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Home » Patient Info » Conditions & Procedures » Foot & Ankle
Foot & Ankle Anatomy
How does the Foot & Ankle joint work?
Find out more in this web based movie.
Arthroscopy is a surgical procedure during which the internal structure of a joint is examined for diagnosis and treatment of problems inside the joint. Ankle Arthroscopy includes the diagnosis and treatment of ankle conditions.
For more information about Hip Arthroscopy click on below tabs.
Ankle injuries are the most common sports-related injury. An ankle fracture is a break in one or more bones that make up the ankle joint. Sometimes ligaments may also be damaged.
For more information about Ankle Fracture click on below tabs.
Achilles tendon is a strong fibrous cord present behind the ankle that connects the calf muscles to heel bone. It is used when you walk, run and jump. When the Achilles tendon becomes thin, weak, or if it is not used, it may be susceptible to injury or damage.
For more information about Achilles Tendon Rupture click on below tabs.
A sprain is stretching or tearing of ligaments, which connect adjacent bones in a joint and provides stability to the joint. An ankle sprain is a common injury and occurs when you fall or suddenly twist the ankle joint or when you land your foot in an awkward position after a jump.
For more information about Ankle Sprain click on below tabs.
Plantar fasciitis is a common problem that causes pain under the heel bone often with lengthy walks and prolonged standing. It is most often seen in middle-aged men and women. Plantar fascia is a thick band of tissue that lies at the bottom of the foot. It runs from the heel bone to the toe and forms the arch of the foot. The plantar fascia functions as a shock absorber and also supports the arch of the foot.
Ankle Fracture Management
Ankle injuries are the most common sports-related injury. An ankle fracture is a break in one or more bones that make up the ankle joint. Sometimes ligaments may also be damaged. Ankle fractures are most often caused by motor vehicle accident, rolling or twisting of ankle, and by tripping or falling. People participating in sports such as basketball, football, soccer and skiing are at a high risk of developing ankle fractures.
Click on the topics below to find out more from the Orthopaedic connection website of American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
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Queen Elizabeth's Foundation employs over 250 people and is required by law to provide a Gender Pay Report based on hourly earnings for all full and part time workers as at 5 April every year.
The gender pay gap is the percentage difference between the hourly earnings for men and women. The figure is expressed as a proportion of men's earnings. A positive figure indicates men's earnings are higher than women's earnings.
The QEF mean gender pay gap has reduced from 10.2% over the last year.
There were no bonuses paid, therefore there is no gender bonus gap to report.
In line with the Health and Social Care workforce the majority of workers (74%) are female with good representation across each quartile.
QEF supports gender equality in providing both opportunity and reward within similar areas of work for men and women. We pay people regardless of gender or any other protected characteristic. Compared to the national average we achieve a good balance between the earnings of men and women.
We benchmark salaries with the external market and are aware this may introduce gender bias in roles that are traditionally male or female. We will continue to monitor our gender pay gap to ensure the gap is reduced and our workforce is balanced and rewarded fairly.
We are pleased to see a reduction of 5% in the gender pay gap between April 2017 and April 2018.


Over the years, I've learned a lot and made a ton of friends--use the links below to learn more about them.
Featuring Oversoul band mates Zac Matthews (mandolin) and Bryan Horne (contrabass), HBRSB is taking the acoustic jam scene by storm!
Chris is a long time friend and collaborator. We met when he was playing with Jambay, and he has since moved on to touring with a wide variety of big names. Most recently we've been working on some songs for Kate Gaffey and Larkin Gayl.
Jill and Steve are incredible artists, and also run a series of music classes for young children, teaching kids fundamentals of ryhthm, melody, and expression, to develop true "musical intelligence" from an early age. Can't say enough about them, their music, and their classes.
A King Harvest band mate and now solo musician. Lee and I have been songwriting and performance collaborators for many years.
A San Francisco based groove and funk band featuring Tim Fisher, drummer from my high school band, Unbroken Chain. Tim also did a tour with King Harvest when we were between official drummers.
San Diego Americana roots favorites!
Reincarnation of 10 Pound Brown, one of King Harvest's old tour buddies!
Because everyone loves Pagan Lounge Music!
Not exactly an "Equipment" manufacturer, but the greatest CD Replication and support company around, hands down. A pleasure to work with, and great product!
I've been playing my 1991 Taylor 410RW (Rosewood back and sides) since it was new. Bob Taylor and his company have joined the big leagues now (and were just breaking in back then), and I can't say enough good things about this instrument and his whole product line.
In 2000, I bought a Collings SJ (small jumbo) and I didn't put it down for a month. Bill Collings is a miracle worker.
I use the Speck channel strip both in my studio rig and as a DI / preamp for my acoustic when I perform.
AT makes great mics. Other stuff too, but I have their mics, and I love every one -- 4050, 4051, and Pro37. You can't beat the price, and you won't believe your ears.
Dedicated to my mom's incredibally insightful editorial writings, normally published every few weeks in the Palo Alto Weekly.
I'm not a member, but it seems like they do pretty cool stuff.
My publishing company and studio alter ego.
My Internet technology development freelance alter-ego.
Web hosting and internet services galore.
Low Prices, great packages with lots of storage and transfer, and excellent customer service. They truly are a dream host. 'Nuff said.
(One of the) Amy Mcg's blog. Good stuff!


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What is next for NCAA student-athletes? From O'Bannon onto Jenkins
Published 21 October 2016 | Authored by: Michael Rueda
On October 3, 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States declined to review the "O'Bannon" case.1 It left in place a September 2015 ruling by the United States Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals,2 which held that the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and its amateurism rules are subject to U.S. antitrust laws. Specifically, the Ninth Circuit held that the NCAA is not prohibited from awarding athletic scholarships with a value of a school's federally regulated cost-of-attendance; but cash payments to student-athletes in excess of such amount, which are untethered to a student's education expenses, are not required.
The excess cash compensation under consideration by the Ninth Circuit was a payment of $5,000 per student-athlete per season for the use of the student's name, image and likeness (NIL). The decision was not a complete victory for either side and, after years of litigation, there is no significant practical change to the position immediately prior to the Ninth Circuit's ruling. Yet, the high profile nature of O'Bannon has provided heightened awareness and sensitivity to the concerns of student-athletes and prompted unilateral review and change by the NCAA.
This article examines the practical implications of the O'Bannon decision and discusses the relevant related case of Jenkins, and a case that was recently merged with it, Alston. It also addresses certain steps taken by the NCAA in response to O'Bannon to preempt future litigation in response to certain concerns raised by student-athletes.
Specifically it looks at:
O'Bannon: case review and practical results of the Supreme Court's decision
It's not over: further litigation relating to student-athlete benefits
Jenkins v NCAA
Alston v NCAA (now merged with Jenkins)
Author's comment where amateurism in the NCAA now stands
O'Bannon
In 2009, former UCLA basketball player Ed O'Bannon, on behalf of the NCAA's Division I football and men's basketball players, brought a class action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California against the NCAA challenging its amateurism rules.3 The amateurism rules barred student-athletes from receiving a share of the revenue that the NCAA and its member schools earn from the sale of licenses to use the student-athletes' NILs in videogames, live game telecasts, and other footage. In particular, the NCAA prohibited any student-athlete from receiving financial aid based on athletic ability that exceeded the value of a full "grant-in-aid."4 Traditionally, the value of an athletic scholarship was capped at an amount known as full "grant-in-aid," which was limited to costs of tuition and fees, room and board, and required course-related books.
O'Bannon's counsel contended that these rules violated U.S. antitrust laws. The NCAA denied the charge and asserted that its amateurism rules were necessary to uphold the NCAA's educational mission and to protect the popularity of college sports. The District Court held that the NCAA's amateurism rules were an unlawful restraint of trade in violation of U.S. antitrust laws. The District Court enjoined (prevented) the NCAA from prohibiting its member schools from giving student-athletes scholarships up to the federally regulated full "cost-of-attendance" at their respective schools. A school's full "cost-of-attendance" increased the value of an athletic scholarship to include the estimated value for things such as travel between campus and the student's home, clothing and food.
The District Court also enjoined the NCAA from prohibiting its member schools from giving a student-athlete up to $5,000 per year in deferred compensation for the use of the student-athlete's NIL, to be held in trust for the student-athlete until after they leave college.
Upon review, the Ninth Circuit held that the NCAA's amateurism rules are subject to antitrust scrutiny. However, the Ninth Circuit also held that the amateurism rules serve pro-competitive purposes – "integrating academics and athletics and preserving the popularity of the NCAA's product by promoting its current understanding of amateurism."5
But the Ninth Circuit determined that the rules were more restrictive than necessary to serve those purposes and that the NCAA could achieve its purposes in a less restrictive manner (i.e., providing athletic scholarships with a value of a school's federally regulated "cost-of-attendance" versus full "grant-in-aid"). However, this portion of the Ninth Circuit's decision had little practical impact. Prior to the decision, the NCAA had already passed legislation6 allowing schools to increase the value of an athletic scholarship to include each institution's federally regulated "cost-of-attendance." Although the Ninth Circuit's decision directly prompted no change with respect to increasing the value of an athletic scholarship, the determination secured a student-athlete's right to the increased value.
For the plaintiffs (claimants), the unfavorable portion of the Ninth Circuit's decision dealt with the court's denial of the request for the rule permitting schools to pay student-athletes for the use of student-athlete NILs. Plaintiffs' counsel persuaded the District Court to authorize payments of $5,000 per student-athlete per season. But the Ninth Circuit reversed the decision, concluding that to allow student-athletes to receive NIL cash payments untethered to their education expenses was not as effective as the NCAA's amateurism rules (which prohibited paying NIL compensation to student-athletes) in promoting the NCAA's pro-competitive purposes.7 The Ninth Circuit specifically stated that
"having found that amateurism is integral to the NCAA's market, the district court cannot plausibly conclude that being a poorly-paid professional collegiate athlete is "virtually as effective" for that market as being as amateur."8
The Ninth Circuit stressed that not paying students-athletes is precisely what makes them amateurs and that the difference between offering student-athletes education-related compensation and offering them cash sums untethered to educational expenses is not a minor difference but "a quantum leap"9. The Ninth Circuit further noted that once that line is crossed, there is no basis for the NCAA to retain its amateurism rules and that future plaintiffs would continue seeking methods to monetize their NILs until the full value is received.
The most significant practical result of the Supreme Court's decision not to review O'Bannon was that the NCAA was deemed subject to U.S. antitrust laws and an antitrust violator, therefore leaving its amateurism rules open for future antitrust scrutiny. This is important, as there are two cases currently also before the United States District Court for the Northern District of California that may soon contribute to the NCAA amateurism-rules conversation.
It's Not Over: Further Litigation
Jenkins v NCAA10
The plaintiffs in Jenkins are student-athletes who played Division I FBS football and men's and women's basketball. The defendants are the NCAA and a group of Division I conferences. The plaintiffs allege that the NCAA and its member schools violated U.S. antitrust laws by conspiring to impose the cap on the amount of monetary and in-kind compensation a school may provide a student-athlete. The plaintiffs assert that, without the NCAA's cap on compensation, schools would compete in recruiting student-athletes by providing more generous compensation.
The defendants sought a judgment on the pleadings in light of the Ninth Circuit O'Bannon ruling on cash compensation.11 However, while the O'Bannon decision was binding on the District Court, the District Court denied the judgment noting that O'Bannon simply foreclosed a type of relief (i.e., cash compensation untethered to educational expenses).12 This result leaves the opportunity for plaintiffs' counsel to identify non-cash benefits that schools could and should provide student-athletes.
Examples of in-kind benefits may include additional graduate scholarships, better health care, family accompaniment on recruiting trips, and bonuses for graduating or staying in school. The NCAA again proactively decided to provide some of these benefits. In August 2016, for example, the NCAA implemented a rule13 allowing schools to pay for actual round-trip costs and meals for a prospective student-athlete's parents or legal guardians that accompany the prospect on an official visit to the university.
Despite the availability and legitimacy of these additional benefits, Jenkins seems like a challenging case to win. Counsel must identify non-cash benefits, not already provided by the NCAA, that are tethered to education expenses. In addition, it must convince the District Court that providing these additional benefits, which in the aggregate will exceed the cost-of-attendance, promotes the NCAA's pro-competitive purpose in a less restrictive manner than the NCAA's current amateurism rules. In essence, counsel must seek to increase legitimate benefits for student-athletes but not provide so many benefits that the amateurism principle is lost.
The Ninth Circuit clearly valued amateurism as an essential component of the NCAA's purpose and noted that the difference between offering student-athletes education-related compensation and providing sums untethered to educational expenses is great. It also understood that crossing the untethered education-compensation line would create a slippery slope, from which there would be no return. Any decision in Jenkins must keep these parameters in mind or NCAA sports changes forever.
Alston v NCAA14
Alston is a class action lawsuit filed in March 2014 seeking hundreds of millions of dollars in damages from the NCAA and certain of its conferences. The plaintiffs in Alston are Division I FBS football players who received athletic scholarships at the former "grant-in-aid" value. The defendants are the NCAA and the top five athletic conferences (SEC, Pac 12, Big 10, ACC and Big 12).
Alston alleges that the defendants, in violation of U.S. antitrust laws, colluded to prevent student-athletes from receiving cost-of-attendance based scholarships. As discussed earlier, "grant-in-aid" scholarships were limited to costs of tuition and fees, room and board, and required course-related books. "Cost-of-attendance" based scholarships also include the estimated value of things such as travel between campus and the student's home, clothing and food. Had cost-of-attendance based scholarships been in place years ago, the plaintiffs argue that they would have received more valuable scholarships, therefore entitling the plaintiffs to damages.
Alston originally sought to prohibit the NCAA and the conferences from limiting the value of athletic scholarships to full "grant-in-aid" but the demand became moot once the NCAA passed legislation to increase the value of scholarships to full "cost-of-attendance." Alston also sought an award for damages for the difference between the full "cost of-attendance" and full "grant-in-aid." Damages may exceed $250 million based upon the differential in value and the period covered by the lawsuit. In addition, U.S. antitrust laws also permit the tripling of plaintiff awards.
The NCAA argues that the basic legal criteria for a class action are not met – namely, having questions of law or facts that are common to the class.15 This is because financial aid packages at each university differ, are individualized and scholarship awards to potential class members are not governed by a simple set of uniform, mechanically applied practices.16 Instead, defendants argue that individual determinations must be made regarding each student-athlete to determine whether the student-athlete is actually a member of the class, was actually injured and, if so, to what extent.17 Those individual determinations make class litigation impractical according to the defendants. The Alston case has since been consolidated with Jenkins. Alston is no longer involved as named plaintiff and the number of NCAA conferences named as defendants has expanded.
Ultimately, if the plaintiffs prevail the result could be very costly to the NCAA; but a prevailing decision for the plaintiffs in Jenkins could potentially have greater structural impact. A damages award would take a toll but would likely not begin a descent down the slippery slope of student-athlete compensation.
Until all legal maneuvers are exhausted in Jenkins and Alston, the NCAA amateurism status quo will remain virtually unchanged. The NCAA will likely (and should) continue to proactively identify ways to improve the benefits student-athletes receive while working within their own framework and understanding of amateurism to preserve its purpose and product.
The NCAA by legislation has already increased the value of athletic scholarships, approved unlimited meals and other well-being rules in conjunction with athletic participation,18 and permitted schools to pay for actual round-trip costs and meals for a prospective student-athlete's family on official recruiting visits.19 The legislation is an effort by the NCAA to preempt future litigation, prompted not only by the cases discussed herein but other case law and legal threats to the NCAA's amateurism rules.
Whatever the reasoning behind them, the improvements are necessary to preserve the nature of NCAA sports as we know and love them today and to improve the student-athlete experience going forward.
Certiorari -- Summary Dispositions, 3 Oct 2016, see 15-1167, https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/100316zor_9ol1.pdf (last accessed 21 Oct 2016)
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Edward C. O'Bannon, Jr. V. National Collegiate Athletic Association, (NCAA), and EA Arts Inc, 30 Sept 2015, https://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/OBannon-opinion-9th-CA-9-30-151.pdf (last accessed 21 Oct 2015)
NCAA, 2013-2014 NCAA Division I Manual §12.01.1, https://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/D114.pdf
Ibid, see §12.01.4 and § 15.02.5,
O'Bannon v. NCAA, 802 F.3d 1049, 1073 (9th Cir. Cal., 2015).
https://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/media-center/autonomy-schools-adopt-cost-attendance-scholarships. See 2016-2017 NCAA Division I Manual 15.01.6 (An institution shall not award financial aid to a student-athlete that exceeds the cost of attendance that normally is incurred by students enrolled in a comparable program at that institution (Revised: 4/29/04 effective 8/1/04)).
Jenkins, et al., v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, et al., No. 4:14-cv-02758-CW (N.D. Cal. Filed Jun. 18, 2014).
Jenkins v. NCAA (In re NCAA Ath. Grant-In-Aid Cap Antitrust Litig.), 311 F.R.D. 532 (N.D. Cal., 2015).
Jenkins v. NCAA (In re NCAA Ath. Grant-In-Aid Cap Antitrust Litig.), 311 F.R.D. 532, 23 (N.D. Cal., 2015).
https://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/April2016DICouncil_Report_20160418.pdf
Alston, et al., v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, et al., No. 4:14-md-02541-CW (N.D. Cal. filed Mar. 5, 2014).
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a).
Defendant's Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Opposition to Consolidated Plaintiffs' Motion for Certification of Damages Classes, In re NCAA Ath. Grant-In-Aid Cap Antitrust Litig., No. 14-md-02541-CW (Aug. 26, 2016).
Michelle Brutlag Hosick 'Council approves meals, other student-athlete well-being rules', ncaa.org, 15 April 2014, last viewed 21 oct 2016, https://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/media-center/news/council-approves-meals-other-student-athlete-well-being-rules
Report of the NCAA Division I council and seven council standing committees April 6-8, 2016, last viewed 21 Oct 2016, https://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/April2016DICouncil_Report_20160418.pdf
Tags: Amateur Sport | American Football | Anti-Trust | Basketball | Image Rights | National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) | United States of America (USA)
The rise of stadium naming rights deals in US Sports - interview with Richard Brand, Arent Fox - Episode 38
NCAA successfully appeal $42 million fee bond in O'Bannon case
Comparing how image rights laws apply to sport in the US, UK and Europe
Michael Rueda
Michael Rueda is the US Head of Sports and Entertainment at Withers.. Michael advises athletes, coaches, agents and companies on playing contracts, coaching contracts, and international player transfers; and sponsorship, endorsement, licensing and merchandising contracts. Michael was a member of the University of Connecticut 2000 National Championship Men's soccer team and continues to play soccer and compete in triathlons.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Way To Be [SHM-CD] by Amanda Brecker
Way To Be [SHM-CD] by Amanda Brecker at Eastwind Import
<<Back to Listings
Artist/Band: Amanda Brecker
Name: Way To Be [SHM-CD]
Cat No.: UCCJ-3034
Description: Clearance Sale Item! Price Reduced!
Amand Brecker's 4th album released on superior-sounding SHM-CD!
Amanda Brecker is a talented singer/songwriter and daughter of trumpeter Randy Brecker and pianist/singer Eliane Elias. Her debut CD from 2008 Here I Am became an instant hit in Japan, and her sophomore release Brazilian Passion earned the coveted status of Swing Journal Gold Disc. Her third album Blossom was a bit of a departure, it being a tribute to Carole King and James Taylor.
Like the third album, Amanda's latest release Way To Be was produced by Jesse Harris, the singer-songwrither and producer who's known for his association with Norah Jones. The music on this album can be described as jazzy pop with strong Brazilian flavors. The supporting musicians include two Brazilians (Joao Pedro Mourao on guitar and Mauro Refosco on drums and percussion), Los Angeles-based guitarist Anthony wilson, and New York-based keyboardist Sam Barsh.
The eclectic program includes six originals by Amanda and Harris, a few songs by contemporary singer-songwriters, Eliane Elias' tune "Running" and Antonio Carlos Jobim's classic "Waters of March." Five of the twelve songs are sung in Portuguese. Brazilian singer-songwriter Tiago Iorc sings a duet with Amanda on "Ciranda" and percussion group from Bahia, Brazil "Projeto Quabales" lend their hands on "Papo Furado."
Produced by Jesse Harris. Recorded in Los Angeles. Released in Japan by Universal Music in 2014. SHM-CD is a new CD formulation that offers superior sound quality and is compatible with all regular CD players.
1. Free MP3 Sample
2. Ciranda
3. Evolution of Love
4. De Noite Na Cama
5. Way To Be
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7. Long Way To Go MP3 Sample
8. Gimme Your Sunshine
9. Running
10. Far Away You Are
11. Aguas De Marco
12. Voa


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Global cocaine intoxication research trends during 1975–2015: a bibliometric analysis of Web of Science publications
Sa'ed H. Zyoud1,2,
W. Stephen Waring3,
Samah W. Al-Jabi2 &
Waleed M. Sweileh4
Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy volume 12, Article number: 6 (2017) Cite this article
Cocaine is subject to recreational abuse as a stimulant and psychoactive agent, which poses a major worldwide health problem. The aim of the present study was to perform a bibliometric analysis of publication related to cocaine intoxication an insight of the research trends at a global level to enable recommendations for future research strategies in this field.
Publications about cocaine intoxication were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database on December 28, 2016, and analysed regarding the following bibliometric indicators: research trends, document types, languages, countries/territories with their h-index, collaboration patterns, journals with their impact factors (IF), and institutions.
In total, 2,902 scientific publications from 1975 to 2015 were retrieved from the WoS database. The annual number of publications related to cocaine toxicity increased slightly after 1990 and reached a peak of 148 in 1992, with an average of 103 publications per year. The USA outranked other countries/territories with 2,089 publications, of which 1,927 arose exclusively from the USA and 162 involved international collaborations. The h-index for all publications related to cocaine was 212, and the h-index for all publications related to cocaine intoxication was 99. Moreover, the USA had the highest h-index of 95, followed by Spain with h-index of 24, and Canada with h-index of 24. The main research topics were consistently reproductive toxicity, clinical management of acute cocaine exposure, laboratory methods for detection of exposure to cocaine, cocaine metabolism, and cocaine toxicity in animals.
This is the first bibliometric approach to examining research related to cocaine toxicity and shows that research activity has become more global and extensive since 1990. The USA remains the leading country regarding published literature, the highest h-index, and greatest role in international collaborations.
Cocaine is subject to recreational abuse as a stimulant and psychoactive agent, and it is commonly presented in its hydrochloride form as a white, water-soluble powder, and may be used orally, intravenously or by nasal insufflation. Relatively pure formulations that lack a hydrochloride moiety are presented in a crystalline form, so-called 'freebase' or 'crack' cocaine, which may be used by nasal insufflation, smoking, ingestion or intravenous injection. Pharmaceutical cocaine preparations are available in countries that permit its use for medicinal purposes, namely as a local anaesthetic agent or to assist in managing epistaxis [1, 2].
Peak circulating cocaine concentrations occur almost immediately after intravenous injection and within several minutes of smoking, and may be delayed for up to 1 h after nasal insufflation. Cocaine is rapidly eliminated, with a half-life is around one hour and reported duration of acute effects between 2 and 4 h [2]. People who ingest cocaine may often be considered in two categories: body "stuffers" and body "packers". Body stuffers may ingest moderate quantities of cocaine, often loosely packaged and, for example, ingested impulsively to avoid detection. Body packers typically ingest very large quantities of cocaine contained in multiple well wrapped packages for the purposes of drug smuggling. Body stuffers and body packers are at risk of systemic cocaine toxicity, and there may be severe or fatal poisoning due to gastrointestinal absorption after disruption of packed cocaine wrapping [3–6].
Pharmacological mechanisms of cocaine include blockade of sodium and potassium channels within the central nervous system, excess sympathetic autonomic outflow, and direct alpha adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels [7]. Cocaine increases the risk of thrombotic and non-thrombotic acute coronary syndrome, stroke and arterial dissection and regular users have more advanced atherosclerosis than age-matched controls; cardiotoxicity is enhanced in users that co-ingest ethanol due to formation of cocaethylene [8]. These adverse effects include tachycardia, hypertension, chest pain, myocardial infarction, aortic and coronary artery dissection, QT prolongation due to potassium channel blockade, and arrhythmia including ventricular fibrillation [9, 10]. Other effects include sweating, fever, rhabdomyolysis, delirium, seizures, intracranial haemorrhage, and serotonin syndrome.
Powders and other chemicals are often added to increase bulk, including lidocaine, benzocaine, levamisole, baking flour, talc and washing powder, and microbial contaminants may also be present [11]. The observed effects may be caused by cocaine directly, or arise as an adverse effect of cutting agents or other contaminants. For example, agranulocytosis has been attributed to the presence of levamisole [12], and methaemoglobinaemia has been caused by local anaesthetic agents [13].
Clinical management of cocaine intoxication is supportive, including administration of benzodiazepines and high doses may be required to reduce agitation, treat seizures, and to allow control of tachycardia and high blood pressure. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance should be corrected and serial electrocardiographs and cardiac monitoring to assess for underlying myocardial ischaemia or dysrhythmia. Standard treatment for suspected cardiac ischaemia or myocardial infarction should be considered, namely antiplatelet agents, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, anticoagulants, and coronary arteriography [14, 15]. Intralipid may be considered for severe, life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia although too few data exist to fully understand its potential role in management of cocaine toxicity [16]. There has been controversy regarding the use of lidocaine due to its sodium channel blocking effects that might be expected to worsen cocaine cardiotoxicity; however, lidocaine may displace cocaine from cardiac sodium channels and reduce arrhythmia risk [17]. Beta-blockers are generally avoided as first line therapy because these will allow unopposed alpha adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction, and should normally be used with caution after an alpha adrenoceptor blocker has been introduced [18].
At a global level, recreational cocaine use is at historically high levels [19–21]. Emerging trends demonstrate that cocaine use is having societal and health consequences. Bibliometric analysis is an efficient tool for examining trends in different scientific fields [22–26], and defined as the use of statistics and quantitative analysis for research output in the evaluation of research performance. Bibliometric network analysis allows analysis of research collaborations between countries, authors, and institutions [27–31].
Recently, bibliometric techniques have been used to explore trends in research related to various scientific disciplines; such as lab-on-a-chip research [32], nanotechnology research [33], public health research [34], organic farming research [35], pluripotent stem cell research [36], particulate matter and atherosclerosis research [37], and Helicobacter pylori research [38]. Earlier research has shown that the same methods may be applied to clinical toxicology themes such as intravenous lipid emulsion as an antidote [39], methanol poisoning [40], and calcium channel blockers poisoning [41]. To our knowledge, there has been no bibliometric study of research related to cocaine intoxication. The present study sought to apply established bibliometric techniques to the field of cocaine toxicity, to allow the overall research trends to be examined from a global perspective, and to help build recommendation for future research opportunities.
The study was designed to address the following questions: 1. What is the intellectual structure of the field of research that deals with cocaine intoxication? 2. What are the domains or subject clusters that are identified in this field, according to the terms used in publication titles and abstracts? 3. What has been the evolution of this field of research over time? 4. What are the main research topics related to cocaine toxicity, and connections between them? 5. What are the networks of researchers identified in the field, according to a co-authorship analysis? 6. What are the institutional networks in this field? 7. What are the main prolific journals, institutions, countries in this field? and, 8. Which publications have the highest impact on this field?
Data about cocaine intoxication were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection Database on December 28, 2016. This database is considered one of the most complete and reliable databases for bibliometric analyses, and covers over 12,000 of the highest impact, quality scientific international journals [42–46]. To identify research related to cocaine intoxication, we took the following steps in conducting this study:
Step 1: Publications with "cocaine" as keywords in the title were downloaded. To achieve better accuracy in the results, the search was restricted to the Title field in the WoS database over all the previous year's up to December 31, 2015 because if expanded to other search fields such as Abstract or Keywords, many publications obtained were not relevant to cocaine (i.e false-positive data). We applied a title-only search instead of a topic search (title, abstract, and keyword) accepting a small loss of sensitivity but significantly increasing specificity [35, 47]. Year 2016 was excluded as this year still open for new issues. Furthermore, data proposed to be incomplete due to reasons such as the time-lag between publications and indexing in WoS database. In this step it was promising to get all publications in the field of cocaine intoxication that were published in the period comprised between 1975 and 2015.
Step 2: We limited our retrieved publications in the field of cocaine intoxication to all those indexed under the research category 'Toxicology" in WoS database.
Step 3: To include all the documents about cocaine intoxication that are published in journals or conference proceedings indexed in other subject categories, we used the following search strategy: term cocaine in the title; using the truncated terms *toxic*OR poison* OR overdos* as a search phrases to search topic in the WoS database over all the earlier years up to December 31, 2015. The search equation used produces publications that are relevant by truncating some terms, such as "poison*", which leads to the recovery of publications on poison, poisoning, or poisonous. Furthermore, in this step, we excluded documents published in the category "Toxicology".
Step 4: In this step, search equations from step 1, 2 and 3 were combined in one search query and the results were analyzed and presented. Search query used for data extraction from WoS looked like this: (TI = (cocaine) AND TS = (*toxic* OR poison* OR overdos*)) OR (TI = (cocaine) AND SU = (Toxicology)); (See Additional file 1).
Step 5: The retrieved publications were analysed regarding the following bibliometric indicators as done in previous bibliometric studies [27–31]: research trends, document types, languages, countries/territories with their h-index, collaboration patterns, journals with their impact factors (IF), and institutions. Our study relied on the connection between countries, topics, authors, and institutions using visualizations and clustering algorithms to locate the main groups among them by VOSviewer software [27, 48–50]. The VOSviewer v.1.6.5 was used for viewing and constructing the desired bibliometric maps [48]. VOSviewer was employed to illustrate the co-occurrence network of high-frequency terms related to cocaine toxicity to detect how research topics related to cocaine changed and progressed through time. The timespan of 1975–2015 was selected, and it was split into three periods: 1975–1995; 1996–2005, and 2006–2015. The size of circles in VOSviewer maps represents the number of publications related to certain term, and the distance between two terms gives an implication of the number of co-occurrences of the terms. Furthermore, terms close to each other or having certain color are more probable dealing with the same topic.
All the retrieved results were imported into Excel 2007 for further analysis, and data presented as frequencies and percentages of publications. The ten most productive countries and journals in the field of cocaine toxicity were identified. The journal IF was obtained from the Journal Citation Report (JCR) Science Edition 2015. The h-index was calculated as the number of publications (n) that have achieved at least n citations. Publications originating from England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales were merged as being from the United Kingdom (UK). Pearson correlation test was used to examine the correlations between all cocaine publication productivity and that related to specifically to cocaine toxicity. A significance level of P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. SPSS ® version 16 was used to perform the statistical analysis.
From 1975 to 2015, there were 21,683 publications on cocaine, including 2,902 scientific publications related to cocaine intoxication (See Additional file 1). Out of the 2,902 publications in the field of cocaine toxicity that were analysed in this study, 2,823 (97.3%) were published in English, followed by Spanish (36; 1.2%), French (29; 1.0%) and German (12; 0.4%). Original articles (2,205) were the most frequent publication type (76.0%), followed by meeting abstracts (323; 11.1%), proceedings papers (145, 5.0%), reviews (142; 4.9%), and letters (108; 3.7%). Annual publications on cocaine toxicity are summarised in Fig. 1. The annual number of publications related to cocaine toxicity increased slightly after 1990 and reached a peak of 148 publications in 1992, and then the total output has fluctuated with an average of 103 publications per year. Publication of articles related to cocaine in all fields has increased considerably after 1986 with a peak of 825 in 1996, and a subsequent average of 746 publications per year. There was a strong correlation between publication productivity related to cocaine in all fields and productivity related to cocaine toxicity (r = 0.929; p-value < 0.001).
Evolution of scientific research in the field of cocaine toxicity
Table 1 shows the leading countries/territories, ranked by number of publications. The USA outranked other countries/territories with 2,089 publications, of which 1,927 were exclusively produced in the USA and 162 were international collaborations. Spain published the second highest number of total publications with 145 publications, followed by Italy with 100 publications, Canada with 92 publications, and France with 90 publications. The h-index for all publications related to cocaine was 212, and the h-index for all publications related to cocaine intoxication was 99. Moreover, the USA had the highest h-index of 95, followed by Spain with h-index of 24, and Canada with h-index of 24. The highest average number of citations was for publications arising from the UK (32 citations), followed by the USA (25 citations), and Canada (25 citations).
Table 1 Top ten most productive countries in the field of cocaine toxicity
Figure 2 illustrates the collaboration network of countries publishing more than five documents. The size of circles represents the number of publications of the country and the thickness of lines signifies the size of collaboration. The USA had the most collaboration with other worldwide countries. A co-authorship map demonstrated that the top active authors in the field of cocaine intoxication were present in 13 different clusters (Fig. 3).
Network visualization map of country co-authorships. Of the 60 countries, 32 had at least five publications; the largest set of connected countries consists of 31 countries in 12 clusters
Network visualization map of the authors, 1975–2015. Of the 7,820 authors, 313 had at least five publications; the largest set of connected authors consists of 99 authors in 13 clusters
The ten most productive of journals/periodicals in the field of cocaine toxicity are listed in Table 2. Neurotoxicology and Teratology published the most cocaine articles (274; 9.4%), followed by Journal of Analytical Toxicology (215; 7.4%), Clinical Toxicology (79; 2.7%), and Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (64; 2.2%). The top ten most productive journals accounted for 33.5% of the total publications. The highest IF was associated with Annals of Emergency Medicine (IF = 5.008). Figures 4, 5, and 6 illustrate the co-occurrence networks for high-frequency terms related to cocaine toxicity in the titles and abstracts of the publications between 1975–1995, 1996–2005, and 2006–2015, respectively. Figure 7 shows the co-occurrence network of high-frequency terms in the title or/and abstract of retrieved publications related to cocaine toxicity during 1975–2015 which reflect most frequently encountered topics in this field. The five most used topics in cocaine toxicity are represented by five coloured clusters: blue, yellow, green, purple and red colors. Cluster number 1 (yellow color) included terms related to reproductive toxicity topic such as "prenatal cocaine exposure", "infant", or "mother"; Cluster number 2 (green color) included terms related to cocaine exposure and clinical management topic such as "patient", "case", or "hospital"; Cluster number 3 (purple color) included terms related to laboratory methods for detection of exposure to cocaine topic such as "mass spectrometry", "metabolite", or "detection"; Cluster number 4 (blue color) included terms related to cocaine metabolism topic such as "enzyme", "inducer", or "metabolism"; and Cluster number 5 (red color) included terms related to cocaine toxicity in animal models topic such as "rat", "mice". Additional file 2: Figure S1–S4 shows the density maps for co-occurrence of terms used in the title and abstract of retrieved publications across different time periods, from low density (blue) to high density (red).
Table 2 Ten most active journals in the field of cocaine toxicity
High-frequency terms in the titles and abstracts of cocaine toxicity publications during 1975–1995 with research topics indicated. Of the 11,752 terms, 303 terms occurred at least ten times. For each of the 303 terms, a relevance score was calculated and used to select the 60% most relevant terms. The largest set of connected terms consists of 182 terms in four clusters. (Number of publications related to cocaine intoxication = 954)
High-frequency terms in the titles and abstracts of cocaine toxicity publications during 1996–2005 with research topics indicated. Of the 17,767 terms, 451 terms were used at least ten times. For each of the 451 terms, a relevance score was calculated, and used to select the 60% most relevant terms. The largest set of connected terms consists of 271 terms in five clusters. (Number of publications related to cocaine intoxication = 987)
High-frequency terms in the titles and abstracts of cocaine toxicity publications during 2006–2015 with research topics indicated. Of the 16,914 terms, 440 terms were used at least ten times. For each of the 440 terms, a relevance score was calculated, and used to select the 60% most relevant terms. The largest set of connected terms consists of 264 terms in four clusters. (Number of publications related to cocaine intoxication = 961)
High-frequency terms in the titles and abstracts of cocaine toxicity publications during 1975–2015 with research topics indicated. Of the 38,273 terms, 1,135 terms occurred at least ten times. For each of the 1,135 terms, a relevance score was calculated, and used to select the 60% most relevant terms. The largest set of connected terms consists of 681 terms in five clusters. (Number of publications related to cocaine intoxication = 2,902)
The three most cited publications in cocaine toxicity are shown for each of the top ten productive countries (Table 3) [51–80]. From 1975 to 2015, the most frequently cited article was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by Ramamoorthy et al [55] in 1993 and had been cited 657 times. Table 4 lists the top three most productive institutions from or collaborating with the top ten most productive countries in the field of cocaine toxicity. Leading was the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) with 115 publications, followed by University of Miami with 65 publications. Figure 8 demonstrates the collaboration network of top-155 institutes publishing more than five documents during 1975–2015. The size of circles represents the number of publications of the institute and the thickness of lines signifies the size of collaboration. As shown in Fig. 8, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), University of Miami, and Tufts University have the most collaboration with other USA or worldwide institutes.
Table 3 Top three cited publications in the field of cocaine toxicity for the top 10 most productive countries
Table 4 Top three most productive institutions from or collaborating with the top ten most productive countries in the field of cocaine toxicity
Institutional collaboration networks in cocaine toxicity during 1975–2015. Of the 1,533 institutes, 171 had at least five relevant publications. The largest set of connected institutes consists of 155 institutes in 18 clusters
The number of publications in the field of cocaine intoxication has grown during the studied 40 years, and correlates with growth in publications in all fields related to cocaine. There was a steady growth rate until 1992, then total output has been fairly stable with some fluctuations between 1992 and 2015. The increased number of publications may be due to: 1. the number of frequent cocaine users has been increasing since 1980 [81], 2. greater awareness of concerns about life-threatening consequences of cocaine toxicity, particularly related to cardiac, cerebrovascular, and maternal morbidity and mortality [2, 82, 83], 3. increasing cocaine use at a global level [84], and, 4. new pharmacological concepts related to cocaine use, namely in its role as a local anaesthetic agent [81, 85].
The USA is the most productive country in research related to cocaine intoxication, which is similar to patterns identified for other clinical toxicology research, such as intravenous lipid emulsion as an antidote [39], paracetamol poisoning [86, 87], acetylcysteine as antidote [88], methanol poisoning [40], and calcium channel blockers poisoning [41]. Possible reasons include the comparatively large research budgets, and rapid economic growth [89]. In addition, it was reported that cocaine was the most commonly abused drug in parts of the USA [1, 19]. Another noticeable finding was that all the top cited publications in the field of cocaine intoxication originated from the USA. These results are consistent with data obtained by previous bibliometric studies that a few developed countries such as the USA generate the most frequently cited toxicology studies [39, 41, 87, 90]. This might be influenced by factors such as access to publications by scholars from the USA. There may be greater opportunities for USA researchers to access databases and attend international conferences and academic exchange programs, that contribute to higher citation rates [91]. A possible explanation is the generalised trend towards increasing publication numbers across a range of scientific fields within the USA. Furthermore, there are some indications that the USA researchers tend to cite publications from their own country [92].
The percentages of all publications appearing in the top journals were comparatively low, indicating a spread of publications allocated to generalised and specialised journals, and reflecting the broad range of research interests related to cocaine. This is similar to several other areas of toxicology research with a high level of multidisciplinary interest, including intravenous lipid emulsion as an antidote [39], methanol poisoning [40], and calcium channel blockers poisoning [41].
The most frequently cited and highly influential publication was related to a novel hypothesis of cocaine pharmacological action, namely "Antidepressant- and cocaine-sensitive human serotonin transporter: molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization". Understanding the citation patterns is important in evaluating an individual publication, and may also help understand how a certain topics or concepts are disseminated within the scientific community [93].
Bibliometric analysis has a limitations, including database variations, discipline variation, and bias towards English language [26, 94]. As with all previous bibliometric studies [94–96], our study is limited by use of search term "cocaine" to only the title search. Specially, any publications that used "cocaine" as a key word in the publication may have been missed in our analysis. It is widely known that the total number of publications from major databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and WoS differs. Furthermore, there is an indisputable inclination that English is the language of science, and certain databases may omit publications in different languages.
Research progress related to cocaine intoxication has been assessed for the first time based on a bibliometric approach. Research related to cocaine intoxication has become more global and extensive after 1990, and the USA is the leading country with the greatest number of publications and highest h-index. The main topics have consistently been reproductive toxicity, cocaine exposure and clinical management, laboratory methods for detection of exposure to cocaine, cocaine metabolism, and cocaine toxicity in animals. These findings may provide a valuable basis for identifying important topics for future research, and create opportunities for collaboration between research groups with complementary scientific interest in the field of cocaine toxicity.
IFs:
JCR:
SCR:
Standard Competition Ranking
WoS:
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Huai C, Chai L. A bibliometric analysis on the performance and underlying dynamic patterns of water security research. Scientometrics. 2016;108:1531–51.
Haustein S, Larivière V. The Use of Bibliometrics for Assessing Research: Possibilities, Limitations and Adverse Effects. In: Welpe IM, Wollersheim J, Ringelhan S, Osterloh M, editors. Incentives and Performance: Governance of Research Organizations. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 121–39.
Thompson DF, Walker CK. A descriptive and historical review of bibliometrics with applications to medical sciences. Pharmacotherapy. 2015;35:551–9.
Belter CW. Bibliometric indicators: opportunities and limits. J Med Libr Assoc. 2015;103:219–21.
Special thanks to WHO's Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative (HINARI), and An-Najah National University for giving the opportunities to access most recent information sources such as WoS database.
No funding was received for writing this study.
SZ, SA, WS and WW were involved in the study conception and the study design. SZ, data collection, wrote the first draft and conducted the analysis. SA, WS and WW contributed to the writing and critically revising the article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and agreed on its submission.
Poison Control and Drug Information Center (PCDIC), College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine
Sa'ed H. Zyoud
Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine
Sa'ed H. Zyoud & Samah W. Al-Jabi
Acute Medical Unit, York Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wigginton Road, York, YO31 8HE, UK
W. Stephen Waring
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine
Waleed M. Sweileh
Samah W. Al-Jabi
Correspondence to Sa'ed H. Zyoud.
Methodology used to retrieve publications related to cocaine intoxication for analysis using Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection Database. (DOCX 17 kb)
Density view of terms map based on the co-occurrence matrix of terms from text data in the title and abstract of retrieved publications related to cocaine toxicity by periods. Figure S1. Density view of terms map in Period I (1975–1995); colors show the density of relevance, sorting from blue (lowest density) to red (highest density). (number of publications related to cocaine intoxication = 954). Figure S2. Density view of terms map in Period II (1996–2005); colors show the density of relevance, sorting from blue (lowest density) to red (highest density). (Number of publications related to cocaine intoxication = 987). Figure S3. Density view of terms map in Period III (2006–2015); colors show the density of relevance, sorting from blue (lowest density) to red (highest density). (Number of publications related to cocaine intoxication = 961). Figure S4. Density view of terms map in Period 1975–1995; colors show the density of relevance, sorting from blue (lowest density) to red (highest density). (Number of publications related to cocaine intoxication = 2,902). (DOCX 794 kb)
Zyoud, S.H., Waring, W.S., Al-Jabi, S.W. et al. Global cocaine intoxication research trends during 1975–2015: a bibliometric analysis of Web of Science publications. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 12, 6 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-017-0090-9
Accepted: 01 February 2017
Bibliometric


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In depth mexican muralists
Posted by Agnieszka on 20 Nov 2016
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In depth: Mexican Muralists
Dramatic artworks adorn the walls of public buildings all over Mexico, with Mexican muralists particularly standing out. These artists have been at it since pre-Hispanic times although many, such as those at Bonampak and Cacaxtla, have only recently been discovered by historians and archaeologists...
AGUASCALIENTES, MEXICO. Jose Guadalupe Posada was a famous political printmaker born in Aguascalientes city
The explosive murals of the post-Revolution were a new departure; the works of Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and José Clemente Orozco were to become the most powerful visual expression of the emerging modern Mexico, and were to astound the world
Of the Mexican artists who influenced Los Tres Grandes (the three great Mexican muralists), none appears to have been more important than José Guadalupe Posada (1852–1913), whose powerful yet humorous engravings reached the very essence and vitality of Mexico's rich tradition of popular art; indeed, they represent the fullest and most penetrating view of Mexican social life in the years before the Revolution. Posada, whose skeletons were authentically Mexican (a far cry from the foreign models used by artists of his era), laid the groundwork for a whole school of artistry that was vigorous and obsessively nationalistic. The muralist movement remained close to the folk tradition – the so-called Mexicanidad – of Posada's wonderful, popular engravings.
Discover Mexico's wealth of modern and traditional artworks on a trip with Insight Guides: browse suggested trip itineraries online now.
The first murals
In 1921, members of President Alvaro Obregón's new cabinet were keen to spread awareness of Mexico's history and culture. None more so than the radical education minister José Vasconcelos, who commissioned murals for the walls of a number of centrally located public buildings. And so the Mexican Muralismo movement began and Diego Rivera (1886–1957) painted his first mural at the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria in Mexico City.
Rivera was a contradictory painter who aroused deep feelings and controversy. Though an ideologist (he was a Communist, but was expelled from the party), his work is less political than sensual in style, in the tradition of Paul Gauguin, Henri Rousseau, and even Pieter Brueghel the Elder. Rivera's formative artistic influences were by no means exclusively Mexican. In Europe, he had been in touch with avant-garde movements, and the influence of Cubism is apparent in much of his work from that period. However, as a result of the Russian Revolution, and his stated belief in 'the need for a popular and socialised art,' Rivera distanced himself from the Cubists and sought a more direct and functional artistic style. It is often said that the most important influence on Rivera was not contemporary at all, but came from the frescoes and paintings of the Italian Renaissance. In fact, Uccello's La Battaglia di San Romano is said to have been one of the most important influences on Mexican mural painting.
Notwithstanding all these European influences, Rivera acknowledged his debt to José Guadalupe Posada by including the engraver's portrait in some of his most important murals. Rivera was deeply Mexican in his love of color and soft shapes, and in his strong identification with the Mexican native; he was also profoundly influenced by pre-Hispanic architectural form and sculpture. An excellent draftsman and watercolor artist, he created an idealised and sentimental image of a primitive Mexico, inhabited by brown-skinned girls and dreamy children carrying huge bouquets of exotic flowers.
Rivera himself was a colourful character, a constant source of gossip who loved to shock. One of his works, entitled Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Park, originally flaunted the words 'Dios no existe' (God does not exist), causing such an uproar among Catholics and church authorities that they had to be removed from exhibition and were expunged.
Diego Rivera mural of an automotive assembly line at the Detroit Institute of Arts. Photo: James R. Martin/Shutterstock
The ideologue
Other Mexican muralists include David Alfaro Siqueiros (1899–1974), who, like Rivera, continued his training in Europe. Unlike Rivera, he had been a combatant in the Mexican Revolution; he was a strong man of action, a political activist who volunteered for the Spanish Civil War, took part in labor struggles, was involved in a failed attempt to assassinate Leon Trotsky, and was imprisoned several times. His paintings reflect his ideological drive, his taste for bold action, even for violence. Massive and muscular, they become a kind of imprisoned sculpture.
Siqueiros experimented with a combination of painting and sculpture which he called esculto-pintura. A great innovator, he was constantly trying new materials and techniques. Perhaps his best murals are in Mexico City's Chapultepec Castle, which offer a powerful interpretation of Mexican history. At the Palacio de Bellas Artes are displayed the best of his easel paintings, but he is best known for the vast, three-dimensional mural in the city's Poliforum Cultural Siqueiros. Add a visit to both on Insight Guides' Mexico City to the Yucatán holiday; review the full itinerary here.
The satirist
José Clemente Orozco (1883–1949), a tragic and passionate artist, is often considered the best of the big three. He was a political skeptic, a biting satirist, but also an idealist who was deeply disturbed by the sordidness of history. Orozco used the mural to convey his troubled feelings; his message transcends the national picture and can be understood by everyone. He has been compared to such German artists as Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, and Käthe Kollwitz. Orozco, always an outspoken man, denounced the tendency to convert the Mexican Revolution into a bloody farce that would result in new servitude for the masses.
The first important Orozco mural was painted in the early 1920s at the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria. Stark and simple, it showed some influence from early Italian Renaissance painting. At the Escuela Preparatoria, Orozco does achieve moments of grandeur, especially in The Trench, a powerful image of war and human struggle. On the staircase of the same building, he painted Cortés y la Malinche, depicting the naked bodies of the Spanish conquistador and Malintzin, his native guide, interpreter, and mistress. The painting makes a clear statement about the relationship between Spain and Mexico, between conqueror and conquered, a theme to which Orozco returned many times.
From 1927 to 1934, Orozco lived in the US and painted murals for Pomona College, California, the New York School for Social Research, and Dartmouth College, New Hampshire. He described the cultural life of the times in his bitter autobiography, and in letters to his friend and fellow artist Jean Charlot.
Back in Mexico, at the Palacio de Bellas Artes, Orozco painted Catharsis, whose central figure is a colossal prostitute, the symbol of corruption. Orozco produced many paintings, drawings, and watercolors on the subject of prostitution, viewing the brothel as a place of ultimate horror.
Orozco's greatest works were produced in the late 1930s in Guadalajara – in the Palacio de Gobierno, the University, and on the walls and ceilings of the Hospicio Cabañas. Here he is at the peak of his power, covering straight and curved surfaces with fiery reds and stark blacks, paying homage to Padre Hidalgo, denouncing political manipulation, and searching for deep and universal symbols.
A 36-foot ceramic tile mural in Monterey, California by contemporary artist Guillermo Wagner Granizo. Photo: meunierd/Shutterstock
Other muralists
Jean Charlot (1898–1979) was born in Paris and is another of the early muralists. His Massacre in the Main Temple, a mural completed in 1923 on the stairway of the west court of the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria in Mexico City, is generally regarded as the first fresco painted in Mexico since colonial times. Before his move to Hawaii, Charlot painted in other parts of the US, where he helped – with his art, but most of all with his writings – to popularize mural painting during Franklin D. Roosevelt's early years as president.
Juan O'Gorman (1905–82), a painter and architect of Irish ancestry born in Mexico, transformed the mural into a kind of panorama of miniature scenes. Although they are modern, his paintings are anchored in Mexico's 19th-century popular art. He is famous chiefly for the murals decorating the Biblioteca Central (Central Library) of Mexico City's Ciudad Universitaria. Constructed with coloured stone, these giant mosaic-murals describe the culture of the world in a Baroque texture that is surprisingly innocent and fresh.
There had grown up a second generation of muralists, one of whom was Rufino Tamayo (1899–1991), a Zapotec from Oaxaca who died at the age of 92. Never political, Tamayo soon abandoned realism for poetically simplified forms. His decorative murals deal with cosmic and domestic symbology (stars, cats, women) and are indifferent to the direct interpretation of history.
Zacatecas-born artist Pedro Coronel (1922–85) explored much the same ground as Tamayo. His murals are perhaps the best of those painted in recent years. Other mainstream Mexican muralists, whose work is never far removed from realism, include Fernando Leal, Xavier Guerrero, José Chávez Morado, Roberto Montenegro, Raúl Anguiano, Manuel Rodríguez Lozano, Alfredo Zalce, and Jorge González Camarena.
Contemporary murals
The Mexican muralist movement sprang out of the Revolution and, in reality, that emotion is gone and done with. In the second half of the 20th century, the new generations of muralists reacted against the movement that they accused of being too obviously didactic and obsessively nationalistic. But disciples of the great muralists continue to cover the walls of public buildings throughout the country. Visitors will be well served by meandering the grounds of Mexico City's UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), where many of the buildings display stunning murals for all to see, including works by Juan O'Gorman and Siqueiros.
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Brand new for 2016, the Kona Precept 150 is an entry level full sus mountain bike that appeals to first time trail riders. Experienced off-roaders wanting a capable full sus on a budget will enjoy a bang up to date geometry for confident riding on technical terrain. Heavy trail abuse, without hurting your wallet.
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New for 2016 is a 6061 butted aluminium frame for fluid trail riding and singletrack shredding. Trail friendly geometry has been improved for the new season with a slack head angle, long front centre and short stem, a trail bike sweet spot.
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What's a real social movement these days without viral image macros and memes? Well, maybe it's not quite as centrally important as the self-organization and activity of the working class–but who can argue with the ability of Dos Equis guy, Scumbag Steve, or advice animals to make a clever political point when used by the right person?
If our Facebook page is any indication, we certainly appreciate the art of the movement meme. Occupy Wall Street gave us quite a few to share over the last year, and now the Chicago teachers' strike is inspiring a new round of hilarious images. Isaac Steiner, member of Chicago Solidarity and supporter of the Chicago Teachers Support Campaign, made the below images in an incredibly productive use of time theft while at work.
The corporate media would have us believe that the union "bosses" are making decisions without requiring member approval or consulting with parents of CPS students, but this couldn't be further from the truth. By the way, when's the last time you've ever heard the phrase "bosses" used to refer to someone besides union leaders from any major media outlet?
The capitalists disrupt our lives with their schemes all the time, but it's only when working class resistance breaks out that we hear about unnecessary disruptions.
It's too bad that most of Chicago can't afford the over $20,000 in yearly tuition, and even more tragic that all of these things could be available in CPS schools if it weren't for capitalist austerity programs and reforms like No Child Left Behind and Race To The Top, which propose "accountability" and "evaluation" systems that only hurt teachers and students. Even the administration of the Lab Schools opposes the standards-based policies targeting public schools–but it isn't really about "improving" schools, is it?
It was a proposal that CPS teachers work longer days without increased compensation that led the teachers to authorize the strike months ago. Teachers everywhere already work absurdly long days (and nights) to service packed classrooms–enough is enough!
From long work days, to long strike days–finally putting overtime to good use!
Many CTU supporters needed the weekend to freshen up those red shirts, worn all week from picket to picket.
Well, unless you happen to be in that alliance of Republicans, Democrats, and capitalist foundations pushing education reforms without addressing the broader conditions affecting working class families.
When a Chicago math teacher's sign accused Rahm of the serious musical crime of appreciating Nickelback, possibly the worst band of the last decade in the opinion of the editors here, his office was compelled to issue a public denial.
This Sunday, the CTU House of Delegates reviewed a proposal from the negotiating team and democratically decided to remain on strike. In just one week of their strike, the teachers have demonstrated to Mayor 1% and all those seeking to transform public education for the worse that they have the power to resist those efforts and demand what's only right for teachers and students. As many macros as it takes, let's get what we deserve!
Perhaps the most hated decision by Chicago politicians in the last decade was the giveaway of city parking meters to private corporation Chicago Parking Meters LLC, who will continue to give Chicago drivers the shaft in parking fees and tickets for generations to come. Most City Council members did not even read the bill before signing it. By contrast, the CTU House of Delegates insisted on a thorough review of the proposed CPS contract by all of its members, organizing meetings of rank and filers throughout the city after Monday morning picket duty.
Scumbag Rahm or the teachers? We know whose side we're on! If you're on the teachers' side too, be sure to do whatever you can to support their struggle!
Have you seen any creative or clever images about the CTU strike not listed here? Please share them in the comments section below!


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Former Navy football players reflect on the influence Steve Belichick had on his son, Bill Belichick.
With a Super Bowl win Sunday, Patriots head coach Bill Belichick will be remembered by many for being one of the most successful NFL coaches of all time.
Several former Navy players say Bill Belichick wouldn't be the coach he is without his father's influence. They see strong similarities between the Patriots coach and the legendary Navy scout's coaching styles, specifically their ability to know everything about their opponent.
Bill Belichick will attempt to win his fifth Super Bowl ring Sunday against the Atlanta Falcons. He's the NFL's longest-tenured head coach and is the only coach in the league to have won three Super Bowls in four years.
Steve Belichick-- Photo courtesy USNA.
"Bill Belichick worked his way up step by step by step," David Halberstam, Bill Belichick's biographer, told The Washington Post in 2005. "First he had begun by doing film with his father and studying how the Navy coaches did it from the time he was 9 years old. He just hung around and he was always learning."
Steve Belichick began coaching at the Naval Academy in 1956, where he worked for more than 30 years. The coach, who died in 2005 and is buried at the Naval Academy cemetery, is seen as one of the greatest scouts in football history. He wrote the book "Football Scouting Methods," which is viewed as the bible of football scouting.
During his time at the academy, Steve Belichick primarily worked as a scout for the team. He was always traveling and rarely attended home games — unless Navy was playing Army. He was always preparing for the next game and wrote "meticulous" scouting reports, said Skip Orr, a 1965 Naval Academy alum and a former Navy wide receiver.
Orr worked closely with Steve Belichick when he was on the scout team. Orr said Steve Belichick's personality was similar to his son's: He had a great sense of humor, but it was dry.
"He was not Mr. Happy-go-lucky," Orr laughed.
Orr remembers 12-year-old Bill helping his father during practices and "absorbing" everything around him. The younger Belichick seemed to always be around his father, he said, and helped the team anyway he could.
Orr is an avid Patriots fan and said he sees a lot of Steve Belichick's coaching style in his son. Like his father, Bill Belichick does an "amazing job" preparing his team for every game.
Former Navy left guard Bob Caldwell said he'll always remember Steve Belichick studying the next team's millimeter film the Monday after the previous game. The coach knew every play the opponent made in the most recent game, he said.
Steve Belichick was blunt about his scouting reports, said Caldwell, who later became the Naval Academy's deputy director of athletics.
"They may be big, but they're fast," Caldwell recalls Steve Belichick saying about Notre Dame one year. "We may be little, but we're small."
He added that the Navy coach was a "great hero" of all of the players and his legacy can be seen in his library at the academy. The Belichick Collection is on the third floor of Ricketts Hall and consists of more than 400 football-related books that both Belichicks collected over the years.
Former Navy punter John Stufflebeem was coached by both Belichicks: in the early 1970s under Steve and then with Bill on the Detroit Lions around 1976.
Stufflebeem, who graduated in 1975, said Steve Belichick had a "very long reach" among college and NFL teams. The coach's ability to break down film and utilize special teams put him "a generation a ahead of everyone else," he said.
Stufflebeem works with the Patriots coach as a consultant and said it's common for Bill Belichick to bring up memories of being around his father and Navy football games. The academy alum said he's watched Bill Belichick adopt the same philosophy from his father.
"It started at Navy. It's where it all began for him," Stufflebeem said. "He doesn't allow players to talk about winning the Super Bowl. He only focuses on the game next week."


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