We bought a 2014 Subaru Forester last year. This is our first car with a radio that has built-in Bluetooth support, and it has been a bit rocky.
So, you would think that this success placed the blame squarely on the older Android version. Given latest developments, you'd be wrong (as I was).
Short version: Pair the phone to the stereo using the car's voice commands, rather than the radio's button-operated menu.
Interestingly, the voice menu seems to control software that keeps its own separate list of paired devices, and devices paired this way seem (so far) to reconnect reliably the next time that you start the car.
I thought this was worth blogging about, to help out others who might be searching for a solution to this problem.
Here are some notes from my initial experiences with a Verizon Motorola Droid phone that I just recently started using.
This is my first "smartphone", and I'm pretty impressed. (Those closer to the tech edge will find little of interest in this article.) My old phone was an LG VX3850 (not quite smart, perhaps a cleverphone?). The hinge on the VX3850 broke a few weeks ago, which is what prompted this new purchase. The Droid is definitely a palm-sized computer, and not just a mobile phone. The versatility will be welcome; although I use a cell phone every day, I'm not one to spend much time on the phone, and my calls are invariably brief. The other things I can do with this device will very much justify the effort required to tote it around and keep its battery fed.
It's fairly easy to use the Market application to search for and download applications from the Android Market. There are lots of free ones, and many that you have to pay for. The prices are very modest, not at all like the very few applications that were available from Verizon for my old phone.
One note about purchasing applications: Save yourself having to enter credit card info on the phone by setting up a credit card in Google Checkout from a real computer before trying to buy applications from the Market. Note that Discover cards can't be used to buy applications that are priced in non-U.S. currencies. In fact, from what I've read, you might need to have a VISA card set up for this.
I bought an eBook reader with an electronic ink display two years ago, and got quite hooked on the convenience and the reduction in the rate of accumulation of book mass in our house. However, the device died after an unfortunate fall after only a year and a half, and I've been postponing the purchase of a replacement while watching the explosion of new eBook readers coming out. I pooh-poohed the idea of using something like a cell phone as a reader because of the small display, but of course I had to try this out anyway on the new toy. To my surprise, it works quite well — you just ending up flipping "pages" very frequently, which is not a problem for very linear reading of fiction. I read about and tried and several different applications. The one I settled on for now is called WordPlay. It's free, although I plan on making a donation soon. The only downside I've encountered, and it is significant, is that the battery life is very much shorter than that of a dedicated device with an electronic ink display – on the order of six hours continuous reading instead of eighteen or more. The screen on this phone is gorgeous, but it's also very power-hungry.
The guitar tuner thing — well, it's cute. The guys I play guitar with have an iPod and an iPhone, and they both had an inexpensive guitar tuner application on their devices. There was an application like this available for my old VX3850 through Verizon, but it was way overpriced. So of course I had to look for one for the Droid right away. There are numerous free tuner programs available for this phone; at the moment I'm using gStrings. I already have a very nice dedicated electronic tuner, and I'll probably keep using that because I can plug an electric guitar into it directly for "silent" tuning, but it's nice to have options.
I also installed "Robotic Guitarist", which includes a tuner, but mainly it lets you use your phone as a virtual, strummable guitar. This is amusing, and I'm sure it would be big hit with kids.
The built-in music player application is reasonably easy to use, so I haven't looked to see if there are others. The phone can take a micro SD card, which installs behind the battery. (You won't be popping these in and out frequently.) Mine came with a 16 GB card, which is just big enough to hold my entire music collection with a bit of space left over for pictures. This, together with the guitar tuner, quenches my incipient iPhone-envy.
Being able to browse the Web from anywhere is going to be great. On the VX3850, you could sort of do this, but were trapped in the restrictive Verizon gateway and lousy browser software. General Web browsing really wasn't at all practical. Now, I'll be able to Google anything at any time, which always makes me feel smarter. It's the next-best thing to the neural interface to the global data cloud that I expect will be available in a decade or so. The browser is quite usable, but of course it's a tiny screen. You often have to zoom in and pan around to be able to navigate links on a page.
One non-telephony role that my cleverphone did serve was that of alarm clock. (And wristwatch, for that matter, since I hate wearing wristwatches.) The new phone can of course perform this function, using pre-installed software. But there's a whole bunch of choices available for download that will turn it into the Ferrari of nightstand alarm clocks. The one I'm going to try out when my vacation ends next Monday morning is Gentle Alarm, my first paid-for application. It sounds promising. It has a nice discreet low-light time display, programmable alarm "profiles" that allow your chosen alarm — vibration, ringtone, music, or even a random selection from a playlist — to start out gently and get gradually louder. It has, of course, snooze functionality. And optional ways to make sure that you don't turn the alarm off to easily. And even an optional method of attempting to avoid waking you up during a "deep sleep" cycle. Very promising. This application, by the way, is priced in British pounds, hence the earlier note about credit cards.
I don't do a lot of text messaging, but I imagine that I will be doing a little more soon. The slide-out keyboard on the Droid doesn't make me want to type a long letter on it, but it's a hell of a lot better than cycling through letters on a numeric keypad. And the text messaging interface is pretty nice when you get used to it. It's a lot like a chat application on a computer, encouraging you to think of text messaging as an ongoing back-and-forth exchange instead of a one-shot transmission.
One feature that I really like is the auto-synchronization feature of contacts. When you first set up the phone, you have to connect it to a Google account. If you have a Google Mail account, the contacts can be kept automatically synchronized in both directions. To initially populate contacts on the new phone, I downloaded a CSV file from Verizon's backup of my old phone's contact list. (This existed because I had installed a free auto-backup utility from Verizon on that phone quite a while ago.) I then imported this into my Google Mail account. Soon afterwards, the list showed up on the new phone. This activity also prompted me to do some much-needed maintenance on the list, which I did from my home computer. All the changes appeared seamlessly on the phone.
Your contact list can also show all of your Facebook contacts, merged with your Google Mail contact list, if you set up the pre-installed Facebook application on the phone. Very nice! The Facebook app also makes it dead easy to upload photographs that you take with the phone.
The phone has a built-in GPS receiver, and various applications can take advantage of this. Google's Maps application, which is still in beta (you've been warned), includes a full-blown talking navigation application. This makes it rather tempting to buy Motorola's car mount for the phone. I haven't tried navigating with it yet, so I can't say how well the GPS locator works compared to, e.g., the GPS dongle that we have for our netbook computer.
There are also a lot of pre-installed things, some of which have been mentioned, but also including basics like a calculator, the browser, calendar, music player … oh, and an application that lets you make phone calls, believe it or not!
All in all, I think this is going to be a fun daily companion. I hope this more or less random walk through my first experiences is useful to you.
Lately, I have been contributing work to ASDF-INSTALL in an attempt to make it more configurable (especially on Windows), and to make it handle multiple defsystems correctly. This was motivated in part by dissatisfaction with the recommended techniques for dealing with Windows' lack of symbolic links in ASDF and ASDF-INSTALL. It should, and can, be simpler: As simple as using a regular file containing a pathname to the target in lieu of a bona fide symbolic link file. Teaching ASDF to do this easy; teaching ASDF-INSTALL is not really possible right now (except in the unstable version, sort of).
Another motivation was seeing people often recommend ASDF-INSTALL to Lisp newcomers on comp.lang.lisp, only to have the new visitor return shortly thereafter with problems (usually but not always on Windows), and then have people disrecommend ASDF-INSTALL and describe alternate approaches. Which is a pity because of the wasted time, and because ASDF-INSTALL is really convenient when it does work. So it should, well, just work!
Next, whatever the means of deleting a directory, it often can't delete a non-empty directory. When it can't, the fun really begins. In order to make a directory empty, you have to be able to find everything in it, and delete it. This is what CL-FAD:DELETE-DIRECTORY-AND-FILES usually tries to do. But in the presence of symlinks, this gets ugly.
Finding everything in a directory can be surprisingly hard. DIRECTORY is specified to return truenames. Most Lisps interpret the truename of a symbolic link to be the ultimate target of the link. This is quite reasonable, but it immediately leaves you with no standard way to find the actual contents of a directory. From the point of view of a conforming Common Lisp program, the link files disappear, replaced by their targets. Standard programs are unable to discover link files, period. Most implementations provide some non-standard means of seeing the link files; I'm working on discovering these techniques. CL-FAD does not deal with this issue, which makes DELETE-DIRECTORY-AND-FILES fail sometimes, and makes it a pretty scary function in the general case, since it may follow symbolic links outside the tree that you're trying to delete.
Links within the tree are interesting, too. You may encounter a link or its target in either order, with different consequences. If you delete the target first, the link becomes a broken link. If you encounter the link first, you better be sure that the program sees the link file itself and deletes it, rather than what deleting what it points to and leaving the link file behind.
Worse, although CLISP offers a way to list symbolic links (the non-standard :FULL keyword of DIRECTORY), it only works with links to files and broken links, and not with links to directories. I may submit a bug report for this, because I haven't found a way around it. Symbolic link files that reference existing directories appear to be invisible to a CLISP program.
I picked on CLISP a lot above, but it happens to be my first target for getting the unit tests running. I don't yet know how I'll fare with other Lisps — or how many of them I'll have the patience to test.
I've been staring at a lot of Microsoft documentation lately, trying to architect a database access layer that leverages the rather nice design tools in Visual Studio 2005 , while still giving us some hooks into a data constraint mechanism. I'm trying to stay away from the currently popular business-object-to-table-hierarchy design, since I think this is badly flawed for complex applications.
What had me baffled lately is how to wire up what I want into the ADO.NET 2.0 framework. I've been thinking that implementing a DataAdapter was the way to go, since this seems to be the main conduit between the disconnected world of DataSet objects and the DBMS-specific connected layer. I know I could use an ad hoc class of my own making for this, but would like to try integrating into the framework to see what that gets me.
A little while ago I realized one reason that I've been spinning my wheels. It's Microsoft's documentation. It's terribly confusing in this area. Usually, I find Microsoft's API documentation to be OK but incomplete, but the documentation for these adapter classes and interfaces seems almost deliberately obfuscatory.
There are two key interfaces here: IDataAdapter and IDbDataAdapter. The first is designed to work with DataSet objects containing multiple DataTable objects. The latter is designed to handle a single DataTable — yet it derives from the first. There are two related classes, DataAdapter and DbDataAdapter, which implement the respective interfaces. The classes deal with multiple and single DataTables, respectively, just like the interfaces. And again we have the odd inheritance relationship. What's worse — much worse — is that the documentation for upper layer (IDataAdapter and DataAdapter) constantly refers to features of the lower layer (IDbDataAdapter and IDbDataAdapter), giving the impression that the upper layer also can only deal with one DataTable per adapter instance. Supplemental MSDN articles suffer from similar confusion. Almost all of these articles talk about single-table data adapters, sometimes referred to as table data adapters or table adapters. Only passing mention is made of multiple-table adapters.
So if you're in the business of writing code related to ADO.NET 2.0 framework classes, be aware of the confusion in the documentation, and don't let it become your own confusion.
There is no hint of this in the API documentation. In fact, the documentation for Update() is one of the first offenders I've seen yet, with a bunch of verbiage that is almost entirely related to a single-table update. Example: "If INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statements have not been specified, the Update method generates an exception." There is no way to specify such statements in a DataAdapter!
I haven't worked on CLinNet in quite a while, but a few months ago I started playing with RDNZL, a .NET/Common Lisp interface written by Edi Weitz. Very nice! But I found the need to use assembly-qualified type names, or to import types or assembly contents, to be fairly cumbersome when I worked with Direct3D. I discussed some of these things with Edi on the RDNZL developer's mailing list and in private email exchanges, and figured out some improvements. But then I got interested in trying out some alternative reader syntaxes, different from RDNZL's reader, so I ended up writing a layer on top of RDNZL to experiment with. I call it CL-CLR.
Ideally, I'd like the ideas from CL-CLR to be incorporated into RDNZL, at which point CL-CLR could go away. But some of them are significantly different from the way RDNZL works now, so I don't know if that will happen. Edi's too busy right now to give this much attention, although he's interested. At his suggestion, I made the CL-CLR code available today via the mailing list so others could comment on it.
I've been using CL-CLR successfully for a few weeks to write the Direct3D rendering code for a simple physics simulator. I'm quite satsified with the way it came out. If Edi decides not to incorporate it in RDNZL, I'll probably write a new low-level backend to replace RDNZL, because CL-CLR could be considerably faster than it is right now.
You can download the code at http://spookydistance.com/cl-clr.zip. It has a BSD-style license, and includes several of Microsoft's Direct3D tutorials translated into Lisp. All of my testing has been with the personal edition of LispWorks so far, but CL-CLR should work with any implementation supported by RDNZL.
I'm hoping that fighting referrer and comment spam will be easier with WordPress. We'll see.
Here's an overdue update to my post about rolling your own smokes.
After about six months of using the Supermatic II cigarette-stuffing machine, it was getting more and more balky. It would jam frequently, and wouldn't quite stuff the full length of cigarettes, requiring a lot of tapping to pack the tobacco down to the filter. My wife actually gave up on it completely and used one of the under-$10 plastic machines instead. No amount of adjustment seemed to help. None of the parts seemed excessively worn, but I was contemplating ordering replacements to see if it would help.
After reading a fine review of a competitor's machine at Roll Your Own Magazine, I decided I'd give it a try. The Top-O-Matic by Republic Tobacco is a bit pricy — around $70 locally — but man, is it nice. It uses exactly the same mechanism as the Supermatic II, but the mechanical parts are all superior, made out of better materials and to tighter tolerances. Very smooth and easy to use. I've only had one jam myself, when I obviously overfilled it. My wife had one when she used some particularly dry tobacco. Those are the only two I know of after a month's worth of frequent use.
The action is smoother and requires less force, and the cigarettes are almost always fully stuffed. We'll see how it's performing after a few more month's of daily abuse.
Making your own cigarettes can be done by hand-rolling. If you grew up in the sixties or seventies, you should have at least a passing familiarity with this activity, albeit not with cigarette tobacco. 🙂 However, most people who make their own cigs nowadays use an injection machine, and the process is one of injecting tobacco into a pre-made paper cylinder, rather than rolling anything. You purchase the cylinders with filters already in them. The result looks very much like a prepackaged cigarette.
There are two reasons to make your own: a considerable cost savings, and they taste better. Leaving aside the cost of the injection machine, you'll spend something like $13 per carton on your homemade cigarettes.
Inexpensive plastic injection machines cost as little as four or five dollars. You can get starter kits with one of these, but I don't know what kind of tobacco they come with; if you go this route, be sure to take into account that the tobacco might be substandard when making your initial judgments. Consider buying a small pouch of nicer tobacco to experiment with, too.
Fancier injection machines cost up to about $70; I have a Supermatic II, which costs about $50. The small ones can be held in your hand; the Supermatic is a table-top machine, about the size of a thick spiral-bound notebook, with a large hand-crank on it.
I haven't used one of the cheap injectors. My brother tells me that they wear out after several months, but at that price, it's not a big deal. He doesn't think they're hard to use, but the table-top units like my Supermatic are reputed to be easier. Injection machines typically make one cigarette at a time, although there are some that make two at a time. The only one I have personal experience with is my Supermatic. The Excel, by the same company, works a bit differently, is more compact, costs less, and is also reputed to be very good.
To make a cigarette, you place a ready-made paper cylinder with filter on a short tube that sticks out of the machine, pack some tobacco in a slot, and then apply some muscle power. On the Supermatic, you turn a crank; on the little injectors, you usually push or slide something. This action packs the tobacco into a cylindrical shape and pushes (injects) it into the paper tube. The only tricky part is learning how much tobacco to pack into the machine, which can vary a bit depending on the type and moistness of the tobacco. It requires a little force, but my wife uses the Supermatic to make her own with little trouble, and she's certainly not a weight lifter. The only time it's hard is if you pack too much tobacco in the machine. Be sure to read the instructions that come with your machine and heed them to avoid overstressing and breaking it.
After some practice, it takes me about 10 or 15 minutes to make two packs of cigarettes. My brother reports similar speed with his small injection machine.
The pre-made tubes I have used so far are Zig-Zag brand, and they cost about $2.60 for a box of 200. They're available as regular or light — the latter having ventilation holes just in front of the filter that mix air with the smoke. (Prepackaged light cigarettes usually use the same scheme.) My wife uses the light tubes, but I prefer the regulars. My brother has settled on a different brand of tube, Premiere, which I've also tried. Can't say as I see much difference.
You can get tobacco in various sizes of pouches and cans. For a carton's worth of tobacco, prices might be about $7 to $11 (maybe more for finer tobaccos?). Watch out for the really cheap ones, like Top; my memory of these from my hand-rolling days is that they are pretty tasteless.
There are lots of tobaccos to choose from, and most are much better than the tobacco in prepackaged cigarettes. Trying out different tobaccos is fun, and you can even blend them to get something that's just right for you.
Kentucky Smooth ultra-light: A nice, smooth, but unremarkable tobacco. Recommended to me by the tobacconist in Saline when I started a few weeks ago, and it probably is a good starting point.
Drum: This is a European-style "halfzware shag", i.e. a very shaggy cut. Very strong, with a nice flavor that will seem very unusual to American smokers. This'll give you a hell of a buzz if you're used to smoking prepackaged light cigs. In spite of the strength, it has less initial 'bite' than tobaccos that you're probably used to. Get a small pouch to try it, or larger quantities in a can. Although I like it for hand-rolled cigarettes (the shag cut makes it easier to roll), I find it too strong by itself in injected cigarettes, which have a lot more tobacco in them than hand-rolled ones. I generally use a blend of about 40% Drum with 60% McClintock Full Flavor. This was my first experiment with blending, and I was quite happy with the results. A bit more expensive than average.
McClintock Full Flavor (the red can): Very nice by itself, a bit strong with a little bit of a bite, but still smoother than prepackaged butts. Mixing with Drum adds flavor. Reasonable price.
McClintock Virginia (the yellow can): A bit lighter than the Full Flavor, but more of a bite like prepackaged butts. Not my favorite. Reasonable price.
Samson: Another halfzware shag, like Drum. Somewhat less strong. Still very dark and flavorful, perhaps slightly less so than Drum.
Bali: Another halfzware shag, supposedly competes with Drum. I have a pouch of this, but haven't gotten around to trying it yet.
You can also order all this stuff online. Check out this Web site, dedicated to making your own cigarettes, it's a hoot and very informative: Roll Your Own Magazine.
As an example of pricing, a 6-ounce can of McClintock costs less than $12 at Smoker's Shop, and claims to make 200 cigs (one carton). This is on the low end of tobacco prices, so the average carton cost is probably a bit more than what I said below. Drum and Samson come in cans with slightly less than 6 ounces, and cost under $14.
For fun and education, I'm currently working on an implementation of Common Lisp on the .NET framework. This meshes with my personal strong interest in Common Lisp, and my new responsibilities at my day job, where I've just become a charter member of a group that is working on a new generation of products based on the .NET framework.
Common Lisp is a big language. Even the language core, which I define loosely as the various special operators, the "most primitive" built-in data types, and the most primitive functions associated with these types, is pretty large. I don't know how far this project will get, but it should be a fun way of learning the excruciating details of Common Lisp, the .NET framework, and C#.
The next steps require some interesting decisions. I can stop further development of the evaluator and instead head in the direction of always-compile-to-execute, which is fairly common in modern CL implementations, AFAIK. Since compilation is an important and complex feature, and implementing it is likely to teach me quite a bit about the details of the .NET framework, I'm inclined to go in this direction.
The basic ability to dynamically compile and execute code seems well-developed in .NET, but there are some concerns. In particular, the ability to reclaim resources from dynamic assemblies seems to be sorely lacking in .NET 1.1. (See for instance this entry in Jim Arnold's blog, and associated links.) Many people seem to be calling for the ability to unload assemblies, but even this feature would be at the wrong granularity to support a Lisp-like language efficiently, which needs to be able to define and redefine functions. If function code memory is never released, this could be a terrible waste of resources, especially when implementing dynamically-created closures as compiled code.
this article on Joel Pobar's blog. I'm still digesting the information in these blogs.
The code for this project is not publicly available at this time.


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* 4 Delay lines per instrument.
* Reverb and chorus effects.
Glass Viper's moving waveform is the fundamental to its sound. When a note is held, the sound can move in a natural and pleasing way, without repetition.
Like RaySpace, the visual aspect is also a major part of Glass Viper, guiding the user to a more experimental and less mathematical route to sound creation. The main display will change depending on which panel you are selecting. On the Voice panel the four waveforms of the currently playing note are directly displayed. On the Global panel the actual whole output waveform is plotted. And on the Waveshaper panel, you can edit the waveforms in real-time so you can really get the feel of the sound creation process. There is an extensive copy and paste algorithm, which enables you to copy either each panel, voice or whole (4 voices) instruments - this speeds up the sound creation process enormously, and also allows the user to use parts of different presets to make new ones.
* 256 categorised factory presets.
Available to purchase on the Luftrum site.
Includes many lush pads, textures and synths.


text:
Q: I want to return the array where I found the value, which I got from the filter https://www.freecodecamp.org/learn/javascript-algorithms-and-data-structures/intermediate-algorithm-scripting/wherefore-art-thou
I want to return the array where I found the value, which I got from the filter. I got a value from filter, but I want to do the comparison with the object:
// collection
[
    { first: "Romeo", last: "Montague" },
    { first: "Mercutio", last: null },
    { first: "Tybalt", last: "Capulet" },
]

// source
{ last: "Capulet" }

I got from filter last: "Capulet" . I need to get the whole key where I got it.
function whatIsInAName(collection, source) {
    var arr = [];
    // Only change code below this line
    let newArr = source.filter((element) => collection.includes(...collection));

    for (let i = 0; i < source.length; i++) {
        if (newArr == source[i]) {
            return source[i];
        }
        //console.log(collection[0])
    }

    console.log(newArr);
}

A: You could do this with Array.prototype.filter and Object.entries and Array.prototype.every in order to come to the following concise solution.
function whatIsInAName(collection, source) {
    return collection.filter(el => {
        return Object.entries(source).every(([key, value]) => {
            return el[key] == value
        })
    })
}

A:  function whatIsInAName(collection, source) {
  var srcKeys = Object.keys(source);

return collection.filter(function(obj) {
for (var i = 0; i < srcKeys.length; i++) {
  if (
    !obj.hasOwnProperty(srcKeys[i]) ||
    obj[srcKeys[i]] !== source[srcKeys[i]]
  ) {
    return false;
  }
}
return true;
});
}

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text:
The Oberlin Review
Arts Comic
Club & Intramural Sports
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Varsity Spring
Shelley Perlove, Professor Emerita of Art History
Dr. Shelley Perlove is a Professor Emerita of the History of Art at the University of Michigan-Dearborn. Her work has focused on 17th-century Italian and Dutch art — particularly on its incorporation of religious and material culture. She has published a number of scholarly works, including Bernini and the Idealization of Death and Rembrandt's Faith: Church and Temple in the Dutch Golden Age, which won the Brown-Weill Newberry Library Award and the 2010 Roland H. Bainton Prize sponsored by the...
Concert Packs Stull, Affirms Baroque Music's Contemporary Relevance
Neil McCalmont
Spanning well over a century, the beginning of the Baroque era saw the creation of tonality and eventually culminated in the musical masterpieces of composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel. In more recent years, it has provided much of the inspiration behind the ever-growing historical performance movement in music. Unfortunately, some have taken Baroque music in today's world solely as an inspiration for new compositions or as an art to be studied, rather than reveling in its musical splendor. However, the Oberlin Baroque Orchestra's performance last Friday confirmed that there is still an endless amount of enjoyment to be found in the genre. Director Scott Metcalfe conducted the ensemble...
Baroque Concerts to Aim for Authenticity with Historical Instruments
Aviva Blonder
The Conservatory will be taking audiences back in time this Saturday with two faculty recitals that feature two instruments actually produced in Beethoven's own period. In Kulas Recital Hall at 4:30 p.m., Marilyn McDonald, professor of Violin and professor of Baroque Violin, and David Breitman, professor of Piano, will be recreating Beethoven's sonatas as concertgoers would have heard them at the time of composition. A second concert begins at 8 p.m. in Fairchild Chapel, where Webb Wiggins, professor of Harpsichord, will perform works composed by a range of German composers from the 1600s to 1700s on organ and harpsichord. This weekend, the instruments themselves will be featured just as much as the performers....
Cleveland's Baroque Ensemble Hits the Stage
Nicole Gutman, Staff Writer
Baroque orchestra Apollo's Fire performed in Finney Chapel this past Sunday. Apollo's Fire includes 13 Oberlin alumni and faculty, including the group's conductor, Jeannette Sorrell, OC '90. The orchestra, which originates from Cleveland and has performed throughout the United States, Europe and Canada, uses 17th century-style instruments and performs music from the Baroque period. That night, Apollo's Fire's guest was Amanda Forsythe, soprano. During its concert, Apollo's Fire performed pieces by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Franz Joseph Haydn. Throughout the concert, the orchestra highlighted the relationship between the two composers, who were close friends and colleagues. Haydn was one of Mozart's...
Established 1874.

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Gary Cohn criticized the Trump administration in a recent interview.
Former White House economic adviser Gary Cohn recently said that President Trump is "desperate right now" to secure a trade agreement with China. He made the comment during an interview with Freakonomics Radio that was broadcast on Wednesday. Cohn further noted: "The president needs a win.
The only big open issue right now that he could claim as a big win that he'd hope would have a big impact on the stock market would be a Chinese resolution.
Getting the trade deficit down I will never say is easy, but of the issues on the table, that's relatively easier." Among the tougher issues, he said, is stopping "the Chinese from stealing intellectual property or not paying for it." "What is the enforcement mechanism, and what are the punitive damages if they don't stop?" he further remarked.
Cohn served in the Trump administration for roughly 14 months and, as the Wall Street Journal reports, resigned in March 2018, shortly after the president announced his plan to impose tariffs on imported steel and aluminum.


Comey was a minor assistant US attorney in the late 90's. He gained power and money by being the DOJ official who "investigated" and cleared Bill Clinton of any wrong-doing in Clinton's pardon of criminal financier Marc Rich as Clinton was leaving the Presidency. Many feel this was the beginning of a career for Comey in which he used his position and power to assist political folks in ways that only an incredibly connected D.C. lawyer could. Comey reportedly provided "cover" for the Clintons in their gaining power and wealth after leaving office through pardoning a billionaire money-launderer, arms dealer, and criminal. Comey was a key piece in how the Clintons gained incredible wealth through their foundation after leaving the White House. A huge piece of that puzzle was giving Marc Rich a free pass when he should have spent life in prison. This started a new "politicratic" life for Comey, making him powerful and wealthy.
The Deputy Attorney General has lived a quiet life when compared to most in D.C. He grew-up in a Philadelphia suburb, graduated from Penn and Harvard. In 1995, Rosenstein joined the team of lawyers investigating the Whitewater scandal, which involved allegations of illegal real estate dealings by the Clintons. Rosenstein headed one of the few successful Whitewater prosecutions, which led to the conviction of former Arkansas Gov. Jim Guy Tucker and Clinton associates James and Susan McDougal.
Before ascending to the deputy attorney general post, Rosenstein spent more than a decade serving as a US attorney in Maryland. He is politically conservative and was appointed by President George W. Bush. But when Barack Obama took office, Rosenstein was one of only three US attorneys among 93 to be kept on the job by the new president.
As US attorney, Rosenstein led successful prosecutions for leaks of classified information, corruption, murders, and burglaries. But he is best known after being confirmed 94-6 by the U.S. Senate as Deputy Attorney General for writing a damning 1000 word letter to President Trump in which he excoriated James Comey's action in the Clinton email investigation. Trump after receiving Rosenstein's letter famously fired FBI Director Comey.
There is a longtime relationship between the Amigos who have been tasked with investigating President Trump, under the narrative of enforcing the law. James Comey worked in the DOJ directly under Mueller until 2005. Rod Rosenstein and Mueller go even further back.
James Comey wasn't just an associate of Mueller back then, but rather his protégé. Under the George W. Bush presidency, when Comey was serving as Deputy Attorney General under John Ashcroft, Robert Mueller was Comey's go-to guy when he needed help. The two men, as it came to light years later, together disobeyed potential White House orders to leave Ashcroft alone when he was incapacitated in March of 2004.
Rod Rosenstein, current Deputy Attorney General under Attorney General Jeff Sessions, is also a member of the Mueller Gang, having worked directly under Robert Mueller at the Department of Justice as far back as 1990. When Comey was still working as the Deputy Chief of the Criminal Division for the U.S. Attorney's office in New York, Mueller and Rosenstein became close.
We look back at Rosenstein's loyal work for Hillary Clinton when he became a clean-up man for the Clinton Administration as an Associate Independent Counsel from 1995 until 1997. He supervised the investigation that found no basis for criminal prosecution of White House officials who had obtained classified FBI background reports. He allegedly covered for the Team Bill Clinton, including for Hillary, as she was one of the people who had access to the reports, and may have even requested them. Not surprisingly, no indictments were filed.
Rosenstein was appointed to work in the U.S. Office of the Independent Counsel under Ken Starr on the Whitewater Investigation into then-President Bill Clinton. The Clintons escaped culpability once again. Rosenstein had help from his co-worker James Comey, who worked to see the Clintons were exonerated during the Whitewater affair.
Mueller seemed to be shepherding Rosenstein and Comey, leading them in careers along the way. Knowing the close personal and legal relationships between these three, it should come as no surprise that once Jeff Sessions recused himself from the Russia Collusion Conspiracy investigation and turned it over to his deputy Rod Rosenstein, that Rosenstein would reach out to his old mentor for help. And it should have surprised no one when three of the top federal attorneys from the past find themselves together in a questionable quest to find wrongdoing by President Trump. But it surprised many.
Enter Lisa Barsoomian, wife of Rod Rosenstein. Lisa is a high-powered attorney in Washington, DC, who specializes in opposing Freedom of Information Act requests on behalf of the Intelligence Communities. She works for R. Craig Lawrence, an attorney who has represented Robert Mueller three times, James Comey five times, Barack Obama forty-five times, Kathleen Sebelius fifty-six times, Bill Clinton forty times, and Hillary Clinton seventeen times between 1991 and 2017.
Barsoomian participated in some of this work personally and has herself represented the FBI at least five separate times. It would be great to research the specifics of the cases she worked in, but many of the documents from the Court Dockets relating to these cases have been removed from the D.C. District and Appeals Court, including records of her representation for Clinton in 1998's case Hamburg. V. Clinton.
The "Three Amigos" have surprisingly obvious conflicts of interest in their past and current investigatory responsibilities. Mueller even acted as a delivery boy for Hillary's State Department, hand transporting ten grams of highly enriched uranium under the auspices of counter-terror. Was it a coincidence that this happened at the same time as Hillary and her associate John Podesta were nurturing the Uranium One deal that would see Russia take control over 20% of America's proven uranium reserves? Shortly after the Russia uranium deal closed, the Clinton Foundation was showered with many millions of dollars from Russian donors.
Comey, Rosenstein, and Mueller are truly the "Three Amigos" of the Deep State. Only time will show us what their true intentions were in the FBI investigation of the Clinton email server and the current investigation of the Trump Campaign. But from historical interactions between the three, it is almost certain the three are working in tandem for whatever their objectives in these investigations may be.
Here's the Grand Finale of all this: Robert Mueller's appointment by Rod Rosenstein as Special Counsel violates the law!
The critical element of the law that was purposely twisted by Rosenstein to appoint Mueller is this: "….will appoint a Special Counsel when he or she determines that criminal investigation of a person or matter is warranted." According to former FBI Director Comey in two sworn testimonies before Congress, he stated that the investigation of collusion with Russians by members of the Trump Campaign was NOT a criminal investigation, but a COUNTER INTELLIGENCE INVESTIGATION! Mueller's appointment by Rosenstein violated the statute, and further was an unconstitutional act.
There are multiple sleazy actions taken by the Mueller team — obviously with the approval of Rosenstein — in this action.
Here's the problem with this: according to the law shown above, a Special Counsel can be appointed when "he or she determines that criminal investigation of a person or matter is warranted." A criminal matter worth investigating was NOT the predicate for Mueller's appointment!
And it gets even deeper. Remember that Rosenstein wrote another memo later that was hidden from public view for a long time? That memo was to amend the first appointment memo quoted above to allow Mueller to investigate things that were not shown to be criminal. The problem is that the Special Counsel law was passed by Congress and signed into law by the President. No member of the Justice Department or any agency of the Government has authority to change any duly passed law or even amend its stated purpose without Congressional approval.
Rosenstein had NO authority to appoint Mueller in the first place. Why? The FBI investigation under Comey had unearthed NOTHING that could be considered a criminal action. And Rosenstein's second memo written to Mueller to try and justify his illegal initial appointment further proved the wrongdoing.
What will this mean in the long run?
This is my opinion only, but I think the facts of this illegal appointment will result in the entire Mueller investigation, its indictments of those Russians, the guilty pleas of Michael Flynn and George Papadopoulos will be thrown out. And further, I believe that any of the actions taken by Mueller against Paul Manafort that may result in a conviction will be ruled void. Why? "The fruit of the poison tree." The very foundation of the Mueller Investigation was invalid, illegal, and uncalled for.
There are several sad things about this debacle: General Michael Flynn was virtually blackmailed into his guilty plea. He was interviewed by Peter Strozk but was not represented by his attorney during the interview and was not under oath. He pled guilty to keep his son from being charged. FBI agents later said they did not feel he told any untruth during that interview!
Papadopoulos was pretty much trapped in a similar scenario. And Paul Manafort is being nailed to a tree for actions taken a decade ago regarding financial matters that Rosenstein and others at the time these were discovered decided they were not worth charging Manafort back then!
What are all these people actually guilty of? Supporting Donald Trump, and nothing more.
The "Three Amigos" are leaving a black mark on the history of the greatest law enforcement department in the World by bending the law and railroading good people. No matter the outcome, we are seeing the Deep State attacking the fabric of the American Justice System like happens only in third-world countries.


The project relies on it's volunteer force who collect, check and share information helping us in the preservation and management of this incredible monument.
There are several forms that you could use depending on what you want to record. For example, if you would like to make a written note of what the area is like around a part of the monument (or indeed path/footpath), you may wish to use a form or at least use it as a prompt for what you would like to record. Similarly if you would like to take photos of the area (perhaps together with the written record), then you may wish to use a form to record what it was, the time of day, the conditions on that time/day, etc. Most of all - record your location! You can use an app on your smartphone or may simply wish to use an online map when you get home and take the coordinates from there.
Most 'smartphones' nowadays has the ability to record voice messages or voice notes - use that and remember - record your position and describe the time of day, the conditions and the coordinates.
Welcome to this Offa's Dyke Association WordPress site dedicated to outreach.


Yes we do, but We ship Free inside the Continental US Only.
CarpetRides will ship to Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands via FedEx for a surcharge of $25.00 per pair of rugs ordered.
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Currently Accepted Name: Thymophylla tenuiloba (DC.) Small
Locality: USA. Florida. Pasco Co.: Werner-Boyce Salt Springs State Park. Along the sandy edge of planted sod and mesic flatwoods in front of park shop. T25S, R16E, Sec. 29, NW¼ of NE¼.
Habitat: Ruderal.
Reproductive State: Fertile
Collector: C. vanHoek WB0319
Currently Accepted Name: Thymophylla tenuiloba (DC.) Small - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1986
Determination History: Dyssodia tenuiloba (DC.) B. L. Rob.
Locality: USA. Florida. Pinellas Co.: Saint Petersburg. 92th Avenue and Starkey Road, adjacento to ROCK 98 radio station. T30S, R15E, Sec. 26.
Description: Weed.
Habitat: In median.
Collector: A. G. Burdett s.n.
Locality: USA. Florida. Miami-Dade Co.: In the parking lot at the Sunniland Shopping Center, US 1 and Southwest 112 Street.
Habitat: In cracks in the parking lot.
Collector: J. Popenoe 2459
Date: 8 Oct 1989
Currently Accepted Name: Thymophylla tenuiloba (DC.) Small - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, Oct 2003
Determination History: Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock
Locality: USA. Florida. Brevard Co.: Kabboord County Park access road 300 m N of barge canal. 28º 24' 41" N 80º 41' 5" W
Description: Erect herb to 12 cm; ray and disk flowers bright yellow, the distal end of some rays white-tipped. Common.
Habitat: Disturbed side of ditch; soil compacetd sand and shell.
with K.R. Weichman, C. Ellis, J.E. Tear
Date: 8 Apr 2003
Locality: USA. Florida. Hillsborough Co.: University of South Florida campus, 0.8 km E of Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, 0.8 km N of Fowler Avenue. 28º 3' 44" N 82º 25' 2" W
Habitat: Edge of concrete and lawn.
Collector: A. R. Franck 3286
Locality: USA. Florida. St. Johns Co.: Gourd Island Conservation Area; road-cut through Sampson Creek, W of I-95, N of Russell Sampson Road, 0.4 mi. N of FL 210. 30º 4' 35" N 81º 30' 8" W
Habitat: Loose sandy soil of road-cut.
Collector: C. Slaughter 18239
Currently Accepted Name: Thymophylla tenuiloba (DC.) Small - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 17 Sep 2016
Determination History: Dyssodia tenuiloba (DC.) B. L. Rob. - Determined By: R. P. Wunderlin, 1976
Thymophylla tenuiloba (DC.) Small
Locality: USA. Florida. Monroe Co.: Key West.
Notes: CULTIVATED.
Collector: R. B. Ledin 1708
Dyssodia pentachaeta (DC.) B. L. Rob. - Determined By: R. Kral
Locality: USA. Alabama. Mobile Co.: Mobile decks just N of N boundary of old Air Force Base.
Habitat: Sandy area.
Collector: R. Kral 51347
Determination History: Dyssodia tenuiloba (DC.) B. L. Rob. var. tenuiloba
Locality: USA. Mississippi. Harrison Co.: Highway 49 ca. 0.25 mi. N of intersection with highway 90; at signal light.
Description: Rare.
Habitat: In sandy soil on median.
Collector: K. E. Rogers 9455-A
Locality: USA. Florida. Duval Co.: Baymeadows Raod, E of I-95, Jacksonville. 30º 13' 9" N 81º 33' 20" W
Habitat: Strip of lawn between sidewalk and road.
with K.C. Alexander, C.L. Alexander, B. Russo


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Q: getting java.net.ConnectException: Connection refused error while calling a SOAP web service I am trying to call a SOAP webservice in android, but getting this exception:
java.net.ConnectException: - Connection refused
But I am able to hit that webservice wsdl through desktop, its working fine .
Does anyone knows what can be the reason for this exception.


SmartBiz.com: Small Business Resources - How Much Money Do You Need For A Startup?
How Much Money Do You Need For A Startup?
One of the reasons people don't start their own business, despite a desire to, is lack of capital and an uncertainty about being able to raise enough. Lack of enough capital is also a prime reason why many businesses fail. How much do you need? Yet, you don't have to be rich to start your own business. Surprisingly, more than 17% of all new businesses begin with less than $5,000 in cash. Lack of capital is often a cause of business failure, but not as often as lack of proper management.
Many successful businesses, particularly in this modern service economy, are started without any capital at all!! There are people who literally lift themselves out of financial ruin by starting their own business.
Multiply by 3 to obtain your costs for three months, by which time you hope to be profitable. Then multiply by 1.25. The extra 25'% is to cover the unforeseen, miscellaneous expenses that nobody could foresee.
The most important thing you can do to obtain financing is to prepare a good business plan. This will be presented to banks, venture capitalists, even relatives that you are trying to get to invest. Once your business plan is done, go after the money. Be enthusiastic and optimistic. Nobody will believe in your plan if you don't.
The first place to tap is your own resources. Do you have savings? Can you get a second mortgage on your home? If you don't believe in your business enough to risk everything, you don't stand a chance of getting others to.
After your own resources, your family and friends are your best source of capital. After all, they know you and supposedly will want you to succeed. Banks will weigh you strictly on your merits, and the merits of your plan. Venture capitalists will go by the plan, too, but will want a hefty piece of your company in exchange for their money. Still, 51 percent of a growing company is better than 100 percent of nothing! Angels may come to your rescue. These are entrepreneurs who have been successful themselves, and now have money to invest in others with potential and drive. You can find them through networking, even ads in the paper!
Don't forget personal loans, and credit card balances. Many a small business has gotten started by Visa and Mastercard!


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Blasting News US >
2017 NFL Thanksgiving Day schedule
There are three games on Thanksgiving Day this year. - [CBS Sports / YouTube screencap]
The Minnesota vs. Detroit game leads a schedule of three games on November 23.
by Ryan C. Devault
November 23, 2017 at 8:25 AM November 23, 2017 at 8:25 AM
Click to watch the video
Video of the Day: Blasting News
The 2017 Thanksgiving Day NFL schedule has three games on it. Each one of them has playoff implications, with several teams in must-win situations to get back into the thick of things in the NFC. While there are certainly some interesting matchups on the NFL schedule, this year doesn't present any of the great rivalries or pit two of the top teams from this season against one another.
These three Week 12 games take place on November 23, with the start times staggered so that die-hard NFL fans can watch all of the games. It should be a Thanksgiving Day packed with NFL action.
Minnesota Vikings vs. Detroit Lions (9:30 AM PT / 12:30 PM ET)
The Minnesota Vikings are now 8-2 after beating the Los Angeles Rams in Week 11. The team is behind only the Philadelphia Eagles (9-1) for the best record in the NFC. This game is extremely important in the NFC North standings, as the Detroit Lions can get right back in the race if they can pull off an upset on Thanksgiving Day. They enter this game at 6-4 on the year.
As it's the early game, this is the one that most football fans are going to watch on Thanksgiving Day and it is certainly the most important one on the docket. The Lions and Vikings both have playoff aspirations, making this a desperate opportunity for the two teams to make a statement.
A victory by the Vikings would just about clinch the division, while a win by the Lions could get them very close to a Wild Card spot.
Los Angeles Chargers vs. Dallas Cowboys (1:30 PM PT / 4:30 PM ET)
The Dallas Cowboys (5-5) are in a desperate position as they host the Los Angeles Chargers (4-6). The Cowboys have to go on a winning streak to get back into playoff contention and they have to do it without suspended running back Ezekiel Elliott.
Discuss this news on Eunomia
The Chargers are already out of the race but keeping hope alive that they too can go on an extended winning streak to end the season.
New York Giants vs. Washington Redskins (5:30 PM PT / 8:30 PM ET)
In the least appetizing game for Thanksgiving Day, the Washington Redskins (4-6) host the New York Giants (2-8) in what was supposed to be an exciting battle between NFC East rivals.
Instead, the two teams have suffered numerous injuries and have dropped in the standings. Redskins quarterback Kirk Cousins looks to get his team back on track and keep the slim hopes of a Wild Card spot alive in the NFC.
More NFL news
Additional news from around the league includes the Kansas City Chiefs signing Darrelle Revis to a contract and Josh Gordon returning to practice for the Cleveland Browns.
Eagles DC calls Tom Brady a 'trained killer' says TB12 poses a 'big-time challenge'
McCoy lauds Tom Brady: 'Best teammate, competitor, leader I've ever seen in my life'
Tom Brady okay with Gronkowski not bringing him to dinner: 'I know what he eats'
Ryan C. Devault
Ryan C. DeVault is someone who enjoys a great sporting event as much as a well-constructed film. Ryan's interests range from watching baseball games in person to enjoying the next season of a hit reality competition show.
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Read more on the same topic from Ryan C. Devault:
Anthony Davis demands trade, Los Angeles Lakers aggressively interested Los Angeles Lakers Trade Rumors: Damian Lillard mentioned during SportsCenter Los Angeles Lakers Trade Rumors: Team trying to acquire Trevor Ariza
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Blasting News recommends Mike Evans on Tom Brady: 'He's the greatest football mind we've ever seen' Gronk jokes after TB12 helped him earn $1M bonus: 'I won't bring Tom Brady to dinner' Gisele cheers Brady's clothing line: 'Now everyone will be able to see your great taste' Tom Brady lauds Gisele for supporting his latest business venture: 'She's super helpful' Dwyane Wade comments on LeBron James' crazy fourth quarter English Premier League Preview:Manchester United vs Brighton and Hove Albion
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Flow curvature method
GINOUX Jean-Marc (2010), Scholarpedia, 5(11):10149. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.10149 revision #142573 [link to/cite this article]
Curator: GINOUX Jean-Marc
Leo Trottier
Serguei A. Mokhov
René Lozi
GINOUX Jean-Marc, Université du Sud Toulon Var (FRANCE)
Flow curvature method considers a trajectory curve, which is integral to any n-dimensional dynamical system, as a curve in Euclidean n-space. Then, the curvature of the trajectory curve, i.e. flow curvature may be analytically computed. The location of the points at which the flow curvature vanishes defines a manifold called flow curvature manifold. Since such a manifold only involves the time derivatives of the velocity vector field it has been established (Ginoux, 2009) that this knowledge is sufficient to describe the main characteristics of any n-dimensional dynamical system including:
fixed points stability,
invariant sets,
centre manifold,
normal forms,
local bifurcations,
slow invariant manifold, and
integrability of dynamical systems.
One of the most important features of the Flow Curvature Method is the ability to compute the analytical equation of the slow invariant manifold of singularly-perturbed systems (i.e. systems comprising a small multiplicative parameter \(\varepsilon\) in their velocity vector field). Then, identity between the so-called Geometric Singular Perturbation Theory and Flow Curvature Method has been proven up to a suitable order in \(\varepsilon\ .\) Additionally, it has been stated that the flow curvature manifold associated with a two-dimensional dynamical system directly provides a first-order approximation in \(\varepsilon\) of the slow invariant manifold given by the Geometric Singular Perturbation Theory. Likewise, the flow curvature manifold associated with a three-dimensional dynamical system directly provides a second-order approximation in \(\varepsilon\ .\) Higher-order approximations may be simply obtained by replacing the flow curvature manifold by its successive Lie derivatives (time derivatives). Applications of the Flow Curvature Method to the Van der Pol and Lorenz models will shed more light on these aspects.
The main difference between the Flow Curvature Method and the Geometric Singular Perturbation Theory is that the analytical equation mentioned earlier is directly applicable to any n-dimensional slow-fast dynamical system, whether singularly perturbed or not (e.g. as shown in the Lorenz model). Moreover, the invariance of the flow curvature manifold follows the Darboux invariance theorem as opposed to the Fenichel's persistence theorem.
1 n-dimensional dynamical systems
2 Flow curvature manifold
3 n-dimensional slow invariant manifold
4 Darboux invariance theorem
5 Applications of the flow curvature method
5.1 Van der Pol model
5.2 Lorenz model
5.3 Forced Van der Pol model
n-dimensional dynamical systems
Let us consider a system of differential equations defined in a compact \(E\) included in \(\mathbb{R^n}\) with \(\vec{X} = \left[ (x_1 ,x_2 ,...,x_n) \right]^t \in E \subset \mathbb{R^n}\ :\)
\[\dot{\vec{X}} = \frac{d\vec{X}}{dt} = \vec{\Im} ( \vec{X} )\]
where \(\vec{\Im} (\vec{X}) = \left[ f_1 ( \vec{X} ),f_2 ( \vec{X} ),...,f_n ( \vec{X} ) \right]^t \in E \subset \mathbb{R^n}\) defines a velocity vector field in \(E\) whose components \(f_i\) are continuous functions \(C^\infty\) in \(E\) with values in \(\mathbb{R}\ ,\) bound by the assumptions of the Cauchy-Lipshitz theorem (see e.g. Coddinton et al. (1955), Guckenheimer et al. (1983) or Wiggins (1991)). A solution of this system is a parametrized trajectory curve \(\vec{X} (t)\) whose values define the states of a dynamical system. A dynamical system is said to be autonomous if each component of its velocity vector field does not explicitly depend on time. Since it can be shown that most non-autonomous dynamical systems can be transformed into autonomous systems, the Flow Curvature Method may also be applied to the majority of dynamical systems.
Flow curvature manifold
The location of the points, where the \((n-1)^{th}\) flow curvature integral of an n-dimensional dynamical system vanishes, defines an \((n-1)\)-dimensional flow curvature manifold described in the following equation:
\[\phi ( \vec{X} ) = \dot{\vec{X}} \cdot ( \ddot{\vec{X}} \wedge \stackrel{...}{\vec{X}} \wedge \ldots \wedge \vec{X}^{(n)} ) = \mbox{ det} ( \dot{\vec{X}}, \ddot{\vec{X}}, \stackrel{...}{\vec{X}}, \ldots , \vec{X}^{(n)} )=0\]
where \(\vec{X}^{(n)}\) represents the \(n^{th}\) time derivative of \(\vec{X}= \left[ x_1 ,x_2 ,...,x_n \right]^t\ .\)
Remark: The \((n-1)^{th}\) flow curvature is the highest degree possible. In the remainder of the text a flow curvature manifold will always refer to the highest degree flow curvature. In order to highlight one of the most important features of the Flow Curvature Method the article will specifically focus on a slow invariant manifold of slow-fast systems further on.
n-dimensional slow invariant manifold
The concept of invariant manifolds plays a very important role in the stability and structure of dynamical systems and especially for slow-fast dynamical systems and singularly perturbed systems. Since the beginning of the 20th century it has been subject to a wide range of seminal research. The classical geometric theory developed originally by Andronov et al. (1937), Tikhonov (1948, 1952) and Levinson (1950) stated that singularly perturbed systems possess invariant manifolds in which trajectories evolve slowly and toward which nearby orbits contract exponentially in time (either forward or backward) in the normal directions. These manifolds have been called asymptotically stable (or unstable) slow manifolds. Then, Fenichel (1971,1979) theory (independently developed by Hirsch et al. (1977)) for the persistence of normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds enabled to establish the local invariance of slow manifolds that possess both expanding and contracting directions, which were labeled as slow invariant manifolds as well. Thus, various methods have been developed in order to determine the slow invariant manifold analytical equation associated with singularly perturbed systems. The fundamental works of Wasow (1965), Cole (1968), O'Malley (1974, 1991) and Fenichel (1971, 1979) to name a few, gave rise to the Geometric Singular Perturbation Theory (see Jones (1994) and Kaper (1999)) and the problem of finding the slow invariant manifold analytical equation turned into a regular perturbation problem, in which one generally expected asymptotic validity of such expansion to breakdown according to O'Malley (p. 78 in O'Malley (1974) and p. 21 in O'Malley (1991)).
Later, it has been established (Ginoux et al., 2006), while using the framework of Differential Geometry that the slow invariant manifold associated with two- and three-dimensional dynamical systems was identically corresponding in dimension two to the curvature (first curvature) of the flow and in dimension three to the torsion (second curvature) of the trajectory curve. Then, this approach has been generalized to any n-dimensional slow-fast dynamical systems in Ginoux et al. (2008) and Ginoux (2009). As a result, the flow curvature manifold was defined with its slow manifold analytical equation, the invariance of which is established according to the Darboux invariance theorem.
Proposition 1 The flow curvature manifold of any n-dimensional slow-fast dynamical system directly provides its slow invariant manifold analytical equation.
Proof of this proposition can be found in Ginoux et al. (2008) and Ginoux (2009).
Darboux invariance theorem
Schlomiuk (1993) and Llibre (2004) have shown that in his memoir entitled Sur les équations différentielles algébriques du premier ordre et du premier degré, (Darboux, p. 71, 1878) had previously defined the concept of invariant manifold. Thus, Darboux invariance theorem may be stated as follows:
Proposition 2 The slow manifold defined by \(\phi ( \vec{X} ) =0\) where \(\phi\) is a \(C^1\) in an open set \(U\) is invariant with respect to the flow of the dynamical system if there exists a \(C^1\) function denoted \( k( \vec{X} ) \) and called cofactor which satisfies:
\[L_{\vec{V}} \phi ( \vec{X} )= k ( \vec{X} ) \phi ( \vec{X} ) \] for all \(\vec{X} \in U\)
and where \(L_\vec{V} \phi =\vec{V} \cdot \vec{\nabla} \phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x_i} \dot{x_i} = \frac{d\phi}{dt}\ .\)
In the location of the points where the functional Jacobian matrix J is locally stationary it is established that:
\[L_{\vec{V}} \phi ( \vec{X} ) = Tr ( J ) \phi ( \vec{X} ) = k ( \vec{X} ) \phi ( \vec{X} )\]
where \( k ( \vec{X} ) = Tr ( J ) \) represents the trace of the functional Jacobian matrix J.
For complete proof of this proposition see Ginoux et al. (2008) and Ginoux (2009).
Remark. Moreover, identity between Fenichel's persistence theorem and Darboux invariance theorem has been also demonstrated in Ginoux (2009).
Applications of the flow curvature method
Van der Pol model
Let us consider the model of Van der Pol (1926)
\[\dot{\vec{X}} \left( \begin{array}{c} \dot{x} \\ \dot{y} \\ \end{array} \right) = \vec{\Im} \left( \begin{array}{c} f \left( x,y \right) \\ g \left( x,y \right) \\ \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{c} \frac{1}{\varepsilon} \left( x+y-\frac{x^3}{3} \right) \\ -x \\ \end{array} \right)\]
By using Geometric Singular Perturbation Theory the slow invariant manifold equation associated with this system may be written as a regular perturbation expansion up to a suitable order \(O ( \varepsilon^k )\ :\)
\[y=Y \left(x,\varepsilon \right) = Y_0 (x) + \varepsilon Y_1 (x)+ \varepsilon^2 Y_2 (x)+ O ( \varepsilon^3 )\]
where functions \(Y_i(x)\) with \(i=0, \ldots, k\) may be computed:
\[ y = Y \left( x,\varepsilon \right) = \frac{x^3}{3}-x + \varepsilon \frac{x}{1-x^2}+ \varepsilon^2 \frac{x \left(1+x^2 \right)}{\left( 1 - x^2 \right)^4}+ O ( \varepsilon^3 ) \]
According to Proposition 1 the slow invariant manifold equation associated with this system reads:
\[\phi ( \vec{X} ) = \mbox{ det} ( \dot{\vec{X}}, \ddot{\vec{X}} )= 0 \quad \Leftrightarrow \quad \phi ( x,y,\varepsilon ) = 9y^2+ ( 9x+3x^3 )y + 6x^4-2x^6+9x^2 \varepsilon =0\]
Moreover, according to Proposition 2 (Darboux invariance theorem) the slow manifold equation associated with this system is locally invariant.
Figure 1: Van der Pol slow manifold has been plotted according to Flow Curvature Method (in blue) and Singular Perturbation Method (in magenta).
Since in this case the slow invariant manifold equation is given by an implicit function it must be transformed into an explicit function by using the regular expansion written above and by identifying order by order. It leads to:
\[ y = \frac{x^3}{3}-x + \varepsilon \frac{x}{1-x^2} + \varepsilon^2 \frac{x}{\left( 1 - x^2 \right)^3}+ O ( \varepsilon^3 ) \]
So, as expected by Professor Eric Benoît (personal communication), both slow manifolds are completely identical up to order one in \(\varepsilon\ .\) At order \(\varepsilon^2\) a difference appears which is due to the fact that the first flow curvature manifold associated with a two-dimensional dynamical system is defined by the second order tensor of curvature (first curvature), i.e. by a determinant involving the first and second time derivatives of the velocity vector field. If one makes the same computation as previously but with the Lie derivative of the flow curvature manifold which is defined by a determinant containing the first and third time derivatives of the velocity vector field (third order tensor), then there is no more difference between order two in \(\varepsilon\) and functions \(Y_2(x)\) given by both methods are exactly the same. This result had been already stated by Professor Bruno Rossetto (1986) by using successive approximation method.
Lorenz model
Then main difference between Geometric Singular Perturbation Theory and Flow Curvature Method is that the former which is based on regular expansions including a small multiplicative parameter deals generally with low-dimensional two and three singularly perturbed systems while the latter can be used for any kind of n-dimensional dynamical system singularly perturbed or not since it does not require any regular expansions but only involves time derivatives of the velocity vector field. So, as an example let us focus on the Lorenz model (Lorenz, 1963) which is not singularly perturbed but considered as a slow fast dynamical system and for which the Geometric Singular Perturbation Theory fails to provide its slow manifold.
\[\dot{\vec{X}} \left( \begin{array}{c} \dot{x} \\ \dot{y} \\ \dot{z} \end{array} \right) = \vec{\Im} \left( \begin{array}{l} f \left( x,y,z \right) \\ g \left( x,y,z \right) \\ h \left( x,y,z \right) \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{c} \sigma (y - x) \\ -xz + rx - y \\ xy - bz \end{array} \right) \]
Figure 2: Slow manifold analytical equation associated with Lorenz model has been plotted according to Flow Curvature Method.
with the following set of parameters \(\sigma = 10\ ,\) \(b = \frac{8}{3}\) and by setting \(r = 28\ .\)
According to Proposition 1, the slow invariant manifold equation associated with this system reads:
\[ \phi ( \vec{X} ) = \mbox{ det} ( \dot{\vec{X}}, \ddot{\vec{X}}, \stackrel{...}{\vec{X}} ) = 0 \]
Remark. Let us note that flow curvature manifold exhibits the symmetry of Lorenz model, i.e. \(\phi(-x,-y, z) = \phi(x,y,z)\ .\) Slow invariant manifold equations are available on author's website [1].
Forced Van der Pol model
In this section it will be shown that Flow Curvature Method may be extended to non-autonomous dynamical systems. As an example let us consider the forced Van der Pol model studied by Guckenheimer et al. (2002). A simple variable changes may transform this non-autonomous system into a into an autonomous one as follows:
\[ \dot{\vec{X}} \left( \begin{array}{c} \varepsilon \dot{x} \\ \dot{y} \\ \dot{\theta} \end{array} \right) = \vec{\Im} \left( \begin{array}{c} f \left( x,y,z \right) \\ g \left( x,y,z \right) \\ h \left( x,y,z \right) \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{c} x+y-\frac{x^3}{3} \\ -x+ a \sin \left( 2\pi \theta \right) \\ \omega \end{array} \right) \]
Figure 3: Slow manifold analytical equation associated with Forced Van der Pol model has been plotted in the phase space \(\mathbb{R}^3(x_1,x_2,x_3)\) according to Flow Curvature Method.
As a result, the dimension of the system is increased of one but the velocity vector field still contains a trigonometric function. In order to remove such a function another variable changes which consists in considering that a sine or a cosine function is the solution of an harmonic oscillator may transform this non-autonomous system into an autonomous one but will increase the dimension of two. The forced Van der Pol may thus be written as:
\[ \dot{\vec{X}} \left( \begin{array}{c} \dot{x}_1 \\ \dot{x}_2 \\ \dot{x}_3 \\ \dot{x}_4 \end{array} \right) = \vec{\Im} \left( \begin{array}{l} f_1 \left( x_1 ,x_2 ,x_3,x_4 \right) \\ f_2 \left( x_1 ,x_2 ,x_3,x_4 \right) \\ f_3 \left( x_1 ,x_2 ,x_3,x_4 \right) \\ f_4 \left( x_1 ,x_2 ,x_3,x_4 \right) \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{c} \frac{1}{\varepsilon } \left( x_1 +x_2 - \frac{x_2^3}{3} \right) \\ -x_1 +ax_3 \\ \Omega x_4 \\ -\Omega x_3 \end{array} \right) \]
where \(\varepsilon =0.002\ ,\) \(a=1.8\ ,\) \(\omega =1.342043\) and \(\Omega =2\pi \omega\ .\) Although this transformation increases the dimension of the system the Flow Curvature Method enables, according to Proposition 1, to directly compute the analytical equation associated with the slow manifold of the system which reads:
\[ \phi ( \vec{X} )= \mbox{ det} ( \dot{\vec{X}}, \ddot{\vec{X}}, \stackrel{...}{\vec{X}}, \stackrel{....}{\vec{X}} ) = 0 \]
Moreover, according to Darboux invariance theorem, i.e Proposition 2 the slow manifold of forced Van der Pol model is locally invariant.
Remark. Slow invariant manifold equations are available on author's website [2].
Andronov, A. A., Khaikin, S. E. & Vitt, A. A. (1937). Theory of oscillators, I, Moscow (Engl. transl., Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N. J., 1949).
Coddington, E. A. & Levinson, N. (1955). Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations, Mac Graw Hill, New York.
Cole, J. D. (1968). Perturbation Methods in Applied Mathematics, Blaisdell, Waltham, MA.
Darboux, G. (1878). Sur les équations différentielles algébriques du premier ordre et du premier degré, Bull. Sci. Math., Sr. 2 (2), pp. 60--96, pp. 123--143, pp. 151--200.
Fenichel, N. (1971). Persistence and Smoothness of Invariant Manifolds for Flows, Ind. Univ. Math. J., 21, pp. 193--226.
Fenichel, N. (1974). Asymptotic stability with rate conditions, Ind. Univ. Math. J., 23, pp. 1109--1137.
Fenichel, N. (1977). Asymptotic stability with rate conditions II, Ind. Univ. Math. J., 26, pp. 81--93.
Fenichel, N. (1979). Geometric singular perturbation theory for ordinary differential equations, J. Diff. Eq., 31, pp. 53--98.
Ginoux, J.M. & Rossetto, B. (2006). Differential Geometry and Mechanics Applications to Chaotic Dynamical Systems, Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos, 4, (16), pp.887--910.
Ginoux, J. M., Rossetto, B. & L. O. Chua (2008). Slow Invariant Manifolds as Curvature of the flow of Dynamical Systems, Int. J. Bifurcation & Chaos, 18 (11), pp. 3409-3430.
Ginoux, J. M. (2009), Differential Geometry Applied to Dynamical Systems, World Scientific Series on Nonlinear Science, Series A, Vol. 66, World Scientific, Singapore.
Guckenheimer, J. & Holmes, P. (1983). Nonlinear oscillations, dynamical systems, 42, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Guckenheimer, J., Hoffman, K. & Weckesser, W. (2002). The forced van der Pol equation I: the slow flow and its bifurcations, SIAM J. App. Dyn. Sys. 2, pp. 1--35.
Hirsch, M., Pugh, C. & Shub, M. (1977). Invariant manifolds, Lecture Notes in Math., 583, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Jones, C.K.R.T. (1994). Geometric singular perturbation theory. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 1609, pp. 44--118.
Kaper, T. J. (1999). An introduction to geometric methods and dynamical systems theory for singular perturbation problems, inAnalyzing Multiscale Phenomena Using Singular Perturbation Methods, Proc. Symp. Appl. Math., 56, R. E. O'Malley, Jr., and J. Cronin, eds., Am. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, pp. 85--132.
Levinson, N. (1950). Perturbations of discontinuous solutions of non-linear Systems of differential equations, Acta Mathematica, 82, pp. 71--106.
Llibre, J. (2004). Integrability of polynomial differential systems, in Handbook of Differential Equations (Ordinary Differential Equations Volume I), pp.437--532. Elsevier, Northholland, 2004.
Lorenz, E. N. (1963). Deterministic non-periodic flows, J. Atmos. Sc., 20, pp. 130--141.
O'Malley, R. E. (1974). Introduction to Singular Perturbations, Academic Press, New York.
O'Malley, R. E. (1991). Singular Perturbation Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Rossetto, B. (1986). Trajectoires lentes des systèmes dynamiques, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Analysis and Optimization of Systems, Antibes, Juan-les-Pins, France, Springer Verlag, 83, pp. 630--645, 25-27 juin 1986.
Schlomiuk, D. (1993). Elementary first integrals of differential equations and invariant algebraic curves, Expositiones Mathematicae, 11, pp. 433--454.
Tikhonov, N. (1948). On the dependence of solutions of differential equations on a small parameter, Mat. Sb. N.S., 22 (2), pp. 193--204 (In Russian).
Tikhonov, A. N. (1952). Systems of differential equations containing small parameters in the derivatives, Mat. Sb. N.S., 31, pp. 575--586.
Van der Pol, B. (1926). On 'Relaxation-Oscillations', Phil. Mag., Ser. 7, 2, pp. 978--992.
Wasow, W. R. (1965). Asymptotic Expansions for Ordinary Differential Equations, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
Wiggins, S. (1990). Introduction to Applied Nonlinear Dynamical Systems and Chaos, Springer-Verlag, New York.
For examples of slow manifolds associated with dynamical systems of dimension 2, 3, 4 & 5 see author's website [3]
Singularly perturbed systems, Relaxation oscillator, Bifurcations
Reviewed by: René Lozi, Laboratoire de Mathématiques, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis
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text:
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Last week the Commission officially ended its work and published its final report. You can view a full copy of that report in .pdf form here.
The report summarizes the challenges looming for policymakers as Baby Boomers age. Many familiar ideas are discussed, including the importance of at-home caregivers and the need for proper financial arrangements to pay for the care that will be needed.
In short, this report may be helpful in shaping the general issues and advocating for some changes which can improve the long-term outlook on this issue. However, observers concede that major issues related to financing were noticeably absent. This is yet another reminder of the need for individuals to do everything in their power to make financial arrangement for long-term care privately. Ideally, this would take the form of long-term care insurance built into an overall, comprehensive estate plan.


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Home News Accountant jailed in £1m tax fraud
Accountant jailed in £1m tax fraud
Muhammad Butt jailed for three years
A CORRUPT chartered accountant from Birmingham has been jailed for defrauding the British taxpayer of over £1 million in unpaid VAT.
Muhammad Butt, owner of accountancy firm ABMG Business Services, was asked by HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) to provide documents he held for two businesses that were under investigation. But despite receiving a court order in March 2010 he refused to hand over the paperwork.
The businesses, Chand Bridal by Khushboo and Kushboo by Chand, were owned by well-known Birmingham fashion designer and trader Amer Raza Ahmed who originally failed to tell HMRC about them.
Ahmed eventually declared the Chand Bridal by Khushboo element of his business but then, with his accountant Muhammad Butt, submitted VAT and tax returns that under-declared turnover and profits estimated to be in excess of £4 million.
Adrian Farley, Assistant Director of Criminal Investigation for HMRC, said: "Butt abused his position and profession. He continually failed to meet his legal responsibilities to provide information in a bid to cover up a serious crime, against the British taxpayer. His deceit has landed him behind bars and justice has been served."
Butt was arrested in August 2010 and paperwork and computers were seized from his home and business premises.
He was jailed for three years at Birmingham Crown Court.
Ahmed was deemed unfit to stand trial but was found by a jury to have committed the act of not declaring the correct level of income for his businesses over a number of years. He had also failed to pay substantial levels of income tax and VAT due to HMRC, believed to be in excess of £1 million.
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Marvel fans worldwide were stoked to finally hear the news that Spider-Man was at least in part coming home to the MCU in Captain America: Civil War next year. Once Marvel and Sony had come to terms, the hunt for the next Spider-Man was on and Actor Tom Holland was the winner.
During a recent interview with The Daily Beast while promoting his new film Into the Heart of the Sea (which stars Chris Hemsworth) Holland discussed the lengthy process that it took for him to become Spider-Man.
When he first learned that Marvel was searching for their next Peter Parker, Holland immediately contacted his agent to discuss submitting for the role. To his surprise, he was informed that Marvel had already put him on their radar and requested that he submit for the role.
That alone was crazy. I couldn't quite believe that Marvel knew who I was.
Not to say that Holland was destined to enter the Marvel Family, but after submitting two audition tapes he went to work on Pilgrimage – a movie in which he would work with Jon Bernthal (who had been recently cast as The Punisher in the Daredevil Netflix series). Bernthal actually assisted Holland with his third audition tape (Punisher helping Spidey is pretty cool if you ask me).
Clearly Marvel wasn't playing around and wanted to be absolutely certain that they had just the right guy for the part. Understandably so – fans have been clamoring to bring Spidey home to the MCU for years. This was a hugely important role to fill with just the right person.
Next up was an in person audition and then a screen test with Robert Downey Jr. and Chris Evans. Imagine what was going through his mind, auditioning to play Spider-Man, and standing there with Iron Man and Captain America! Nervous? Maybe, maybe not.
We had to do a movement test and then I said, 'Can I just demonstrate some of the things that I can do?' and they all were a little unsure of what I was talking about, and then I did a series of backflips and landed on the X, and was like, 'Thank you!' and then just left.
I would have loved to have seen the looks on everyone's faces! Talk about dropping the mic. Finally, Holland did of course land the role of the famed webslinger. How did the amazing news reach him? Just like it did the rest of us – when Marvel posted the announcement on their website. Kevin Feige called him personally shortly afterwards.
Then I got a phone call from [Marvel honcho] Kevin Feige, who said, 'I just want you to know that we've cast you as Spider-Man,' and I thought, 'I know! I already saw it online.' But he was very nice and welcoming.
Finally the actor also briefly discussed the currently untitled Spider-Man movie which is due to come out the following year, on July 28, 2017.
It's not The Dark Knight. One of the special things about what we're going to try and create is that you're going to see the biggest independent film ever. It's not going to be an epic thing; it's going to be a film surrounded by these incredible things, but that follows this boy and his life. Peter Parker is a favorite of many because everyone can relate to him, and we're going to try to make everyone relate to our Peter Parker. And John Hughes is a perfect example of what we're going to try and do.
Very little has been announced about the Spider-Man movie, but you can bet Marvel fans everywhere are anxious to find out more.
Review: Ultimates #2 — WHAT???


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What Contribution Did the Spanish Explorer Pineda Make to Texas?
By Kimberly Heffernan
The Difference Between the Latin American Wars of Independence and the French Revolution
What Is the Climax in the Book "Soldier's Heart"?
What Group Investigated the Kennedy Assassination?
Military Geography of the Normandy Invasion
What Is the Theme in the Pendragon Book "The Merchant of Death"?
In 1519, the Spanish government commissioned Alonso Alvarez de Pineda to try to find a route to the Orient from Brazil. Pineda's voyage took on a journey from the western coast of Florida to present-day Vera Cruz, sailing straight down the Texas Gulf Coast. Pineda never did find a route to the Orient, and the Spanish government declared the voyage a failure. Pineda's exploration led to to the creation of the first map of Texas
A Map Used by Future Generations
Pineda mapped over 800 miles of shoreline during his nine-month voyage. His notes contained information about the rivers and bays that emptied into the Gulf of Mexico. And although his voyage did not accomplish its intended purpose, his work encouraged further exploration. Colonization by Spanish settlers and other Europeans soon followed.
Texas Historical Commission: Nueces County: Alonso Alvarez de Pineda
Texas Historical Association: Alonso Alvarez de Pineda
Kimberly Heffernan has taught in public schools for 25 years. Her professional works include numerous curriculum documents and project proposals. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in English from UT Austin and a Master of Education from Sam Houston State University and credentials to be a school counselor.
What Country Did America Gain at the End of the Spanish-American War?
In What Literary Period Was "Allegory of the Cave" Written?
What Ways Did the French & Indian War Alter the Economic Situation?
To What Extent Did the Industrial Revolution Change American Social, Economic & Political Life?
What Was the Effect of the Spanish on the Aztec Empire?
What Were the Most Important Factors in Explaining the Spanish Victory Over the Aztecs & Incas?
What Are the Roles of the Maidens Chryseis & Briseis in the Epic "The Iliad"?
What Helped Cause the Conflict of WW2?
Impact of Deng Xiaoping on the History of China
1 What Country Did America Gain at the End of the Spanish-American War?
2 In What Literary Period Was "Allegory of the Cave" Written?
3 What Ways Did the French & Indian War Alter the Economic Situation?
4 To What Extent Did the Industrial Revolution Change American Social, Economic & Political Life?


I used DBS Visa card to buy.
yeah it does mentioned only parts, money, pp and tacpoints.
I obly bought the game.
Oh I used POSB master and didn't work. Will try again next time when there is a sale (looking for Yakuza 0 Chinese ver).
How do you enter SG address? The field "county" only has hong kong, kowloon, new territories. And "country/region" is fixed as hong kong (for a HK psn account). Or just any how put any fake HK address also can?
then i type my sg address.
so i think fake address works.
Last edited by shin7829; 04-04-2018 at 03:37 PM..
Yeah i put my own real address but when use the location wise, i anyhow put.
Last edited by little_one; 30-04-2018 at 03:08 PM..
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I bought already but in backlog until I complete SRW V.


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Average Earnings
Mr. Moore
To ask the Chancellor of the Exchequer (1) how many and what percentage of (a) male and (b) female (i) full-time and (ii) part-time employees in (A) Scotland, (B) each of the unitary local authority areas in Scotland and (C) the UK had weekly gross earnings, including overtime, below (1) £295.88, (2) £222.00 and (3) £189.38 in each of the last five years; (104788)
(2) what the (a) average and (b) median (i) hourly and (ii) weekly gross earnings including and excluding overtime were for (A) male and (B) female (1) full-time employees and (2) part-time employees aged (u) 16-17, (v) 18-21, (w) 22-29, (x) 30-39, (y) 40-49 and (z) over50 years in (yy) Scotland and (zz) each of the unitary local authority areas in Scotland in each of the last five years;
(3) what the (a) average and (b) median (i) hourly and (ii) weekly gross earnings including and excluding overtime were for (A) male and (B) female employees working in the (1) private, (2) public and (3) not classified sectors in (xx) Scotland and (yy) each of the unitary local authority areas in Scotland in each of the last five years.
The information requested falls within the responsibility of the National Statistician, who has been asked to reply.
Letter from Karen Dunnell, dated 11 December 2006:
As National Statistician, I have been asked to reply to your recent Parliamentary Questions about earnings in Scotland. (104788, 104789 & 104790).
Information in the form requested is not readily available and could only be obtained at disproportionate cost.


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World Language Close Reading "Luck"


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