text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}

The nuclear equation of state (EOS) defines the bulk properties of nuclear matter from atomic nuclei to neutron stars.
Determination of the nuclear EOS is one of the fundamental goals of nuclear physics.
Since nuclear matter is composed of two kinds of particles, {\it i.e.} neutrons and protons, the EOS contains a term -- the symmetry energy -- which depends on the density asymmetry between neutrons and protons.
Determination of the symmetry energy term currently draws much attention both theoretically and experimentally, as illustrated by this special issue.
An accurate determination of the symmetry energy allows precise predictions of properties of exotic nuclei with large differences between proton and neutron numbers.
The symmetry energy is furthermore a basic input for calculations of heavy-ion collision processes, where isospin-asymmetric matter is produced and leads to density-dependent reactions.
In astrophysics, the symmetry energy is relevant to the properties of neutron stars, such as mass, radius and internal structure, the supernova-explosion process, neutron star cooling, and other dynamical processes related to neutron rich matter.

The nuclear EOS can be studied in laboratory by measuring data on nuclear ground and excited states and constructing theoretical models which attempt to describe them.
In this article, we report on a precise determination of the electric dipole response of $^{208}{\rm Pb}$ by measuring relativistic Coulomb excitation induced by proton inelastic scattering at very forward angles.
The dipole polarizability, defined as the inverse energy-weighted sum rule of the electric dipole response, is closely related to the neutron skin thickness and to the density dependence of the symmetry energy.

\section{Relation between symmetry energy, neutron skin thickness and dipole polarizability}
\label{sec:rel}

The EOS of cold nuclear matter can be approximately written as a sum of the energy per nucleon of symmetric matter and an asymmetry term~\cite{Tsang2012}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:eos}
E(\rho,\delta) = E(\rho,\delta=0)+S(\rho)\delta^2+O(\delta^4)\,,
\end{equation}
where the nucleon density ($\rho$) and the asymmetry parameter ($\delta$) are defined by the neutron ($\rho_n$) and proton ($\rho_p$) density as
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho & \equiv & \rho_n+\rho_p \,,\\
\delta & \equiv & \frac{\rho_n-\rho_p}{\rho_n+\rho_p}\,.
\end{eqnarray}
The symmetry energy factor $S(\rho)$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:eos}) can be expanded around the saturation density $\rho_0\sim0.16$~fm$^{-3}$ as
\begin{equation}
\label{exp-sd}
S(\rho) = J+\frac{L}{3\rho_0}(\rho-\rho_0)
+\frac{K_{\rm sym}}{18\rho_0^2}(\rho-\rho_0)^2
+\cdots\,.
\end{equation}
Here, $L$ is the slope parameter at density $\rho_0$.
It governs the pressure from the symmetry energy in pure neutron matter and the baryonic pressure in neutron stars~\cite{Horowitz2001}, and its value is approximately proportional to the fourth power of the neutron star radius~\cite{Lattimer2007}.

\begin{figure*}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=30pc]{setup}
\caption{\label{fig:setup}
Experimental setup of the Grand Raiden spectrometer at zero degree
for the measurement of the  $D_{SS'}$ (left) and $D_{LL'}$ (right) polarization transfer coefficients in inelastic proton scattering off $^{208}$Pb at $E_0 = 295$ MeV.
See text for details.
}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

Linear correlations between the slope parameter and the neutron skin thickness of $^{208}{\rm Pb}$ are predicted by self-consistent mean field model calculations with various sets of interaction parameters~\cite{Roca-Maza2011,Piekarewicz2012}.
Here, the neutron skin thickness $\Delta r_{np}$ is defined as the difference of the root-mean-square radii of neutrons and protons.
Thus, experimental data on the neutron skin thickness may provide constraints on the slope parameter.

Parity-violating asymmetry measurements of electron elastic scattering (PREX experiment) at Jefferson Laboratory~\cite{PREX} are the most model-independent way to determine the neutron skin thickness of $^{208}{\rm Pb}$.
The electro-weak interaction is used to probe the form factor of the neutron density distribution.
However the uncertainty of the latest result, $\Delta r_{np}$=0.302 $\pm$ 0.175 $\pm$ 0.026 $\pm$ 0.005 fm~\cite{PREXResult}, is too large to impact on the allowed range of the slope parameter.
An improved measurement with better statistics is highly desired.

Reinhard and Nazarewicz reported a strong correlation between the dipole polarizability of $^{208}{\rm Pb}$ and its neutron skin thickness in the framework of a self-consistent mean field calculation based on the energy-density functional method with the SV$_{\rm min}$ Skyrme interaction \cite{Reinhard2010}.
The dipole polarizability $\alpha_D$ can be expressed as the inverse energy-weighted sum-rule of the electric dipole ($E1$) reduced transition probability $B(E1)$
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:dp}
\alpha_D = \frac{\hbar c}{2\pi^2}\int\frac{\sigma_{abs}}{\omega^2}d\omega
 = \frac{8\pi}{9}\int\frac{S_{E1}(\omega)}{\omega}d\omega\,,
\end{equation}
where $\omega$ stands for the excitation energy, $\sigma_{\rm abs}$ for the photo-absorption cross section, and $S_{E1}(\omega)=dB(E1)/d\omega$ for the $B(E1)$ strength per unit excitation energy.
The dipole polarizability can be experimentally determined by measuring the $B(E1)$ distribution as a function of the excitation energy.
We have used proton inelastic scattering at very forward angles to study the $B(E1)$ distribution of $^{208}{\rm Pb}$ by relativistic Coulomb excitation.

\section{Experimental Method}
\label{sec:exp}

The experiment has been performed at the Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University.
Details of the experimental experimental method can be found in Ref.~\cite{Tamii2009} and details for the $^{208}$Pb experiment in Refs.~\cite{Tamii2011,Poltoratska2012}.
A polarized proton beam has been accelerated to 295 MeV with a beam intensity of 2-10~nA
and a polarization degree of about 0.7.
An isotopically enriched ${}^{208}{\rm Pb}$ foil with a thickness of 5.2 mg/cm$^2$ has been used as a target.
An energy resolution of 30~keV (FWHM) was achieved by dispersion matching techniques.
The experimental setup is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:setup} for two different  polarization transfer measurements.
The primary beam passing through the target was transported into the {\it Grand Raiden} spectrometer~\cite{GR}, extracted at the focal plane, and  stopped in the beam dump.
The sideway-to-sideway polarization transfer $D_{SS'}$ (l.h.s .\ of Fig.~\ref{fig:setup}) was measured with a sideway polarized beam and the standard focal plane without use of the dipole spin-rotation (DSR) magnet.
The longitudinal-to-longitudinal polarization transfer $D_{LL'}$ (r.h.s .\ of Fig.~\ref{fig:setup}) was measured with a longitudinally polarized beam and rotation of the scattered protons by $18^\circ$ utilizing the DSR magnet.
Polarization transfer coefficients were measured in an angular range $0^\circ - 2.5^\circ$.
Differential cross sections were measured for angles between 0 and 10 degrees.
The excitation energy range covered by the momentum acceptance of the spectrometer was about $5-25$ MeV.

\section{Experimental results}
\label{sec:exp-results}

The upper panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:DCSandTST} shows the double differential cross section of the $^{208}{\rm Pb}(p,p')$ reaction with the spectrometer set at $0^\circ$ and covering an angular range up to $2.5^\circ$.
The giant dipole resonance (GDR) is clearly visible as bump structure centered at about 13 MeV with fine structures on the lower-energy tail.
Discrete transitions were observed below the neutron separation energy ($S_n$=7.368 MeV).
\begin{figure}[tbh]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=20pc]{DCS_TST}
\caption{\label{fig:DCSandTST}
(upper panel) Double differential cross sections and (lower panel) total spin transfer of the $^{208}{\rm Pb}$(p,p') reaction at $E_p$=295 MeV and at 0-2.5 degrees.
}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

As demonstrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:DS}, there is a one-to-one correspondence with $E1$ transitions observed in nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) measurements \cite{Ryezayeva2002,Enders2003,Shizuma2008,Schwengner2010}.
For each low-lying discrete transition, the $B(E1)$ strength has been extracted from the $(p,p')$ cross sections in the angular range $0^\circ - 0.94^\circ$ assuming that it arises purely from Coulomb excitation.
The extracted $B(E1)$ values agree very well with the NRF data below $S_n$~\cite{Ryezayeva2002,Enders2003,Shizuma2008,Schwengner2010}.
Above $S_n$ more strength than previously known has been observed~\cite{Poltoratska2012}.
\begin{figure}[tbh]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=20pc]{DS}
\caption{\label{fig:DS}
Electric dipole reduced transition probability $B(E1)$ of low-lying discrete states
determined by (upper panel) real-photon measurements~\cite{Ryezayeva2002,Enders2003,Shizuma2008,Schwengner2010}
 and (lower panel) the $(p,p')$ experiment.
}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Since the experimental kinematics also favor excitation of the spin-$M1$ resonance, a decomposition of $E1$ and $M1$ cross sections is necessary for an extraction of the $E1$ strength in the continuum region.
This has been achieved with two independent methods.
The first method utilizes polarization transfer data.
One can define the total spin transfer $\Sigma$
\begin{equation}
  \Sigma \equiv \frac{3-(D_{SS'}+D_{NN'}+D_{LL'})}{4}\,,
\label{eq:sigma}
\end{equation}
where $D_{SS'}$, $D_{NN'}$ and $D_{LL'}$ are the sideway, normal and longitudinal spin transfer coefficients, respectively~\cite{Ohlsen1972}.
The total spin transfer $\Sigma$ becomes unity for spin-$M1$ and other spin-flip excitations by the nuclear interaction and zero for (Coulomb-excited) $E1$ and other non-spin-flip excitations.
Relation (\ref{eq:sigma}) can be derived at zero degrees from parity conservation~\cite{Suzuki2000} and thus holds model-independently.
Note that $D_{SS'} = D_{NN'}$ at zero degrees from rotational symmetry, and therefore only two polarization transfer coefficients need to be measured.
The resulting total spin transfer for $^{208}$Pb is plotted in the lower panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:DCSandTST}.
The GDR bump region is dominantly composed of $E1$ strength.
A concentration of spin-$M1$ strength is observed in the $7-8$ MeV region consistent with polarized real-photon measurements~\cite{Shizuma2008,Laszewski1998}.

The second method is a multipole-decomposition analysis (MDA) utilizing the angular distributions of the cross sections in each excitation energy bin to decompose contributions from different multipolarities.
Angular distribution shapes for each multipolarity were calculated in the distorted wave impulse approximation (DWIA) with the code DWBA07~\cite{DWBA07} and the effective interaction of Franey and Love ~\cite{Franey1985}.
RPA amplitudes and single-particle wave functions were taken from quasi-particle phonon model (QPM) calculations~\cite{Ryezayeva2002}.
For each energy bin, the contributions of different multipolarities were determined by a least-square fit reproducing the experimental angular distribution.
The results of the two methods agree to each other within error bars~\cite{Tamii2011}.
The $E1$ photo-absorption cross section in the GDR region extracted by the MDA is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:GDR} as red circles.
The result is consistent with $(\gamma,xn)$~\cite{Veyssiere1970} (black histogram) and tagged-photon~\cite{Schelhaas1988} (green squares) measurements.
\begin{figure}[tbh]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=20pc]{GDR}
\caption{\label{fig:GDR}
Comparison of photo-absorption cross sections determined by $(p,p')$ (red circles),  $(\gamma,xn)$~\cite{Veyssiere1970} (histogram) and tagged gamma-absorption~\cite{Schelhaas1988} (green squares) experiments in the GDR region of $^{208}{\rm Pb}$.
}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The overall $B(E1)$ distribution determined by the $(p,p')$ measurement is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:BE1}.
The bump centered at $\sim$13 MeV corresponds to the GDR and the strength concentration around $7-9$ MeV corresponds to the pygmy dipole resonance (PDR).
A complete $B(E1)$ strength distribution of $^{208}{\rm Pb}$ has been determined from 5 to 20 MeV which fully covers the PDR and GDR regions, as well as region just above  neutron separation energy, where all previous experiments had limited sensitivity.
\begin{figure}[tbh]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=20pc]{BE1}
\caption{\label{fig:BE1}
Total $B(E1)$ strength distribution of $^{208}{\rm Pb}$ deduced from the present work.
The bump centered at $\sim$13 MeV corresponds to the giant dipole resonance, and the strength concentration at around 7-9 MeV to the pygmy dipole resonance.
}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Dipole polarizability and neutron skin thickness in $^{208}$Pb}
\label{sec:results}

The obtained $B(E1)$ strength distribution is integrated with the aid of Eq.~(\ref{eq:dp})
and yields a dipole polarizability $\alpha_D=18.9\pm$1.3 fm$^3$ up to 20 MeV.
By taking the average over the independent data sets and by including
the gamma absorption data above 20 MeV~\cite{Schelhaas1988},
the dipole polarizability of $^{208}{\rm Pb}$ up to 130 MeV is determined as $\alpha_D =20.1\pm0.6$ fm$^3$.

Reinhard and Nazarewicz have shown \cite{Reinhard2010} that in mean-field models,
for variations of the interaction within reasonable limits there is a strict correlation
between the predictions for the dipole polarizability and neutron skin thickness of $^{208}{\rm Pb}$.
With the particular interaction of Ref.~\cite{Reinhard2010} one can derive from the above experimental
result for $\alpha_D$  a value $\Delta r_{np}=0.156^{+0.025}_{-0.021}$ fm \cite{Tamii2011}.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=20pc]{NST-DPJ}
\caption{\label{fig:NST-DPJ}
Correlation between the dipole polarizability $\alpha_D$ times $J$ and the neutron skin thickness $\Delta r_{np}$
in $^{208}$Pb for various mean-field models.
Figure reprinted with permission from X.~Roca-Maza {\it et al.}~\cite{Roca-Maza2013}.
Copyright (2013) by the American Physical Society.
}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
Piekarewicz {\it et al.}~\cite{Piekarewicz2012} have studied this correlation for a variety
of non-relativistic and relativistic density functionals (EDFs).
However, absolute values, while indicating an overall approximately linear correlation, exhibit more
scattering upon a detailed look.
If averaged over the set of theoretical results falling into the experimental uncertainty of $\alpha_D$,
one obtains a value for the neutron skin thickness in $^{208}$Pb of $0.168 \pm 0.022$ fm~\cite{Piekarewicz2012}.
Roca-Maza {\it et al.}~\cite{Roca-Maza2013} have further investigated the correlation.
They have found that $\alpha_D J$, instead of $\alpha_D$, has much stronger correlation with $\Delta r_{np}$
(see Fig.~\ref{fig:NST-DPJ}) and the correlation is naturally explained by the macroscopic droplet model.
The value of the neutron skin thickness of $^{208}{\rm Pb}$ as a function of $J$ is, by using the experimental
value of $\alpha_D$
\begin{eqnarray}
\Delta r_{np}&=&-0.157\pm(0.002)_{\rm theor}\nonumber\\
&&+[1.04\pm(0.03)_{\rm expt}\pm(0.04)_{\rm theor}]\times10^{-2} J,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\Delta r_{np}$ is expressed in fm and $J$ in MeV.
The ``expt'' uncertainty refers to the propagation of the experimental uncertainty of $\alpha_D$, whereas
the ``theor'' uncertainties are associated with the confidence bands from the theoretical linear fit.
Adopting $J=[31\pm(2)_{\rm est}]$ MeV as a realistic range of values for the symmetry energy~\cite{Tsang2012,LattimerLim2013},
they extracted the constraint on the neutron skin thickness of $^{208}{\rm Pb}$ as~\cite{Roca-Maza2013}
\begin{equation}
\Delta r_{np} = 0.165\pm(0.009)_{\rm expt}\pm(0.013)_{\rm theor}\pm(0.021)_{\rm est}\,{\rm fm},
\end{equation}
where ``est'' uncertainty is associated with the estimates on $J$.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=20pc]{NST}
\caption{\label{fig:NST}
The neutron skin thickness of $^{208}{\rm Pb}$ measured by parity-violating
electron scattering (PREX)~\cite{PREX,PREXResult},
analysis of the X-ray detection data of anti-protonic atoms~\cite{Klos2007},
proton elastic scattering at 650 MeV~\cite{elastic650} and 295 MeV~\cite{Zenihiro2010},
and the dipole polarizability (this work)~\cite{Tamii2011,Roca-Maza2013}.
}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

This result is compared with other experimental work in Fig.~\ref{fig:NST}.
The inner error bar of the dipole polarizability analysis refers to the experimental uncertainty (0.009 fm)
and the outer error bar to the quadratic sum of all the uncertainties (0.026 fm).
As pointed out above, the statistics of the  PREX experiment are presently insufficient to
provide relevant boundaries on the neutron skin thickness  \cite{PREXResult}.
Antiprotonic atom annihilation and shifts of X rays have been used to derive the neutron density of $^{208}$Pb, and combined with the charge density distribution the neutron skin thickness \cite{Trzcinska2001,Klos2007}.
Another method is based on extracting the matter radius from elastic proton scattering.
Two results obtained at 650 MeV~\cite{elastic650} and 295 MeV~\cite{Zenihiro2010} are currently available.
All results agree within error bars and limit the range of the neutron skin thickness to $\sim 0.15 - 0.20$ fm.
Recent calculations of neutron matter and neutron star properties in the framework of chiral effective field
theory suggest $\Delta r_{np}= 0.17 \pm 0.03$ fm \cite{Hebeler2010}.
The predictions are sensitive to three-nucleon forces, which may be further constrained by the present results.

\section{Constraints on the symmetry energy}
\label{sec:symmetry}

Mean-field models predict an approximately linear relation between the neutron skin thickness of $^{208}$Pb
and the slope parameter $L$ of the symmetry energy~\cite{Roca-Maza2011,Brown2000}.
Thus one can also expect a linear relation between $\alpha_D J$ and $L$.
Actually Roca-Maza {\it et al.}~\cite{Roca-Maza2013} have shown a strong correlation
between $\alpha_D J$ and $L$.~\cite{Roca-Maza2013}
They have extracted the relation by using the dipole polarizability data as
\begin{equation}
L=-146\pm(1)_{\rm theor}+[6.11\pm(0.18)_{\rm expt}\pm(0.26)_{\rm theor}] J,
\end{equation}
and by adopting $J=[31\pm(2)_{\rm est}]$ MeV
\begin{equation}
L=43\pm(6)_{\rm expt}\pm(8)_{\rm theor}\pm(12)_{\rm est}\,{\rm MeV}.
\end{equation}

Since constraints on the symmetry energy parameters $J$ and $L$ are the main concern in this paper,
we have extracted a constraint band in the $J$-$L$ plane from the dipole polarizability data
without making assumption on the $J$ value. We have taken the quadratic sum of the 99.9\% theoretical
confidence level band from the work by Roca-Maza {\it et al.}~\cite{Roca-Maza2013} and the one-sigma
experimental uncertainty of $\alpha_D$~\cite{Tamii2011}.
Within the applicable range of $24<J<42$ MeV, the band is placed in between the two curves of
$L=-93.5+3.22J+0.0461J^2$ and $L=-182.4+7.85J-0.0266J^2$.
If the two-sigma experimental uncertainty of $\alpha_D$ is used, the constraint band is
in between
$L=-111.0+4.43J+0.0307J^2$ and $L=-172.0+7.12J-0.0189J^2$.

The result is plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig:J-L} for the one-sigma uncertainty
in comparison with various constraints from other works.
These include heavy ion collisions (HIC), pygmy dipole resonance (PDR), isobaric analog states (IAS),
nuclear mass formula with finite range droplet model (FRDM), analysis of neutron star observation data (n-star).
For a thorough discussion of these methods and the corresponding references see Ref.~\cite{Tsang2012}.
Additionally, constraints from a chiral effective field theory ($\chi$EFT) calculation including 3$N$
forces~\cite{Hebeler2010}
and a quantum Monte-Carlo (QMC) calculation~\cite{Gandolfi2013} are shown.
One finds a point ($L \approx 50$ MeV, $J \approx 32$ MeV) essentially consistent with all approaches
except for the study of isobaric analogue states which requires much higher values of $L$.
Indeed, these common values are at the center of the allowed $L,J$ landscape
in the first complete N$^3$LO calculation of neutron matter within $\chi$EFT \cite{Tews2013}.

We note that in the paper of Lattimer~\cite{Lattimer2013} an anticorrelation
between the $L$ and $J$ is deduced from $\alpha_D$ of $^{208}$Pb based
on a Skyrme-Hartree-Fock approach~\cite{Chen2010} in contradiction to the present result.
The anticorrelation originates from a two step evaluation of the constraint in the $J$-$L$ plane
from $\alpha_D$ by way of $\Delta r_{np}$, whereas the present result is more direct.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=20pc]{J-L.eps}
\caption{\label{fig:J-L}
Constraints on the symmetry energy parameters $J$ and $L$ from various methods.
Besides the present work based on the $^{208}$Pb dipole polarizability (DP), the results in this figure are taken from Ref.~\cite{Tsang2012} except the ones labeled ($\chi$EFT) from Ref.~\cite{Hebeler2010} and QMC (solid circles) from Ref.~\cite{Gandolfi2013}.
}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Summary and outlook}
\label{sec:summary}

The electric dipole response of ${}^{208}{\rm Pb}$ has been determined up to 20 MeV by proton inelastic scattering measurement at extreme forward angles.
Multipole components of the cross sections have been decomposed by two independent methods: polarization transfer analysis and angular distribution analysis.
The dipole polarizability of $^{208}{\rm Pb}$ up to 130 MeV was determined as $\alpha_D=20.1\pm0.6$ fm$^3$
by combining the present and other available data.
This precise result allows to constrain the neutron skin thickness of $^{208}{\rm Pb}$
to $\Delta r_{np}=0.165\pm(0.009)_{\rm expt}\pm(0.013)_{\rm theor}\pm(0.021)_{\rm est}$ fm.
A constraint band has been extracted for the symmetry energy and its slope parameter
at the saturation density utilizing the correlations between $\alpha_D J$ and $L$ obtained by
a study of mean-field models in EDF approach.
The accuracy already sets important constraints for model parameters of EDFs
and predictions of neutron star properties, supernova explosion dynamics,
and many other interesting astrophysical phenomena.

In order to further constrain the symmetry energy parameters -- or more precisely EDF approaches, from which they can be derived --,  dipole polarizability data for other nuclei would be important.
A particularly interesting candidate is $^{48}{\rm Ca}$, for which theoretical predictions (especially with Skyrme-type forces) of the neutron skin thickness are more scattered and relatively uncorrelated with that of $^{208}{\rm Pb}$ \cite{Piekarewicz2012}.
Proton inelastic scattering data on $^{48}{\rm Ca}$ are already measured.
Analysis and extraction of the dipole polarizability for $^{48}{\rm Ca}$ is in progress as well as for $^{90}{\rm Zr}$~\cite{Iwamoto2012}, $^{96}{\rm Mo}$, $^{120}{\rm Sn}$, $^{144,154}{\rm Sm}$.

Beyond the extraction of the dipole polarizability, we note that the experimental data provide information on the PDR strength distribution~\cite{Poltoratska2012,Iwamoto2012}, the spin-M1 strength distribution~\cite{Heyde2010,Birkhan2013}, fine structure of the GDR and its interpretation in terms of characteristic scales \cite{Shevchenko2004}, level density of the $E1$ strength using a fluctuation analysis~\cite{Kalmykov2006,Kalmykov2007}, and the gamma strength function.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
\label{sec:acknowledgments}

This work was performed by the RCNP-E282 collaboration and we thank all coauthors of Refs.~\cite{Tamii2011,Poltoratska2012} for their contributions.
We are indebted to the RCNP cyclotron accelerator staff and operators for providing an excellent beam.
Discussions with W.~Nazarewicz, J.~Piekarewicz, P.-G.~Reinhard, A.~Schwenk, and X.~Roca-Maza are
gratefully acknowledged.
This work was supported by JSPS (Grant Nos. 07454051 and 14740154) and
DFG (Contracts SFB 634 and NE 679/3-1).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
package com.amazonaws.services.connectwisdom;

import javax.annotation.Generated;

import com.amazonaws.*;
import com.amazonaws.regions.*;

import com.amazonaws.services.connectwisdom.model.*;

/**
 * Interface for accessing Amazon Connect Wisdom Service.
 *

 * Note: Do not directly implement this interface, new methods are added to it regularly. Extend from
 * {@link com.amazonaws.services.connectwisdom.AbstractAmazonConnectWisdom} instead.
 *

 *

 *

 * Amazon Connect Wisdom delivers agents the information they need to solve customer issues as they're actively speaking
 * with customers. Agents can search across connected repositories from within their agent desktop to find answers
 * quickly. Use the Amazon Connect Wisdom APIs to create an assistant and a knowledge base, for example, or manage
 * content by uploading custom files.
 *

 */
@Generated("com.amazonaws:aws-java-sdk-code-generator")
public interface AmazonConnectWisdom {

    /**
     * The region metadata service name for computing region endpoints. You can use this value to retrieve metadata
     * (such as supported regions) of the service.
     *
     * @see RegionUtils#getRegionsForService(String)
     */
    String ENDPOINT_PREFIX = "wisdom";

    /**
     *

     * Creates an Amazon Connect Wisdom assistant.
     *

     *
     * @param createAssistantRequest
     * @return Result of the CreateAssistant operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ConflictException
     *         The request could not be processed because of conflict in the current state of the resource. For example,
     *         if you're using a Create API (such as CreateAssistant) that accepts name, a
     *         conflicting resource (usually with the same name) is being created or mutated.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws ServiceQuotaExceededException
     *         You've exceeded your service quota. To perform the requested action, remove some of the relevant
     *         resources, or use service quotas to request a service quota increase.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.CreateAssistant
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    CreateAssistantResult createAssistant(CreateAssistantRequest createAssistantRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Creates an association between an Amazon Connect Wisdom assistant and another resource. Currently, the only
     * supported association is with a knowledge base. An assistant can have only a single association.
     *

     *
     * @param createAssistantAssociationRequest
     * @return Result of the CreateAssistantAssociation operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ConflictException
     *         The request could not be processed because of conflict in the current state of the resource. For example,
     *         if you're using a Create API (such as CreateAssistant) that accepts name, a
     *         conflicting resource (usually with the same name) is being created or mutated.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws ServiceQuotaExceededException
     *         You've exceeded your service quota. To perform the requested action, remove some of the relevant
     *         resources, or use service quotas to request a service quota increase.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.CreateAssistantAssociation
     * @see AWS API Documentation
     */
    CreateAssistantAssociationResult createAssistantAssociation(CreateAssistantAssociationRequest createAssistantAssociationRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Creates Wisdom content. Before to calling this API, use StartContentUpload
     * to upload an asset.
     *

     *
     * @param createContentRequest
     * @return Result of the CreateContent operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ConflictException
     *         The request could not be processed because of conflict in the current state of the resource. For example,
     *         if you're using a Create API (such as CreateAssistant) that accepts name, a
     *         conflicting resource (usually with the same name) is being created or mutated.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws ServiceQuotaExceededException
     *         You've exceeded your service quota. To perform the requested action, remove some of the relevant
     *         resources, or use service quotas to request a service quota increase.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.CreateContent
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    CreateContentResult createContent(CreateContentRequest createContentRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Creates a knowledge base.
     *

     * <note>
     *

     * When using this API, you cannot reuse Amazon AppIntegrations
     * DataIntegrations with external knowledge bases such as Salesforce and ServiceNow. If you do, you'll get an
     * InvalidRequestException error.
     *

     *
     *

     *  <p>For example, you're programmatically managing your external knowledge base, and you want to add or remove one of the fields that is being ingested from Salesforce. Do the following:</p> <ol> <li> <p>Call <a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/wisdom/latest/APIReference/API_DeleteKnowledgeBase.html">DeleteKnowledgeBase</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Call <a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/appintegrations/latest/APIReference/API_DeleteDataIntegration.html">DeleteDataIntegration</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Call <a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/appintegrations/latest/APIReference/API_CreateDataIntegration.html">CreateDataIntegration</a> to recreate the DataIntegration or a create different one.</p> </li> <li> <p>Call CreateKnowledgeBase.</p> </li> </ol> </note>
     *

     *
     * @param createKnowledgeBaseRequest
     * @return Result of the CreateKnowledgeBase operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ConflictException
     *         The request could not be processed because of conflict in the current state of the resource. For example,
     *         if you're using a Create API (such as CreateAssistant) that accepts name, a
     *         conflicting resource (usually with the same name) is being created or mutated.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws ServiceQuotaExceededException
     *         You've exceeded your service quota. To perform the requested action, remove some of the relevant
     *         resources, or use service quotas to request a service quota increase.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.CreateKnowledgeBase
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    CreateKnowledgeBaseResult createKnowledgeBase(CreateKnowledgeBaseRequest createKnowledgeBaseRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Creates a session. A session is a contextual container used for generating recommendations. Amazon Connect
     * creates a new Wisdom session for each contact on which Wisdom is enabled.
     *

     *
     * @param createSessionRequest
     * @return Result of the CreateSession operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ConflictException
     *         The request could not be processed because of conflict in the current state of the resource. For example,
     *         if you're using a Create API (such as CreateAssistant) that accepts name, a
     *         conflicting resource (usually with the same name) is being created or mutated.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.CreateSession
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    CreateSessionResult createSession(CreateSessionRequest createSessionRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Deletes an assistant.
     *

     *
     * @param deleteAssistantRequest
     * @return Result of the DeleteAssistant operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.DeleteAssistant
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    DeleteAssistantResult deleteAssistant(DeleteAssistantRequest deleteAssistantRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Deletes an assistant association.
     *

     *
     * @param deleteAssistantAssociationRequest
     * @return Result of the DeleteAssistantAssociation operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.DeleteAssistantAssociation
     * @see AWS API Documentation
     */
    DeleteAssistantAssociationResult deleteAssistantAssociation(DeleteAssistantAssociationRequest deleteAssistantAssociationRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Deletes the content.
     *

     *
     * @param deleteContentRequest
     * @return Result of the DeleteContent operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.DeleteContent
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    DeleteContentResult deleteContent(DeleteContentRequest deleteContentRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Deletes the knowledge base.
     *

     * <note>
     *

     * When you use this API to delete an external knowledge base such as Salesforce or ServiceNow, you must also delete
     * the Amazon
     * AppIntegrations DataIntegration. This is because you can't reuse the DataIntegration after it's been
     * associated with an external knowledge base. However, you can delete and recreate it. See DeleteDataIntegration and CreateDataIntegration in the Amazon AppIntegrations API Reference.
     *

     * </note>
     *
     * @param deleteKnowledgeBaseRequest
     * @return Result of the DeleteKnowledgeBase operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ConflictException
     *         The request could not be processed because of conflict in the current state of the resource. For example,
     *         if you're using a Create API (such as CreateAssistant) that accepts name, a
     *         conflicting resource (usually with the same name) is being created or mutated.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.DeleteKnowledgeBase
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    DeleteKnowledgeBaseResult deleteKnowledgeBase(DeleteKnowledgeBaseRequest deleteKnowledgeBaseRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Retrieves information about an assistant.
     *

     *
     * @param getAssistantRequest
     * @return Result of the GetAssistant operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.GetAssistant
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    GetAssistantResult getAssistant(GetAssistantRequest getAssistantRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Retrieves information about an assistant association.
     *

     *
     * @param getAssistantAssociationRequest
     * @return Result of the GetAssistantAssociation operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.GetAssistantAssociation
     * @see AWS
     *      API Documentation
     */
    GetAssistantAssociationResult getAssistantAssociation(GetAssistantAssociationRequest getAssistantAssociationRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Retrieves content, including a pre-signed URL to download the content.
     *

     *
     * @param getContentRequest
     * @return Result of the GetContent operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.GetContent
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    GetContentResult getContent(GetContentRequest getContentRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Retrieves summary information about the content.
     *

     *
     * @param getContentSummaryRequest
     * @return Result of the GetContentSummary operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.GetContentSummary
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    GetContentSummaryResult getContentSummary(GetContentSummaryRequest getContentSummaryRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Retrieves information about the knowledge base.
     *

     *
     * @param getKnowledgeBaseRequest
     * @return Result of the GetKnowledgeBase operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.GetKnowledgeBase
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    GetKnowledgeBaseResult getKnowledgeBase(GetKnowledgeBaseRequest getKnowledgeBaseRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Retrieves recommendations for the specified session. To avoid retrieving the same recommendations in subsequent
     * calls, use NotifyRecommendationsReceived. This API supports long-polling behavior with the waitTimeSeconds
     * parameter. Short poll is the default behavior and only returns recommendations already available. To perform a
     * manual query against an assistant, use QueryAssistant.
     *

     *
     * @param getRecommendationsRequest
     * @return Result of the GetRecommendations operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.GetRecommendations
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    GetRecommendationsResult getRecommendations(GetRecommendationsRequest getRecommendationsRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Retrieves information for a specified session.
     *

     *
     * @param getSessionRequest
     * @return Result of the GetSession operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.GetSession
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    GetSessionResult getSession(GetSessionRequest getSessionRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Lists information about assistant associations.
     *

     *
     * @param listAssistantAssociationsRequest
     * @return Result of the ListAssistantAssociations operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.ListAssistantAssociations
     * @see AWS API Documentation
     */
    ListAssistantAssociationsResult listAssistantAssociations(ListAssistantAssociationsRequest listAssistantAssociationsRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Lists information about assistants.
     *

     *
     * @param listAssistantsRequest
     * @return Result of the ListAssistants operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.ListAssistants
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    ListAssistantsResult listAssistants(ListAssistantsRequest listAssistantsRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Lists the content.
     *

     *
     * @param listContentsRequest
     * @return Result of the ListContents operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.ListContents
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    ListContentsResult listContents(ListContentsRequest listContentsRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Lists the knowledge bases.
     *

     *
     * @param listKnowledgeBasesRequest
     * @return Result of the ListKnowledgeBases operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.ListKnowledgeBases
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    ListKnowledgeBasesResult listKnowledgeBases(ListKnowledgeBasesRequest listKnowledgeBasesRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Lists the tags for the specified resource.
     *

     *
     * @param listTagsForResourceRequest
     * @return Result of the ListTagsForResource operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.ListTagsForResource
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    ListTagsForResourceResult listTagsForResource(ListTagsForResourceRequest listTagsForResourceRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Removes the specified recommendations from the specified assistant's queue of newly available recommendations.
     * You can use this API in conjunction with GetRecommendations
     * and a waitTimeSeconds input for long-polling behavior and avoiding duplicate recommendations.
     *

     *
     * @param notifyRecommendationsReceivedRequest
     * @return Result of the NotifyRecommendationsReceived operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.NotifyRecommendationsReceived
     * @see AWS API Documentation
     */
    NotifyRecommendationsReceivedResult notifyRecommendationsReceived(NotifyRecommendationsReceivedRequest notifyRecommendationsReceivedRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Performs a manual search against the specified assistant. To retrieve recommendations for an assistant, use GetRecommendations.
     *

     *
     * @param queryAssistantRequest
     * @return Result of the QueryAssistant operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.QueryAssistant
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    QueryAssistantResult queryAssistant(QueryAssistantRequest queryAssistantRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Removes a URI template from a knowledge base.
     *

     *
     * @param removeKnowledgeBaseTemplateUriRequest
     * @return Result of the RemoveKnowledgeBaseTemplateUri operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.RemoveKnowledgeBaseTemplateUri
     * @see AWS API Documentation
     */
    RemoveKnowledgeBaseTemplateUriResult removeKnowledgeBaseTemplateUri(RemoveKnowledgeBaseTemplateUriRequest removeKnowledgeBaseTemplateUriRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Searches for content in a specified knowledge base. Can be used to get a specific content resource by its name.
     *

     *
     * @param searchContentRequest
     * @return Result of the SearchContent operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.SearchContent
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    SearchContentResult searchContent(SearchContentRequest searchContentRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Searches for sessions.
     *

     *
     * @param searchSessionsRequest
     * @return Result of the SearchSessions operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.SearchSessions
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    SearchSessionsResult searchSessions(SearchSessionsRequest searchSessionsRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Get a URL to upload content to a knowledge base. To upload content, first make a PUT request to the returned URL
     * with your file, making sure to include the required headers. Then use CreateContent to
     * finalize the content creation process or UpdateContent to modify
     * an existing resource. You can only upload content to a knowledge base of type CUSTOM.
     *

     *
     * @param startContentUploadRequest
     * @return Result of the StartContentUpload operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.StartContentUpload
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    StartContentUploadResult startContentUpload(StartContentUploadRequest startContentUploadRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Adds the specified tags to the specified resource.
     *

     *
     * @param tagResourceRequest
     * @return Result of the TagResource operation returned by the service.
     * @throws TooManyTagsException
     *         Amazon Connect Wisdom throws this exception if you have too many tags in your tag set.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.TagResource
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    TagResourceResult tagResource(TagResourceRequest tagResourceRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Removes the specified tags from the specified resource.
     *

     *
     * @param untagResourceRequest
     * @return Result of the UntagResource operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.UntagResource
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    UntagResourceResult untagResource(UntagResourceRequest untagResourceRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Updates information about the content.
     *

     *
     * @param updateContentRequest
     * @return Result of the UpdateContent operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws PreconditionFailedException
     *         The provided revisionId does not match, indicating the content has been modified since it
     *         was last read.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.UpdateContent
     * @see AWS API
     *      Documentation
     */
    UpdateContentResult updateContent(UpdateContentRequest updateContentRequest);

    /**
     *

     * Updates the template URI of a knowledge base. This is only supported for knowledge bases of type EXTERNAL.
     * Include a single variable in ${variable} format; this interpolated by Wisdom using ingested content.
     * For example, if you ingest a Salesforce article, it has an Id value, and you can set the template
     * URI to https://myInstanceName.lightning.force.com/lightning/r/Knowledge__kav/*${Id}*/view.
     *

     *
     * @param updateKnowledgeBaseTemplateUriRequest
     * @return Result of the UpdateKnowledgeBaseTemplateUri operation returned by the service.
     * @throws ValidationException
     *         The input fails to satisfy the constraints specified by a service.
     * @throws AccessDeniedException
     *         You do not have sufficient access to perform this action.
     * @throws ResourceNotFoundException
     *         The specified resource does not exist.
     * @sample AmazonConnectWisdom.UpdateKnowledgeBaseTemplateUri
     * @see AWS API Documentation
     */
    UpdateKnowledgeBaseTemplateUriResult updateKnowledgeBaseTemplateUri(UpdateKnowledgeBaseTemplateUriRequest updateKnowledgeBaseTemplateUriRequest);

    /**
     * Shuts down this client object, releasing any resources that might be held open. This is an optional method, and
     * callers are not expected to call it, but can if they want to explicitly release any open resources. Once a client
     * has been shutdown, it should not be used to make any more requests.
     */
    void shutdown();

    /**
     * Returns additional metadata for a previously executed successful request, typically used for debugging issues
     * where a service isn't acting as expected. This data isn't considered part of the result data returned by an
     * operation, so it's available through this separate, diagnostic interface.
     *

     * Response metadata is only cached for a limited period of time, so if you need to access this extra diagnostic
     * information for an executed request, you should use this method to retrieve it as soon as possible after
     * executing a request.
     *
     * @param request
     *        The originally executed request.
     *
     * @return The response metadata for the specified request, or null if none is available.
     */
    ResponseMetadata getCachedResponseMetadata(AmazonWebServiceRequest request);

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Enhance your personal study, small group study or book club discussions of Overcoming Hurtful Words with these additional exercises and tools. I'm here to help! Request a time to Skype or FaceTime me into one of your meetings or download a small group flyer signup sheet.
Choose the individual resources you'd like to download from the list, or click the button below to download them all as a ZIP file (35MB).


text:
GlobalFoundries posts 56% rise in quarterly sales on booming chip demand
Screen displays the company logo for semiconductor and chip maker, GlobalFoundries Inc. during the company's IPO at the Nasdaq MarketSite in Times Square in New York
(Reuters) - GlobalFoundries posted a 56% rise in revenue on Tuesday, in its first earnings update after going public in October, as the global semiconductor shortage drives companies to secure supplies of chips used in everything from cars to mobile phones.
The company makes silicon wafers for chip designers, such as Advanced Micro Devices and Broadcom Inc, that do not have their own fabrication plants, called fabs.
The supply shock triggered by the shortage has helped the company, which makes chips that are seen as being non-cutting edge but are important at the same time.
The chipmaker said revenue rose to $1.7 billion from $1.09 billion in the quarter ended Sept. 30.
It forecast current-quarter sales to be between $1.8 billion to $1.83 billion.
GlobalFoundries posted a net income of $5 million, or 1 cent per share, in the third quarter, compared with a net loss of $293 million, or 58 cents per share, a year earlier.
(Reporting by Eva Mathews in Bengaluru; Editing by Amy Caren Daniel)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I troubleshoot and repair computers, netbooks and laptops for reasonable price. I can do computer upgrades, home networking and viruses removal from your computer. Backing up your important files like documents, music, photos, movies and more.
Others: Photography - I can take hundred of photos of you and edit the photos you like or burn it on CD/DVD.


We are often our own worst critics aren't we? So many times I look in the mirror and that negative tape we all know so well starts playing. It's a constant battle to shut it off and remind yourself that a quiet voice in your head has absolutely no power over you. But it's not only in the mirror that this deceptive bully tries to assert authority, we hear it through comparison when another beautiful woman walks by and we get bombarded while flipping through our photo albums.
I recently wrote an article about how in this digital age we often are so quick to delete precious memories of ourselves with our children because we find them unflattering. You can read "Just Snap the Photo, Mama" in its entirety here if you like. Well, the other day this lesson became very real to me.
I often write about the type of person I want to become, hoping that not only will I grow from it but others will find encouragement themselves. And some of those things are harder to apply to my own life than I'd like to admit. Such is the case when last Saturday our little family decided to do something fun and take the kids to the splash pad.
Our four-year-old had been begging to get into the water for the summer and it was the first experience for our baby boy. Because of this, I felt the need to capture the sweet moment. I snapped a few photos of my kids, my husband and even asked him to capture me. I'm still trying to get to know my new postpartum body and I'm definitely not as comfortable in it as I'd like to be. As you can imagine, this feeling only intensifies in a bathing suit.
Nevertheless, I had him take the photo. Besides, I had just written a blog article encouraging other moms to do so. Shouldn't I follow my own advice? Everything was fine and dandy until I flipped through the pictures later.
I hated what I saw.


Two More Bottles Of Wine lyrics and chords are provided for your personal use, it's a very pretty Emmylou Harris song. This country classic isn't difficult to do, the chords are simple to make.
This great old song will make a good addition to your lyrics collection, it has a nice rhythm with simple chords. Use these Two More Bottles Of Wine lyrics and chords to help you learn it.


text:
Motorola HC700 Series Brings Presence to Enterprise Workers with Microsoft Office Communicator Mobile
Motorola Solutions, Inc. Apr 26, 2006
Windows Mobile(TM) collaboration experience enhances and extends enterprise seamless communications from the front office to the field
LAS VEGAS, April 4 -- Motorola, Inc. (NYSE:MOT) announced today that its HC700 series rugged mobile computing devices will be the first to support Microsoft Office Communicator Mobile for Microsoft Office Live Communications Server 2005. Leveraging Microsoft's trusted Windows Mobile software platform and Communicator Mobile, Motorola HC700 series devices are designed to provide enterprise field users with more secure, flexible, real-time communications that enable true seamless mobility.
"In an age where workforces are increasingly mobile and global, it is imperative to seamlessly extend secure, rich, real-time collaboration solutions to help people stay in touch with customers, partners and colleagues," said Rod Guy, director of Mobile Computing Operations for Motorola. "We will be working closely with Microsoft to empower mobile workforces with real-time communications capabilities on HC700 series products and future devices."
The first commercial off-the-shelf rugged handheld mobile computing solution from Motorola, the HC700 series is designed to meet the rigorous demands of mobile workforces in a variety of industries, including field force automation, field sales, direct store delivery, transportation, logistics, manufacturing and public safety. The addition of Windows Mobile collaboration capabilities on HC700 devices will deliver added functionality and connectivity to field users.
Live Communications Server's presence functionality enables workers to quickly find and collaborate with coworkers, partners and customers to share critical and time-sensitive information. Presence awareness eliminates delays in locating and communicating with key work partners, helping customers make better, more informed business decisions faster and share ideas and information immediately, regardless of location. The Live Communications Server architecture was built using the industry-standard protocol stack of SIP and SIMPLE, giving developers the ability to add presence to existing applications and create useful presence-aware solutions.
"Enterprise-grade real-time collaboration solutions are playing an increasingly important role in helping information workers stay in touch with critical business contacts and make better decisions, faster," said Eric Swift, senior director for the Unified Communications Group at Microsoft. "Working with industry leaders such as Motorola, enables our joint customers to realize the full benefit of unified communications. Extending and enhancing the Live Communications Server experience, from the desktop to mobile devices with Microsoft Office Communicator, enables unified communications across PCs, phones and mobile devices so people can collaborate more effectively and efficiently."
Motorola and Microsoft will demonstrate the capabilities of Communicator Mobile for Live Communications Server on Motorola HC700 products in conjunction with the CTIA Conference, April 5-7 (Booth #2606) at the Las Vegas Convention Center.
For more information on Motorola's HC700 series of products and its Enterprise solutions portfolio visit http://www.motorola.com/enterprise.
About Motorola
Motorola is known around the world for innovation and leadership in wireless and broadband communications. Inspired by our vision of Seamless Mobility, the people of Motorola are committed to helping you get and stay connected simply and seamlessly to the people, information, and entertainment that you want and need. We do this by designing and delivering "must have" products, "must do" experiences and powerful networks -- along with a full complement of support services. A Fortune 100 company with global presence and impact, Motorola had sales of US $36.8 billion in 2005. For more information about our company, our people and our innovations, please visit http://www.motorola.com/.
Source: Motorola, Inc.
CONTACT: Lisa Barclay of Motorola, Inc., +1-847-576-6931
Web site: http://www.motorola.com/
http://www.motorola.com/enterprise
Rugged Field and Desktop VoIP Phones suit military applications.
New DualComN Communicator Compatible with VISTA and DSC PowerSeries Panels
Programmable ZigBee Module eases application development.
New DreamDrive Driver-Assistance System Provides Traffic Drive-Off Alert
Volvo Penta Introduces the New EVC System with Dynamic Positioning System
What a Stihl!
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Commentable Digital Britain report goes online... good approach to collaboration
ComputerWeekly Staff
Computer Weekly\'s editor gives a personal perspective on the biggest issues in technology and IT strategy.
Unravelling the new digital leadership plans in UK government
Don't be the one who gets the blame - the Home Office's biggest lesson in UK borders IT
Tories crowdsource opinion on government's IT plans – ComputerWeekly.com
Digital Britain needs better security – ComputerWeekly.com
DCMS appoints director general for digital and media – ComputerWeekly.com
The Government may have only scored five out of 10 for its Digital Britain report last week, but it scores highly in the collaboration stakes for getting a commentable version of the Digital Britain report online.
Team DB says on the Digital Britain forum that after much copying and pasting they have got a commentable version live but:
"Please remember that the final report has, of course, been published – so this isn't an opportunity to alter the report itself. However, it does give you the chance to provide suggestions to how the report might be implemented."
You may not be able to change the Government's direction in establishing Britain as a leader in digital communications and industry, but at least you can have your four pennies worth in how the report should be implemented.
So good marks for collaboration, openness and transparency after the report has been published, shame that the report could not have been produced in such a way in the first place, and then it may have received a better reception.
I haven't had a chance to look at the detail of the commentable version that has gone live, but it will be interesting to see the approach it takes on the remaining 51 remaining decisions the Digital Britain report has left open to consultation.
General feeling has been that while the report may be good for consumers, particularly if it does result in delivering a high-speed digital communications infrastructure far quicker than the ponderous pace of delivery at the moment, it's case for benefiting network providers and business, maybe harder to prove.
One sector that certainly feels aggrieved is the network providers with the report going a long to maintaining the stranglehold that BT and Virgin have on the providing the infrastructure. It's not so much about competition, more ensuring there is a level playing field that allows other companies to compete or Heaven forbid "collaborate"!
But congratulations to the Director of Digital Engagement and his team for getting this collaborative version of the report online – people are commenting already, so I'm sure this approach will be a success.


N 330345E /.96583N.06250E /.96583;.06250 Motorway Tornio Kemi, Finland ( road 29 / E8 ) 333 6550N 2420E /.833N.333E /.833;.333 (TornioKeminmaa motorway) Blue Flag marina Uleninranta, 334 Kemi, Finland 654410N 243350E /.73611N.56389E /.73611;.56389 Motorway. Paulsen, 376 Longyearbyen..
6.3 Srlig om tilbakekall av autorisasjon som reaksjonsform I alle saker om tilbakekall av autorisasjon er det Statens helsetilsyn som har bevisbyrden for at alle lovens vilkrene for tilbakekall foreligger. Noen eksempler er spass paradoksale og..
Nearly every month, our club has a Club Night out on the town in Oslo. . When: Wednesday, March 29th, 19:00-21:30. Club Night for February was watching Canada and Norway in the opening hockey game of..
come to the relatively secure estimates of how many innvandrarar, refugees and asylum Sokar who have come here with Islam as their home background. M/ skeie AS Komistudio (teleskoptribuner) Lev. This article is a contribution by Abed Nakhleh. Anonymous, Documents from Representatives of Islamic Organizations in Norway, October 2008. In 1975, labor immigration to Norway was halted, but rules for family reunification were relatively relaxed for several more years. Most held in ominnreidde commercial premises, old skule buildings or apartments. If one had considered the children born of American parents with Muslim identity (the latter there are no statistics for rimelegvis the number had been part right.
In other words, the largest group of Norwegian Muslims originate in Pakistan, but no single nationality constitute as much as a quarter of the total population. Marriage patterns with Norwegians vary as well. Immigration from Muslim countries to Norway began late compared to other western-European countries, and didn't gather pace until the late 1960s. Local foods have become extremely popular, and the local mountains in Lom provide easy access to first-class ingredients for exotic culinary experiences. The Iraqis are a more recent group, with 80 of the Iraqi community having arrived in the past 10 years. After 1985, the numbers of Muslims started to increase because of immigrants and students. Muslims in Norway are a very fragmented group, coming from many different backgrounds. 7 In 2000, this was the first Norwegian mosque to start performing the adhan - the call to prayer.
Olav videregende skole 2003/04/05 Skeie Symposium Chateau Neuf 1991/1997 Skeie Bespoke Haukeland Sykehus 1994/1999 Skeie Fakultet Hgskolen i Sr-Trndelag 1994/95/00 Skeie Fakultet Lillehammer Kino 2000 Skeie Sonate Recliner Surnadal Kulturhus 2001 Skeie Kongress UPC 2001 Skeie Kongress Adolf iens Skole 2000 Skeie Fakultet AF Smestadammen. Minhaj-ul-Quran mosque and community centre was established in Oslo in 1987.13 In 1991, the Islamic Women's Group Norway (Islamsk Kvinnegruppe Norge) was founded, after an initiative by the Norwegian convert Nina Torgersen. Skole (teleskoptribuner) 2008 TX- SS3 St webcam egersund Svithun skole (teleskoptribuner) 2009 TX-SS4 Setermoen (teleskoptribuner) 2009 TX- Espace 628.01 Det akademiske kvarter (teleskoptribuner) 2009 TX-628.01 Espace Danvik Skole (teleskoptribuner) 2009 TX-SS2 Tallisman (teleskoptribuner) 2010 Spydeberg ungdomskole (teleskoptribuner) 2010 Rundevollen skole (teleskoptribuner) 2010 TX-Benker Portalen Copenhagen (teleskoptribuner). 8, 2007 t/ Despite the fact that Islam is not new in Norway, the historic roots of Islam in this country have almost been forgotten over time. This is today the largest mosque in Norway, with over 5000 members. Muslim background: Many of the Muslims in Norway are from the 70 century, with subsequent familiesameining and family growth in Norway on 80's. Vidkun Quisling, who served as Norway's prime minister during the war, was the most notorious of the Nazi collaborators. In 1999 it was estimated that about half of all Muslims in Norway were members of mosques organised in the Islamic Council, including Albanian, Bosnian, Pakistani (barelwi and deobandi Turkish, Somali, Arab, Iranian, and Gambian mosques. M/ skeie AS HIB Landssvingen (teleskoptribuner) Lev. 4,627,926, capital and largest city (2003 est. Of Muslim organizations and the Mosque in Oslo, we find 15 mainly Pakistani, 4 Turkish, Moroccan 3, 5 all-el Arab.


Nanolex Reactivating Shampoo is a specialist maintenance shampoo that breaks the bond between road grime and exterior surfaces while simultaneously laying down a fresh film of synthetic nano-scale protection. This not only restores previously applied layers of protection, but also boosts their self-cleaning properties, most notably during the winter months. While absolutely the best choice for washing and maintaining the finishes produced by the Nanolex Si3D range of coatings, it can also be used to great effect on surfaces protected with other coatings, sealants and hybrid waxes.
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Good Bugs Don't Have to Be Dead Bugs
by Larry Jacobs, via OnEarth Magazine
"The only good aphid is a dead aphid" used to be my mantra. I would walk up and down rows of plotted trees, spraying the plants with Metasystox, oblivious to the risks to my own health. I didn't bother with rubber gloves, a mask, or even rubber boots, leaving my skin exposed to this toxic pesticide. With the lid to the pesticide sprayer not properly sealed, Metasystox leaked down my back. Dizzy with nausea, I passed out. This was my harsh introduction to pesticides. It was also the last time I ever used anything toxic on my crops.
The reality of our dependence on toxic pesticides in the United States and around the world can be hard to stomach. The toxic chemicals we spray on our crops aren't just killing pests -- they've been linked to cancers, learning disabilities, birth defects, and other health risks for humans. In recent years, we've made some progress: our organophosphate use is down 85 percent from 228 million pounds in 1980 to 33 million pounds in 2007. The holy grail of soil fumigants, Methyl Bromide, declined 10 million pounds between 2001 and 2007.
Still, we remain addicted to toxic pesticides to the tune of one billion pounds applied to U.S. farms, forests, lawns and golf courses each year, unnecessarily putting our health on the line every day.
I first started working with pesticides in my early twenties, when I grew pine trees in southern California. On a routine inspection, the county agricultural inspector discovered tiny green aphids in my nursery. They had to go, he said. So the inspector recommended a solution: a brown jug labeled with a skull and cross bones: Metasystox.
You'll remember that this story doesn't end well for me. Metasystox is extremely toxic, gets absorbed into plant tissue, and doesn't wash off. Fortunately, the pesticide was banned by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1988. But that was too late for me. I found myself on the ground, dizzy and sick, and vowed never to use pesticides again.
I knew there had to be a better way. I got my first peek into the wonders of the insect world from a good friend, Everet (Deke) Dietrich, who was raising beneficial insects in Ventura, California. After all, as Deke pointed out, forests, meadows, and hillsides aren't ravaged by chewing and sucking insects -- other bugs naturally eat them, allowing plants to thrive. So I introduced green lacewing larvae into my nursery. Lacewing larvae have a voracious appetite for aphids. It worked.
It's this same toxic-free principle of healthy and natural pest management that serves the foundation of everything we do at Jacobs Farm. Tucked away in a coastal valley near Pescadero (a hamlet on the California coast between San Francisco and Santa Cruz), by the mid-1980s Jacobs Farm had become a successful organic venture. While others were skeptical about organic growing, my wife Sandra and I were committed to growing food that was healthy and fresh. We started with elephant garlic, peas, broccoli, squash, and berries, gradually moving on to fresh culinary herbs. Today, we're proud to be the nation's largest producer of fresh cut organic herbs.
But growing without pesticides wasn't the only thing on our minds. On a visit to Mexico in 1985, Sandra and I were lucky enough to meet farmers who were struggling to make it in their small town of 10,000 people. We knew the difficulties of growing, and wanted to help link these growers to larger markets, so they could feed their families well into the future. With this goal in mind, we started the Del Cabo cooperative that same year, with the explicit goal of creating economic opportunities for small-scale farmers at the tip of the Baja California peninsula. Our plan was simple: teach organic farming practices, create an organization that aggregates supplies and production, and connect them to winter markets in the United States. We began with eight families.
Getting started was anything but easy. The Baja was isolated from mainland Mexico by the Sea of Cortez, connected to California only through a windy, narrow two-lane road to the north of the peninsula. Supplies were scarce. For clothes or kitchen ware we'd drive three hours to La Paz. PVC fittings we'd bring down from San Diego, over 800 miles away. At times, we feared the farms would disappear, as the region was branded "Los Cabos" and targeted to become a mega tourist destination. Would these farmers be forced to become dish washers and waiters?
What began in 1985 with eight skeptical families now includes more than a thousand families, encompassing the entire length of the Baja peninsula and mainland Mexico. With new access to U.S. markets, family incomes have increased ten-fold from an average $3,000 USD per year to $28,000 by 1990. Del Cabo replaced pressure to leave home, farm, and family for a better life in "el norte." While many of the founding farmers have passed, their children and grandchildren continue making a decent living growing organic food. Del Cabo continues to expand, forming an alliance with Fairtrasa, a like-minded Swiss company working in Peru, Chile, and Argentina, and is today planting the Del Cabo model in Guatemala and Tanzania.
Del Cabo's impact is perhaps best told by the families involved. One single mother, who grew basil and cherry tomatoes while raising two children, proudly told me that her basil harvest paid for her daughter's medical school and her son's law education. For another family, organic farming helped encourage "reverse migration," where the Espinoza brothers returned to their family farm from Los Angeles, where they were previously working illegally as welders.
We know that growing food is not trivial. Insects ravage crops. And when your livelihood depends on a successful harvest, it is easy to understand why farmers resort to pesticides that offer immediate, but often short-term and short-sighted solutions to complex problems. We know old and new innovative pesticide-free solutions to feed soil and plant health exist. And with our company Farm Fuel, Inc., we're working with some of the nation's best scientists and researchers to identify and scale up these ideas in the laboratories to bring productive solutions to our farmers' fields.
We started working with Robert Van Buskirk, a scientist at Lawrence Berkeley Labs now with DOE, to grow Salicornia, a saltwater marsh plant, as an oil seed for biodiesel. This evolved to mustard because it grows with California's winter rains on open fields and hillsides.
Speaking of mustard, Dr. Matt Mora at University of Idaho is an expert in mustard plant chemistry. We're interested in their glucosinolates, the hot stuff you taste when you put mustard on your hot dog. With Matt's help, Farm Fuel developed a soil amendment that appears to create soils suppressive to fungal diseases and nematodes. Farmers who couldn't grow a straight carrot without fumigating with a nematicide now have a soil amendment that does a better job.
Joji Murimoto and Carol Shennan, researchers at University California Santa Cruz, adapted a soil treatment from Japan that uses short chain carbons (think rice bran or molasses) to accelerate an anaerobic soil reaction that will replace the widely used toxic soil fumigant Methyl Bromide. Farm Fuel saw the early potential and need to rapidly scale up and make this treatment widely available to provide growers with a management tool that provides comparable or better yields than chemical soil fumigants.
Dr. Jeff Aldrich, an entomologist and specialist in how plants and insects communicate, is helping us develop pesticide-free tools for farmers to increase populations of beneficial insects used to decrease populations of plant feeding insects. Lacewings have a voracious appetite for aphids, insects that feed on plant sap. Jeff discovered a chemical that attracts Chrysopa, a genus of lacewing that we hope to use to increase productive populations of in farms when needed.
With this NRDC Growing Green Award, we hope to encourage other businesses, farmers and innovators to join us in growing healthy food in a healthier way. Despite the skills required to manage soils, water systems, plants, people, and the vagaries of weather, insects, diseases, and markets, farming may never provide the financial rewards of other higher profile jobs. Farmers may never be household names like great athletes or movie stars. But we can't think of anything more important and fulfilling than finding ways to grow healthy food without poisoning the planet. Like so many other good food stewards, we're working to support healthy families, communities, and economies, and are very thankful to NRDC for this award.
Originally published by NRDC at OnEarth.org and republished with permission.


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Pieces of Me is a novel written by Shiloh Walker. It was first published in 2017.
Obsession can be deadly...
Nobody knows that better than Shadow Harper. It seemed like a dream come true when a rich, suave older man noticed her during her second year of college. Stefan Stockman seemed to love her obsessively. He came into her life and swept her off her feet, seduced her, married her... and then slowly, eventually, that dream come true became a living nightmare.
Now, three years after she finally escaped him, she's trying to put her life back together. Haunted by memories, struggling with post-traumatic stress, she spends most of her time locked away in her home on Pawley's Island, a small town on the South Carolina coast. Her rare moments of joy come from her trips to the nearby beach.
She compulsively checks the locks on her doors, makes sure she has her cell phones - five of them - and if she misses something on her schedule, it throws her into a panic.
When she accidentally leaves a sketchbook on the beach, an anxiety attack seems imminent. Her art has become her salvation, her sanity, and losing even one sketch is like losing a piece of her soul. When she returns to hunt for the sketchbook, already fearing it's gone for good, she's surprised to find it still sitting there, saved by a sexy fellow beach lover - the mysterious Dillian Jenkins.
He's brash, bold, brutally handsome... and gentle. He's the exact opposite of the man who'd tormented her for years, and Shadow finds herself slowly, almost reluctantly, falling for him. Even obsessing over him.
When her ex-husband once again intrudes on the happiness she's finally discovering, Shadow turns to Dillian. But will she find shelter there... or another betrayal?


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Q: How do I block text walls/repeated text on discord.py So I was wondering if there was anyway to delete text that has the same word over and over like MEE6 or YAGPDB.xyz I tried looking on google but couldn't find anything on google, if anyone knows how to do it I would really appreciate it if you could help me out

A: If you're looking to spot if a string contains only one word (repeated) here's a pretty simple way to achieve that
if len(set(text.split())) == 1:
   # Text that only contains one type of word

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Do Animals Have Fingerprints?
Updated on: 19 Oct 2019 by John Staughton
The Function of Fingerprints
Animal Fingerprints
There are plenty of things that separate us from other animals, such as language, self-awareness, clothing, the Internet, selfies… and the list goes on and on. However, there are also some things that unite us, and can remind us that before human beings essentially changed the game of natural selection, we had evolutionary traits and tricks just like our animal cousins, both far and near. Many of these traits can still be seen, even if it's easy to take them for granted, such as fingerprints.
These days, fingerprints only seem to be useful for identifying criminals, but in our evolutionary past, they served a very different purpose. The question is, are humans the only animals to have developed these mysterious whorls and swirls, or do other creatures have fingerprints too?
Short Answer: Yes, gorillas, koalas and chimpanzees do have fingerprints, which serve a very important purpose for their survival, if not ours.
For those of you who understand natural selection, there is clearly no evolutionary advantage to fingerprints helping put criminals in jail, so there must be some other reason for their development. As it turns out, fingerprints also go by another name – dermal ridges – and when looked at under a microscope, those tiny patterns of swirls, loops and whorls look like a topographic map, complete with valleys and ridges. This textured nature of the fingerprints mean that they significantly increase friction on the surfaces they touch – everything from tree branches to footballs. By increasing the contact area between the fingers and the other surface, it is easier to hang on to and grip safely.
Roughly five million years ago, before primates came out of the trees and began to move upright throughout the world, the need for that extra grip was crucial. Leaping from tree to tree without falling, precisely grasping rocks and other makeshift tools, and climbing rapidly to avoid predators required a confident grip that wouldn't slip. Wherever fingerprints have been found in the natural world, it has been determined that they serve a very similar purpose.
That being said, there has been some research on the frictional function of fingerprints that has found this accepted argument lacking. The opposing theory states that fingerprints, due to their rather rubbery nature, allow the skin to deform and avoid the development of blisters, unlike our palms, fingerpads and soles (of our feet), which can often blister. This argument doesn't full hold up, however, because human palms are also covered in dermal ridges.
Furthermore, some researchers have also proposed that fingerprints actually reduce contact area, which would lower the frictional coefficient. Others even argue that fingerprints are designed to help maintain a grip on wet surfaces, as the small channels between the ridges would be able to shift water away from the contact point. Whatever they're true purpose, they are important, and very difficult to get rid of, unless you're joining a secret government agency, of course.
Research is limited on this subject, but it is ongoing, both in humans and in the animal kingdom. Speaking of fingerprints in other animals, the form that their fingerprints take, as well as the species where fingerprints have independently developed, may surprise you!
As of now, the only animals aside from humans that have the same types of fingerprints are gorillas, chimpanzees and koalas. Now, the first two don't come as much of a surprise, given our primate ancestry, but koalas seem to stick out like a sore thumb on that list. They are marsupials, and haven't shared a common ancestor in more than 70 million years. The idea that fingerprints independently developed in koala bears is one of the strongest arguments for the frictional function of fingerprints, considering that koalas spend the vast majority of their life hanging out on the sides of trees, munching on eucalyptus leaves and generally being quite lazy.
Oddly enough, the fingerprints of koalas are nearly identical to human beings, and even under a microscope, they are basically impossible to tell apart. The shape, size and ridge patterns are bizarrely identical, even moreso than the similarities between primate and human fingerprints. However, while human beings have "dermal ridges" on their entire fingers and across their palms, koalas only have fingerprints on the tips of their fingers, where the majority of their gripping force occurs.
Gorillas and chimpanzees have hands that are remarkably close to human beings, and they also possess fingerprints on their hands and feet, as well as on their opposable thumbs and big toes. As mentioned, these dermal ridges help the gorillas and chimps grip tools, providing them with dexterity and the ability to climb and maneuver with ease.
Although the presence of "fingerprints" is quite limited in the animal kingdom, a few other species have dermal ridges, just not where you might expect. Certain species of monkeys in South America have these "prints" on their prehensile tail, which helps them grip branches more effectively, and the same development is seen in the phalanger, a tree-dwelling marsupial native to Australia and New Guinea.
Dermal ridges are even seen in pigs and dogs, albeit on the front of their hairless noses, but each of these "noseprints" is completely unique – just like our fingerprints!
As you can see, when evolution lands on a good idea that serves a valuable purpose, it shouldn't come as a surprise when that feature pops up in different species at different times, even when separated by 70 million years!
Get A Grip! Blistering New Evidence On Why We Have Fingerprints – Phy.org
Fingerprint – Wikipedia
On The Formation Of Fingerprints – University of Arizona Campus Repository
Men And Apes – National Center for Biotechnology Information
The short URL of the present article is: http://sciabc.us/Vz6QJ
Help us make this article better
John Staughton is a traveling writer, editor, publisher and photographer who earned his English and Integrative Biology degrees from the University of Illinois. He is the co-founder of a literary journal, Sheriff Nottingham, and the Content Director for Stain'd Arts, an arts nonprofit based in Denver. On a perpetual journey towards the idea of home, he uses words to educate, inspire, uplift and evolve.
More from this author.
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The Fashion and Textile Museum opened in 2003 and its dedication to showcasing evolving trends within contemporary fashion makes it the only museum of its kind in the UK. British designer Zandra Rhodes was responsible for opening the space and it also makes up part of the Newham College of Further Education.
Throughout the year the museum presents a range of exhibitions looking at fashion, textile and jewellery, alongside the extensive courses provided by the Academy. There are no permanent displays on show, which allows the museum to constantly evolve and offer cutting-edge exhibitions aimed at inspiring the next generation of fashion designers.


American meat supplies have been piling up for much of 2018, and for Sanderson Farms Inc., the nation's third-largest poultry processor, that means much lower prices for its products.
Boneless chicken-breast prices dropped 26 percent, and jumbo wings were 30 percent cheaper in the three months ending Oct. 31, compared with the prior year, Sanderson said Thursday in a statement on fourth-quarter results. Overall, prices for poultry products were 9.2 percent lower in fiscal 2018.
Sanderson sold a record 4.44 billion pounds of poultry in fiscal 2018. But prices for chicken have been sagging as supplies of competing commodities such as pork and beef overwhelm Americans with meat. Chicken, in particular, has suffered as retailers promoted more premium items like steaks.


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30 May, 2015 Schools athletics
The Loftus Report: All Ireland Schools Track & Field
Kevin Loftus reports from Tullamore:
GloHealth All-Ireland Schools Track & Field Championships 2015
Today saw the culmination of many hard months' training for many athletes who have come through the qualifying rounds to reach the prestigious All-Ireland Schools Championships for Track and Field. This event is the absolute pinnacle and highlight of the Schools' calendar each and every year, held in the lush green grounds of Tullamore Harriers AC Stadium.
The weather, despite not hampering the day's proceedings, was nothing close to glorious in any sense. There were bright, sunny spells seen at a point in the early hours, however a heavy blanket of clouds swept in the early afternoon and left the track in a dull, grey light for the latter hours of competition. To complete this day of typical Irish weather, a misty, fine shower of rain seeped down towards the end of the proceedings. Contrary to this the standard was in no way any less than outstanding, as per usual. This event brings the cream of young Irish athletes from every corner of the country to the heart of Ireland for a terrific day's competition.
First off at the beginning of the day running in the red and white of St. Aidan's CBS was young David Tuite in the Junior Boys 1200m Walk. David was never far off the leading pace and managed to secure a great 3rd place podium position at the end of the race.
Shortly after this Greg Hosseny lined up in the Intermediate Boys 1200m Walk, Greg putting in a gallant effort to finish in a very commendable 5th place. Greg remained calm as the early race leaders pulled away and continued on to finish strongly.
With a slight gap in the programme focus shifted towards the Senior Girls 3000m race, where pre race favourite Hope Saunders didn't fail to deliver, needless to say yet again. Hope remained in contention, leading from gun to tape, putting in another fantastic performance to claim her first Track and Field National School's title. Hope left nothing on the track, finishing just shy of ten minutes in 9:56.7.
Continuing this massive sense of high spirits among the Clonliffe supporters, Brian Flanagan delivered another sight of great running as he came through in the Senior Boys 2000m Steeple Chase. Brian never strayed far from the early leader, coming home in a fine 3rd place with a particularly fast finish indeed.
Next in the order of events from a Clonliffe aspect was Craig Giles in the Junior Boys 800m. In one of the most exciting and intense races of the day, the undisputed favourite Mark Milner triumphed in a new race record of 1:57.3. Craig, running extremely well in the early stages shrugged off stiff opposition, battling all the way down the finishing straight to come home in that unlucky 4th position, however Craig will surely take much experience from this race as he looks towards the Clubs Track and Field Championships.
Finally, our last competitor of the day, Cathal Doyle lined up for the arduous task of completing twelve and a half laps in the Senior Boys 5000m. Cathal had a brilliant race here, securing another unlucky but very impressive 4th place after losing the leaders early on but maintaining his position and never losing ground. Cathal fought all the way to the finish line recording a new personal best of 15:35.7. 4th place also for Megan Coomber in her final schools competition the senior girls long jump.
So, yet another day of top notch athletics has come and gone. Our athletes now set their sights on the Dublin Clubs Champinoships for Track and Field in the coming weeks and on the qualifying positions for the Nationals next month. May the high spirits and strong form continue into the so called "sunny" summer months.
(Hope Saunders All Ireland Senior 3000 champion)
(Brian Flanagan All Ireland senior 2,000 SC Bronze)
(Coach Joe Cooper with Hope and Brian)
Report and photos by Kevin Loftus
Worrall First in Malahide for McCarrick Plate
Weekend catch up: Slattery takes 4, Jayme PB`s, Sergiu Cork Half record