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Personal View| Volume 23, ISSUE 2, e67-e71, February 2023
A novel tool to eradicate an ancient scourge: the novel oral polio vaccine type 2 story
Ananda S Bandyopadhyay, MBBS
Ananda S Bandyopadhyay
Correspondence to: Dr Ananda Sankar Bandyopadhyay, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
Simona Zipursky, MSc
Simona Zipursky
Polio Eradication, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
Published:September 23, 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00582-5
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The recent detection of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) in London (UK) and a case of paralytic polio in New York (USA) have highlighted how the scourge of poliomyelitis has not been totally overcome and remains an international problem, not confined to Afghanistan and Pakistan (where wild-type 1 poliovirus remains endemic) or as outbreaks of circulating VDPV in countries in Africa. To address the risk of circulating VDPVs, a global collaborative effort over the past decade has enabled the development of novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) that is as immunogenic as the current Sabin strain and so equally effective, while being less likely to revert to neurovirulence than Sabin oral polio vaccines. The successful development of nOPV2—the first such vaccine against type 2 poliovirus and the first vaccine ever authorised by the WHO Prequalification team through its Emergency Use Listing procedure—has led to the deployment of approximately 450 million doses of nOPV2 for outbreak control in 21 countries. It also paved the way for the subsequent Emergency Use Listing approval of COVID-19 vaccines in the global pandemic. Monitoring the use of nOPV2 has confirmed it is more genetically stable and less likely to result in VDPV than the Sabin strain, suggesting that the target of the global eradication of poliomyelitis might be a little more attainable than previously believed.
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a stark reminder to the world that viruses do not respect national borders, whether geographic or political, nor nationality, gender, religion, or social status. The pandemic also showed that although living conditions have greatly improved in many countries through the 20th century due to medical advances in immunisation and antibiotics and societal improvements in sanitation infrastructure, infectious diseases continue to represent a serious threat to public health. Those living in industrialised countries might feel that scientific advances in modern vaccines and improved sanitary conditions have eliminated the common 19th century childhood diseases of measles, mumps, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and rubella as well as cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis, which affected all age groups. However, the reality is that many of these diseases are still some of the most common infections occurring in low-income countries around the world
Vanderslott S
Bernadeta Dadonaite B
Roser M
Vaccination.
https://ourworldindata.org/vaccination#:~:text=The%20World%20Health%20Organization%20recommends,%2C%20measles%2C%20and%20hepatitis%20B
Date accessed: September 8, 2022
and to date only one human disease has been eradicated, smallpox.
Global polio epidemiology
For several years we have been tantalisingly close to achieving the goal of global eradication of a disease that has afflicted humanity for centuries, paralytic poliomyelitis. Thanks to major immunisation efforts since the 1950–60's with the parenterally administered inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) developed by Jonas Salk and the live attenuated Sabin oral polio vaccine (OPV), wild forms of two of the three serotypes of polioviruses have been declared as being globally eradicated, wild poliovirus type 2 in September, 2015,
Global Polio Eradication Initiative
Global eradication of wild poliovirus type 2 declared.
https://polioeradication.org/news-post/global-eradication-of-wild-poliovirus-type-2-declared/
Date accessed: July 28, 2022
and wild poliovirus type 3 in October, 2019.
Two out of three wild poliovirus strains eradicated. Global eradication of wild poliovirus type 3 declared on World Polio Day.
https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/two-out-of-three-wild-poliovirus-strains-eradicated
Wild poliovirus type 1 has also been eliminated from many WHO regions around the world, including the Americas, Europe, South-East Asia, Western Pacific, and most recently Africa in 2020. The last remaining cases of acute flaccid paralysis due to wild poliovirus type 1 have been in so-called endemic pockets in a few remote areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan, where political and geographic barriers to vaccination efforts have hampered the eradication programme.
Martinez M
Akbar IE
Wadood MZ
Shukla H
Jorba J
Ehrhardt D
Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication—Afghanistan, January 2019–July 2020.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020; 69: 1464-1468
The international consequences of such remaining endemicity are illustrated by the instances of wild poliovirus type 1 reported in Malawi in 2021 and Mozambique in 2022, which were found to be due to importation of the virus through human movement from Pakistan.
Of more urgent concern has been the striking increase in the number of cases of poliomyelitis due to vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) from 2016 to 2020. The live Sabin oral vaccine can revert to the virulent phenotype through loss of attenuating mutations following replication in the human intestine.
Burns CC
Diop OM
Sutter RW
Kew OM
Vaccine-derived polioviruses.
J Infect Dis. 2014; 210: S283-S293
In conditions of poor sanitation and persistently low immunisation coverage, such circulating VDPVs can lead to paralytic outbreaks.
Modlin JF
Bandyopadhyay AS
Sutter R
Immunization against poliomyelitis and the challenges to worldwide poliomyelitis eradication.
In 2016, there were only a handful of circulating VDPV cases reported to WHO, but they are now the main cause of poliomyelitis outbreaks around the world, occurring in many countries—in 2020 there were 1115 cases of acute flaccid paralysis due to circulating VDPVs globally, and 698 cases in 2021.
WHO Global Polio Eradication Initiative
Polio today—circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus.
https://polioeradication.org/polio-today/polio-now/this-week/circulating-vaccine-derived-poliovirus/
292 circulating VDPV cases have been reported up to Sept 6, 2022, in Yemen (120 cases), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (82 cases), Nigeria (33 cases), Chad (18 cases), Niger (ten cases), Madagascar (eight cases), Mozambique (eight cases), Benin (four cases), Somalia (three cases), Ghana (two cases), Algeria (one case), Eritrea (one case), and Togo (one case). Although occurrence of VDPV outbreaks might appear to be a problem in a specific region, two recent incidents reaffirm that transmission of VDPVs is an international concern and demonstrate that the virus can be easily transported and spread around the world. The first incident is the report of the presence of the VDPV2 in multiple samples of sewage taken from the London area of the UK.
Vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (VDPV2) detected in environmental samples in London, UK.
https://www.who.int/news/item/22-06-2022-vaccine-derived-poliovirus-type-2-(vdpv2)-detected-in-environmental-samples-in-london--uk
Although this event in a country such as the UK (with high overall coverage of IPV) is considered low risk from the perspective of risk of paralysis, the risk of further spread and persistent transmission cannot be ruled out given the population has only limited intestinal mucosal immunity in the absence of OPV use in the UK since 2004. Additionally, sub-populations and individuals that are incompletely vaccinated or unvaccinated, or are immunocompromised, might also be at risk of developing paralytic poliomyelitis. The second incident is the unfortunate confirmation of a case of paralytic polio due to VDPV2 in an unvaccinated young adult from an under-vaccinated religious community, in Rockland County, New York, reported on July 21, 2022.
Link-Gelles R
Lutterloh E
Schnabel Ruppert P
Public health response to a case of paralytic poliomyelitis in an unvaccinated person and detection of poliovirus in wastewater—New York, June–August, 2022.
The USA had eliminated indigenous wild poliovirus transmission in 1979 and the last case of vaccine-related polio linked with in-country use of OPV was reported in 1999.
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
Vaccine-derived poliovirus.
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/polio/hcp/vaccine-derived-poliovirus-faq.html
Alexander LN
Seward JF
Santibanez TA
Vaccine policy changes and epidemiology of poliomyelitis in the United States.
Few sporadic cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) or VDPV in individuals exposed to OPVs from other countries were reported in the past two decades, with the last such case of imported vaccine-related paralysis reported in 2013 in an immunocompromised child.
Trimble R
Atkins J
Quigg T
Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis and bcg-osis in an immigrant child with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome – Texas, 2013.
MMWR Weekly Report. 2014; 63: 721-724
As the local health officials respond to these situations with surveillance and vaccination efforts to contain virus spread, the evolving epidemiological situation highlights the fragility of the polio-free countries while virus transmission continues in other parts of the world.
Novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) is a novel poliovirus type 2 vaccine containing poliovirus that has been genetically modified to be equally effective immunogenically, but less likely to revert to neurovirulence than Sabin type 2 virus
Developed through a global partnership involving public health, governmental, philanthropic, and not-for-profit organisations
First vaccine to be authorised under WHO Emergency Use Listing pathway for use in polio outbreaks
Nearly 450 million doses delivered across 21 countries during the first 18 months of use
Evolving field use data indicate enhanced genetic stability, favourable safety profile, and adequate immunogenicity
No evidence of any new emergence of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses linked with nOPV2 use to date
Generation of ideas and novel oral polio vaccine type 2 development
Although there is no risk of IPV inducing VAPP or VDPVs, and two or more doses provide excellent protection against paralytic poliomyelitis, IPV has a limited ability to induce primary intestinal mucosal immunogenicity compared with OPV.
Garon J
Seib K
Orenstein WA
Polio vaccination: past, present and future.
Future Microbiol. 2015; 10: 791-808
Wenger J
Gast C
Immunogenicity of new primary immunization schedules with inactivated poliovirus vaccine and bivalent oral polio vaccine for the polio endgame: a review.
Clini Infect Dis. 2018; 67: S35-S41
Additionally, cost and delivery constraints limit the value of IPV as a tool to interrupt person-to-person transmission of polioviruses, especially in settings of poor sanitation and hygiene. Thus, a scientific consortium was formed in 2011 with funding support and a mission from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to more sustainably complete eradication of all forms of polioviruses by exploring development of more genetically stable novel OPVs (nOPV) that would maintain the advantages of Sabin OPV (such as ease of delivery and mucosal immunogenicity) but decrease the risk of VDPV. The initial focus of this consortium was type 2 as wild poliovirus type 2 was no longer circulating and the imminent global withdrawal of Sabin type 2 from trivalent OPV increased the risks of outbreaks of circulating VDPV2. It was subsequently found that circulating VDPV2 was the predominant strain for paralytic poliomyelitis outbreaks; in 2020–22 circulating VDPV2 was responsible for 97–99% of cases of polio globally.
Macklin G
Peak C
Eisenhawer M
Enabling accelerated vaccine roll-out for Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEICs): novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) experience.
Vaccine. 2022; (published online March 17.)
Over the past 10 years, this consortium has evolved into a global partnership to include scientists, vaccinologists, immunologists, vaccine manufacturers, laboratory experts, and clinical researchers from around the world to advance the clinical development, manufacturing, and regulatory approval of novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2). Two genetically modified nOPV2 candidate strains (nOPV2-c1 and nOPV2-c2) developed by scientists at the University of California (San Francisco, CA, USA), the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (UK), the US Food and Drug Administration, and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other partners
Yeh MT
Bujaki E
Dolan PT
Engineering the live-attenuated polio vaccine to prevent reversion to virulence.
Cell Host Microbe. 2020; 27 (51.e8): 736
Konopka-Anstadt JL
Campagnoli R
Vincent A
Development of a new oral poliovirus vaccine for the eradication end game using codon deoptimization.
NPJ Vaccines. 2020; 5: 26
were found to be suitably attenuated and sufficiently immunogenic in preclinical assessments to be taken through an accelerated clinical development programme recommended by the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE).
The clinical studies in this programme led by various groups have included phase 1 and 2 adult studies at the University of Antwerp in Belgium in 2017–19
Van Damme P
De Coster I
Bandyopadhyay A
The safety and immunogenicity of two novel live attenuated monovalent (serotype 2) oral poliovirus vaccines in healthy adults: a double-blind, single-centre phase 1 study.
Leroux-Roels I
Safety and immunogenicity of two novel type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine candidates compared with a monovalent type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine in healthy adults: two clinical trials.
Lancet. 2021; 397: 39-50
Revets H
Poliopolis.
Lancet. 2019; 394: 115
and phase 2 studies in children and infants in Panama, led by Fighting Infectious Diseases in Emerging Countries in 2018–20.
Sáez-Llorens X
Safety and immunogenicity of two novel type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine candidates compared with a monovalent type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine in children and infants: two clinical trials.
Fecal shedding of 2 novel live attenuated oral poliovirus type 2 vaccine candidates by healthy infants administered bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine/inactivated poliovirus vaccine: 2 randomized clinical trials.
J Infect Dis. 2021; (published online Oct 5.)
https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab507
Wahid R
Mercer L
Macadam A
Assessment of genetic changes and neurovirulence of shed Sabin and novel type 2 oral polio vaccine viruses.
A recently completed phase 2 study in new-born infants in Bangladesh, led by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, and a phase 3 study in The Gambia led by PATH ongoing since 2020 are yet to be reported. These investigations also included historical control studies with the Sabin monovalent OPV type 2 vaccine, which were done before either of the two nOPV2 candidates became available and were necessary to provide control data immediately before the global cessation of use of type 2-containing oral vaccines in April, 2016.
Hampton LM
Farrell M
Ramirez-Gonzalez A
Cessation of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine and introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine—worldwide, 2016.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016; 65: 934-938
Consideration of the clinical data from both nOPV2 candidates, together with practical information on the likely scale of demand based on evolving epidemiology and yield characteristics from the manufacturing processes, led to the selection of one of the candidates for the vaccine. Positive findings from the phase 1 and 2 studies on the safety, reactogenicity, immunogenicity and the desired genetic stability of the selected candidate in all age groups tested from age 18 weeks to age 50 years informed the WHO Prequalification team's decision to authorise this candidate vaccine through their Emergency Use Listing procedure in November, 2020. This approval of the Emergency Use Listing—the first for a vaccine, soon after completion of the phase 2 studies in 2020—was helped by constant two-way communication between the development partners and the WHO Prequalification team, particularly regarding the latest developments in the clinical trials.
nOPV2 roll-out
Coupled with the scale-up of the manufacturing process by the industrial partner PT Bio Farma, Indonesia, the Emergency Use Listing authorisation has allowed the deployment of the nOPV2 vaccine for use in emergency situations while the standard WHO prequalification and full licensure process is awaited. By this time, all partner agencies of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) had already begun collaborating to operationalise the nOPV Working Group to help monitor and facilitate the unprecedented roll-out of an Emergency Use Listing vaccine for polio outbreak response. Since March, 2021, approximately 450 million doses of nOPV2 have been distributed for deployment in field settings to combat circulating VDPV2 outbreaks in 21 countries. The first doses were administered in response to outbreaks, initially in Nigeria (88 million doses) and Liberia (1·8 million) in March, 2021, and subsequently in Benin (4·6 million), Congo (2·2 million), Tajikistan (2·6 million), Sierra Leone (3·8 million), and Niger (3·8 million). A total of 38 countries have already met the verification requirements to use nOPV2, with a further ten in the process of obtaining verification and seven more considering its use (figure).
FigureScale of use and readiness for nOPV2 in polio outbreak response
Show full caption
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. nOPV2=novel oral polio vaccine type 2.
Verification ensures that use of the vaccine while under an Emergency Use Listing is supported by national decision making and approvals, plans for community engagement, and preparation for vaccine management and surveillance systems. Additionally, enhanced monitoring is required for safety with adverse events of special interest (anaphylaxis, aseptic meningitis or encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Miller Fisher Syndrome, myelitis or transverse myelitis, acute flaccid paralysis due to VAPP or VDPV, unexplained death) being specifically targeted. Any detected adverse event of special interest has been assessed by the relevant national authority; according to the last report discussed at SAGE in April, 2022, a total of 767 adverse events of special interest have been investigated following administration of the initial 100 million doses (7·8 per million doses) of nOPV2, and of these, six have been considered to show a consistent causal association with the vaccine.
SAGE meeting.
https://terrance.who.int/mediacentre/data/sage/SAGE_Slidedeck_Apr2022.pdf
These included three cases of suspected VAPP following initial vaccination of 44 million children, a reporting rate of 0·007 cases per 100 000 nOPV2 vaccine recipients, which is substantially below the expected range of 0·025–0·4 cases per 100 000 for Sabin OPV recipients which can be calculated from the GPEI data.
The three other adverse events of special interest considered to be consistent with a causal association to nOPV2 were anaphylaxis, allergic reaction, and meningo-encephalitis; however, all three cases fully recovered with no sequelae. All data obtained to date indicates that nOPV2 is safe and most importantly, appears to be less prone to induce VAPP and generate circulating VDPVs, which was the rationale for its development.
Findings from safety monitoring have been substantiated with extensive evaluation of the genetic characteristics of the vaccine following field use.
Martin J
Genetic characterization of novel oral polio vaccine type 2 viruses during initial use phase under Emergency Use Listing—worldwide, March–October, 2021.
Whole genome sequencing of isolates of nOPV2 from field surveillance efforts demonstrate enhanced genetic stability of the new vaccine, with most isolates showing no changes in the primary attenuation site or domain V, low rates of recombination and so far a low number of nucleotide changes in the VP1 region of the vaccine virus—the sites known to be responsible for reversion in the Sabin virus. Of the thousands of samples processed from sewage and stool samples collected through surveillance initiatives over nearly 18 months of field use, only one sewage sample collected in April, 2022, from Uganda had evidence of losing the genetic modifications of nOPV2 due to recombination events. Comparatively, a recent modelling study suggests that had Sabin monovalent oral polio vaccine type 2 been used on the same scale as nOPV2 over the same period, approximately 75% of isolates would have shown similar reversions.
Famulare M
Chang S
Iber J
Sabin vaccine reversion in the field: a comprehensive analysis of Sabin-like poliovirus isolates in Nigeria.
J Virol. 2016; 90: 317-331
More than 80% of countries where nOPV2 was used did not show any evidence of breakthrough transmission of circulating VDPV2 following two outbreak response campaigns, and there is no evidence of any new emergence of circulating VDPV related to nOPV2 in 2022 to date; the risk of reversion with nOPV2 is not zero but while data continue to be collected and analysed following instances of its widespread use, the data currently available show a clear trend of improvement in reducing emergence of circulating VDPV2 over the past few years.
The recently completed assessment of the safety and immunogenicity of nOPV2 administered to neonates to provide immediate protection to this vulnerable age group represents the first use of the vaccine in a prospectively monitored clinical study in such individuals with no previous polio vaccination. This study in neonates, together with the large study in The Gambia, is anticipated to provide safety, immunogenicity, and lot-to-lot consistency data that should complete the submission dossier for the vaccine to allow it to be reviewed for prequalification and licensure by WHO in 2023–24.
However, the research will continue, as initial steps have already been made to follow nOPV2 with nOPV1 and nOPV3 candidates. The successful deployment of nOPV2 to combat circulating VDPV2 outbreaks suggests that the final steps to complete global eradication of poliomyelitis could be being made. We hope that outbreaks of circulating VDPV will be controlled with nOPV2. The surveillance data might already indicate the success of this approach, with the 1081 VDPV2 cases in 2020 decreasing to 682 in 2021 and to 212 in July, 2022.
Factors such as the global COVID-19 pandemic might influence the interpretation of such data obtained over the past 2 years, but the downward trend is an encouraging indication. Despite the overall promising initial trend of clinical and field data with nOPV2, continued monitoring, analysis, and interpretation of new information will be key to assess the real-world impact of the vaccine, especially in areas where circulating VDPV2 outbreaks continue following multiple vaccination campaigns. Forward-looking planning for vaccine manufacturing, and preparedness to adjust for vaccine supply constraints will be key to ensure appropriate vaccine allocation across geographical areas and timely outbreak response irrespective of vaccine choice.
The final phases of the nOPV2 development programme coincided with the massive international research efforts dedicated to developing, manufacturing, distributing, and administering COVID-19 vaccines that were accomplished in 1–2 years in response to the pandemic. However, while realisation is setting in that we must learn to live with emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2, the nOPV2 project represents the opportunity to eradicate all forms of a disease that has been among humans for thousands of years, as first evidenced in records by the ancient Egyptian Pharaohs, so that the world will no longer have to live with this scourge of humanity. In our interdependent and interconnected world, being disease-free might not mean being disease-risk free for any country. The ease with which infectious diseases can spread internationally, as shown by the COVID-19 pandemic and polio importations in recent years, means that the willingness of the global community to unite in its resolve to fight public health emergencies of international concern such as polio in a decisive, sustained and concerted manner, is needed more than ever.
ASB developed the overall framework scope of the article, and ASB and SZ contributed to the writing and content generation. All authors accept responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.
We declare no competing interests.
We thank colleagues at the Global Polio Eradication Initiative novel oral polio vaccine (nOPV) Working Group, and all partners and collaborators engaged in nOPV2 development and rollout. We thank Laura Cooper and Lama Jbarah for assistance with the figure and data, and Keith Veitch for editorial assistance and writing support.
Editorial note: The Lancet Group takes a neutral position with respect to territorial claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
© 2022 World Health Organization. Published by Elsevier Ltd.


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As we take stock of the past year, we are astounded by the success that new partnerships, innovative initiatives, and determined girls created for WISER in 2018. And we are beyond excited to say that we have even more in store for the year ahead!
Here are five things to keep an eye out for in the coming year.
Through a new partnership with the Center for Global Reproductive Health (CGRH) at Duke University, WISER is thrilled to be facilitating free HPV testing for women in Muhuru Bay in early 2019. As a part of the testing event, WISER girls will be leading educational sessions that inform women and girls in the community about HPV and its relation to cervical cancer. The team from CGRH will also be providing information about next steps and treatment options following the results of the free testing. This partnership is an exciting opportunity for the WISER girls to both advocate for themselves and to champion access to healthcare and health education for other women in their communities.
Houses of Wisdom are WISER's main psychosocial support program, where girls have the chance to meet in small groups with peer mentors, WISER faculty, and each other to offer support in their educational journeys. A welcome addition to Houses of Wisdom coming this year is a human rights-centered curriculum developed by students at the Teachers College at Columbia University. These modules will challenge WISER girls with hands-on learning in areas such as financial literacy, healthy relationships, preventing gender-based violence, and, of course, understanding human rights frameworks. We are excited to be adding another way for WISER girls to grow in empowerment and independence through our programs.
WISER girls know that working lights can make all the difference in their studies. That's why we were so excited to bring solar power to WISER's campus thanks to We Care Solar and their We Share Solar program last year. After the overwhelming success of last year's solar panel installation, WISER is the lucky 2019 recipient not only of more solar panels—bringing clean, efficient, and reliable energy to more of WISER's campus—but also of hands-on workshops where the girls can learn to assemble solar packages themselves.
In 2019, WISER will be hosting a formal training for these workshops for teachers at other secondary schools, allowing the workshops to be replicated for students throughout Muhuru Bay. While We Share Solar has been running these workshops in the US for some time, WISER is one of the first African schools to ever host the program!
Thanks to an exciting new partnership with the Morris Family Foundation, the ever-growing network of WISER alumni will have access to more supportive resources than ever in 2019. We're continuing our partnership with Lumen Labs for the second year in a row to provide STEM skills-building and computer training for recent alumni, preparing them for their next steps into university or the workforce. We're excited to begin partnering with Eneza Education to provide recent alumni with on-the-go training modules in business skills that they'll be able to access from anywhere via their mobile phones. Closer to home, we'll be expanding our highly successful Alumni Day programming to include an Education Day, where we can grow our support of alumni pursuing teaching degrees. Last, but not least, we'll be training interested alumni to lead sexual and reproductive health outreach through our partnership with Huru international. It's a great time to be a WISER alum!
2019 marks the third year of WISER's historic expansion. Our first, second, and third year classes all now have 60 girls, giving WISER a total capacity of 210 girls this year. That means that more girls than ever are the recipients of the programs like the ones listed above, which exemplify what WISER has always done best—give girls the best education possible, through holistic academic, health, leadership, and support programs.
We could not be more excited to share with the Global WISER family all that this year has in store!
« 2018 Exam Results: WISER Girls Excel Again!


Well Maintained beautiful house in a desirable neighborhood. Ample of space with walk-out from basement. Fully finished basement with extra kitchen perfect for entertaining guests, 2 car garage. Stainless steel appliances, roof (2016), windows (2012), HVAC (2012). 4 spacious bedroom, and extra room in basement. Huge backyard backing to patapsco park, lots of privacy and ideal for hosting large outdoor gatherings. Conveniently located to major highways and many office buildings. Perfect combination of space and location!


Benjamin wasn't a thief, but Joseph's cup was found in his sack. As soon as Joseph's steward found the cup, everyone knew that it had been planted there and Benjamin had been framed. But why would Joseph do such a thing?
When they were brought before Joseph, Judah, Jacob's third son, who had all but abandoned the family in order to pursue his fortune in the world, became the family spokesman. The coldly pragmatic course would have been to disavow all knowledge of the cup and let Benjamin take the fall. He did appear to be the target of the frame-up, after all–and the rest of the brothers would be saved.
Fortunately for everyone, Judah chose another route. Whatever the purpose of Joseph's scheme, Judah had had enough of brother turning against brother. He was determined that they would all stick together no matter the consequences. When Joseph refused to punish them all for the crimes of one, Judah offered himself in Benjamin's stead.
It was the sign that Joseph sought, the sole aim of hiding the cup in the sack and bringing them all back to Egypt under threat of slavery or imprisonment. Joseph wanted to see if his brothers had truly repented of the jealousy and violence that had caused them to betray him so many years before. Seeing Judah's desire to protect both Benjamin and Jacob even at the cost of his own life, Joseph wept and revealed himself as their long lost brother.
If Judah had allowed Benjamin to be punished or had betrayed any selfishness in his motives, Joseph would have continued to hide his identity and might have punished them all. The pragmatic approach of sacrificing one brother for the sake of ten would have backfired, and they would have lost everything. The story of the Hebrews in Egypt would have been very different.
The question of "Why do bad things happen to good people" has plagued believers since the beginning of time, but the answers–however difficult to accept–have been available just as long. Very often, bad things happen to good people in order to help the weak to become strong, for the faithless to learn faith, or to provide opportunities for those who have been blessed to pass on their blessings to those who have not. Sometimes an innocent person might appear guilty so that someone else will have the opportunity to defend him or to develop his faith in God or his ability to lead God's people.
The Bible isn't a book of soft and easy answers. The truth–like God's methods of character development–can be hard. If you want the easy route, the safe route, Torah isn't for you. However, if you long for the greater blessings that await those who persevere, who choose the true path over the pragmatic one, keep digging. The truth goes deep.


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"Sex pest" claims new play is not about sexual harassment
by Palesa Tshandu | Aug 31, 2014
UNDER FIRE: Dismissed "sex pest" Tsepo wa Mamatu says his controversial new play is not about sexual harassment.
Photo: Provided
A controversial new play by former Wits University lecturer, Tsepo wa Mamatu, was withdrawn from Cape Town Fringe (CTF) festival last week despite claims from the actor/director that the play does not deal with the issue of sexual harassment.
"People do not know what they are talking about. It would be incorrect to say it [the play] was about sexual harassment," said wa Mamatu.
Speaking to Wits Vuvuzela, wa Mamatu said the play is an autobiographical account of his journey that is based on his memoir called Even Still – Lessons Tsepo Learned.
He said the issue of sexual harassment does come up in the play because "it was one of the most disappointing chapters of my stay there (at Wits)."
Wa Mamatu, who previously taught in the Wits School of Arts (WSOA), was found guilty of sexual harassment at Wits through an internal disciplinary process last year and subsequently fired.
Following the removal of the play, By My Grave, from the (CTF) programme owing to protests by other participants, The African Arts Institute is hosting a panel discussion on the controversy tomorrow evening in Cape Town which includes wa Mamatu.
The debate itself has left the arts community divided.
Wits Drama for Life released a statement on its Facebook page opposing the public debate saying the organisation "does not support an initiative of this nature that implicitly validates the experience of the perpetrator and that reinforces the traumatic experience associated with sexual violence".
According to the founder and director of Drama for Life Warren Nebe, allowing wa Mamatu to engage in a debate encourages a "normalisation" of his acts of sexual harrassment.
"He is being given a platform to validate his position in a way that we think he does not deserve", said Nebe.
"For us this reopens wounds in many ways…trauma cannot speak back to denial".
Brett Pyper, WSOA head, says he believes debates around the play will "advance the interest of the various parties who have a stake in the conversation".
"As a school we believe profoundly in the capacity of art to advance dialogue, redress and restorative social relationships", said Pyper.
Nebe confirms that the play was withdrawn due to the tensions around wa Mamatu's history of sexual harrasment and was motivated by the withdrawal of The Mothertongue Project from the festival who were also performing a play on sexual violence called Walk: South Africa.
Artistic director of The Mothertongue Project, Sara Matchett, says, "Even without knowing what Tsepo wa Mamatu's work was about, we did not feel comfortable sharing a platform with someone who was found guilty of sexual harassment".
Matchett says wa Mamatu is "unremorseful", which is why she believes "there should not be any space on public platforms to be sharing this sentiment".
"For us there is no debate", said Matchett.
Nebe says the controversy over wa Mamatu's new play "reopens wounds in many ways … trauma cannot speak back to denial".
Wits Vuvuzela: Dismissed "sex-pests" speak: Dr Last Moyo and Tsepo wa Mamatu react to their sackings, August 2, 2013.
Wits Vuvuzela: 'Sex pest' hearings concluding. July 26, 2013.
Wits Vuvuzela: Exclusive: Tsepo wa Mamatu speaks. May 31, 2013
FULL REPORT: Wits University's sexual harassment report, September 2013

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Staff from Vermont's college access programs attended the annual conference for the New England Educational Opportunity Association (NEOA), held in Warwick, Rhode Island, in early April. Close to 300 people attended the conference from across New England and northern New York. Attendees were able to learn from each other through workshops and networking. Representatives from the Council for Opportunity in Education (COE), the national Trio advocacy organization, shared federal updates and ideas for advocating for federal funding. Former program participants and staff received awards for their achievements.
Three VEOP members were elected to the NEOA board. Rick Williams (Northern Vermont University at Lyndon Upward Bound) was elected to be the next NEOA president, after serving as President-Elect this year. Brian Post (SUNY Plattsburgh Upward Bound) was elected to be President-Elect. Karen Madden (Northern Vermont University at Johnson Student Support Services) was elected to be Vermont's state liaison to the board.
Monda Kelley and Angie Ryan-Williams were thanked for their service to the board this year.
Also discussed at the meeting was the planned 5K run/walk to happen in October at the University of Vermont. This is a new initiative to raise funds for VEOP's scholarship program.
Finally, Tabitha Pohl-Moore, who was awarded the VEOP Achiever award at our last state conference, was awarded the NEOA Achiever award, selected from a competitive group of nominees.
Staff and alumnae from Vermont's Trio programs attended Policy Seminar, hosted by the Council for Opportunity in Education (COE) in March. Attendees were briefed on issues facing Congress this year, including upcoming budget discussions that affect Trio, the re-authorization of the Higher Education Act and other proposed changes to federal law. Participants came from across the United States to advocate for their programs and for Trio programs overall.
On March 27th, the Vermont group visited Representative Peter Welch, Senator Bernie Sanders and Senator Patrick Leahy. They were fortunate to get to meet each of them in person, as well as with their aides, to share stories of success and to ask for their continued support.
The prestigious Truman Scholarship, established by Congress in 1975 to honor the memory of the 33rd president, supports the graduate education and personal development of standout undergraduates committed to public service leadership. Awarded on the basis of leadership potential, intellectual ability and a strong record of public service, the scholarship requires a detailed policy proposal that addresses a particular societal challenge.
Boston College junior Natalee Deaette of Montgomery, Vermont, a student in the Lynch School of Education, has been named a recipient of a 2018 Harry S. Truman Scholarship, one of just 59 winners nationwide from an applicant pool of 756 candidates. "Receiving the Truman Scholarship is such an honor," said Deaette, who is BC's 19th Truman Scholarship recipient overall. "When I started the application process almost a year ago, it was a pipe dream that I never thought would become a reality. I was the first in my family to go to college and I have had to work incredibly hard to afford it, so the fact that I am now going to receive support to go to graduate school to study what I am passionate about means the world to me. I hope to focus my coursework on finding and developing solutions to the inequitable access to higher education, particularly for the often-overlooked population of rural high school students." A graduate of North Country Union High School in Newport, Deaette distinguished herself both as a participant and staff member at the Upward Bound program at Northern Vermont University in Lyndon, which provides low-income, first-generation Vermont high school students with an opportunity to prepare for collegiate success. "Working with Upward Bound is what ultimately has pushed me to pursue a career in public service," said Deaette, who plans to pursue graduate studies in educational policy and leadership. "I've not only experienced firsthand the difficulties that students with this background face in accessing and completing higher education, but I've also had the privilege of hearing the stories of countless more through my work as a staff member."
Our annual conference was held at Vermont Technical College in Randolph on October 9th, 2018. 125 people attended from programs in Vermont, New York and New Hampshire.
Keynote speaker Heather Bouchey, Vermont Deputy Secretary of Education, talked about the success and challenges of flexible pathways in Vermont. Other speakers included representatives for Congressman Peter Welch, Senator Bernie Sanders and Senator Patrick Leahy, as well as Stephanie Cruz, president of New England Educational Opportunity Programs.
Thanks to our sponsors and to all who participated. See you at next year's conference.


Custom classes in LotusScript have been around as long as LotusScript (since version 4 of Notes), but with the introduction of Web Services in version 7, they are going to become more and more important. If you don't already know, when creating a web service you have to code things in a custom class when the web service is coded in LotusScript. This quick article tells you how I work with custom classes in LotusScript, which might be of some help to you.
First, I'll give a little background for those of you that have never worked with custom classes in LotusScript. All the custom class code goes into the (Declarations) area of your script library, agent, or web service. The class is bracketed by the Class and End Class statements. All the class methods, properties, and variables must be defined between those statements. Once a custom class is defined, it is used a lot like the standard Domino objects in LotusScript. You create an object by calling the New method, and get rid of it by calling the Delete method or letting LotusScript delete it automatically when the agent/web service terminates.
The biggest problem I have when working with custom classes is that there is no object navigator. You can't find out what methods/properties you have defined in your class, and (even if you already know the methods/properties) it is difficult to find the code you want to investigate. So, to make things easier on myself, I end up with subroutines and functions, just like a regular LotusScript agent, and almost every property or method simply calls one of my subroutines or functions.
This is much easier for me to support. The structure of the custom class is still in the (Declarations) area of the agent (or web service or script library), like it has to be, but only the structure. There is as little code as needs to be in that part of the code. The "meat" of the code is contained in subroutines and functions. I make sure to define all the subroutines and functions as Private in the code, so they are only relevant to the agent itself. This is especially important if your custom class is in a script library. There is no potential for duplicate names using private subroutines/functions. But the biggest advantage is that the standard object navigation now has all my properties and methods listed because they are subroutines/functions in the code.
' Define a sub to invert background and text colors.
As you can see, the code within the class itself is much smaller. So, when you have a bunch of methods inside your class, it is easier to see the methods. I call the subroutines the same name as the method except for the prefix of the letter "c" (for "class"). Some kind of prefix needs to be used because New cannot be a subroutine name. The subroutines are defined as Private, which means they are only relevant in the current context (the script library context).
In my object navigator, when looking at the script library, I can see "cNew" and "cInvertColors", so even without looking at the class definition, I know that those are either method or property names. I don't know the exact parameters, and I don't know exactly if they are a method or a property, but clicking on one gets me right to the code where I can find out.
The first parameter to every subroutine or function is the class object itself. That way I can do whatever manipulation I need on the object. Another choice is to define a global variable in the (Declarations) area and refer to the global variable in the subroutines and functions. But I'm not a fan of global variables in general, so I prefer my method.
The one big drawback to my method is that any variables within the class (like backGroundColor, textColor, and contentString) have to be defined as Public variables so the subroutines and functions can act on them. But this also means that anyone using the class can act on them as well, which may or may not be desired.
The only way to get around the public/private limitation is to pass the actual values to the functions, instead of passing the object itself. So, in the function that creates the object, I would need to pass in Me.backGroundColor. This is possible because variables, by default, are passed by reference. So updating the variable in the called subroutine updates the variable in the source class method. But it becomes difficult to understand the subroutine nature by looking at it - which ones are parameters, and which ones are private object variables that are being changed?
So, if I really need to have the variables be private to the class, then I don't end up using this method. But most of the time when creating custom classes it doesn't matter too much if the variables themselves are public or not, so I can go ahead and use my method of writing the script library. It makes things much easier, for me at least, to support down the road.
As always, keep in mind that there are multiple ways of doing just about everything in Notes. My way of writing custom classes may not be a good fit for you at all. But at least it gives you another way of thinking about how to organize the code in your custom class.


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text:
<?php
namespace Dkd\PhpCmis;

use Dkd\PhpCmis\Data\ExtensionDataInterface;

/**
 * ACE Principal
 */
interface PrincipalInterface extends ExtensionDataInterface
{
    /**
     * @param string $id
     */
    public function __construct($id);

    /**
     * Returns the principal ID.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getId();

    /**
     * Sets the principal ID
     *
     * @param string $id
     */
    public function setId($id);
}


Getting started with Account-Based Marketing (ABM) has never been easier, but how do you effectively adopt it across all aspects of your demand generation? Join Dave Rigotti and Deanna Graves to learn how the Marketo marketing team uses ABM across the entire funnel – from initial intent to customer expansion – resulting in repeatable, scalable, and measurable revenue machine. Whether you're just getting started with ABM or a pro, you'll find value in the technologies, models, channels, and tactics we use to win, including digital ads, direct mail, and field marketing.
Deanna Graves is the Head of Customer Demand Generation at Marketo, focused on delivering cross sell/upsell demand strategy and scalable programs that drive revenue, pipeline and customer success. She is passionate about people… technology… authenticity… and how people can use technology to be more authentic.
Dave Rigotti is the Head of Enterprise DG & ABM at Marketo. Dave is incredibly passionate about revenue-focused B2B marketing. He is also the co-founder and serves on the board of the marketing operations association MarketingOps.com. Before Marketo, Dave was the VP of Marketing at Bizible where he joined as the first full-time marketer and helped grow the company 100X using ABM before being acquired by Marketo.


M Performance treatment on your M2 Coupe, while also adding a few custom bits from Akrapovic, you could end up with something like this.
The M2 Coupe you see here from BMW's Abu Dhabi showroom comes with the M Performance carbon fiber aero kit, carbon fiber mirrors, gloss black side flasher covers, M steering wheel, carbon gear shifter and Alcantara handbrake cover.
To spice things up even more, the owner chose to install an Akrapovic Evolution exhaust system and carbon fiber rear diffuser, while going with the M stripes on the customized Alpine White kidney grilles.
In other words, this is as "M" as the BMW M2 can get from a visual stand point. On the performance front though, you can't argue that it hardly needs any improvements at all, seen as how it's one of the most widely appreciated sports cars.
The M2 is powered by a 3.0-liter twin-scroll turbocharged straight-six, putting down 370 PS (365 HP) and a total of 500 Nm (369 lb-ft) of torque thanks to an overboost function. It will accelerate from to 100 km/h (62 mph) from a standstill in just 4.3 seconds, as long as you opt for the optional 7-speed dual-clutch DCT gearbox.


Schreiben Sie den ersten Kommentar zu "Coping with Caveats in Coalition Warfare".
This book develops a framework for analysis, and a set of research strategies, to better understand the conditions and mechanisms involved in the considerable use of caveats by states contributing militarily to coalition operations. In the professional language of military servicemen, security analysts and decision-makers, "caveats" refers to the reservations on the use of force states put on their military contingents as a precondition to participate in particular multinational enforcement operations. Such understood caveats are an instrument of statecraft and foreign policy. However, caveats also are a potential threat to the integrity and military effectiveness of the coalition force in question, and, further down the road, an erosion on the fabric of security alliances. This volume is ideal for audiences interested in military and defence studies, security studies and coalition warfare.
Gunnar Fermann is Associate Professor at the Department for Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway. Previously, he was Visiting Scholar at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, USA.
Ch. 2 Caveats - a case of what?
Kommentar zu "Coping with Caveats in Coalition Warfare"
Sie sind aus Deutschland? Coping with Caveats in Coalition Warfare bei Weltbild.de kaufen.


2017 RMZ250 Rear Suspension Kit. The kit contains the following parts. If you wish you can purchase parts individually from this website. 1ea TM5BH10 Brakr Line Loop, 1ea PINM8-12X1.625 Brake Caliper Rear Hanger Pin, 1ea PINM12-12X2.165 Brake Caliper Front Hanger Pin, 4ea LFM610G10 Caliper & Rotor Guard, 1ea BANJOM1012Ti Brake Line Banjo, 2ea T4HFM6-10X45 Chain Block, 1ea T4HFM6-10X12 Chain Block, 2ea NYNUTHFM6-10S Chain Block Nuts, 6ea DOMFHM8-12X28 Sprocket Bolts, 6ea NYNUTHDM812S Sprocket Nuts, 2ea ADJM8-12X55 Chain Adjusters, 3ea NUTHFM8-12 Chain Adjuster & Rim Lock Nuts, 3ea BUTM8-08X8 Chain Rubber, 1ea TEEM1012X44 Lower Shock Bolt, 1ea TEEM1012C60 Upper Shock Bolt, 3ea NYNUTHFM1212 Linkage Nuts, 2ea NYNUTHFM1012S Shock Nuts, 1ea NYNUTHFM812S Chain Roller Nut, 4ea SHBHM812C15 Rotor Bolts.


text:
HomeEventsMen's T20 World CupICC cancels three European sub-regional Men's T20WC qualifiers
EventsMen's T20 World CupNews
ICC cancels three European sub-regional Men's T20WC qualifiers
In a further blow to hopes that European cricket might see something like a return to normality in 2021, the ICC announced on Friday that the three sub-regional qualifiers for the Men's T20 World Cup 2022, scheduled to be held in Finland and Belgium in June and July have been cancelled.
With the COVID-19 pandemic still raging across much of the Continent and the benefits of vaccination programmes yet to become evident, the ICC had no alternative but to abandon the events, which would have seen Finland hosting international tournaments for the first time.
According to the Council's statement, more than half the 25 participants are 'still facing restrictions on free movement and extensive quarantine periods for returning Members back to their home countries, as well as domestic restrictions in place preventing teams from selecting and preparing squads for the tournaments.'
With the pandemic easing only gradually and tough restrictions still in place, the Belgian government was also unwilling to agree in full to the bio-safety mitigation strategies proposed by the ICC.
The cancellations once again underline the stark difference between the conditions which affect fully professional sport and the lower reaches, although when even the IPL is forced to bow to the inevitable it could hardly be expected that the sub-regional qualifiers could have escaped.
Belgium's Host Tournament Director Nick Compton and Cricket Finland Operations Director Maija Scamans both acknowledged that the decision was a necessary response to the continuing pandemic, while hoping that it would be possible to resume international cricket in the near future.
ICC Head of Events Chris Tetley noted that in addition to the COVID restrictions, 'the short timelines that the European season provides' made abandoning the tournaments inevitable.
The cancellations will come as a particular blow to Hungary, Romania and Serbia, who were set to make their debut in ICC tournaments.
But there was some compensation for Denmark, Germany and Italy, who will now join Jersey in the European qualifier in Spain in October. This decision is based on the Men's T20I rankings as at 30 April 2020.
The two top sides from this tournament (assuming it is able to go ahead) will progress to the global qualifiers.
In addition to cancelling the three sub-regional European qualifiers, the ICC has postponed the Men's Asia B qualifier, scheduled for Malaysia in July, to 9-15 November 2021, and the Women's T20 Asia qualifier, also to be played in Malaysia, to 22-28 November.
The Men's America, due to be played in Canada from 17 to 23 July, has also been postponed, although no new venue or dates have yet been announced.
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text:
const hasBeenCalled = require("./hasBeenCalled");

describe("unit: hasBeenCalled", () => {
  let handler;
  let requestStore;

  beforeEach(() => {
    requestStore = [];
    handler = hasBeenCalled(requestStore);
  });

  test("it should return 204 No Content if there are requests in the requestStore", () => {
    requestStore.push({
      request: {
        method: "GET",
        pathname: "/test",
        query: { a: 1234 },
        headers: { accept: "application/json" }
      }
    });

    expect(handler()).toEqual({ status: 204 });
  });

  test("it should return 417 Expectation failed if there are no requests in the requestStore", () => {
    expect(handler()).toEqual(
      expect.objectContaining({
        status: 417
      })
    );
  });

  test("the error message should match the snapshot", () => {
    expect(handler().body).toMatchSnapshot();
  });
});


We host interactive and fun day camps during school holidays, spring break and summer. Activities include martial arts training and games, arts and crafts, field trips, swimming and more. Camps are for kids 5-up of all skill levels and abilities — including newcomers. Our annual "Camp Courage" at Tilden Park is five days of fun and fellowship and brings kids together from our schools nationwide!
2019 Overnight Camp at Tilden Park, Berkeley: 6/24 week. Also available as day camp 9-6 pm.
2019 Day Camp at Studio Naga: July 8-12..
GRLQUAKE WEEKEND EMPOWERMENT CAMP: May 3-5 2019. This weekend camp provides girls and young women with life changing self-defense and empowerment skills and space to make "fierce" and positive friendships!
Strong age-appropriate self-defense skills will be taught along with art projects, journaling and peer group discussions stressing positive role modeling, appropriate boundaries, and how to make and be a good friend.
Campers sleep at home the first night and return the next day for self-defense training and team building. After a group-made dinner, we'll 'night hike' to further our personal journey towards compassion and confidence.
May 3rd Friday Evening 6:30-9pm, Saturday 9am through overnight to Sunday, May 5th 10 am.
Meals provided: Saturday lunch and dinner and Sunday breakfast.
Register here. If you are a returning camper or student, you may pay at the Naga Store here.


text:
meet glenn ellis
The Los Angeles-based hairstylist who believes people need to work on their mental health and show up for themselves.
I make my health a priority by waking up an hour and a half before I have to be anywhere or before I have to do anything. I try not to be on my phone as much as possible, writing in my journal, doing meditation, foam rolling, stretching, taking a shower, listening to silly music like Paramore or Tegan and Sara. Silly stuff that makes me feel good and nostalgic.
I have therapy every Thursday and although this isn't realistic, I wish that I left therapy every single time feeling better versus thinking, 'What the fuck did I do?' But through therapy, I've learned that it's about not judging myself and the things that I feel guilty of and carrying on that guilt after the session.
What has had a major impact on your life in the last year?
I took The Hoffman Process back in March to work on personal stuff. I felt like I had a block in my life where I could not move forward, as well as certain patterns from my parents from early childhood. How Hoffmann works is that I have to look at my life and the patterns that I developed from my parents or patterns I developed in rebellion of them. One of the biggest things that I learned that I had was a sense of abandonment and that came from a young age. When I was five years old, my mom dropped me off at kindergarten and I remember I had no idea where I was going.
"That was my first memory of feeling abandoned and I never realized how that feeling carried on into my adult life."
Another thing that I learned was to not just forgive other people, but the most important thing is to forgive myself. A lot of people base their decisions on the past and also the shame of the past. I was basing decisions off of my past in the current present, not noticing that it was affecting who I wanted to be in the future.
How do you stay grounded and treat your mental health each week?
Working out is one of the biggest things that has saved my life. It feels like I'm able to focus on myself, my physical strength, and also my mental stability and work out any pent-up aggression that I have in my body or any energy that I need to let go of. Because I'm a hairstylist, I'm easily able to absorb other people's energy. I'm able to feel empathy for other people's struggles, but not able to deflect and show compassion and be like, I'm so sorry you're going through that. It affects me because I'm a feeler. But one of the things that I also need to learn is protecting my heart.
next story — liz beecroft


We've downed Champagne, stolen midnight kisses, danced our asses off, and had the hangover of the century. Now, it's time to really get started on those New Year goals. But, if you've gotten off to a slow start, don't worry — you still have a chance.
It's 2015, after all, and there are technologies, apps, and services out there to help us stay on track. Gone are the days when cheesy workout videos were the only way to lose those last 10 pounds, and saving money meant shoving singles into a porcelain piggy bank.
With these apps, you'll be able to get fit, stretch your mind, organize your digital life, cook more healthily, save more money, discover new things in your city, and maybe even stop drunk-texting your ex. And, just to get really meta, there's even an app to help you stay on top of your resolutions. Let's do this.


The Technology Assistant is part of the Enterprise IT department reporting to the SVP/CIO. This is an administrative position supporting for several areas of the IT team and is designed to keep the department running efficiently.
In addition, this position is called upon to create surveys and collect feedback from Associates and Customers as well as perform high level analysis to make the IT leadership team aware of areas of opportunity to increase productivity, enhance capabilities, decrease costs and increase service levels.
As a privately-held, family-owned broadline foodservice distributor, we serve customers throughout the mid-west, west and Alaska. Along with our sister companies in the SGA Family of Companies, we successfully serve the needs of our customers whether they be independent or a chain; public or private; national, regional or local.
At Food Services of America we have a long tradition of providing the highest levels of customer service in the industry. We have a culture that trusts our Associates to act in the best interests of our customers and our company. We encourage an environment of teamwork where together we combine our know-how and ideas to help us to be stronger than we ever could be individually. We look for the positive and praise it. Recognizing good performance creates the motivation to provide great performance.
Ability to envision the ultimate goal, (big picture), while focusing on the details.
Organization and efficiency. Must be able to plan work activities and use time efficiently.
Positive attitude and strong ability to work in a team environment. Understand objectivity while remaining open to other's ideas and exhibit willingness for change.


Competitor Mystery Shops - Alta360 Research, Inc.
Alta360 Research Competitor Shops allow you to get an "inside look" and benchmark your customer service and operational standards against competitors or category leaders.
Offering data collection through onsite, web, and phone evaluations, Alta360 Research competitive intelligence programs are designed to help our clients gauge where they rank in key customer loyalty areas vs. top competitors, and gain the competitive advantage needed to increase profits.
Examples of target areas for Competitive Intelligence include mystery shopping a competitor against your organization's customer service standards, evaluating competitor performance in areas such as cleanliness and condition of facilities, product displays, and public areas, and gathering competitor pricing data.


text:
The Best Locksmith Tips To Handle Your Locks Yourself
Excellent Tips To Get You Thinking About Hobbies
'Not a lot we can do about human rights': Newcastle fans cheer takeover
Nigel Slater's recipes for goat's cheese and figs, and black-eyed bean burgers
Rage Style
Microsoft's Windows Subsystem for Linux is now available as a Microsoft Store app
vardsmithcom October 16, 2021
Microsoft's handy "Windows Subsystem for Linux" (WSL) tool has been available in some capacity for years now. WSL allows users to run a full Linux environment of their choosing — and your favorite Linux utilities and software — directly inside Windows. No need to worry about dual booting or setting up a resource-intensive virtual machine. Now, with the launch of Windows 11, snagging the WSL has become easier and more accessible than ever.
To be clear, it was never a difficult process, per se; Microsoft maintains a set of easy-to-follow installation instructions over in its WSL documentation. However, it did require basic knowledge and familiarity with command lines, which the average user may not have. Granted, those users might prefer to stick to Windows instead of Linux, but the latter OS is certainly gaining popularity in the mainstream world.
At any rate, the WSL App is available on both Windows 11 and Windows 10 machines, despite Microsoft dropping the latter from its official announcement post. However, Windows 10 users will need to be running version 22000.0 or higher of the OS to use it. Notably, the non-Windows Store version supports Windows 10 builds as old as 19041 (or so Microsoft says).
Here's a direct link to the Microsoft Store page for the WSL app. It's roughly 442MB in size, so it won't hog too much space on your PC. It is currently considered a "Preview," though, so be prepared for bugs or missing functionality. With that said, assuming it is WSL 2.0, it should be a decent-enough experience out of the box.
Hopefully, most of you won't have any problems, but if you do, be sure to let us know in the comments below.
As a final clarifying point, existing WSL users are not required to download the MS Store version to continue receiving updates. You can still get those the old-fashioned way, but Microsoft would like you to transition eventually, as it hopes to make the Store app the "best way to install and use" the WSL in the long term.
vardsmithcom
Nvidia officially ends driver support for Kepler GPUs, Windows 7 & 8
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Samsung made a 980 Pro SSD specifically for PlayStation 5 owners
Watch a behind-the-scenes look at the birth of Mortal Kombat's "Get over here" move
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Description: Have fun learning the rules of chess, good sportsmanship, tactics, and strategies for playing. There will be district wide Chess Tournaments available.
This program is coordinated through Skyline PTO. Please contact publicrelations@skylinepto.org with any questions.


text:
Asian Cinema Competition
India / 2021 / Hindi / 92 MIN.
A 24-year-old from a traditional Muslim family in Mumbai goes to work secretly as a suicide prevention counsellor. On her first day, she encounters a 52-year-old man, standing atop a high-rise, wanting to jump. In trying to bring him down, she is forced to confront why she became a Suicide Prevention Counsellor in the first place, and also share a lot of herself to get him to share. Going all in, to save him, she begins to deal with and release the loneliness and grief in herself to be able to do the same in the caller. And in doing so, ends up healing not just her own heart, but also the heart of the man who has called.
London Asian Film Festival 2021- Winner Ray of Hope Igniting Flame Commendations
Kolkata International Film Festival 2020- Nominee Best Film
Director - ADITYA KRIPALANI
Producer - Mumba Devi Motion Pictures
Cinematographer - ADITI SHARMA
Editor - RACHITA SINGH
Screenplay - ADITYA KRIPALANI
Sound - ADITI RAMESH JHAILLH
Music - ADITI RAMESH JHAILLH
Cast - Rucha Inamdar, Harsh Chhaya
Writer/ Director, Aditya Kripalani is a script writing graduate from the Film and Television Institute of India. Aditya Kripalani has also been a script consultant on 'Tahaan' which won many awards. Since 2008 he's written 3 bestselling novels, 'Back Seat', 'Front Seat' and 'Tikli and Laxmi Bomb'which became his first feature film. The film won many international awards and streamed on Netflix; 'The Incessant Fear of Rape', currently streaming on Netflix; 'The Goddess and the Hero' won NETPAC Award at the Kolkata International Film Festival; 'NOT TODAY' won the Festival Directors Award at the 23rd UK Asian Film Festival, 2021.


Easter dinner usually marks the beginning of the spring season. Punctuated by a festive atmosphere, the meal can run the gamut from a traditional rack of lamb to a smorgasbord of favorite dishes. It is a wonderful opportunity to explore Easter wine pairings, especially for families eager to branch out from the standard Easter wine that may have been served for decades.
Deciding upon the perfect Easter dinner wine pairing involves concentrating on the main ingredients and partnering their flavors with the right wine flavors and undertones. Try some of the these exciting Easter wine pairings based on your menu!
Ham has become a go-to meat during the Easter lunch, brunch or dinner spread. Boasting a salty, slightly sweet flavor, ham deserves a wine that will curb its tang without overpowering its richness.
Two possibilities that go beautifully with ham include Riesling and gewurztraminer. Rieslings offer up ripe, crisp flavors and aromas that never try to overpower the importance of the ham or its accompanying side dishes. Most Rieslings fall on the dry side, which can be ideal for a ham seasoned with brown sugar, honey, orange, cloves or pineapple.
In contrast, gewurztraminer lands squarely in the sweet category. Spicier ham preparations benefit from having a softer, smoother gewurztraminer to balance their bite.
Lamb is no stranger to the Easter dinner table, and it provides a much different meat sensation than ham. Because lamb is earthy with a gamy aftertaste, it needs a wine that marries its fatty acids without compromising lamb's distinctiveness.
Try a Cabernet Sauvignon to change up the mood of any lamb Easter dinner. As a red Easter wine pairing, it never backs down from the challenge of standing out among strong flavors. Plus, each Cabernet Sauvignon has its own flavorful twists depending upon its origin. Consider purchasing a few bottles from different regions as a fun way to explore which Easter wine goes best for each person's palate.
Chicken and turkey have grown more popular as highlights of Easter dinner. Perhaps it is because of their presence all over grocery stores, or maybe because they are beloved by so many people. Whatever the reason, poultry pairs well with an incredibly large number of Easter wines. However, Chardonnay and pink wines may be two of its most frequent partners.
Chardonnay is such a crowd pleaser that many homes always have a bottle at the ready to pour. Yes, Chardonnay is dry, but never underestimate how fruity its aroma and flavor can be. Looking for an oakier blend to bring out sweeter tones in chicken, turkey or goose? Chardonnay is the right choice.
In terms of pink wines, Stella Rose Pink provides just the right touch of springtime lightness and energy. Crisp and flirty, it can become best friends with any poultry on the Easter dinner table.
This Easter dinner or lunch, expand your horizons with a bottle or two of new-to-you wines. Pick a tried-and-true Easter wine and at least one wild card to make your holiday mealtime even more sensational and memorable. Shop for your favorite wines today at Marketview Liquor. Remember that we offer case discounts on select wines.


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Search » All » Science » Cells
What is a cell? The cell is the basic unit of life.
What is the cellular membrane? A protective, semi-permeable, outer layer of the cell.
What is cytoplasm? The watery medium in which all the organelles float inside the cell.
What are ribosomes? Little grains floating around inside the cell involved in protein production.
The nucleus contains what? Our DNA with all our genetic information.
Our genetic information is found on what? 23 paired structures called chromosomes.
the nucleus is surrounded by what? The nuclear membrane.
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum? A series of folded membrane pathways spotted with ribosomes. Together they make new proteins and membranes.
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? It forms containers called transport vesicles that are used to move things around inside the cell.
What is the Golgi apparatus/body? Packages things to be transported out and around the cell.
What are lysosomes? Vesicles with digestive enzymes inside to break down the things the cell no longer need.
What is the mitochondria? Have a double membrane with finger-like projections and break down sugars to make energy for the cell.
What is an example of an atom? Hydrogen, Boron, Copper, Oxygen.
What is an example of a molecule? Water (H2O), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Glucose (C6 H12 O6)
What is an example of a macromolecule? Glucose in starch, protein.
What is an example of an organelle? Nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm.
What is an example of a cell? Ova (egg cell), sperm cell, skin cell.
What is an example of a tissue? Connective tissue, nervous tissue, epithelial tissue.
What is an example of an organ? Stomach, liver, pancreas, brain.
What is an example of a system? Respiratory, digestive, immunitary, lymphatic.
What is an example of an organism? Human.
What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid.
What is the shape of DNA? Double helix.
What are the 4 nucleotide bases? Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).
Which nucleotide bases bond with each other? Adenine (A) binds with Thymine (T). Cytosine (C) binds with Guanine (G).
How many chromosomes do you inherit from each parent? 23 for a total of 46 chromosomes.
What is your genome? The whole sequence of your DNA.
What are alleles? The 2 versions of each trait that you get from each of your parents.
What are the 2 kinds of cell division? Mitosis and Meiosis.
What is mitosis? When a cell grows, replicates its DNA, and divides to form two daughter cell that are identical to the parent cell.
What is meiosis? When a cell divides in order to create 4 daughter cells with half the DNA of the parent cell.
How many times does a cell divide during mitosis? Once.
How many times does a cell divide during meiosis? Twice.
What happens during Prophase 1? The duplicated homologous chromosomes pair, and crossing-over (the physical exchange of chromosome parts) occurs.
Created by: cwallis01


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This observation has a whole host of implications. Foremost amongst these is the conclusion that you will never be able to target those ten influential consumers. In fact you can forget the whole business of targeting and consumer segmentation. You will never know who these people are in advance. They will define themselves at a given moment in time by doing one of four things within the digital space.
This is fundamental to an understanding that social media is about space and time, not about place (media, channels, websites) or even people.
The second conclusion is that you need to be on the ball in real-time. The four points above represent the social media spaces which you have to track. Once people pass into these spaces you can only harness the influence they have by dealing with them whilst they remain within this space (what you might call the engagement spotlight), which can last anything from 30 seconds to, at a stretch, a couple of days in some instances.
To borrow some language from traditional marketing speak, these four spaces or moments are the ultimate moments of 'consumer truth' in social media, probably even more important than the traditional moments of truth – encountering the product (seeing the ad), buying the product, using the product. Until now, brands have never been able to be there at these moments, they have only been able to scatter a generic, shadowy presence over them. But with social media you can be there. In fact, I would go so far as to say you must be there.
There probably is a third conclusion, but I can't think of it right now – and in any case these are big enough ones to digest for the time being – largely because they un-stitch just about everything we have come to understand about consumer segmentation, targeting, channel planning, engagement, content, speed of response and scale.
This thought was prompted by a discussion I had with a man from Coca Cola after the presentation I gave at the IMC Awards a couple of weeks ago (see previous post). This very enthusiastic chap was keen to get my endorsement for a social media strategy he was developing which was all about focusing on much smaller groups of "influential consumers" rather than trying to reach all of his consumers. I told him that he was spot on, in the belief that social media is most effective in dealing with small numbers of people, but told him to take care in using this correct insight as a bridge to the possibly incorrect insight that these people could be considered to exist as a defined and enduring group which could be isolated and targeted. Influence in social media is not so much about who you are (which tends to remain fixed) but about what you are doing and what you have to say (which changes). I am not entirely sure he was comfortable with my answer and since it was an idea that came to me on-the-hoof as I was actually being pulled away to another engagement, I spent some time re-visiting what I said to check it wasn't total nonsense. And having thought about it I am pretty sure it isn't.


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ENF CMNF
go to ENF CMNF
ENF-CMNF blog! What could be hotter than a bunch of naked chicks? how about naked chicks in public that feel embarrassed by it? It's sort of taboo when you think about it, but this is exactly the kind of content you'll find on ENF-CMNF.com. This place is all about this kind of content and you'll be scrolling through an endless supply of it while you're browsing the website. It operates as a free blog, so everyone can check the content out if they so, please.The beginnings and history of ENF-CMNF.comHow about some background on this place? ENF CMNF was made all the way back in 2010 by a dude who really gets off to chicks that get shamed and embarrassed in public by getting nude. So the entire point is that chicks in the content on this blog should be naked while other people around them are wearing clothes. This leads to them being shamed and that leads to the guy who made this site getting hard and horny. I mean, honestly, it is kind of sexy to think about that entire situation since it's pretty taboo, but to dedicate an entire blog to it and to regularly update it since 2010? The madman!But to be fair, he doesn't do all the work by himself. In fact, he only uploaded content to this site alone for the first few years and then other visitors jumped onboard the entire ordeal and started uploading their own ENF and CMNF content to this website. That's exactly why the site is called ENF-CMNF.com, since all the content on here has something to do with these niches. What do these acronyms mean now that we're at it? Well, I'll try to explain as simply as possible.What the hell do all these acronyms even mean?ENF means Embarrassed Nude Female which is pretty self-explanatory. You have a chick that is really ashamed cause she's naked in a situation when she shouldn't be. CMNF, on the other hand, means Clothed Male, Nude Female and this one has more to do with the worship of women's bodies. They can be embarrassed but they don't have to be. the important thing is that she's completely nude, while the dude keeps his clothes on at all times.Anyway, the dude came to the brilliant idea to put these two together since they do kind of work together when you think about it. The genres are so tight in a bundle that you kind of have to look at them as a whole, and not separately. The fans know this too and that's why around 2016 the admin started accepting uploads to the site from Forum posts. The ENF-CMNF Forum section was added around that time and all the admin has to do now is optimize the content for the viewing pleasure of the blog's visitors.I wish things were less brown on hereThe design of ENF-CMNF.com is pretty basic, to say the least, and it kinda looks washed out if I am to be completely honest with you. I'm not a really big fan of the brownish colors that plague this website and I think they could've done a much better job with that, but what can you expect from a niche blog such as this one. ENF-CMNF.com probably doesn't really care about what we think about the looks of the site as long as they pump out the kind of content that they're satisfied with. I could've said "the kind of content that they're CONTENT with" but I didn't want to be misconstrued as a pun guy.After all, this place isn't about puns, it's about porn. ENF-CMNF.com does deliver in this regard with all of their posts having something to do with the theme of the website itself. The theme? Embarrassed naked chicks being checked out by complete strangers. You know you like it when chicks are shy and reluctant, and that's exactly what they're like on ENF-CMNF.com. You can expect to find some of the most taboo content in that regard right here on this website.Standard blog layout will leave you scrolling for days on endWhen it comes to the layout of the site, you should expect everything that you would from a regular old porn blog. The posts are placed linearly one after the other and the only way to go through them is to scroll down. Sure, you can use the search bar, but other than that you're just stuck with scrolling down so that's not so convenient if you want to cover a lot of ground at once. Other sites certainly do it better than ENF-CMNF.com, and I hope that they give users more options for browsing this place in the future.The search bar is king here, since you'll need to browse aroundI mean, you can narrow your search down to the type of media you want to see such as Images, Videos, and Stories, and you can also filter the search according to a specific tag. These tags act as categories on this site and this is the best way to find the perfect content for yourself. If there wasn't this tag filter, this entire site could be used in only one way unless you knew exactly what you were looking for. This way you get to define what kind of embarrassed chicks you want to watch today, both when it comes to formatting as well as genre.How does the search stack up against other niche porn blog websites though? Well, there are some really nice videos on here, but some are really loosely connected to the niche. I mean, it's pretty broad when you think about it. All you need is one fully clothed man, and a chick that's naked and boom, you get to upload that content to ENF-CMNF.com. Some scenes here are just cuts from porn movies that just go up to the point before the dude gets naked.Asian chicks, Asian chicks everywhereA lot of the content on ENF-CMNF.com seems to be from the Asian porn sphere as well. I guess Asians do get really freaky with these things, and public nudity is a really popular genre in Asia. All you need to do is think about all those damn public transport porn videos from Asia to understand their love for this taboo. So, I guess that makes sense. You can still filter these videos out by selecting a different ethnicity from the tag filter under the search bar.A forum with a thriving community is included here as wellAs previously mentioned, this site has a dedicated Forum section where users can upload all sorts of content that the admin can then approve and upload to the main part of the site. Aside from that and the About tab, the rest of these tabs are just ads basically for other websites. ENF-CMNF does lack a lot of functionality that you'd find on other porn sites in that regard as well, but you can still have a good time if you're a really big fan of the niche that's presented here.All of that being said, you can still expect to have a really good time on ENF-CMNF.com. As long as you're okay with some stronger and more taboo content than you're usually used to on other porn sites, you should enjoy yourself a lot here. Just don't wimp out to the slightest sight of the women being uncomfortable in some of these situations. However, if you're completely cool with that, then you'll have no problem with enjoying all of the pictures and videos that get uploaded to this blog. Go ahead and check ENF-CMNF.com (often misspelled as "cmnf enf") out if that's something that you'd enjoy.