text:
Q: Send email from today's date I have an excel spreadsheet for permits, and one column is their expiration dates. My boss wants to be emailed about the permits that expire in the next 2 weeks. How can I use visual basic to tell Outlook to send an email each time he opens the excel spreadsheet?
This is for a spreadsheet I set up, permit names are in column A, dates are in column J.
Sub Mail_small_Text_Outlook()
Dim OutMail As Object
Dim strbody As String

Set OutApp = CreateObject("Outlook.Application")
Set OutMail = OutApp.CreateItem(0)

strbody = "Hi there" & vbNewLine & vbNewLine & _
          "Cell A1 is changed" & vbNewLine & _
          "This is line 2" & vbNewLine & _
          "This is line 3" & vbNewLine & _
          "This is line 4"

On Error Resume Next
With OutMail
    .To = "ron@debruin.nl"
    .CC = ""
    .BCC = ""
    .Subject = "This is the Subject line"
    .Body = strbody
    'You can add a file like this
    '.Attachments.Add ("C:\test.txt")
    .Display   'or use .Send
End With
On Error GoTo 0

Set OutMail = Nothing
Set OutApp = Nothing
End Sub

I may have to use a button to run the program, but I'm not sure if it is possible to schedule emails.

A: It appears that you have not dimmed OutApp as an object.
Once that is done add a loop examining the expiration dates and adding the specific cells to a dynamic array, re-dimming the array with each iteration. Finally each license on the array will need to be added to a text string that can then be added to the body of the email you are creating above....
Once you have all the above working as you would like, you will want to tie the whole operation to the Workbook Open event.

A: In the VBE, open This Workbook...
Then use the drop-down menus to select the Workbook and Open Event and add your code and save.


text:
Oxford students favour Hillary Clinton
News University News
28th October 2016 28th October 2016 James Chater
An investigation by The Oxford Student has found that Oxford students overwhelmingly favour Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the race for the US presidency.
Over seventy-five per cent of 456 interviewed said they would vote for Hillary Clinton, compared to thirteen per cent who would vote for Donald Trump, and eleven per cent who would vote for neither candidate.
A majority of polls conducted in the US have found Clinton ahead, but the results of a new poll conducted in crucial swing state Florida, published on Wednesday, found Trump ahead by two percentage points.
The results amongst Oxford students broadly reflect the role age is expected to play in voting. Trump's share of the vote is expected to increase with age. Statistics reported in The Independent found roughly forty-nine per cent of over-65s are expected to support Trump compared to just twenty-nine per cent of 18 to 39-year-olds.
Common reasons cited by Oxford students for not voting for Clinton included the revelations surrounding her leaked emails, her foreign policy record, and "dishonesty". A number of other responses criticised her for "elitism", as well as her proximity to "the establishment" and "big business".
One respondent opposed the former Secretary of State for "her contempt for half of the American electorate and her embodiment of a particularly condescending form of elitist centrism without respect for the constitution".
A number of others surveyed viewed the Democratic candidate unfavourably but would vote for her ahead of Trump. "Obviously she's very problematic, and I would have preferred Sanders," said one student. "But Trump isn't a feasible candidate in any sense."
Opposition to Trump broadly focused on his lack of high-level political experience and his attitudes towards women and minorities. Trump came under fire following the first presidential debate for disparaging comments made against Alicia Machado, a former Miss Universe. Trump is expected to perform poorly amongst women.
One student said, "his frankly appalling opinions about women discredit his character", whilst another deplored his "racist and misogynistic views which seem to pander to an extreme right-wing of American politics".
Focusing on the prospect of Trump exacerbating racial tensions, one respondent said: "his tone serves only to worsen tensions – some of his supporters will see enemies everywhere, and some of these 'enemies' will simply believe that all white people are against them".
And on his inexperience, another student said: "[Trump] has personally gone bankrupt numerous times at the helm of several field enterprises suggesting his complete lack of financial acumen". Whilst others drew comparisons between the Republican candidate and former UKIP leader Nigel Farage: "He is allowing increasingly extreme views to be said in the open, the same thing that happened in Britain with Nigel Farage but on a greater scale. He seems to utterly lack compassion, political grace, diplomacy, and rational planning."
Throughout the televised debates, Trump has repeatedly refused calls for him to release his companies' and personal tax returns. Our survey also found that ninety per cent of respondents said that the televised debates had not changed the way they would have voted. However, one student said that, "seeing [Trump] in action in the debates convinced me – he seemed genuinely incapable of acting like a mature reasonable human being, let alone a candidate for presidency".
Nearly fifty per cent of those who commented on the televised debates criticised the concept of them altogether. "They are pointless opportunities for the candidates to deliver 'zingers' rather than actually have a nuanced policy discussion," said one student. "They are aimed at the voters who vote for candidates based on personality instead of policies."
Amongst those who would vote for neither Clinton nor Trump, Libertarian Party nominee Gary Johnson proved popular. Current polls in the US suggest the former Governor of New Mexico will receive between five to eight per cent of the vote. One student said Johnson would receive their vote because, "he has experience in government and is ideologically sound. His blend of fiscal conservatism and social liberalism is exactly what the country needs".
Thirty-one per cent of students would not vote for the Democratic party said that they would have if they elected a different presidential candidate. Amongst this percentage, Bernie Sanders was the most popular alternative candidate. Students said the Vermont senator was the "only candidate with integrity", that we would have brought "fresh air into the US government", and that "many of the suggestions he makes are basic structures that already exist in many EU countries". Another student said that Clinton's "politics aren't as left-wing as I would like".
Despite heavy criticism, seventy per cent of Oxford students would not vote for the Republican party even if they had elected a different candidate. Amongst those who would vote for the party without Trump, Marco Rubio, Rand Paul and John Kasich were the most popular alternatives.
Americans vote for their next president in less than a fortnight on November 8th.
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Tagged Donald Trumpfeaturedhillary clintonOxfordpollsstudentsUS election
Director's Cut: Films You're Dying to Watch….
Somerville condemn alumnus MP over failed 'Turing Bill'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
We Used Our First Child For Money Ritual – First Wife States Why Late Husband's Properties Shouldn't Be Equally Shared With Second Wife
MetroNews
By Crime Focus On Mar 16, 2022
A Twitter user took to the microblogging platform to narrate an encounter she experienced.
@AthenaChukwubu1 narrated a story of how the first wife of a deceased man demanded a greater portion of his wealth while making a shocking revelation.
According to the netizen, the second wife had insisted that the wealth of the man be shared equally between her and her own children and the first wife and her own children.
The first wife who kicked vehemently against it disclosed that her late husband used their first child for money ritual and they made a pact that following his death, she and her children will get more of the property
The Tweet Reads:
"Crazy and unbelievable things are happening, so during externship at MOJ. This man died intestate nd he was survived by his 2 wives and children, the 2nd wife was advocating that everything be shared equally amongst all the family members (the 2nd wife's children are more).
The 1st wife refused, in her defence she and her husband made a pact that on his death, she and her children will get more of the property, because it was her 1st child dat was used for ritual that made them wealthy. Omo everywhere fell silent, at dat point I knew law wasn't for me."
2023 Presidency: I Won't Step On Buhari's Toes, Will Step Into His Shoes – Tinubu
World Court Orders Russia To Immediately Suspend Invasion Of Ukraine


text: Q: GIMP logs me out Never seen an error like this. I am using Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. With gimp 2.1.0. I open an image in gimp, a basic little png and the screen goes black and I'm reset to outside my login page. I log back in and it's like I restarted the computer. There are no previous programs running. What could possibly be causing this?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
© J. William Thompson
© 2008, Jim Duemmel
wtu033910, Tetradymia canescens
© 2010 G. D. Carr
Photo © 2010 G. D. Carr. Usage restrictions: Photos may be used without prior permission for strictly personal use or classroom instruction. Prior permission is required for any profit-seeking or commercial use, including books, printed material, computer programs, web sites, or any use in which the photos will be publicly accessible. Contact the photographer.
Tetradymia canescens
Photographer: G. D. Carr
Locality: Deschutes County, Oregon.
Coordinates: N44.22042, W121.57817.


text:
Guests of the First Lady
Mrs. Laura Bush
Mrs. Richard B. Cheney
Chairman of the Afghan Interim Authority Hamid Karzai
A lifelong Afghan nationalist, Hamid Karzai, came to prominence in Afghanistan during the struggle against the Soviets in the 1980's and most recently against the Taliban. Karzai now heads a 30-member interim government that will serve for six months until a Loya Jirga (Grand Council) meets to select a Transitional Authority that will rule for two years. Karzai was born in Kandahar in 1957. The fourth of seven sons, he attended secondary school in Kabul and studied political science in Simla, India, where he became a scholar on independence leader Mahatma Gandhi.
Ms. Sima Samar, Women's Ministry, Afghanistan
A medical doctor, she oversaw a women's health organization near the Pakistani city of Quetta, where she has lived in exile since 1984, and ran medical training programs inside Afghanistan.
Afghan Interim Authority Foreign Minister Dr. Abdullah
Dr. Abdullah, an ethnic Tajik in his early 40's, has retained his position as foreign minister in the interim administration, and is heavily involved in discussions on Afghanistan's future government. In 1999, Abdullah was appointed as the Northern Alliance's Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, and became foreign minister shortly afterwards.
Dr. Abdullah was educated in Afghanistan, spent several years in Pakistan, and traveled extensively in the West representing the Afghan opposition. He speaks several languages – including fluent English and French – and is a qualified doctor.
Ms. Hermis Moutardier, Miami, FL
Flight Attendant from AA Flt. 63 en route from Paris to Miami. Ms. Moutardier is originally from Ica, Peru. She has two sons ages 10 and 26 years. Hermis has worked for American Airlines since July of 1992. She is the flight attendant who prevented shoe-bomber Richard Reed's attempt to detonate an explosive aboard the flight.
Ms. Christina Jones, Tampa, FL
Flight Attendant from AA Flt. 63 en route from Paris to Miami. Christina has been with American Airlines since December of 1985. She has a seven-year-old son.
Mr. Conrad Rodriguez, Norwood, MA
A Big Brother in the Big Brother/Big Sister program. He has participated in the program for four years mentoring the same child.
Conrad was a Corporal in the U.S. Marines from 1984-1988. He was stationed at Camp Pendelton, California and Yuma, Arizona.
Originally from Simi Valley, California, he now resides in Norwood, Massachusetts. Conrad is an Account Representative for ADT Security.
Ms. Sarah Sandoval, Baltimore, MD
Involved in the Teach For America program, Sarah teaches 7th grade at Robert Poole Middle School in Baltimore, MD. She is a graduate of Stanford University where she was a student leader on Hispanics issues.
Mrs. Sadoozai Panah, Herndon, VA
Sadoozai left Afghanistan six months ago and has been living in exile in the U.S. She is the Managing Director for Women's Development for Afghanistan, where she coordinates offices throughout Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the U.S. She works with eight refugee camps to help women develop income-generating skills, provide girls access to educational opportunities, and improve public health. Ms. Panah is also a member of the Board of Directors for the Afghan Development Organization, Afghan Women Welfare Development, and the Afghan Health Development Services. In addition, Mrs. Panah serves on the Board of Directors for the Afghan NGO Coordination Bureau, which oversees 113 NGOs.
Mrs. Shannon Spann, Manassas VA
Shannon Spann is the wife of Johnny Michael "Mike" Spann, the 32-year-old Central Intelligence Agency officer who was killed in a prison uprising at the Mazar-e Sharif fortress in Afghanistan. Spann joined the Agency in 1999, after serving in the U.S. Marine Corps. He was the first American to be killed in combat in Afghanistan.
Shannon and Mike had been married for two years. She is raising their three children, an infant son, Jack - 7 months, and two young daughters, Emily - 4 years and Alison - 9 years.
Mr. James Hoffa, Washington, DC
General President, International Brotherhood of Teamsters
Mr. W. Mitt Romney, Salt Lake City, UT
Mr. Romney was appointed President and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Olympic Winter Games in February 1999.
Mr. James Edmund Shea, Lake Placid, NY, Birthplace: Hartford, CT
A third generation national champion, James Shea will now be a third generation Olympian. Jimmy Shea finished second at the World Cup in Lake Placid in December to qualify for 2002 Olympic Winter Games. A Skeleton competitor, he will be entering the Olympics ranked third in the world. His grandfather captured a gold medal in speedskating in 1932 Olympic Winter Games. He was killed by a drunk driver in a car accident less than two weeks ago. Jimmy's father was a Nordic skier in the 1964 Olympic Winter Games. When he is not training, he is a volunteer fireman.
Mr. William Best, Jr., Manassas, VA
A firefighter in the Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department, William was deployed with the Virginia Task Force One Urban and Search and Rescue team to the Pentagon on September 11, 2001.
William is a member of the Firefighters and Paramedics, Local 268 and works at Station 14.
Mr. Daniel Cabrera, Tampa, FL
A Biology teacher at Jefferson Junior High School, Washington, D.C., Daniel participates in the New Teacher Project.
Daniel attended MIT University at Cambridge, MA where he earned his Bachelors of Science in May 2001 Biology.
Mr. Nick Calio, Washington, D.C.
Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs
Mrs. Jenna Welch, Midland, TX
Mrs. Bush's mother
Mrs. Jan O'Neill, Midland, TX
Friend of President and Mrs. Bush
Mr. Joe O'Neill, Midland, TX
Mrs. Renae Chapman, Puyallup, WA
Wife of Sergeant First Class Nathan Chapman, who was the first military casualty in Afghanistan. She has a two-year old daughter and a one-year old son. SFC Chapman's hometown is San Antonio, Texas. He was a dedicated professional who served in combat missions during Operations Just Cause, Desert Storm, and Haiti. His Special Forces Commander, Colonel David Fridovich, described him as a "stellar example of the Special Forces ethos." Born at Andrews Air Force Base, he comes from a military family. His father was an Air Force officer, and his grandfather saw military service during the Berlin Airlift. When asked what she wanted Sergeant Chapman's legacy to be, Mrs. Chapman said, "I want them to remember him as a quiet professional who just wanted to change the world." She said her husband, "Nate loved being in the Army, and he loved serving people. He believed what he was doing was right. He believed in this mission." At SFC Chapman's funeral, their young son was dressed in the uniform of a Special Forces soldier, including the Green Beret.
Sergeant First Class Ronnie Raikes, Chesterfield, VA
Wounded in an explosion as his Army Special Forces unit infiltrated deep behind enemy lines to work with militia leader Hamid Karzai and his forces as they advanced toward the Taliban stronghold of Kandahar.
Sergeant First Class Michael S. McElhiney, Kansas City, MO
Lost his right arm and suffered serious damage to his left as his Army Special Forces detachment infiltrated deep behind enemy lines to work with militia leader Hamid Karzai and his forces as they advanced toward the Taliban stronghold of Kandahar. SFC McElhiney and SFC Raikes were both wounded in the same mission.
Specialist Angela M. Ortega, Brooklyn, NY
Specialist Ortega of the District of Washington Engineer Company helped to shore up the timbers and structure of the Pentagon immediately after the September 11th attack, so that rescue personnel could retrieve the wounded and deceased from the building as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. She is part of a task force of engineering missions should there be similar events in the future within Washington, D.C.
Mayor Anthony Williams, Washington, D.C.
Anthony A. Williams began serving as the fourth Mayor of the District of Columbia on January 4, 1999, 25 years after the city was granted Home Rule in 1974.
Bishop Wilton Gregory, Belleville, IL
Bishop Gregory is the first African-American President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) and is the seventh Bishop to lead the Diocese of Belleville, Illinois. The Diocese of Belleville encompasses 28 counties in Southern Illinois of which 12% is Catholic. Bishop Gregory was elected to his three-year term as President of the USCCB in November.
The USCCB operates through a number of committees made up exclusively of bishops.
Mrs. Rhoda Reeves, Cape Girardeau, MO
Rhoda is President, Founder, and Production Manager of Horizon Screen Printing. An entrepreneur, she has a family owned business employing 25 people. Rhoda founded her business printing t-shirts for her daughter's Girl Scout troop. From 1981-1984 she worked out of her basement with no advertising. She now has commercial space.
2002 State of the Union
Meet the First Lady's Guests
State of the Union Photos
From Time to Time: History
State of the Union History
Guess the Quote
President's Message to Children
A Gift to Afghan Children from American Children


text:
\section{Introduction}

The Rayleigh instability at the liquid surface has been studied since 1880s for a number of different applications~\cite{Rayleigh,SirTaylor,BetheWeiz,Jellium,Lyalin}. The main aspect in all of these applications is that the integrity of a liquid object or an object that features certain liquid properties is related to the stability of its interface. If this stability is disturbed either by Coulomb repulsion or other forces, the object may disintegrate to form smaller more stable objects. This is equally applied to charged liquid droplets, unstable nebulae structure, heavy nuclei experiencing fission, and unstable clusters. In this work, we investigate a new type of instability of liquid droplets induced by energetic ion's passage. The mechanism that triggers such an instability is ascribed to the shock waves induced by ions propagating in a liquid medium~\cite{prehydro}. Moreover, the experimental observation of a multifragmentation of liquid droplets traversed by ions will be the most direct evidence of existence of shock waves. However, let us proceed in order.

{
Ion beams have been clinically used for radiotherapy since 1990s, with protons and carbon ions being the most used projectiles~\cite{FokasKraft09,SchardtRMP10}. The attractiveness of ions as projectiles compared to commonly used x-rays is in the existence of the Bragg peak at the end of the depth-dose curve. This peak occurs due to the increase of ionization cross section as the velocity of ions decreases. Its position for a given medium and projectile solely depends on the initial energy of ions and, therefore, can be focused to the tumour, while the surrounding regions acquire much smaller doses and less prone to radiation damage.

The optimisation of ion-beam therapy requires a thorough understanding of the relation between the physical properties of radiation with biological damage, which is quantified as a percentage of inactivated cells in the irradiated region. In a conventional x-ray radiotherapy the relation between the deposited dose and biodamage is understood on a semi-empirical level for many different cells and conditions~\cite{Hall,Alpen}. A staggering biological diversity that includes various cell repair mechanisms makes it difficult to construct a reliable predictive method of assessment of radiation damage. The situation with ion beams is different despite the lack of complete understanding of effects following the ion's traverse through tissue. Stronger physical and chemical effects in this case make the repair and other biological factors less important and thus increase the hope to achieve a quantitative assessment of radiation damage. Nevertheless, empirical methods of relating the dose deposited by ions to the biodamage appeared first~\cite{SchardtRMP10}.
The track-structure community is engaged in modeling of the transport and interactions of reactive species in ion's tracks leading to DNA damage by means of Monte Carlo simulations~\cite{Nikjoo06,StewartMCDS,FriedlandSR2017}. However, these methods do not account for all effects that involved in the scenario of radiation damage and, therefore, important for treatment planning. One of these effects is the formation of shock waves following the energy relaxation in the vicinity of the ions' paths. The onset of shock waves is predicted at the time just following the end of formation of the track structure and the latter can perhaps provide the most detailed initial conditions for this process.
}

The existence of such waves has been predicted in the process of investigation of physical effects relevant to the radiation damage with ions, specifically in relation to ion-beam therapy, summarised as a multiscale approach to the physics of radiation damage with ions (MSA)~\cite{MSAColl,pre,IBCTbook}. {A number of experimental observations, such as the detection of acoustic waves (which are likely to be the remnants of shock waves) initiated by ions' passage through a medium~\cite{YYSun,Baily} or recent exploration of cavitation in liquid water caused by x-ray pulses~\cite{WaterCavit}, makes the shock waves initiated by ions plausible.}  Presence of shock waves significantly affects the transport of reactive species (free radicals, peroxide, etc.), may directly rupture a biomole\-cule~\cite{natnuke}, and, hence, is important for the assessment of radiation biodamage, and, eventually, therapy planning. {A recent analysis of cell survival probabilities measured in different conditions~\cite{CellSurSR16} strongly supports the shock wave scenario.}
Still, even though a number of ideas of experiments to detect shock waves were exchanged at conferences, they have not been realised, and thus far, this effect has not been observed. In this paper, we are drawing attention of a broad collision-physics community to this important problem and suggest an idea of an experiment for observation of a shock wave induced by an ion propagating in the medium.

\section{The effect of ion-induced shock waves on the medium}

In Ref.~\cite{prehydro}, it has been predicted that a traverse of liquid water or similar medium by an ion with energy of 0.1-0.5~MeV/u, which guarantees a large linear energy transfer (LET), brings about a shock wave that propagates radially away from the ion's path. This shock wave forms because the ion deposits energy (mainly by ionizing the medium) within a thin cylinder adjacent to its path. This energy is relaxed inside this cylinder, referred to as a hot cylinder, since the energy transfer outside of this cylinder is too slow.  Indeed, in Ref.~\cite{preheat}, it has been estimated that the heat conductivity mechanisms are capable of transferring the energy out of hot cylinder by about 100~ps after ion's traverse. The heat transfer by diffusing molecules also happens on the 100-ps scale because of the relatively (to electrons) small diffusion coefficients. However, according to Ref.~\cite{Radicals} by as soon as 50~fs, the electron contribution to heat transfer terminates since by then they lose most of their energy, and a high pressure (up to 100~GPa) is developed within the hot cylinder. Such a pressure build-up constitutes a formation of the wave front and the onset of the cylindrically symmetric shock wave that would propagate radially until it weakens~\cite{vilnius,natnuke} and becomes acoustic.

The energy deposited inside the hot cylinder is described by the LET, which for ions in the energy range of 0.1-0.5~MeV/u (relevant to this work)
is similar to the stopping power, $S=-d{\cal E}/dx$, where ${\cal E}$ is the energy of the ion and $x$ is the longitudinal coordinate.  According to Refs.~\cite{prehydro,MSAColl}, the ``strength'' of the shock wave is defined by the part of the stopping power that is related to ionization and excitation processes, $S_e$.
The pressure on the front of the shock wave is expressed via the velocity of the wave front $u$ as $P=1/(\gamma+1)\varrho u^2$~\cite{prehydro,LL6}, which can be written in terms of $S_e$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
P(r)=\frac{1}{\gamma+1} \frac{\beta^4}{2}\frac{S_e}{r^2},
\label{perrsureSW}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\gamma=C_P/C_V\approx1.2$, $\beta=0.86$ is a dimensionless constant, $\varrho=1$~g~cm$^{-3}$ is the density of medium (liquid water), and $r$ is the radius of the wave front.

The stopping power for a non-relativistic ion can be estimated by the Bethe-Bloch formula~\cite{Bethe,Bloch1},
\begin{eqnarray}
S_e=\frac{4\pi n_e \alpha^2 (\hbar c)^2}{m_e}\frac{z^2}{v^2}\ln{\frac{2 m_e v^2}{\bar I}},\label{bethe}
\end{eqnarray}
where $ze$ and $v$ are the charge and velocity of the ion, $e$, $m_e$, and $n_e$ are the electron charge, mass and number density, $\alpha$ is the fine structure constant, and ${\bar I}$ is the average excitation/ionization energy of molecules of the medium. When energetic ions enter a tissue-like medium (as is in the case of ion therapy) the value of $S_e$ is typically less than 10~eV/nm (for 400-MeV/u carbon ions used in therapy); then $S_e$ increases by the factor of almost 90 in its maximum called the Bragg peak~\cite{epjd}. This maximum is achieved when ion's energy is below 0.5~MeV/u. However, if we are interested in irradiating droplets, the Bragg peak does not occur, since an ion propagates in vacuum before hitting a droplet and we, at least for now, do not consider multiple droplets hit by the same ion. Therefore, $S_e$ is just estimated by Eq.~(\ref{bethe}), and is (for a given droplet) a function of ion's charge and velocity.

After the high-LET ion's traverse, it is predicted that such a shock wave is formed when the initial pressure profile is developed according with the radial dose distribution~\cite{Radicals}. As the shock wave propagates in the radial direction away from the ion's path, it causes cavitation in its wake. Later on the pressure on the wave front weakens and the cylindrical cavity formed near the axis of the hot cylinder fills in. If an ion traverses a bulk medium (such as liquid water), it is expected that by the time of about 1~ns, only acoustic waves initiated by the above shock-rarefaction wave dynamics reveal the ion's passage and its vigorous interaction with the medium.

\section{Shock wave interaction with liquid droplets}

\subsection{Multifragmentation of a droplet due to a shock wave}

Now imagine a high-LET ion traversing a liquid spherical droplet of radius $R$. According to the predictions of Ref.~\cite{prehydro}, a shock wave propagates away from the ion's path.  When the shock wave front reaches the surface of the droplet, the pressure at the edge is given by~(\ref{perrsureSW}). As is well known, a spherical droplet is held up in its shape by the surface tension pressure equal to $2\sigma/R$, where $\sigma$ is the coefficient of surface tension. Therefore, if the pressure on the wave front is higher than that of surface tension, the droplet should explode. In order to make the most conservative estimate, let us consider the ion whose trajectory passes through the center of the droplet. Then, the condition for a droplet's explosion can be written as an inequality,
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{\gamma+1} \frac{\beta^4}{2}\frac{S_e}{R^2}>\frac{2\sigma}{R}. \label{condition}
\end{eqnarray}

In order for such an explosion to be detectable, the radius $R$ should be sufficiently large.
Its maximum value $R_{max}$, is obtained from~(\ref{condition}) as,
\begin{eqnarray}
R_{max}=\frac{1}{\gamma+1} \frac{\beta^4}{4\sigma}{S_e}~, \label{rmax}
\end{eqnarray}
and it is linear with respect to the stopping power $S_e$. At a room temperature of 293~K ($\sigma=7.28\times 10^{-2}$~N/m), the dependencies of $R_{max}$ on the ion's energy at different charges of carbon ion are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:RE}. For the same ions, the maximum radius can be increased by decreasing the surface tension, which can be achieved by increasing the temperature and/or choosing a liquid with smaller surface tension, such as methanol or ethanol.

\begin{figure}
\begin{centering}
\resizebox{0.99\columnwidth}{!}
{\includegraphics{RE.eps}}
\caption{\label{fig:RE} The dependence of the maximum radius of the liquid water droplet (at room temperature), at which its explosion due to the effect of the ion-induced shock wave is predicted, on the energy of ions traversing the droplet along a radial trajectory. The dependence is shown for ion charges $4e$, $5e$, and $6e$.}
\end{centering}
\end{figure}

Thus, the key idea is that if the high-LET ion passing through a liquid droplet does induce the shock wave, this wave makes the droplet disintegrate if the pressure at the wave front is larger than the surface tension at the droplet's surface. Now, we need to consider other effects that limit this effect from different sides.

\subsection{Collapse of the cavity in the wake of the shock wave}

However, the opposite effect, the collapse of the cylindrical cavity that formed in the wake of shock wave is expected to follow. First, when this cavity is formed, the inner side is still very hot, and the surface tension pressure on the inner surface is zero. Then, as the expansion continues (for several picoseconds), the surface cools down and the surface tension pressure increases. This pressure on the cylindrical surface is $\sigma/R_{in}$ and since $R_{in}$ is smaller than the radius of the wave front, there is a chance that this pressure is larger than that of the pressure on the wave front. If this is the case, the outgoing pressure wave can slow down and the flow may be inverted to fill the cavity. Pressure oscillations follow this process, but their strength can only be weaker than that of the original shock wave.

Nevertheless, if the shock wave, strong enough to break the droplet's surface tension, reaches the outer surface before the surface tension on the inner surface is developed, the droplet is expected to disintegrate, since the inner layers of the droplet will be slowing down while the outer will still be accelerating in the outward direction.

Let a cylindrical shock wave propagate in the droplet for some time $t$, just sufficient for the inner surface to cool down. Then the condition for stopping the advance of the wave front is:
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{\gamma+1} \frac{\beta^4}{2}\frac{S_e}{r^2}2\pi r l < \frac{\sigma}{R_{in}}2\pi R_{in} l~.
\label{innercondition1}
\end{eqnarray}
This condition simply represents the Newton's second law, manifesting that the net force acting on the cylindrical layer of the droplet is directed inside; the corresponding multipliers $2\pi r l$ and $2\pi R_{in} l$ on both sides are the outer and inner surface areas that replace the corresponding pressures for forces. Evidently, $R_{in}$ on the r.h.s. of this inequality cancel out and the condition becomes,
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{\gamma+1} \frac{\beta^4}{2}\frac{S_e}{\sigma} < r ~.
\label{innercondition2}
\end{eqnarray}
Comparing this inequality to~(\ref{rmax}), we can write that it is equivalent to $r>2 R_{max}$, i.e., the cylindrical layer expanding due to a pressure wave will start slowing down as a result of action of the surface tension on the inner surface, {\em independently} of the radius and, therefore, of the time the inner surface cools down, when the radius of the wave front is twice the maximum radius of the droplet. This means that if we choose the maximum radius of the droplet according to Eq.~(\ref{rmax}), the mending effect will {\em not} stop the disintegration of the droplet.

\subsection{Rayleigh instability}

In previous sections, we discussed the upper limit for the radius of a droplet that is deemed to explode because of a shock wave. There is also a lower limit to the droplet's radius. This first limitation is due to the Rayleigh instability~\cite{Rayleigh} brought about by the charge of a droplet. Before the ion enters a droplet it is electrically neutral, but after a traverse, it acquires a charge. If this charge is large enough for a given radius, the droplet may disintegrate because of the Coulomb repulsion rather than the shock wave.

The charge of the droplet, $Ze$, is a sum of two sources. First, when the ion propagates in the medium, it may pick-off electrons. The cross section for this process, known as charge transfer strongly depends on the velocity as ions slow down. Estimates calculated using {Refs.~\cite{Barkas63,Liamsuwan} suggest that for carbon ions the charge transfer becomes significant when the kinetic energy of the ion is smaller than 0.2~MeV/u.} Therefore, in the following examples, 0.5~MeV/u ions are used in order to minimise this effect (since a diminishing value of $z$ decreases the LET) and simplify the estimates.
Second, some electrons ejected from molecules of the medium may be able to escape the droplet and leave it positively charged. Important, that this happens within 50~fs after the ion's traverse, i.e., before the formation of the shock wave~\cite{Radicals}. While the first effect is limited by the number of vacancies in the ion ($z$), the second effect may be considerably stronger, since, e.g., for 0.5-MeV/u C$^{6+}$ ions, about 20 secondary electrons are ejected from every nm of the path~\cite{MSAColl}.

The second effect is limited by the range of propagation of secondary electrons in a medium. If the radius of a droplet is sufficiently large, only a small fraction of ejected electrons escape from it. Equation~(\ref{rmax}) estimates radii of droplets to be traversed by carbon ions to be of the order of several hundreds of nm, while most of the ejected electrons will have energies below 50~eV~\cite{MSAColl} and they are not likely to propagate further than 3~nm~\cite{Radicals}. Only a few $\delta$-electrons will have ranges up to 50~nm~\cite{Meesungnoen02}, but their effect on the charge of droplets is going to be negligible, since the production of $\delta$-electrons at the considered energies (close to the Bragg peak) is suppressed~\cite{MSAColl}.

The estimate for the maximum radius, at which the Coulomb forces overcome the surface tension can be found similarly to Ref.~\cite{Lyalin}, where the surface tension energy is simply compared to the Coulomb energy,
\begin{eqnarray}
\sigma 4\pi R^2 > \frac{Z^2e^2}{2R}~. \label{coulomb}
\end{eqnarray}
The estimate of charge $Z$ in this formula can be obtained if we assume that all electrons ejected from the ion's path within the range-distance from ion's exit or entrance escape the droplet, i.e., $Z=2\frac{dN}{dx}s$, where $s=5$~nm is the range of electrons taken for this (conservative) estimate.
The estimate for the minimal radius of the droplet given by the Rayleigh instability is then given by,
\begin{eqnarray}
R > \left[\left(\frac{dN}{dx}\right)^2\frac{e^2 s^2}{\pi\sigma}\right]^{1/3}~. \label{coulomb3}
\end{eqnarray}

Besides this estimate, it is worthwhile to discuss the charge distribution inside the droplet by 50~fs, the time when all remaining electrons are nearly thermalised. This can be done using the calculations of secondary electron transport~\cite{Radicals}. By 50~fs after ion's traverse, there is a thin (of less than 1~nm radius) cylinder positively charged due to ions of water and H$_3$O$^+$ that is almost superseded with a distribution of low-energy electrons that are spread over a slightly wider (1-1.5~nm radius cylinder). So, by and large, electrostatic configuration is that of a cylindrical capacitor with an excesses of positive charge close to the cylinder's bases. The ``capacitor'' part undoubtedly carries energy, but an explosion is unlikely due to attractive forces. However, the repulsive forces can create two jets of water molecules coming out from bases of the cylinder. This is even more likely because the temperature within a cylinder at this time is high and these regions can easily evaporate. However, these jets do not destroy the droplet. If the surface tension is large enough, the cylinder will be filled in by a nanosecond time.

The charge transfer effect makes a tiny correction to this effect; for instance, in the case of carbon ions, an increase of charge by the maximum value of $6e$ {is tiny compared to the charge of the order of $200$, obtained from the above estimate.} Another effect of forward and backward emitted electron jets, reported in Ref.~\cite{Boecking} may also affect the charge remaining on a droplet, but it is unlikely to change the picture significantly. The results of the estimates of $R_{min}$ using~(\ref{coulomb3}) and $R_{max}$ using~(\ref{rmax}) for 0.5~MeV/u ions with different charges are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:RRZ}.
\begin{figure}
\begin{centering}
\resizebox{0.99\columnwidth}{!}
{\includegraphics{RRz.eps}}
\caption{\label{fig:RRZ}The dependence of the maximal (solid line), calculated using (\ref{rmax}), and minimal radii (dashed line), calculated using (\ref{coulomb3}), of the liquid water droplet (at room temperature), at which its explosion due to the effect of the shock wave is predicted, on the charge $z$ (in units of $e$) of carbon ion traversing the droplet at energy 0.5~MeV/u. The droplets with radii within the shaded area are predicted to explode due to the action of shock waves. The dotted line indicates the minimum radius from the point of avoiding the evaporation of the droplet.}
\end{centering}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\begin{centering}
\resizebox{0.99\columnwidth}{!}
{\includegraphics{RRzx.eps}}
\caption{\label{fig:RRZx} A detail of Fig. \ref{fig:RRZ}, showing the minimal radii in more detail.}
\end{centering}
\end{figure}
These results tell us that the effect of Rayleigh instability cannot cause the multifragmentation of a droplet with a radius larger than 25~nm.

\subsection{Evaporation of the droplet}
\label{sec.ev}

Certainly, if too much energy is deposited to a droplet, it can evaporate. Then the shock wave cannot be a culprit of its ``disintegration''. A conservative estimate for this effect can be done rather easily. The maximal energy deposited in the droplet is equal to $S_e 2R$; this energy must not exceed the heat needed to evaporate the droplet, $\frac{4}{3}\pi R^3 \varrho (\lambda+c_p \Delta T)$, where $\lambda$ is the latent heat of vaporisation of liquid, $c_p$ is its specific heat, and $\Delta T$ is the temperature difference between the temperature of vaporization and the temperature of the droplet before the traverse. This gives the following limitation to the radius of the droplet:
\begin{eqnarray}
R>\sqrt{\frac{3 S_e}{2\pi \varrho (\lambda+c_p \Delta T)}}~.
\label{evaporation}
\end{eqnarray}
The results for this limitation are shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:RRZ}-\ref{fig:RRZx} with a dotted line. It appears that this limitation is not at all stringent for the experiments that we can think of, but it is surely important for the molecular dynamics simulations of this process. { In parallel with this work, the classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been conducted using the MBN Explorer package~\cite{MBNX}. The largest droplet thus far modelled is of radius 10~nm. It contains about 420 thousand atoms and is already quite computationally expensive. For such a droplet, the window between evaporating droplet and a too weak shock wave is very narrow. The results of these simulations will be presented in a separate paper.}

{However, the evaporation of water droplets in vacuum (where they are supposed to be irradiated) may be significant for the observations. It is not related to irradiation of droplets, but to the fact that lifetime of droplets in vacuum is limited, i.e., they may evaporate before they have a chance to be irradiated. The characteristic time of multifragmentation due to action of shock wave is 10-100~ps, depending on the size of a droplet. The characteristic time of evaporation of a droplet can be estimated as
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{R}{v}\exp{\frac{\lambda_0}{kT}}~,
\label{evaporation2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $v$ is an average velocity of a water molecule, $\lambda_0$ is a latent heat of vaporisation per molecule, and $k$ is Boltzmann constant. For a 100-nm radius droplet, this estimate gives $10^{-4}$~s. This time is five orders of magnitude longer than the time of the discussed multifragmentation, which makes us hopeful that the the observation of the latter is possible.
}

\section*{Conclusion}

Thus, if an ion enters a droplet with a radius limited by inequality~(\ref{condition}), but larger than obtained from estimate~(\ref{coulomb3}), we predict that the droplet will disintegrate into smaller parts due to the action of the shock wave. If the collision is not central, a disintegration happens more readily. As an example, let us consider a droplet traversed by a fully charged ($z=6$) carbon ion at ${\cal E}=0.5$~MeV/u. Its stopping power given by~(\ref{bethe}), is $\approx1.5$~keV/nm. According to Fig.~\ref{fig:RRZ}, an explosion of the droplet due to a shock wave will happen if its radius is somewhere between 30 and 1000~nm.
If the ion passes some 800~nm inside the droplet, it loses about 1.2~MeV or 0.1~MeV/u. Therefore, we can safely neglect the change in the ion's speed during the traverse. At this energy, the mean free path related to charge transfer process is larger than 200~nm~\cite{NikjooCTran}. Therefore, even if this ion picks off an electron or even two, all criteria are satisfied (Fig.~\ref{fig:RRZ}) and we predict that the droplet will disintegrate.

In absence of shock waves, there is no mechanism for a droplet to explode and it will evaporate within $10^{-4}-10^{-3}$s, as explained in section~\ref{sec.ev}. Indeed, if the diffusion and heat conductivity are the only mechanisms for heat transfer, as discussed in Refs.~\cite{preheat,Radicals}, then the pressure at a distance of 20~nm (for carbon ions) will be close to the atmospheric at 1~ps, and will hardly increase at later times. The temperature of, e.g., a 400-nm-radius droplet will increase by less than 1~K and the droplet will surely survive.

We suggest an experiment to observe predicted shock waves on a nanometre scale initiated by ions with energy $0.1-0.5$~MeV/u propagating in tissue-like media, such as liquid water. Figure~\ref{fig:art} gives a snapshot of MD simulation of multifragmentation of a liquid droplet traversed by an ion.
\begin{figure}
\begin{centering}
\resizebox{0.95\columnwidth}{!}
{\includegraphics{droplet.eps}}
\caption{\label{fig:art} A snapshot of a disintegrating droplet obtained from MD simulations using MBN Explorer package. The ion's path is horizontal. The snapshot is done at about 2~ps time after the onset of the shock wave.}
\end{centering}
\end{figure}
These simulations are only the first step in this study and we hope that such simulations will help us to learn more about the dynamics of multifragmentation of a droplet. We hope that such an experiment is carried out, since the discovery of shock waves induced by ions is critical for scientific fundamentals of ion-beam therapy and understanding the radiation damage induced by ions.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

It was a pleasure to discuss this paper with Gleb Gribakin in Belfast, UK. We appreciate the support of FP7 ITN-ARGENT. ES is indebted to G.~Sushko and P. de Vera for their assistance in modeling shock waves using the MBN Explorer package.

\bibliographystyle{epj}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Acquisition	/ Camera Support / articles
Graphics to Virtually Enhance the CBS Super Bowl LIII Broadcast
January 24th 2019 - 08:00 AM
Jay Ankeney
It will be a match-up of the New England Patriots and Los Angels Rams in the 2019 Super Bowl game.
During Super Bowl LIII, the football action will be on the field. But a lot of the action will be enhanced by incredible new graphics, some virtual, that CBS is using to super charge the screen.
Everyone expects the Super Bowl to be one of the greatest spectacles on TV every year, but this year's 53rdedition in Atlanta is going to be extra special.
Not just because of the grudge Rams/Patriots matchup—the first time since 1969 when teams from the same two metro areas (NY and Boston) met in the NFL's football championship and the MLB World Series in the same year—but also due to CBS's determination to reach into their growing bag of graphics magic to adorn this presentation like sparkling jewels on a crown.
It may be lost in the mists of time that CBS pioneered the use of an isolated camera in the third annual NFL Playoff Bowl (Lions/Steelers) at the Orange Bowl in 1963, but who can forget that CBS was the first to air an NFL Championship game in color back in 1966 (Packers/Browns), or John Madden's electronic chalkboard, the Telestrator, (see The Telestrator Celebrates 35 Years at the Super Bowl) in 1982 (49ers/Bengals), or even simultaneous SD and HD broadcasts in 2004 (Patriots/Panthers).
This year, during the Big Game we are going to for the first time be treated to live augmented reality (AR) graphics from multiple cameras. CBS will also deploy multiple 4K and even one 8K camera, which will allow more crisply selective close-ups of the action. Add to the mix a total of 28 pylon cameras as part of the 50 end zone feeds including three goal post super slo-mo cameras, all there to capture all the action in eye-grabbing detail.
Add Augmented Reality
"We are indeed going to be adding a significant amount of AR graphics to this year's Super Bowl LIII broadcast from Atlanta's Mercedes-Benz Stadium," said Mike Francis, VP of remote engineering and planning for CBS Sports. "This will go far beyond 1st & 10 lines from multiple angles. For the first time we are going to be employing virtual graphics in conjunction with mobile, wireless cameras such as our Steadicam, the SkyCam and a TechnoJib."
While Francis was reluctant to give away too many secrets, it is reasonable to assume this means we will be seeing virtual graphics added to moving shots of players taken either right on the field or from directly above it. That will add a whole new dimension to the information flow of the game.
What he could reveal was, "This will give viewers a different perspective on the game than they have ever previously seen," he said. "We've never been able to add virtual graphics to shots taken right on the field before."
Can Brady do it again? The Las Vegas odds makers think he can.
As you can imagine, multiple vendors will be involved with providing the technology creating these graphics including SMT (winner of 32 Emmys), The Future Group, NCam and EA Sports, famed for the Madden NFL simulation game.
But the Super Bowl Sunday experience will begin long before the 6:30 east coast kick off. CBS plans a full day of warm-up, starting with "That Other Pregame Show (TOPS" with Adam Schein at 11:30 AM ET.
Then at noon, "Road To The Super Bowl", which debuted following the 1969 season, will look back at the greatest plays of the 2018 NFL season.
At 1:00 PM, Tony Romo who is covering his first Super Bowl game, will talk with heroes of past NFL championship matches such as Len Dawson, John Elway, Tom Brady, Ben Roethlisberger and Drew Brees, followed by "The Super Bowl Today" at 2:00 PM presenting detailed game analysis, features and interviews with the players and coaches we'll all be rooting for during the game.
This will lead up to the "Super Bowl On CBS Kick-Off Show" at 6:OO.
"We'll have several teams of editors cutting packages for all these shows," Francis said, "with some systems on site in Atlanta, all working on Avid NLE's, and a major post-production set-up back in New York. Thanks to a 10 gigabit fiber connection they will all be able to work together collaboratively."
He also described how the new Super Bowl LIII logo was built using ChyronHego equipment just for this broadcast.
The average asking price for Super Bowl LIII tickets was reported to be $8,130 after the AFC and NFC championships
In addition to all this, CBS Sports' 24-hour cable outlet, CBS Sports Network, will be streaming over 75 hours of original Super Bowl LIII programming featuring James Brown, Boomer Esiason, Bill Cowher, Phil Simms and Nate Burleson from the Atlanta stadium's Game Day Fan Plaza, finishing up with extended post game coverage.
Francis promised this would be a Super Bowl to be remembered, with lots of graphical eye candy on the screen providing as much excitement as the action on the field.
Other related articles posted on The Broadcast Bridge.
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Like many professional football players themselves, CBS Sports Lead television director Mike Arnold tries to treat the Super Bowl as he would a regular season game, calling the same shots and camera angles—albeit with many more cameras at his d…
This year's Super Bowl LIII telecast on CBS will be produced and broadcast into millions of living rooms by employing the usual plethora of traditional live production equipment, along with a few wiz bang additions like 4K UHD and a…
"Orbital Redux" Soars in Live Video Production
Last Fall, "Orbital Redux" broke new ground for streaming entertainment as a live, scripted multi-episode sci-fi drama in which the audience determined the outcome of the action.
Video Batteries - Keys to Top Performance
As any photographer or camera assistant will confess, a dead or dying battery during production quickly becomes a crisis. To avoid the predicament and maintain top performance from your kit of batteries here are some tips.
Applied Technology: Powering and Charging Today's Production Equipment
For the remote powering of cameras, lights and other production peripherals the key challenge has always been the need for ever-faster battery charging times.
Steadicam (Tiffen)
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24th Annual He-Man Competition at Slim's Power Tools, April 29
April 26, 2017, 11:33 AM HST
* Updated April 26, 11:34 AM
The 24th annual He-Man competition will take place on Saturday, April 29, 2017 at Slim's Power Tools in Kahului.
The He-Man competition will take place on Saturday, April 29, beginning at 10:30 a.m. Photo Courtesy
Modeled after lumberjack competitions, 33 male and female contestants will compete to demonstrate the accuracy, convenience and speed that power tools provide. During preliminary rounds each contestant will use hand tools in a series of four events with the fastest four competitors moving on to the final round.
The events include:
Dewalt's "Hammer da Nail" where contestants have to hand nail (10) 3″ nails into a 2X4.
Milwaukee's "Cut da Wood" where contestants have to hand saw through a 4X4
Bosch's "Drill da Bit" where contestants have hand drill through a 4X6 using a 5/8″ brace drill
Hitachi's "Unscrew da Screw" where contestants have to unscrew (2) 2″ Drywall Screws from a 4X4
"It's not always the biggest person that wins," said Rand Okemura, President of Slim's Power Tools and coordinator of the He-Man Competition. "The competition tests speed, skill and accuracy and it showcases the convenience of using power tools."
The public is invited to watch the free battle of skill competition at the Kahului store beginning at 10:30 a.m. The final round is expected to take place at 1:30 p.m.
In the final round, the grand prize winner will receive a $2,000 Slim's Power Tools shopping spree and all contestants will receive a He-Man Competitors t-shirt.
The store will also have a clearance sale on Saturday starting at 8 a.m. and every power tool will be on sale.
Slim's Power Tools is located at 142 Kalepa St. in Kahului
Maui Man to Compete in Slim's Power Tools 28th… April 22, 2021
24th Annual Pāʻia Bay Beachfest set for Jan. 29, 2022 January 6, 2022
26th Annual He-Man Competition, April 27 April 9, 2019
8th Annual Maui Tools for School Drive Pivots to… September 16, 2020
9th Annual Tools for School Drive Serves Over 1,000 Keiki August 20, 2021
Hawai'i Reports State's 24th COVID-19 Related Death July 17, 2020


The Kriya Yoga Sutras are four short booklets containing about 200 sutras, codified by the sage Sri Pantanjali around the fifth century B.C.E. He took the oral tradition and organized it into a new pattern of memorizing and studying; thus four short booklets, containing very short sturas.
This text is a new version, placing the sutras in a different sequence, utilizing everyday English, and adding words to make the meaning of the sutras clearer. The Roman numerals and the numbers in brackets behind the sutras, indicate Patanjali's arrangement.


I am currently evaulating alternative procedures for kinematic fitting and while doing some debugging i noticed, that the Covariance-Matrices i get are not positive-semi-definite.
I used the Rho-Macro for the kinematic fits and simply called my own routine after the vertex-fit was done (instead of calling the PndKinFitter).
i take the P4-vectors and their covariances for each final state particle.
When i calcualte the eigenvectors for the covariances there are always some who are negative, which means the covariance matrices are not positive-semi-definite (i calculated the eigenvectors by hand for one example to make sure it is not a numeric problem and i get the same results).


Organizers for Paris-Roubaix announced the seven wildcard for this April's Spring Classic today, which include the five French teams Cofidis, Direct-Energie, Delko Marseille Provence, Team Arkea-Samsic, Vital Concept – B&B Hotels, along with Wanty-Gobert Cycling and the revamped Roompot-Charles team.
All 18 WorldTour teams will also be on the start line in Compiègne, which will comprise 7 riders from each squad.
This year's race takes place on Sunday April 14, and all you need to know about the race can be found here.


Shop stewards as workplace union representatives provide protection for workers concerning problems with their treatment by management at their workplace. This study set out to examine shop steward representation and the characteristics associated with the role in contemporary Irish industrial relations. There is limited and fragmented evidence to date in the Irish context of the factors and issues influencing the shop stewards' role in contemporary Irish industrial relations. The research focuses on the experiences of shop stewards in the Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Medical Devices (PCMD) sector of SIPTU as they undertake the responsibility and tasks associated with the role of workplace union representation. A framework of representation is proposed encompassing key aspects of the shop steward role. Two key themes are identified as being central features in the examining the characteristics of shop steward representation; becoming and remaining a shop steward and the tasks shop stewards perform as workplace representatives. The study was based on a survey (n=123) and three follow up focus groups comprising of sixteen shop stewards. The study finds that few members enter the role as highly eager or radicalised union members. Personal factors such as age, experience and workplace circumstances were key influences whereby such members were encouraged by others to take on the role. Positive experiences in the role such as union support, supportive management attitudes and the development of personal skills and knowledge in making a difference in protecting the members as the union representative impacts positively on the intention to continue in the role. The study highlights the importance of leadership as a key aspect of the day to day tasks of shop stewards. The nature of the experiences in the role and length of tenure are found to be significant influences impacting on the leadership style and tasks of the shop steward in facilitating opportunities for members to influence their working lives at firm level. The findings highlight more similarities than differences between predominant leadership styles (leader/follower) of shop stewards in discharging their communication and voice role. This is a corollary of the limitations and constraints imposed on the tasks of shop stewards by union members and management in the workplace as shop stewards deal with how best to protect membership preferences and wishes in a role that is voluntary and without formal leadership powers. Collectively, these findings suggest a multifaceted set of characteristics and challenges associated with the task of workplace representation but points to an enduring resilience among shop stewards playing a key role in shaping the working lives of the membership at the work.


text:
"Hung Up" is a song by American singer Madonna from her tenth studio album Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005). Initially used in a number of television advertisements and serials, the song was released as the album's lead single on October 17, 2005. Written and produced by Madonna in collaboration with Stuart Price, "Hung Up" prominently features a sample from the instrumental introduction to ABBA's single "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)", for which Madonna personally sought permission from its songwriters, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. This is thought to be only the second time Andersson and Ulvaeus have given permission to sample one of their songs, following Fugees song "Rumble in the Jungle" for the soundtrack of the film When We Were Kings.

Musically, the song is influenced by pop music from the 1980s, with a chugging groove and chorus and a background element of a ticking clock that suggests the fear of wasting time. Lyrically the song is written as a traditional dance number about a strong, independent woman who has relationship troubles. "Hung Up" received critical praise from reviewers, who considered it among Madonna's best dance tracks and believed that the track would restore her popularity, which had diminished following the release of her 2003 album American Life. "Hung Up" became a global commercial success, peaking atop the charts of 41 countries and earning a place in the Guinness Book of World Records. It was Madonna's 36th top 10 single on the Billboard Hot 100, tying her with Elvis Presley as the artist with most top ten entries. It also became the most successful dance song of the decade in the United States. "Hung Up" has sold over five million copies worldwide.

The music video is a tribute to John Travolta and his movies, and to dancing in general. Directed by Johan Renck, the clip starts with Madonna clad in a pink leotard dancing alone in a ballet studio and concludes at a gaming parlor where she dances with her backup troupe. Interspersed are scenes of people displaying their dancing skills in a variety of settings, including a Los Angeles residential neighborhood, a small restaurant and the London Underground. Madonna has performed the song in a number of live appearances, including as the final number of 2006's Confessions Tour, a heavy metal-inspired arrangement in the 2008 leg of the Sticky & Sweet Tour, and 2012's The MDNA Tour, where the singer performed the song while slacklining.

Background and release

In 2004, after the release of her ninth studio album American Life, Madonna began working on two different musicals: one tentatively called Hello Suckers and another one with Luc Besson, who previously directed the music video for her single "Love Profusion", which would portray her as a woman on her deathbed looking back on her life. Madonna collaborated with Patrick Leonard, Mirwais Ahmadzaï and Stuart Price to write new songs, and told Price to pen disco songs that sound like "ABBA on drugs". However, Madonna found herself dissatisfied with the script written by Besson and scrapped it. When she began composing Confessions on a Dance Floor, she decided to rework "Hung Up" and include it in her record.

"Hung Up" was one of the first songs written for the album, along with "Sorry" and "Future Lovers". It was inspired by aspects of the 1970s disco era, including the music of ABBA and Giorgio Moroder and the film Saturday Night Fever (1977). Madonna imagined it to be a cross between the music played at Danceteria, the New York City night club she frequented in her early days, and the music of ABBA. Their 1979 song "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" formed the basis of the song. Songwriters Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus generally do not allow anyone to sample any of their tracks, an exception being Fugees, who sampled their song "The Name of the Game" for their single "Rumble in the Jungle". In order to gain the rights to sample "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!", Madonna had to send her emissary to Stockholm with a letter which begged them to allow her to sample the song and also telling how much she loved their music. To the BBC she explained: "[T]hey never let anyone sample their music. Thank God they didn't say no. [...] They had to think about it, Benny and Björn. They didn't say yes straight away." The pair agreed to let Madonna use the sample only after making a copyright agreement that entitled them to a significant share of the royalties from subsequent sales and airplay. Andersson, in an interview with The Daily Telegraph in October 2005, declared "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!" to be the essence of "Hung Up" while joking that it was his favorite Madonna song thus far. He further said:
"We get so many requests from people wanting to use our tracks but we normally say 'no'. This is only the second time we have given permission. We said 'yes' this time because we admire Madonna so much and always have done. She has got guts and has been around for 21 years. That is not bad going."

The song premiered in September 2005, during a television advertisement for Motorola's ROKR mobile phone. The advertisement featured Madonna and other artists jammed in a phone booth. On October 17, 2005, the song made its  premiere during a live ten-minute radio interview between Ryan Seacrest and Madonna. It was also made available as a master ringtone with various mobile service providers. "Hung Up" was sent to mainstream radio in the United States on October 18. The song was added to episodes of CSI: Miami and CSI: NY on November 7 and 9, 2005, respectively. While promoting Confessions on a Dance Floor, Madonna played both "Hung Up" and the next single "Sorry" at Luke & Leroy's nightclub in Greenwich Village, where she was invited by Junior Sanchez to perform briefly as the DJ, mixing the two songs. Regarding her decision to release the song for digital download, Madonna said: "I'm a businesswoman. The music industry has changed. There's a lot of competition, and the market is glutted with new releases – and new 'thises and thats'. You must join forces with other brands and corporations. You're an idiot if you don't."

Music structure and lyrics

Musically, "Hung Up" is a dance-pop, disco and nu-disco song. According to The New York Times, the song has vaguely familiar hooks, sustained overlays of the string arrangement and acoustic guitar enfolding the music to create a haze like sound. Billboard described the music as frothy, nonsensical and joyous. The instant familiarity of the sampled music is changed by Stuart Price and Madonna by adding a chugging groove and a chorus which singles it out as an independent song. Alongside the ABBA sample, Rolling Stone said that the song also incorporates elements of Madonna's older songs like "Like a Prayer" and "Holiday" and features fleeting quotes from bands like S.O.S. and the Tom Tom Club.

According to Musicnotes.com, "Hung Up" is set in common time, and has a moderate dance-beat tempo of 120 beats per minute. The key of the song is in D minor with Madonna's vocal range spanning from the low note of G3 to the high note of B4. The song progresses in the following chord progressions of Dm–F–C–Dm in the verses and Dm–F–Am–Dm in the chorus, and changes to B–F–A–Dm for the bridge. "Hung Up" uses the sound of a ticking clock to symbolize fear of wasted time, which was incorporated by composer Stuart Price, from his remix of Gwen Stefani's 2004 single "What You Waiting For?". According to Slant Magazine, the song embodies some of Madonna's old singles, incorporating them into the song's pitched-upward vocals while presenting an archetypical key change/tonicization during the bridge.

Lyrically, the song is written from the perspective of a girl who once had nothing and the theme centers around love. About.com compared the lyrics of "Hung Up" and another song "I Love New York" from the Confessions on a Dance Floor album, to the style of the songs in Madonna's American Life album. According to About.com, the song is written as a very traditional dance number which is rooted in relationship issues. Also present in the lyrics is Madonna's enduring embrace of strong, independent women.  The song's hook, "Time goes by so slowly for those who wait," is taken from Madonna's 1989 collaboration with Prince, "Love Song," as is the line, "Those who run seem to have all the fun."

Critical reception

"Hung Up" received critical acclaim. Keith Caulfield from Billboard, while reviewing Confessions on a Dance Floor, called the song "a fluffier cut". Chris Tucker from Billboard explained that "Madonna returns with a song that will restore faith among her minions, fans of pop music and radio programmers". Jon Pareles of The New York Times said that Madonna kept her pop touch in "Hung Up" and called it a love song which is both happy as well as sad. Alan Light from Rolling Stone called the song candy coated. David Browne from Entertainment Weekly was impressed by the song and said "'Hung Up' shows how effortlessly she [Madonna] can tap into her petulant inner teen". Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine compared the song to the remix of Gwen Stefani's 2004 single "What You Waiting For?". Ed Gonzalez from the same magazine called the song the "biggest hit" of her career. Margaret Moser from The Austin Chronicle said that the song strobes and pulses along with another album track "Forbidden Love". Peter Robinson from The Observer commented that "Hung Up" is Madonna's "most wonderfully commercial single since the mid Eighties". Alexis Petridis from The Guardian called the track a "joyous...single that could theoretically have been more camp, but only with the addition of Liza Minnelli on backing vocals and lyrics about Larry Grayson's friend Everard."

Ben Williams from New York magazine described the song as sounding both throbbing as well as wistful. Christian John Wikane from PopMatters called the song a propulsive track. Alan Braidwood of BBC Music noted of the track: "full-on dance, dark, disco, fun, big" and compared it to other Madonna songs like "Vogue", "Deeper and Deeper" and "Ray of Light". Tom Bishop from BBC Music commented that Madonna has either reinvigorated her career or she is "merely throwing one final dance party for her long-term fans before settling down to record more sedate material". Jason Shawhan from About.com commented that the song has "way too much Abba in it for its own good." He went on to elaborate that "[t]he only reason I can think of for this to be chosen as the first single was the Motorola ad campaign. It's not a bad song by far, it has pep and a sense of fun, but it's not even close to being one of the best songs on the record". Bill Lamb of About.com said that the ABBA sample sounded completely effortless like much of Madonna's best dance music. He further elaborated that what "'Hung Up' amounts to is a big gushy love note to Madonna's core fans, those club kids who pack the floor every time they hear the pounding beats of a Madonna classic and the dj's who can't get enough of spinning her records. 'Hung Up' will send those fans into ecstasy, and it sounds good on the radio, too". Thomas Inskeep of Stylus Magazine declared that "Hung Up" and the next single "Sorry" might not have the same sleaze as Madonna's older songs like "Physical Attraction" or "Burning Up", but have the same modus operandi of being designed for "sweaty up-all-night dancing". Rob Harvilla from The Village Voice called the song a triumphant jazz exercise.

Recognition
"Hung Up" was ranked at number 76 on Rolling Stones 100 Best Songs of the 2000s list, calling it "One of her [Madonna's] most captivating hits ever — and thanks to those deceptively hard-hitting lyrics, one of her most personal." NME placed it at number 39 on their list of the best tracks of 2005. Slant Magazine listed the song at number 36 on their list of Best of the Aughts: Singles, saying: "'Hung Up' employs a ticking clock to represent fear of wasted time, but Madonna isn't singing about aging or saving the world—she's talking about love. It had been years since Madge sounded this vapid. With its pitched-upward vocals, infectious arpeggio sample from ABBA's 'Gimme Gimme Gimme (A Man After Midnight),' and the bridge's unironic, archetypical key change, the track decidedly points to the past, and it proved that, 20 years into her career, Madonna was still the one and only Dancing Queen". The song was also named the 26th best single of 2005 by Pitchfork. Stylus Magazine included "Hung Up" on their ranking of the best singles from 2005 at number 11. In 2016, "Hung Up" was named in the online poll by Digital Spy, as "The Biggest Pop Song of the 21st Century".

Chart performance
"Hung Up" was a worldwide commercial success, peaking at number one in charts of 41 countries and earning a place in the 2007 Guinness Book of World Records, as the song topping the charts in most countries. The song has sold over 5 million copies worldwide. In the United States, "Hung Up" debuted at twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated November 5, 2005. It became her highest opening position since "Ray of Light" entered the chart at five in 1998. The same week the song entered the Hot Digital Songs chart at number six and became the highest debuting single of the week on the Pop 100 Airplay, where it debuted at number 38. On the issue dated December 3, 2005, the song reached a peak of number seven on the Billboard Hot 100, jumping from number 14 from previous week. The song became the chart's greatest digital gainer for that week and claimed the top position on the Hot Digital Songs chart. It also tied Madonna with Elvis Presley for 36 top ten entries, which was subsequently broken by Madonna's 2008 song "4 Minutes", which peaked at number three on the Hot 100. "Hung Up" debuted at numbers 25 and 10 on the Hot Dance Club Play and Hot Dance Airplay charts respectively ultimately reaching the top of both. It became the most successful dance song of the 2000s in the United States, by topping the Dance/Club Play Songs Decade-end tally. The song also reached a peak of seven on the Pop 100 chart. In 2008, the single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling at least a million copies in paid digital downloads. As of December 2016, the song has sold 1.4 million digital units in the United States.

"Hung Up" became the fastest rising single on radio in Canada, according to Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems. On the second week itself, the song reached the top of the Contemporary Hit Radio chart of Canada, while reaching the top five of the Adult Contemporary and Canadian Airplay charts. Paul Tuch from Nielsen clarified that "Hung Up" achieved this feat within 10 days only. Consequently, "Hung Up" also peaked atop the Canadian Singles Chart for 15 non-consecutive weeks, and was certified double platinum by Music Canada for sales of 40,000 copies. In Australia, the song debuted atop the ARIA Singles Chart on November 20, 2005, breaking her tie with Kylie Minogue as the female artist with most number-one singles in Australian chart history. It was present within the top 50 of the chart for 23 weeks. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of 70,000 copies. "Hung Up" debuted at number 67 in the French singles chart and jumped to the top next week, remaining there for five non-consecutive weeks. It received a gold certification from Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) for sales of 150,000 copies. "Hung Up" reached a peak position of number two in New Zealand.

In the United Kingdom, "Hung Up" debuted at number one on the issue dated November 13, 2005, thus giving Madonna her 11th number one single on this chart. It sold 105,619 copies becoming the first single to sell more than 100,000 copies in a week since Crazy Frog's "Axel F" did it 23 weeks earlier. The first week sales of "Hung Up" were a little lower than Madonna's last UK number one, "Music" (2000), which opened with 114,925 sales, but exceeded her last single "Love Profusion", which debuted at number 11 with 15,361 sales in December 2003. The next week the single had a decline in sales of 43% to 59,969 copies, but remained on the top as Confessions on a Dance Floor debuted atop the UK Albums Chart. It remained at the top position for three weeks and a total of 40 weeks on the Singles Chart. According to the Official Charts Company, by the end of 2005, "Hung Up" was Madonna's biggest selling single with 339,285 copies since "Music" sold 390,624 copies in 2000. It was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and has sold over 730,000 copies in the UK to date. By November 2021, "Hung Up" became her second-most streamed track in the UK, and accumulated sales of 899,000 units including streaming figures according to the Official Charts Company. In Ireland, the song debuted at number two on the chart dated November 10, 2005 becoming the highest debut of the week. The song also topped Billboards European Hot 100 Singles chart where it soared from 73 to the top of the chart on the issue dated November 21, 2005. The song was able to peak the charts in almost all the European nations including Austria, Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia), Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland.

Music video

Conception

The music video for "Hung Up" was directed by Johan Renck and filmed in October 2005. Madonna's scenes were filmed in London from October 8–11, with Pineapple Dance Studios being used for the dance studio scenes and the Trocadero being used for the games arcade scenes. Though some scenes in the video feature cities like London, Paris, New York, Los Angeles, Shanghai and Tokyo, in reality the actual sets were constructed in Los Angeles and London only. A London suburb was made to look like a Parisian one, where the routine for Parkour takes place, whereas a restaurant in London's Chinatown was used for the Shanghai sequence and Compton stood in for the Bronx. Originally the video for "Hung Up" was to be directed by photographer David LaChapelle. He wanted the video to have a "documentary"-style look, much like that of his 2005 film, Rize, in which five of the dancers from the "Hung Up" video appeared. LaChapelle and Madonna disagreed on the concept, prompting the project to be reassigned to Renck, who worked with Madonna in her video for "Nothing Really Matters". According to an interview with MTV, Renck was directing Kate Moss for a H&M commercial when he received a phone call from Madonna who desperately wanted to work with him. The next day he went to Los Angeles to meet the stylist and the choreographer hired by Madonna, who e-mailed him with her ideas for the video. The director explained that he "kind of liked that we didn't have time to over-think this and be too clever, I like being out on a limb and not know what we're doing and why. Just deal with it, the mayhem, you know?"

Madonna wanted to use a few performers from her tour, such as Daniel "Cloud" Campos, Miss Prissy from LaChapelle's Rize crew and traceur Sebastien Foucan, a practitioner of Parkour, a philosophical French sport. Renck said that "It's not about the music, but the bodily expression, [...] We wanted to show the whole spectrum, be it krumping, breakdancing, jazz or disco." Since they could not shoot all over the world, Madonna wanted the video to have an "omnipresent feel", with the middle section of the song generating a sense of congregation. Renck suggested that they include a boombox, used as a means of uniting everyone and everything since it was through listening to songs on a boombox that street dancing started.

Madonna clarified that the video was a tribute to John Travolta and to dance in general. Her dance moves for the video, which were inspired by Travolta's movies like Saturday Night Fever (1977), Grease (1978) and Perfect (1985) took three hours to shoot. Madonna had broken eight bones in a horseback-riding accident a few weeks before shooting the video and faced difficulty doing the steps devised by choreographer Jamie King. Renck said,
"She was such a trooper, [...] She just fell off a horse! [Madonna said] 'If you were a real dance choreographer, you could tell I can't lift my left arm higher than this' — and it was like, what, a 20-centimeter difference? [...] But when she said it 'hurts like f---,' she'd take a break and sit down for two minutes. [Madonna]'I have broken ribs, remember that!' I just can't imagine dancing like that. Talk about priorities."

Release and reception
Madonna was also associated with the editing process of the video. She was Renck's editing supervisor. Madonna wanted a raw documentary look for the video which allowed her to be portrayed more realistically. Regarding the making of "Hung Up", Renck said that it was a massive work to undertake, "It's like you form this little family that's flourished and prospered for the month, and then you chop it down like a tree, [...] You come out with a sense of yearning and longing, like, 'Can we just do that again? Please?'"

The video starts with Madonna entering and turning the lights on in a ballet studio carrying a boombox. She presses the play button on the boombox as the clock ticking sound of the music starts. Wearing a pink leotard, Madonna starts gyrating to the music while doing warm up exercises. The scene interchanges with a group of people on a rooftop who start dancing to the music while listening to a similar boombox. They also display aspects of the physical discipline Parkour, while climbing over buildings and jumping from staircases. As the song starts, Madonna dances to the music in the ballet studio. The second verse shows her continuing dancing while the people from the street take their boombox and board a taxi. Scenes are interspersed with people dancing in a Chinese restaurant and Parisian streets. In the meantime, Madonna finishes her dances in the ballet studio, drops her towel, changes her clothes and comes out on the street. The people in the taxi, exit the cab and take the Underground instead. After another round of dancing in the train, the intermediate music starts. Madonna is shown hugging, dancing, and conversing with choreographers on a deserted alleyway and riding on a boombox. As the song starts again, Madonna and the people from the street, who act as her background dancers, all dance on a Dance Dance Revolution machine in a gaming parlor. The video ends showing Madonna lying on the ballet studio floor. The video was nominated for five awards at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards including Best Female Video, Dance Video, Pop Video, Best Choreography and the Video of the Year award although it did not win any of them. In 2009, the video was included on Madonna's compilation, Celebration: The Video Collection.

Live performances
On November 4, 2005, Madonna opened the 2005 MTV Europe Music Awards at the Pavilhão Atlântico in Lisbon, Portugal with her first performance of "Hung Up". She emerged from a glitterball to perform the song while wearing a purple leotard and matching leather boots. During next days, Madonna performed "Hung Up" on TV shows such as Wetten, dass..? in Germany, Parkinson in England and Star Academy in France, as well as on the Children in Need 2005 telethon in London. She opened her concerts at Koko and G-A-Y nightclubs in London with "Hung Up", respectively on November 15 and 19. In December Madonna travelled to Tokyo, Japan, where "Hung Up" was performed on TV show SMAP×SMAP and her concert at Studio Coast. On February 8, 2006, Madonna opened the 48th Annual Grammy Awards at the Staples Center in Los Angeles. She sang the song by pairing up with the fictional animated band Gorillaz. The band appeared on the stage via a three dimensional technique which projected their holograms on the stage. They performed their song "Feel Good Inc." while rappers De La Soul made a guest appearance. Madonna then appeared on the stage and started performing the song while interchanging places with the hologram figures of the band. She was later joined by her own group of dancers and the performance was finished on the main stage rather than the virtual screen. Another performance of "Hung Up" came on April 30, 2006, during the
Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California.

The song was performed as the last song of her 2006 Confessions Tour. It was performed at the last "disco fever" segment of the tour. During the performance, her dancers displayed the Parkour routine all over the stadium as the familiar ABBA sample played. Madonna changed her aerobics costume for a purple leotard. As the music progressed, she and her dancers appeared on the center stage and she started singing. During the second verse, she left her sunglasses and jacket and proceeded towards the front of the stage. A boombox appeared in the center with Madonna playing with it. The song starts again as balloons fall on the crowd from the top. The finale had Madonna engaging the audience to sing-along with her to the song while making a contest as to which side of the stadium can sing the loudest. Madonna then uttering the line "I'm tired of waiting for you" while the backdrop showed the phrase "Have You Confessed?". The New York Times Ginia Belafonte compared this performance with that of Ethel Merman. Slant Magazine commented that the performance reminded Madonna's ability to encapsulate the audience as a part of her performance. On July 7, 2007, Madonna closed her set during the Live Earth concert at the Wembley Stadium in London with "Hung Up".

The song was also added to the six song set list of the Hard Candy Promo Tour in 2008. Madonna wore a shiny black outfit with black tails, Adidas track pants and high-heeled, lace-up boots. "Hung Up" was the fourth song of the set list. It was re-invented as a heavy-metal version. As the performance of "4 Minutes" ended, Madonna picked up an electric guitar and played the first few chords of The Rolling Stones single "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction". She then asked the crowd whether they thought they had come to a Rolling Stones concert. When the crowd responded negatively, she started "Hung Up", while dedicating it to all the people who had waited outside in the queue to watch the show. She declared that the noisy, metallic guitar breakdown of the song symbolised what waiting sounded like in the brain of all those who had waited. The song was performed in the futuristic rave with Japanese influences segment of the 2008 Sticky & Sweet Tour. Madonna wore a futuristic robotic outfit designed by Heatherette, with plates on her shoulder and a wig with long curled hair. The similar heavy-metal version of "Hung Up" was performed but it later gave way to the ABBA music. Before starting the performance, she played a capella versions of her older songs on audience demand, mostly "Express Yourself" and "Like a Virgin". However, after that, the electric guitar was played to make noises, which Madonna dedicated to Republican vice-presidential nominee for the 2008 election, Sarah Palin. She said, "I'd like to express myself to Sarah Palin right now. [Playing a screeching note on her guitar] This is the sound of Sarah Palin thinking. [...] Sarah Palin can't come to my party. Sarah Palin can't come to my show. It's nothing personal." The performance ended with Madonna playing the guitar riff of "A New Level" by heavy-metal band Pantera. For the second European leg of the tour in 2009, "Hung Up" was removed from the setlist and was replaced by an up-beat version of "Frozen".

2010s and 2020s performances

For The MDNA Tour of 2012, "Hung Up" was added to the setlist as part of the opening segment, known as Transgression. After performing a fragment of "Papa Don't Preach", several dancers wearing tribal masks, surrounded Madonna, tied her up and proceeded to carry her to the center of the main stage just as the song's opening riffs, underpinned by the dramatic sound of church bells with vocoder vocals, started to play in the background. Dressed in a black skintight outfit with an ample cleavage, gloves of the same color and heeled boots, Madonna and her dancers performed the song while at the same time slacklining on some ropes held on the middle of the stage. As Madonna sang the song, her dancers slid under the ropes. This performance received generally mixed reviews, Jon Pareles from The New York Times believed that changing the composition of the song in lieu of the theme for the segment made it "ominous and obsessive", while making it "a memory of distant innocence". Jim Farber from the Daily News felt that the introduction of slacklining gave the whole tour "some needed bounce". Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine was negative on his review of the performance, as he felt it was out of place on the show's segment, and compared it negatively to the performance of the Sticky & Sweet Tour, concluding that the song "should never be performed in any way other than its original form." The performance of the song at the November 19–20, 2012 shows in Miami, at the American Airlines Arena, were recorded and released in Madonna's fourth live album, MDNA World Tour.

On April 13, 2015, Madonna made a surprise appearance at the Coachella Festival and performed a medley of her 1994 song "Human Nature" and "Hung Up" during Drake's act, sporting thigh-high boots and a tank top that read "Big as Madonna". She then went on to kiss Drake, whose shocked expression went viral on the Internet. The rapper then revealed that he actually enjoyed the kiss, posting a picture of the moment to his Instagram account which read: "Don't misinterpret my shock!! I got to make out with the queen Madonna and I feel 100 about that forever". The singer also performed an a cappella version of the song on her Rebel Heart Tour in Hong Kong on 17 February 2016.

On June 24, 2021, the singer made a surprise appearance at a pride party at the Boom Boom Room of New York's The Standard hotel and performed the song on top of the lounge's bar; she wore a see-through mesh top, leather shorts, a vintage Jean Paul Gaultier corset, a blue wig and long pink fingerless gloves. In June 2022, to accompany the remix album release, Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones, Madonna performed at Pride at the Women of the World Party in New York City. She performed a dembow, house-infused remix of "Hung Up", sharing a French kiss with Tokischa, in a similar fashion to her kiss with Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards.

Remix version
In 2022, Madonna recorded a dembow remix of "Hung Up" with Dominican rapper Tokischa, newly titled "Hung Up on Tokischa". It features samples of Madonna's vocals from the original version in addition to new Spanish language verses written by Tokischa. It was released by Warner Records for digital download and streaming on September 16, 2022. Madonna and Tokischa first performed the song in June 2022 at Terminal 5 during the New York City Pride.

The song's accompanying music video was directed by Sasha Kasiuha and filmed in Washington Heights in New York City in early September 2022. It premiered on YouTube on September 20, 2022. The video portrays Madonna and Tokischa caressing each other in suggestive positions and perreando between an altar. Rachel Kiley from Pride.com described it as a "raunchy romp" that leaves "very little to the imagination". It received "mixed" reactions.

Track listings and formats

 US 2× 12" Single
 "Hung Up" (Album Version) – 5:38
 "Hung Up" (SDP Extended Vocal) – 7:57
 "Hung Up" (Bill Hamel Remix) – 6:58
 "Hung Up" (SDP Extended Dub) – 7:57
 "Hung Up" (Chus & Ceballos Remix) – 10:21
 "Hung Up" (Tracy Young's Get Up And Dance Groove) – 9:03

 UK, European, French, Japanese, and Australia CD Single
 "Hung Up" (Radio Edit) – 3:23
 "Hung Up" (Tracy Young's Get Up And Dance Groove Edit) – 4:16
 "Hung Up" (SDP Extended Vocal) – 7:57

 UK 12" Single
 "Hung Up" (Album Version) – 5:38
 "Hung Up" (SDP Extended Dub) – 7:57
 "Hung Up" (SDP Extended Vocal) – 7:57
 "Hung Up" (Tracy Young's Get Up And Dance Groove Edit) – 4:51

 US, European, and Canadian CD Maxi-Single
 "Hung Up" (Radio Edit) – 3:23
 "Hung Up" (SDP Extended Vocal) – 7:57
 "Hung Up" (Tracy Young's Get Up and Dance Groove Edit) – 4:15
 "Hung Up" (Bill Hamel Remix) – 6:58
 "Hung Up" (Chus & Ceballos Remix) – 10:21
 "Hung Up" (SDP Extended Dub) – 7:57

 Digital single
 "Hung up" (Radio Version) - 3:23

 Digital single
 "Hung Up" (SDP Extended Vocal Edit) – 5:58
 "Hung Up" (Tracy Young's Get Up And Dance Groove Edit) – 4:16
 "Hung Up" (Bill Hamel Remix Edit) – 5:00
 "Hung Up" (Chus & Ceballos Remix Edit) – 5:01

 Digital single - DJ Version
 "Hung Up" (SDP Extended Vocal) – 7:57
 "Hung Up" (Tracy Young's Get Up And Dance Groove) – 9:03
 "Hung Up" (Bill Hamel Remix) – 6:59
 "Hung Up" (Chus & Ceballos Remix) – 9:41
 "Hung Up" (SDP Extended Dub) – 7:57

 Digital single – 2022 remix
 "Hung Up on Tokischa" (with Tokischa) – 3:21

Credits and personnel
 Writer and Producer – Madonna, Stuart Price
 Writer of Sample – Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus
 Cover Artwork  – Giovanni Bianco
 Digital Imaging – Lorenzo Irico (Pixelway NYC)
 Management – Angela Becker, Guy Oseary
 Photography – Steven Klein
 Hair and makeup – Andy LeCompte

Charts

Weekly charts

Hung Up on Tokischa

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

All-time charts

Certifications and sales

|-

Release history

See also

 List of number-one singles of 2005 (Australia)
 List of number-one hits of 2005 (Austria)
 List of Ultratop 50 number-one hits of 2005 (Belgium)
 List of Ultratop 40 number-one hits of 2005 (Belgium)
 List of number-one singles of 2005 (Canada)
 List of number-one songs of the 2000s (Denmark)
 List of European number-one hits of 2005
 List of number-one singles of 2005 (Finland)
 List of number-one hits of 2005 (France)
 List of number-one hits of 2005 (Germany)
 List of number-one hits of 2006 (Germany)
 List of number-one hits of 2005 (Italy)
 List of number-one singles of 2005 (Netherlands)
 List of number-one songs in Norway
 List of number-one singles of 2005 (Spain)
 List of number-one singles of 2005 (Sweden)
 List of number-one singles of the 2000s (Switzerland)
 List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2000s
 List of UK Dance Singles Chart number ones of 2005
 List of number-one digital songs of 2005 (U.S.)
 List of number-one dance singles of 2005 (U.S.)
 List of number-one dance airplay hits of 2005 (U.S.)
 List of Romanian Top 100 number ones of the 2000s

References

External links

2005 singles
2005 songs
ABBA
Canadian Singles Chart number-one singles
Disco songs
Dutch Top 40 number-one singles
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
Madonna songs
Music videos directed by Johan Renck
Music videos shot in London
Number-one singles in Australia
Number-one singles in Austria
Number-one singles in Denmark
Number-one singles in Finland
Number-one singles in Germany
Number-one singles in Italy
Number-one singles in Norway
Number-one singles in Romania
Number-one singles in Russia
Number-one singles in Scotland
Number-one singles in Spain
Number-one singles in Sweden
Number-one singles in Switzerland
SNEP Top Singles number-one singles
Song recordings produced by Madonna
Song recordings produced by Stuart Price
Songs about telephones
Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus
Songs written by Madonna
Songs written by Stuart Price
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles
Ultratop 50 Singles (Wallonia) number-one singles
Warner Records singles

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Zara Choudhary
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