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Four Needles, Five Elements and Six Qi: Treatment using Korean SaAm Acupuncture
Andreas Brüch
EJOM Vol. 9 No. 5 (2020)
SaAm acupuncture is one of the main acupuncture styles of Korean medicine. It encompasses all basic theories of 'standard' Chinese medicine. Additionally, it relies heavily on the theory of the Six Qi (liu qi) or Six Climatic Energies. The Six Qi provide a model of balancing climatic meridian energies that can be used either for directly treating disease syndromes or as a framework for treatment of general constitutional and emotional factors of disease. The purpose of this article is to introduce basic SaAm acupuncture theory, and to highlight its specific features and practical approach by discussing some case examples of the author.
Liver qi stagnation: East and West
Kim Wells
This article is a critical examination of current understandings and applications of the concept of Liver qi stagnation or constraint, largely from a cross-cultural perspective. In particular, it looks at the way its meaning has been changed in the course of its transposition to the West. It claims Western practitioners of Chinese medicine have tended to more closely identify this concept with emotional suppression than clinicians in China, who have traditionally been more inclined to focus on the somatic manifestations of stagnation (often sidestepping the emotional realm and even colluding with patients to gloss over signs of socially unacceptable psychological disorders). It relates this to radical differences in the ways Westerners and Chinese view the emotions and the self, with the former influenced by Freudian-derived notions such as repression and stressing the therapeutic benefits of expressing and exploring feelings; and the latter much more inclined to see emotions as potential pathogenic factors, which need to be contained and 'rectified'. It also claims that the concept of Liver qi stagnation has been Westernised in another sense, by being over-simplistically and too readily equated with Western-defined biomedical categories such as depression and anxiety as well as popular conceptions like stress, and that this tendency has been encouraged in China as well as the West by the TCM orthodoxy that has promoted it as the favoured diagnostic option for emotion-related disorders.
IBS: East and West. Illness as a Vicious Circle
This article compares the approaches of Western and Chinese medicine to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), looking for parallels between them and ways they might inform, complement or confirm each other's theories and practice. A major theme is that IBS can be considered as a vicious circle, particularly from a Chinese medicine perspective.
Acupuncture not Herbs for Severe Eczema
Ross Campbell
Modern acupuncture schools teach that skin diseases are better treated with herbal medicine.
The Huangdi Neijing is more positive about the use of acupuncture, describing the treatment of serious and life threatening disease principally with acupuncture. There is an emphasis on channel architecture with elevated status given to the mai vessels and Blood flow, with instructions for restoring yin yang harmony.
This case study describes how these principles can reverse advanced and chronic skin disease with acupuncture. It describes a process of symptom reduction, cessation of pharmaceutical drugs and recovery from disease that mirrors the restoration of the integrity of the channels.
The details of the treatment also suggest that herbal medicine may not have been equipped to reverse the causes of the skin disease in this case, or at least that greater consideration given to the channel networks may lead to better outcomes.
'The Duke, Good Medicine and Moxibustion' – the Paradox of Aspiring to a 'Long Defeat'
Merlin Young
This article explores the history of moxibustion in the development of acumoxa as practised today, and suggests it may have been, and still is, relatively undervalued for the treatment of some diseases. In particular, moxa could have an increasingly important role in the treatment of tuberculosis, an ancient disease that is still not just shamefully badly addressed but even largely unacknowledged because it is the world's poor who are its main victims.
Recent North Korean studies have shown moxibustion to be as effective as drug treatment in reducing rates of activation of TB in latent cases, while remaining safer, cheaper and easier to deploy, and avoiding the development of further drug resistance.
This shows us clearly the value of affordable and adaptable low-tech medicine, so badly and increasingly needed in the world, and suggests it is now our duty as acumoxa practitioners collectively to take a coherent and strategic look at this.
How Nature Supports Our Health and Wellbeing and Why We Must Act Now to Help Protect It
Peter Deadman
Through a discussion of the relationship between nature and health in our lives, in Chinese culture and in Chinese Medicine, the author emphasises the necessity of individual and collective action to address the current and worsening crisis in the natural world. We are destroying our environment at ever greater speed and we risk paying a terrible price for doing so. The Chinese Medicine Forestry Trust has been set up with the aim of promoting 'planetary, human and species health and wellbeing by planting trees and protecting forests throughout the world' as a response to this crisis, one in which we can all participate.
Chinese Medicine and the Splitting of the Doctor-Patient Archetypes
Brian Falk
This article explores the dual nature of healer and patient that exists in each person, proposing the idea that a doctor has an 'inner patient' just as the patient has an 'inner doctor'. These basic principles form what are called archetypal patterns. In a clinical setting, these patterns can become "split" through the denial or repression of one side of the archetypal pair, with consequences for both doctor and patient, and the efficacy and outcome of the treatment. This process is discussed, with some suggestions of ways in which the practitioner may minimise its occurence, particularly in the context of TCM treatment.
The Therapeutic Encounter: How Acupuncturists Can Make Use of Psychoanalysis
Elisa Rossi
The patient-acupuncturist relationship is one of the key issues in therapy. This article retraces some passages of the classics to introduce the psychoanalytic perspective on some dynamics that take place in the encounter. As acupuncturists we rely on different therapeutic instruments, but being aware of the unconscious forces encountered and recognised in psychoanalysis may assist our work. Starting from the discussion of transference, therapeutic alliance and empathy this paper will explore the space of the therapy and the therapist's yin attitudes of 'empty Heart', neutrality and just 'being there'.
Two Treatments That Can Transform Lives - Husband/Wife and Possession
A proportion of our patients show at least some signs and symptoms of significant mental health problems. Data released under the Freedom of Information Act shows that more than 7.3 million people in the UK were prescribed antidepressants in 2017-18, 4.4 million of whom are long-term users who also received a prescription for such drugs in both of the two previous years, and these statistics show a steady rise year on year.
While many practitioners feel reasonably confident at treating mild depression and anxiety, where more serious problems are encountered there exist two protocols within the Five Element Constitutional lineage, and relatively little known outside of it, that can be of great benefit to patients struggling with mental health issues. This article explores these, the Husband/Wife Imbalance and Possession protocols.
Psychotherapy, Chinese Medicine and Eastern Spiritual Traditions
This wide-ranging article compares the roles and perspectives of psychotherapists and TCM practitioners, acknowledging the importance both attach to the therapeutic relationship. It compares and contrasts attitudes to emotional imbalance in Chinese Medicine practitioners in the West and in China and looks for the causes of this difference, explores differing views as to where to locate the site and cause of illness – in the mind or in the body, and finally, explores parallels between psychotherapy and Eastern philosophies such as Daoism and Buddhism.
A Probe into the True Meaning of the Five Emotions in TCM
Cheok Wee Tek
This review clarifies the relationship between the five emotions, differentiating them into two major groups; positive and negative. It seeks to explain the importance of shen in maintaining body condition and the movement of qi by exploring the relationship between shen (Spirit), hun (Ethereal Soul) and po (Corporeal Soul), and showing how these three intangible elements affect qi movement and the structural condition of the body. The review also probes the true meaning of the five emotions; joy being the positive expression of a healthy Heart, whereas anger, grief, over-thinking and fear are negative emotions generated by the Liver, Lung, Spleen and Kidney respectively.
Japanese Acupuncture and Moxibustion: What's So Unique?
Oran Kivity
This article explores what makes Japanese acupuncture distinctive. A huge diversity of acupuncture styles exist today in Japan, but within this diversity are certain distinguishing features. While acupuncture first developed in China, since being introduced to Japan it has followed a long history of developing very differently, a process aided by Japan's choice historically to isolate itself culturally from the rest of the world. Through an analysis of this process the author celebrates this diversity and the features which differentiate it from the Tradional Chinese Medicine model currently promoted.
Heart and Gall Bladder Qi Deficiency
CT Holman
Heart and Gall Bladder qi deficiency pattern is one of the various causes of insomnia and often occurs in fearful, easily startled and timid patients. This pattern is important in emotional trauma, often brought on by trauma in the womb or in childhood. This paper examines the importance and complexity of this pattern and it examines the various aspects of fear in relation to the Heart and Gall Bladder channels and the various channel pairing patterns involved. It lists the diagnostic signs and physical and emotional symptoms, and gives treatment suggestions including acupuncture, ear needling, Chinese herbs and affirmations.
Wind: East and West
This article examines the connection between Traditional Chinese Medicine's concept of external Wind and Western Medicine's concept of inflammatory immune response, looking for parallels or correspondence between them. It makes the claim that there is a fair degree of correspondence between these two concepts in several respects though not in others. It also addresses the broader contexts in which these concepts are rooted by examining the Chinese concepts of the wei qi defensive system and Wind in general; and also Western Medicine's view of the immune system and the functions and scope of the inflammatory response.
Engaging Vitality: An Approach to More Effective Engagement with Qi
Dan Bensky and Charles Chace
This article describes an approach to qi palpation based on osteopathy called Engaging Vitality. The central premise of Engaging Vitality work is that if the concept of qi is to be taken seriously then it should be palpable. In osteopathy the process of appreciating the human body is known as listening, a term that combines a sensibility of critical evaluation with mindful and empathetic attunement. The Engaging Vitality approach employs a repertoire of palpatory techniques drawn from osteopathy to help acupuncturists listen to the qi more effectively, to set their own preconceptions aside and simply respond to what the qi is trying to tell them.
Shén versus Shen: Spirit versus Body? Dissolving the Dichotomy of Acupuncture Therapeutics
Shén versus Shēn: Spirit versus Body?
Dissolving the Dichotomy of Acupuncture Therapeutics
Teja Jaensch and Suzanne Cochrane
Chinese medicine finds itself, as it always has, amongst the flux of ideas, theory and ideology. It is from this flux that the physicians of Chinese medicine must determine their practice. As observers and participants in the varied conversations regarding the true value of Chinese medicine, a continual division presents itself; that between spirit and body. What follows is an analysis and critique of this dichotomy, with the hope that the principle of shén-spirit and shēn-body guides us forwards on the path of Chinese medical efficacy and professionalisation.
Traumatic Stress: Management of Physical and Psychological Trauma with Acupuncture
Traumatic stress or shock reaction is a psychological condition arising in response to a terrifying or traumatic event which induces an acute and strong emotional response, which may develop into a condition known as 'PTSD' (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder). The acute traumatic stress is defined by a 'dissociative' condition, with reduced perception and awareness, even coma. Later there will be a total or partial amnesia concerning the traumatic event.
This article shows how this condition can be understood through an analysis of the Chinese medicine model of the psyche, and the way in which the functions of the Sinew Channels, the luo-Connecting Vessels and the Eight Extraordinary Meridians are modified by trauma, and how they can be used in treatment. Case histories clarify and illustrate this approach.
Holism, Chinese Medicine and Systems Ideologies: Rewriting the Past to Imagine the Future
Holism, Chinese Medicine and Systems Ideologies:
Rewriting the Past to Imagine the Future
Volker Scheid
This paper explores the articulations that have emerged over the last half-century between various types of holism, Chinese medicine and systems biology. It is an inquiry into the historical processes whereby Chinese medicine, holism and systems biology have come to be entangled with each other in the present, and asks how we relate ourselves to the ongoing transformations of the world by the as yet unfinished project of modernity.
Foods According to Traditional Chinese Medicine
Nuria Lorite Ayán
According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), food is a keystone for wellness and for the prevention of ill health. Choice of food is part of both prevention and treatment, and it is difficult to separate the study of foods and eating for everyday use from the study of medical nutrition. TCM has its own classification system for foods, so it is useful to know the rules that will lead to the use of one or another specific food, including knowing when it should be restricted. This paper presents the different groups of foods, not from the classical point of view, as in therapeutics and herbal medicine, but as a system of groups which more resembles our Western nutritional considerations.
A New Understanding of the Brain and its Clinical Application
Tianjun Wang
The Brain in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is traditionally one of the six extraordinary organs, but there exists very little guidance to its relevance in clinical practice. In the development of TCM theories, what constitutes the governor of shen is an important area for exploration. Brain is viewed as another governor of shen, and is most important in the regulation of shen.
It houses yuan shen, which has two main meanings, spirit and yuan jing (yuan essence), which is the original material of shen. Yuan jing is the basis of other materials, and of the zang fu organs.
The clinical application of a new understanding of Brain is to value the role of Brain particularly in acupuncture, including the affiliated meridian of Brain, the Governor Vessel (GV) or du mai, and to focus on the application of du mai points in the treatment of Brain related diseases, such as emotional conditions and original jing and shen related diseases.
Keywords: Brain, traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, yuan shen, du mai.
Catalysing Emergence: Zheng Qi and the Authentic Self.
Catalysing Emergence: Zheng Qi and the Authentic Self
Lonny S. Jarrett
Other than treating St 36 zu san li, how do I tonify zheng qi?
An exploration of the deeper meaning of zheng qi, and how this relates to practitioner and patient.
Understanding Cocaine Addiction According to Chinese Medicine Theory
Attilio D'Alberto
Introduction: Cocaine is the most commonly used illicit stimulant drug in Europe. Auricular acupuncture has been used as a form of treatment for drug addiction since the early 1970s.
Discussion: Cocaine addiction affects all the solid (zang, yin) organs: Lung, Liver, Heart, Spleen and Kidney, causing a complete zang fu disharmony. Within cocaine addiction theory, these five patterns can be grouped into two cycles: the first cycle involves the Lung, Heart and Spleen. The second cycle involves the Lung, Kidney and Liver.
Spirit aspect: Cocaine addiction is rooted in artificially inflating the po for it to dominate over the Heart. This creates a false generation in the Lung, which temporary increases the mother- son relationship between the Lung and Kidney. An addict is reminded of the empty high by the zhi and relayed across the mind by the yi.
Treatment strategies: The NADA protocol is a 'cookbook' strategy and acupuncture points located on the body should be used as well. Conclusions: The use of Chinese medicine therapy can decrease the number of patients being admitted to hospital with drug related illnesses, benefit society in reduced crime rates and benefit the addicts themselves.
Conceptualisation of External Pathogens in Chinese Medicine
Amber Moore
Questions often arise concerning our understanding of disease and in particular, the terminology we use. Indeed, in relation to the body, we may consider that there is no true external or internal state. In this article, the author will look at how Chinese medicine (CM) conceptualises pathogens, how this might contrast with concepts from Western thinking, and what this might mean for CM as a whole, and perhaps other ways of thinking. Finally, she will begin to explore the question of whether this inquiry might support the CM view of the body and health, or vice versa, and what the implications of this might be – for how we view the world, how we live, and how we practise.
Shiatsu and Autism: An Experience in Tuscany
Venanzio D'Agostino and Diurka Torres
For two years the authors worked in a specialised centre at Pistoia in Tuscany, under the scientific direction of Dr Giampaolo La Malfa, psychiatrist and neurologist, head of the Psychiatry Unit in the Careggi University Hospital (Florence), professor at the School of Specialization in Psychiatry, Florence University, founding member and president of the Società Italiana per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale (SIRM), and board member of the European Association of Mental Health in Mental Retardation. This collaboration is ongoing. A number of indications can be drawn from this experience. Practical results: prompt diagnosis, regular therapy (at least once a week), parental involvement. Implications for research: verification of the therapy's incidence on general metabolic equilibrium and on the metabolism of minerals; testing of hormonal release in states of anxiety from stress not dominated by the adaptive phase.
Patterns, Syndromes, Types: Who Should We Be and What Should We Do?
The author traces the evoloution of the concept of 'zheng' (syndrome) from its origins in the 11th century Song Dynasty with the Formulary of the Pharmacy Service for Benefitting the People in an Era of Great Peace (Tai Ping He Ji Jiu Fang) through several bifurcations into the modern era in which the globalisation of standardised zheng is being forecfully promoted by the Chinese state. In the process, he undermines the current acceptance of zheng as 'the unique core of traditional Chinese medicine' by pointing up other influences on medical practice, notably "the medicine of yi" (as espoused by physicians such as Zhu Danxi and Fei Boxiong) and the classical formula style of practice, which emerged as a reaction to this from the late 16th century onwards and whose most influential proponent was the Japanese physician, Yoshimasu Todo.
Traditional Needling Techniques as Practical Constructions from Reading Historical Descriptions
Stephen Birch
The author describes the Toyohari supplementation needle technique from the perspective of the practitioner using the language that describes for him/her what is happening. After describing the needle technique, he then cites relevant passages from the historical literature, especially the Su Wen, Ling Shu and Nan Jing, upon which the details of the needling technique are based. Thus he shows how almost every component of the technique from choosing and starting to look for the acupoint to the removal of the needle from the point can be traced to historical passages in these seminal texts. This is possible because the very nature of knowledge in these historical textual traditions is practice based. The kind of practical interpretations described here are examples of how a 'traditional' system of practice can be constructed bit-by-bit through the interplay of historical texts, interpretations, practical applications and observed clinical effects..
Phlegm Misting-Disturbing the Orifices and Mitral Valve Prolapse
Leon Hammer
The author's initial appreciation of the role of the heart, in this instance the valves of the heart, in mental-emotional illness occurred in medical school, since in biomedicine at that time the prolapse of the mitral valve was associated with panic attacks and phobias. It was, therefore, a simple cognitive step from that information to identifying other aspects of Heart function, the orifices in Chinese medicine, with psychological conditions. The emphasis which his teacher - the internationally acknowledged master Dr John H.F. Shen, with whom he worked over a period of 27 years - placed on the relationship of the heart valves and vessels to mental-emotional issues reinforced that initial connection with the concept and clinical reality of 'Phlegm misting the orifices.' This article outlines the aetiology, physio-pathology, pathogenesis and clinical consequences of phlegm misting the orifices, and alludes to clinical tools for its diagnosis and treatment, illustrated by two case studies.
Reinventing the Wheel: A Top Down Perspective on The Five Elements, Part 2
In the first part of this article (published in EJOM Vol 7., No. 2) the author discussed the Five-Element model from the absolute perspective of spirit as consciousness. Here he examines the cultural forces at play that deny the absolute dimensions of self to glean an understanding of how Chinese medicine, and spiritual practices in general, have been compromised by the failure of postmodernity to recognize hierarchy. He considers this within the context of the Five-Element (5E) system in order to illuminate a significant distortion and cause of stagnation in our culture of healing. This distortion results from the overextension of the pluralistic perspective, and the conflation of it with relativism, to such a degree that it has led to a virtual inability of the last several generations to recognize hierarchy, constituting a condition he terms 'Hierarchy Deficit Syndrome' (HDS). The denial of hierarchy is one of the most significant manifestations of the postmodern ego. The physician's failure to recognize an absolute dimension to his/her experience is constraining the emergence of integral medicine and serving as an anti-evolutionary force in culture. In short, the author argues, it is potentiating illness.
The author elaborates the Five-Element model as an archetypical representation of the relationship between the one and the many, examining the implications of the model for the individual, culture, and cosmos. Additionally he examines the five elements as a basis for understanding the relationship between the absolute and the relative, spirit and psychology, simplicity and complexity, and the virtues of autonomy and communion. This discussion occurs in the context of transcending the culturally conditioned pluralistic, relativistic, and humanistic psychological model that has prevailed in the West for the last 50 years.
Chinese Medicine a Ilula, Tanzania: An Experience in Learning
A fascinating account of a Chinese medicine training course given by the author and a colleague, Giovanni Giambalvo Dal Ben, to a group of health workers in rural Tanzania, on behalf of Agopuntura Senza Frontiere (Acupuncture Without Borders). In a journal-style report, the author shows how the group, who knew nothing of Chinese medicine and who had very limited experience of studying, got to recognise the basic pathological patterns without any previous knowledge of wu xing, jing luo, zang fu. In her view, it was deeply reassuring that Chinese medicine is so close to reality that a theoretical model is not strictly necessary to be able to use it, at least in the first steps of the learning process.
On Blood Deficiency
Giovanni Maciocia
This article discusses the origin of Blood and its relationship with qi and jing, it works out the signs and symptoms of Blood deficiency and outlines the three main syndromes, Liver Blood, Heart Blood and Spleen Blood deficiency. The main part of the article focuses on Liver Blood in gynaecology and its relationship with Liver qi (yang aspect), Liver Blood (yin aspect) and Liver qi stagnation. It examines the various patterns originating from or being associated with Liver Blood deficiency. The article finishes with a short summary of suggested acupuncture points in the treatment of the main syndromes, Liver Blood, Heart Blood and Spleen Blood deficiency, as well as deficiency of tian gui in gynaecology.
Insomnia:- Blood Vacuity and the Extraordinary Vessels: A Case Study
In this article, the author presents a case study of a 45-year-old woman who has suffered with insomnia for four years. He first presents an analysis of this case from the perspectives of TCM pattern differentiation, Blood and shen, and wei qi, and then provides a fascinating analysis based on the Extraordinary Vessels, in particular the yin wei mai and yin qiao mai which, he suggests, act as inner synchronizers, controlling the length and depth of sleep time. The successful treatment of this patient with acupuncture is then detailed with explanatory comments.
Dreams and Five Element Acupuncture
Janice MacKenzie
This article begins with a brief account of dreams as seen from the perspectives of Chinese medicine, Jungian psychotherapy and Gestalt therapy. The author then presents an account of how she has come to look at and use dreams as a part of acupuncture treatment, both as an aid in diagnosis and also to help shift the discussion in the treatment room "from being purely about physical symptoms to being about the evolution of the individual." The author uses several case studies to illustrate this. Some of the stories emphasize the dream as an aid to the practitioner in diagnosis and treatment; others emphasize the dream as a tool to discuss the patient's inner process.
Blood Deficiency – A Functional Perspective
Laurie Ayres
It is the aim of this article to outline the classical understanding of Blood physiology, and the resurrection of its correct physiological function through the formula science of the Shang Han Lun (Treatise on Cold Damage), as understood in the Tian-Zeng lineage of Shang Han Lun practice. The article will explore the close relationship of the tai yang and jue yin conformations to Blood physiology, and as a result will demonstrate why the formula gui zhi tang serves as the core functional Blood tonic, expanding on this concept to demonstrate different aspects of Blood physiology and pathology through various modifications of this formula. The author hopes that this will inspire readers to consider the functional aspects of Blood physiology and pathology in greater depth and to broaden their understanding of the application of classical formulas from that which is currently understood in standard Chinese medical practice.
Abdominal Acupuncture:- The Sacred Turtle and the Ba Gua: Case Studies
Tuvla Scott
Abdominal Acupuncture (AA) is a microsystem based on the Abdominal Meridian System (AMS), with Ren 8 shen que at its centre, which forms the fundamental regulating system of the human body. Abdominal Acupuncture is based on the ancient sacred turtle luo shu theory which is the foundation of the ba gua and presents two different maps. One map accurately places the human body and a second map places the ba gua in the abdominal area. This article gives an insight to the source of AA theory and presents 3 cases which were treated with AA using the different 'turtle maps.'
The Influence of Neo-Confucianism on The Concept of Shen in Chinese Medicine
EJOM Vol. 6 No. 5 (2010-11)
In this article, the author explores first the nature and teachings of Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism and then how these influenced Chinese medicine and especially the concept of shen and the emotions. He refers primarily to the Nei Jing since this text had a profound influence on all subsequent doctors of Chinese medicine and especially on the concept of shen. However, if the Nei Jing was written around 100 BC, how could it be influenced so much by Confucianism which did not become the dominant ideology until the Song dynasty (960-1279)? The reason is that the edition of the Nei Jing we have was actually written by Wang Bing in 762 AD (Tang dynasty); furthermore, according to Unschuld, the Nei Jing was revised three times during the Song dynasty (in 1057) by imperial committees. It is important to note that the Song dynasty represented the triumph of Neo-Confucianism when this philosophy became established as the official state philosophy. The author suggests that it is quite ironic that we in the West often criticise the 'systematization' of Chinese medicine by the modern Communist regime while, in fact, it was during the Song dynasty under the Neo-Confucian influence that the Nei Jing was edited by imperial committees! Confucianism is discussed at length because, in the opinion of the author, this philosophy has the strongest influence on Chinese medicine, particularly with regard to its view of the shen and the emotions.
Depression - A Multifaced Problem
Tony Reid
With the dramatic increase in the number of prescriptions for the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class of antidepressant drugs over the last two decades, it seems as if we are in the midst of a 'depression epidemic'. Without denying the reality of the extreme suffering experienced by patients with a depressive disorder, the author argues that in many instances the diagnosis of depression is not a valid one. Pointing to the weaknesses in both the contemporary psychiatric paradigm and in contemporary TCM perspectives, he argues for a complete overhaul of the way in which depression is diagnosed and treated as well as the ways in which clinical outcomes are assessed. He calls for a restriction in the use of SSRIs because of their dubious risk-to-benefit ratio and for TCM treatment he proposes four major syndrome-patterns for patients with depressed mood, based on the core pathodynamics of this condition.
Chinese Medicine as Body Oriented Psychotherapy: An Eastern-Western Synthesis
Josef Viktor Müller
Chinese medicine in this article is understood as medicine that bases itself on the classics like Nei Jing, Dao De Jing and Yi Jing. These are not regarded as historical antecedents of contemporary TCM but as containing timeless essence (jing) that has to be translated into contemporary time specific usage. The pathway system will be highlighted as a map for finding our way back home to ourselves. By using the qi of the meridians as hyphens between psyche and soma (body and soul) we can foster the development of new qualities through the challenge of disease.
The Seven Types of Stress - Transforming Evils into Virtue: How to Treat Internal Factors of Disease
Yair Maimon
According to Western medicine stress is a response to danger. This response creates numerous changes in the body as a result of the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) system. There is a release of hormones such as gluco-corticoids, primarily cortisol, and of neurotransmitters, such as catecholamines (dopamine, nor-epinephrine and epinephrine). These changes manifest themselves in the form of different symptoms. These symptoms will be discussed in relation to their pathology and analyzed according to the emotional response to stressors, as understood in Chinese medicine.
Towards an Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medical System – Ménière's Disease
EJOM Vol. 6 No. 4
The potential benefits of an integrated Western and traditional Chinese medical system, while enormous, are likely to be hampered unless a critical evidence-based approach is taken to the evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of both systems. The best available evidence in many instances is quite poor – on both sides. The evidence of traditional usage (particularly in TCM) is an undervalued resource that, for better or worse, will remain our best guide for many years to come. This paper discusses several key issues centred on how to make best use of this resource and develop a more sharply focused clinical arm of TCM.
Influenza A (H1N1) ('Swine Flu') and the Four Levels
The 'Four Levels' term refers to the four levels of depth in the development of fevers from acute infectious diseases. It is a brilliant theory of Chinese medicine that was developed during the early Qing dynasty by Ye Tian Shi in his book 'A Study of Warm Diseases' (Wen Bing Xue, 1746). In my opinion, the theory of the Four Levels provides the key to an understanding of acute, febrile, infectious diseases. This article will highlight the application of the theory of the Four Levels to the diagnosis and treatment of H1N1 influenza ('swine flu').
Filling the Whole in Acupuncture Part 2: What are we Doing in the Supplementation Needle Technique?
In the first part of this paper (published in EJOM Vol 6 No 2) the author discussed the purposes, traditional explanations and possible mechanisms of the supplementation needle technique and began to model what might be happening when we apply it. He highlighted local and global qi circulatory effects triggered by the act of needling, and also the effects arising out of the interaction between the person needling and the person being needled. In this concluding part of the paper, he proposes various scientific perspectives and models that could explain the same observed effects of the needling and their various interactional effects, including mental interactional effects. Finally he briefly discusses the implications of this for understanding acupuncture practice.
Five Element Acupuncture and Archetypes
Tom Williams and Ann Hutchison
This paper will reflect upon the place of Chinese medicine in building an integral view of healthcare and how it can contribute to that process in a clear and coherent manner. The paper takes a look at the subtleties of ming men and how this can lead us to a much more functionally useful understanding of how our life journey can directly begin to manifest the disharmonies that Chinese medicine understands. By marrying these insights from Chinese medicine with the work of Caroline Myss on archetypal patterns and contextualising this against Wilber's All Quadrants All Levels (AQAL) model, it will be shown that we have a much richer and integral understanding of pathology and how to address it. The theory will be illustrated with a detailed case study.
Traditions, Paradigms and Perspectives: Chinese Medicine Treading a Path in the West
Carl Williams
Chinese medicine and acupuncture have made considerable progress in the West and seem to be becoming more acceptable as complementary and alternative therapies. Without care and caution it is conceivable that these might be absorbed into western medical approaches and styles of thinking with the attendant danger of losing sight of what was important about the ancient Chinese philosophy that produced them in the first place. These kinds of issues mark the way for acupuncture in the West in the 21st century and are briefly explored here in relation to a range of conceptual frameworks drawn from the philosophy of science, psychology and social studies of science which highlight where and how these issues might arise.
Reinterpreting Qi in the 21st Century
David Mayor
Chinese medicine is pluralistic and qi itself is likewise dynamic and multidimensional. Our understanding of qi and the 'body-mind' it enlivens is partly based in felt bodily experience, especially of the breath, and warmth. This is very different from the 'structural corpus', the body as conceived and analysed in thought. All thinking has been construed as based in a limited number of metaphors. One in particular, the 'core metaphor' of qi flow in health and its disturbance in illness, is not unique to Chinese medicine but has parallels in many cultures and is used to underpin most forms of complementary therapy. A short history is presented of western reinterpretations of this metaphor, showing how these have changed with the current worldview. The importance of maintaining the metaphor in the face of a rationalising and reductive approach to acupuncture is emphasised. However, both 'subtle' and 'gross' anatomy have their place: 'Throughout the universe, there is no qi without li, nor li without qi.'
The author contends that traditional forms of acupuncture practice have been hardly, if at all, investigated in the West. While many clinical and scientific studies of acupuncture have been conducted, these almost never involve the traditional practice methods of acupuncture with their clinical observations and theories of practice. In this article - the first of two papers on the subject - he attempts to bridge the gap between traditional practices and their historical sources and theories, and more modern perspectives with their methods of investigation. He discusses the purposes and possible mechanisms of the supplementation needle technique and models what might be happening when we apply it. Effects triggered by the needling itself, focusing especially on local and global qi circulatory effects and traditional explanations of these, are highlighted, as are the effects arising out of the interaction of the person needling and the person being needled, looking in particular at global changes in the vitality of the patient and the role of the mind of the practitioner. Various possible scientific perspectives are described, especially involving electromagnetic phenomena that could explain the effects of the needling and various interactional effects. Implications of this for understanding acupuncture practice are briefly discussed.
The Lived Body: Changing Conceptions of Embodiment and their Challenge to Modern Chinese Medicine
Diane Dutton
The increasingly widespread practice of acupuncture in the West, as well as interest in eastern forms of self-cultivation such as qi gong, provoke debates about the legitimate interpretation of concepts which have their roots in ancient eastern traditions. Modern western approaches to health have often assumed that the experience of illness is universal across cultures and time periods and that the body can be accurately observed, discretely measured and faithfully mapped by objective means. However, evidence from the historical practice of Chinese medicine, as well as studies of pre-modern western accounts of illness experiences, emphasise the fluidity and intangibility of subjective bodily experience. This paper examines some of the ways in which these earlier explanatory frameworks challenge modern conceptions of the body and explores the possible implications for the practice of acupuncture today.
Towards A Systems View Of Medicine
This article was written in response to the lecture given by Dr Jan van der Greef at Westminster University on 16 March 2009, 'Systems Biology: the Unifying Bridge between Western and Chinese Medicine'.Systems biology understands the body as a self-regulating, self-replicating system, constantly in exchange and dialogue with its environment. Each part exists in a delicate balance with every other part. Our cells communicate one with the other. The nervous system resonates with the immune system. Messages are transmitted through the blood stream by hormones that in turn affect our emotions; our hormones affect our moods, our moods affect our immunity. Interconnectivity, interdependence, the mapping of patterns of relationships are the stuff of systems thinking. The same ideas are at the basis of Chinese medicine, but they have often been disregarded, put to one side, swept under the carpet, in order to gain respectability and fit in with the models of old paradigm reductionist science. As practitioners of Chinese medicine, the author suggests that it may be time for us to embrace this new science, to make use of its vocabulary and methodology, and to bring an awareness, which began for some of us in the 1970s, into the 21st century.
Ethics in Fertility Medicine?
An increasing number of women undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF) are seeking to use acupuncture as a result of its growing reputation for increasing the chances of conception when used as an adjunctive therapy. Those of us involved in this work may feel a sense of joy and satisfaction at being able to assist someone through such a fundamentally life changing experience. At the same time, many practitioners express discomfort with the nature of the medicine involved and feel their role is mostly limited to one of supporting the patient's health through a physically and emotionally sapping drug regime. Acupuncturists can feel torn between the desire to help the person become pregnant and the desire to distance themselves from a medical practice they see as harmful. This article aims to examine and expose some of the ways in which our humanity is undermined by over reliance on IVF technology to correct infertility. It is hoped that by confronting the difficult ethical problems created by IVF medicine, our profession may recognise its unique capacity to provide a comprehensive fertility treatment for women and will seek to do this at a greater distance from today's IVF clinics.
Huang Di – Medical Sage or Time Lord?
Roisin Golding
During the Han and Jin dynasty just about every scientific endeavour - from human sciences like politics, to subjects such as astronomy, geography and mathematics, as well as medicine - paid homage to the mythical emperor Huang Di, Yellow Lord of the Earth. This article asserts that by incorporating his name into the title of Huang Di Nei Jing (by 200 AD) he, and whatever it was he stood for, was placed as a cornerstone for acupuncture theory. Without the cornerstone, the architecture of Chinese medical theory so easily comes tumbling down. Are acupuncturists simply making half-built structures out of the rubble? There are so many different styles of acupuncture, all of them interesting but incomplete. So many architectural pieces are left lying, discarded because they simply don't fit. Is it possible that a fully reconstructed acupuncture theory, one where all the main pieces: yin and yang; five elements; heaven, earth and man; the effect of climates etc, could converge on the corner stone of Huang Di? It is to this end that the meaning of Huang Di will be explored in this article.
Epistemological Orientations to Acupuncture Practice
Barry Nester
This paper explores some 'epistemological orientations to practice' that can be drawn upon by academics and practitioners involved in Chinese medicine to understand acupuncture knowledge and professional practice. Using the theoretical framework of Anne Mosey (1992) that she used to examine the health professions, it is argued that the four epistemological orientations to practice identified by Mosey can be reflected upon to better understand acupuncture practice and the acupuncture profession. This analysis helps to understand the reasons for some of the developments of the acupuncture profession, and helps to clarify the underlying assumptions and premises for the diverse opinions on the best way forward for the development of acupuncture knowledge, practice and research.
Cells, Fibres and Fluid: An Explanation for the Homeostatic Effects of Acupuncture Channels and Qi?
Darren Chandler
This article proposes that acupuncture points and channels correlate to collagen fibres in fascia (Stecco, 2004, Ho, 1997). Fascia is one continuous structure that envelopes and invests all the structures in the body. If you were to dissolve all other tissues and organs leaving just the fascia you would see a ghostly outline of the individual. The author reports on the intracellular and extracellular effects of the stretching of collagen fibres induced by acupuncture needling. He suggests that these neurophysiological effects provide insight into the mechanisms behind not only acupuncture but also tui na and qi gong.
Intention: Embodying the Moment, Transforming Disease
Lee Moden
Sun Simiao once said: 'Medicine is yi. Those who are proficient at using yi are good doctors.' Zhao Xuemin said: 'Medicine is yi. It is not as good to use medicinals as it is to use yi…' (Scheid and Bensky, 1998). This article grew out of a passion to explore the root of statements such as these, from an interest in the inner orientation of the practitioner and from the subtle, dynamic interactions between patient and practitioner. It also arose from a belief that from understanding the wisdom of the ancient guiding principles contained within the Chinese medical classics, we may find significant relevance of that wisdom in contemporary practice. It is only by exploring (both cognitively and experientially) these concepts for ourselves that we might avoid dismissing potentially rich information that offers the possibility of deepening our understanding and informing and transforming our practice.
The Emotion of the Earth Phase: An Examination of English Translations and the Classic Texts
Andrew Prescott
An examination of the emotions in Chinese medicine, their Chinese characters and a discussion of the differences between the normative terms for the emotions as found in various texts, especially the use of the term 'sympathy' for the emotion of earth (soil) by some European writers as compared with the more common term '(over)-thinking'.
Knowledge and the Ways of Knowing in Acupuncture
In this paper some understandings of the nature of acupuncture knowledge are explored in relation to contemporary models of knowledge. It is argued that the contemporary acupuncture practitioner now utilises several types of knowledge, including propositional knowledge, non-propositional knowledge, and personal knowledge. In the discipline of acupuncture, knowledge has developed in the past through a variety of ways. The paths to acupuncture knowledge include the study of classical Chinese texts, authority and tradition, apprenticeship, trial and error, personal experience, and reflection on clinical practice. Acupuncture knowledge can be further developed through the use of both traditional methods and by the appropriation and use of research methods from other disciplines.
The Research Quest
Andrew Flower
There seems to be a general consensus within the acupuncture and Chinese herbal community that research is a necessary process to establish our professional status. It may be regarded as a 'good' thing, a bold venture to bring Chinese medicine into the cosy confines of evidence based medicine; or perhaps more cynically 'a necessary twenty-first century evil' that we need to grit our teeth and get on with. This is an account of the author's foray into the research world to explore the role of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in the treatment of endometriosis. He set off on his journey dressed in a shiny suit of optimistic positivist fervour. Now several years down the line he feels more like Don Quixote lining up his intellectual lance and charging heroically towards the next windmill on the horizon. This then is the story of how a naive would-be knight lost his armour, encountered the dark forces of bureaucracy, and depending upon your point of view either grew up or went quietly nuts.
Nan Jing Difficulty One: Pulse Diagnosis and the Use of the Right Distal Position
William R. Morris
This article expands upon pulse diagnostic ideas discussed in Chapter One of the Nan Jing. The global view of the right distal position that is presented in Chapter One can be explored from the perspective of other chapters within the Nan Jing as well as from perspectives generated from contemporary practice. Nan Jing Chapter One discusses the use of the right distal position as a method of diagnosing the conditions for the whole person. The right distal pulse position is said to be the meeting place of all the vessels and is the source of all vessel movements from within the 'Great Abyss' or the 'Big Source' (Lu 9 tai yuan). This investigation explores four applications of Chapter One, based on pulse qualities and depths, and the finger rolling and organ clock methods.
Exploring the Mechanics of Acupuncture: Bioelectromagnetism of the Human Body
Daniel J. Windridge & Harriet Lansdown
This article gives an outline of a BSc (Hons) dissertation submitted as part of the BSc (Hons) Traditional Chinese Medicine (Acupuncture) degree programme at the University of Salford in April 2003. The purpose of this quantitative study (Part One) was to measure the skin resistance and thus conductivity of a given set of the Influential points. The aim was to determine any differences in the conductive properties according to the gender of participants involved. Vacancies were a set sample of 30, which involved stratified criterion non-random sampling. Quantitative comparative descriptive was the method design used. The results of readings were compared and were shown to support the yin and yang theory used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The outcome of Part One established that yang acupoints had the highest conductance compared to yin acupoints. Also it was found that the conductivity of all the yang acupoints measured from the male participants were significantly greater when compared with results obtained from the females.
Shen-Zhi Theory: Analysis of the Signs and Symptoms of Mental Disorder
Qu Lifang and Mary Garvey
The Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) contains numerous references to 'spirits' that are said to reside within the body. The term 'shen-zhi' means 'spirit-mind' and telescopes the five spirits (shen, hun, po, yi, zhi) of early Chinese medical theorising. Shen-zhi theory explains the principles for understanding Chinese medicine's perspective on human consciousness. The theory describes how each of the wu shen (five spirits) govern certain aspects of mentality and are closely related to sensory faculties, body tissues, visceral systems, and physiological substances according to the wu xing (five phase) framework of correspondence and relationship. Spirit activities thereby provide the human organism with its distinctive array of mental and sensory abilities including intelligence, insight, focused attention and memory. Shen-zhi theory is derived from key sections of the Neijing that define the nature of the wu shen, their physiological activities and relationships. When these resources and relationships are disrupted a variety of common or more serious disorders may result. We discuss some of these, and a number of specific disorders that have a particular connection with the five spirits and shen-zhi theory. Broadly speaking, they are 'mind' or 'mental' disorders. Analysis of their signs and symptoms illustrates the theory and clarifies its diagnostic relevance for modern clinicians.
Language Referencing in the Teaching of Chinese Medicine
Frances Turner
This article - subtitled 'How Teachers' Use of Language Reflects Their Perception of the Characteristics of Chinese Medicine' - is a summary of an MPhil research degree, completed by the author at Exeter University in 2003. The study, which was based on interviews with 20 practitioners, teachers and authors of Chinese medicine, examined respondent approaches to the importance of language in the teaching of Chinese medicine, ranging from the view that it is practice which is important, not language, to the view that theory and practice, like language and understanding, are inextricably linked in a circular relationship, and that language is central to the preservation of Chinese medicine itself. The non-standardisation of the language of Chinese medicine in the West reflects a rich melting pot of different approaches to the discipline itself. The author considers that one of the most interesting findings of this study was that since our understanding of what we do is expressed in the language we use, our language use is a reflection of what we perceive Chinese medicine to be.
Read the whole article.
Western Psychotherapy: An Introductory Overview - Whither the Yin and the Yang?
Baker describes the development of modern Western psychotherapy, and Core Process Psychotherapy (CPP), which integrates eastern spiritual traditions with psychotherapy. From this psycho-spiritual perspective, patterns within one's life situations, as well as deeper existential issues including impermanence, insubstantiality and the truth of suffering are explored. The qualities of the therapist are also discussed.
Understanding Chronic Pain and its Consequences
When treating patients with pain, it is important to at least try to understand what pain is. This first article in a series on chronic pain covers some general aspects of pain and its taxonomy, in particular the differences between acute and chronic pain, and between nociceptive and neurogenic pain. The next article will explore the psychology of pain, and in particular the relationships between pain, anxiety and depression. A follow-up article will be devoted to some of the thorny issues of pain measurement. The references given should be useful as a starting point for anyone embarking on their own exploration of the literature on chronic pain.
The Clinical Application of Five Phase Theory in the Practice of Herbal Medicine
Professor Wu Boping
Professor Wu Boping, head of the research library at the Beijing Academy of TCM discusses the engendering and restraining (sheng and ke) relationship among the five phases and gives his recommended herbal formulae in cases where 'disharmonious relationships' occur. He cites four case histories: dizziness, cough and dyspnoea, abdominal pain, and palpitations. Translated by Chao Baixiao.
Essential Aspects of the Japanese Healing Arts
Miki Shima
Many schools of thought have flourished in Japan since Chinese medicine was introduced 1,200 years ago. Unique evolved practice includes abdominal diagnosis and treatment - toxins in the abdomen are declared the source of all human ills - and point location by direct palpation rather than by visual observation of anatomical structures. Rigorous practical application is superior to book learning.
The Psyche in Chinese Medicine
In discussing the nature of the psyche in Chinese medicine, the author proposes the translation of shen as 'mind' and the complex of the five mental-spiritual aspects as 'spirit.' The nature and function of each aspect is discussed in detail, as is their inter-relationship and interaction.
Spirits, Ghosts and Chinese Medicine
Poney Chiang
In many primitive societies, shamans or witch doctors often performed the dual roles of healer and intermediary between the worlds of men and spirits. With the support of ethnographic evidence, similarities between acu-moxibustion and shamanic practices are presented to suggest a possible origin of acu-moxibustion in the occult. Shamanic motives based on sacred-pain, spirit-letting via fenestration and fumigation are theorised for acu-moxibustion. Possible contributions from Daoist mysticism to Chinese medicine are proposed, particularly in the nomenclature of points. Tracing the origins of Chinese medicine and acu-moxibustion from a shamanic perspective can provide a novel appreciation of these arts.
Acupuncture Research and Practice: Some Philosophical Considerations
Allen Parrott
The aim of this article is to set out some of the ways in which the basic philosophical assumptions about knowledge and reality that underpin mainstream scientific thinking, and therefore most current research, can be challenged, and to explore the relevance of such challenges to acupuncture research and practice. The author argues that randomised and double-blind clinical trials may be useful in certain contexts, but they no longer need be esteemed as the 'gold standard' to which all serious enquiry should aspire. For most healthcare research, a different 'lens' is desirable, for practical and ethical as well as for theoretical or more purely philosophical reasons.
Individualising Treatments in a Group Setting by Combining Micro-Acupuncture Systems
This article outlines a method of delivering individualised diagnosis and treatments in group settings. It has been used to treat addictions and general health problems in the UK and, more recently, on the Acupuncture Sans Frontières project in Sri Lanka. The method combines the ECIWO protocol (a 12-point micro-acupuncture system based on the second metacarpal which was developed in China by Dr Zhang Ying Qing) with minimal auricular acupuncture. The author discusses auricular therapy as used in detoxification settings, and elaborates on the genesis and principles of the ECIWO system. He outlines the influence of Japanese acupuncture styles in the development of his approach combining these two systems and concludes with an explanation of how to apply the resulting simple and flexible protocol in clinics.
In the Footsteps of the Yellow Empress
The catalyst for this article was a Problem Back Masterclass for physiotherapists held at Highgrove under the auspices of the Prince of Wales. The article describes the author's personal experience of chronic back pain and the inspirational influence of the maverick Australian physio, Sarah Keys. The ability of the spine, given the right condition, to heal itself of even the most recalcitrant problems is highlighted. Pointing to acupuncture's ability to provide simple, safe and highly effective treatment for back pain, the author concludes by affirming that: 'We have much to learn from western medicine, but western medicine has much to learn from us. This is what real integration is all about.'
Notes on Chinese Medicine and Gender from a Historical Perspective
Professor Charlotte Furth and Sue Cochrane
In this e-mail exchange with Sue Cochrane (TCM lecturer at the University of Western Sydney, Australia), the feminist historian Professor Furth (University of Southern California) helps pose some of the questions which, as practitioners, we should perhaps be considering when we treat women. She argues that in studying fuke/gynaecology, we need to know something about the history of Chinese medicine so that we are able to recognise how much of our therapeutic approach is based on 'Chinese sexist values that have shaped understanding about healing.'
Classical Five-Element Acupuncture: The Teachings of J R Worsley
Neil R Gumenick in collaboration with J B Worsley
This article outlines the teachings of J R Worsley and clarifies the basic premise behind Classical Five-Element Acupuncture – the Causative Factor – which sets it apart from other systems of acupuncture. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of the Causative Factor is the key to Classical Five-Element Acupuncture, which recognises that the health of each unique individual's body, mind and spirit must be taken into account to fully understand and treat the cause of illness. The article includes a critique of two recent variations of what J R Worsley taught, namely 'constitutional' five-element acupuncture, and the concept of the 'guardian element'. It also exposes what it calls the myth of 'elemental types'. The importance of the practitioner's internal state and sensory awareness are highlighted and the use of moxibustion, and the concepts of tonification and sedation are discussed.
Patients' Explanatory Models of Acupuncture: How and Why do They Think it Works?
Sylvia Schroer
This article reports on a small study to investigate how patients explained the workings of acupuncture in the light of their own experience of treatment. 15 patients of different ages and from socio-economic backgrounds were interviewed and issues such as reasons for having treatment, the effects of treatment, and the importance of the therapeutic relationship were discussed to reveal the explanatory models which they used to describe their experiences. One of the findings of the study was that patients' narratives shifted during the course of treatment from mechanical theories or physical explanations of illness towards theories of equilibrium, of mind-body harmony, and ethical theories, with treatment seen as a cleansing process. The study found that also found that patients themselves, through their experience of treatment, are moving away from a narrow definition of acupuncture as a treatment for the relief of pain or physical symptoms towards a much broader conceptualisation for its therapeutic potential in the context of their lives.
Qigong - The Original Root of Classical Chinese Medicine
Zhongxian Wu
This article, structured in a question-and-answer style similar to that used in the Nei Jing, highlights the importance of daily qigong practice and the significance of the Three Treasures (san bao) – jing, qi and shen – and their refinement through qigong practice. Qigong as a therapeutic practice is discussed and its place at the very root of classical Chinese medicine is emphasised.
Five Element Acupuncture in the Land of the Great Khaan
This article gives an account of the author's experience as a volunteer with Health Volunteers Overseas at the Shastin hospital in Ulaan Baatar, Mongolia. He spent 4 weeks working with the medical team in the hospital's rehabilitation centre treating musculoskeletal conditions, neurological problems (especially those associated with stroke), physiological diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, congenital deformities and growth problems, and mental and emotional problems such as depression and anxiety. As a practitioner and teacher of Five Element acupuncture, the author's pulse reading and treatment strategies intrigued his new colleagues, with concepts such as entry and exit blocks, Aggressive Energy and Possession being totally new to them. Most of the patients given Five Element acupuncture appeared to show improvement, with the most noticeable improvements coming from patients who had recently (within 6 months) suffered stroke.
Fire and Emotional Illnesses
This article – drawn from the book Shen – Psychological Aspects of Chinese Medicine: the Classics & Contemporary Practice (currently in translation) – examines the various pathologies associated with emotional illness, paying particular attention to their links to fire. The concepts of constraint (yu) and stagnation (zhi) of qi, fire (huo), phlegm (tan), blood stasis (xueyu), empty fire and 'restlessness and agitation' (fanzao) are discussed with reference to classical Chinese texts by authorities such as Liu Wansu, Li Dongyuan and Zhu Danxi.
An Introduction to Keiraku Chiryo - Japanese Meridian Therapy
The article describes the system of Japanese traditional acupuncture - Keiraku Chiryo or meridian therapy - which is a form of acupuncture that has been practised for over 60 years. When it was introduced into Europe in the 1950s it had been virtually unknown outside of Japan. In the last 15 years it has established a place for itself in the US, Australasia and Europe and is being taught in postgraduate workshops and training programmes in these places. The author has studied with a number of leading meridian therapists since 1988, principally with instructors of the Toyohari or 'east Asian needle therapy' school of meridian therapy, in particular Kodo Fukushima, Toshio Yanagishita, Akihiro Takai and Shozo Takahashi. In this article he explains the development, basic theories, diagnostic and treatment methods and patterns of meridian therapy.
The Subtlety of the Image: The Importance of Metaphor in Chinese Medicine Concepts
Carl Williams and Diane Dutton
Conceptual metaphor theory has indicated that thought is mostly metaphorical and largely unconscious. This has implications for the translation of Chinese medical texts. Western thinking and western science has employed mechanistic metaphors to describe health, illness and the body, whereas oriental thinking and science is grounded in a quite different organic, naturalistic view of the world. If the translator has a subtle sense of the metaphors and images behind the literature to be translated, this will result in the best form of translation. Mistranslation and misunderstanding occur when inappropriate cultural metaphors are unconsciously employed.
Polluted Bodies, Individual Responsibility and Personal Blame
This article, derived from a larger project initiated by the author and Dr. Vivienne Lo of UCL's Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine, focuses on contemporary practice in the European context in relation to the Chinese medical concept of xie (often translated as 'evil' but also implying the opposite of zheng or 'upright'). The author suggests that modern TCM texts have played down or completed excluded the concept of xie, arguably through systematic attempts to scientise medicine and eliminate superstitious and feudal elements. In the study, 15 acupuncturists were interviewed, all but one of whom had some training in Worsley and/or Toyohari styles of practice – approaches which the researchers considered to be more relevant to the theme of xie. Two techniques taught by Worsley were found to be related to the xie concept: one taught as 'internal/external devils' and related to various states of emotional distress including 'madness' and depression; the other emerged in a treatment known as 'aggressive energy', something external to be drained away. The author explores the practitioners' approaches to xie and how they talk about it with patients. The study reveals how practitioners have adapted the moral concerns inherent in the concept of xie to the ecological debate that has increasingly taken centre stage since the 60s and 70s.
Human Nature in Ancient Chinese Psychology
Ancient Chinese medical texts do not in themselves form a complete, workable system of psychology. They restrict themselves to a discussion of certain aspects of psychology in the context of diagnosis and treatment of the qi. The author suggests that a broader picture of the ancient Chinese understanding of human psychology can be derived from a study of ancient Chinese literature, particularly the philosophical classics. He discusses a number of mainly Confucian concepts in order to sketch in some of the 'background' ideas about the psychological nature of man.
Chinese Medicine, Western Soul
Henry McGrath
This article argues that if we wish to treat at the level of the Soul, in other words metaphysically, both practitioner and patient must consciously be aware and involved in the process. We cannot just assume that our treatments are working on the level of the Soul because we are using herbs, or for that matter acupuncture. Similarly, 'medical acupuncture' proves that it is perfectly possible to use acupuncture on a purely physical level. Working at the level of the Soul is, of course, not for all patients, or even for all practitioners. Nor should it be. But many patients wish to go beyond merely getting rid of obvious signs of illness, and seek treatments that help them towards a fuller, richer life. For these people, true health is not defined merely as an absence of disease, but as a life of fulfilment, meaning and purpose. Chinese medicine has the potential to help them towards this fuller model of health.
Traditional Chinese Medicine and Reichian Theory
Leon Southgate
This article gives an outline of an MSc dissertation submitted to the Northern College of Acupuncture and University of Wales in May 2002. The dissertation investigated common ground and differences between the theories of Chinese medicine and Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957). Reich was an Austrian psychoanalyst who studied biological energy functions. Many previously undocumented parallels and differences were found between the theories. A double blind, placebo-controlled experimental study (N=72) was also reported. The experimental study investigated whether effects are produced when a device reported to collect life-energy by Reich's theory, is attached via a connecting wire to an acupuncture point. Reich describes this life-energy as Orgone. The concept of Orgone is similar in its definition to that of qi. The study found an objective effect by Orgone on the acupuncture process (P<0.03).
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Васи́лий Влади́мирович Витря́нский (род. , Гомель) — российский юрист, учёный-цивилист, доктор юридических наук, профессор, заслуженный юрист Российской Федерации. Заместитель председателя Высшего Арбитражного Суда Российской Федерации в отставке.

Биография
Родился 8 мая 1956 года в г. Гомеле Белорусской ССР, СССР.

 1978 год — окончил юридический факультет Московского государственного университета имени М. В. Ломоносова.
 1978—1979 годы — старший консультант Госарбитража РСФСР.
 1979—1980 годы — служба в рядах Вооружённых Сил СССР. В 1986 году защитил диссертацию на соискание учёной степени «кандидат юридических наук» на тему «Гражданско-правовое обеспечение сохранности грузов при перевозках автомобильным транспортом», место защиты: юридический факультет МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова.
 1986—1990 годы — старший референт, главный специалист отдела по административным органам Совета Министров РСФСР, старший специалист, ведущий специалист юридического отдела Управления Делами Совета Министров СССР.
 1990—1992 годы — заместитель Главного государственного арбитра РСФСР Госарбитража РСФСР.
 1992 год — назначен судьёй Высшего Арбитражного Суда Российской Федерации и заместителем Председателя Высшего Арбитражного Суда Российской Федерации. В 1996 году защитил докторскую диссертацию «Проблемы арбитражно-судебной защиты гражданских прав участников имущественного оборота», место защиты: юридический факультет МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова (издана в виде монографии изд. БЕК в 1996 г.).
 2013 год — ушел в отставку по собственному желанию в связи с невозможностью занимать пост заместителя председателя более двух сроков подряд.

Имеет высший квалификационный класс судьи. Участник рабочей группы по созданию действующего Гражданского Кодекса Российской Федерации. Входит в Совет при Президенте Российской Федерации по кодификации и совершенствованию гражданского законодательства.

Исполнитель песни «Спроси меня…» на стихи и музыку собственного сочинения.

Основные работы
Автор более 30 монографий и 300 публикаций. Соавтор (совместно с М. И. Брагинским) фундаментального академического курса «Договорное право» в 5 тт. (всего 6 книг), изд. «Статут» (г. Москва) и ряда глав в томах III и IV классического университетского учебника «Гражданское право» под ред. Е. А. Суханова, изд. «ВолтерсКлувер» (г. Москва).

Другие работы:
 Комментарий части второй Гражданского кодекса Российской Федерации. — М. : Фирма Гардарика, 1996. — 654 с.- 20 000 экз . — ISBN 5-7762-0008-3 (совместно с М. И. Брагинским и Е. А. Сухановым)
 Научно-практический комментарий (постатейный) к Федеральному закону «О несостоятельности (банкротстве)», 2003.

Поэзия
 «Стая певчих птиц» — сборник стихов, изданный книгой и в виде компакт-дисков.

Ссылки
 Витрянский Василий Владимирович  — на сайте Высшего Арбитражного Суда РФ
 Витрянский Василий Владимирович на сайте Право.ру
 Витрянский Василий Владимирович на сайте правового портала Кадис

Юристы СССР
Юристы России
Специалисты по гражданскому праву
Доктора юридических наук
Выпускники юридического факультета МГУ
Судьи Высшего арбитражного суда Российской Федерации
Лауреаты премии «Юрист года»

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text:
Tigridia ehrenbergii är en irisväxtart som först beskrevs av Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Elwood Wendell Molseed. Tigridia ehrenbergii ingår i släktet Tigridia och familjen irisväxter.

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Arten delas in i följande underarter:

 T. e. ehrenbergii
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Irisväxter
ehrenbergii


The College has instituted student clubs and mandated membership of students in any one of the 17 Clubs currently active on campus.
These student clubs are a forum for student interaction in a variety of focussed club activities. They serve to enable students to pursue their special interest in culture and performance, current affairs, and writing by participating in the numerous events organised by the Club members both within and outside the campus. The students are offered opportunities to hone their skills and learn new skills through workshops which are organised by the executive members in consultation with the Club Advisor. Club members are often called on to perform or become involved in some way during College events. They are also encouraged to participate in inter-collegiate competitions at state and national levels.
Club members often work in collaboration with the Students' Union in accordance with the theme or the event that is in focus on campus.


text:
package lease

import "github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/storage/azblob/internal/generated"

// BlobAcquireResponse contains the response from method BlobClient.AcquireLease.
type BlobAcquireResponse = generated.BlobClientAcquireLeaseResponse

// BlobBreakResponse contains the response from method BlobClient.BreakLease.
type BlobBreakResponse = generated.BlobClientBreakLeaseResponse

// BlobChangeResponse contains the response from method BlobClient.ChangeLease.
type BlobChangeResponse = generated.BlobClientChangeLeaseResponse

// BlobReleaseResponse contains the response from method BlobClient.ReleaseLease.
type BlobReleaseResponse = generated.BlobClientReleaseLeaseResponse

// BlobRenewResponse contains the response from method BlobClient.RenewLease.
type BlobRenewResponse = generated.BlobClientRenewLeaseResponse

// ContainerAcquireResponse contains the response from method BlobClient.AcquireLease.
type ContainerAcquireResponse = generated.ContainerClientAcquireLeaseResponse

// ContainerBreakResponse contains the response from method BlobClient.BreakLease.
type ContainerBreakResponse = generated.ContainerClientBreakLeaseResponse

// ContainerChangeResponse contains the response from method BlobClient.ChangeLease.
type ContainerChangeResponse = generated.ContainerClientChangeLeaseResponse

// ContainerReleaseResponse contains the response from method BlobClient.ReleaseLease.
type ContainerReleaseResponse = generated.ContainerClientReleaseLeaseResponse

// ContainerRenewResponse contains the response from method BlobClient.RenewLease.
type ContainerRenewResponse = generated.ContainerClientRenewLeaseResponse

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Truth About Cars | Behind The Scenes | Editorials | Japan | News Blog | Toyota
The Making Of The Lexus LFA Supercar. An Inside Report, Chapter 3: Call Me Names
By Bertel Schmitt on July 11, 2012
LFA carbon fiber body
After a general introduction in the first chapter, the last chapter of this inside report showed us how the body-in-white of the LFA is hand-made layer by layer, and that it is actually a body-in-black. When finished, the body goes on a transfer cart and travels one third of a mile to the second stage of the LFA production, painting and final assembly. We take a bus.
Tanahashi and entourage on their way to the assembly hall
In the bus, we talk about the name of the LFA. There are all kinds of apocryphal stories of how the name came about and what it stands for, that it means "Lexus Future Advance", or whatever. Tanahashi say it is all nonsense, and as I listen to him talk, I know that I am finally hearing the true story.
"Like all cars, the LFA started as an internal project, code 680," Tanahashi says. Now you know what the 680 means in Tanahashi's diary.
"At the Detroit Motor Show 2005, we showed a concept. We needed a name. At Lexus, concept cars for the motor show follow a strict name regime. LF for 'Lexus future', then a dash, followed by two letters. I racked my brain for a good two letter combination. I could not find one, and settled on A."
The concept was shown as LF-A. Four years later, Tanahashi gave the name equally short shrift:
"In 2009, we announced the car at the Tokyo motor show, and we needed a real name. Again, I had a hard time. I thought, why not simply remove the hyphen? The LFA was born."
Many decisions in the car industry happen that way. Rich and deep symbolism often is an after-the-fact addition born from an insatiable quest for meaning.
New meets old
The titanium muffler.
We are back at the LFA's assembly building. Painting and assembly is a place where Toyota's past meets Toyota's future. This was an old press shop before the LFA moved in. The trusses and riveted girders of this 10,000 sqm hall remind more of the Brooklyn Bridge than of a breeding ground for yet to come car architectures. A large overhead crane, now retired, could, if reactivated, travel the full length of the hall. During the LFA's prototype phase, birds had entered the building and left their signatures on cars and workers. Now, piano wires invite the birds to sit elsewhere.
A quarter of the hall is walled-off to house the LFA's paint and assembly shop. Most of the LFA's body, 65 percent to be exact, is made out of carbon fiber reinforced polymer, or CFRP, the remainder is made out of aluminum. Attempting to apply my newfound knowledge, I point at a shiny metal object, and am told that it is a muffler.
Titanium muffler
"It is made from titanium," says Tanahashi.
The SR-71 Blackbird spy plane ($ 33 million MSRP) was made largely from titanium, the LFA uses the metal for a muffler. Titanium has the highest strength-to-weight ratio of any metals. Titanium is strong as steel, at approximately half the weight. The only heavy part of titanium is its heavy price: Titanium costs approximately 20 times as much as steel. To replace that muffler – not that you would ever have to, titanium is extremely corrosion resistant – would cost the price of a Corolla, I am told.
When the bonded body-in-black rolls into the assembly hall, it already has fasteners in place to which other parts are mounted. Lighter parts, such as wire harnesses, are attached with fasteners that are bonded to the surface of the CFRP body.
While we are discussing fasteners, Tanahashi brings a cutaway piece of foam-cored carbon fiber. What he shows is testament to the compulsive attention to the minutest detail. In the LFA, through-fasteners don't simply go through holes that are cut into the shell. They use special aluminum inserts that prevent the carbon fiber from being weakened by the pressure of a lug nut, or the chafing of a thread.
Fender being fitted to the non-monocoque LFA
"Definitely not a monocoque."
At this point, a discussion ensues. I call the body of the LFA a monocoque, because this is what everybody seems to call it. Tanahashi and Tamura disagree. In a monocoque, the external skin supports the load of an object, I am told. An egg is a monocoque. The hen is not. In the LFA, the car's structure is delivered by a rigid center cell with attached front and rear subframes. To that, removable body panels are applied, and I watch how they do it.
These panels act like a skin, for internal protection and outward beauty, but not for bearing the LFA's load. When we discuss the architecture, Chief Engineer Tanahashi declares with deep conviction and utmost finality that this is "definitely not a monocoque."
Panels being fitted to the non-monocoque LFA
Asked what it is, Tanahashi describes it as a "body-kokkaku" which can loosely be translated as "body frame structure." After a long discussion, we come to the conclusion that "space frame" probably comes closest, but not close enough for a tough Tanahashi, who thinks it is an old-fashioned term, "suitable for the birdcage of, say, a Maserati Tipo 61." Once again, the LFA defies definition.
Japanese laquerware.
Painting takes place in another cleanroom. The body panels are first wet-sanded and sealed with a gelcoat. Next comes a middle coat in one of four colors, depending on the final color. Then comes the top coat in the requested color, and finally, a clear coat. The layers are dried at 90 C for 20 minutes. Every coat is inspected under special bright lights.
Check of the paint
The LFA can be had in 30 colors. Strangely, the simplest ones, matte black and whitest white are the most difficult. Matte black cannot be polished and is tricky to handle. The paint specialists are glad that this much talked-about color is in low demand. Only 12 out of 500 LFA have been ordered in matte black.
Still checking
The by far most popular color is whitest white. Its base coat is covered with a layer that shines in blue and white under fluorescent light, on top of that comes an enamel coat that in turn is covered by a clear coat. "Regular" pearl white is the second-most requested color, followed by regular black and red.
Whitest white is highly popular with the paint booth staff also. That color is so complex, "it creates overtime," says Tanahashi.
It's a roof side rail garnish. (We asked.)
The Natural.
Assembly of the LFA takes four days, the second half of the supercar's eight day metamorphosis from space-age twine to blissful bolide. In those four days, the car crawls down a slow, but deliberate assembly line. It is manual work, but it is the manual work of a symphony orchestra. Each grip, each part, each turn of a wrench has its set time and purpose. The orchestra has its sheet music: Placards at every station list what needs to be done when. One can feel the rhythm, even hear the distinct melody of the line.
The LFA's 170 piece orchestra of course has its conductor. His name is Shigeru Yamanaka, and he cuts an imposing figure. Before he managed the LFA Works, Yamanaka was the coach of Toyota's corporate baseball team.
Yamanaka will disappoint you if you are fishing for a story of him selecting only the very best and most highly skilled workers that are run through some astronaut-type selection process.
Instead, Yamanaka surprises us with refreshing honesty.
100% dedication
Asked how he picks his team members, Yamanaka replies: "I request them from Human Resources."
"I look for passion," says Yamanaka. "I look for people who want to make special things. Skills I can train. Enthusiasm you are born with."
Indeed, I see only two types of facial expressions as I walk down the line: Smiling faces. Or deeply concentrated ones. The LFA is made 65 percent from CFRP, 35 percent from aluminum alloy, and 100 percent from dedication.
PS: With all the innuendo and supposition about the Tiffany blue LFA, how could anyone miss the fact that the original project code was 680, the same number 680 that was on the license plate of the blue LFA?
It's good they did. "It was one of those coincidences," I am told.
Stay tuned for tomorrow's installment of The Making Of The Lexus LFA. How long do you think this car will last?
Monday, July 9: From A Bar To Bar None. How the LFA was born, and why it is made from carbon fiber.
Tuesday, July 10: In The Clean Room. Where the LFA is made from the strongest and most expensive type of carbon fiber available.
Wednesday, July 11: Call Me Names. How the LFA really received its name.
Thursday, July 12: Balance Of Power. We watch the V10 engine go into the LFA.
Friday, July 13: Exam Week. We examine Chief Engineer Tanahashi about how the LFA influences future cars, and what will come after the LFA.
Posted in Behind The Scenes, Editorials, Japan, News Blog, Toyota
Tagged as Bertel Schmitt, chapter three, Inside the industry, Japan, Lexus LFA, LFA Week
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25 Comments on "The Making Of The Lexus LFA Supercar. An Inside Report, Chapter 3: Call Me Names..."
Felis Concolor
Thank you for putting all speculation regarding the LFA's name to rest.
And for those who endlessly over-analyzed its potential origins, please remember: semiotics means never having to say you're wrong.
russty1
Nice machine. I'll take one in orange thanks.
Dread the thought if the LFA were ever in an accident, wonder who in North America would be qualified to do the carbon fiber repairs? And to get the parts? Guess it'd be on the next container ship to Japan for the work? While some parts bolt on, I imagine the cemented parts would be more challenging to replace/fix. I suppose at that $$ level it's not a worry for the owners!
LeMansteve
If they are anything like Lamborghini and the Aventador, when the damage is to a critical component they will fly out a specialist to repair "on the spot".
Bertel, I would be curious to know if the Motomachi plant carries any inventory of service parts, or if they are only produced as-needed. My guess is the latter.
icemilkcoffee
The answer is 'everyone and noone'. Every body shop hack can do fiber glass repair. Just slap a piece of epoxy-soaked fiberglass clothe over the cracked section and bondo over it. Done. Of course- to do it correctly, in a way that retains the original strength, is basically impossible. Once the CF tub is cracked, it's pretty much history.
Athos Nobile
Über cool, is that exhaust bi modal? I spot what seems to be a vacuum actuator close to the muffler.
Does it have a transaxle in the back? I guess those 2 radiators are for that. Might be wrong.
juicy sushi
I think the radiators are for the motor. For weight distribution, they located them at the rear of the car, if I recall correctly.
Bertel Schmitt
Transaxle is in the back, yes.
I like that the car can stand on it's manufacturer's naming nomenclature. Fitting for such a technical masterpiece.
-Cole-
I liked it better with the hyphen.
orick
Surprised that the conservative white and black colours are most popular. I would have gone for the orange. Or maybe something a bit more red than that particular orange.
Wonder how good teh body in black itself would look in person.
And yes, LF-A looks nicer than LFA.
stuntmonkey
White is the historic national racing colour of Japan, so it's fairly iconic. (Silver for Germany, Green for Britain, blue for France, red for Italy etc.)
"As Ben mentioned, white is overwhelmingly the car color of choice in Japan. Why? This is just our own theory, but it's all about contrast. Tires have to be black. Taillights have to be red. On many modern cars where taillights are not separated by chrome or rubber trim, red paint strips away the defining features of the rear. Traditional Japanese art consists mainly of stark black ink on white paper, with a little dash of red inkan. Those colors must speak to some deeply ingrained cultural wavelength among Japanese drivers, and Japanese cars are designed to just plain look good in white"
I stole that from JapaneseNostalgicCar.com. I think there additional cultural factors, but think of how many Japanese cars have been limited to black, red, and white. like the original civic si.
yeah I'll take mine in white. this is a seriously amazing work of engineering. it's too bad that there's been so much made about how it isn't the fastest supercar out there. to me the speed is beside the point. it's the quality of the work and what this car represents. I think, like their pioneering work in hybrids, this CFRP in-house stuff will also reward them down the road.
TTAC really scored here. I'm loving these articles.
jco – Agreed. As a manufacturing engineer, this is simply brilliant stuff. We do basic machining and assembly of engines and transmissions, but this is the sort of stuff I dream of doing. Very, very cool series.
What do you wanna bet that most of the LFAs chosen in conservative, 'safe' colors are going to speculators who are gonna shove them in a warehouse upon taking delivery and not let them back out until appreciation kicks-in?
doctorv8
"The SR-71 Blackbird spy plane ($ 33 million MSRP) was made largely from titanium, the LFA uses the metal for a muffler."
So did the $50,000 2001-2004 Z06.
So did the McLaren F1 road car.
So does my $2,000 Litespeed bike.
To say that titanium is corrosion resistant is an understatement. It will only react with oxygen at temperatures of 2,500 degrees F or higher. Most titanium frame bikes aren't even painted. People forget that the original and primary purpose of paint is as a protective coating, not a decoration. Titanium doesn't need that protective coating in most real world conditions.
Slow_Joe_Crow
I think the LFA's body structure is best classified as a base unit design, like the Citroen DS, Rover P6, and Pontiac Fiero. While the LFA does use carbon fiber instead of steel it still follows the basic concept of a semi-monocoque interior structure forming a driveable chassis with non structural exterior panels, although it is highly unlikely that the aftermarket will produce any LFA body kits like they did for the Fiero.
Irregardless, this is an impressive piece of cost no object engineering and great reporting by BS.
Add Morris Minor and Morris 10M to the the list. Good to see someone recognises what an interesting car the Rover P6 was too.
SteveMK2Rio
Great! Can't wait to see more!
Greg Locock
It's a unibody, like almost every mundanobile currently built. You may have noticed that the steel on the outside of your car is 36 thousandths of an inch thick and has about as much structural integrity as a Coke can. The /glass/ in your car is a more important structural member than the outside panels on a car.
oldyak
I`d rather tour the Ferrari plant.
Type57SC
That's a good idea. Bertel should tour a Ferrari plant and the Connor Assembly Plant of the Viper to compare (Corvette is a bit too high volume). other than more basic materials, the Viper comes together in a very similar fashion.
The "Behind the scenes" series is open to any automaker who lets TTAC have a true look behind the scenes.
and hype their product…..

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
We've been hard at work on the new album and it's coming along great! We're extremely stoked and can't wait for you all to hear it! We hope you'll all dig it as much as we are here in the studio.
We've also decided to re-issue our original first album "Whiskey Down" which has been "Out Of Print" for almost ten years. The songs have been tweeked and remastered. There is also a plan to release what may be called the the lost 2012 album : "Face Down" in the fall but we said...why wait. It's basically some amazing sounding unfinished demos with the original bassist of BOTTOMS UP. They will both be available as a digital downloads here on our "WEBSITE" exclusively on our media page.
You can get "Whiskey Down" & "FACE DOWN" today! What are ya waiting for... Get them both and crank 'em up! They're both a great pre-gamer to the new 2017 "Everybody Rock N' Roll" album coming soon!


text:
Home > lha > ASJ > Vol. 5 (2016) > No. 2
Volume 5, Number 2 (2016)
Animal Studies Journal 2016 5 (2): Cover Page, Table of Contents, Notes on Contributors and Editorial
Melissa Boyde
[Provocations from the Field] Epistemology of Ignorance and Human Privilege
Ralph Acampora
Empathy and Moral Laziness
Kathie Jenni
Someone not Something: Dismantling the Prejudicial Barrier in Knowing Animals (and the Grief which Follows)
Teya Brooks Pribac
100% Pure Pigs: New Zealand and the Cultivation of Pure Auckland Island Pigs for Xenotransplantation
Rachel Carr
European Honeybee: Interconnectivity at the Edge of Stillness
Trish Adams
Killing and Feeling Bad: Animal Experimentation and Moral Stress
Mike R. King
Anne Sexton's Environmental Animality
Dan A. Wylie Prof
Reflections on Anthropocentrism, Anthropomorphism and Impossible Fiction: Towards A Typological Spectrum of Fictional Animals
Sam Cadman
Writing the Fleischgeist
Hayley Singer
Rendering Visible: Animals, Empathy, and Visual Truths in The Ghosts in Our Machine and Beyond
John Drew
[Review] Donovan O. Schaefer. Religious Affects: Animality, Evolution, and Power. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2015
Mike Grimshaw
[Review] Patricia Sumerling. Elephants and Egotists: In Search of Samorn of the Adelaide Zoo. Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 2016
Christine Townend
[Review] Animal Horror Cinema: Genre, History and Criticism, Katarina Gregersdotter, Johan Höglund and Nicklas Hållén (eds). Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
Kirsty Dunn
All Issues Vol. 8, No. 1 Vol. 7, No. 2 Vol. 7, No. 1 Vol. 6, No. 2 Vol. 6, No. 1 Vol. 5, No. 2 Vol. 5, No. 1 Vol. 4, No. 2 Vol. 4, No. 1 Vol. 3, No. 2 Vol. 3, No. 1 Vol. 2, No. 2 Vol. 2, No. 1 Vol. 1, No. 1


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In addition, you should go for architects that can give you sustainable materials and re-appropriate materials. Today, demand for sustainable architects is increasing because eco-friendly buildings are getting popular everywhere. It is really important to select sustainable materials for your project to ensure environmental friendly project. For this, sustainable architects play a very important role as they can teach us abut the right and proper use of materials based upon your budget. If you want to construct on the beachfront and it contains pre-existing structures and no vacant space, then it would be beneficial for you to consider flexible recycling structure. This can save lots of money and can help the surroundings.
Today, every architect focuses on constructing designs that are eco-friendly. The main reason behind that is many people are becoming aware of the environmental related issues, and for this London architect are responding to face the challenges of environmental degradation and are focusing on creating sustainable architecture. There are some other reasons behind this.
So, it is important to build a building that can easily match the environment, and should be located nearby surroundings to have bigger advantage of that. Increased efficiency is the most preferred result and it makes for a building more enjoyable to use. Not only this, even the pressure of global warming has made the architects pressurize to construct the sustainable or green buildings which includes addition of living roofs that are covered with plants. Today, government and many companies are focusing on promoting sustainable architecture and also organizing competitions and workshops for the development of society and sustainable solutions.