased solubility at lower draw temperatures than as most catechins (especially in the case of ECG, GCG, EGCG).
* Ethanol content and temperatures can be found in the table above.
Source: 5, p. 68, calculations are made by us.
A better idea of how much GABA actually dissolves into the tea water was investigated by the Japanese research institute NARO (10). They tested 3g GABA tea brewed for 5 minutes at boiling temperature in 200ml. The measurement was made for the individual parts of the plant (see above and elsewhere in the description of the following table). The teas originating from the different parts of plants saw the GABA dissolves through the intensive preparation completely in the kettle.
*Aracha (tea without roasting- / drying finish), 2. Aracha without stems, 3. Stems 4. Oversize 10 (4th and 5th leaf) 5. Undersize 10 (2nd and 3rd leaf), 6. Undersize 15 (about the size of the first Leaves), 7. Undersize 25 (bud size), 8. Undersize 60 (powder).
According to Japanese researchers (NARO and Green Tea Shizuoka Research Center) at least 10-20mg GABA per day are needed to ensure any significant health effects. For certain problems and to build muscle or fat loss higher amounts would be needed. Current research on this topic is highlighted below.
For the prevention of most mild health problems a daily intake of about 10-20 mg of GABA is recommendable. This should be continued until symptoms stop but with a warning that these types of cures should only be undertaken preventively for several weeks. Thereafter, a permanent change in the daily basic package (Gyokuro, Sencha, Bancha) would be advisable. To determine how much tea should be drunk for this amount the below text will explain.
Assuming a solubility rate of the GABA at about 50% in the tea water when prepared gently and about 80-90% preparation when using a high quality 300 GABA (> 300g / 100g tea), it can then be calculated that for 10mg GABA, one should use about 1-2 generously heaped teaspoons depending on how intense you want the tea. For 20mg GABA then the double would apply. Pro rata therefore more tea is required when a lower quality of tea is used with lower GABA levels. Most good GABA teas have a content of 150-200mg GABA / 100g tea and peak GABAS have around 300-400mg.
The table below shows how many teaspoons of tea a day is needed to reach the recommended amount of 10mg or 20mg GABA in the tea water. The number of teaspoons corresponds also to the number of tea bags by the way, as these usually weigh 3g.
GABA 300: Assuming that the tea 300mg of GABA has to 100g of tea.
GABA 150: Assuming that the tea 150mg of GABA has to 100g of tea.
Gentle preparation: see below, 70 ° C for 30 seconds. Solubility – 50%.
Intensive Preparation: see below, 90 ° C for 3 minutes. Solubility – 80-90%.
Assumption that 1 heaped teaspoon weighs the same as 3g of GABA tea.
Source: own calculations based on the investigation of NARO, cf. 10th.
Note: GABA-tea powder weighs about 3.5g per well heaped teaspoon as opposed to about 3g per well heaped teaspoon with loose tea leaves. Therefore the use of powder leads to roughly a 17% decrease in value.
In more pronounced problems, such as moderate hypertension, insomnia and increased physical and mental exhaustion it is recommendable to take around 50mg of GABA daily (see FIG. 5, p 67). With more pronounced hypertension it is recommendable to take a mixture of GABA tea with a combination of other types of tea (see the article for hypertension) and combine with a change in diet and lifestyle.
A high intake can still be achieved by drinking tea alone. Through gentle preparation (70 ° C at 30 seconds) GABA teas release mainly the amino acids into the tea water and only lower levels of caffeine, catechins and especially tannins. Thus one can drink significantly larger amounts of the GABA-Tees, as opposed to normal Green Tea. 5 servings per day, each with 2 generous teaspoons should have no side effects and will provide the body with approximately 45mg of GABA based on a GABA tea with 300mg / 100g. For tea with about 400mg GABA content per 100g, this would be even approximately 60mg GABA. This amount should then be only taken 3 times per day.
The perfect option would be to combine this further still with GABA-rich foods, such as potatoes (preferably steamed) and tomatoes, germinated brown rice (treated with nitrogen – about 25mg GABA / 100g) or GABA tempeh and certain fermented foods. Since germinated GABA rice also has more than about 25mg / 100g GABA, you could in essence by this alone absorb by eating daily amounts of 150g GABA rice roughly 38mg of GABA.
These larger amounts can no longer be absorbed through natural foods. It is then recommended that pure GABA is taken via GABA-capsules. The GABA should originate if possible from a natural fermentation process, be as pure as possible, without additives or pressed materials. Higher doses though need to be limited to a defined period or until significant improvement of symptoms can be seen and with at least a break of 1-2 weeks every 4 weeks. An explanation of the side effects and disadvantages occurs in the next paragraph.
Somatropin is an important growth hormone in the human body. Low amounts of Somatropin result in short stature with reduced muscle mass, an excessive body fat mass and an excessively low bone mineral density. In addition, this promotes cardiovascular risks and a decreased life expectancy. Increasing Somatropin promotes the development of muscle mass and fat burning. The effect is can be felt without muscle stimulation, but of course even more with muscle training. The amino acid GABA is known to lead to an increase of Somatropin in plasma. Bodybuilders often use high amounts GABA powder for this reason.
However too much Somatropin in the blood plasma can have adverse effects and leads to excessive growth of certain body parts (e.g., nose, chin, fingers). At the same time a dose of GABA can lead to excessively increase of the hormone prolactin. Too high prolactin values in women results in possible infertility and problems with menstruation. In men prolactin can lead to loss of libido and impotence.
A study of Cavagnini (carried out in 1980 and not as erroneously often cited as a brand new study by the First Medical University of Milan) on 19 individuals (with 18 placebo control subjects) examined the relationship of orally taking GABA and somatropin & prolactin levels in the blood.
When administering a daily dose of 5g GABA, a significant increase of Somatropin was recorded in the blood (see FIG. 18, p 149ff.). In all 19 subjects the value increased from 2 ng / ml after 15 minutes and reached after 90 minutes an arithmetic average of about 11 ng / ml at its peak. After which the values reduced steadily and after about 180 minutes was back to the original baseline. Therefore through oral administration of GABA a significant increase in growth hormone Somatropin can be achieved. However the studies also showed that in 5 test subjects, irrespective of age, the administration led to a significant increase of prolactin values which can have negative effects on the body.
Eight of the subjects were administered a daily dose of 18g of GABA for 4 days. However, this high amount resulted in a significant reduction in the rise of Somatropin rise but led to a sharp increase in prolactin levels.
On subject examination of these high doses only a few individuals showed some side effects, including a burning sensation in the throat and a feeling of shortness of breath for a few minutes. With long-term use a fatigue in the legs and a general tiredness was reported by all subjects (see FIG. 18, p 150).
Ideal therefore would be that proper intake of GABA would increase or stimulate Somatropin values to a level that only the positive effects of muscle building and fat loss, would occur would signs of fatigue. In addition, the prolactin value would remain stable. The above-mentioned research suggests that in daily intakes of GABA doses in the gram range, the negative effects could already predominate. The correct dosage is likely to be relatively difficult to find for bodybuilders. Presumably the border between positive and negative effects are in daily several hundred mg GABA, but this can only be known on an individual level.
GABA Tea or GABA Powder?
Pure GABA from dietary supplements, such as GABA capsules.
In comparison to other ingredients GABA dissolves relatively easily in tea and quickly in the kettle. After a short brewing time almost all the GABA from the tea leaves is absorbed into water. Dissolved in warm water, it is far more bioavailable than would be the case when taking powder in an unheated smoothie or juice. The use as tea is in terms of intake efficiency is therefore quite comparable to tea powders. Nevertheless, there are some advantages and disadvantages.
Has a better taste than the powder. GABA tea powder when warmed in water has a bitter taste.
GABA is released almost completely into tea water during brewing.
GABA tea made from natural Green Teas has many other healthy ingredients that develop a synergistic and additive effect.
Steeping time can affect which other ingredients enter the water for tea. Even with a short brewing time will ensure that a relatively good amount of GABA will enter the water without the undesired caffeine and tannins. (Note: caffeine in tea is not altogether unhealthy, as is often assumed, but can have an invigorating, positive effect on the body).
If one is taking GABA to ensure a good sleep and general calmness then it is recommendable to brew the tea for a short time only.
– Powder theoretically allows for larger quantities GABA to be consumed, but the tolerable amount is limited due to the less harmonious tannins and caffeine. More than 1-2 tsp tea powder per day is likely to bring about negative side effects.
– The stirring of the tea powder in an unheated smoothie or juice is good for those who don't drink tea.
-Certain practices require high levels of GABA which cannot be achieved through natural food.
-With high quality GABA products there is a reliable standardized content of GABA. However there is a danger of overdose if not controlled.
-While there is no preparation effort there is however no synergistic effects with the other ingredients in natural foods and after a certain level there are significant side effects.
Decisions on how to take GABA should therefore reflect individual health goals made with careful research.
When preparing GABA tea it's mostly about getting as much as possible of the amino acids and in particular of GABA in the kettle. Since the amino acids are highly soluble you may, depending on brewing time and temperature also allow somewhat slower-dissolving substances, especially tannins, catechins and caffeine, to enter the tea.
GABA is known to help aid those suffering from insomnia with its calming and relaxing effect and for which it is recommended to prepare the tea with a short infusion time. Leading Japanese GABA tea farmers told us of laboratory tests, which were made in cooperation with a research institute in Shizuoka. It was noted that already about 80% of the GABA content entered the tea after the first short infusion.
Per serving – 2 good heaped teaspoons (about 6g tea) should be taken with 0,2-0,3l water brewed at 70 ° C for 30 seconds.
Note: Here an estimated 50% of the GABA will be in the tea water with very little caffeine.
When it comes to strengthening the positive effects of green tea as a whole, a more intense preparation should be chosen. This is particularly important for high blood pressure, as opposed to stress and liver problems.
Per serving – 2 good heaped teaspoons (about 6g tea) with 0,2-0,3l water brewed at 70 ° C for 3 minutes.
Note: Here about 80-90% of the GABA will dissolve in the kettle as well as significant levels of caffeine and catechins.
When to drink? Ensuring good sleep and muscle growth?
The stimulation of growth hormones and the calming effect of GABA works best in the first two hours of sleep and when taken roughly no less than 45-minutes after eating. GABA tea should therefore be taken more in the evening and not directly after meals.
14 Gillis, R.A.; Yamada, K.A.; DiMicco, J.A.: "Central gamma-aminobutyric acid involvement in blood pressure control.", Federation Proceedings, 1984, 43(1), S. 32-38.


Ten years down the digiscoping road and pretty much everyone (here) has tried taking a photo through a telescope or binocular. And I am guessing you have too. Chances are your first photos were crap not good.
The vast majority of us have a digital camera and are able to take some nice holiday photos, and wonderful happy-snappy photos of the kids/dog/drunk friends. Compact cameras have made it really easy. And wonderful fun. And we get to share our photos with the whole world on Facebook.
Long focal length photography is a whole different story altogether. And digiscoping is no exception.
3rd birthday party photos = mini-golf. digiscoping = golf course.
one is not better than the other, they are both fun, but they require different levels of skill, knowledge and practice. And this all takes time and effort. Which is why, I believe, so many get frustrated with digiscoping when they first try it out.
So why can't digiscoping just be easy?
the thing is it can.
pretty much every compact camera on the market these days has a half decent video function. And the bulk of new cameras have HD video. Take the $150 super small, super simple Canon Ixus 130 (SD1400). Wonderful for holiday snaps, mild for digiscoping, but takes really great 720p HD video! (this video on digiscoping shutter speed was filmed with one). If you want to make your life simple, don't even worry about trying to get great photos – switch over to video mode and get neat little films to show your friends (and the rarity committee).
If you want to take great digiscoping photos then that little green square on your camera (automatic mode) is your enemy, and you need to take in to account Aperture (video), Shutter Speed (video), ISO (video), Stability (video) etc. With digiscoping videos, you can pretty much just set up your camera (or hand hold it in place) and click record. For better videos, make sure your camera is set to the best quality video, set up your camera nicely on an adapter, focus the scope, half press the shutter release (letting it autofocus), press through to start recording, and get your hand away. Obviously, having a big video head and carbon tripod will help to give you stable video, but the focal lengths are just so high, and the system length so long that even having your finger lightly on the focus knob or camera will bring in shake. So if you want stable videos, try to reduce camera shake, but also always try to take your hand off of the camera once you have clicked record.
If the light is not so good, your camera will usually automatically use a higher ISO. This means that the video (or photo), will appear more "grainy" with more noise in the image. High noise in photos often means that the bird or subject become hard to see or identify because so much information is lost. In a video, we have one great big thing that helps us out: movement. If the focal bird or animal is moving just a little bit, this offers our eyes a whole lot more (complex) information than a single static image. While grainy videos might not be ideal, it will oftentimes mean that you can get useful (and fun) images of interesting creatures long passed the point at which photo cameras stopped being useful.
When a bird (or wolf) is really far away, you can still get recognisable video footage even if the photos don't work at all. As with low light situations, the movement of the creature convey way more information meaning that a hopping pitta, even if it is small, makes for a great spectacle.
Male Gurney's Pitta. This pitta was in an incredibly dark forest and I got no nice photos of it, despite trying (1000 times). Despite the dark and long distance, so much information is captured in the video about the bird's behaviour, beauty and its rainforest environment. Digiscoped with a Swarovski STM80HD scope, TLS800 and Canon 5DmarkII.
If you see are rare bird, or a bird you think might be a rare bird, take a video! please! While you are calling your mates, take more video. Once you have tons of video, then think about getting some nice photos. The thing is, when you take a photo, you only have one specific moment captured and that is very unlikely to capture all the information you need to make the identification. Oftentimes, you will need small things like toe webbing, rump colouration, nape plumage, angle of the head, underwing coverts… all of which can be incredibly difficult to capture on a photo. But if you have a video, especially if you are patient and persistent, you are way more likely to get that critical angle. Obviously, the better the video quality (HD?), the more detail you can see when the bird makes the critical movement.
A couple more suggestions when it comes to rarities. Don't be afraid to talk while taking the video and describe what you see in minute detail. Get your mates to do the same. Although it might annoy an editor at NatGeo, it is a good replacement for field notes when it comes to a rarities committee submission. Once you have all the critical video captured, you might want to disconnect your camera from the scope (while filming) and take some footage of the area where the bird is. Having one single video clip that shows the bird in the scope, then you clumsily dismantling the system, and swinging a wide-angle pan across the landscape is a great way to prove a location. You could even add your goofy happy face at the end of the pan to prove you were there.
Holy hell – you digiscoped a Gurney's Pitta!!! I am BEYOND jealous. Wow, wow, wow.
Terrific post, Dale. I can see how video digiscoping fills a different niche than photo digiscoping. And awesome pitta!!
Yes to all that. When I first started out birding I didn't even have a camera, but I got a cheap videocamera and took the best stills from the video recordings. Most of the time I couldn't even see what they were but at least I KNEW what they were from the moving information captured. It was fun too hunting for a good still image from the 25 fps 'movs' when I got home or when 'rain stopped play'. Now I have a pretty good digital camera, but I almost miss those early days!
Where Are You Birding This First Weekend of June 2013?


text:
Cangetta rectilinea is een vlinder uit de familie van de grasmotten (Crambidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1886 door Moore.

Grasmotten

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The CSVANW Team participates on a wide range of tribal and statewide committees, taskforces and groups to ensure that our Coalition policy advocacy focuses on centering the experiences, strengths and needs of our Native survivors of violence. We work to expand the capacity of our communities and systems to respond to and support the specific and emerging needs of domestic and sexual violence survivors. We inform research and policy agendas, coordinate with other Coalitions, and provide training and technical assistance to improve violence prevention and intervention efforts across our region.
Our policy advocacy is dedicated to centering the experiences, strengths, and needs of our communities. Our work across our policy initiatives seeks to advance tribal representation in historically under represented spaces to further conversations about violence against our women and children. If you are interested in sitting on a committee or taskforce- and represent a tribal program, agency or organization- please reach out to CSVANW and we can facilitate your inclusion onto the respective committee or taskforce.