text:
\section{Introduction}
It is known that many active galactic nuclei (AGN) like radio galaxies and quasars host very powerful radio jets, which can extend up to several hundreds of kpc or sometimes even up to a few Mpcs. However, rarely do Seyfert galaxies host such powerful jets, although several high angular resolution studies have revealed that many of them possessed double or triple components similar to radio galaxies (Ulvestad et al. 1981), which are sometimes distorted into S-shapes, or are loop-like, etc. Lower angular resolution studies on the other hand, have shown that most of these Seyfert galaxies possess radio emission that sometimes extends up to several kpcs. However, the origin of the kiloparsec-scaled radio structure (KSR) emission is debated in the literature. For example, Baum et al. 1993 have concluded that the KSR was a consequence of starburst winds, since most of the emission was aligned along the minor axis of the host galaxy. Colbert et al. 1996, on the other hand carried out a similar study of a sample of Seyfert galaxies but with a comparison sample of starburst galaxies. They found that while the radio powers are comparable, the morphologies of the kilo-parsec scale emission are different for a sample of starburst galaxies which are more diffuse versus that of the Seyfert galaxies which are more lobe-like and oriented at skewed angles to the minor axis.
Gallimore et al. 2006 have carried out a more complete survey of a sample of 43 Seyfert galaxies, and they find that at least 44\% of these galaxies host kilo-parsec scale radio emission. While they favored an AGN driven origin for these outflows, they did not rule out the role of starburst superwinds.
It was demonstraed by Irwin et al. 2017 that polarization can prove to be an effective tool in distinguishing the AGN-jet related emission from that of the galactic disk radio continuum emission.
The radio lobes, which were embedded in the disk emission in total intensity images, were revealed in the polarization intensity image due to the higher degrees of linear polarization of the lobes compared to the rest of the host galaxy disk emission. In this paper, we present results from an ongoing work, where we are trying to understand if polarization can be used to distinguish outflows which have a jet related origin, versus those with a starburst wind driven origin. We are trying to address questions like (i) whether we will find higher degrees of polarization in a sample of Seyfert galaxies compared to starburst galaxies, (ii) if we will find signatures of ordered magnetic fields in Seyfert galaxy outflows more often than in starburst galaxy outflows, and (iii) whether the alignment of the magnetic fields in Seyfert galaxies will be different from that expected to be generated by host galaxy dynamo mechanism as observed in typical starburst galaxies. We have chosen a sample of starburst galaxies along with a sample of Seyfert galaxies, which we describe below.

\section{Sample and Observations}
We chose 10 Seyferts from the CfA (Huchra \& Burg, 1992) and 12 $\mu$m sample (Rush et al. 1993), which possessed lobe to lobe extents $\geq 20''$ from the study of Gallimore et al. 2006. We chose a comparison sample of 8 edge-on starburst galaxies from Colbert et al. 1996 and Dahlem et al. 1998.
The sample was observed using the EVLA in the B-array configuration. Four of the starburst sources were observed using L-band (1.5 GHz), and the rest of the sources were observed using the C-band (5.5 GHz). Additional data are being obtained at X-band (10.0 GHz) using the D-array configuration under the project code (19B-198), to decrease the effect of wavelength dependant depolarization effects dominant at lower wavelengths.
\section{Results}
We present the results of the detailed analysis of two Seyfert galaxies where we detected polarization, in Sections 3.1 and 3.2, and some early results from the larger sample in Section 3.3.

\subsection{Filamentary lobes in the starburst-Seyfert Composite Galaxy NGC\,3079}
NGC\,3079 is a Seyfert galaxy with a prominent starburst component (Dahlem et al. 1998). Duric \& Seaquist 1988 identified the ``eight'' shaped morphology of the lobes in NGC\,3079. They suggested that these lobes which are aligned along the minor axis of the galaxy are generated as a result of winds that are either powered by a starburst or by the AGN. On the other hand, Irwin \& Seaquist 1988 who studied the VLBI jet argued that the jet can essentially power the entire lobes. X-ray and emission line imaging showed the presence of superwinds present in NGC\,3079. We have carried out a detailed study of NGC\,3079 using multi-frequency legacy VLA observations which complemented our current EVLA observations (Sebastian et al. 2019a). Our sensitive high resolution images revealed the complex filamentary morphology of the lobes. Morphologically, the radio lobes in NGC\,3079 do not resemble those seen in powerful radio galaxies, which either show a hotspot and a backflow (in the case of FR\,II type radio galaxies) or diffuse plumes or tails which become more diffuse and uncollimated with distance from the core (in the case of FR\,I type radio galaxies).
We investigated other possible mechanisms that might be influencing the formation of the lobes with bubble like morphology. For example, shocks are a feasible mechanism which can explain many of the observed features of the ``ring'' or loop-like like structure that are observed inside the northern lobe. Shocks, can give rise to synchrotron emission via diffusive shock acceleration (Blandford \& Eichler 1987). Shock compression at the boundaries of the expanding bubble and the ``ring'' can also lead to the amplification of magnetic fields, which ultimately result in the high fractions of polarization ($\sim$33\%) along the ``ring'' (see Figure~\ref{fig2}). The flatter spectral indices observed along the edges of the ring can also be explained as a result of re-acceleration of relativistic particles along the edges.

We also investigated how well the radio emission correlated with the thermal components of the superwind using the Chandra ACIS-S X-ray observations and HST WFPC2 H$\alpha$+ [NII] line emission data. We noticed that the thermal emission peaked to the south of the region where the radio emission peaked. Moreover, X-ray and the emission line filaments did not appear very well correlated spatially, as can be seen in Figure 9 in Sebastian et al. 2019a. Adebahr et al. 2013 found that the thermal emission traced by emission lines is correlated with the radio continuum emission in M82, a prototypical starburst galaxy hosting superwinds, which is suggestive of frozen-in magnetic fields. Brandenburg et al. 1995 suggested that disk material and frozen in magnetic fields are expected to be entrained along with winds. However, the lack of a correlation between radio and X-ray/emission line filaments in NGC\,3079, argue against this scenario. Another interesting aspect about this source is that the filamentary structure in the northern lobes shows a rotation measure inversion (see Cecil et al. 2001 \& Sebastian et al. 2019a). It is hard to explain such an inversion only by using shock acceleration. Organized magnetic fields on the scales of the kpc-scale ring are required to explain such a geometry.

Cecil et al. 2001 have suggested that the RM inversion seen in NGC\,3079 can be explained as a result of loop-like and twisted magnetic field structures similar to solar prominences. The dome-like structures that are observed in NGC\,3079 and active regions can be explained to have been generated as a result of the $\alpha^2$ dynamo mechanism in the galaxy. The synchrotron emission seen in the loop, however is higher than that can be produced by the winding at the base of the filaments. The radio-excess seen compared to the standard radio-FIR correlation (Sebastian et al. 2019a), along with the presence of the mildly relativistic jet (Irwin \& Seaquist 1988; Trotter et al. 1998; Sawada-Satoh et al. 2000) together points to a possibility that the relativistic plasma is supplied by the jet which gets frustrated by interaction with the surrounding medium on shorter length scales. It may be possible that the disrupted jet material gets transported out along with the superwinds, near the centre, where the thermal pressure is dominant (the region where X-ray or emission line emission is dominant) and later along the force-free magnetic fields, where the magnetic pressure and consequently the synchrotron emission is dominant. We therefore concluded that the peculiar lobe morphology observed in NGC\,3079 was caused by an interplay of the relativistic jet, the galactic dynamo and the starburst superwinds in the galaxy.

\begin{figure*}
\centerline{
\includegraphics[width=6.0cm]{NGC3079.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=6.7cm,trim=40 160 0 140]{N3079_CB_cir_FPOL_22DEC18_3.pdf}}
\caption{\scriptsize{(Left) 1.5 GHz EVLA A-array image contours with levels 145 $\times$ (-1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 64, 32, 64, 128) $\mu$Jy beam$^{-1}$ overlaid on the optical SDSS {\it gri} color composite image,
and (right) 5 GHz VLA B-array image with contour levels 0.80 $\times$ (-0.085, 0.085, 0.17, 0.35, 0.70, 1.40, 2.80, 5.60, 11.25, 22.50, 45, 90) mJy beam$^{-1}$ of NGC\,3079 with polarization electric vectors whose length is proportional to the fractional polarization (1 arcsec length corresponds to 40\% fractional polarization), superimposed in red.}}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Discovery of an Additional Pair of Radio Lobes in NGC\,2639}
With our polarization sensitive observations using the EVLA we were able to discover a pair of outer lobes in the north-south direction in addition to the already known pair of lobes which was aligned in the east-west direction (Sebastian et al. 2019b). The north-south lobes were highly polarized with fractional polarizations $\sim$21$\pm$4\%.
There are several possible explanations like environmental influence, slow precession of the jets, the presence of a binary black hole at the core, and episodic activity.
However, it is unlikely that precession is the leading cause because of the lack of a bridge like feature connecting both pairs of lobes, similar to that seen in typical X/S-shaped galaxies (Lal et al. 2019). Also the position angle of the host galaxy minor axis is located almost midway between the north-south and east-west lobes, disfavoring any pressure gradients due to the galaxy itself as a reason for the misalignment. The probability of the existence of binary black holes both launching kpc-scale jets simultaneously or within the gap of the typical synchrotron loss time-scale is low and hence may not be the reason for the double pair of lobes. We favor the scenario where the origin of the two pair of lobes is due to the switching off and restarting of the central engine. The optical host galaxy shows a rather settled morphology. Hence, such a restarting might have been induced probably by a minor merger which changed the direction of the spin of the central black hole, but did not disturb the host galaxy morphology.
The spectral age of the secondary lobes was $\sim$16 Myr. There have therefore been at least two AGN jet episodes in the past 16 Myrs.
\subsection{Starburst versus Seyfert Sample Properties}
We detect polarization in four out of the sixteen sources in our combined sample which includes three Seyfert galaxies, viz., NGC\,3079 (Sebastian et al. 2019a), NGC\,2639 (Sebastian et al 2019b) and NGC\,5506 (Kharb et al. 2020, in prep.) and one starburst galaxy, NGC\,253 (Sebastian et al. 2020, in prep.)
We need to explain the following morphological differences that are observed in the sample of starbursts versus Seyferts.
\begin{itemize}
    \item Edge-brightened bubble-like radio lobes similar to those found in NGC\,3079, which make them distinct from the typical large-scale jets/lobes observed in radio galaxies are common in Seyfert galaxies but are absent in starbursts, without an AGN. These lobes are frequently roughly aligned with the minor axis, especially on several kpc-scales, but not always. We are exploring the role of the relativistic AGN jet in conjunction with the galactic dynamo in the formation of these lobes in the Seyfert sample.
    \item We find that the total intensity distribution of the lobes are rotationally symmetric on both sides, which is indicative of the role played by the central engine rather than being purely environment related.
    \item We find that many of the Seyfert galaxies (5/9) show multiple radio structures which are misaligned to each other on varying scales. However, in starburst galaxies, the distribution of radio continuum emission at different scales is often continuous and follows the star forming disk morphology or are aligned along the minor axis. We will explore if these misaligned structures represent multiple epochs of activity in our upcoming paper.
    \item For the sources in which we detected polarization, the Seyfert galaxies seem to show higher degrees of polarization compared to the starburst galaxies, at the scales probed by our observations. This is a tentative result and needs to be confirmed with deeper observations and larger samples.
\end{itemize}
\vspace{-10pt}
\section{Summary}
We are trying to use polarization to distinguish between starburst/ AGN driven radiative winds versus the jet driven outflows in Seyfert galaxies. We have detected polarization in three Seyfert galaxies and one starburst galaxy. The peculiar morphology of the lobes in NGC\,3079, which is a complex starburst galaxy also hosting a Seyfert nuclei, is a result of the interplay of the magnetised jet, the starburst wind and the galactic magnetic fields (Sebastian et al 2019a). We have discovered a new pair of radio lobes in the north-south direction in the Seyfert galaxy NGC\,2639; these lobes are aligned in a direction almost perpendicular to the previously known east-west lobes. The radio bubble-like lobes which are absent in starburst galaxies without an AGN are very common in Seyfert galaxies, and many a times not aligned with the minor axis, indicating the role of AGN in the formation of these lobes. We expect that our new observations using the EVLA at 10~GHz will enable us to nail down the reasons behind their origin and the differences between starburst and Seyfert galaxy radio emission.

\section{Acknowledgements}
The author is thankful to the organisers of the IAU Symposium 356 for an oral presentation and financial support to attend the conference.
Baum and O'Dea are grateful to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for support.

\section{Introduction}

Almost twenty years have passed since, as a result of the search for host phases of
isotopically unusual noble gases, the first discovery in 1987 of surviving pre-solar minerals
(diamond and silicon carbide) in primitive meteorites. These were followed by others
(graphite, refractory oxides, silicon nitride, and finally silicates) in the years since. Pre-solar
grains occur in even higher abundance than in meteorites in interplanetary dust particles
(IDPs). The result is a kind of `new astronomy' based on the study of pre-solar condensates
with all the methods available in modern analytical laboratories.

In the `classical' approach, pioneered in the search for the noble gas carriers diamond,
SiC and graphite, pre-solar grains are isolated by dissolving most of the meteorites (consisting
mostly of silicate minerals) using strong acids, followed by further chemical and physical
separation methods. For overviews at the early stage when only these types were known see
reviews by
\cite[Anders \& Zinner (1993)]{AndersZinner93} and
\cite[Ott (1993)]{Ott93}.

More up-to-date reviews (although only barely including the only recently found pre-
solar silicates) are by
\cite[Zinner (1998)]{Zinner98},
\cite[Hoppe \& Zinner (2000)]{HoppeZinner00},
\cite[Nittler (2003)]{Nittler03}, and
\cite[Zinner (2004)]{Zinner04}.
Refractory oxides and silicon nitride were found in conjunction with the noble gas
carrying minerals because of their similar chemical inertness which allowed them to survive
the extraction procedure of the noble gas carriers. Identification of pre-solar silicates among
the sea of `normal silicates', however, became possible only with the advent of a new
generation of analytical instrumentation, the NanoSIMS (e.g.,
\cite[Hoppe et al. 2004]{Hoppe_etal04}) that allowed
the imaging search for isotopically anomalous phases in situ, i.e. without the need for
chemical / physical extraction.

Central to the identification of pre-solar minerals is the determination of isotopic
compositions, which as a rule strongly deviate from the normal (Solar System) composition.
Isotopic composition is, as a matter of fact, the main (and only safe) criterion by which they
can be identified; hence all our known `pre-solar grains' are `circum-stellar condensates' that
carry the isotopic signatures of nucleosynthesis processes going on in their parent stars
(Fig.\,\ref{fig1}).

Because pre-solar grains come from different stellar sources, information on individual
stars can only be obtained by the study of single grains. This is possible by SIMS (Secondary
Ion Mass Spectrometry) for the light to intermediate-mass elements, RIMS (Resonance
Ionization Mass Spectrometry) for the heavy elements, and laser heating and gas mass
spectrometry for He and Ne.

\begin{figure}[b]
\begin{center}
 \includegraphics[width=3.4in]{Path.eps}
 \caption{Path of pre-solar grains from their stellar sources to the laboratory.}
   \label{fig1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Overview}

An overview of the currently known inventory of circumstellar grains in meteorites is
presented in Table \ref{tab1}. Abundances of silicates are definitely, those of the other pre-solar
grains most likely, higher in IDPs. Some comments follow below, while several specific cases
are discussed in detail in other contributions to this volume.

\begin{table}
  \begin{center}
  \caption{Overview of current knowledge on circum-stellar condensate grains in meteorites.}
  \label{tab1}
 {\scriptsize
  \begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|}\hline
{\bf Mineral} & {\bf Size [$\mu$m]} & {\bf Isotopic Signatures} & {\bf Stellar} & {\bf Contri-} \\
   &  {\bf abund.}  [ppm]$^1$ & & {\bf Sources} & {\bf bution$^2$} \\ \hline
diamond & $~0.0026$ & Kr-H, Xe-HL, Te-H & supernovae & ? \\
   & ~1500 & & & \\ \hline
silicon & $~0.1-10$ & enhanced $^{13}$C, $^{14}$N, $^{22}$Ne, s-process elem. & AGB stars & $> 90$~\% \\
carbide & $~30$ & low $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C, often enh.\ $^{15}$N & J-type C-stars (?) & $< 5$~\% \\
 & & enhanced $^{12}$C, $^{15}$N, $^{28}$Si; extinct $^{26}$Al, $^{44}$Ti & Supernovae & 1~\% \\
 & & low $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C, low $^{14}$N/$^{15}$N & novae &  $0.1$~\% \\ \hline
graphite & $~0.1-10$ & enh.\ $^{12}$C, $^{15}$N, $^{28}$Si; extinct $^{26}$Al, $^{41}$Ca, $^{44}$Ti &
 SN (WR?) & $< 80$~\% \\
 & $~10$ & s-process elements & AGB stars & $> 10$~\% \\
 & & low $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C  & J-type C-stars (?) & $< 10$~\% \\
 & & low $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C; Ne-E(L) & novae & 2~\% \\ \hline
 corundum/ & $~0.1-5$ & enhanced $^{17}$O, moderately depl. $^{18}$O & RGB / AGB & $> 70$~\% \\
 spinel/ & $~50$ & enhanced $^{17}$O, strongly depl. $^{18}$O & AGB stars & 20~\% \\
 hibonite & & enhanced $^{16}$O & supernovae & 1~\% \\ \hline
 silicates & $~0.1-1$ & similar to oxides above & & \\
 &  $~140$ & & & \\ \hline
 silicon & $~1$ & enhanced $^{12}$C, $^{15}$N, $^{28}$Si; extinct $^{26}$Al & supernovae & 100~\% \\
 nitride & $~ 0.002$ & & & \\ \hline
  \end{tabular}
  }
 \end{center}
\vspace{1mm}
 \scriptsize{
 {\it Notes:}\\
  $^1$For the abund.\ (in wt.\ ppm) the reported maximum values from different meteorites are given. \\
  $^2$Note uncertainty about actual fraction of diamonds that are pre-solar and for fraction of graphite attributed to SN and AGB stars (see discussion in text).}
\end{table}

{\underline{\it Silicon carbide}}. All SiC grains in primitive meteorites are of pre-solar origin, and they are
the best characterized. This has been helped by their comparably high contents of minor and
trace elements. Characteristic for most grains are enhanced $^{13}$C, $^{14}$N, former presence of $^{26}$Al
as indicated by overabundances of its daughter $^{26}$Mg, neon that is almost pure $^{22}$Ne
[Ne-E(H)]
and heavy elements showing the characteristic isotopic signatures of the s-process. These
`mainstream grains' quite obviously are condensates out of the winds of AGB stars (see
contribution by Lugaro \& H{\"o}fner, this volume). Only a percent or so have a clearly different origin tied to
supernovae (the `X-grains'). They are characterized by high $^{12}$C, $^{28}$Si, very high former
abundances of $^{26}$Al as well as $^{44}$Ti and not fully understood signature in the heavy trace
elements (see contribution by Amari \& Lodders, this volume).

{\underline{\it Oxides and silicates}}. Besides diamonds (see below) silicates - not unexpectedly - are the
most abundant of the pre-solar grains that have been found. The most characteristic features
of oxides and silicates are contained in the oxygen isotopic composition that can be used for
assigning each grain to one of four groups
(\cite[Nittler et al. 1997]{Nittler_etal97}). Grains without evidence for
the former presence of $^{26}$Al are assumed to originate from RGB stars, those with $^{26}$Al from AGB stars.

{\underline{\it Graphite and silicon nitride}}. The characteristics of most grains (see Tab.\,\ref{tab1}) have
traditionally led to assume a SN origin (e.g.,
\cite[Zinner 1998]{Zinner98};
\cite[Hoppe \& Zinner 2000]{HoppeZinner00}).
However,
this percentage may have been overestimated as most high-density graphite grains, although
showing enhanced $^{12}$C abundances, contain s-process signatures and so are more likely to
originate from AGB stars
(\cite[Croat et al.  2005]{Croat_etal05}). The rare Si$_3$N$_4$ grains show isotopic signatures
similar to SiC-X and SN graphite grains and derive probably from supernovae as well.

{\underline{\it Nanodiamonds}}. In several ways these are the most enigmatic. Although discovered first,
their pre-solar credentials are based solely on trace elements Te and noble gases that they
carry. They are too small for individual analysis � each consisting of some 1000 carbon atoms
only on average and the carbon isotopic composition of `bulk samples' (i.e., many diamond
grains) is within the range of Solar System materials. What fraction of the diamonds is truly
pre-solar is an as yet open question.

\section{Implications}

{\underline{\it Isotopic structures and nucleosynthesis}}. As isotopic structures are the key for
establishing the grains as pre-solar, isotope studies are at the core of investigations that have
been performed. Results from isotopic studies in turn are also those that bear strongest on
astrophysics. For one, they allow us to pinpoint the grains' stellar sources. In addition, given the
precision of the laboratory isotopic analyses, which far exceed whatever can be hoped for in
remote analyses, they allow conclusions with regard to details of nucleosynthesis and mixing
in the parent stars as well as Galactic Chemical Evolution. They have borne strong on, e.g. the
need for an extra mixing process (cool bottom processing) in Red Giants and provide detailed
constraints on the operation of the s-process in AGB stars (e.g.,
\cite[Busso et al. 1999]{Busso_etal99}).
A non-standard neutron capture process (`neutron burst') may be implied by the SiC-X grains from supernovae
(\cite[Meyer et al. 2000]{Meyer_etal00}) and possibly the trace Xe in the diamonds (e.g.,
\cite[Ott 2002]{Ott02}).
The progress in analytical techniques promises more important results in the near future.

{\underline{\it Grain formation}}. Chemical composition, sizes, and microstructures of grains constrain
conditions during condensation in stellar winds and supernova ejecta. Condensation of SiC
apparently occurred under close to the equilibrium conditions (e.g.,
\cite[Lodders \& Fegley 1998]{LoddersFegley98}).
Additional constraints are imposed by trace element contents both on average
(\cite[Yin et al. 2006]{Yin_etal06})
as well as in individual grains
(\cite[Amari et al. 1995]{Amari_etal95}).
An important relevant observation is
the occurrence of subgrains of primarily TiC within graphite
(\cite[Croat et al. 2005]{Croat_etal05}).

{\underline{\it The lifecycle of pre-solar grains (and maybe interstellar grains in general)}}. Interstellar grains
are expected to be processed and eventually destroyed by sputtering or astration (e.g.,
\cite[Draine 2003]{Draine03}), with an as yet unidentified process needed to account for the balance between
formation and destruction. Pre-solar grains preserved in meteorites carry, in principle, a
record of conditions they have been exposed to, which, however, is difficult to read.
Determining an absolute age using long-lived radioisotopes is virtually ruled out by the fact
that these systems use decay of rare constituents (e.g., K, Sr, Re, U) decaying into other rare
elements with uncertain non-radiogenic composition. However, appearance and
microstructures of pristine (i.e. not chemically processed) SiC show little evidence for being
processed, indicating either that they were surprisingly young when entering the forming
Solar System or that they were protected
(\cite[Bernatowicz et al. 2003]{Bernatowicz_etal03}); a similar situation is
indicated by the lack of detectable spallation Xe produced by exposure to cosmic rays during residence in the ISM
(\cite[Ott et al.  2005]{Ott_etal05}). The distribution, finally, among various types of
meteorites, provides a measure of processing in the early Solar System.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Woo! Alt text! Finally! Too many exclamation marks! So, I'm trying to standardize the presentation of SB a bit, in preparation for the new site switch-over. Let me know what you think.
sit down will destroy the earth?
..Why is my tea swirling like that?
I feel like I should give a nod to nicecupofteaandasitdown.com since I kinda stole their name. Also. Heres some interesting information about the LHC from Cosmic Variance. I just wish they sighted their sources on those probabilities.
Note: Click on images to enalrge.
We have a mystery guest writer this week. Thanks for the help mystery boy/girl!
they made me in the kitchen.
then I found the cook book.
have a new comic for you Monday.
Note: Click on images to... oh nevermind.


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After a few rainy weeks when we thought Sims Hill was going to turn into an aquatic wonderland, things are finally starting to dry out. The Bristol area received 273mm (nearly 1 foot) of rain in 3 weeks and was officially the wettest April in over 100 years! Needless to say this had a noticeable impact on the growth of plants and the ability to cultivate and tend to veg already planted. On the plus side we have filled our new pond (approx 60,000 litres in 2 days) and have a really good understanding of water movement through the site. The potential to catch and store water is truly epic and we can potentially store enough rain water to irrigate all our soon to be bought poly tunnels.
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Hope to see you on the Hill this Sat for the Get Growing Trail where the weather will be fantastic!


text:
You are here: Home / Badgers / Badgers celebrate Holiday Bowl victory (AUDIO)
Badgers celebrate Holiday Bowl victory (AUDIO)
December 31, 2015 By Bill Scott
Jack Cichy
After suffering an apparent broken nose from a kick to the face, Wisconsin quarterback Joel Stave returned to the field to lead the Badgers on a game-winning drive that ended with Rafael Gaglianone's 29-yard go-ahead field goal. The Badgers held on to knock off the U-S-C Trojans 23-21 to capture the Holiday Bowl. It's the first win for the Badgers over U-S-C, in this, their seventh meeting.
Stave had two 17-yard completions on the final drive. He finished with 217 yards and a touchdown and was named the games offensive MVP.
The Defensive MVP honors went to linebacker Jack Cichy. He had to sit out the first half because of a targeting penalty in Wisconsin's final regular season game. Cichy was dominant when he finally hit the field.
Cichy recorded three sacks in one half, on back-to-back-to-back plays in the third quarter against the Trojans. He also had nine tackles, in just one half of football.
AUDIO: Jack Cichy asked if sitting the 1st half provided motivation :22
Joel Stave finished 18 of 27 for 217 yards and a touchdown to earn Offensive MVP honors. The victory was the 31st with Stave as the starting quarterback, which broke the program record of 30, set by Brooks Bollinger from 1999 through 2002.
AUDIO: Joel Stave on becoming the winningest QB in Badger history :22
Corey Clement returned to the Badger lineup and rushed for 66 yards on 19 carries with a touchdown. He left the game in the third quarter with a left ankle injury.
Cody Kessler finished 18 of 32 for 221 yards with a touchdown and an interception for the Trojans. The Badger defense held Kessler under his passing average of 255 yards per game.
After the game, Wisconsin junior linebacker Vince Biegel, who had been considering leaving early for the NFL, announced that he would be returning for his senior season in Madison.
AUDIO: Vince Biegel says he's returning for senior season :19
Wisconsin finished 10-3 in Paul Chryst's first season. The Badgers went 1-3 against teams with winning records. Their three losses were at the hands of Alabama (12-1), Iowa (12-1) and Northwestern (10-2).
Filed Under: Badgers, News, Sports, Top Story Tagged With: Badgers, Corey Clement, Holiday Bowl, Jack Cichy, Joel Stave, Paul Chryst, Vince Biegel

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


An eye-catching flower blooms at the top of a barely there, thong-strap sandal perfect for warm-weather parties or everyday wear. Style Name: Cecelia New York Peony Sandal (Women). Style Number: 5550860. Available in stores.


Dining Furniture Centre in Rochester, NY is an authorized dealer of A America Products. In 1975 Fred and John Rohrbach went to Taiwan and started buying antique reproductions such as solid oak dining tables, brassware, cast iron and nautical antiques. In fact the arrowback and wide or double pressback chair was found by John in an Idaho antique store and used for inspiration to manufacture it in Taiwan in late 1975. AAmerica was one of the first companies to introduce the concept of importing U.S. hard woods into Taiwan in 1975 to make quality furniture.
So if you are looking for A America products in Rochester, Syracuse, Greece, Webster, Fairport, Henrietta, Victor, Liverpool, Fayetteville, Camillus and Baldwinsville, or if you have any questions about A America products, please feel free to call us at 585-442-3840 or simply stop by Dining Furniture Centre at any time and we would be glad to help you.


American Express (AXP) is leading the Dow higher following better than expected earnings. The credit card company is up 5% after beating earnings by 7 cents while sales passed estimates as well rising 2.5% year to $7.89 billion. Return on average equity (ROE) came in at 25.1% up from 23.6% a year ago. Consolidated expenses were $5.5 billion, up 1 percent from a year ago.
Amazon claims another victim. EBAY (EBAY) is down 2.5% even though earnings and sales topped expectations. EBAY is down after lowering guidance for the second quarter due in part to heavy spending on revamping and marketing its e-commerce platform amid stiff competition from much larger rival Amazon.com. EBAY did reaffirm full year guidance.


Inspired by Blue Fire by Lize Bard.
My hot bath today turned out to be very peaceful and relaxing. Though Mungo Jerry was first out with "Summertime". If you listen carefully it's not only rushy. It's goes very well for a mermaid to make her moves in a nice flow. I tested and I liked it. And I would love to be that woman "on your mind". Dreaming away – to summer times.
Now next up was Leonard Cohen and "So long Marianne". Muscles are now warm and soft so the mermaid opened up to the music. I thought about the "So long" both to LC and his Marianne this year.
Well he didn't want to leave until he had that "Last Dance" – which I had saved for him. I was happy and I shook loose my shoulders. One more dance. And he left – it couldn't be more calm – like as everything around was totally weightless. Me too.


Those who pay attention to such things will note that the numbers in my title are not consecutive. There's a good reason for that. I shared photo #213, titled, Studly Doright Will Just See an Ugly Old Chair, several days ago.
I bought the vanity chair for $5 at a garage sale, and after asking my crafts-minded sister-in-law, Lyn, for advice I've begun the process of making it prettier. The first step was to buy a new cushion which was way easier than I'd imagined since the existing cushion was a fairly standard size.
Isn't it already prettier? I found this cheerful cushion at World Market for half of its original price. So far, I have $19.00 invested in my chair. Now I need to clean it and as Lyn suggested, apply Tung oil to the rattan.
As blog posts go, this is hardly earth-shattering, but the project is keeping me out of trouble. For now, at least. Oh, and Studly actually likes the chair and pronounced that I'd found a gem! Will wonders never cease?
Thanks! It was exactly what I had in mind!
Oh, if you could only see the wars I get into with pro-trumpers on social media. Every day I pledge to stay mute. Every day I break that pledge.
Well… a few to say here. May you never break that pledge.
I'm kind of a bulldog!
Looks better already! Yep, just a little Tung oil on the rattan and it will be like new!!
Very nicely done misses. Also, if push comes to shove (ahem) it can double as a commode!
– Esme Cloud lowering the tone as ever.
Hahaha! I'd feel so delicate going potty on this!
Sorry for missing 6 months of your posts. I am getting back very slowly.
Cute chair, love the cushion.
Thank you! It was a difficult time, and I am not out of the woods yet.
Well, you have been in my prayers, and that won't stop. We just want you well.
I think Studly captured it exactly. It looks so much happier already. And for less than $20 it really is 'a steal' as they say.
Thanks. I was so afraid that I was going to have to recover the old one. I have zero sewing skills.


We've seen Kai Wong goof around with funny cameras before. In one of his recent videos, he tested a digital toy camera you might wanna check out if you're a Star Wars fan. He got this Millennium Falcon camera for Christmas, and he decided to test it out.
It's a plastic "up to 5 MP" camera, but surprisingly, Kai took some pretty decent shots with it. If you ever needed a proof that gear doesn't matter… Anyway, let's take a closer look at this amazingly ridiculous little camera.
Hands-on with Sony RX0: can it be the GoPro killer?
The new Sony RX0 action camera was announced earlier this year. 4K HDMI output, 1080p at up to 1,000fps, wireless timecode sync for multiple cameras, and a 1″ sensor made it a serious competition to GoPro. Kai Wong got his hands on one of these, and in his latest video, he compares it to the GoPro Hero 6. On paper, Sony RX0 sure looks promising. But can it beat GoPro in real life conditions?
In his recent video, Kai Wong showed you five 50mm lenses you can buy for less than $100. This time, he shows you a Chinese "bokeh master" – Kamlan 50mm f/1.1 manual focus lens for APS-C bodies. It's a bit more expensive ($170), so it didn't get onto the previous list. But judging from Kai's review – it's a keeper. Don't let the price fool you.


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Why does New York make it so hard to vote?
As Tuesday's primaries approach, New York's woeful record on ballot access is at last coming under scrutiny.
Ivanka Trump joins her father for an event he hosted to raise money for veterans organizations in Des Moines, Ia., Jan. 28, 2016. She was not able to register in time and blames New York's registration rules.
April 15, 2016, 4:08 PM UTC / Updated April 15, 2016, 4:58 PM UTC
By Zachary Roth
In recent years, restrictions on voting in Republican-controlled states from Arizona to North Carolina and Texas to Wisconsin have kept large numbers of legitimate voters from the polls and sparked national outrage. But another state with voting rules almost as strict has largely escaped attention: deep blue New York.
Now, as Tuesday's presidential primaries approach, the Empire State's woeful record on access to the ballot is at last coming under scrutiny. That's thanks in part to Donald Trump's kids, Ivanka and Eric, who said they won't be voting for their dad Tuesday in the GOP primary because they missed the deadline to change their party affiliation from independent to Republican. (New York, like many states, has closed primaries.) Ivanka blamed New Yorks "onerous" rules.
Trump's lawyer and longtime consigliere Michael Cohen, a registered Democrat, has admitted he's in the same spot.
New York's deadline for party-switchers is a year and 25 days before the general election — the longest in the nation — meaning anyone who wanted to switch after October 9, 2015, is out of luck. This year, the rule is likely to particularly hurt Bernie Sanders' campaign, which has so far been reliant on independent voters. Younger voters, who have flocked to Sanders' bid, are less likely than their parents and grandparents to register with a party.
RELATED: Court ruling could soften Wisconsin voter ID law
But the strict rules on party-switchers in primaries are just the tip of the iceberg. The fact is, it's harder to vote in New York — which ranked 43rd among states in turnout in the last presidential election — than in perhaps any other blue state. And efforts to increase access have struggled to gain traction.
Experts say that unlike in red states that lately have imposed voter ID and other restrictions, the issue isn't one party rigging the game to try to gain an advantage. Rather, it's that voting in New York, the nation's third-largest state, has long been designed for the good of both parties, rather than for the voters.
"Our election laws are the way in which the party machines retain any viability," said Susan Lerner, the executive director of Common Cause New York. "It's a patronage-driven, party-driven system, and it's not set up for voters."
New York is one of just 13 states that offers no early voting, meaning many New Yorkers who have to work long hours have few options. Unlike many states, it doesn't allow would-be voters to register on Election Day. And bills that would have the state automatically register anyone who has contact with the DMV — an idea that has moved ahead in many blue states and been passed by California, Oregon and even now West Virginia — have gone nowhere in Albany.
New York's woeful record has even been used as a rhetorical cudgel by Republicans in other states looking to make voting harder. "I do not know why you are picking on Ohio," Gov. John Kasich replied when MSNBC's Chris Matthews asked him why he signed a bill to cut early voting in his state from six to four weeks. "Why don't you go pick on New York?"
Jon Husted, Ohio's secretary of state who has imposed further early voting cuts, has made the same argument.
Lerner appears to agree. "The election laws are more friendly in Ohio, North Carolina and Florida than they are in New York," she said. (Those disenfranchised last month by North Carolina's strict voter ID law — something New Yorkers don't have to contend with — might quibble.)
Unlike all but two other states, New York has no secretary of state to run its elections. Instead, county election boards, with members appointed by the two major parties, operate with a high level of autonomy. And there's a state board, also split between the two parties. As a result, it rarely agrees on much, making reforms all but impossible.
RELATED: Hundreds arrested at Capitol protest on voting and campaign finance
The legislature hasn't been much more energetic. A bill to establish two weeks of early voting passed the Democratic-controlled assembly in 2014 but stalled in the GOP-run Senate. Three different bills offered since last year on automatic voter registration have all languished in committee.
Could change finally be in the air? Hundreds of people gathered in Manhattan Thursday to push for open primaries, which would allow independents to participate. And Gov. Andrew Cuomo endorsed automatic voter registration in his January State of the State speech. The recent budget didn't include money for it, but voting rights advocates say it could yet be added.
Still, Lerner said any reform would have to overcome the entrenched interests of both party machines.
"The system is meant to freeze our election administration in amber, so that nothing changes, because this way the parties are confident that they control what's going on," she said. "The fact that it's inconvenient for voters, that it discourages voters, doesn't seem to matter at all. And that is tragic."


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Best MLB Home/Road Records 2017
Matthew Manouli | Wed 20/09/2017 - 07:19 EDT
A team's home and away records aren't a definitive source of information, but each season there are teams that tend to do just a bit better away from home than we would expect. And then there are teams, sometimes great teams, which do worse at home for whatever reason. We'll look at some teams with the best road and home records, and also delve into if they were profitable, because that in itself is a different animal and leads to the unexpected.
Most teams prefer home play to being on the road for obvious reasons. Home field advantage in baseball isn't as significant as in other sports though, but that doesn't mean it can't help. A team with a strong pitching staff can thrive in a pitcher's park (as long as we know his numbers independent of the park of course), and having a strong wind can home can help if you've got plenty of sluggers.
This season, the team with the top home record is the Los Angeles Dodgers, but that shouldn't come as a surprise. They are 52-23 at home, and while that's helped them surge to the top of the NL West, in terms of betting, it's mediocre. Less than mediocre in fact, as they've only accumulated +1.83 units at home all year. So was it really worth blindly betting baseball's best team at home? Arguably yes, but we wouldn't suggest it for the rest of the season.
The next best teams are the D-Backs, Red Sox, Yankees, and Indians, all hovering between 48 and 45 home wins. That's of course great for a New York Yankees squad who are still in a divisional race with the Sox, sitting at only 3.0 GB. The Bombers have home games in hand and they've proven that it is a distinct advantage for them to play in New York.
Shifting gears, we'll focus on some teams' road records. If you guessed the Dodgers would be first again, get ready for a surprise. Despite still holding the best record in the league, the Dodgers, at 44-31, fall short of the Cleveland Indians' league leading 48-27 record, along with the Astros' and Nationals' record on the road. The Minnesota Twins are a distant fifth at 39-33.
Unlike the Dodgers at home, the Indians have actually been fairly profitable away from home, sitting at around +6.01 units. It's something to keep in mind during the postseason. They are like the Dodgers however, if we compare them at home. We don't know what it is about Progressive Field, but despite their top performances there, their high prices leave them at -3.80 units at home.
Houston and Washington have 47-27 and 46-27 road records respectively, and both are absolutely tearing it up in terms of ROI. Because of these two teams' low prices on the road during the season, they've both been the two of the best clubs to have bet on this year. The Astros are up around +11 units, while the Nats are sitting at almost +14 units.
Some More Surprises
While we've listed the top records in the league for both home and away, pricing definitely throws a monkey wrench in things. While Houston and Washington's profitability mirrors their away record, the Colorado Rockies' are only 39-36 on the road, but have made over 13 units of profit, almost as much as the teams with a much better record. The Red Sox and Yankees are great home teams, but even with a good away record, they are net zero in terms of profitability.
In terms of home record, in the NL East, it's actually the last place Philadelphia Phillies who have lost the least amount of units at home. That includes Washington and Miami. In the NL West, the Padres are neck and neck with the Diamondbacks, each hovering around +11 units at home this season, best in the division. In fact, the last in their division Oakland Athletics, are up over 11 units at home as well, and actually have the best home ROI in the entire league. Not bad for a team that's just ranked 12th in straight home record.
Sometimes it pays to fade a great team that hasn't been profitable either at home or on the road because of their price. And sometimes it's good to go for a bad or mediocre team that's been priced so nicely, that they end up being profitable either at home or on the road. With the playoffs coming up though, we'll most likely be greeted with the former scenario. And we welcome it.
Did you like this article? Be sure to share and comment if you were surprised by any of the numbers, and if you'll be using the records or profitability in your playoff capping. Once you're done that capping, head on down to Sports Interaction and put your picks to the test!
Results / FixturesMLB
Category : MLB News
MLB News - 15/07/20
Montreal Expos Prop Bets: Will Expos Return to MLB By 2022?
The year 2019 marked the 50th anniversary of the Montreal Expos, with rumours continuing to circle around the return of The 'Spos to La Belle Province.
The first Canadian team in the MLB lost their franchise when the league allowed the team to move to Washington - but baseball never went out of style in Montreal, with exhibition games constantly selling out at the crumbling Olympic Stadium. Stephen Bronfman, son of former Expos owner Charles, remains cautiously optimistic for a new era of Montreal Expos baseball.
Joey Votto: Part Of The MLB Canadian Contingent
Check out the leading Canadian players of the next MLB season.
Top 10 MLB Best Selling Jerseys
Few things top heading out to the ballpark in the middle of the summer, with a couple of friends and grabbing a few beers and a hot dog. Of course, many fans want to represent their favourite teams and players when heading out to the game – wrapping themselves in their team's colours and donning a jersey of their favourite players. Here are the top-10 best-selling MLB jerseys.
2020 MLB Richest Franchises
MLB might be considered by some to be one of the less popular of the Big Four leagues here in North America, but it's still one of the richest. Almost on par with the NFL, the MLB has a different kind of excitement, built on build-up and suspense. Some teams have perfected the formula, so join us as we'll be discussing 5 of the league's top-earning and wealthiest franchises!


There's no question that today's employment market is much more competitive. Good planning and active job readiness preparation will better position you to get the job you want. Today's employers are looking for more than just "hard skills," they're also looking for good communication skills, for the ability to work well in groups and for the willingness to do what it takes to get the job done right. There are lots of programs to help you plan and prepare for a rewarding career from assisting you in preparing your resume to mentoring you as you join the workforce. Put yourself on the right track to a bright future - explore the many opportunities that these programs have to offer.
Can't find what you need? Ask Us!
to get specific information or answers.


It's Friday, 11pm and you are in need of a strong coffee, just as it is served your radio bursts into life "Emergency call. Manhattan Nightclub. 18-year old male overdose, acting bizarrely." On arrival there are actually two people in need of attention and each is reported to have taken some form new psychoactive substance (NPS), 'legal highs' although they are neither legal nor guaranteed to cause a high.
There are hundreds (possibly now thousands) of individual NPS drugs, common forms include 'Spice' and mephedrone. This issue provides guidance for pre-hospital clinicians to help them respond to this evolving situation and gain understanding and expertise in the risks and the management of intoxication through NPS.


In case I don't get a chance to update later: I'm off to join Lisa in Calais, Maine for Kelley's wedding. Have a good weekend.
Dave asks folks to try out a revised Radio aggregator that uses the guid attribute in RSS 2.0. Problem: After installing it, it actually re-lists every item in the person's RSS file each time you scan, regardless of if you've already seen and deleted the item or not.
Brent announces the release of NetNewsWire Lite v. 1.0. Congratulations on a great app, Brent. I'm weaning myself slowly from Radio's aggregator to NetNewsWire's. Can't wait for the Pro version.
There are a ton of people writing iCal scripts. The coolest so far is this announcement on Studio Log: Have Quicktime Player Read Your Schedule for Today. I can't look at the script on my work machine, but I would guess it grabs the text from iCal and runs it through text-to-speech and outputs it to Quicktime Player.
I almost forgot until I saw Anita's post about the festivities last night. As we introduced ourselves, we talked a bit about ego surfing (Anita is the third Anita, Brent the second or third hit, Jerry the #4). I mentioned that I would always be the second Jarrett, at least as long as NASCAR remained popular and kept Dale's site highly ranked.
At this the other lady at the table (a large table in the middle of the room with a few random onlookers still seated) stirred. Putting down her drink, she said, "I'm a big NASCAR fan. My number one is Mark Martin." I said, "That's great. I guess I have to root for Cousin Dale." She asked whether I meant "Junior"; I hastened to clarify "Dale Jarrett." At this she launched into a several minute discussion of how NASCAR wasn't just popular, it was "grown from hard work"; how Martin was deserving because he had a family and young children; how old she was and how long she had been watching NASCAR; and other details. All at a fairly slow pace, not slurred, but relentless. Being less bold than Coleridge's Wedding-Guest, I couldn't stop her with a "Hold off! Unhand me, grey-beard loon!" Eventually I figured out that nodding and smiling silently while maintaining eye contact was the best way to stop the conversation. She moved off and we got on with our meetup.
Am I a sadder and a wiser man? No, but I am still subtly troubled by the conversation. Was she desperately lonely? mentally ill? or just drunk?


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Brentwood Arts Exchange: Call for Exhibition Proposals
By Editorial Team on March 6, 2018
Deadline: Sat, 14 April 2018
Photo courtesy of Brentwood Arts Exchange.
Deadline: April 14 , 2018
Brentwood Arts Exchange is seeking proposals from artists and curators to present exhibitions for available dates November 2018 – December 2020. Solo and group exhibitions are welcome. They support art in all media and forms. Proposals may be for the Main Gallery, Lab Gallery, or both. Proposals will also be considered exhibitions curated in-house.
m-ncppc.submittable.com
This call is open to all artists and curators who are 18 years of age or older. There are no other restrictions.
ABOUT THE BRENTWOOD ARTS EXCHANGE
The Brentwood Arts Exchange is The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission's component of the public-private partnership Gateway Arts Center, serving as an anchor for Prince George's County Gateway Arts District. We focus on connecting audiences with the diverse forms of contemporary art. In addition to visual arts exhibitions, we also present small concerts, film screenings, and classes, and operate a retail store selling functional art and craft by local artists.
GALLERY DESCRIPTIONS
The Main Gallery is approximately 2,500 sq. ft. with 1,800 sq. ft. of exhibition space. It features 14 ft. ceilings, LED track lighting, three ceiling-mounted high lumens projectors, acoustic baffling, and white walls.
The Lab Gallery is approximately 700 sq. ft. and can exhibit wall-hung artwork only. Like the main gallery, it has 14 ft. ceilings, LED lighting, and white walls.
All proposals must be submitted online at m-ncppc.submittable.com. No other forms of application will be accepted. All proposals must include:
Contact information for the person responsible for the proposal.
An artist/curatorial statement that is no longer than one page.
A résumé or Curriculum Vitae for each person involved in the exhibition.
15-20 images of work samples; OR 5 segments of audio and/or video, each no longer than five minutes in duration; OR an appropriate combination of images, video, audio and web-based work.
Proposals may include up to three detail images for three dimensional works and still of time-based works.
Information accompanying each artwork including titles, media, size, and year created.
Review of proposals will be led by Brentwood Arts Exchange staff, and may include M-NCPPC Arts and Cultural Heritage Division employees as well as ad hoc community advisors. Exhibitions will be scheduled with a goal of presenting diverse exhibitions of artwork of the highest quality, and of engaging a broad range of audiences.
They will begin reviewing proposals after the April 14 deadline and work on scheduling exhibitions on an ongoing basis over the next few months. They will confirm receipt but typically do not send formal acceptance and rejection notices because we consider proposals from individuals or small groups for other exhibitions that they're curating on different timelines. They also sometimes leave later exhibition dates open in between scheduled shows so that we can respond to our community, and often fill those dates from proposals after the initial review and scheduling period is over. They will not decline to exhibit a proposed exhibition because of schedules, they will instead work to find a date that works for everyone involved.
The Brentwood Arts Exchange provides full publicity for all exhibitions, including press releases, email announcements, printed cards, online and printed listings, and corollary events.
When possible, the Brentwood Arts Exchange will provide transportation for artwork only within the Washington, DC region. We do not generally pay for shipping. Exhibitions will be installed and dismantled by M-NCPPC staff unless the nature of the work requires special assistance.
SALES & INSURANCE
The M-NCPPC will retain a 25% commission on all art works sold during or as a result of the exhibition. The M-NCPPC insures all consigned artworks while they are in our custody.
If you have any questions or would like additional information, please contact:
Phil Davis, Countywide Arts Coordinator
phil.davis@pgparks.com


Rap star Eminem has paid tribute to peers TI and Lil Wayne for restoring "substance" to hip-hop. The Without Me star's new album Relapse is released in May and in an upcoming confessional interview with genre magazine XXL, the rapper reveals the extent of his addiction to anti-depressants and his grief over the death of friend and D12 member Proof.
And after the release of his new single We Made You, Eminem has revealed that despite taking a break from music he remained connected with hip-hop and felt the genre was "going downhill" during his absence. "It seemed like kinda fast," he explained. "You know, in them three years, it was like everybody just cares about the hook and the beat; nobody really cares about substance.
"But with this new TI album, with this new Lil Wayne album of recent, it seems like things are looking a lot better now." He added: "You can appreciate Lil Wayne using different words to rhyme and actually rhyming words that you know.
I'm excited to see what Eminem has up his sleeves for this next album. He can't have 12 tracks about D-List celebrities…or can he?


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EEOC Issues Updated Guidance to Curb National Origin Discrimination
By Evelin Y. Bailey, December 5, 2016
Whether you enjoyed (or not) the most recent Saturday Night Live skit where Alec Baldwin (as Trump) states he is "going to build that swamp," the fact is that anti-immigrant rhetoric is on the rise following Trump's promise to build a wall and his comments connecting immigrants and crime. Political rhetoric which may pass muster on the campaign trail, however, may not fare as well under current federal and state employment laws.
This past month, the U.S. Equal Opportunity Commission (EEOC) updated its Enforcement Guidance on National Origin Discrimination. Accompanying the Guidance are Questions and Answers and a Small Business Fact Sheet. Note the last update was in 2002, so you may want to instruct your human resources personnel to read this new 2016 update. The Guidance, which addresses national origin discrimination, should be of particular interest to the construction industry which employs 2.85 million Hispanic workers of which 50% of those are foreign-born. Asians also make up 25% of the foreign-born construction workforce.
Overview of Federal and California Discrimination Laws
Title VII is the federal law that prohibits discrimination and retaliation based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. In fiscal year 2015, the EEOC received almost 90,000 complaints of discrimination based on national origin. National origin discrimination means discrimination because an individual (or his or her ancestors) is from a certain place or has the physical, cultural, or linguistic characteristics of a particular national origin group. Title VII prohibits employer actions that have the purpose or effect of discriminating against persons because of their real or perceived national origin. National origin discrimination includes discrimination by a member of one national origin group against a member of the same group.
With over 10.5 million immigrants (based on 2014 data) in California, it is no surprise that the California has adopted several laws over the years protecting against national origin discrimination. Under the Fair Employment and Housing Act, California also prohibits national origin discrimination whether actual or perceived and based on the worker's association with others of that protected category. Under California law, national origin discrimination also includes language discrimination and accent discrimination. An employer cannot require applicants and employees to speak English only in the work place unless there is a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for doing so and if such requirements promote the safe and necessary operations of the employer's business. An employer may not make any employment decisions based on an employee or applicant's accent.
California also prohibits discriminating against an applicant or employee because he or she possess a driver's license issued to a person who is unable to prove he or she is legally authorized to be present in the U.S.
California also makes it unlawful to threaten to report immigration status. Take a look at our post from earlier this year regarding AB 560 and SB 623 for other immigration-related laws.
EEOC Scenarios and Explanations
The following are some scenarios that appear in the new Guidance. Of relevance to the construction industry are the security screening and a Social Security Number requirements.
Security Requirements and Screening
Some construction jobs may require national security clearance. An employer has a legitimate non-discriminatory business reason for refusing to hire, refusing to refer, or terminating an individual who does not meet job requirements that are "imposed in the interest of the national security of the United States under any security program in effect pursuant to or administered under" any federal statute or Executive Order. This situation may come up when a project requires the business to enroll in E-Verify as a condition of the government contract.
Example 31. Citizenship Requirement as Pretext for National Origin Discrimination. Juanita, a Guatemalan-born naturalized U.S. citizen, was assigned by Staffing Firm to work as a technician for XYZ, an industrial subcontractor that builds equipment for use at nuclear facilities. Staffing Firm's contract with XYZ includes a clause requiring that anyone working on its projects must be a U.S. citizen. Shortly after beginning her first shift at XYZ, Juanita is told to produce a U.S. birth certificate in order to establish her citizenship. Juanita cannot produce a U.S. birth certificate because she was born in Guatemala, but she does provide her U.S. passport to prove her citizenship. The XYZ manager tells Staffing Firm that Juanita cannot continue working at its plant because she cannot provide proof that she was born in the U.S and terminates her employment. Based on these facts, the EEOC finds reasonable cause to determine that Juanita was subject to unlawful national origin discrimination. Additionally, the EEOC determines that Staffing Firm and XYZ may be liable as joint employers
New Hires and Social Security Numbers
A policy or practice of screening out new hires or candidates who lack a Social Security number implicates Title VII if it disproportionately screens out work-authorized individuals of a certain national origin, such as newly arrived immigrants or new lawful permanent residents, and thus has a disparate impact based on national origin. If a new hire or applicant shows that such a policy or practice has a disparate impact based on her national origin, its use is unlawful under Title VII unless the employer establishes that the policy or practice is job related and consistent with business necessity.
Employers should refer to the Handbook for Employers Guidance for Completing Form I-9 to manage these tricky hiring situations.
Example 33. Citizenship Requirement that May Violate Multiple Statutes. Staffing Company routinely hires U.S. citizens as well as non-U.S. citizens who have work authorizations. It verifies all employees' eligibility for employment through E-Verify,[148] but requires non-citizens to submit additional documentation beyond what is required to establish their work authorization. Staffing company does not require extra documentation from U.S. citizens.
If Staffing Company has more than four employees, it has violated the antidiscrimination provisions of the INA, which prohibit employers from using discriminatory documentary policies, procedures, or requirements based on citizenship or national origin when determining or re-verifying an employee's work authorization. In addition, if Staffing Company only requires the additional documentation from non-citizens or individuals of particular national origins, Staffing Company has also violated Title VII.
More Sample Scenarios from the New EEOC Guidance
There are 35 scenarios in the new guidance to help identify whether or not a policy or practice may involve national origin discrimination.
Categories: Employment
Tagged: EEOC, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
2017 California Construction Law Update
Construction Contract Clauses Only a Grinch Would Love – Part 4


When experiencing medical hair loss, there is a large array of options for head coverings. The comfort, convenience, and style offered by scarves, headwraps, and hats make them the perfect choice on those days when an individualized look is desired. It may be tempting to pull a favorite scarf out of the closet or to make a quick run to the nearest department store for a hat with which to cover your head.
In deciding whether to wear a scarf, headwrap, or hat here are a few things to consider to make your wearing experience more comfortable and attractive.
Coverage: A scarf or hat should cover the back of the neck for warmth in cooler climates, and to protect from the sun in warmer climates. Always wear sunscreen for maximum protection against sunburn and skin damage.
Material: Look for a soft material that will not irritate or scratch against the skin. Cotton is often a good choice for comfort and ease of care, but a softer material such as silk may easily be worn with a cotton sleep cap underneath to keep it from slipping.
Seams: Look for a scarf, wrap, or hat with few or no seams to rub against the skin and cause irritation.
Volume: A wrap or hat with some extra volume will give the illusion of hair beneath it if desired.
Climate: The materials used for the head covering should be appropriate for the climate in which it will be worn. The head should be kept warm, of course, but in a warm climate, the wrap should ideally be in a lighter, cooler fabric.
Fashion: There are endless ways to wrap and tie a scarf, and many examples and tutorials can easily be found online. Headbands, brooches, and other accessories can also be added for an individualized style statement.
Need help with an Alopecia or Medical Hair Loss diagnosis? Our medical advocates at MyWigsAndWeaves are always available for a free, confidential, one-on-one consultation at 1-800-714-3189.
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