Panama, a kayak anglers paradise!
I have been to Panama to kayak fish three times, twice with Pesca Panama and most recently with Paddle Panama, and I can say honestly it is one of my top destinations.
The quantity, quality and variety of fish is like no other place I have been.
Unlike my first two trip with Pesca Panama, the trip with Paddle Panama is a land based "camping" trip in a remote area known as Bahia Honda.
On the trip with me were James McBeath from Jackson Kayak and Ben Roussel one of my Jackson Kayak teammates. Both James and Ben have already written up their reports on the trip as seen below.
The guys were great to fish with and we had a wonderful time.
Some highlights of the trip for me were figuring this new fishery out, switching to vertical jigging and really getting the fish to bite. Thank goodness for my Raymarine fish finder to help me locate then stay on top of the deep structure. It made all the difference in the world.
Going bendo on the vertical jig.
Of course getting my personal best Roosterfish is something I will not soon forget. I knew it was a big one so I got the guys in the camera boat to weigh it for me. We hung it from my 60 pound rated Boga grip and it went well past the 60 mark, we guessed it was around 70-75 pounds.
You can see some of that great fight and more on this short video report from our trip.
If you want a little adventure and the shot at some great fish you really should give Panama a try.
Wow! Awesome website with great pictures. Really makes me want to go get out on the water and catch some fish!


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Q: Rewrite for same file accross mutiple subfolders when using multiple domains in one root I don't really know how to describe my problem in a sentence so instead I will explain with an example:
Lets say I have a folder structure that looks like this:

/root
/root/clientfolder1/testfile.php
/root/clientfolder2/testfile.php

etc...
and the testfile.php is the same across all subfolders.
Now say I just pushed out a new file called testfile2.php accross all subfolders so now testfile2.php exists within all subfolders.
I add a redirect to point the old testfile.php to the new testfile2.php
So, in my .htaccess I add the following (Yes, 'RewriteEngine On' is set already in the .htaccess file):
RewriteRule (.*)/testfile\.php /$1/testfile2.php [R=301,L]

okay now everything appears to work fine at this point however ( and this is where things get tricky) in my htaccess file I also have rules setup for multiple domains to point to specific folders like this:
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} domain-one.com
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/clientfolder1
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ clientfolder1/$1 [L]

RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} domain-two.com
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^clientfolder2
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ clientfolder2/$1 [L]

etc...
I also have a main (default domain name) that is used for my main site (files in root) lets call it main-domain.com
So the following works:
domain-one.com/testfile.php
domain-one.com/testfile2.php
domain-two.com/testfile.php
domain-two.com/testfile2.php
main-domain.com/clientfolder1/testfile.php
main-domain.com/clientfolder2/testfile.php

Now here's my question/problem:
My new redirect that I added above to replace the testfile.php with testfile2.php causes the following to happen:
domain-one.com/testfile.php redirects to:
main-domain.com/clientfolder1/testfile2.php
but I need it to redirect to domain-one.com/testfile2.php
I cannot get this to work...  and getting frustrated as I am sure there is a simple solution to this and I am just missing something obvious.  Can this be done and how?
Thanks in advance you your help - very much appreciated!!

A: Apache does exactly what your rules tell it to do.
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} domain-one.com

If the domain is "domain-one.com" ...
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/clientfolder1

... and the URI does not begin with "/clientfolder1" ...
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ clientfolder1/$1 [L]

... then prepend the URI with "clientfolder1/".

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Polk County Sheriff's Office Acknowledges Jailer's Bigoted Social Media Posts
Update, 7/12: Polk County Sheriff's Office Sgt. Brandon Bracelin has further confirmed to the Informer that an investigation into Blaylock's posts has been launched.
Original post: On Friday, Des Moines resident Chelsea Vargas posted a screenshot of a racist message she claimed to have received on Facebook from a jailer employed by the Polk County Sheriff's Office:
The screenshot quickly spread on Facebook and several other bigoted messages the jailer, Alan Blaylock, had published on Twitter were later confirmed by the sheriff's office via a tweet:
Today the Polk County Sheriff's Office was made aware of some concerning Tweets posted by one of our employees. We'd like to thank the public for bringing this to our attention, as these are not the views of the PCSO, nor the views of our many fine emoloyees. Rest assure [sic], we are in the process of addressing this matter.
The office responded after Los Angeles-based reporter Aura Bogado tweeted screenshots of the messages that were apparently posted by Blaylock on a since-deleted account (his Facebook page also appears to have been taken down), both prior to and during his current employment.
The most recent message, from last Wednesday, read, "It's sad how people in Walmart smell worse than the inmates I deal with in jail."
Another, from June, said: "I love my job. I can run my housing unit the way I want. I can make it a chill night, or keep everyone on their toes lol. It's too much fun."
Messages apparently tweeted by Blaylock before he worked at the jail included this, from January 2013: "These two Mexican ladies next to me need to either quiet down, or speak English." Another, from that September, referred to someone by the nickname "fagboy ass nigga," and the following February he called a woman a "bitch."
Another post on Blaylock's Facebook account appeared to show that he was interviewed for his current position Feb. 17:
Minutes from the Polk County Board of Supervisors' March 15 meeting (PDF) appear to show that Blaylock was approved for a position as a detention officer with the Polk County Sheriff's Office at a starting wage of $18.97 an hour.
Leaders of TestIowa Startup Sold Stock for Big Profits Amid Scrutiny of COVID-19 Test Accuracy
Fairfield Dem Chloe Hennesy Discusses Jeff Shipley, Contentious Jeff Co Sheriff's Race
"Protect Iowa's Future" By Attending Rally for Recently Infected Prez, Governor Urges

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


AT&T revealed its plans to offer in-flight internet service in collaboration with few companies using a new air-to-ground 4G LTE technology. The company stated that it will be using its existing spectrum and plans to work with Honeywell for hardware and software solution to provide in-flight connections.
"Everyone wants access to high-speed, reliable mobile Internet wherever they are, including at 35,000 feet," said John Stankey, Chief Strategy Officer at AT&T. "We are building on AT&T's significant strengths to develop in-flight connectivity technology unlike any other that exists today, based on 4G LTE standards. We believe this will enable airlines and passengers to benefit from reliable high speeds and a better experience. We expect this service to transform connectivity in the aviation industry - we are truly mobilizing the sky."
AT&T also will be building an air-to-ground network in United States which will be based on 4G LTE standards.
According to Honeywell's connectivity survey, in-flight Wi-Fi causes frustration with nearly nine out of ten users worldwide, mostly due to erratic or slow connections. AT&T hopes that collaborating with Honeywell and using the company's technical expertise and building networks & solutions should provide more reliable internet service for the passengers.
The U.S. based telecom and internet service provider is also confident that its in-flight connectivity will also have a potential for providing improved communications between the plans and ground through transmission of real-time aircraft data for optimizing and monitoring airlines' operations.


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Category: Celebrity Spouse
Who is Michael Symon's wife Liz Shanahan? Wiki-Bio, Career, Children.
By gerrardhayley December 28, 2022 Celebrity Spouse 0 Comments
Michael Symon may be one of the most renowned names in the culinary world, but he couldn't have done it without the help of his wife, Liz Shanahan. Michael reached worldwide fame following his appearances on Food Network on shows such...
Lana Gomez [Sebastian Maniscalco wife] Wiki: ethnicity, career, net worth.
By gerrardhayley December 27, 2022 Celebrity Spouse 1 Comment
If there is one thing that Sebastian Maniscalco loves, then that is to complain. The stand-up comedian loves to complain about just about anything that he can find. From his gym to his wife's Jewish traditions, nothing escapes the sketch of...
Jason Hawes wife Kristen Cornell dead or alive? Her wiki bio facts.
For all the fame Jason Hawes has reached in his professional career, he prefers to keep his personal life a secret. Founder of The Atlantic Paranormal Society, Hawes is one of the stars and co-producers of Syfy's Ghost Hunter. Even though the series...
Barry Van Dyke wife- Mary Carey Van Dyke untold truth. Bio, facts.
The Van Dyke's have been in Hollywood for three generations. It all started with the award-winning actor, comedian, writer, singer, and dancer, Dick Van Dyke. Dick was recognized as a Disney Legend and was honored with Screen Actors Guild's highest honor,...
The untold truth of Whoopi Goldberg last husband Lyle Trachtenberg.
Lyle Trachtenberg was the last husband of Whoopi Goldberg before she decided to never marry again. A former actor and IATSE union organizer, not much is known about Trachtenberg save his association with Goldberg. While Trachtenberg has had considerable roles as...
Ben Indra wiki/bio: where is Anna Faris's ex-husband today?
For Ben Indra, fame was not something he set out to achieve. It was simply a by-product of his marriage to Anna Faris. The pair remained together for half a decade and called things off citing irreconcilable differences. And while many...
Deborah Falconer now- The untold truth of Robert Downey Jr. ex-wife.
Over time, Hollywood has seen three different phases of Robert Downey Jr. The first was ridden with drugs, the second was his road to recovery, and the third was his life as one of the best actors on the planet. And...
Bryiana Dyrdek wiki/bio shows a life-threatening disease in childhood. Her net worth.
Reality TV can do wonders for people making them famous in a swift minute. If you are a reality TV or MTVs fan, you might have heard of the name Rob Dyrdek. Rob is a former professional skateboarder, actor, entrepreneur, and...
LaTanya Richardson wiki/bio shows her long marriage to Samuel Jackson as a testament to other celebrity couples. Her net worth?
The actress was born on October 21, 1949, in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. LaTanya had always been headstrong and hard-working. Being a woman in the 1940s was challenging on its own, being black added more to the hardship. However, Richardson was...
Everything about Nathaniel Arcand's ex-wife, Shar Arcand.
Avoiding the spotlight after being married and divorced to a Hollywood actor is a tricky and sly job. Yet, somehow the ex-wife of the Hartland star, Nathaniel Arcand, managed to do it. The introverted and art-loving talent manager stays quiet about...


text:
Panicum pansum är en gräsart som beskrevs av Alfred Barton Rendle. Panicum pansum ingår i släktet vipphirser, och familjen gräs. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Vipphirser
pansum

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Nurs Res. 2010 Nov-Dec;59(6):389-99. doi: 10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181f2e6ff.
Effect of Iyengar yoga on mental health of incarcerated women: a feasibility study.
Harner H1, Hanlon AL, Garfinkel M.
Incarcerated women share a disproportionate burden of mental illness. Although psychotropic medications are available to women in prison, adjunctive treatment modalities, such as Iyengar yoga, may increase psychological well-being.
The purposes of this study were (a) to address the feasibility of providing a gender-responsive exercise intervention within a correctional institution and (b) to observe the effect of a group-format Iyengar yoga program that met two sessions a week for 12 weeks on levels of depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and perceived stress among incarcerated women.
A repeated measures design, in which each participant served as her own control, was used. Participants completed three self-administered instruments: the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Perceived Stress Scale before treatment (baseline) and during treatment (Weeks 4, 8, and 12). Linear mixed effects models were used to examine statistically significant changes in mental health measures over time, taking advantage of all available data.
Although 21 women initially participated in the intervention, 6 women completed the 12-week intervention. A significant linear decrease was demonstrated in symptoms of depression over time, with mean values changing from 24.90 at baseline to 5.67 at Week 12. There was a marginally significant decrease in anxiety over time (12.00 at baseline to 7.33 at Week 12) and a nonlinear change in stress over time, with decreases from baseline to Week 4 and subsequent increases to Week 12.
Women who participated in this program experienced fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety over time. Findings from this study may be used to improve future interventions focusing on the health outcomes of incarcerated women.


Bowlmor Customer Survey : Consolidated Technologies, Inc.
Thank you for attending the CTI/Verizon/TeleDomani Customer Appreciation Event at Bowlmor Times Square. Please take a few moments to fill out our short survey on the event.
1. How would you rate your enjoyment factor for the CTI/Verizon/TeleDomani Customer Appreciation event?
4. Would you like CTI to contact you regarding our Managed IT, Cyber Security or VOIP/Contact Center Practices?
Yes. Please contact me about Managed IT.
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Enjoy this Glacier National Park hike with beautiful views that is a great physical challenge due to the distance alone.
Starting at the top of Logan Pass at the visitor's center, walk across the street to the well marked Highline Loop Trailhead. You will need to have two cars or make use of the shuttles in order to do this hike. If you have two cars, park the second on your way up Logan Pass at the well marked parking lot called "The Loop" then pile in your other vehicle and continue up to the trailhead. If you plan on using the shuttle, be sure to check out the Glacier National Park website for information about stops and schedule.
The trail takes you along a ridge for a good majority of the hike starting at about 6,500 ft, peaking around 7,200 ft, and ending at 4,000 ft. Many switchbacks that lead into meadows filled with wildflowers and magnificent views. Around 8 miles into the trail I suggest walking the short detour to the Granite Peak Chalet which is a great place to eat your lunch. Keep an eye out for mountain goats and bighorn sheep, they are all over! This hike is mostly exposed so I can't stress the need for bringing enough water and sun protection.
To get to the trailhead from Whitefish, MT, leave town heading east on Hwy 2 and drive for about ten miles. Make a left at Going to the Sun Rd. (closed during the winter) and follow for about 45 miles until you reach the trailhead at Logan Pass.
Really loved this trail, though I only did a mile or so of it because we had already done another one earlier that day.
The Highline Trail is a must do for anyone in Glacier National Park. No matter the age, there is an option for everyone. I've heard of both 80 year-olds and 8 year-olds completing this hike. Even a mile or two in, the views are spectacular.


text:
9b8b57e5-f557-4369-b2f5-2a6b2aecf915
'Hungry' woman admits stealing from supermarket
Stefano Ausenda and Owain Johnston-Barnes
An unemployed 47-year-old woman was given a conditional discharge yesterday after admitting stealing goods from a supermarket.
Paul Wilson, for the Crown, told Magistrates' Court that Nikia Virgil, of Hamilton Parish, entered the Shelly Bay MarketPlace shortly before 7pm on July 7 with a grocery cart and an empty knapsack.
The court was told that Virgil put grocery items in both the knapsack and cart, but only paid for the items that were in the cart.
After leaving the store, an employee noticed that Virgil's knapsack was full and asked her to remove the stolen items, which totalled more than $60.
Police arrested Virgil at the scene and took her to Hamilton Police Station.
Despite pleading guilty, Virgil told magistrate Khamisi Tokunbo that the summary of evidence which was read out in court was not accurate. She also said that she was hungry when the incident occurred and has been unemployed for some time.
The matter returned to the courts yesterday for sentencing, with Mr Tokunbo giving Virgil a six-month conditional discharge, noting her guilty plea and that the goods were recovered.
"I would like to think you have learnt from this and it won't happen again," Mr Tokunbo added.
•It is The Royal Gazette's policy not to allow comments on stories regarding court cases. As we are legally liable for any libellous or defamatory comments made on our website, this move is for our protection as well as that of our readers.
Winding-up order made for Sousa's Landscaping
Fine and ban for driver twice over legal alcohol limit


Nike Air Force 1 '07 S5197 Men Shoes : Variety of styles,affordable,stylish new!, New products in the season are online,online sales!
The product Nike - Air Force 1 '07 in colorway White/White from the label Nike is now officially available at BSTN.As the world's leading athletic footwear, apparel and equipment company, NIKE, Inc. is dedicated to inspiring every athlete to reach peak performance. Get the newest NIKE Looks now at BSTN !


It's not the stuff, it's the energy that makes the space.
My talent for design started early in life, I am a Libra, one of the most stylish signs in the zodiac. I am also an intuitive healer and bring my energy awareness to everything I do. I work with natural elements to bring the outside in so that you are experiencing wood, rock, sand, fire and water in your space to have the elements supporting your energy field. I can take almost anything from a thrift store and make it look amazing or different. I can take things you already own that are bland and make them exciting. I can pull together a room so that when people walk in the energy is felt. Plants are crucial as they support a healthy indoor environment. Color is key because our psyche responds to it. Positioning and placement is very important so as to feel the right kind of flow. The chinese call it feng shui. I am ready to take on your space. My rate is based on a 6 hour day. I work fast and I can find amazing items for low cost while bargain hunting and can work with any budget. I am 53 and have owned and rented many spaces and have designed my own dance studios and airbnb spaces also. My experience comes from life, not a book, it is unique and you will be satisfied.


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Oct 1, 2004 Issue
Pharmacologic Prevention of Osteoporotic Fractures
THOMAS M. ZIZIC, M.D., Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Am Fam Physician. 2004 Oct 1;70(7):1293-1300.
Related Editorial
This article exemplifies the AAFP 2004 Annual Clinical Focus on caring for America's aging population.
Impact of Osteoporosis
Risk Factors and Screening
Options for Prevention and Treatment
Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density and a deterioration in the microarchitecture of bone that increases its susceptibility to fracture. The World Health Organization defines osteoporosis as a bone mineral density that is 2.5 standard deviations or more below the reference mean for healthy, young white women. The prevalence of osteoporosis in black women is one half that in white and Hispanic women. In white women 50 years and older, the risk of osteoporotic fracture is nearly 40 percent over their remaining lifetime. Of the drugs that have been approved for the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis, the bisphosphonates (risedronate and alendronate) are most effective in reducing the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. Risedronate has been shown to reduce fracture risk within one year in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and in patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Hormone therapy reduces fracture risk, but the benefits may not outweigh the reported risks. Teriparatide, a recombinant human parathyroid hormone, reduces the risk of new fractures and is indicated for use in patients with severe osteoporosis. Raloxifene has been shown to lower the incidence of vertebral fractures in women with osteoporosis. Salmon calcitonin is reserved for use in patients who cannot tolerate bisphosphonates or hormone therapy.
Osteoporosis is a disease that is characterized by low bone mass and a deterioration in the microarchitecture of bone that increases its susceptibility to fracture.1 Normal bone mineral density (BMD) measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry is a T-score that falls within 1 standard deviation (SD) of the reference mean for healthy, young white women. Based on epidemiologic studies, the World Health Organization (WHO) defines osteoporosis as a BMD (hip, spine, or wrist) that is 2.5 SDs or more below the reference mean for healthy, young white women (corresponding to a T-score below −2.5) and defines osteopenia as a BMD that is between 1 and 2.5 SDs below the reference mean.2
Strength of Recommendations
Key Clinical Recommendations
BMD screening is recommended for women 65 years of age and older without risk factors for osteoporosis.
BMD screening should begin at age 60 years in women who are at increased risk for osteoporotic fractures.
The bisphosphonates risedronate (Actonel) and alendronate (Fosamax) are the most effective agents for reducing the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis
Patients who are beginning long-term treatment with prednisone (more than three months in a dosage of 5 mg per day or higher) or an equivalent also should receive a bisphosphonate as well as calcium and vitamin D supplementation, regardless of their T-score.
Although hormone therapy reduces fracture risk, the benefits may be outweighed by the reported risks of treatment.
BMD = bone mineral density.
Men generally have 20 percent greater BMD than women. Blacks have 20 percent greater bone density than whites. Therefore, neither men nor blacks are affected with osteoporosis as frequently as white women, although they can develop the disease. Glucocorticoids can induce osteoporosis in any of these groups.
Osteoporosis is twice as common in white and Hispanic women as in black women.3 In white women 50 years and older, the lifetime risk of osteoporotic fractures approaches 40 percent.4 More than 90 percent of hip and vertebral fractures in elderly white women are attributed to osteoporosis.5
Osteoporosis is responsible for almost 1 million vertebral and hip fractures annually (Figure 1).6 In 1995, osteoporotic fractures resulted in 2.5 million physician visits, 432,000 hospitalizations, and 180,000 nursing home admissions.7 In the United States alone, annual medical expenditures for the management of osteoporotic fractures may be as high as $15 billion.1
Osteoporotic Fractures
Estimated incidence of osteoporotic fractures in the United States.
Information from reference 6.
Vertebral fractures trigger back pain, limit activity, and confine patients to bed. Multiple vertebral fractures cause kyphosis and loss of height. Fracture at any site increases the risk for subsequent fracture8: up to 20 percent of women who have an incident vertebral fracture incur another fracture within one year.9 One analysis10 found that postmenopausal women with hip or clinical (i.e., symptomatic) vertebral fractures had an age-adjusted increased risk of death (greater than sixfold risk [6.68] after hip fracture, greater than eightfold risk [8.64] after vertebral fracture) during the next four years.
Reported risk factors for osteoporosis include a family history of the disease, hormonal dysfunction, sedentary lifestyle, low body weight, smoking, alcohol abuse, and calcium and vitamin D deficiencies.11 Glucocorticoid therapy also leads to fracture in up to 50 percent of patients12; bone loss is related to the dosage and duration of therapy, and proceeds rapidly during the first six months of treatment.13
A recent review14 found that the relative risk of osteoporosis is highest in women who are menopausal, undergo oophorectomy before the age of 45, have a grandmother with hip fracture, have diabetes mellitus, currently smoke, use alcohol heavily, or have decreased weight-bearing activity because of physical disability.
Based on research conducted to date, it appears that the short-term risk for osteoporotic fractures can be estimated by BMD testing and identification of risk factors. Low body weight (less than 70 kg [154 lb]) is the best predictor of low BMD.15 Note, however, that the instruments (e.g., questionnaires) used to assess clinical risk factors for low BMD or fractures have moderate to high sensitivity but low specificity,14 and that the role of clinical risk factors in deciding which patients to treat remains unclear.
Low BMD increases the risk of fractures. At the 12-month follow-up in the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment,16 postmenopausal women 50 years and older with no previous diagnosis of osteoporosis but a T-score of −2.5 or lower had an adjusted fracture risk that was 2.74 times higher than the risk in women with a normal BMD.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)17 recommends BMD screening for women 65 years and older without risk factors. Screening should begin at 60 years in women who are at increased risk for osteoporotic fractures. The USPSTF makes no recommendation for or against BMD screening in postmenopausal women who are younger than 60 years or women aged 60 to 64 years who are not at increased risk for fractures.
Because complications of osteoporosis progress quickly after fracture, rapidly effective therapy is required to reduce fracture risk. A National Osteoporosis Foundation guide offers useful treatment recommendations.18
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a number of agents for use in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis (Table 1). Head-to-head comparisons of the efficacy of these agents in preventing fractures have not been conducted.
Agents Approved in the United States for the Management of Osteoporosis
FDA-approved indications
Risedronate (Actonel)
5 mg orally once a day
Prevention or treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis
35 mg orally once a week
Treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
Alendronate (Fosamax)
Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
10 mg orally once a day
Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis
5 mg orally once a day (10 mg orally once a day in postmenopausal women not receiving estrogen)
Treatment of osteoporosis in men
Conjugated equine estrogen
0.625 mg orally once a day
Various estrogen preparations
Dosage depends on agent.
Recombinant human parathyroid hormone
Teriparatide (Forteo)
20 mcg SC once a day
Treatment to increase bone mass in men with osteoporosis who are at high risk for fracture
Selective estrogen receptor modulator
Raloxifene (Evista)
Salmon calcitonin (Miacalcin)
200 IU intranasally once a day (alternating nostrils daily)
100 units SC or IM every other day
FDA = U.S. Food and Drug Administration; SC = subcutaneous; IM = intramuscular.
Bisphosphonates suppress osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Of the FDA-approved agents, bisphosphonates are the most effective in reducing the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures.19,20 Calcium (1,000 to 1,500 mg per day) and vitamin D (400 to 800 IU per day) typically are administered along with bisphosphonates.1
Risedronate (Actonel), alendronate (Fosamax), and ibandronate (Boniva) are approved for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Only risedronate and alendronate currently are available in oral formulations. Both of these agents are indicated for the prevention or treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for the treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Alendronate also is approved for the treatment of osteoporosis in men. Once-a-week formulations of risedronate and alendronate are available for use in preventing or treating postmeno-pausal osteoporosis.
Because food and certain minerals reduce the absorption of bisphosphonates, risedronate and alendronate should be taken at least 30 minutes before the first food, drink (other than water), or medication of the day. Tablets should be swallowed with 6 to 8 oz of water. To reduce the risk of gastroesophageal irritation, patients should remain upright for at least 30 minutes after dosing.
In randomized clinical trials,19,21–23 risedronate and alendronate substantially reduced the risk of vertebral fractures. In one placebo-controlled trial,20 risedronate significantly lowered the number of hip and other nonvertebral fractures in 70- to 79-year-old women who had severe osteoporosis and an extremely low BMD. In another trial,23 alendronate reduced the risk of hip fractures in women with vertebral fractures and a low BMD.
Administered once a day, risedronate and alendronate were equivalent to placebo in safety.24,25 However, postmarketing reports showed a high incidence of gastroesophageal irritation and ulceration in patients taking alendronate.26–28 Although reported adverse gastrointestinal events with risedronate were low, bisphosphonates have the potential to cause gastrointestinal irritation. Studies29,30 comparing once-a-day and once-a-week formulations of either bisphosphonate demonstrated similar efficacy and tolerability.
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Several three-year trials19–21 demonstrated the efficacy of risedronate therapy in women with post-menopausal osteoporosis (Table 2).19–23,31 The two Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) trials19,21 evaluated the effectiveness of risedronate, compared with placebo, in reducing the risk of fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. The North American VERT trial19 included patients with two or more vertebral fractures at baseline or one vertebral fracture and a low spinal BMD (T-score of −2 or lower), and the multinational study21 included patients with two or more vertebral fractures at baseline. The Hip Intervention Program (HIP)20 assessed the efficacy of risedronate in reducing hip fractures in elderly women. About 60 percent of the patients in the HIP study were 70 to 79 years of age with established osteoporosis, and about 40 percent were 80 years or older with a low femoral-neck BMD or one or more clinical risk factors for hip fractures.
Summary of Major Clinical Trials of Bisphosphonates (Duration of Three or Four Years) in Women with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Relative reduction of fracture risk for active treatment vs. placebo
Absolute reduction of fracture risk for active treatment (NNT)
Inclusion criteria (number of patients in the trial)
Vertebral fractures
Nonvertebral fractures
VERT19
Two or more vertebral fractures or one vertebral fracture and a T-score of −2.0 or lower (2,458)
5 mg per day
65% reduction after 1 year (P < .001)
4% reduction after 1 year (25)
41% reduction after 3 years (P = .003)
39% reduction after 3 years (P = .02)
5% reduction after 3 years (20)
3.2% reduction after 3 years (31)
Two or more vertebral fractures (1,226)
61% reduction after 1 year (P = .001)
7.4% reduction after 1 year (14)
49% reduction after 3 years (P < .001)
10.9% reduction after 3 years (9)
HIP20
Osteoporosis or one or more risk factors for osteoporosis (9,331)
2.5 and 5 mg per day
1.8% reduction after 3 years(56)
Low femoral-neck BMD (4,432)
5 mg per day for 2 years followed by 10 mg per day for 2 years
Low femoral-neck BMD plus one or more clinical vertebral fractures (2,027)
5 mg per day for 2 years followed by 10 mg per day for 1 year
Alendronate Phase III Osteoporosis Treatment Study31
Osteoporosis (994)
5 or 10 mg per day for 3 years 20 mg per day for two years followed by 5 mg per day for 1 year
48% reduction after 3 years, based on pooling of all data (P = .03)
21% reduction after 3 years (P values not reported; not significant)
NNT = number needed to treat to prevent, on average, one fracture; NR = not reported; VERT = Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy; HIP = Hip Intervention Program; FIT = Fracture Intervention Trial; BMD = bone mineral density.
Information from references 19 through 23, and 31.
In the VERT studies,19,21 risedronate reduced the relative risk of vertebral fractures by up to 65 percent after one year, and the reduction was sustained for the three years of treatment. The risk of nonvertebral fractures was reduced by as much as 20 to 39 percent in the three trials.19–21 In the HIP study,20 rised-ronate significantly reduced the three-year risk of hip fractures by 40 percent (P = .009) in women aged 70 to 79 years with confirmed osteoporosis and by 60 percent (P = .003) in women with confirmed osteoporosis and one vertebral fracture at baseline. The HIP study found no significant reduction in the risk of hip fractures in women 80 years or older who had one or more risk factors but did not have confirmed osteoporosis.
Alendronate has been shown to increase BMD and decrease fracture risk22,23,31 (Table 2).19–23,31 In one study,31 alendronate was used in postmenopausal women with a lumbar-spine T-score of −2.5 or lower. Patients received alendronate in a dosage of 5 or 10 mg per day for three years, alendronate in a dosage of 20 mg per day for two years followed by 5 mg per day for one year, or placebo for three years. Although the 10-mg dosage was more effective than the 5-mg dosage in increasing BMD, it did not provide additional fracture protection. The alendronate regimen of 20 mg per day followed by 5 mg per day was similar in efficacy to the regimen of 10 mg per day in increasing BMD but not in preventing fractures. A significant reduction in new vertebral fractures (48 percent,P = 0.03) was observed only when all of the alendronate data were pooled.
The Fracture Intervention Trial (FIT)22,23 evaluated the efficacy of alendronate in reducing the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with a low femoral-neck BMD. In the three-year arm of the study,23 patients with one or more vertebral fractures at baseline received alendronate in a dosage of 5 mg per day for two years followed by 10 mg per day in the third year, or placebo. In the four-year treatment arm,22 patients with a T-score of −1.6 or lower but no vertebral fracture at baseline received alendronate in a dosage of 5 mg per day for two years followed by 10 mg per day for two years, or placebo. Compared with placebo, alendronate reduced the risk of new vertebral fractures by 47 percent (P < .001) in women in the three-year treatment arm and by 44 percent (P = .001) in the women in the four-year treatment arm. Reductions in the overall risk of nonvertebral fractures did not reach statistical significance.
Prospective one-year data on the reduction of vertebral fracture risk with alendronate therapy are not available for individual clinical trial populations. A pooled subanalysis of the FIT data,32 which included only patients with a femoral-neck T-score of −2.5 or lower but no vertebral fractures or patients with an existing vertebral fracture, demonstrated a 59 percent reduction (P < .001) in the risk of vertebral fractures after 12 months of therapy and a 63 percent reduction (P = .014) in the risk of hip fractures after 18 months of therapy. The greatest risk reductions occurred in the patients with the lowest BMD.
Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. The American College of Rheumatology33 recommends that patients who are beginning long-term treatment with prednisone (three months or longer in a dosage of 5 mg per day or higher) or an equivalent also receive a bisphosphonate, as well as calcium and vitamin D supplementation, regardless of their T-score.
In two one-year placebo-controlled clinical trials, risedronate in a dosage of 5 mg per day was effective for the prevention34 and treatment35 of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. An analysis36 of data from the two trials demonstrated a 70 percent reduction (P = .01) in the risk of vertebral fractures in the patients treated with risedronate.
In a study37 of 477 men and women receiving glucocorticoid therapy, alendronate in a dosage of 5 or 10 mg per day for 48 weeks increased BMD but did not significantly reduce the risk of vertebral fractures (morphometrically defined) compared with placebo. The primary outcome was a change in spinal BMD.
Hormone therapy is approved for the prevention but not the treatment of postmeno-pausal osteoporosis. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) evaluated the effectiveness of hormone therapy in reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease and overall health risks in 16,608 predominantly healthy postmenopausal women. A subanalysis of WHI data38 indicated that hormone therapy reduced observed clinical vertebral fractures (relative risk [RR], 0.65; 95 percent confidence interval [CI], 0.46 to 0.92) and hip fractures (RR, 0.67; 95 percent CI, 0.47 to 0.96) by one third compared with placebo. However, hormone therapy was associated with increased risks of breast cancer, heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots in the lung; these risks appear to outweigh the benefits of hormone therapy for fracture prevention.38
Teriparatide (Forteo), a recombinant human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH[1-34]), is approved for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In one placebo-controlled study,39 daily injections of rhPTH(1–34) reduced the risk of new vertebral fractures by 65 percent (20-mcg injections) and 69 percent (40-mcg injections; P ≤ .001), and the risk of new nonvertebral fractures by 35 percent (20-mcg injections) and 40 percent (40-mcg injections; P < .05). Because the long-term effects of teriparatide are not known, this agent is approved for a maximum of two years of use in patients with severe osteoporosis who are at high risk for fractures.
SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS
Raloxifene (Evista) is the only selective estrogen receptor modulator that has been approved for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) trial40 in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, three years of raloxifene therapy in a dosage of 60 mg per day reduced the risk of vertebral fractures by 30 percent (CI, 0.6 to 0.9) in patients with vertebral fractures at baseline and by 50 percent (CI, 0.4 to 0.8) in patients without vertebral fractures at baseline. The MORE trial found no significant reduction in the risk of nonvertebral fractures.
SALMON CALCITONIN
Both intranasal and injectable forms of salmon calcitonin (Miacalcin) are approved for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcitonin inhibits bone resorption and is recommended for use in women with osteoporosis who are at least five years past menopause and cannot take other agents. In the Prevent Recurrence of Osteoporotic Fractures (PROOF) trial,41 five years of calcitonin therapy in a dosage of 200 IU per day reduced the risk of new vertebral fractures by 33 percent (P = .03) in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis. The PROOF study found no significant effect for calcitonin on hip BMD or risk of nonvertebral fractures.
THOMAS M. ZIZIC, M.D., is associate professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore. For the past 24 years, his teaching, writing, and research have focused primarily on the prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, and osteoporosis. Dr. Zizic founded the United States Osteoporosis Network, Inc., in 1996. He has served on the board of directors of the Center for Osteonecrosis, the Foundation for Family Health International, and the National Osteonecrosis Foundation....
Address correspondence to Thomas M. Zizic, M.D., Bionicare Medical Technologies, Inc., 47R Loveton Circle, Sparks, MD 21152 (e-mail:drzizic@bionicare.com). Reprints are not available from the author.
The author indicates that he does not have any conflicts of interest. Sources of funding: none reported.
1. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001;285: 785–95....
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3. Hormone replacement therapy and osteoporosis. Systematic evidence review no. 12. Rockville, Md.: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, September 2002. Accessed May 29, 2004, at: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/prev/hrtosinv.htm.
4. Melton LJ 3d, Chrischilles EA, Cooper C, Lane AW, Riggs BL. Perspective. How many women have osteoporosis? J Bone Miner Res 1992;7:1005–10.
5. Melton LJ 3d, Thamer M, Ray NF, Chan JK, Chesnut CH 3d, Einhorn TA, et al. Fractures attributable to osteoporosis: report from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. J Bone Miner Res 1997;12:16–23.
6. Riggs BL, Melton LJ 3d. The worldwide problem of osteoporosis: insights afforded by epidemiology. Bone 1995;17(5 suppl):505S–11S.
7. Ray NF, Chan JK, Thamer M, Melton LJ 3d. Medical expenditures for the treatment of osteoporotic fractures in the United States in 1995: report from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. J Bone Miner Res 1997;12:24–35.
8. Klotzbuecher CM, Ross PD, Landsman PB, Abbott TA 3d, Berger M. Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: a summary of the literature and statistical synthesis. J Bone Miner Res 2000;15:721–39.
9. Lindsay R, Silverman SL, Cooper C, Hanley DA, Barton I, Broy SB, et al. Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture. JAMA. 2001;285:320–3.
10. Cauley JA, Thompson DE, Ensrud KC, Scott JC, Black D. Risk of mortality following clinical fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11:556–61.
11. Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, Stone K, Fox KM, Ensrud KE, et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:767–73.
12. Lukert BP, Raisz LG. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathogenesis and management. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112:352–64.
13. Adachi JD, Papaioannou A. Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: detection and management. Drug Saf. 2001;24:607–24.
14. Nelson HD, Helfand M, Woolf SH, Allan JD. Screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:529–41.
15. Michaelsson K, Bergstrom R, Mallmin H, Holmberg L, Wolk A, Ljunghall S. Screening for osteopenia and osteoporosis: selection by body composition. Osteoporos Int. 1996;6:120–6.
16. Siris ES, Miller PD, Barrett-Connor E, Faulkner KG, Wehren LE, Abbott TA, et al. Identification and fracture outcomes of undiagnosed low bone mineral density in postmeno-pausal women: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment. JAMA. 2001;286:2815–22.
17. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:526–8.
18. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Physician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Accessed June 21, 2004, at: http://www.nof.org/professionals/clinical/clinical.htm.
19. Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK, McKeever CD, Hangartner T, Keller M, et al. Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. JAMA. 1999;282:1344–52.
20. McClung MR, Geusens P, Miller PD, Zippel H, Bensen WG, Roux C, et al. Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:333–40.
21. Reginster J, Minne HW, Sorensen OH, Hooper M, Roux C, Brandi ML, et al. Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11:83–91.
22. Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE, Applegate WB, Barrett-Connor E, Musliner TA, et al. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA. 1998;280:2077–82.
23. Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, Cauley JA, Thompson DE, Nevitt MC, et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Lancet. 1996;348:1535–41.
24. Bauer DC, Black D, Ensrud K, Thompson D, Hochberg M, Nevitt M, et al. Upper gastrointestinal tract safety profile of alendronate: the Fracture Intervention Trial. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:517–25.
25. Taggart H, Bolognese MA, Lindsay R, Ettinger MP, Mulder H, Josse RG, et al. Upper gastrointestinal tract safety of risedronate: a pooled analysis of 9 clinical trials [published correction appears in Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77:601]. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77:262–70.
26. De Groen PC, Lubbe DF, Hirsch LJ, Daifotis A, Stephenson W, Freedholm D, et al. Esophagitis associated with the use of alendronate. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1016–21.
27. Ettinger B, Pressman A, Schein J, Chan J, Silver P, Connolly N. Alendronate use among 812 women: prevalence of gastrointestinal complaints, noncompliance with patient instructions, and discontinuation. J Managed Care Pharm. 1998;4:488–92.
28. Kelly R, Taggart H. Incidence of gastrointestinal side effects due to alendronate is high in clinical practice. BMJ. 1997;315:1235.
29. Rizzoli R, Greenspan SL, Bone G 3d, Schnitzer TJ, Watts NB, Adami S, et al. Two-year results of once-weekly administration of alendronate 70 mg for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2002;17:1988–96.
30. Brown JP, Kendler DL, McClung MR, Emkey RD, Adachi JD, Bolognese MA, et al. The efficacy and tolerability of risedronate once a week for the treatment of postmeno-pausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 2002;71:103–11.
31. Liberman UA, Weiss SR, Broll J, Minne HW, Quan H, Bell NH, et al. Effect of oral alendronate on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. The Alendronate Phase III Osteoporosis Treatment Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1437–43.
32. Black DM, Thompson DE, Bauer DC, Ensrud K, Musliner T, Hochberg MC, et al. Fracture risk reduction with alendronate in women with osteoporosis: the Fracture Intervention Trial. FIT Research Group [published correction appears in J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:938]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:4118–24.
33. Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: 2001 update. American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:1496–503.
34. Cohen S, Levy RM, Keller M, Boling E, Emkey RD, Greenwald M, et al. Risedronate therapy prevents corticosteroid-induced bone loss: a twelve-month, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:2309–18.
35. Reid DM, Hughes RA, Laan RF, Sacco-Gibson NA, Wenderoth DH, Adami S, et al. Efficacy and safety of daily risedronate in the treatment of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis in men and women: a randomized trial. European Corticosteroid-Induced Osteoporosis Treatment Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15:1006–13.
36. Wallach S, Cohen S, Reid DM, Hughes RA, Hosking DJ, Laan RF, et al. Effects of risedronate treatment on bone density and vertebral fracture in patients on corticosteroid therapy. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000;67:277–85.
37. Saag KG, Emkey R, Schnitzer TJ, Brown JP, Hawkins F, Goemaere S, et al. Alendronate for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis Intervention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:292–9.
38. Cauley JA, Robbins J, Chen Z, Cummings SR, Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;290:1729–38.
39. Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, Prince R, Gaich GA, Reginster JY, et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1434–41.
40. Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, Knickerbocker RK, Nickelsen T, Genant HK, et al. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators [published correction appears in JAMA 1999;282:2124]. JAMA. 1999;282:637–45.
41. Chesnut CH 3d, Silverman S, Andriano K, Genant H, Gimona A, Harris S, et al. A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the Prevent Recurrence of Osteoporotic Fractures Study. PROOF Study Group. Am J Med. ;109:267–76.
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kang Heungseong
Corporal kang Heungseong was born in 168-1 Yochon-dong, Gimje-si, Jeollabuk-do, Sep. 28, 1949. He was assigned to 8th Company, Armor Regiment, Tiger Division and was dispatched to Vietnam; stationed in the area of Binh Dinh Province.
Corporal kang Heungseong died by cerebral malaria Aug. 26, 1972, during a military operation in Tay Giang. He was buried at 02-1-4232 graveyard in Seoul National Cemetery.
Seol Eulsik
Sergeant 1st Class
Sergeant 1st Class Seol Eulsik was born in Boryeong-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Nov. 6, 1942. He was assigned to HQ Company, 2nd Battalion, Armor Regiment, Tiger Division and was dispatched to Vietnam; stationed in the area of Binh Dinh Province.
Sergeant 1st Class Seol Eulsik died Jul. 31, 1966 in Phu Phong(BR 967342), from wounds caused by a vehicle overturning during a military operation. He was awarded the Order of Military Merit Inheon. He was buried at 48-1-338 graveyard in Seoul National Cemetery.
Seong Wonje
Sergeant Seong Wonje was born in yeongcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jan. 12, 1943. He was assigned to HQ Company, 2nd Battalion, Armor Regiment, Tiger Division and was dispatched to Vietnam; stationed in the area of Binh Dinh Province.
Sergeant Seong Wonje died Jul. 31, 1966 in Phu Phong(BR 967342), from wounds caused by a vehicle overturning during a military operation. He was awarded the Order of Military Merit Inheon. He was buried at 48-1-332 graveyard in Seoul National Cemetery.
Kim Yeongsu
Master Sergeant
Master Sergeant Kim Yeongsu was born in 59-1 Dongwoi-dong, Suncheon-si, Jeollanam-do, Jul. 23, 1939. He was assigned to HQ Company, 2nd Battalion, Armor Regiment, Tiger Division and was dispatched to Vietnam; stationed in the area of Binh Dinh Province.
Master Sergeant Kim Yeongsu was Killed May. 13, 1967 in Phu Phong(BR 759529), during transportation of supplies mission. He was buried at 26-3-961 graveyard in Seoul National Cemetery.
Lim Gyuwan
Private 1st Class
Private 1st Class Lim Gyuwan was born in 358-1 Bongnam-ri, Jinwi-myeon, pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, Nov. 6, 191. He was assigned to 10th Company, Armor Regiment, Tiger Division and was dispatched to Vietnam; stationed in the area of Binh Dinh Province.
Private 1st Class Lim Gyuwan was killed Jan. 9, 1966 in Canh Hoa, during a battle with enemies. He was buried at 51-1-48 graveyard in Seoul National Cemetery.


I'm just an ordinary bloke with an inquiring mind. I love to help people and find "Instructables" a terrific place to do that.
Yes, it was an awesome deal on the panels and batteries... auctions can be a great place to buy when random stuff like that pops up. I'm just a bit angry at myself for not buying the other 30 or so batteries that were on offer.Those panels are (from memory) 260 watts each and gave me a total, with the panels I built, of around 1.2 kw peak output.The panel splitting proved to be very easy... a heat gun was enough to melt the stuff on the back of the panel to allow access to the tab wires. Then it was just a matter of testing with my multimeter to make sure my calculations were right before rewiring.As with the batteries, make sure you connect the panels in parallel rather than in series.Cheers.Rob.
Thank you ArduinoMaker;I have recently expanded my use of solar with the addition of 3 x 108 volt panels (bought second hand for $145au the lot) that I split into 6 x 18 volt 'panels' each by delving into the back of them and cutting the tab wires at the ends of each of the 6 pairs of strings of cells and rewiring them as individual panels.This effectively gave me a total of 18 individual 18 volt panels.These charge an extra 12 x 100 amp hour batteries (also bought second hand for $250 the lot) through an inverter/charger (bought new for $350) and the system runs fridges, freezers and entertainment unit.The inverter/charger also connects to the mains electricity ensuring continued supply to the appliances if the batteries run low.Because of the potential danger of the higher voltages involved I most likely won't be adding this setup to my Instractables.If you want any more detailed information please feel free to ask.Best regards.Rob.


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The Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe
The Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe Essay example
1074 Words Nov 28th, 2016 5 Pages
The Cask of Amontillado
For my writing assignment, I chose the short story "The Cask of Amontillado" by Edgar Allen Poe. Poe spins a tale of the ultimate deception, which leads Fortunato to his demise. I selected this work for many reasons, it appealed to me, I am a fan of Poe and his ability to twist and turn a readers mind without revealing his shocking endings too soon, and because I wanted to dissect our in class discussion more, because I do not believe Montresor is mentally ill. When we discussed The Cask of Amontillado in class, it seemed that the majority of the class believed that Montresor must have suffered from some psychological disorder to be able to carry out such a heinous act against Fortunato. I disagree with this statement because I.do not believe he could have masterminded such a feat with a diminished metal capacity. If we take into consideration the following rules set for proving insanity, we can clearly see that Montresor was not insane at the time of his crime.
"The McNaughton Rule of not knowing right from wrong, at the time of committing the act, the accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing or, if he did know it, that he did not know what he was doing was wrong." (Cornell)
We can see that Montresor knows what he is doing is wrong because he tricks his staff into leaving for the night, "given them explicit orders not to stir from the house." (Text pg…
Essay The Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe
Edgar Allen Poe's "The Cask of Amontillado" is a murderous tale of revenge. Poe takes the reader on a journey revealing the vengeance sought by a mad man, and the principle behind murder as a punishment justified by revenge. Drunken Fortunato pays the price for offending Montresor. Revenge, as shown in this short story, weakens a person's grip on reality, and zeros their sight in on getting someone back. Ultimately, revenge is what drives Montresor to plot out and murder his friend Fortunato.…
someone else, he begins to feel hopeless. This quote relates to not only everyday life, but also Edgar Allen Poe's short story, "The Cask of Amontillado." The man in the story decides he wants to kill a man who is supposed to be his friend. The only difference between Schiller's quote and "The Cask of Amontillado" is that Montresor did not feel remorse for his crime. The mystery of "The Cask of Amontillado" is trying to understand why Montresor wanted to take the life of Fortunato. Montresor is a vengeful…
Essay The Cask Of Amontillado, By Edgar Allen Poe
Edgar Allen Poe is more than a Romantic and Gothic literature writer; he is a major figure in the world of literature because of his clever poems and short stories. The Cask of Amontillado, The Raven, and Annabel Lee are the works that I will discuss that had an influence on what we consider Romantic and Gothic literature. Poe stories include themes of the supernatural, detective, love, death, and mourning. Edgar Allen Poe is an ingenious writer that shows the true meaning of Romantic and Gothic…
Fortunato's Demise The short story "The Cask of Amontillado", By Edgar Allen Poe is a tale that takes place somewhere in Italy within the 18th century; this is understood because the use of the term "roquelaire". Poe located this shorty story in Italy and set the time back further within the 18th century, both of these variables that the author has provided to the story are associated with the gothic genre. Now, taking into consideration the goal of Montresor and the events that ended the tale…
Edgar Allen Poe is one is a leader in American literature. History has remembered him with his style of writing. Pie has portrayed and incarnated the different elements of literature in all his works. Poe integrated within his works the functions and styles of American literature and the best place to find the elements and the functions of literature in the works of Poe are in his story titled The Cask of Amontillado. Poe composes The Cask of Amontillado. Using the motives of three literary elements…
someone else, they begin to feel hopeless. This quote relates to not only everyday life, but also Edgar Allen Poe's short story, "The Cask of Amontillado." The man in the story decides he wants to kill a man who is supposed to be his friend. The only difference between Schiller's quote and "The Cask of Amontillado" is that Montresor did not feel remorse for his crime. The mystery of "The Cask of Amontillado" is trying to understand why Montresor wanted to take the life of Fortunato. Montresor is a vengeful…
that we surround ourselves with it, now with monster movies, and suspenseful t.v. to the original gothic horror tales. Among some of the best gothic horror writers was Edgar Allen Poe who with thorough setting choices set the perfect atmosphere of many of his stories, including "The Cask of Amontillado". In this story particularly Poe uses the imagery provided by the setting to enhance the atmosphere of fear and panic in the same ways that we see authors and movie makers' use today. In addition to…
story "The Cask of Amontillado" written by Edgar Allen Poe takes the reader into a plot for vengeance on the aristocratic Fortunato, told by Montresor fifty years after he got away with it. Throughout the story, Poe integrates symbols to highlight pieces of the story, and to foreshadow the plot's outcome. These symbols include the Amontillado wine, Fortunato's character, the catacombs, Nitre, and Montresor's coat of arms. The first symbol presented in this short story is the Amontillado wine. Besides…
In Edgar Allen Poe's, 'The Cask of Amontillado' the narrator and murderer Montresor manipulates his victim, Fortunato, with a cunning yet decisive lie, a promise of an everlasting taste of the amontillado. A lie that leads Fortunato to his death. Fortunato is known for his greed and connoisseurship of wine. It is Fortunato's love of drinking that ultimately leads to his downfall. The last sentence reveals that it has been fifty years since the murder. Why, then is Montresor telling us this now? It…
In The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allen Poe, the intense utilization of imagery and incongruity throughout the Cask of Amontillado gives this short story its tension and horror filled theme. The story is told in first person by an extremely wrathful and manipulative character. This character, Montresor, would first appear to the reader as the victim however in all actuality, he is plotting to take the life of Fortunato. The narrator, Montresor, begins the short story by explaining to his readers…
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2. Ghetto police chief Ferdinand Beigel writes in a ledger at his desk in the Vilna ghetto.
3. Group portrait of members of the Vilna ghetto Jewish police.
4. Group portrait of the staff of the coffee house in the Vilna ghetto.
5. Identification photograph of Henrietta Zeldowicz issued in the Vilna ghetto.
6. Jewish and Lithuanian police guard the entrance to the Vilna ghetto.
7. Jewish officials of the Vilna ghetto are seated in the audience at a sporting event.
8. Portrait of the Beigel family in the Vilna ghetto.
13. View of the jail in the Vilna ghetto.
14. View of the jail in the Vilna ghetto.


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Octan (Kemisk Ordbog) eller oktan (Retskrivningsordbogen) er en fællesbetegnelse for en alkan med 8 kulstofatomer, .

Isomerer
Der findes 18 isomerer af octan, nedenunder er nogle af dem:
 n-octan CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
2-Methylheptan CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
3-Methylheptan CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3
4-Methylheptan CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3
2,2-(di)Methylhexan CH3C(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2CH3
2,3-(di)Methylhexan CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3
2,4-(di)Methylhexan CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3
3,3-(di)Methylhexan CH3CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH2CH3
3,4-(di)Methylhexan CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH2CH3

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Doggles Pet Sunscreen - Tropical Scented Customer Photos - Send us your photo!
Great selection and often find great deals!


The DIV-Net: Think diversification. Think Simplicity. Think.
Think diversification. Think Simplicity. Think.
I am often amazed at the things people do with their own portfolios. I am not a financial advisor nor do I review other people's portfolio's as a "friend" on a regular basis. However, as soon a people hear that I have my blog at thedividendguyblog.com they inevitably ask me questions. And honestly, 9 times out of 10 I am amazed by what people have done in their portfolios.
I kid you not. He had a really bad year last year when the market was tanking. The way I see it, he has a couple of different problems here. First, he is very undiversified. Holding only 5 stocks would be permissible if it were a small part of an well balanced asset allocation. Lots of company specific risk here. Second, high yield bond funds are not a fixed income alternative. They are very risky and do not offer the protection short-term government bonds have. Third, over 55% of his portfolio is in two of the riskiest asset classes available - precious metals and emerging markets. Fourth, there is only emerging markets and no broader diversification. Fifth, he is using mutual funds instead of index funds, which I am sure are more expensive.
I will stop there as I think you get the point. This is just plain stupid and goes against all common sense. Even the most uneducated investor would have to know that this is a bad portfolio right? Perhaps I am being too hopeful and naive as I am so passionate about investing. However , I still think that if this individual used some of his energy thinking about this portfolio for just a couple of minutes he would understand the issues here.
Investing is not rocket science. It does not take advanced degrees in finance or any other discipline to do it well. Most importantly, it just takes some common sense when putting a portfolio together. Think diversification. Think Simplicity. Think.


Fresh and spicy flavours with cumin and basil.
This sauce complements any pasta dish, salads, or barbecued vegetables. In fact this sauce is so versatile and tasty it's easier to list the things that you won't want to use it for.
Use to make patatas bravas: fry cubed potatoes, drain and dress with red chilli & garlic sauce – a Canary Island style holiday dish!