The above mentioned templates support their invoicing strategy right to be kept up by a firm dilemma. Down load it is a invoice template that is straightforward and clean. Down-load It is straightforward and contemporary invoice template. Just like other conventional invoices a web-based invoice templates have a header section and a diagram in its own physique. It is possible to get into the bill templates in a really nominal cost from reputed sites. It is likely to gain get into to astonishing MS Invoice templates that are simple to use for the those apps.
The templates are straightforward to utilize and spare time which may be utilised in operate. Also, they are intuitive and rather advanced with all the capability to modify money and calculate discounts and tax. Down load It is a specialist statement template together with Vehicle darkening selections for Excel files.
Preparing your invoice quote is a challenging job. It's possible from employing invoice template to easily create your bills. Invoices are available in all forms that are different. Each invoice should also be accountable for an exceptional invoice amount. A person may obtain an variety of prepared invoices out of your internet.
There is An tax invoice template sort of invoice that's issued by owner. You've reached the site if you are browsing for your bill template then. A industrial statement template is actually really a exceptional type of invoice. Blank invoice template could possibly be utilised to conserve track important business tasks and guard your company venture trade listing. There is A statement template simply a template in which entire specifics regarding a product may be filled to convert into a statement. The blank invoice organization template is a uncomplicated yet powerful template that helps consumers to create invoice.
Invoice is a record. Complete the invoice has to be built that when putting all the specifics of the transaction, it appears complicated. Producing specialist, timely statements for the clientele and customers enable you to keep a firm grip on your company's fiscal state, and will ensure you earn a positive impression.
You will download a statement to get a PDF or CSV file. So you'd want to generate a statement. You want to have an invoice that's very likely to make your company show up professional and it is not hard to make use of. It problematic without an invoice in regards . Basically an invoice requires some info associated with the solutions given by your organization. Through the help of a invoice template you can make a statement which will be an easy task to browse and know and also that is planning to meet each among one's requirements. A charming statement discusses a whole lot about your corporation.
Invoices comply with a format. You'll locate plenty of invoice generating applications on the web that may create your slip. For example, when creating invoices decide on the product and also the customer obtained. You have the capability to generate the invoice entirely your own, altering the template to follow together with your needs. You may not realize that you're able to send bills using pay pal Payments.
All you need to do is choose the statement and produce the right clickon. Organizations along side people us invoices to keep a listing of trades made running a business in addition to privately living. Through the assistance of a invoice template it isn't hard to print and also make prompt bills.
Invoices are important approaches to offer us information in regards to a buy. In case the invoice is simply valid before a date, make sure you add that date. Invoices really are a excellent system to maintain tabs on your income, company, and also spending. A Invoice should become generated using GST number which is offered by government. Giving your customer a invoice ought to be a portion of your professional support. Certainly, there is a statement in fact a portable selection which typically aids the firm with motives that are elastic to utilize it.
Our invoice has GST quantity of business and customer people. So statements are crucial for any form of company. For doing almost any business enterprise an invoice is now the most important agreement. A statement is made in professional manners containing the company logo and requirements of an authorized person . By creating an account you may save invoices, customers and small enterprise setting. If you are also hunting for some professional equipped with complimentary of cost invoice to ready your own small business invoice, you can get a no cost bill Template from our website.
Start-off by highlighting the role of the invoice which you would like to print. If you should be also searching to get several professional equipped alongside free of cost invoice to ready your business statement, you can secure a Complimentary Invoice Template out of our site. In case the invoice is merely valid until a specific date, be sure to include that date too. Keeping a couple of line objects will enable your customer de-crease and understand the invoice.
Utilities change dependent around the application form. Bill template is what you want. The Sequentially Numbered bill Template offers quite a easy invoice format which may behave as being a sales invoice sort, or even standard business invoice or industrial statement.
An template will guarantee you don't overlook any crucial info, also is an convenient means of building bills, including the way or your contact information. It's a template that makes it possible for you generate invoices employing information that is standardized. Blank statement template could be used to economize guard your organization transaction record and track crucial small business activities.
Employing our templates will be a start to create an expert statement. Having a sterile statement template is quite uncomplicated. It's only a template in which entire details regarding a item might be full of convert it.
You're able to change the template up and also you are able to print it and utilize it in your business. Totally free templates could be received by you . More than 321 totally free statement templates you are able to download and print. It will be possible to download absolutely free statement template to start. In the event you utilize a wholly totally free invoice template, then you are able to select the format which works best thus simplifying the method of creating itemized invoices that are complex. A industrial invoice template is actually a type of invoice.
First, you take a means to comprehend the invoices you ship out. You'd like to produce statements that are easy to read and know, and also you also may do this via the help you are offered by a template. Should you create statements for the business, you should utilize a few of the various invoice templates found on Office.com. You require isn't challenging to use and seem skilled. A statement indicates the buyer has to cover the seller, as stated by the repayment conditions. If you're struggling with automobile invoices, it's possible to find help here. Furthermore, our car repair invoice is editable and modifiable.
You must get ways to produce an invoice it will not take a very long instant. Your statement will desire a corrective job based around the worthiness of a service or solution . You may possibly like to customize your statement based in your demands and requirements, but doing so should be a breeze you understand the principles of formulas and formatting. You'll discover far a lot more about building specialist and defensible statements which defend your company interests. Developing an expert freelancer statement is crucial for the success of one's organization enterprise.
When you're creating an invoice you'll like the job to be easy and quick. Through the help of the blank bill template you can efficiently make an invoice that's an easy task to read and understand and also that is going to meet each of one's requirements. Invoice can be still an document. Industrial invoice can be just actually a file. The business invoice, one copy, and also 1 backup connected to the dispatch paperwork are all required.
You want to create. Your statement needs to begin to appear to be another, after applying the proper type. You have the ability to generate the invoice completely your own, shifting the template follow with your shifting demands. Each time you should make a brand new statement, you might just launching your own data is then entered by a template. Once you're creating this sort of invoice you must have help using the job and you'll be capable of using the Service Invoice Template to give you merely the assistance you simply require.
You have the ability to quickly make your bills from utilizing bill template. Invoices abide by a normal format. They're used by associations and individuals to keep a record of trades made running a business as well as in life. S O statements are incredibly crucial for practically any sort of small business. There is A pro forma invoice remarkably useful when purchasers need additional funds sources for their undertaking. A commercial invoice is utilized to discover tariffs, international industrial phrases (for example, CIF) and can be famous for customs reasons. In case of the traditions inspection, a business statement may support the customs officer take regarding how your shipment ought to be processed, a speedy decision.
You know the manner that it affects your small business venture advancement and why statement definitely matters. Freight bill is also referred to as transport invoice inside the company and buying atmosphere. Don't don't incorporate the day the statement was issued along with the due date. Decide on what you'll use to make the statement. It will be possible to just share a thorough statement via a contact with the cost connection, and the client would be rather pleased to get the method of payment straight forward. You need to locate the invoice as your company want. As the computer system expects them times statements are not generated.
Invoices provide a means for organizations to receives a commission for their services and then provide the information to work with for both budgeting and tax requirements. A Catering Invoice will be able to help one to generate each invoice you need to possess in a speedy and speedy manner also it will be able to assist one to do that in a way that has a expert look, too. You wish to produce statements that are straightforward to learn and know, and also you may do this via the help a template supplies you. Guarantee you request sorts and carbonless statement when that is your own demand.
An cloud invoicing answer makes it possible for you to save all. Invoicing is determined by the cloud that gives the ability to take care of client info and billing to you. Online invoicing provides you the ability to choose the cost which is fast and supplies the most inexpensive transaction rates.
This computer software is more ideal for the big and small small business firms and it aids in generating comprehensive organization profiles by evaluating all the advice of a customer. It's intended to give the best possible consumer experience. It supports several users. It's really efficient that it will collect all the information about the consumer organization contacts from different social media web sites like Twitter, Facebook, and linked in. If you're looking for CRM computer software simply, " then I might not advise investing at the paid ELMA BPM variation for the reason that it goes far over and above customer management. Zoho CRM software may be utilized for internet marketers that were little and the two company.
The application likes a very straightforward userinterface and isn't tough to make statements. On the flip side, you possess the custom manufactured solutiona particularly designed software that will satisfy an organization's unique wants. Based upon what you require, resources and the business measurements, you will come across proper business software that can be found on the market.
If you really feel as an instrument or even a resource is not functioning for you, you always have the choice to try another person for superior benefits. The application has on the list of ideal service systems so the team can help end customers every time they truly have been stuck into a problem which then will assist in keeping a clean work flow. Get ready to manage such requirements and employ a software tool that isn't difficult to know and function. The tool includes installation process which requires no expert advice and an extremely straightforward implementation. CRM software tools have no any components troubles and so are wholly hassle-free.
Templates are prepared thinking about the typical criteria and requirements. Most templates permit you to include both hourly and mended labor costs. They include itemized substance lists in which it is possible to input the purchase price for each unit and the number of units. Although if you're quite comfortable with shine, you might look at making use of premade templates only to economize some time for your priorities. Additionally, it is possible to even personalize the templates that are chosen in order that they fit your customer's demands. Men and women are able to purchase the same template you did and also apply it for their organizations also. You can down load free Microsoft templates In the event that you would rather.
Two templates could possibly be enough when your organization isn't way too large, In the event you consider it. Templates are catchy to customize to your precise manufacturer and aims. Invoice templates don't will need to be monotonous. To day you get it and are able to search for an template online. Template Docs empowers you to contribute to their own site and showcase your quite happy with an option to promote your service or product if you have got an invoice template you would like to share. You'll run into the invoice templates that are perfect on the unexpected websites.
If you're in possession of a business enterprise that is global, the use is more suggested. For this reason, it's absolutely easy for you to earn your small business. It varies for every organization today. The business is currently doing fine. Easy-to-read templates will get the business completed for you personally In the event you lead the kind of business which cares about outcome rather than procedures.
Pick on to. Administrate permits one to make and mail sales statements and earnings orders straight to your visitors. Your sales invoice has been produced and now you can increase line things. As long as payment has never been received for the products, shifting the shipping service employed to get an e bay sale may be accomplished by producing a brand fresh invoice together with the appropriate services chosen.
You have the ability to receive a variety of kinds of invoices. Whereas a statement admits purchasing goods however, also the fee is not carried out instantly but soon after some time. As the bill is for just 3 visits, so remember to multiply the cost tag on the weekly visits by the number of visits. You could produce an acceptable invoice. Selecting billing applications or the very best invoice for you personally isn't a easy accomplishment.
You might transmit your invoice . Open up the consumer account that you'd really want to invoice. Professional appearing invoices can easily be generated and delivered out to clients in the couple of minutes.
In the event you wish to deliver bills there are many alternate options. Yet another kind of invoice is demanded. Additionally, an invoice contains more comprehensive advice about the items in comparison with a expenses that is rather simple. Take note it's maybe not critical to upgrade this invoice to use a different delivery procedure, even though it's crucial to modify the purchase price of sending through eBay. Irrespective of if you will be creating bills on, it'd be foolish to design a template for only inch use.
Developing a buy order tends to make it possible that you pay in just a 90-day window. A lot of the definition of processing programs will permit you to import a picture touch and put it at the file, although you are able to get the person sign every purchase sequence. In the event of internet sites also, Needless to say just like any buy and purchase the buy and the purchase should be completed also and only after collecting info that is adequate after believing about the financial plan.
An organization program is important and useful as it serves as a guide to function. It is not just something that you want to organize to reveal to banking institutions to get that loan to investors. Your advertising program is definitely an critical part of one's business program, and we will have the ability to help you pull on all of the weather collectively.
The reason you want to go to business for yourself, work out. Efficiently should conduct to generate profits. Don't be afraid to learn more and see that your on line business advancing in a couple of times. Establish the goals you have for your organization. Your amusing webpages business become a part time occupation with a time cash flow! For example, it has to get the identify of this company and its particular speech, together with their customer's contact data.
For those who own an organization, you require the ability to obtain supplies . You will determine just how worthwhile you believe the corporation will probably take a lot of monetary ponds. If you possess your own company or benefit a tremendous business, your charging techniques usually judged you.
Sales letter which could be personalized on your very own personal use is generated by the app. Book-keeping software can be as simple being spreadsheet was produced by a home but using other facets which could have major advantages to the small business enterprise. The software can be obtained as a completely complimentary trial before a subscription has been manufactured. Furthermore, it also supplies you with a listing of invoices that will be invaluable once you will need to work out your taxes by the close of the year. QuickBooks on the web applications is a user friendly package and can be accounting applications appropriate for organizations.
Utilizing an Excel template offers an intuitive means to generate invoices for low and also moderate-demand business use. Choosing the proper template aids saving a good deal of time and money. The template is example of high quality so much as strains are involved.
A couple of the templates truly work out the sum owed. You may understand that there are respective forms of templates out there for diverse organizations and one which is appropriate to your organization may be selected by you and put in it at no cost. If you should be searching for a business that is totally free untrue varieties and templates! The free statement template can be employed with Microsoft term 2007 as a result of Micro Soft Word 2013 and can be altered to accommodate your company's colour and style along with almost any information you will require. You can find statement templates.
Someone may acquire statement forms out of the internet for company uses. Track down the templates you require, customize this form, then send it to a own printer. You will find a lot of kinds and forms of documentation fundamentally necessary like an easy way to deal with just a business efficiently.
A resume cover letter is most likely the most. It's sort of business writing and has to be professionally drafted, although the letter will probably have causes. Generally, if you're all set to compose an really fantastic correspondence of justification, then you're going to take a position to purchase more time, since the lending company may never record that the payment to yourself maintaining your CreditScore. Writing an official correspondence is thought to be an daunting endeavor by people. So, it's crucial to understand how to compose a correspondence. Last, you have to bear in mind that creating a formal letter isn't difficult for those who know and stay glued with the arrangement of the letter and the fundamental rules. A properly drafted late payment letter really is quite a considerate but continuous types of approving an individual they are overdue on their repayment plus will need to send the quantity in whenever possible.
Developing a Generic Invoice is more straightforward because that you don't need to specify designs and layouts to additional invoices in contrast. A invoice is an easy invoice form employed for company because a sort of file searching cost. A statement might only be a little paper. But this makes a big impact when you are in trouble. Your initial few invoices are completely free. A industrial invoice is an global shipping document given from the supplier for the buyer detailing the kind and value of services and products.
You might believe an invoice form is a statement sort since a statement is an official listing of services or products given. It is essential to give an statement they understand that your company announcement is legal and your work is equally real. In the event that you'd really like to have a statement which may be implemented in virtually any nature of business, then a generic invoice has become easily the most proper tool for you to get a document inside the shape of phrase or Word Excel sheet whereby you could be able to use anytime you need closing a transaction to an individual person. The following thing an invoice contains would be your payment selections. Then, the statement is going to be connected to the sequence molds. The invoice is going to be classified to classifications. As it is a request for payment of function an unaffiliated contractor statement is comparable to other bills from the industry environment.
A large number of cover letter templates you may download and print free of charge. Character reference letter templates you print and may download at no cost. You may come across free kind templates for all these several invoice varieties in the excess resources listing beneath. The cookie template gives you the capacity to conserve any advice you type therefore you do not have to manually retype each moment to the same advice. First choose the template that you just will find suitable. This template needs to be followed closely when writing an official correspondence. Make certain you have a Generic bill Template, and bookmark web sites you visit.
There are quite certainly a couple impacts of fines that are like late installments and interest . The key aim of the sales invoice is to reflect or indicate that a sale of an alternative or assist. Given below are elements you need to add in your correspondence. The remainder of the letter format resembles that said previously. You're definitely going to need to send an PDF bill anytime you complete function for a customer and you wish to proceed paid. The cancellation details should be voiced very concisely and plainly, so as to reduce chances of a misunderstanding. Thus, since you'd like, you may pick the print out from it and put it to use.
Utilizing the above details of a statement for a checklist, then make certain that your chosen form has everything you'll want. A Generic bill Form is a statement that can be employed by any kind of firm for any form of services and products. The illustration of payment correspondence only functions to nullify the arrangement so that there isn't any doubt on your thoughts concerning the way in. It's critical to give references that will simply assist the reader form a relation for the contents of the letter. A PDF document of the statement is going to be connected to the email. This software is free and doesn't feature a watermark. Accounting software have to be flexible as being a means is not an exception.
You really don't need to preserve any sort of inventory at all. You must have an bill. Selecting charging applications or the top best statement for you personally isn't a simple accomplishment. Establish what you're aware in regards to the overdue payment in the first paragraph . It's tough for all people to make the full payment in an identical moment. Here are a few suggestions on producing a reminder letter, followed with a sample of exactly the exact similar when it is for a policy that has to be revived, or to get charge card repayment. In case the price tag on the merchandise or support would be far beyond your own financial plan you may possibly want go on to a different item.
The way they're written, states a whole lot regarding its own particular culture and the company. Then you might or may not get some help in finding out how to publish the following receipt if you get the company which you are needing to earn a claim as a result of. Additionally, some organizations put in a second step . Normally, the business is going to be forced to take action to recover the debt together with all the curiosity and related fees. Nearly all people may run businesses and clients who do not make payment towards statements .
You have to take into account what support you are delivering and run through several extreme case scenarios After you begin some firm. It is possible to find out how profitable you believe that the firm will probably take plenty of monetary ponds. If you want to become prosperous in your business, you will need to locate your area of interest in your area and also provide the absolute best potential services. If you contain your business, you choose the operating hours in accord by means of your relaxation and have the option to be your own boss. If you're not prone to instruct, start looking into distinct organizations that are cross-promoting.
Vendor electronic and networks invoices are viewed as the silver bullet to repair the approach. In the event that you'd like to get money operating an ironing service, then a exact first matter you would like to do is to master everything exactly an online service service would be and evaluate if you find it possible to supply the service faithfully. Check to be certain that the staffing company is licensed by The Joint Commission, If it's medical care services you are seeking. Clients will typically pay a large chunk of your total invoice up on finishing the occupation so that you are getting to need to foot the bill until you get compensated when they cover their invoice in full. You might not need some users as a way to delete customer or invoice data.
Folks are inherently lazy plus they are more likely to buy your product than to go away and begin earning their own. Has to possess a mechanism to permit one to define exactly what consumers can and can not perform. For instance, any services and products may be sold by you however in the same statement you might have labour or shipping. Individuals are satisfied with a solution or service an exception may be made by the business or only leave you.
Payment letter's case only serves to elucidate the arrangement so that there is no doubt on your mind. You will have the ability to discover many free business strategy examples on line. It is harder to come across a sample of the roof business application. Listed below are elements you need to add in this correspondence.
To maintain everybody abreast of your advancement, it really is much far better to publish a copy of one's invoice on to the the customer and also the lawyer. For instance, in the event the document is going to be published, it has to be formatted to be printed on a standard size newspaper. Stories can arrive in rather useful to you. The Revenue Tax Liability Report is employed in order to complete the remainder of the earnings tax return. Include any market study that you just simply do or local industry numbers that you're able place to gather's outcomes.
Letter needs to be published on the business letterhead. For your very first campaign you may need to add matters such as a debut letter telling men and women a little bit on your own and the way your company works and the services you supply. Your letter should signify that you're acute and eager to pay most of the dues once potential. You may get sample letters and top suggestions to aid you. Generally, in case you're in a posture to write an extremely great correspondence of excuse, you are going to stay a place to obtain your self more time, as the lender may possibly perhaps not record that the overdue paymentmaintaining your credit score. Consistently compose a line stating the letter has to become ignored in the event the action is taken at the close of the letter. The set correspondence you get from a collection agency should have a investigation note.


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We're Shocked Even Ken Jennings Hadn't Heard Of This Super Common Phrase In 'Jeopardy!' Category
Did you know the answer?
January 12, 2023 | 5:00 p.m. CST
Jeopardy!/youtube.com
Ken Jennings is not only the host of Jeopardy!, but also an accomplished former contestant in his own right. He usually seems to have all the answers, but one common phrase used as a clue tripped him up along with the rest of the players.
All Three Contestants Plus Jennings Missed This Simple Question
The clue Jennings read out was "As a means of making amends, it's sometimes done to 'the beef.'" Most people would immediately guess the correct answer, but all three contestants missed the question.
Jamie Fletcher buzzed in, only to stay silent and shake her head. Jennings moved on to Omar Bhatt, who guessed, "What is 'to bury?'" The third player, Ray LaLonde, didn't even attempt to answer the question.
Why squash the beef when you can bury it? #Jeopardy pic.twitter.com/9pP9oF0meG
— Jeopardy! (@Jeopardy) December 29, 2022
"Apparently, to 'squash' the beef," Jennings answered for the clueless contestants. He then surprised viewers by admitting, "This is also a new idiom to me."
Many viewers were surprised that no one managed to answer the clue and that Jennings himself was unaware of the phrase.
RELATED: Fan Favorite Ryan Long Reveals How 'Jeopardy!' Helped Him Break Out Of His Shell
Jennings is the highest-earning American game show contestant in history, taking home over $4 million during his runs on shows like Jeopardy!, Are You Smarter Than a Fifth Grader?, and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
Fan Reactions: 'You Mean I Knew A Phrase That Ken Jennings Didn't?'
"Wait, you mean I knew a phrase that @KenJennings , a 10 day champ, and 2 others didn't?" one person laughed. Another person poked fun at Bhatt's answer, tweeting, "I've been burying some beef myself."
The Game's Big Winner
Even though the contestants didn't get this question right, all three rallied and managed to put up a pretty good fight. However, LaLonde decimated the competition, taking home an even $30,000 and continuing his 10-day winning streak.
Fletcher came in second with $8,400, while Bhatt took home just $1 after a particularly risky wager. The wager was made even riskier by the fact that he had no clue as to what the answer to the Final Jeopardy was, writing "What is I had fun?" as his answer.
Jennings and the rest of the Jeopardy! contestants usually seem to know everything that's brought up in these categories, but this recent triple-stumper left many viewers feeling good that they knew something super-champ Jennings didn't.
'Jeopardy!' Writers Called Out For A Mistake In A Clue About 'The Beverly Hillbillies'
Jeopardy!' Tried Out A New Kind Of Category That Fans Absolutely Hated (And Rightfully So)
'Jeopardy!' Answer Made Us Ask If We've Been Using This Common Phrase Wrong
Watch, Read, ListenEllen DeGeneres' Star-Studded Throwback To Birthdays Past On Her Show Has Us Missing It More Than Ever
Watch, Read, ListenKen Jennings Made A Hilarious Highbrow Joke During 'Final Jeopardy!'
Watch, Read, Listen'Today' Show Posted THAT Infamous Clip Of Katie Couric And Bryant Gumbel Learning What The Internet Is And It's Still Just As Funny as Ever

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home About NIA Staff Listing Manuel MORO
Advances in Alzheimer's & Related Dementias Research
National Advisory Council on Aging
Title: Health Scientist Administrator
Office(s): Division of Aging Biology (DAB)
Email Address: morom@mail.nih.gov
Manuel Moro joined the Division of Aging Biology at the National Institute on Aging (NIA) in February 2017. His responsibilities focus on animal models of aging and the handling of several of NIA biological resources. Before joining NIA, he was a program official at the Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP) in the Office of the NIH Director, where he developed several initiatives related to the use of animals as models of several human diseases and conditions, developed biomedical research training initiatives, served as coordinator for almost all ORIP training programs for veterinarian-scientists, and served as the official representative for contracts supporting operations of the federal chimpanzee sanctuary and for NIH research chimpanzees.
Before joining the NIH, Dr. Moro was an assistant professor at the college of veterinary medicine at Kansas State University in Manhattan, where he worked in the immunopathology of Lyme disease and other tick-borne diseases, including the development of new animal models to study these human pathogens.
Dr. Moro received his veterinary degree from the National University of San Marcos in Lima, Peru. He earned a masters in public health from the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health in Baltimore, and a doctorate from the College of Veterinary Medicine at Iowa State University in Ames. He also performed a fellowship in immunopathology at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.
Inside NIA Blog Posts
Seeking alternative animal models for Alzheimer's disease
The NIA Aging Cell Repository: Facilitating research with aging cells


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Interior Levels
Min 1 2 3 4 to Max 1 2 3 4
Min 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 20 22 23 24 25 26 33 42 60 74 81 96 204 250 280 300 302 360 400 427 436 438 454 455 458 480 500 505 576 580 597 612 628 700 728 746 to Max 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 20 22 23 24 25 26 33 42 60 74 81 96 204 250 280 300 302 360 400 427 436 438 454 455 458 480 500 505 576 580 597 612 628 700 728 746
All Residential Listings Detached All Other Attached Townhome Manufactured Home Mobile Home Twinhome Rowhome Modular Home
Min 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 25 30 33 40 50 75 76 97 100 400 1000 to Max 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 25 30 33 40 50 75 76 97 100 400 1000
Community Garage
Direct Garage Access
Garage - Front Entry
Garage - Single Door
Garage - Three Door
Garage - Two Door
Golf Cart Garage
Biking/hiking Trails
Clubhouse/rec Room
N/k
On-site Guard
Other/remarks
Recreation Area
No Preference Active Back On Market Contingent
66,498 San Diego County Listings
590 W Laurel Street 00, SAN DIEGO, CA
$1,700,000 - 3 Beds 3 Baths 2,256 Sqft 31 DOM
Award-winning Nakhshab Development & Design introduces eco-friendly, mid-century modern- inspired townhomes. Walking distance from Balboa Park, Little Italy, and Downtown. Spectacular skyline views and sleek, inviting layouts. Private roof deck with amenities. Other features include in-unit elevators, central air, two-car attached garage, LEED-certified. No HOA fee
Date Sat Jul 20th, 2:00-4:30PM
Date Sun Jul 21st, 2:00-4:30PM
Address 590 W Laurel Street 00
Area SAN DIEGO DOWNTOWN (92101)
Subdivision Banker Hill
City SAN DIEGO
Utilities Electric, Gas
Parking Attached
Heating Forced Air Unit
Office Coldwell Banker West


Evacuated from London, David and Tucky feel like the war is a long way away from their new life in the countryside. Then one night the skyline of the moor is lit up with gun flashes, and the distant crump of bombing miles away brings the war back to them and shatters their new-found peace. When a German bomber crashes, the boys feel they should hate the airmen inside. But one of them saves David's life . . .


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Sunbelt Rentals equipment is maintained to ensure it's ready for your job. Rent 2,000lb Air Winch with confidence from Sunbelt Rentals. If anything goes wrong with your 2,000lb Air Winch, we guarantee a working replacement on-site within hours.


The post Sephora Cleansing Oil-in-Balm Review & Swatches appeared first on Musings of a Muse.
Sephora Cleansing Oil-in-Balm is new cleansing balm that promises to transform into an oil upon contact with skin to remove makeup easily. This isn't any great innovation by any means as you've likely tried plenty of cleansing balms already from a variety of different brands both mid-range and budget friendly with popular picks from Clinique's Take the Day Off Cleansing Balm to Korean's cult favorite Banila Co Clean It Zero. I actually don't really need a new cleansing balm since I found two holy grail cleansing balms that I really love and use daily in my routine those being the Nooni Snowflake Jelly Cleansing Oil and Farmacy Beauty Green Clean Makeup Meltaway Cleansing Balm. Both are great at removing my makeup, don't strip my skin, and wash clean away.
However, like any good skincare junkie when something new pops up I have to try it to make sure that I'm not missing out on something awesome thus that lead to my purchase of Sephora Cleansing Oil-in-Balm.


As you already know, we recently resurrected We Wear the Ring and part of my motivation for jump starting it revolved around how my basketball material didn't always translate to a The Point of Pittsburgh format. I couldn't produce enough Dukes content there to keep it relevant for our old readers. In the end, it wasn't a fit and my coverage often got lost in the variety of articles. This is what I hope will be the first of several of WWTR / TPOP crossover articles where I post a beefed up Duquesne article on both sites. It was posted on TPOP.
Saddened by the fact that his alma mater Virginia Tech no longer plays in the Atlantic 10, our own Kevin Creagh has become something of closeted Duquesne fan. I wouldn't say he loves the Dukes just yet, but he almost always loves their stat stuffers. The Dukes new freshman Duquesne point guard, Sincere Carry, stuffs with the best of them. Through 6 games, he's averaged ten points and leads the conference in assists with 6.6 per contest. If he continues that pace the rest of the season or even falls off a little, he'll pass (no pun intended) Norm Nixon for the most assists per game in a season.
Carry isn't the only freshman helping the Dukes. Austin Rotroff has shown great poise in the paint. Carry has overshadowed his backup, Brandon Wade, who has performed well enough for a freshman. Lamar Norman, Jr. has been incredibly efficient in a small sample size while we've seen some growth from Amari Kelly. Gavin Bizeau has really yet to have much of an opportunity, not an uncommon experience for freshman bigs.
Kevin was curious how I thought Carry stacked up with the rest of the Atlantic 10's freshmen point guards, but since the Dukes basically have a player at every position, I figured we'd look at how each fits into their league cohort.
The Atlantic 10's freshman crop of point guards has some early returns at the top end and some depth to match. Fordham's Nick Honor has garnered league honors for Rookie of the Week twice in three opportunities. He's leading the Rams in both points and assists. Fordham also have two other combos capable of running an offense in Jalen Cobb and Ty Perry, both averaging double figures early. Kyle Loften looks like one half of St. Bonaventure's next great backcourt. Jared Bynum snuck into St. Joe's vacancy at the point guard and has performed very well, averaging roughly 11 points and 4 assists. Tre Woods of the Minutemen isn't starting, but he's tied for the second most assists per game on the team in sixteen fewer minutes than Curtis Cobb, with whom he shares that honor.
There really haven't been a ton of freshmen making an impact on the wing so far in the Atlantic 10 though you could certainly add Fordham's Cobb and Perry into this category if you wished to beef it up. Jake Wojcik has averaged over 31 minutes a game for the Richmond Spiders and has chipped in around seven per game. Highly recruited Dwayne Cohill hasn't gotten into much of the rhythm for Dayton so far, but he is playing every game. Redshirt Luke Frampton has started all six games for Davidson averaging a shade over seven points in a game. There hasn't been much room at the table for VCU's Vince Williams, but he's making good use of what he gets by finishing at better than 60% around the basket. Allentown native Tyrese Martin has looked solid but not spectacular for Rhode Island.
This year's A10 freshman crop looks heavy on the points and posts just as it did in its glory days roughly a decade ago. La Salle commit turned St. Bonaventure player, Osun Osunniyi, started one game for the Bonnies. While he's averaging five points a game, he's swatting 2.5 shots per contest good for the conference lead. Obi Topin of Dayton has gotten off to the best offensive start of any power forward averaging 11.5 points after sitting out last season for a redshirt. Luka Brajkovic has gotten off to an excellent start for Davidson as well. He's averaging double figures and leading the team in rebounding while playing less than twenty-five minutes a game. Arguably the league's most heralded recruit in the class of 2018, the Billikens' Carte'are Gordan has averaged a shade over eight points early. He got into foul trouble against Pitt and only played 12 minutes. Jersey product Jared Kimbrough has started five games for La Salle and he's posted an admirable 8 points and 5 boards. Sy Chatman is making the biggest impact for the freshman class of UMass. While he's averaging under six points per game, he's got a hyper efficient 130.5 O-rating. Of course, Duquesne's Rotroff has the highest offensive rating of any post player to appear in all of his teams games at 146.9.
Austin Rostroff, the Atlantic 10's most efficient post freshman so far.
As I reviewed rosters for freshmen making an impact on their respective Atlantic 10 program, it's a cheap reminder of how few of them are making a major impact from the jump. When we see players like Honor drop 20 points or Carry nearly go double-double with points and assists, we assume those are the normal for freshman performances. Truth is they are the exception. For every player I mentioned above for having even marginal production, there is at least another that I either overlooked or decided not to bother with because they've barely played. A lot of those guys will become impact players. Kids who haven't even made their debut ye,t either sitting out for injury or redshirt, will become impact players.
Point guard is no question the best and most college ready group out of all the freshmen in the league this year. There are a number doing big things and I'd put Carry right among them. Wade hasn't fit into this tier, but all of those players have gotten significantly more minutes than he has. Not one of the conference's young wings have stood out, so I wouldn't say it's damning that Lamar Norman, Jr. hasn't played much. In the post Austin Rotroff is the most efficient in the league, but not one post player is a complete package just yet. The collective strength of this group of interior players is impressive and bodes well for the future of the conference.


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History of literature
(Redirected from Literary history)
For a more in-depth table of the history of literature, see List of years in literature.
The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry that attempt to provide entertainment, enlightenment, or instruction to the reader/listener/observer, as well as the development of the literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces. Not all writings constitute literature. Some recorded materials, such as compilations of data (e.g., a check register) are not considered literature, and this article relates only to the evolution of the works defined above.
The beginnings of literatureEdit
Main article: Early literature
See also: Sangam literature, Sumerian literature, Ancient Egyptian literature, and Babylonian literature
Literature and writing, though connected, are not synonymous. The very first writings from ancient Sumer by any reasonable definition do not constitute literature—the same is true of some of the early Egyptian hieroglyphics or the thousands of logs from ancient Chinese regimes. Scholars have often disagreed concerning when written record-keeping became more like "literature" than anything else; the definition is largely subjective.
Moreover, given the significance of distance as a cultural isolator in earlier centuries, the historical development of literature did not occur at an even pace across the world. The problems of creating a uniform global history of literature are compounded by the fact that many texts have been lost over the millennia, either deliberately, by accident, or by the total disappearance of the originating culture. Much has been written, for example, about the destruction of the Library of Alexandria in the 1st century BC, and the innumerable key texts which are believed to have been lost forever to the flames. The deliberate suppression of texts (and often their authors) by organisations of either a spiritual or a temporal nature further shrouds the subject.
A stone tablet containing part of the Epic of Gilgamesh
Certain primary texts, however, may be isolated which have a qualifying role as literature's first stirrings. Very early examples include Epic of Gilgamesh, in its Sumerian version predating 2000 BC, and the Egyptian Book of the Dead written down in the Papyrus of Ani in approximately 1250 BC but probably dates from about the 18th century BC. Ancient Egyptian literature was not included in early studies of the history of literature because the writings of Ancient Egypt were not translated into European languages until the 19th century when the Rosetta stone was deciphered.
Many texts handed down by oral tradition over several centuries before they were fixed in written form are difficult or impossible to date. The core of the Rigveda may date to the mid 2nd millennium BC. The Pentateuch is traditionally dated to the 15th century, although modern scholarship estimates its oldest part to date to the 10th century BC at the earliest.
Homer's Iliad and Odyssey date to the 8th century BC and mark the beginning of Classical Antiquity. They also stand in an oral tradition that stretches back to the late Bronze Age.
Indian śruti texts post-dating the Rigveda (such as the Yajurveda, the Atharvaveda and the Brahmanas), as well as the Hebrew Tanakh and the mystical collection of poems attributed to Lao Tze, the Tao te Ching, date to the Iron Age, but their dating is difficult and controversial. The great Hindu epics were also transmitted orally, likely predating the Maurya period.
AntiquityEdit
Main article: Ancient literature
ChinaEdit
Main articles: Chinese classics and Classical Chinese poetry
The Classic of Poetry (or Shijing) is the oldest existing collection of Chinese poetry, comprising 305 works by anonymous authors dating from the 11th to 7th centuries BC. The Chu Ci anthology (or Songs of Chu) is a volume of poems attributed to or considered to be inspired by Qu Yuan's verse writing. Qu Yuan is the first author of verse in China to have his name associated to his work and is also regarded as one of the most prominent figures of Romanticism in Chinese classical literature.
The first great author on military tactics and strategy was Sun Tzu, whose The Art of War remains on the shelves of many modern military officers (and its advice has been applied to the corporate world as well). Philosophy developed far differently in China than in Greece—rather than presenting extended dialogues, the Analects of Confucius and Lao Zi's Tao Te Ching presented sayings and proverbs more directly and didactically. The Zhuangzi is composed of a large collection of creative anecdotes, allegories, parables, and fables; a masterpiece of both philosophical and literary skill, it has significantly influenced writers and poets for more than 2000 years from the Han dynasty to the present.
Among the earliest Chinese works of narrative history, Zuo Zhuan is a gem of classical Chinese prose. This work and the Shiji or Records of the Grand Historian, were regarded as the ultimate models by many generations of prose stylists in ancient China.
Hebrew LiteratureEdit
The books that constitute the Hebrew Bible developed over roughly a millennium. The oldest texts seem to come from the eleventh or tenth centuries BCE, whilst most of the other texts are somewhat later. They are edited works, being collections of various sources intricately and carefully woven together.
The Old Testament was compiled and edited by various men[1] over a period of centuries, with many scholars concluding that the Hebrew canon was solidified by about the 3rd century BC.[2][3] The works have been subject to various literary evaluations (both secular and religious). Friedrich Nietzsche wrote: "In the Jewish Old Testament, there are men, things and speeches in so grand a style that Greek and Indian literature have nothing to compare to it. One stands with awe and reverence before these tremendous remnants of what man once was... The taste for the Old Testament is a touchstone of 'greatness' and 'smallness'."[4]
Classical antiquityEdit
Greek literatureEdit
Main article: Ancient Greek literature
Ancient Greek society placed considerable emphasis upon literature. Many authors consider the western literary tradition to have begun with the epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey, which remain giants in the literary canon for their skillful and vivid depictions of war and peace, honor and disgrace, love and hatred. Notable among later Greek poets was Sappho, who defined, in many ways, lyric poetry as a genre.
A playwright named Aeschylus changed Western literature forever when he introduced the ideas of dialogue and interacting characters to playwriting. In doing so, he essentially invented "drama": his Oresteia trilogy of plays is seen as his crowning achievement. Other refiners of playwriting were Sophocles and Euripides. Sophocles is credited with skillfully developing irony as a literary technique, most famously in his play Oedipus Rex. Euripedes, conversely, used plays to challenge societal norms and mores—a hallmark of much of Western literature for the next 2,300 years and beyond—and his works such as Medea, The Bacchae and The Trojan Women are still notable for their ability to challenge our perceptions of propriety, gender, and war. Aristophanes, a comic playwright, defines and shapes the idea of comedy almost as Aeschylus had shaped tragedy as an art form—Aristophanes' most famous plays include the Lysistrata and The Frogs.
Philosophy entered literature in the dialogues of Plato, who converted the give and take of Socratic questioning into written form. Aristotle, Plato's student, wrote dozens of works on many scientific disciplines, but his greatest contribution to literature was likely his Poetics, which lays out his understanding of drama, and thereby establishes the first criteria for literary criticism.
The New Testament is an unusual collection of texts--John's Book of Revelation, though not the first of its kind, essentially defines apocalypse as a literary genre.
Latin literatureEdit
Main article: Latin literature
In many respects, the writers of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire chose to avoid innovation in favor of imitating the great Greek authors. Virgil's Aeneid, in many ways, emulated Homer's Iliad; Plautus, a comic playwright, followed in the footsteps of Aristophanes; Tacitus' Annals and Germania follow essentially the same historical approaches that Thucydides devised (the Christian historian Eusebius does also, although far more influenced by his religion than either Tacitus or Thucydides had been by Greek and Roman polytheism); Ovid and his Metamorphoses explore the same Greek myths again in new ways. It can be argued, and has been, that the Roman authors, far from being mindless copycats, improved on the genres already established by their Greek predecessors. For example, Ovid's Metamorphoses creates a form which is a clear predecessor of the stream of consciousness genre. What is undeniable is that the Romans, in comparison with the Greeks, innovate relatively few literary styles of their own.
Satire is one of the few Roman additions to literature—Horace was the first to use satire extensively as a tool for argument, and Juvenal made it into a weapon.
Augustine of Hippo and his The City of God do for religious literature essentially what Plato had done for philosophy, but Augustine's approach was far less conversational and more didactive. His Confessions is perhaps the first true autobiography, and it gave rise to the genre of confessional literature which is now more popular than ever.
IndiaEdit
Further information: Tamil literature, Indian literature, Kannada literature, and Sanskrit literature
Knowledge traditions in India handed down philosophical gleanings and theological concepts through the two traditions of Shruti and Smriti, meaning that which is learnt and that which is experienced, which included the Vedas. It is generally believed that the Puranas are the earliest philosophical writings in Indian history, although linguistic works on Sanskrit existed earlier than 1000 BC. Puranic works such as the Indian epics: Ramayana and Mahabharata, have influenced countless other works, including Balinese Kecak and other performances such as shadow puppetry (wayang), and many European works. Pali literature has an important position in the rise of Buddhism. Classical Sanskrit literature flowers in the Maurya and Gupta periods, roughly spanning the 2nd century BC to the 8th century AD.
Main article: Medieval literature
EuropeEdit
After the fall of Rome (in roughly 476), many of the literary approaches and styles invented by the Greeks and Romans fell out of favor in Europe. In the millennium or so that intervened between Rome's fall and the Florentine Renaissance, medieval literature focused more and more on faith and faith-related matters, in part because the works written by the Greeks had not been preserved in Europe, and therefore there were few models of classical literature to learn from and move beyond. What little there was became changed and distorted, with new forms beginning to develop from the distortions. Some of these distorted beginnings of new styles can be seen in the literature generally described as Matter of Rome, Matter of France and Matter of Britain.
Following Rome's fall, Islam's spread across Asia and Africa brought with it a desire to preserve and build upon the work of the Greeks, especially in literature. Although much had been lost to the ravages of time (and to catastrophe, as in the burning of the Library of Alexandria), many Greek works remained extant: they were preserved and copied carefully by Muslim scribes.
In Europe, hagiographies, or "lives of the saints", are frequent among early medieval texts. The writings of Bede—Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum—and others continue the faith-based historical tradition begun by Eusebius in the early 4th century. Playwriting essentially ceased, except for the mystery plays and the passion plays that focused heavily on conveying Christian belief to the common people. Around 400 AD the Prudenti Psychomachia began the tradition of allegorical tales. Poetry flourished, however, in the hands of the troubadours, whose courtly romances and chanson de geste amused and entertained the upper classes who were their patrons. Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote works which he claimed were histories of Britain. These were highly fanciful and included stories of Merlin the magician and King Arthur. Epic poetry continued to develop with the addition of the mythologies of Northern Europe: Beowulf and the Norse sagas have much in common with Homer and Virgil's approaches to war and honor, while poems such as Dante's Divine Comedy and Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales take much different stylistic directions.
In November 1095, Pope Urban II preached the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont. The crusades would affect everything in Europe and the Middle East for many years to come and literature would, along with everything else, be transformed by the wars between these two cultures. For instance the image of the knight would take on a different significance. Also the Islamic emphasis on scientific investigation and the preservation of the Greek philosophical writings would eventually affect European literature.
Between Augustine and The Bible, religious authors had numerous aspects of Christianity that needed further explication and interpretation. Thomas Aquinas, more than any other single person, was able to turn theology into a kind of science, in part because he was heavily influenced by Aristotle, whose works were returning to Europe in the 13th century.
See also: Islamic literature
"Ali Baba" by Maxfield Parrish.
The most well known fiction from the Islamic world was The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), which was a compilation of many earlier folk tales told by the Persian Queen Scheherazade. The epic took form in the 10th century and reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another.[5] All Arabian fantasy tales were often called "Arabian Nights" when translated into English, regardless of whether they appeared in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, in any version, and a number of tales are known in Europe as "Arabian Nights" despite existing in no Arabic manuscript.[5]
This epic has been influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland.[6] Many imitations were written, especially in France.[7] Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad and Ali Baba. However, no medieval Arabic source has been traced for Aladdin, which was incorporated into The Book of One Thousand and One Nights by its French translator, Antoine Galland, who heard it from an Arab Syrian Christian storyteller from Aleppo. The popularity of the work may in part be due to greater popular knowledge of history and geography since it was written. This meant that the plausibility of great marvels had to be set at a greater distance of time ("long ago") and place ("far away"). This is a process that continues, and finally culminates in fantasy fiction having little connection, if any, to actual times and places. A number of elements from Arabian mythology and Persian mythology are now common in modern fantasy, such as genies, bahamuts, magic carpets, magic lamps, etc.[7] When L. Frank Baum proposed writing a modern fairy tale that banished stereotypical elements he felt the genie, dwarf and fairy were stereotypes to avoid.[8]
Arabic manuscript of the One Thousand and One Nights.
A number of stories within the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights) also feature science fiction elements. One example is "The Adventures of Bulukiya", where the protagonist Bulukiya's quest for the herb of immortality leads him to explore the seas, journey to the Garden of Eden and to Jahannam, and travel across the cosmos to different worlds much larger than his own world, anticipating elements of galactic science fiction;[9] along the way, he encounters societies of jinns,[10] mermaids, talking serpents, talking trees, and other forms of life.[9] In another Arabian Nights tale, the protagonist Abdullah the Fisherman gains the ability to breathe underwater and discovers an underwater submarine society that is portrayed as an inverted reflection of society on land, in that the underwater society follows a form of primitive communism where concepts like money and clothing do not exist. Other Arabian Nights tales deal with lost ancient technologies, advanced ancient civilizations that went astray, and catastrophes which overwhelmed them.[11] "The City of Brass" features a group of travellers on an archaeological expedition[12] across the Sahara to find an ancient lost city and attempt to recover a brass vessel that Solomon once used to trap a jinn,[13] and, along the way, encounter a mummified queen, petrified inhabitants,[14] lifelike humanoid robots and automata, seductive marionettes dancing without strings,[15] and a brass horseman robot who directs the party towards the ancient city. "The Ebony Horse" features a robot[16] in the form of a flying mechanical horse controlled using keys that could fly into outer space and towards the Sun,[17] while the "Third Qalandar's Tale" also features a robot in the form of an uncanny boatman.[16] "The City of Brass" and "The Ebony Horse" can be considered early examples of proto-science fiction.[18]
Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, considered the greatest epic of Italian literature, derived many features of and episodes about the hereafter directly or indirectly from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before[19] as Liber Scale Machometi, "The Book of Muhammad's Ladder") concerning Muhammad's ascension to Heaven, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi. The Moors also had a noticeable influence on the works of George Peele and William Shakespeare. Some of their works featured Moorish characters, such as Peele's The Battle of Alcazar and Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello, which featured a Moorish Othello as its title character. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England at the beginning of the 17th century.[20]
Arabic literatureEdit
Main articles: Arabic literature and Literature of Morocco
Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288) were pioneers of the philosophical novel. Ibn Tufail wrote the first fictional Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Both of these narratives had protagonists (Hayy in Philosophus Autodidactus and Kamil in Theologus Autodidactus) who were autodidactic feral children living in seclusion on a desert island, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone with animals on the desert island for the rest of the story in Philosophus Autodidactus, the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in Theologus Autodidactus, developing into the earliest known coming of age plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel.[21][22]
Theologus Autodidactus deals with various science fiction elements such as spontaneous generation, futurology, the end of the world and doomsday, resurrection, and the afterlife. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the scientific knowledge of biology, astronomy, cosmology and geology known in his time. His main purpose behind this science fiction work was to explain Islamic religious teachings in terms of science and philosophy through the use of fiction.[23]
A Latin translation of Ibn Tufail's work, Philosophus Autodidactus, first appeared in 1671, prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger, followed by an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708, as well as German and Dutch translations. These translations later inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe, a candidate for the title of "first novel in English".[24][25][26][27] Philosophus Autodidactus also inspired Robert Boyle to write his own philosophical novel set on an island, The Aspiring Naturalist.[28] The story also anticipated Rousseau's Emile: or, On Education in some ways, and is also similar to Mowgli's story in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book as well as Tarzan's story, in that a baby is abandoned but taken care of and fed by a mother wolf.[citation needed]
Among other innovations in Arabic literature was Ibn Khaldun's perspective on chronicling past events—by fully rejecting supernatural explanations, Khaldun essentially invented the scientific or sociological approach to history.[citation needed]
Persian literatureEdit
Main articles: Persian literature and Pahlavi literature
Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran, is a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history. It is the longest epic poem ever written.
From Persian culture the book which would, eventually, become the most famous in the west is the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. The Rubáiyát is a collection of poems by the Persian mathematician and astronomer Omar Khayyám (1048–1122). "Rubaiyat" means "quatrains": verses of four lines.
Amir Arsalan was also a popular mythical Persian story, which has influenced some modern works of fantasy fiction, such as The Heroic Legend of Arslan.
Examples of early Persian proto-science fiction include Al-Farabi's Opinions of the residents of a splendid city about a utopian society, Al-Qazwini's futuristic tale of Awaj bin Anfaq about a man who travelled to Earth from a distant planet, and elements such as the flying carpet.[29]
Ottoman literatureEdit
Main article: Ottoman literature
See also: Poetry of the Ottoman Empire and Prose of the Ottoman Empire
The two primary streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and prose. Of the two, divan poetry was by far the dominant stream. Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fiction; that is, there were no counterparts to, for instance, the European romance, short story, or novel (though analogous genres did, to some extent, exist in both the Turkish folk tradition and in divan poetry). Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose never managed to develop to the extent that contemporary divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec' (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose,[30] a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj' and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a sentence, there must be a rhyme.
Jewish literatureEdit
Further information: Jewish literature and Hebrew literature
Medieval Jewish fiction often drew on ancient Jewish legends, and was written in a variety of languages including Hebrew and Judeo-Arabic. Liturgical Jewish poetry in Hebrew flourished in Palestine in the seventh and eighth centuries with the writings of Yose ben Yose, Yanai, and Eleazar Kalir[31] Later Jewish poets in Spain, Provencal, and Italy wrote both religious and secular poems in Hebrew; particularly prominent poets were the Spanish Jewish poets Solomon ibn Gabirol and Yehuda Halevi. In addition to poetry and fiction, medieval Jewish literature also includes philosophical literature, mystical (Kabbalistic) literature, ethical (musar) literature, legal (halakhic) literature, and commentaries on the Bible.
Further information: Indian literature, Sangam literature, and Classical Sanskrit literature
Early Medieval (Gupta period) literature in India sees the flowering of Sanskrit drama, classical Sanskrit poetry and the compilation of the Puranas. Sanskrit declines in the early 2nd millennium, late works such as the Kathasaritsagara dating to the 11th century, to the benefit of literature composed in Middle Indic vernaculars such as Old Bengali, Old Hindi.
Li Po Chanting a Poem, by Liang K'ai (13th century)
Main article: Chinese literature
Lyric poetry advanced far more in China than in Europe prior to 1000, as multiple new forms developed in the Han, Tang, and Song dynasties: perhaps the greatest poets of this era in Chinese literature were Li Bai and Du Fu.
Printing began in Tang Dynasty China. A copy of the Diamond Sutra, a key Buddhist text, found sealed in a cave in China in the early 20th century, is the oldest known dated printed book, with a printed date of 868. The method used was block printing.
The scientist, statesman, and general Shen Kuo (1031–1095 AD) was the author of the Dream Pool Essays (1088), a large book of scientific literature that included the oldest description of the magnetized compass. During the Song Dynasty, there was also the enormous historical work of the Zizhi Tongjian, compiled into 294 volumes of 3 million written Chinese characters by the year 1084 AD.
The true vernacular novel was developed in China during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD).[citation needed] Some authors feel that China originated the novel form with the Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong (in the 14th century), although others feel that this epic is distinct from the novel in key ways.[citation needed] Fictional novels published during the Ming period include the Water Margin and the Journey to the West, which represent two of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature.
Main articles: Japanese literature and List of Japanese classic texts
Classical Japanese literature generally refers to literature produced during the Heian Period, what some would consider a golden era of art and literature. The Tale of Genji (early 11th century) by Murasaki Shikibu is considered the pre-eminent masterpiece of Heian fiction and an early example of a work of fiction in the form of a novel. It is sometimes called the world's first novel, the first modern novel, the first romance novel, or the first novel to still be considered a classic.
Other important works of this period include the Kokin Wakashū (905), a waka-poetry anthology, and The Pillow Book (990s), the latter written by Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival, Sei Shōnagon, as an essay about the life, loves, and pastimes of nobles in the Emperor's court. The iroha poem, now one of two standard orderings for the Japanese syllabary, was also written during the early part of this period.
The 10th-century Japanese narrative, The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, can be considered an early example of proto-science fiction. The protagonist of the story, Kaguya-hime, is a princess from the Moon who is sent to Earth for safety during a celestial war, and is found and raised by a bamboo cutter in Japan. She is later taken back to the Moon by her real extraterrestrial family. A manuscript illustration depicts a disc-shaped flying object similar to a flying saucer.[32]
In this time the imperial court patronized the poets, most of whom were courtiers or ladies-in-waiting. Editing anthologies of poetry was a national pastime. Reflecting the aristocratic atmosphere, the poetry was elegant and sophisticated and expressed emotions in a rhetorical style.
RenaissanceEdit
Main articles: Renaissance Literature, 15th century in literature, and 16th century in literature
Had nothing occurred to change literature in the 15th century but the Renaissance, the break with medieval approaches would have been clear enough. The 15th century, however, also brought Johann Gutenberg and his invention of the printing press, an innovation (for Europe, at least) that would change literature forever. Texts were no longer precious and expensive to produce—they could be cheaply and rapidly put into the marketplace. Literacy went from the prized possession of the select few to a much broader section of the population (though by no means universal). As a result, much about literature in Europe was radically altered in the two centuries following Gutenberg's unveiling of the printing press in 1455.
William Caxton was the first English printer and published English language texts including Le Morte d'Arthur (a collection of oral tales of the Arthurian Knights which is a forerunner of the novel) and Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. These are an indication of future directions in literature. With the arrival of the printing press a process begins in which folk yarns and legends are collected within a frame story and then mass published.
In the Renaissance, the focus on learning for learning's sake causes an outpouring of literature. Petrarch popularized the sonnet as a poetic form; Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron made romance acceptable in prose as well as poetry; François Rabelais rejuvenates satire with Gargantua and Pantagruel; Michel de Montaigne single-handedly invented the essay and used it to catalog his life and ideas. Perhaps the most controversial and important work of the time period was a treatise printed in Nuremberg, entitled De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium: in it, the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus removed the Earth from its privileged position in the universe, which had far-reaching effects, not only in science, but in literature and its approach to humanity, hierarchy, and truth.
Main article: Early Modern literature
Further information: Baroque literature, 16th century in literature, and 17th century in literature
A new spirit of science and investigation in Europe was part of a general upheaval in human understanding which began with the European invasion of the New World in 1492 and continues through the subsequent centuries, even up to the present day.
The form of writing now commonplace across the world—the novel—originated from the early modern period and grew in popularity in the next century. Before the modern novel became established as a form there first had to be a transitional stage when "novelty" began to appear in the style of the epic poem.
Plays for entertainment (as opposed to religious enlightenment) returned to Europe's stages in the early modern period. William Shakespeare is the most notable of the early modern playwrights, but numerous others made important contributions, including Molière, Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Lope de Vega, Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson. From the 16th to the 18th century Commedia dell'arte performers improvised in the streets of Italy and France. Some Commedia dell'arte plays were written down. Both the written plays and the improvisation were influential upon literature of the time, particularly upon the work of Molière. Shakespeare drew upon the arts of jesters and strolling players in creating new style comedies. All the parts, even the female ones, were played by men (en travesti) but that would change, first in France and then in England too, by the end of the 17th century.
The epic Elizabethan poem The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser was published, in its first part, in 1590 and then in completed form in 1597. The Fairie Queen marks the transitional period in which "novelty" begins to enter into the narrative in the sense of overturning and playing with the flow of events. Theatrical forms known in Spenser's time such as the Masque and the Mummers' Play are incorporated into the poem in ways which twist tradition and turn it to political propaganda in the service of Queen Elizabeth I.
The earliest work considered an opera in the sense the work is usually understood dates from around 1597. It is Dafne, (now lost) written by Jacopo Peri for an elite circle of literate Florentine humanists who gathered as the "Camerata".
17th century is considered as the greatest era of Spanish and French literature where it is called Siglo de Oro and Grand Siècle respectively. The most famous authors beside playwrights include Jean de La Fontaine and Charles Perrault known primarily for their fables.
Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote has been called "the first novel" by many literary scholars (or the first of the modern European novels). It was published in two parts. The first part was published in 1605 and the second in 1615. It might be viewed as a parody of Le Morte d'Arthur (and other examples of the chivalric romance), in which case the novel form would be the direct result of poking fun at a collection of heroic folk legends. This is fully in keeping with the spirit of the age of enlightenment which began from about this time and delighted in giving a satirical twist to the stories and ideas of the past. It's worth noting that this trend toward satirising previous writings was only made possible by the printing press. Without the invention of mass-produced copies of a book it would not be possible to assume the reader will have seen the earlier work and will thus understand the references within the text.
The new style in English poetry during the 17th century was that of the metaphysical movement. The metaphysical poets were John Donne, George Herbert, Andrew Marvell and others. Metaphysical poetry is characterised by a spirit of intellectual investigation of the spiritual, rather than the mystical reverence of many earlier English poems. The metaphysical poets were clearly trying to understand the world around them and the spirit behind it, instead of accepting dogma on the basis of faith.
In the middle of the century the king of England was overthrown and a republic declared. In the new regime (which lasted from 1649 to 1653) the arts suffered. In England and the rest of the British Isles Oliver Cromwell's rule temporarily banned all theatre, festivals, jesters, mummers plays and frivolities. The ban was lifted when the monarchy was restored with Charles II. The Drury Lane theatre was favorite of King Charles.
In contrast to the metaphysical poets was John Milton's Paradise Lost, an epic religious poem in blank verse. Milton had been Oliver Cromwell's chief propagandist and suffered when the Restoration came. Paradise Lost is one of the highest developments of the epic form in poetry immediately preceding the era of the modern prose novel.
An allegorical novel, The Pilgrim's Progress from This World to That Which Is to Come was published by John Bunyan in 1678.
Other early novelists include Daniel Defoe (born 1660) and Jonathan Swift (born 1667).
Modern periodEdit
Main article: History of modern literature
18th centuryEdit
Main article: 18th century literature
Further information: Augustan literature and French literature of the 18th century
This is the Age of Enlightenment and its most important authors are Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant and Adam Smith. The second half of the century sees the beginnings of Romanticism with Goethe.
In Britain, the 19th century is dominated by the Victorian era, characterized by Romanticism, with Romantic poets such as William Wordsworth, Lord Byron or Samuel Taylor Coleridge and genres such as the gothic novel.
In Germany, the Sturm und Drang period of the late 18th century merges into a Classicist and Romantic period, epitomized by the long era of Goethe's activity, covering the first third of the century. The conservative Biedermeier style conflicts with the radical Vormärz in the turbulent period separating the end of the Napoleonic wars from the Revolutions of 1848.
In Denmark, the early 19th century Golden Age produced prolific literary authors such as Søren Kierkegaard and Hans Christian Andersen.
In the later 19th century, Romanticism is countered by Realism and Naturalism. The late 19th century, known as the Belle Époque, with its Fin de siècle retrospectively appeared as a "golden age" of European culture, cut short by the outbreak of World War I in 1914.
The main periods of 20th century literature are captured in the bipartite division, Modernist literature and Postmodern literature, flowering from roughly 1900 to 1940 and 1945 to 1980 respectively, divided, as a rule of thumb, by World War II.
Popular literature develops its own genres such as fantasy and science fiction. Ignored by mainstream literary criticism, these genres develop their own establishments and critical awards, such as the Nebula Award (since 1965), the British Fantasy Award (since 1971) or the Mythopoeic Awards (since 1971).
History of the bookEdit
Related to other forms of literary history, the history of the book is a field of interdisciplinary enquiry drawing on the methods of bibliography, cultural history, literary criticism, and media theory. Principally concerned with the production, circulation, and reception of texts and their material forms, book history seeks to connect forms of textuality with their material aspects.
Among the issues within the history of literature with which book history can be seen to intersect are: the development of authorship as a profession, the formation of reading audiences, the constraints of censorship and copyright, and the economics of literary form.
History of theater
History of fantasy
History of science fiction
Literature by country
^ Lim, Timothy H. (2005). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 41.
^ Riches, John (2000). The Bible: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-19-285343-1.
^ Philip R. Davies in The Canon Debate, page 50: "With many other scholars, I conclude that the fixing of a canonical list was almost certainly the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty."
^ Beyond Good and Evil, translated by Walter Kaufmann, New York: Random House, 1966; reprinted in Vintage Books, and as part of Basic Writings of Nietzsche, New York: Modern Library, 2000, 1886 (52)
^ a b John Grant and John Clute, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, "Arabian fantasy", p. 51 ISBN 0-312-19869-8
^ L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p. 10 ISBN 0-87054-076-9
^ James Thurber, "The Wizard of Chitenango", p. 64 Fantasists on Fantasy edited by Robert H. Boyer and Kenneth J. Zahorski, ISBN 0-380-86553-X
^ a b Irwin, Robert (2003), The Arabian Nights: A Companion, Tauris Parke Paperbacks, p. 209, ISBN 978-1-86064-983-7
^ Irwin, Robert (2003), The Arabian Nights: A Companion, Tauris Parke Paperbacks, p. 204, ISBN 978-1-86064-983-7
^ Irwin, Robert (2003), The Arabian Nights: A Companion, Tauris Parke Paperbacks, pp. 211–12, ISBN 978-1-86064-983-7
^ Hamori, Andras (1971), "An Allegory from the Arabian Nights: The City of Brass", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 34 (1): 9–19 [9], doi:10.1017/S0041977X00141540
^ Pinault, David (1992), Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights, Brill Publishers, pp. 148–49, 217–19, ISBN 978-90-04-09530-4
^ Hamori, Andras (1971), "An Allegory from the Arabian Nights: The City of Brass", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 34 (1): 9–19 [12–31], doi:10.1017/S0041977X00141540
^ a b Pinault, David (1992), Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights, Brill Publishers, pp. 10–11, ISBN 978-90-04-09530-4
^ Geraldine McCaughrean, Rosamund Fowler (1999), One Thousand and One Arabian Nights, Oxford University Press, pp. 247–51, ISBN 978-0-19-275013-6
^ Academic Literature, Islam and Science Fiction
^ I. Heullant-Donat and M.-A. Polo de Beaulieu, "Histoire d'une traduction," in Le Livre de l'échelle de Mahomet, Latin edition and French translation by Gisèle Besson and Michèle Brossard-Dandré, Collection Lettres Gothiques, Le Livre de Poche, 1991, p. 22 with note 37.
^ Professor Nabil Matar (April 2004), Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Stage Moor, Sam Wanamaker Fellowship Lecture, Shakespeare's Globe Theatre (cf. Mayor of London (2006), Muslims in London Archived 2008-06-26 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 14–15, Greater London Authority)
^ Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher Archived 2008-02-06 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).
^ Nahyan A.G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", pp. 95–101, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.[1]
^ Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher Archived 2008-02-06 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).
^ Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980), Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature, Al-Rashid House for Publication.
^ Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 0-7591-0190-6.
^ Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357–77 [369].
^ Martin Wainwright, Desert island scripts, The Guardian, 22 March 2003.
^ G.J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-820291-1.
^ Achmed A. W. Khammas, Science Fiction in Arabic Literature
^ Belge, 389
^ Encyclopedia Judaica
^ Richardson, Matthew (2001), The Halstead Treasury of Ancient Science Fiction, Rushcutters Bay, NSW: Halstead Press, ISBN 978-1-875684-64-9 (cf. "Once Upon a Time", Emerald City (85), September 2002, retrieved 2008-09-17 )
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_literature&oldid=903826532"


My thanks to you for a great year – TREAT YO SELF!
Shop the PDF page and choose any 10 patterns, add them to your cart.
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Check out our new College Series — three snappy Latin PDF pattern designs! I realize I'm mixing Greek-ish borders with Latin phrases, but that was just a pop quiz to see if you're paying attention.
I got these phrases from the always-awesome McSweeney's. The article by Dani Bostick is called Honest Latin Mottoes For Your Overrated University. But what do these mean?
Noli hic rem facere ridiculum ="Don't Be An Idiot Here".
Dormire quam superare = "To Sleep Rather Than to Excel".
Convivium, Fornicatio, Prae Amnibus Aes ="Partying, fornication, and above all debt" .
Stitch 'em up and send 'em off to your favorite college student. It's sure to brighten their day and confuse their peers. Your work here is done!
Nice interview I enjoyed doing over at Autostraddle. Plus a free pattern I created for them with a pet phrase of theirs.
PDF Gift Pack is back!
Here's a great idea either as a gift for yourself or your friends: Give 'em our PDF Gift Pack: for a flat rate of $25, you'll get a promo code good for 10 PDFs (a $50 value). That's enough half-price PDFs to keep you or your friend busy for months!
This year I've made a bunch of gift cards you can print out to give the recipient (not just for the Gift Pack, but you'll find them all on that page.
Follow the directions here to get your PDF Gift Pack and enjoy the graphics! (there will be more).
Our PDF patterns are delivered directly via email once you pay and check out. Usually, they're pretty instant or arrive within minutes. If that DOESN'T happen, check your spam folder because the files come from a PDF server called getsy. If you don't see any PDFs anywhere, email me and I'll send your order again.
Downloads are limited, so PLEASE download and save each PDF to your computer, otherwise I end up spending all my time re-sending orders. Ack! And if you don't want to have to re-purchase PDFs, please save them to an external source or dropbox just like anything else you'd buy online. I have such limited resources, I try to be nice but it's impossible for me as a one-person independent shop to spend my time tracking down and honoring requests for previous orders that were lost due to computer crashes.
Each PDF is just like a pattern in any of our kits: one side features a full-color pattern; the other side includes instructions. You can read the PDF from your portable device or print it out to use again and again. There are a few PDFs of fonts that are available both as PDF and PCStitch files, so be careful when choosing the format — these are all free with purchase fonts. Confusing, I know, but so handy if you use PCStitch because you can easily copy and paste and work the fonts into your own design using the software program.
Of course, PDFs aren't to be shared because they are copyrighted designs sold for on a single-use basis. By not re-distributing these patterns, you're keeping my small home business going. I appreciate your honesty and restraint! Who needs bad karma, right?
My friend William sent me this photo of a vintage piece he saw in an antique mall. I couldn't resist recreating it and changing up the words. PDF only.
Just in time for Halloween shenanigans… a new kit!
I actually got pretty spooked stitching this, I am not a fan of spiders at all. I kept thinking something was crawling on my neck. EEEWWW.
Thought of this last night when I couldn't sleep. I swear, that's when the magic happens. The insomnia magic. In the PDF shop now–probably more to come–summertime means design time!
Three New SCS original font charts!
This morning I created three new font charts for you! Available both as PDFs or PC Stitch files (you can open the PC Stitch files in that program and apply the fonts directly into your designs!) Enjoy!
Caption Contest Winning PDF is here!