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Earth Day 2019 Looks at Human Effect on Planet
By Smita Nordwall
file - An environmental militant shows an orange, painted as a globe, during an event to mark the Earth Overshoot Day on Aug. 1, 2018 in Berlin. Earth Overshoot Day marks the date when we (all of humanity) have used more from nature than our planet c...
On April 22, more than 1 billion people in 192 countries are expected to take part in a global day of political and civic action for the Earth.
People will march, plant trees, clean up their cities, parks, beaches and waterways, politicians will announce policies, and corporations will pledge to work toward sustainability — all to mark Earth Day 2019.
Earth Day Network, the organization that leads Earth Day observances worldwide, has designated 2019 to be the year to "Protect Our Species."
According to EDN, the theme was picked to highlight the fact that human activities are directly linked to what environmental journalist Elizabeth Kolbert refers to in her book, "The Sixth Extinction," which describes a mass extinction caused by human activity rather than natural causes.
"The good news is that the rate of extinctions can still be slowed, and many of our declining, threatened and endangered species can still recover if we work together now to build a united global movement of consumers, voters, educators, faith leaders and scientists to demand immediate action," EDN President Kathleen Rogers told VOA.
Earth Day brings, in general, a greater awareness to environmental concerns.
The Pew Research Center released a report last week that found climate change was the top concern in half the countries it surveyed last year.
Last Year Was Fourth Hottest on Record: Outlook Sizzling: UN
Last year was the fourth warmest on record and the outlook is for more sizzling heat approaching levels that most governments view as dangerous for the Earth, a U.N. report showed on Wednesday.Weather extremes in 2018 included wildfires in California and Greece, drought in South Africa and floods in Kerala, India. Record levels of man-made greenhouse gas emissions, mainly from burning fossil fuels, trap ever more heat. …
At the top of the list was Greece, where 90 percent of those surveyed called it a major threat and only 4 percent did not view climate change as a threat at all. Their concern was shared by residents of South Korea, France, Spain and Mexico, countries that ranked Nos. 2-5, respectively.
The survey also found that concern over climate change has been steadily rising around the world since 2013, when Pew first asked that question. That year, a median of 56 percent in 23 countries said climate change was a major threat.
In the most recent survey, a median of 67 percent in the same countries hold this view. The concern was also the highest among specific demographics — the educated, women and those between the ages of 18 and 26.
FILE - Youths demonstrate with a banner reading "t
FILE - Youths demonstrate with a banner reading "the greed for profit destroys our earth!" during the "Fridays For Future" movement on a global day of student protests aiming to spark world leaders into action on climate change, March 15, 2019 in Berlin.
The rising awareness, especially among the young, is good news for EDN, which is looking ahead to next year when it marks the 50th anniversary of Earth Day. It has already launched several initiatives this year in hopes of seeing results by Earth Day 2020. Among them are:
Earth Challenge 2020
EDN is working with the U.S. State Department and the Woodrow Wilson International Center to engage millions of people around the world to gather more than 1 billion data points in areas including air quality, water quality, biodiversity, pollution and human health.
The "citizen science" volunteers will gather information about their local conditions asking questions such as: What is in my drinking water? How does air quality vary locally? What is the extent of plastics pollution? How are insect populations changing? And is my food supply sustainable?
EDN is working with major tech companies to develop apps where the citizen scientists can upload the data they collect. The apps will also tell users what the information they collect means and offer suggestions on what else they can do to help the environment, Rogers said.
EDN hopes to be able to use the data to leverage public policy decisions and inspire collaborative action worldwide.
The Great Global Cleanup
The initiative will be launched in cities across the United States on Earth Day this year. It will call on volunteers to help pick up pieces of trash from neighborhoods, beaches, rivers, lakes, trails and parks. Using the lessons learned in the U.S., a global effort on Earth Day next year will try to gather millions of volunteers to remove billions of pieces of trash.
An aerial view of thousands of Hindu devotees taki
FILE - An Ariel view of thousands of Hindu devotees taking dips at Sangam, the confluence of three sacred rivers the Yamuna, the Ganges and the mythical Saraswati, on Mauni Amavsya or the new moon day.
One of the most ambitious project connected to the global cleanup is one aimed at cleaning the most polluted rivers in the world: the Ganges, in India. Coordinated by Earth Day India and a local NGO, the first phase will begin in the Himalayas, where two glacier-fed streams meet to form India's most famous and sacred river.
The cleanup will evolve over the next 15 months through 100 towns and cities, including some of the most densely populated ones such as Kolkota, Varanasi and Patna. It will culminate in the Sunderbans Delta, where the river empties into the Bay of Bengal.
"The project on the Ganges will serve as a lightning rod for many more countries and communities to get involved worldwide," Rogers said.
The Canopy Project
One of EDN's ongoing projects since 2010 has been to plant trees to fight deforestation. EDN focuses on restoring forests in environmentally critical areas such the Amazon rainforest and the Boreal Forest. But it also plans on reforestation of areas degraded by natural disasters such as flooding or fires. The organization estimates it has planted hundreds of millions of trees worldwide since it started.
Rogers says EDN's goal for the 50th anniversary is to plant 7.8 billion trees, one for every person alive on Earth that year. Although, she says, the latest population forecast is close to 7.6 billion in 2020 "so that's a bit of a reprieve."
She explains that the 7.8 billion number is in addition to the reforestation pledges made by governments, corporations and other environmental groups. For example, she said, the government of Pakistan has already declared its intention to plant 1 billion trees. EDN is now in negotiations with Islamabad to plant 1 billion additional trees to meet the 2020 goal.
Warned 30 Years Ago, Global Warming 'Is in Our Living Room'
We were warned.On June 23, 1988, a sultry day in Washington, James Hansen told Congress and the world that global warming wasn't approaching — it had already arrived. The testimony of the top NASA scientist, said Rice University historian Douglas Brinkley, was "the opening salvo of the age of climate change."Thirty years later, it's clear that Hansen and other doomsayers were right. But the change has been so sweeping that it is easy to lose sight of effects large and small — some obvious, others less…
Since the first Earth Day in 1970, when 20 million Americans banded together to launch the modern environmental movement, governments around the world have passed laws and implemented policies to preserve the Earth.
EDN says as the 50th anniversary of Earth Day approaches, the time is long overdue for a global outpouring of energy, enthusiasm and commitment to create a new environmental paradigm.
Climate Protesters Arrested at Hague War Crimes Court
Dutch police on Tuesday arrested around 20 climate change protesters from the Extinction Rebellion movement after they staged a demonstration at the International Criminal Court in The Hague, officials said. The protest at the tribunal, which is more used to dealing with war crimes and genocide, came a day after the same grassroots environmental group blocked key roads in London. "A number of persons entered the premises of the ICC today, as general…
European Voters Urged to Mobilize Behind Child Climate Activists
Sweden's teenage activist Greta Thunberg choked backed tears on Tuesday as she warned of climate disaster and urged Europeans to vote in next month's elections to press for decisive action on cutting greenhouse gases. In a speech to a packed committee of the European Parliament, Thunberg, 16, warned time is running out to stop the ravages of global warming. "I want you to panic, I want you to act as if the house was on fire," Thunberg told the…
Off the Seychelles, a Dive Into a Never-seen Landscape
The submersible dropped from the ocean's surface faster than I had expected. With a loud "psssssss" the air escaped from the ballast tanks and the small craft suddenly tilted forward.Within seconds, aquanaut Robert Carmichael and I were enveloped by a vibrant shade of blue, watching streaks of sunlight pierce the water's surface. Soon a large manta ray appeared from the darkness below, gently gliding toward our small craft before vanishing into the…
Polo Ralph Lauren Debuts Shirt Made From Plastic Bottles
Earth, meet Polo.Polo Ralph Lauren on Thursday launched a version of its iconic polo shirt made entirely of recycled plastic bottles and dyed through a process that uses zero water.David Lauren, the youngest son of the company's founder and its chief innovation officer, told The Associated Press ahead of the announcement that the new shirt is part of a broader strategy of fresh environmental goals throughout the manufacturing process."Every day we&rsquo…
Smita Nordwall


Wedding Cars in Aberangell. Classic Wedding Car Hire in Aberangell.
We are a leading provider of classic & vintage bridal transport throughout Gwynedd and specifically we have helped several couples to arrive in style at Aberangell.
First of all, the bride's car will arrive in Aberangell about 15 minutes early. It will have the ribbon colour you have specified, be smartly turned out, as will the Chauffeur.


Stormwater runoff is the water that flows off City sidewalks, streets, and other hard surfaces during rainstorms. The runoff is collected in ditches, culverts, catch basins, and storm sewers.
In areas with natural ground cover, only 10% of rainwater becomes runoff. The rest is absorbed or evaporates. In urban areas, up to 55% of rainfall can become storm water runoff.
A storm drain maintenance program is required to ensure that ditches, culverts, catch basins, and storm sewers are kept clean of sand, silt, and other debris that may plug the system.
Don't litter! This means you should never throw any trash on the ground. When it rains the litter washes into the storm drains and creates issues.
Keep your leaves and grass clippings out of the streets so that they do not end up washing into the storm drain inlets.
Lawns need less than an inch of water per week. If it rains an inch, do not water. Water that runs off yards can go to storm drains.
Never dump anything down a storm drain inlet.
Wash your vehicles on your lawn or at a car wash facility instead of in your driveway.
To learn more about stormwater check out the Regional Stormwater Management Program.


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Mr Men and Little Miss, Little Miss Splendid
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WASHINGTON (MarketWatch) -- Late payments for bank-provided credit cards fell in the first quarter to the lowest level in eight years, the American Bankers Association reported Wednesday.
Bank-card delinquencies, reflecting card payments that are at least 30 days overdue, fell to 3.88% of all accounts in the first quarter -- the lowest rate since the first quarter of 2002 -- compared with 4.39% in the fourth quarter of 2009, according to ABA data.
The trade group also reported that an overall barometer of consumer loan delinquencies showed improvement.
The composite ratio, which tracks delinquencies in eight categories of so-called closed-end installment loans, fell to 2.98% of all accounts in the first quarter from 3.19% in the prior quarter.
"It's far from a perfect score, but we are moving in the right direction, and that's a hopeful sign," said James Chessen, the ABA's chief economist.
Job creation holds the key to determine if there will be further improvement, he added.
"There is a very strong link between job loss and consumer credit delinquencies," Chessen said. "We won't see a sustained decline in delinquencies until new jobs are created in this economy."
The unemployment rate, which government statistics showed stood at 9.5% in June, "continues to worry us because it suggests greater financial pain for consumers in the next year or so," he continued.
While delinquency rates could edge up or just remain flat, Chessen pointed to one encouraging sign: the rate of bank-card delinquencies is below the 15-year average of 3.93%. He noted that banks are also charging off losses, contributing to the decline in delinquency rates.
"Both consumers and banks are following a prudent course here by managing their finances and moving forward as best they can in a horribly weak economy," Chessen said.
The composite ratio has declined for three consecutive quarters, with the first quarter's 2.98% marking the lowest since the third quarter of 2008.
Meanwhile, housing-related loan delinquencies also declined in the first three months of 2010, indicating that "stability is returning to the housing market," according to ABA.
"This is the first inkling that stability is taking hold in the housing market, but the pace of recovery will still be long and drawn out," Chessen said.
Home-equity loan delinquencies fell to 4.12% from 4.32%, the first decline in two years. Delinquencies for home-equity lines of credit also dropped, falling to 1.81% from 2.04%. And delinquencies on loans taken out for property improvement fell to 1.4% from 1.63%.
Property improvement loan delinquencies fell from 1.63% to 1.4%.
Recreational vehicle loan delinquencies rose from 1.44% to 1.58%.
Non-card revolving loan delinquencies increased from 1.46% to 1.63%.


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Rajendra I
Rajendra I (b. n.d. ; d. 1044) was king of the medieval-era Chola Empire in southern India from 1012 to 1044 CE. He was the son and successor of Rajaraja I, alongside whom he ruled as regent from 1012 to 1014, before ascending to the throne. He maintained his father's policy of territorial expansion, launching campaigns in the Deccan against the Western and Eastern Chalukyas, and consolidating power in the Pandya and Chera territories in the south. He also exerted control over eastern India for a brief period, after sending military expeditions to parts of present-day Odisha and Bengal. Outside the subcontinent, he completed his father's conquest of the northern part of present-day Sri Lanka and launched a military campaign against the kingdom of Shrivijaya, which ruled over the Malay peninsula and parts of present-day Indonesia. In 1018, he appointed his son Rajadhiraja I as regent, who went on to become king in 1044 after his death.
Rajendra I%newline%Rajendra I (b. n.d. ; d. 1044) was king of the medieval-era Chola Empire in southern India from 1012 to 1044 CE. He was the son and successor of Rajaraja I, alongside whom he ruled as regent from 1012 to 1014, before ascending to the throne. He maintained his father's policy of territorial expansion, launching campaigns in the Deccan against the Western and Eastern Chalukyas, and consolidating power in the Pandya and Chera territories in the south. He also exerted control over eastern India for a brief period, after sending military expeditions to parts of present-day Odisha and Bengal. Outside the subcontinent, he completed his father's conquest of the northern part of present-day Sri Lanka and launched a military campaign against the kingdom of Shrivijaya, which ruled over the Malay peninsula and parts of present-day Indonesia. In 1018, he appointed his son Rajadhiraja I as regent, who went on to become king in 1044 after his death.
Chicago MAP Academy Encyclopedia of Art. "Rajendra I". Accessed January 27, 2023. https://mapacademy.io/glossary/rajendra-i/
MLA "Rajendra I." MAP Academy Encyclopedia of Art. https://mapacademy.io/glossary/rajendra-i/. Accessed 27, January, 2023.
Harvard MAP Academy Encyclopedia of Art. (2022) Rajendra I. [Online]. Available at: https://mapacademy.io/glossary/rajendra-i/. (Accessed: 27, January, 2023)


Austin's best weather of the year comes during the fall and spring. To take advantage of those prime seasons, festivals fill just about every weekend in the party-loving city. The biggies, of course, are South by Southwest (SXSW) in March and Austin City Limits Music Festival, which is held in either September or October. Both are huge: ACL Fest draws about 75,000 people per day. In 2014, about 44,500 people registered for the three festivals and conferences of SXSW (Interactive, Film and Music) that span 10 days. If you are planning a fall or spring visit to Austin and don't plan to attend ACL or SXSW, steer clear of those festival dates. Hotel rates go up, and you'll have to deal with more crowds and traffic around town. But that still leaves you a lot of time during our two best seasons—not to mention plenty of other fabulous festivals—to enjoy.
SXSW started in 1987 as a music festival in downtown Austin and went on to add film and technology segments. But music remains the best-known part of SXSW, and it's also the part most likely to draw vacationers. Music badges go on sale the summer before the festival, but it's also possible to spend SXSW Music at free and/or unofficial events.
The beloved TV show became a music festival in 2002, and, in fall 2013, expanded from one weekend to two at Zilker Park near downtown Austin. Acts span all genres, from roots to rock to rap—there's even the "Austin Kiddie Limits" stage for the youngest music fans.
Downtown's historic Paramount Theatre takes a starring role for premieres and other screenings at this fall festival, which was founded in 1994. AFF focuses on the art of screenwriting, and since the event usually overlaps with the also-awesome Texas Book Festival, October has become quite the writerly time in Austin.
Moontower is one of Austin's youngest festivals, but when it debuted in spring 2012 with such polish and self-assurance—it was as if it had been around for years. Past performers include Aziz Ansari, Maria Bamford, and Kids in the Hall. Headliners play the Paramount Theatre, but the festival also spreads out to other venues.
Founded in 2006, this is another youngster of a festival that has come on strong and shown that it can stand with the Austin mainstays: Attendance hit 65,000 at the 2013 edition. FFF is known for its eclectic and progressive lineup of music and comedy. Past acts range from Tenacious D to M.I.A to Ice-T.
What Is Holi and How Do You Celebrate?


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Professor Pauline Allen FBA
Early Christian literature, especially the study of letters and homilies and the edition of Greek texts; translations from Greek and Latin
Dr Bonnie Blackburn FBA
Music History and Criticism of Music: Medieval and Renaissance Western Europe
Professor Philip Bohlman FBA
Ethnomusicology: music as an agent of change in culture and modern history; music and religion and race; music in European Judaism and Islam.
Professor Gianmario Borio FBA
20th-century music; history of the theories and concepts of music; compositional process and archival research; music aesthetics and reception theories; music's political background; audiovisual experience
Professor Francis Clooney FBA
Classical Hindu scriptural interpretation, particularly ritual Mimamsa and theological Vedanta traditions, and Srivaisnava devotional tradition; comparative theology, grounded in Hindu-Christian studies; Catholic missionary traditions in India
Professor Michael Cook FBA
The history of the Islamic world; the formation & development of traditional Islamic thought, & its implications in the modern world; Islamic thought, & its implications in the modern world; Islamic history in comparative perspective.
Professor William Courtenay FBA
Medieval intellectual history; medieval philosophy & theology; history of medieval universities, notably Oxford & Paris; paleography & codicology
Professor Susanna Elm FBA
Social, economic, and cultural history of the late antique Mediterranean; the transformation of the Roman empire into a predominantly Christian one; slavery, "Augustine the Economist," imperial representation, war and resilience
Professor David Fallows FBA
Professor Natalio Fernández-Marcos FBA
Text Criticism of the Hebrew Bible; Philology of the Septuagint and Cognate Studies; Hellenistic Judaism; Humanism and Scriptural Interpretation of Renaissance Spain
Professor Marcella Frangipane FBA
Prehistory and Protohistory of the Near East, rise of inequality, early centralised political economy strategies, urbanisation, early bureaucracy and the origin of State, with particular reference to Anatolia and Mesopotamia
Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr FBA
African and African American literary criticism; African American intellectual and cultural history; genetics and genealogy; producing documentary films about the African Diaspora and genetics and genealogy
Professor Annette Gordon-Reed FBA
The history of the American Revolution and the Early American Republic, 18th and 19th centuries; slavery In North America, 17th-19th centuries; Thomas Jefferson and the Age of Jefferson
Professor Jan-Eric Gustafsson FBA
Individual differences in cognitive functions; effects of schooling on cognitive abilities; prerequisites of early reading acquisition; social background and quality of education as determinants of outcomes of schooling
Professor Caroline Hoxby FBA
The economics of education; choice and competition among schools and universities; finances of schools and universities; effects of peers on students' achievement; effects of educational investments on productivity


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Ireland Tours & Trips 2020
387 trips to Ireland tours from 116 tour companies. 2,243 reviews. 4.5/5 avg rating.
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Explore Ireland & Scotland
By Great Value Vacations
Travel Style : A lot of free time, with very few inclusions. Ideal for independent and/or low-key travelers and cruisers. Relaxed
Want to stay longer? You can extend this trip up to a total of 15 days!
Exploring Britain & Ireland featuring England ...
By Collette
Delve into Scottish culture with a whiskey inspired dinner.
Explore Wales' rich cultural heritage at an evening of Welsh music, poetry and cuisine.
Experience a traditional afternoon tea in London.
Enjoy Yorkshire's famous ales during an interactive tasting.
Behold the sights of Killarney on a traditional jaunting car.
Overnight within the medieval walls in York.
Meet the Shank family on their 500 acre-farm in the Scottish Borders.
Enjoy an evening of traditional Irish song and dance in Dublin.
Ponder ancient mysteries at Stonehenge.
Experience the Ring of Kerry, one of the world's great coastal roads.
Explore the Roman Bath Museum's 2,000-year-old elaborate spas.
Tour York's incredible Minster, the largest Gothic cathedral in Northern Europe.
Bath, Cardiff, Dublin, Edinburgh, London, York, Lake District, Ring of Kerry, Stonehenge, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales
Classic Ireland
Want to stay longer? You can extend this trip up to a total of 9 days!
Dublin Big Bus Premium Hop-on/Hop-off - 48-hour
Ring of Kerry Guided Bus Tour
Cliffs Of Moher Admission
Cork, Dublin, Ireland
Find inspiration in the Lake District's quintessential English villages.
Ponder ancient mysteries at Stonehenge
Overnight in the capital cities of London, Cardiff, Dublin and Edinburgh.
Bath, Cardiff, Dublin, Edinburgh, Lake District, London, York
Walk the Wicklow Way
Hike through the hills and valleys of the Wicklow Mountains National Park, discovering fields that once housed potato farms, and emerge from lush green forests to peer towards deep coloured lakes.
Descend into Glendalough and visit a monastery, where a local folklorist will explain some of the histories and mysteries of the trails. Ireland is much more than leprechauns and four leaf clovers!
If you ask us, some of the best views are a little off the main trail. Take a rest stop on top of Luggala, overlooking the Guinness-coloured Lough Tay, and consider summiting Derrybawn and Mullcor peaks.
The small sleepy towns in the Wicklow Mountains are arguably as charming as the countryside itself. Rest and recoup in comfort as you stay in handpicked bed and breakfasts along your journey.
Did you really head to Ireland if you didn't try some of the local drop? Stop by the Powerscourt Distillery one afternoon for a group whiskey tasting of some of the best Irish tipples on offer.
Ireland's Top Sights
Kilkenny Castle Tour Admission
Dublin, Kilkenny, Ireland
Exploring Britain & Ireland featuring the Roy ...
Take in the world-famous Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo.
Bath, Cardiff, Dublin, Edinburgh, London, York
Northern & Southern Ireland
Walk through Ireland's unspoilt natural wonders of the Rings of Kerry and see shepherds in action, with a sheep farm visit and herding demonstration for your small group.
Scramble about the clustered pillars of Giant's Causeway and decide for yourself if it's a natural phenomenon, or the work of giants, as legends may say.
Explore the rugged coastline of the Aran Islands, with time to explore ruins and remains from the Bronze and Iron Age with your local leader.
Stroll through Belfast's city centre and learn about recent historical events brought to life in their monuments and buildings – one most notably being the story of the Titanic.
Revel in Dublin's energetic nightlife – it'll feel like there's a pub on nearly every corner, and its creative neighbourhoods are teeming with hip bars and eateries.
Belfast, Dublin, Galway, Ireland, United Kingdom
By Contiki
Travel Style : N/A
Physical Level : N/A
Dublin, Galway, Ireland, United Kingdom
Country Roads of Ireland - End Dublin, Classic Gr ...
By Insight Vacations
Physical Level : Minimal walking. Motor vehicles for all major parts of trip. Wheelchair friendly (check for individual trips). Most cruises. 0- Wheelchair accessible
Choose between two carefully selected activities
Killarney: Enjoy a memorable ride on a horse-drawn jaunting car with the local jarveys as you explore the lush scenery of Killarney National Park.
Killarney: Join a gentle hike with a nature guide in Killarney National Park and admire stunning mountains, lakes, woods and waterfalls. Stroll along the lake shore and past the impressive 15th Century Ross Castle and the famous Muckross Estate, a charming 19th Century mansion and grounds. Alternatively, enjoy a memorable ride on a horse-drawn jaunting car with the local jarveys.
: Our Well-Being Directors take a proactive approach to your welfare ensuring all well-being regulations are met (available on tours with 21 or more guests).
: Enjoy the comfort of Insight's luxurious, air-conditioned, 40-seat coach with double the standard legroom and onboard washroom. Our customized luxury coaches are sanitized before the start of your tour and are maintained to very high standards. Physical distancing measures have been implemented on our customized luxury coaches.
: Experience enhanced hygiene protocols to align with the latest guidance following COVID-19.All Travel Directors, Well-Being Directors and Drivers have completed training in enhanced well-being and hygiene protocols.
: We only work with establishments we are confident will consistently adhere to our high well-being standards, which include hotels, restaurants and sight-seeing venues.
: Hand sanitizer is freely available on board for you to use throughout the day.
: "One person my guests love to meet is a real musician because they love Irish music and love to experience it in its own land."
: "The trick to really connecting with Ireland is not taking the Irish weather too seriously. If you don't like it, give it a few minutes and it's bound to change."
Dublin: Join your Travel Director for a warm and friendly Welcome Dinner, an opportunity to get to know each other over a meal with wine.
Ballygalley: The Irish call it 'craic' - the warm feeling resulting from the confluence of music, drink, good food, laughter, and conversation. And after circumnavigating the Emerald Isle, there's bound to be a fair share of craic at your grand finale Celebration Dinner. Sláinte!
Dining Summary: 11 Breakfast (B), and 5 Dinner with Wine (DW)
Dublin: Tour Trinity College with a Local Expert, before marvelling at the ancient Book of Kells, created by monks and dating from A.D. 800.
Kildare: Join a working member of the famous Irish Stud Farm for a private, behind-the-scenes visit of the stud where many legendary racehorses were bred. After, stroll through the finest Japanese gardens in Europe, designed by master horticulturalists, Tassa and Minoru Eida.
Kilkenny: Meet James, an experienced player, for a fun session to discover the skills involved in hurling. Learn about this 3,000-year-old discipline, a proud legacy of Ireland's heritage, and have a go for yourself on the pitch.
Londonderry: There's no better way to experience sightseeing than with one of Northern Ireland's best storytellers, Ronan, as he takes you on a tour inside the city walls. See the Gothic Guildhall and the Georgian houses of Shipquay Street.
Dublin: During your orientation with your Travel Director, see Custom House and travel along the River Liffey. See the Guinness Brewery, Christchurch Cathedral and St. Patrick's Cathedral.
Cahir: See one of the largest castles in Ireland.
Cork: Your Travel Director will show you the Grand Parade and South Mall, along with City Hall and the Opera House.
Blarney: It is said that those who kiss the Blarney Stone are bestowed with the power to persuade, flatter and coax. But to do so, you must dangle from the ramparts! Visit Blarney Castle and see the famous Stone of Eloquence.
Ring of Kerry: Venture into a world of towering cliffs, lush lakelands and remote villages, as you journey the magical Ring of Kerry.
Killarney: Enjoy hearing of the history of Killarney during your city orientation.
Dingle Peninsula: Enjoy a scenic drive to Slea Head.
Cliffs of Moher: Stop by the Exhibition Centre and look out over the Wild Atlantic Way from these majestic cliffs.
Galway: Enjoy an orientation tour of the many landmarks in Galway such as the Lynch Memorial, Church of St. Nicholas, Spanish Arch and Eyre Square.
Drumcliff: Visit the final resting place of Irish poet William Butler Yeats.
Ballygalley: Explore this seaside town with your Travel Director.
Carrickfergus: See the immense Castle as your drive around it.
Belfast: Meet Hilda, a true Belfast local, having lived in the same house her entire life. During your panoramic tour, hear the history of the city and learn why Hilda is proud of its progress and current prosperity. You'll also see the City Hall, Queen's University, Parliament Building at Stormont and murals in different locations indicating political sentiments of local residents.
Killarney: Meet passionate restaurant owners John and Freda at their beautiful guesthouse in Killarney, where you'll hear more about their farm-to-table concept, while enjoying a delicious meal made from fresh ingredients sourced within a five mile radius. John and Freda have a policy that all food is sourced locally from farms and the coach of the Emerald Isle. On the farm they also grow and harvest all their own fruit and veg. They educate their visitors about sustainable consumption and the benefits of eating fresh homegrown produce. This experience advances UN Sustainable Development Goal 12: Responsible Consumption & Production.
Giant's Causeway: Visit the legendary Giant's Causeway, site of wonders. At the visitor centre, learn about the efforts to protect biodiversity and ecosystems, participating in habitat restoration. The National Trust charity has been undertaking replanting activities in Innisfree Farm, adjacent to the Causeway. By sowing a field of Herbal Ley seed mixes containing up to 17 different species, they have prioritized biodiversity and quality food production leaving a low carbon footprint. This experience advances UN Sustainable Development Goal 15: Life on Land.
Dublin, Galway, Ring of Kerry, Ireland, United Kingdom
Irish Highlights: Dublin, Killarney & Galway
Dublin, Galway, Ireland
Dublin & Belfast by Rail
The Dublin Pass (2 Days)
Irish Extravagance
Dublin, Killarney National Park, Ring of Kerry, Ireland
Northern Ireland Experience
Giant's Causeway
Belleek Pottery Visitor Centre Admission
Belfast, Derry, Dublin, London, Ireland, United Kingdom
Ireland by Rail
King John's Castle
Top Ireland Experiences and Attractions
Top Ireland Experiences
Touring Dublin with its mansions and townhouses, not to mention impressive literary legacy (home of James Joyce, Brendan Behan, and Oscar Wilde)
Hiking through rolling green hills at the Ring of Kerry on the Iveragh Peninsula, overlooking the craggy outcroppings, ancient ruins, and the sea and islands beyond
Kissing the Blarney Stone at Blarney Castle, near Cork (hint: it requires some effort)
Drinking a Guinness – with foam expertly shaped into a shamrock -- in an Irish pub, while gabbing with the locals for hours and listening to toe-tapping music
Sailing with the amazing Irish coastline in view
Taking a short cruise to places like remote Skellig Michael Island, eight miles off the coast of southwest Ireland, and climbing 600 stone steps to the top for a picnic lunch and incredible views
Stepping across the thousands of basalt columns of the Giant's Causeway, remnants of an ancient volcano that extends into the North Channel in Northern Ireland
Exploring the incredible ruins and archaeological sites
Enjoying water adventures such as surfing or fishing in opal-blue waters of the Dingle Peninsula
Top Ireland Attractions
Dingle Peninsula
Ireland Trip Reviews
2,243 Ireland Tour Reviews - Summary 91% Recommend
Great 486
Does Not Recommend
ACIS- lack of integrity and class- Parents beware
ACIS Company reviews
What a disappointment this company is. After placing a deposit in early 2020, of course the trips to Australia were cancelled the next two years because of covid. Many companies that were in a similar situation offered full refunds and offered options to customers; not so with ACIS. Two years later with my daughter now in college and no visibility into the craziness in Australia the trip wont happen for her. Whether ACIS got PPP money or not, the right thing to do is to refund money for a service / experience you can't provide. I see many others are frustrated with similar experiences. A class action suit against the company may be the only way to go to get their attention. Do the right thing; it will pay off for you in the long term versus trying to give people the shaft today. What goes around comes around....
Operator ACIS
Great Service and Partnership
To say that planning a trip in the midst of a pandemic is challenging is definitely an understatement. It is in these times that ACIS truly shines! My interactions with ACIS staff have just given so much confidence that I can seriously say I am able to "seat back and relax" knowing that we are in such good hands.
Convention to Budapest
I recently traveled on a teacher convention to Budapest Hungary. This was my 8th convention and probably the most amazing one ever. The trip was perfectly planned, the ACIS staff and the tour leader Peter Ede were exceptional! Everyone was so happy to be back traveling, and of course, Budapest is always fun and breathtaking!
Bby Ema
We are counting down the days until we can travel abroad! I must say this "I CAN'T WAIT TO
TRAVEL AGAIN"!
My friends and I are planning to visit a foreign country, and we have not come to a mutual
agreement on which country to visit. As you know, we are cash strapped. As a seasoned traveller,
can you please suggest a budget-friendly tourist destination, the best mode of transport to use
and the duration of stay?
Bye! I am looking forward to your reply.
MIA DRESSELL
Natalie in support was amazing
Natalie in support was amazing! she helped me find my problem ASAP!
Gabriela Spier
Thanks ACIS
I have been traveling with ACIS for more than 20 years and I believe that it's a truly outstanding company. ACIS has done a terrific job during these difficult times. The professionalism, experience, and dedication of the staff has enabled the company to overcome challenges and to continue offering the best travel experiences in the industry. I'm very much looking forward to our continuing work together!
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Rafael González was born on 15th Jun 1987 in a little coast town in Málaga. Obtained a 5-year Degree in Fine Arts with Major in Drawing and Illustration from the Universidad de Granada, Spain, although he was related to Art since his childhood, learning how to paint in oil when he was six. He has done many exhibitions, in group and individual. Málaga, Granada, Torrox, are some of the few cities which have seen his art. Also Rafael blends his love for art with teaching it, one of his last jobs was life drawing teacher in New York. Currently he lives in Edinburgh where he finds inspiration in every street from the city.


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Now that Watson has had its newest resurgence of repute and looked as a correct trending subject on each Google and Twitter, IBM is set to display school students the way to use the underlying applied sciences of the supercomputer. In a push called "huge information," the business will promote bootcamps on suggestions administration of big quantities of statistics via institution locations, IBM innovation facilities, and online.
The camps, which are free, will final from three to five days and take place in lecture room settings. anyway college students, the business has invited IT authorities to take part. on the conclusion of periods, individuals could have the opportunity to take free technical mastery exams and IBM certification exams.
the new initiative follows on IBM's Watson Jeopardy! victory, where the computing device confirmed how synthetic intelligence can work in the real world (at the least within the actual world of a online game exhibit). The equipment includes ninety clustered IBM vigour 750 categorical servers, a potent build-up of hardware that may opt for via 500 gigabytes of information a 2d.
but IBM referred to that as extra agencies movement to similar systems to address their large statistics challenges, a competencies hole is surfacing.
"corporations are gathering up to petabytes of assistance during height hours of operations, and they see an opportunity to make use of this data to profit new insights into their purchasers and get forward of the competition," stated Arvind Krishna, general manager of IBM tips management. "Uncovering insights hidden among facts in latest IT programs, and outside of the firewall in social networks, on clouds, and from cell contraptions, requires trendy IT specialists to possess new talents."
"IBM is bringing actual world business event to college students to keep them involved with emerging applied sciences and IT trends equivalent to huge facts," observed Professor Nareshkumar Harale, head of laptop Engineering. "When universities and agencies collaborate, they construct the subsequent technology of professional guidance know-how leaders to create new opportunities, gas economic increase and remedy challenges that may enhance the style we reside."
Dian Schaffhauser is a senior contributing editor for 1105 Media's training publications THE Journal and Campus technology. She will also be reached at dian@dischaffhauser.com or on Twitter @schaffhauser.
technologies incubating in IBM's labs such because the long-term archiving project, solid state applied sciences, memory breakthroughs, true-time determination making to additional raise future storage offerings.
IBM these days introduced its largest launch ever of new storage hardware, software and services which are the constructing blocks for the area's strongest assistance infrastructure portfolio. the new IBM offerings are designed to permit groups, governments and different associations to radically change static information managed in silos into more dynamic counsel it is purchasable by way of individuals wherever they go in a cloud computing environment.
As buyers now appear to "take their suggestions" with them -- improving their healthcare, security, amusement, social life and purchaser event every time, everywhere, in real time -- agencies are fighting out of date facts centers, which are unable to deal with the expanded suggestions management demands.
The proliferation of the mobile internet, linked sensors far and wide, from cars to pipelines, on-line scientific statistics, and the explosive boom of net 2.0 information and social networking, is resulting in sixteen-fold growth in each particular person's "assistance footprint" with the aid of 2020, in line with IBM. Infrastructures should adapt nowadays to meet this demand. To hearken to an IBM podcast on tips infrastructure click on: here.
In response, IBM today delivered vital points for an guidance infrastructure as part of its New commercial enterprise data core strategy. These points center of attention on the provision, compliance and retention, and protection ache points for shoppers as they re-design their facts centers. more than 30 new and upgraded products and services are being added across the IBM portfolio to fulfill these essential needs: To take heed to an IBM podcast on these new offerings click: right here.
safety: ensuring that the tips in a knowledge middle is comfy and being accessed best by way of these authorized has develop into a properly subject for all facts facilities -- tremendous and small. A recent information core hack can charge one company more than $60 million bucks in damages through theft of facts and unauthorized use of bank card guidance of consumers.(9) in the meantime, the provision and authentication of records -- from huge corporate and executive databases to the 1 billion people anticipated to be the use of the cell net(10) this year -- is a key precedence.
"the realm is re-tooling its underlying IT infrastructure in a dramatic shift faraway from a a long time-historic customer/server mannequin to a radically greater productive information superhighway-trend architecture. This requires diverse pondering and new capabilities, which we are addressing during this advice infrastructure launch, with our investments going forward, and the way IBM will do enterprise with our customers," observed Andy Monshaw, customary manager, IBM equipment Storage. "There isn't any bigger probability for our customers than to unencumber the price they have in their data facilities and support them create sensible, imaginitive choices for his or her conclusion clients -- the buyer. IBM is the most effective enterprise in the world -- not HP, not EMC, now not solar -- with decades of analysis, industry skills and market management to make this a reality for our consumers."
These new equipment and offerings for the IBM assistance infrastructure will allow purchasers to streamline their records centers with tremendously built-in storage choices focused around archive, compliance, retention, and protection ache facets to aid valued clientele bring information as a carrier to their customers -- the patrons, who are searching for entry to assistance at any time from any gadget. These tools and expertise resources which IBM has been constructing and gathering, open doorways to new trade collaborations, and on demand storage technologies -- a key pillar in the emergence of cloud computing.
The creation of the rising container of massive records brought with it the promise of extremely-scalable databases that might address terabytes of statistics at a time. As any one coping with gigantic datasets will attest to despite the fact, it gets impulsively complicated to with ease manipulate, save and retrieve suggestions in giant portions and how to examine if a cache is crucial.
If we're to bring options valuable of the digital age, we need to be exploring new processes that surpass the current barriers in these days's database technologies – congestion and scalability barriers that turn up both at the community and hardware levels function most important impediments to the administration and manipulation of massive facts units.
Why Use a Cache in big information functions?
The significance of a cache is self-evident: it reduces the strain on a database with the aid of positioning itself as an intermediary layer between the database and the conclusion users – more often than not, it'll switch records from a low-performance vicinity to a more robust-performance area (trust the change in getting access to statistics kept on a disk vs accessing the identical information in RAM). When a request is made, the returned information may also be stored in the cache in such a method that it may also be more with no trouble (and more swiftly) accessed sooner or later. a query will firstly are trying the cache, but when it misses, will fall returned on the database.
It makes much more feel for purposes that reuse the equal assistance again and again – suppose video game/message information, software rendering or scientific modelling. To take a simplified use case, believe a 3-tier app made of a presentation layer (the person interface), an application layer (dealing with the common sense for the app) and a data layer (the backend internet hosting the records).
These three layers may also be geographically separated, even though latency can be a limiting element because the three should invariably 'communicate' to every other. Let's now assume that each and every particular person person in our app has a static records set that needs to be relayed to them each time they navigate to a brand new page – beginning on the statistics layer and ending on the presentation layer.
If the statistics layer is always queried, it ends up in excessive pressure and bad person journey brought about with the aid of latency. by way of introducing a cache, despite the fact, the records that's generally accessed can also be saved close by in brief memory, allowing it to be rapidly served to the presentation layer.
because of can charge and velocity considerations, a cache is just a little restricted within the measurement it may grow to. even so, the place effectivity is concerned, it's a imperative addition to any excessive-performance database provider.
Many purposes use the mannequin described above for caching in the community – that's, a single illustration working alongside an utility. There are a few downsides to this approach, probably the most amazing being that it doesn't scale very well for greater applications. On right of this, in the case of failure, states is generally irretrievable.
disbursed caching presents some improvements on this. because the name may additionally indicate, the cache is unfolded throughout a community of nodes in order no longer to rely on any single one to keep its state – proposing redundancy in the case of hardware failure or energy cuts and heading off the should commit local reminiscence to storing advice. on account that the cache now depends on a community of offsite nodes, though, it accrues technical fees the place latency is concerned.
distributed caching is advanced when it comes to scalability, and is frequently the model employed with the aid of business-grade items – with many, despite the fact, licensing fees and other charges frequently stand within the manner of actual scalability. in addition, there are sometimes trade-offs to be made – it's elaborate to put into effect options which are both function-rich and excessive-performing.
It's perhaps important to be aware, at this stage, that vertical scaling (upgrading the processing power of machines housing a big database) is not as good as horizontal scaling (where the identical database is break up up and distributed across situations) within the case of large statistics initiatives, as parallelization and speedy access to data are required.
in the digital age, it seems logical that dispensed caching would be more suitable suited to serve the needs of consumers looking for both safety and redundancy. Latency is at the moment an issue, but protocols comparable to sharding and swarming in the reduction of it significantly for well-related nodes.
chiefly, we should be able to convey flexible middleware options that permit industrial entities to join their databases to all the time-on-line networks of nodes, easing the burden placed on their backends and enabling them to enhanced serve end-clients with records. Scalability is most likely the most crucial consideration in building large data applications, and it's time to begin proposing options that be certain it from the get-go.
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"IBM is bringing real world industry experience to students to keep them in touch with emerging technologies and IT trends such as big data," said Professor Nareshkumar Harale, head of Computer Engineering. "When universities and businesses collaborate, they build the next generation of skilled information technology leaders to create new opportunities, fuel economic growth and solve challenges that can improve the way we live."
As Europe looks to introduce its new General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) in 2018, the arguments for and against more regulation continue to build.
Whether you are a customer or vendor though, the GDPR promise to unify — and therefore simplify — the compliance requirements for data protection is a positive.
Of course, GDPR only applies to companies doing business within Europe, but it is a step in the right direction for the whole world. The current status quo leaves organizations to cobble together their own requirements, which for vendors and customers alike, are creating huge barriers to business innovation.
However, the trade-off between innovation from more sophisticated data analytics and the risk of litigation for non-compliance, remains ever-present. We all want the benefits that can accrue through appropriately targeted analytics, but at what cost?
The bigger question, though, is whether regulations and compliance can be enough to create the desired behaviors.
Longstaff encouraged companies to apply their own 'ethics lens' when developing new applications that might put personal privacy at risk.
At that same event, Data Governance Australia chairman Graeme Samuel suggested that legal compliance alone will not be sustainable in the long term, and that it will not only stifle innovation, but fail to deliver the best outcomes for consumers.
The unifying tenet of these arguments is that regulations will never keep up with the pace of technological development, so we need to look at other ways to govern the inappropriate use of personal data.
Perhaps that approach can be found in the market itself?
A recent Australian national privacy survey indicated that around 60 percent of respondents choose not to deal with organizations that create privacy concerns for them. And these privacy concerns aren't just related to unlawful activities.
For example, inside the enterprise, the idea of tracking 'digital footprints' is not new. Yet, although email archives are typically the legal property of the enterprise, most organizations will avoid applications that make their employees feel that their privacy is being compromised.
Tech companies are also aware that their need to build trust with their customers goes way beyond their legal obligations. Google's 'Don't be Evil' code of conduct was an early acknowledgement of the potential power the company has over people's lives.
On a smaller scale, when my company called itself SWOOP Analytics, one of our founders quickly identified the danger of that name being turned into 'SNOOP Analytics' instead.
As the GDPR rolls out, many services are becoming available to help both vendors and clients comply with the new rules. But as I have highlighted, compliance is not the end game.
In fact, it would be naïve to think that the opportunity won't still exist for behavior that technically complies with GDPR regulations but is still unethical. Therefore, GDPR advice needs to go beyond compliance to address more fundamental aspects of what constitutes ethical behavior.
Nor is the line between ethical and non-ethical behavior black and white. In a recent discussion with a friend who sits on the boards of several publicly traded companies, she noted that they were continuously receiving presentations from IT security groups.
For the consumers, enterprises and vendors alike, what are the worst things that could happen if personal data were to be lost? For example, someone finding out your gender might lead to some unwanted advertising. Losing access to financial information would, however, be potentially far more damaging.
Inside the enterprise, individuals will be required to provide personal details to their employers. For example, employers will need your banking details to pay you. Understanding the potential vulnerabilities in your employer's systems, as well as those of your bank, is very important.
Using the previous example, even if someone were to acquire your banking details, what is the likelihood that they would be able to do any material damage? Over time, consumers have become more relaxed about providing personal details on platforms like Facebook and LinkedIn as they start to assess their own cost/benefit trade-offs for doing so.
Social platforms now provide you with many options to manage your personal exposure. Interestingly, fewer than 50 percent of us ever bother to use them.
Whether you are an individual, vendor or enterprise, the best way to create the right balance for you between risk and reward will be to carefully prioritize your risk reduction strategies and tactics.


text:
Contemporary Biostatistics with Biopharmaceutical Applications
Contemporary Biostatistics with Biopharmaceutical Applications pp 61-90 | Cite as
A Powerful Retrospective Multiple Variant Association Test for Quantitative Traits by Borrowing Strength from Complex Genotypic Correlations
Xiaowei Wu
Part of the ICSA Book Series in Statistics book series (ICSABSS)
High-throughput sequencing has often been used in pedigree-based studies to identify genetic risk factors associated with complex traits. The genotype data in such studies exhibit complex correlations attributed to both familial relation and linkage disequilibrium. Accounting for these genotypic correlations can improve power for assessing the contribution of multiple genomic loci. However, due to model restrictions, existing multiple variant association testing methods cannot make efficient use of the correlation information appropriately. Recognizing this limitation, we develop PC-ABT, a novel principal-component-based adaptive-weight burden test for gene-based association mapping of quantitative traits. This method uses a retrospective score test to incorporate genotypic correlations, and employs "data-driven" weights to obtain maximized test statistic. In addition, by adjusting the number of principal components that essentially reveals the effective number of tests in the target gene region, PC-ABT is able to reduce the degree of freedom of the null distribution to improve power. Simulation studies show that PC-ABT is generally more powerful than other multiple variant tests that allow related individuals. We illustrate the application of PC-ABT by a gene-based association analysis of systolic blood pressure using data from the NHLBI "Grand Opportunity" Exome Sequencing Project.
This research was funded by 4-VA, a collaborative partnership for advancing the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Appendix 1: Description of MASTOR and Theoretical Justification of the Null Distribution of SABT
MASTOR (Jakobsdottir and McPeek 2013) is a retrospective, quasi-likelihood score test for testing single-variant association with a quantitative trait in samples with related individuals. Considering a biallelic genetic variant X of interest (an example in the general setting described in Sect. 4.2.1 is to let X = Gj, 1 ≤ j ≤ m), the MASTOR statistic (for complete data) takes the form
$$\displaystyle \begin{aligned} S_{MAS}=\frac{(\boldsymbol{V}^T\boldsymbol{X})^2}{(\boldsymbol{V}^T\boldsymbol{\varPhi}\boldsymbol{V})\widehat{\sigma}_X^2}. \end{aligned}$$
In this expression, \(\boldsymbol {V}=\widehat {\boldsymbol {\varSigma }}_0^{-1}(\boldsymbol {Y}-\boldsymbol {Z}\widehat {\boldsymbol {\beta }}_0)\) is the transformed phenotypic residual obtained from the null model Y = Zβ0 + 𝜖, 𝜖 ∼ N(0, Σ0), where β0 represents the coefficient of regressing quantitative trait Y on non-genetic covariates Z, and Σ0 is the trait covariance matrix under the null, usually with a variance component form \(\sigma _e^2\boldsymbol {I}+\sigma _a^2\boldsymbol {\varPhi }\). The variance of variant X is denoted by \(\sigma _X^2\). When Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is assumed for this variant, \(\sigma _X^2\) can be estimated by \(\widehat {\sigma }_X^2=\widehat {p}(1-\widehat {p})/2\), where \(\widehat {p}=(\boldsymbol {1}^T\boldsymbol {\varPhi }^{-1}\boldsymbol {1})^{-1}\boldsymbol {1}^T\boldsymbol {\varPhi }^{-1}\boldsymbol {X}\) is the best linear unbiased estimator (McPeek et al. 2004) of the allele frequency p of X, and 1 denotes a vector with every element equal to 1.
Now in Sect. 4.2.2, we have obtained the ABT statistic
$$\displaystyle \begin{aligned} S_{ABT}=\frac{\boldsymbol{V}^T\boldsymbol{G}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{D}}\boldsymbol{R}\widehat{\boldsymbol{D}})^{-1}\boldsymbol{G}^T\boldsymbol{V}}{\boldsymbol{V}^T\boldsymbol{\varPhi}\boldsymbol{V}}. \end{aligned}$$
Let \(\widetilde {\boldsymbol {G}}=\boldsymbol {G}(\widehat {\boldsymbol {D}}\boldsymbol {R}\widehat {\boldsymbol {D}})^{-1/2}\) be a decorrelated version of the genotype matrix in which the across-column covariance has been transformed to identity, and let \(\widetilde {\boldsymbol {G}}_j\) be the jth column of \(\widetilde {\boldsymbol {G}}\). By linear algebra,
$$\displaystyle \begin{aligned} S_{ABT}=\sum_{j=1}^m\frac{\left(\boldsymbol{V}^T\widetilde{\boldsymbol{G}}_j\right)^2}{\boldsymbol{V}^T\boldsymbol{\varPhi}\boldsymbol{V}}. \end{aligned}$$
This is essentially the summation of m independent MASTOR statistics (in observing the uncorrelatedness and joint normality of \(\boldsymbol {V}^T\widetilde {\boldsymbol {G}}_j\)), each formulated from a transformed variant \(\widetilde {\boldsymbol {G}}_j\) (note the variance estimate is 1 after transformation). Hence SABT follows \(\chi _m^2\) distribution under the null hypothesis.
Appendix 2: Additional Simulation Results Show That the Data-Driven Weights W∗ Is Adaptive to the Direction of True Genetic Effects
In order to understand how the data-driven weights W∗ (defined in Eq. (4.5) of the main text) help gain power in association testing, we compare the signs of W∗ to those of the genetic effects γ using the simulated data sets in the power analysis. Figure 4.5, Panels a–d, present boxplots of the weights W∗ based on 5000 simulated data replicates in Scenario S2 with genetic effect Setting III, for LD Configurations C1–C4, respectively. We note that, in this setting, the first 30% components of γ are set to be positive, the next 30% are negative, and the remaining 40% are zeros. The boxplots clearly demonstrates that on average, the weights W∗ is able to track the direction of true genetic effects, thus result in stronger association on the weighted sum genetic score.
Fig. 4.5
Boxplot of W∗ based on 5000 simulated data replicates in Scenario S2 with genetic effect Setting III. The adaptive weights of risk, protective, and neutral variants are marked with red, green, and white color, respectively. Panel a: Configuration C1; Panel b: Configuration C2; Panel c: Configuration C3; Panel d: Configuration C4
Appendix 3: Additional Simulation Results Show the Relation Between the ABT Statistic and the famSKAT Statistic
We show in Fig. 4.6, Panels a–d, the scatter plots of the numerator of the ABT statistic vs. the famSKAT statistic based on 5000 simulated data replicates in Scenario S3 with genetic effect Setting II, for LD Configurations C1–C4, respectively. We observe that, when the LD correlation is negligible (Panel a), the numerator of the ABT statistic behaves similarly as the famSKAT statistic because in Eq. (4.6) of the main text, \((\widehat {\boldsymbol {D}}\boldsymbol {R}\widehat {\boldsymbol {D}})^{-1}\) is equivalent to the Madsen-Browning weights used in calculating the famSKAT statistic. As the LD correlation increases (Panels b, c, and d), the two statistics become less and less consistent because in calculating the famSKAT statistic, the Madsen-Browning weights only depend on individual variants, whereas in calculating the ABT statistic, the weight of an individual variant statistic is also affected by other variants on linked sites, as seen from the weight matrix \((\widehat {\boldsymbol {D}}\boldsymbol {R}\widehat {\boldsymbol {D}})^{-1}\) in Eq. (4.6) of the main text.
Comparison between SfamSKAT and the numerator of SABT based on 5000 simulated data replicates in Scenario S3 with genetic effect Setting II. Panel a: Configuration C1; Panel b: Configuration C2; Panel c: Configuration C3; Panel d: Configuration C4
Appendix 4: Additional Simulation Results to Validate the Asymptotic Null Distribution of SPC-ABT via Permutation Based Approach
We perform 1000 permutations to the simulated data under Scenario S1 (unrelated individuals and common variants) and configuration C3 (strong LD with η = 0.7). Figure 4.7 shows the asymptotic null distributions of SPC-ABT for the number of principal components q = 1, 25, and 50, together with the corresponding empirical CDFs obtained via permutation. Note that two different asymptotic distributions are shown in this figure, one is \(\chi _q^2\), the other is a mixture of \(\chi _1^2\) distribution, obtained by applying adaptive weights W# in the famSKAT method. In Fig. 4.8, panels a, b, and c, we compare in log scale the empirical p-values via permutation based approach against the p-values from the asymptotic distribution (mixture of \(\chi _1^2\)) for the number of principal components q = 1, 25, and 50, respectively. Panel d of Fig. 4.8 further reports the correlation between −log10(empirical p-values via permutation) and −log10(p-values based on the asymptotic distribution) for the number of principal components q = 1, 2, ⋯ , 50.
Asymptotic null distribution and permutation based empirical distribution of SPC-ABT (for the number of principal components q = 1, 25, and 50) under Scenario S1 and LD configuration C3
Comparing empirical p-values via permutation and p-values based on the asymptotic distribution. Panel a: scatter plot in log scale for the number of principal components q = 1; Panel b: for q = 25; Panel c: for q = 50; Panel d: correlation between −log10(empirical p-values via permutation) and −log10(p-values based on the asymptotic distribution) for q = 1, 2, ⋯ , 50
Appendix 5: Additional Simulation Results for Type I Error Evaluation
We provide additional simulation results for type I error evaluation. Table 4.4 lists the empirical type I error rates of five testing methods: FBT, famSKAT, ABT, MONSTER, and PC-ABT for the combinations of four scenarios (S1, S2, S3, and S4) and four LD configurations (C1, C2, C3, and C4), based on 20,000 simulated data replicates. Figures 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, and 4.12 show the Q-Q plots of the PC-ABT p-values under the null hypothesis for Scenarios S1, S2, S3, and S4, respectively. The number of principal components is chosen to guarantee that the total percent variance explained (PVE) >90%.
Q-Q plots of the PC-ABT p-values under the null hypothesis for Scenario S1 based on 20,000 simulated data replicates. In each simulation, the number of principal components is chosen such that PVE >90%
Fig. 4.10
Table 4.4
Empirical type I error of five testing methods
# of PCs
α = 0.001
α = 0.01
famSKAT
PC-ABT∗
The type I error rate estimates are calculated as the proportion of p-values smaller than nominal under the null hypothesis based on 20,000 simulated data replicates. PC-ABT∗: the number of principal components is chosen to guarantee that the total percent variance explained (PVE) >90%
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