ML #11 - How Do You Evaluate Model Performance?
Levi: ~joining us. Hands-on healthcare machine learning. I'm Levi.
Levi: This is Mike. We did this last week. Were you here last week?
Levi: I think we had some [inaudible 00: 00: 10].
Mike: [inaudible 00: 00: 10]. Yeah, we had some dinner and Taylor was in last week.
Levi: [inaudible 00: 0: 13] fun?
Mike: Yup. So it just wasn't my turn, I guess.
Levi: Well, glad to have you back.
Mike: Yeah, great to be back on the show.
Levi: Yeah. So today, well, we're getting some exciting stuff, evaluating model performance. I can't wait.
Levi: Hopefully, you're all excited.
So just some logistics here before we get started. So we want to encourage you to contribute to the conversation in YouTube so be sure to log into your YouTube account. And we're going to show on the screen a little bit, so you may need to adjust your resolution to HD. We'll let you figure out which level of HD. And we also encourage you to join the community at healthcare.ai – blog posts, get notices as to when the broadcasts are coming up and that sort of thing. And join the Slack Channel as well. You can find all those links at healthcare.ai.
And let's dive into what we have on the docket. So mailbag?
Mike: Yeah. We've got a mailbag this week. And then the main event. And we'll be taking questions and answering them throughout the whole show so.
Okay. So first mailbag question is, "How can I progress my career in data science?" We get this question a lot. And it's a good question.
People are excited about data science. They want to maybe shift to a new role at a current company, maybe change companies. So, have you thought about this, Mike? I mean, I had a couple responses but I don't want to bias you or lead this into a particular direction.
Mike: Yeah. So I've always thought, kind of, there aren't too many degrees in data science. And, I guess, you start to see business intelligence and data analytics masters. But I think the thing that people are really looking for when they're evaluating data science candidates is, "Can you do the work?" So the best way to showcase that is to have exciting, interesting side projects hosted on GitHub using the tools you use at the job. And so, yeah, if you can showcase yourself with almost like a portfolio that I think that's a great way to kind of sell yourself.
Levi: Portfolio idea. Yeah. That's fantastic. And Mike himself recently left academia and made this transition.
Mike: Yeah. And I found the portfolio to be pretty helpful for that.
Levi: Yeah. That's a great point. So blog posts and GitHub. And so GitHub can be your own personal projects or even contributing to other folks' work. You know, even the ones that kind of works on their own.
Mike: Yeah. Just something you can speak to about your own experience and why you did what you did and what the choices you made along the way.
Levi: Yeah, that's super helpful.
Levi: And don't be afraid of putting stuff out there that might seem trivial because other people would want to see those first steps. And it helps you to learn things more in-depth-ly. Whenever I write something out, it feels like I'm learning a little bit better than if I didn't write it.
Mike: I was going to say, I think the Data Elixir Newsletter or the Data Science Weekly Newsletter, they gave me a lot of good examples of kind of analyses people have done in their spare time.
Google data elixir, it's amazing.
One of the things I had mentioned, so somebody e-mailed us and said, "Hey, how do I get into data science?" And so, I gave him a couple of things. And one thing I said that has helped me is to become known as the machine learning person at your work. So maybe your company's not doing machine learning yet – and maybe they should be. So be the person that knows, in the context of your current business, how machine learning could help and be able to explain it clearly to executives and others. And soon you'll be known as that person –the ML girl or guy that is the go-to whenever questions arise about machine learning. And that will help you transition eventually in your current company or give you enough projects that you can move to a different company and do data science, if that's your goal.
Mike: We did have a question in the chat about our MOOCs and Kaggle contests equivalent to that. And I would say, they are a good piece of that portfolio but I think having something on GitHub, that you've conceptualized yourself and done the analysis, is really important because a lot of these data science jobs, they're not going to be "here's a dataset and a problem. We want you to solve it." It's going to be more like. "Here's a problem. Can you help?" And so, they're more open ended. And that's kind of the downside to the Kaggle competition. There's a lot of structure to it. But I think both of them can be useful tools together.
So it's super helpful to find a use case and see like, "Okay, well how will my machine learning apply here?" because then you're dealing with messy data and you have to kind of sort out the real world implications and logistics that aren't always so easy.
Mike: And kind of picking the use cases is half the battle, you know?
Mike: You have to find a use case that's interesting and the Kaggle competition takes that out of the mix.
Levi: Yeah. Maybe it kind of helps you to determine like what machine learning can do as an initial step. And then from there, if you go ahead and apply it to your business or others.
Levi: So second question of the day was, "What version of R is required for healthcare.ai?" Fantastic question.
And so, just for those who don't follow the R Community very well, it feels like quarterly— it's fairly frequent that the base R version is updated. And great question.
So we actually need version 3.2.3 which came out— it feels like maybe last year in the spring or summer. So they're up to— actually 4.0 just barely came out and that is noted in the documentation of the description file, if you go ahead and pull on the repo or download our code. But 3.2.3 is the answer there. So any new version is great. If you're able to update, that's fantastic. You shouldn't see any problems.
Great questions. Keep them coming in. And in the chat window, especially. We love to see what you're wondering as the discussion flows, we want to be to contribute and learn from you since this is a two-way discussion. And also, on the Slack Channel for afterwards, so after the broadcast. How can we help with your projects? Where are you getting stuck? What kind of things are you working on? We want to be able to work together and learn from you so that we're not working in silos separately.
Mike: And just for the community's benefit, 3.2.3 is named wooden Christmas tree.
Levi: Oh, wooden Christmas tree. That was one of the favorites.
Mike: Yup. So it would have to be more recent than wooden Christmas tree. And Another Canoe which is 3.3.3. That'll work.
Levi: Oh, I love Another Canoe.
Mike: That's the one I'm on. Or You Stupid Darkness is 3.4.
Levi: Oh, that's kind of random.
Mike: Where do you think they come up with the names?
Levi: I don't know. Pointing to the dictionary, I guess.
Mike: When we release a new healthcare.ai, are we going to give it a name like this?
Levi: We might need to get names. That's true. It seems pretty common out there.
Mike: Speaking of which, we are going to be releasing a new version fairly soon.
Mike: Hopefully, in the next couple of days. And it'll have a great functionality on feature availability, profiling and generating AUCs and what else is in–?
Levi: Yeah. Glad you brought that up. So it doesn't tie you into SQL servers. That's one thing that we've gotten. So a lot of people don't use SQL server in their personal work. They want to work with csv files. And so, in this new version, or release 1.12, it will be in the next couple of days, you'll actually be able to work both pulling from and pushing predictions to csv files or JSON files or what have you.
Mike: And we'll come up with a catchy name for it too so it doesn't have to be 1.0.
Levi: Yeah. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Exactly.
I saw an Ubuntu release the other day that was Precise Pangolin. I like the ring of that, alliteration is good.
Mike: Well, we can't steal that though.
Levi: No, no. Something similar, perhaps.
Mike: All right. Well, enough chatter, Levi.
Levi: I just wanted to mill that. Sorry.
Mike: Let's get into the main event here.
Levi: Okay. So what are we talking about today?
Mike: So today, we are talking about performance metrics and how you evaluate machine learning models. And so, we'll get into that.
We'll talk about classification and regression problems. And then, kind of, how do mire over time because all these things — you've got to consider all of them.
That has a few problems. With the most common one being kind of, let's think about trying to find a rare disease. And so, if we built a machine learning model that just always predicted that the patient didn't have the disease. If that disease is rare enough, accuracy is going to be pretty high. So maybe if the prevalence of the disease is 1%, you always say no, your accuracy is 99%. That's pretty good.
Levi: Pretty good and pretty deceptive.
Mike: Yeah, it's pretty deceptive. That's a great way to [inaudible 00: 09: 06]. It totally is because you're not really— that's a great accuracy, high performance metric but that's the wrong performance metric because it's not telling you anything about the model and your model is terrible because it never identifies any of the sick people.
Levi: Yeah. The yes's are what's most interesting, it feels like.
So we need to pick performance metrics that evaluate the yes examples and the no examples a little bit more fairly. And so, one way to do that is area under the curve of a receiver operating characteristic curve.
Mike: Yeah. It really is. But the idea behind that curve is that to go from probabilities to yes and no, you have to pick some threshold. So do you call everything a 0.5 a yes? Do you call everything above 0.6 a yes?
Levi: That's a great point. Model delivers probabilities, not yes's or no's. I get that question a lot.
And so, the threshold – you can imagine like if you chose a really high threshold versus a really low threshold, you're going to get really different distributions of yes's and no's.
Mike: And so that's another reason accuracy is not a very good metric because it implies that a threshold was chosen but you don't know what it was.
Levi: Yeah. So you have to be flexible on threshold. And there's two ways you can be wrong with a model, where you can over-predict or under-predict. And so at different levels of this threshold, you're sort of trading off or you're wrong on one side or the other.
Mike: Yeah. That's a good point. So the benefit of the AUC is that it evaluates all of the thresholds at once.
Mike: And so, any potential threshold that goes into the performance metric and that essentially kind of takes it out of the equation. You don't have to think about it anymore.
Mike: Yeah. So that's one reason people really like it.
And then the other thing that's really good about area under the curve is that it kind of, with a hand-wavy definition, it evaluates the positive cases and the negative cases with a little more "even-ness". So even if you have imbalanced classes, it's going to do a better job at making sure that the model is evaluated on how many of the sick people they have found as well as how many of the healthy people didn't pass.
Levi: That's a great point.
Okay. So we like AUC more than accuracy for doing classification.
Question. So we mentioned confusion matrix in the chat. Great point. So you mentioned threshold, how does that tie in with confusion matrix?
Mike: Yeah, so the threshold is how you generate the confusion matrix. Once you've picked the threshold, then you go through and you're going to count up all the false positives, the true positives, and then the false negatives, and the true negatives, and you can build that confusion matrix.
Levi: So it's tied to one particular threshold which may be a little bit limiting?
Mike: Yeah, but if you know the threshold that's okay.
Now, AUC comes from the confusion matrix over all thresholds so that's why we kind of prefer it. But the confusion matrix is a good place to start.
Levi: A good place to start, you think.
I mean, the AUC [inaudible 00: 12: 09] all potential thresholds, you wouldn't start with AUC, get an idea of your model performance, and then when you have a threshold, go to confusion matrix?
Levi: [inaudible 00: 12: 19] we haven't used confusion matrix a lot lately?
Mike: Yeah. We've been keeping it higher level with just looking at AUC and calling it quits there.
Levi: Yeah, but so let's say you have a doctor discussion where you're saying, "Hey, clinician A, here's how your model performed. You can either err on the side of false positives or false negatives." From there you can get a threshold. And so, once you have your threshold, a great way to display that is with the confusion matrix.
Levi: So thanks for bringing that up, Paul.
That's a good one. And then the other thing is this trade off of precision and recall.
So that one's a hard thing to remember because there are some synonyms here. So is sensitivity the same thing as precision?
Mike: You know, I can never remember.
Levi: Yeah, [inaudible 00: 13: 06] for those.
Mike: But the gist of is that AUC evaluates the positive cases and the negative cases. Whereas, precision recall evaluates the positive cases that were given as positive and it evaluates the positive cases that the model said were positive.
Levi: So folks, it's more on getting the yes's right.
Levi: Like, people that had cancer that we said they were going to have it.
Mike: So it kind of looks, from both angles, at the sick people, how well did the model do at finding the sick people?
Mike: So it's a harder metric to get good.
Levi: Yeah. It's less popular. So a lot of the literature you'll find on healthcare.ai and other places focus on AUC where sometimes it's called a c-statistic. Have you seen?
Levi: So PR or the precision recall curve is a little bit more esoteric or whatever.
Mike: Well so recall is the same as sensitivity. I might have that backwards. But assuming I have that right, precision is the same as positive predictive value which is pretty common in healthcare.
I guess, the PR curve or the area under the PR curve is a little less.
Mike: Yeah, the area under the PR curve, that's more of a machine learning thing.
Levi: Yeah, but definitely helpful and in healthcare.ai 1.11 release.
Levi: Yeah. So this is good stuff. And this is classification.
And where else do we go? What other things can we do with machine learning?
Mike: Oh yeah, that's a great question. So as I'm sure you know, you can also do regression. And so regression is we're predicting a continuous output. And you're going to have to compare your continuous output versus the true continuous output. So all the stuff for classification we just talked about doesn't really apply. And that makes it a little harder. But it gives you other advantages too.
So if we can look at—if we have a dataset– we'll head over to an image and if we look at a dataset, you'll notice that a regression problem is typically a lot more visual. So you can kind of like plot all the data in a scatter plot and then plot the line of best fit. And I've just shown a simple linear regression here. Maybe, it's cost of a house versus square footage or something. But you get a nice idea of kind of what the spread of the data looks like and how you can evaluate that.
And so, similar to accuracy, a lot of people start with the R2 coefficient. And that's what comes out of Excel.
Levi: Interesting. I know that.
And so, one problem with the R2 coefficient is that, just like accuracy, you can get a really high R2 for data that doesn't really fit a model.
So looking at these four examples, we have a few different cases where the data of linear fit is just not a good fit to the data. But you're going to get a pretty high R2 value because your data is close to that line, even though it's not a good fit.
Levi: Interesting. And it's pretty popular.
Mike: So the other two options that are better, they're going to focus on the residuals which is the difference in the predicted outcome and the correct variable. And so, that's a little closer to kind of looking at classification. In my mind, it's kind of more apples to apples but with the assumption that the spread in the residuals is going to be a normal distribution because it's kind of a random process, the difference between the true data and the fit. You can do things like take the absolute value of the difference, and sum them all, and then divide by the number of points and that's called mean absolute error.
Mike: Right, right. You don't want the negative ones and the positive ones to sum to zero so you do the absolute. And if you're more concerned about outliers, you can use this thing called root mean squared error.
Mike: Which is where you square the residual for each point, and then take the average of that, and then the square root. And that kind of penalizes big outliers in your data more than just lots of small variations.
Levi: That's a great summary.
So healthcare.ai gives you these metrics, by the way. So that when you create a model, it tells you how well it did in terms of MAE or RMSE. One of like the benefits with MAE is that it's in the same units. So you get this number and it's like, "Well, what does this mean? Is this good?" And so, if you're predicting house price with mean absolute error, it will tell you the average error in terms of house price, which is kind of nice.
Levi: If you are ever really concerned or excited about making sure you're handing outliers well, then you use RMSE which is maybe slightly harder to interpret. But if you're using multiple algorithms like in healthcare.ai then you can compare apples to apples, then it's not so difficult.
The fact that all these metrics are in healthcare.ai makes me think that either the people who wrote the package are really good or maybe they're paying us to be on this broadcast and talk about these [inaudible 00: 18: 29].
Mike: What could cause a performance metric to change? If you build a model and it's looking good. And then you put it in production. How do you make sure it's still good?
Levi: Yeah. So you can, I guess most easily, just manually check. We have something called the generate AUC function in healthcare.ai where you can go in and say, "Okay, well I've gathered data for the last couple of months, seeing if people got an infection or not." And this will say, "Oh, here's your AUC. Here's how good your model did in production" which is quite nice because it could be quite different from when you're developing the model, because the underlying data might have changed. Health systems have really interesting data pipelines that aren't always static over time. Data leakage is one that we've come across. That's a couple of big ones.
Mike: Yeah. So if you can watch that AUC over time and see if it's falling versus where it was in development, maybe it's time to re-train the model or maybe it's time to just leave the [inaudible 00: 19: 59] alone.
So you can decide. And it's super easy to re-train using the tools.
Awesome rundown, Mike. Thanks so much.
Levi: So in the chat, if you have any questions, let us know.
So we want to be able to help the community learn what people are struggling with. And that's the point of this poll. And (a) finding an appropriate business question, (b) data prep, (c) feature engineering, and (d) model evaluation, (e) visualizing the predictions. So yeah, it's pollev.com/healthcare.ai.
It's quite a handy little tool, pollev is. If you ever need a poll service.
Mike: Yeah, it's pretty good.
Levi: Okay. We have the responses coming in. It looks like finding an appropriate business question and feature engineering are actually the top two.
Wow, actually, finding the appropriate business question is polling ahead. Interesting.
Mike: Yeah. I think that's really interesting because like we were saying at the beginning, with getting, you know– why is the Kaggle contest not as good as a project you've put together on GitHub. And that's because the Kaggle contest doesn't have the finding an appropriate business question part, you know?
Mike: And that part's hard.
Levi: It is hard. You have to really know your business and know the tools.
And we're here to help with that. We've been learning that ourselves, here in Health Catalyst.
Mike: Yeah. So could we help the community with that idea? Maybe it would be finding appropriate use cases. Use cases in healthcare, we've done broadcasts on that but we'll have to think about how we can help people think about how to come up with a business question that's useful.
Levi: For sure. That's a good point.
And if you want to drop any questions in the chat, on YouTube or in the Slack Channel, you can follow up a little more in-depthly over the coming days but we definitely want help think about that because so many issues in healthcare, it's sometimes it's hard to know what to chew off first.
So let's open this up, of you stay at pollev.com/healthcare.ai. Let's see the returns come in here.
Mike: Let those come in for a little while and then, you know.
I mean, it's nice to watch things but I feel like when you're doing a MOOC or when you're trying to learn something hands-on is the name of the game. And so, we can have people follow us along here. But it might be helpful for you when you're not watching the video to have little snippets of things you're working on.
So it looks like most people think that'll be a good idea. So please keep answering there if you haven't got to it yet. But we'll have to think on that.
I mean, I think it certainly looks like the community is interested in that kind of thing so maybe the best way for us to do it would be to kind of serve it up through the Slack Channel. And then spend a little time on the next broadcast, discussing it, once people have had time to kind of explore and do whatever it is.
Levi: Yeah, yeah, yeah. That's great.
Levi: And the idea would be we help you along in the Slack Channel and when you get stuck, you have a venue there where you can get help not only from us but other members of the healthcare.ai community. So we'll follow up with that.
Levi: Oh, GitHub repo's. Yeah.
Mike: You can send snacks and prizes to Levi and I at Health Catalyst, if you really like it.
Levi: [inaudible 00: 24: 35] our mailing address, you know.
Thanks for joining, everybody. See you next week.
Mike: See you next week. Thank you.
Levi: Thank you for joining us today. Remember to like, share and subscribe. Comment below and click the links below to join our Slack Channel and our healthcare.ai community.


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Dixie Girls & The War For Southern Independence Many times history tends to leave out, or forget very important facts. We believe that the great Southern Women of the War For Southern Independence have suffered such an injustice. We hope that the links provided here will shed some light on this wonderful topic.


ROADTRIP-'62 – Here's an epilogue on our US-6 roadtrip, and thoughts on where we go next.
Well, we made it to the end of US-6! Don Milne here with an epilogue to our longest Roadtrip-'62 ™ journey. Thanks for traveling with me! There are a few things yet to see in Long Beach, California, so let's get back on the road. If you see anything you like, you really should get yourself out on the road and enjoy it in person. While this virtual roadtrip has been fun, there's nothing like the real thing! At any time, click on an underlined word below to learn more about the places on the trip.
If you're up early enough, you could catch a ferry out to Catalina Island. The island is 22 miles southwest of Los Angeles and is the southernmost island of California's Channel Islands. Santa Catalina Island is just 22 miles long and 8 miles across, and other than at the towns where the ferries land, it is a beautiful, rugged wilderness. After a few failed attempts at resort development, the island was sold to the sons of Phineas Banning in 1891. You might remember Phineas Banning from yesterday, when we drove by the Banning Museum, his former home. We didn't have time to see the museum yesterday, but we will now, as I'm not heading out to Catalina. The Banning Brothers developed the city of Avalon and paved the first roads into the island's interior. They offered stagecoach tours around the island, built hunting lodges, and created access to Avalon's beach areas. A fire in 1915 burned down half of Avalon's buildings, forcing the brothers to sell the island in 1919. The new buyer was William Wrigley Jr., owner of the Wrigley chewing gum company. Wrigley invested millions of dollars in the island, building infrastructure including the Catalina Casino, which boasts the world's largest circular ballroom. To promote the island to tourists, he made it the spring training home of the Chicago Cub's baseball team, which he also owned.
Following his death, his son and daughter, Philip Wrigley and Dorothy Wrigley Offield, sold 88% of Santa Catalina Island to the Catalina Island Conservancy, which now operates the island. Attractions include the Casino, Wrigley Memorial and Botanical Gardens, a country club, a working ranch, the Catalina Island Museum (which was still in the Casino building in 1962), and another Banning House. You can see the backcountry of the island by jeep tour, golfcart rental, or hiking. There are also scuba diving outings, glass bottom boat tours, a variety of watersports, zipline adventures, camping, and more. I'm pretty sure there were no ziplines in 1962, but most of the rest of the fun was there. Santa Catalina Island has been the subject of many songs, including one we might have heard in 1962. The Four Preps had a #2 hit song in 1958 with "26 Miles".
You can also catch a boat tour to see the local colony of sea lions and view dolphins and whales in open water. And, you can catch the whale watching tours from the mainland here in Long Beach, if you're not going out to the island. Whether you go or not, you should go to See's Candies. See's is a California institution, first opened in 1921 in Los Angeles. In just a few years there were twelve See's Candies shops in the Los Angeles Area and they have since expanded all over the state. Factories are now in both Los Angeles and South San Francisco, with a local Long Beach store. I think I'll treat myself for the end of a trip, with their Dark Molasses Chips: crispy wafers flavored with molasses and covered in dark chocolate.
Of course there are some tourist attractions in Long Beach that are too new for us. The wonderful Aquarium of the Pacific opened in 1998, the El Dorado Nature Center has only been around for about 40 years, and the Queen Mary was moored here as a hotel and tourist attraction in 1967. Of course, it roamed the open seas before that, so you could have taken a transatlantic cruise on it back in 1962. After World War II, the Queen Mary was restored to its passenger glory, having served as a troop transport during the war. She resumed regular passenger service across the Atlantic Ocean in 1947, and the 1950s are regarded as her golden days. Fast airline travel during the 1960s put the ship out of business and nearly bankrupted its parent company, Cunard Lines. Today, you can still see the authentic polished wood paneling, the original 1930s artwork, and all the Art Deco style details.
The Rancho Los Alamitos Historical Ranch & Gardens is also too new for us, having been privately occupied until 1968 when it was donated to the City of Long Beach. However, another historic rancho has been a city park and museum since 1955. The Rancho Los Cerritos museum is dedicated to the history of the Rancho and the surrounding area and is a national, state and city landmark. The historic building dates from before 1844, when it replaced two earlier buildings on the site. Additions and remodeling occurred since then, as the home was occupied until its donation in 1955. Guided tours are given. I'm going to spend most of my time in the gardens at Rancho Los Cerritos. They began as a formal, colonial-style garden in the 1840s, but with the sale of the property in the 1860s, they were transformed into a working garden providing food for the new owners. After another change of owners, in 1929 landscape architect Ralph D. Cornell designed a much-expanded garden that included native California plants and a rose garden, cutting garden, and wisteria arbor.
I guess that makes it lunch time. While Chee Chinese Restaurant has been here since 1962, in a building of classic 1960s restaurant architecture and signing, I'm not in the mood for Chinese today. Let's head south from the end of old US-6, on Atlantic Avenue. That will take us downtown to the Long Beach Performing Arts Center, where the monument to the end of US-6 is. I'm sure we will find some older restaurants down there. Maybe Louis Burgers III, which is on our way and looks like a typical 1960s place. And after we eat, and now that I'm at the end of US-6, what do I do next? Go surfing at the beaches, see a Dodger's baseball game, or head back north to visit Hollywood? Nope, just like the commercials used say, I'm going to Disneyland! Right from the point where old US-6 ended, I can hop onto old US-91 and head east to Anaheim, California. But I won't be writing about Disneyland in 1962, because someone beat me to it! Check out Mindy's "60 Days to 60 Years of Disneyland – 1962" and see for yourself. But if you want to see my detailed review of an amusement park in 1962, please read my Cedar Point, Ohio page.
And after I spend tomorrow at Disneyland, where to next: what highway is the next roadtrip down? Actually, I'm changing direction from here. Instead of a long trip down one highway, I'll be providing short essays on destinations, people, news, music, and more from 1962. These will all appear on the front page, in a blog style, with the five most recent posts always on that page. Older posts will have their own archive at the Roadtrip-'62 ™ blog. Join me soon for the first post of news from 1962 on Roadtrip-'62 ™ !


Webster's Medical Dictionary defines tonicity as "Tonus; a state of normal tension of the tissues by virtue of which the parts are ready to function in response to a suitable stimulus." This describes the state in which you want to leave the person's body: Its systems are balanced and ready for whatever happens next. Achieving this state may involve flushing out stagnant emotional blocks, stale winds, and other decaying energies.
Tonifying the organs begins to happen automatically right after they have been detoxified. The energy spent by the organs in storing and processing the toxicity is now available for beneficial use by the organs. In Chi Nei Tsang, points on the energy channels of those organs are also stimulated. Tonification is very soothing, and you may easily cause the person to fall asleep.
1. One hand holds the lung point, Lung-1, on the chest, while the other hand is massaging the lung area marked on the Chi Nei Tsang chart. Massage the point on both sides, starting on the left.
2. While you are pressing the points, the person being massaged should inhale through your hands. When exhaling, he or she should softly make the Lungs' Sound (Ssssssss) and visualize the color white. Both of you may feel sadness coming out, or a heavy sigh. After the lungs' energy has been cleared of negative influences, try to sense whether it is strong, healthy, cool, and dry. Be aware of your particular methods of sensing. You may be very good at noticing emotional response, or better at determining subtle changes in organ temperatures. You might have your own method or strong intuitive feelings. Sometimes the change in energy is dramatic, but at times it can be subtle.
3. If more energy is required, stimulate Large Intestine-4 (LI-4) in the web of the thumb and forefinger.
4. Monitor the lungs' pulse on the wrist.
All the organs can be tonified similarly, but do not fear that a lot of unpredictable emotional energy is going to come your way. Usually one emotion will release, and this will help to relax the tension in the neighboring organs according to the Laws of the Five Phases of Energy.
You can work together to forestall or lessen the impact of the emotional release. If your client loses a positive state of mind, teach him or her how to recapture it, or the negative emotion that is released could be transferred to you. If you can determine what negative emotions are predominant, both of you should focus on the opposite positive emotion as you begin the emotional release. Both of you should do the Inner Smile as well.
When a person is impatient, anxious, hasty, and/or feels hatred, the heart area will be congested, tight, painful, and blocked. Breathing can be difficult. To release the tension and tightness and increase self-esteem and confidence, massage the sternum close to the heart.
1. Use the one finger technique, starting from the top of the sternum working down in small spirals to the tip of the sternum. If you find painful parts, work slowly and gently, but spend time on it. Look at the person's face. If it shows pain, just hold the point at the tip of the sternum and HT-7 for a while. Massage the tip of the sternum gently and carefully since it is soft. Work thoroughly as you massage from the top of the sternum down to its tip.
2. Massage in between the ribs and the places at which they are joined to the sternum. Work specifically in the area below the collarbone. Here you will find painful spots on most people.
3. If there is a lot of pain, ask the student to make the Heart's Sound (Hawwwwww) and visualize the color red as he/she is massaged.
This is an exercise to reduce stress and recharge Navel Center Chi.
1. Place the right thumb on the right hipbone and spread the fingers over the kidney. The middle finger should be on the sacrum with the other fingers lying along the spine. If you have small hands and are working on someone very big, just be sure to cover the kidney with your hand. Use the hand to send energy to the kidney. A strong kidney can nourish the whole body. It is especially beneficial for the lower abdomen, since it can release lower back pain and tension.
2. Place the left palm above the navel, just below the sternum. Press down with the left palm in a counterclockwise circular motion. Press up with the right hand. Gradually, move the left palm lower toward the navel.
3. Practice nine, eighteen, or 36 times. Rest and concentrate on the navel for a while. Feel the Chi energy start to move in the navel and collect at the Navel Center.
4. Switch hands and do the same on the left side. Place your right hand on the navel and your left hand on the hip and kidney. Use the right heel, palm, and fingers to massage the Chi of the navel in clockwise movements gradually descending from the sternum area toward the navel. You can do this nine, eighteen, or thirty-six times.
". . . an excellent guide with clear explanations."
"The system works to address conditions and symptoms modern medicine is often unable to cure because a physical source for the problems cannot easily be found."


text:
IPv6 Is Ready For Prime Time
By Mo Krochmal, TechWeb
LOS ANGELES — The ideal of an IP address for everything is closer to reality, according to John Patrick, IBM's in-house Internet visionary.
"It's starting to happen," Patrick said Wednesday at Internet World. "ISPs are getting requests for it and people are wanting it. Internet is high."
The next generation IP, IPv6, expands the space used to create the groups of numbers that serve as house numbers on networks from 32 bits to 128 bits, allowing for enough number addresses to be created to blanket the earth. The specification was approved by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in 1997 but industry has been slow to adopt it.
Given the growth of the Internet, the need to have an end number address is becoming a barrier in an increasingly connected world where cell phones, Web TVs, and palmtop computers are expected to soon surpass a billion. All these devices will need an address on a network.
The IP address system is limited by its 32-bit size to a total of four billion addresses for the end spots on a network.
With the new system, every proton in the universe can get a permanent IP address, Patrick said.
This change is part of the next-generation Internet, a network with bigger pipes and new applications that will continue the revolutionary changes brought by today's Internet. There is no delivery date set, Patrick said in delivering a keynote address at the show.
"Every day we get a step closer," he said.
Patrick called for the creation of digital identifiers for everyone on the Internet, noting the irony that this would enable privacy and "real security," he said.
"We need this so we can have authentication, authorization and confidentiality," Patrick said. "It's not something to fear, it's something to embrace."
http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20000406S0007

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Q: How can I merge a list with a nested list? I have two lists. The first one is a simple list with one entry:
l = [hello]

The second one is a nested list, with several thousand entries
i = [[world, hi],
     [world, hi],
     [world, hi],
     [world, hi]]

Now I want to insert the entry from list l into the nested lists of i like this:
i = [[hello, world, hi],
     [hello, world, hi],
     [hello, world, hi],
     [hello, world, hi]]

How can I do this?

A: You can use list comprehension to achieve that
i = [l+x for x in i]

A: Just use the insert method on each sublist in i.
for sublist in i:
    sublist.insert(0, l[0])

If you don't want to modify i in place, and would prefer to build a new list, then
i = [[l[0], *sublist] for sublist in i]

A: simple: [[*l,*el] for el in i]
Output:
[['hello', 'world', 'hi'],
 ['hello', 'world', 'hi'],
 ['hello', 'world', 'hi'],
 ['hello', 'world', ' hi']]

I guess the benefits is that no matter how many elements you have in l, they will all be put in front of the stuff in i

A: Just add the element to the list you want
l = ["hello"]
i = [["world", "hi"],
     ["world", "hi"],
     ["world", "hi"],
     ["world", "hi"]]

x = []
for y in i:
    x.append(l+y)

x

output:
[['hello', 'world', 'hi'],
 ['hello', 'world', 'hi'],
 ['hello', 'world', 'hi'],
 ['hello', 'world', 'hi']]

A: I believe something like this should do the trick:
l = ['hello']
i = [['world', 'hi'],
     ['world', 'hi'],
     ['world', 'hi'],
     ['world', 'hi']]

for j in i:
    for k in l:
        j = j.append(k)

I'm just iterating through your list i, nesting another for loop to iterate through the simpler list l (to account for the case whereby it has multiple elements), and simply appending each entry in l to the current list in i.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Gentlemen is narrated by a would-be writer in his mid-twenties, Klas Östergren, "in the Year of the Child, the election year of 1979". He's hardly established himself yet, and even takes a summer job as a groundskeeper at a golf course one summer, but it looks like some better opportunities are coming along. He's commissioned to write re-write Strindberg's classic The Red Room in a modern-day setting -- "This could be your breakthrough, if you can pull it off", his publisher thinks -- and he's invited to move into the apartment of Henry Morgan.
Henry is quite the character -- a boxing dandy, with his tie always done in a Windsor knot -- with a "very old double luxury apartment, cold and gloomy" that hints of former family glories and riches (little in evidence now -- though the bed in Klas' room is supposedly Göring's). Henry is a jack-of-all-trades bohemian. From being a film-extra to earlier times when he was: "Henry the clerk in London, Heinrich der Barmeister und Schlossdiener in the Alps, and Henri le boulevardier in Paris", Henry has seen and done a lot. Much of the novel recounts his wanderings and (small) adventures, before he met Klas.
Everything he wrote was presumably based on this lack of contact with life. He had been an outsider for as long as he could remember, and only when he was writing did he feel completely real, a participant instead of an observer.
Much of the book recounts not Klas' own experiences, but rather the lives of Henry and Leo -- a longish look at life in Sweden after World War II, and particularly in the 1960s and 70s. It's nicely if somewhat meanderingly done, though a focus on small episodes and general overviews can get to be a bit much over the length of the novel.
There is some clever invention and nice detail, from Henry's treasure-hunting ambitions in the cellar (which Klas soon joins in) to Leo's career as poet. Eventually, there's also a rather darker side to it all, as Leo in particular gets involved in (and is burdened by the knowledge of) considerably uglier things. It doesn't quite add up to a political thriller, but certainly points some fingers at a corrupt society.
Klas' early warnings -- "I'm already aging like a Dorian Gray", and "We must allow ourselves to despair, at least once in a while", and the like -- are never entirely forgotten, and there's much that is ominous throughout the book (one reason Klas moves in with Henry is because his own apartment was burgled, almost all his possessions (i.e. also his identity) taken), but much of the book is really quite funny. It's comedy with a Scandinavian tint to it (i.e. in shades of grey), but entertaining nevertheless.
Swedish author Klas Östergren was born in 1955.


text:
wetland soils: characterization, classification, and utilization
Use Hydrogeomorphic Wetland Classification System (pdf 3.2 mb) to classify landscape position and water movement in wetlands and document wetland ratings. Cananada pp233-244. Proceedings of a workshop held 26 Mar to 5 Apr 1984 ; Philippines. This classification would provide input into the guidelines for crop selection and cropping patterns for wetland areas. Current research is being carried out on-station at Makoholi Experiment Station and The Horticultural Research Centre and on-farm at pilot sites in Seke and Guru Communal areas. Zimbabwe has 5 drainage zones and dambos are found in all of them, albeit with different shapes, sizes and distributions. Towards A Sustainable Management Strategy For Wetlands in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe lies within the tropics and covers an area of 396 000 km2 extending from 15�30'S to 22�30'S and from 25�E to 33�E . and white clayey material at various stages of weathering. The GIS software that is used is ARC INFO. Nyamapfene, K. 1991. Complexes of metamorphosed basaltic and andesitic lavas and sediments, although less extensive in area than the other formations, are an important feature of the Zimbabwean geology. This classification would provide input into the guidelines for crop selection and cropping patterns for wetland areas. Lillesand T.M. These are the wet season (November to March) and the dry season (April to October). Lecture 2 hours, laboratory 2 hours per week. The highest concentration of dambos is found above the 700 in contour which coincides with areas covered by NR 1, 11, III and parts of IV. The latter is part of the overall IRIS programmes. It is also essential for the soil-plant interaction purpose. Your Web browser is not enabled for JavaScript. The geometrically corrected product is then used to produce wetlands maps at a scale of 1 : 50 000. Research in the area of the application of satellite remotely sensed data for inventorying and mapping was carried out in Mashonaland East Province, while research in the application of the environmental economics in management of natural resources was carried out in the Mashonaland Central Province. In case of Mashonaland East Province, 89 randomly selected areas were verified. Research has trailed behind mainly because of the misconceptions, ignorance, fear to destroy wetlands and the restrictive legislation imposed by the administrators. Wetlands Types and Classifications. Some of these institutions include the Lowveld Research Stations, the Agronomy Institute, the Horticultural Research Institute and the Chemistry and Soil Research Institute in the Department of Research and Specialist Services. The ratio of cultivated to grazed dambos would need to be determined in the different agro-ecological zones, based on the prevailing socioeconomic environment. waterlogged conditions are grown in the ftirrows; the Ngwarati system ensures high crop yields, The two main seasons in Zimbabwe are considered to be the most important factor on selecting the appropriate date for satellite remotely sensed data suited for wetlands inventorying and mapping. Research in the Department of Research and Specialist Services is coordinated by the Lowveld Research Stations and is focused on developing an understanding of the processes in the wetland ecosystems and on formulating management options for the conservation and utilization of wetlands on a sustainable basis. In some situations where the dambos dry out, incident rain is critical for crop establishment during the beginning of the summer (rainy) season and then the run-off takes the major role to top up the profile in the early crop growth stages and eventually the seepage water maintains the wetness to complete the season and beyond. They give rise to the agriculturally important red soils and are a source of valuable minerals such as gold. In this respect there is need to determine optimal production potentials for the different classes of dambos and thereby draw their utilization guidelines and limits. Chapter I: Introduction This research focused on mesocosms constructed to investigate the rhizosphere bacterial community associated with a constructed wetland at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), Ohio. Google Scholar The occurrence of dambos decreases with the decrease in altitude through NR IV and V. Dambos in the central highlands and midlands are generally broader and have more gentle slopes than those found in either NR I and V. The processes of natural erosion have, over time, shaped both the catchment areas and dambos to their present condition which is generally referred to as undulating. The selection of training areas is primarily based on the geological/underlying bedrock types. An example of such classification for dambos intended for cultivation would have the following criteria: Vegetation is a potential good indicator of the wetland condition in respect to hydrology and soil fertility and hence can be used as a quick indicator of the possible uses of a dambo. Frost incidences do occur occasionally during winter in isolated locations particularly in the Highveld. Dambos receive incident rain, catchment run-off and seepage from catchments. Dambo development is brought about by the movement and accumulation of soil aggregates, solutes, and organic matter from the catchment areas to the lower areas by water. These are found in the Zambezi Valley and around the Save-Runde confluence in the southeastern part of the country. Results from recent/current research have shown the following: Research on wetlands is being carried out by a number of institutions and individuals in Zimbabwe. It mainly occurs in areas underlain by granite alluvial sediments. Wetland 1. There are few swamps in Zimbabwe and the notable ones are Tsamtsa and Kwazulu Swamps, both located in low rainfall areas in the southern and northeastern parts of the country. An alternative assessment could focus on the level of development of the dambo brought about by the action of rain water. Evidence of wetland cultivation is available from notes by early travelers, folklore and remnants of ridge and furrow landforms. Some features of WorldCat will not be available. Munema and R. Mkwanda The results would then be linked with the preferred utilization system and management of both dambo and catchment which might be cultivation, grazing, fishery, etc. The Binga Swamp in the Goromonzi District is in danger of drying out due to excessive utilization pressure. Application of satellite remotely sensed data (Lands at Thematic Mapper (TNM)) in the mapping of wetlands in Mashonaland East Province, Zimbabwe (in press). Nehanda Publishers. A review of the frost incidences recorded over time by the National Meteorological grid sta tions could result in the categorization of wetlands into frost prone and frost free zones. The mafic rocks give rise to formations rich in ferromagnesian minerals and thereby giving rise to red and yellowish red clays in well drained positions. Those pans that occur in human settlement areas are used for cattle grazing and watering, while those located in national parks are habitats for water fowl and visited by game and tourists. In Wetland Soils: Characterization, Classification and Utilization, 71 – 80. (not yet rated) Variants of 1 and 2 with sandy clay loams at various Areas with the highest concentration of wetlands (Central plateau) closely resemble the areas that receive the highest rainfall on comparable geologies and topography. Currently the NRB under the Natural Resource Act can allow individuals or communities to utilize the wetlands after the DNR officers have conducted field analysis of the wetland to be utilized. United States. It has now been adopted for use by the scientific community within the SADC region for purposes of uniformity. Research in the Department of Natural Resources is carried out by the Research and Technology Branch (RTB). ;] The dry season is regarded to be the most ideal as wetlands stand out as islands of high moisture in a relatively dry environment.Out of a total of 7 Landsat TM bands, TM bands 3,4,5 are used for the purpose of wetland classification. Two wetlands, dambo 1 and dambo 2, are identified from the classification methodology using satellite imagery at an average accuracy of 96%, which is within the overall acceptable classification accuracy for land cover mapping in the Department of Natural Resources. FLUCFCS Code: 6310 – Wetland Scrub. Similarly, particular sedges and grasses are associated with waterlogged conditions, acid soils, alkaline soils, fertile soils or infertile soils. Hand-held Trimble Geographical Positioning Systems with an accuracy of plus or minus five metres are used to enhance accuracy in the field checking. Examples in this are the `Mukute tree' which is an indicator of shallow groundwater tables and is often used for the siting of shallow wells. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Yu, K.W., Faulkner, S.P., and Tao, R. 2006. They are generally saline due to the accumulation of salts brought by water that eventually evaporates. Communications in Soil … Some close associations exist between soil and rainfall, rainfall and vegetation and soil and vegetation (Nyamapfene, 1985). MLC assumes Gaussian distribution of data. It is estimated that Zimbabwe is endowed with 1.28 million hectares of wetland areas and 20% of these are in the communal areas. [International Rice Research Institute. Please enter your name. This term includes wetlands, Water table down to beyond 50 cm below surface (dry soil in plough zone) in October for the greater proportion of the wetlands. Lecture 2 hours, laboratory 2 hours per week. 2. There are over 8 000 man-made impoundments (Matiza, 1994), ranging from very small single farm units to very large ones covering several square kilometers. 3 Hours. 1994. Zimbabwe is located on a plateau and hence there are few small flood plains. Maedel, J., Murtha, P. and Mocre, K. 1996. The range in soil characteristics is so broad, however, that they can be subdivided into several very different types (Figure 1), which all require adapted management or protection techniques. of elevation: Lowveld (below 900 m above sea level), Middleveld (900-1 200 m) and Highveld (above 1 200 m). dambos in Zimbabwe are derived from two main parent Dambos in the other areas are associated with steep slopes because of the mountainous and broken terrain. In: Proceedings for the 26th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, The 18th Symposium of Canadian Remote Sensing Society: Information Tools for sustainable Development, March 25-29 Vancouver B.C. Mharapara Please enter the subject. Owen, R., Verbeek, K., Jackson, J., Steenhuis, T. (Editors). Locally these ecosystems would be referred to as `bani' (Shona) or `vlei' (adapted Africaans). Non-continuous development of reducing conditions in wetland soils. http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/12732720>. The wetland types were associated with specific vegetation forms and soil attributes. These swamps are used for grazing and livestock watering (Matiza, 1994). 0 with reviews - Be the first. Most of the rainfall in Zimbabwe, which ranges from a few hundred millimetres to over 200 mm, is of the conventional type although the orographic type occasionally occurs in the eastern highlands due to the increased elevation. Department(s) Laboratory of Soil Science and Geology: Publication type: Chapter in scientific book: Publication year: 1985: Keyword(s) The International Committee on soils with aquic moisture regimes (ICOMAQ) was formed in 1981 to study, review, and revise those portions of Soil Taxonomy dealing with the classification of wetland soils. CSES 4253. In 2008 and 2009 –Repeating 2003 Hurt work Compare elevation and horizontal results The article examines spatial and temporal changes in wetland utilization patterns as well as threats to these fragile ecosystems and proffers suggestions to achieve sustainable use of wetlands. Functions assessment. It is imperative to conduct these studies in a systems approach with the full participation of farmers whereever possible or appropriate. seepage. The variety of wetlands that exist in Zimbabwe has been identified, described and mapped in one form or the other by various institutions and individuals. Rainfall decreases from east to west and to a limited extent from north to south. Others include the Department of Natural Resources, several departments at the University of Zimbabwe and IUCN. Methane-oxidizing bacteria are crucial players in controlling methane emissions. The classification process involves grouping the unclassified pixels in a satellite image into different specified classes basing on probability. Soils of Zimbabwe. Currently, microbial contributions to methane emissions from these systems emphasize the roles of acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens, while less frequently considering methyl-group substrates (e.g., methanol and methylamines). Workshop on Characterization, Classification, and Utilization of Wetland Soils (PDF; 2.14 MB) Circular Letter 1 (PDF; 352 KB) Study on Wetland Classification, see Study of Wetlands in China, 42-47 pp. (moist soils with dry surface) in October for the greater proportions of the Monitoring is being carried out on a wide range of physical, chemical, biological and socioeconomic factors that are relevant to the management of wetlands. Development of such a classification system would require monitoring of ground water levels over a number of seasons covering both the extremes as well as the average quality ranges. impermeable layers underneath, Sandy, medium to deep sodic hydromorphic soils with upland crops are grown on ridges whilst rice or other crops tolerant to The movement is either on the surface through run-off or subterraneously through seepage of excess water. The wetland continues south beyond the SR 82 ROW. The pollutant content of the soil is character- ... Function, and Utilization of Soil Vol. levels of the profile and in different proportions. Wetlands may be classified by certain soil types (e.g., histosols – organic soils, gleysols – mineral soils, fluvisols – alluvial soils, and temporarily flooded soils like some vertisols – shrink and swell soils, planosols – impermeable clay soils, plinthic soils with ironstone concretions, and gleyic soils like gleysols that are seasonally saturated with deeper water tables). The broad classes that are common and identifiable are: The above classification would be equated to the conventional soil classification systems for standardization. Key issues of concern regarding the environmental impacts of livestock on grazing land are their effects on soil, water quality, and biodiversity. These basalts give rise to black vertisols and are different from the basaltic greenstones of the Gold Belt which give rise to red clayey soils referred to earlier. In respect to rainfall, dambos in Zimbabwe could be classified as high, medium and low rainfall area dambos. Please choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours. Comparable dambos in the high rainfall areas are more advanced in their development than those in lower rainfall areas in respect to profile formation/destruction. This combination has been found to be among the most ideal band combinations used in classifying wetlands (Maedel et al, 1996). Whitlow, J. R. A Survey of Dambos in Zimbabwe. Prerequisite: CSES 2203 and CSES 2201L. To-date there is a dearth of information regarding their nature, management and response to agriculturally related activities. Very limited research was done on wetlands in the past and the need for gathering information on the management of these ecosystems is obvious and long overdue. The final classification is geometrically corrected to the UTM system using the Integrated Resource Information System (IRIS) of the Department of Natural Resources. Soils. USDA, Soil Conservation Service National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE. The research focused on the application of natural resources valuing technique to enhance policies that affect the management of wetlands. 3. The classification process is conducted using the supervised classification technique based on known `training' sites. To use vegetation as a quantifiable indicator it would be essential to determine correlations of the relevant vegetational types with the parameters that they indicate. Wetland soils differ widely in their texture, depth, profile, nutrient status, stability, workability, etc., to the point that many variants of this are found within and …
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Naturopathic Medicine focuses on supporting your health by addressing the root cause of your symptoms. The ultimate goal of Naturopathic medicine is to support all functions of the body and optimize wellness.
The initial visit with the Naturopathic Doctor is an hour long and is used to discuss every area of your health from childhood to present day. Advanced speciality testing is then ordered to isolate exactly where your own imbalances are occurring so that a targeted treatment plan can be created specifically for you.


Leon, also known as Léon, (t)erreur de la savane, is a French series of CGI- animated episodes produced by Studio Hari for children's television. The series. Leon, in any case, does not strike terror in the savanna. Through an increasing number of failures, he's more like the king of staying power in a universe where in . Leon, L , Dr Nelson's Prognosis (Political Cartoons portfolio), Screened on the ABC TV program Q&A: Adventures in Democracy, episode 14, Australian.
KarenLeon cartoons,cartoon illustration,ancient&classical:ROMAN LEGIONS OF HUMOR, animation. Cam & Leon. K likes. Cam & Leon is an animated, non-dialogue comedy series of 39 episodes x 7′ CGI animation, targeting children aged years old. Cartoon leon. Outline and color - buy this stock illustration on Shutterstock & find other images.
Are you looking for leon vectors or photos? We have free Download on Freepik your photos, PSD, icons or vectors of leon. Cartoon lion character. LEON SCHLESINGER STUDIOS The best article on what the censors would not permit is "Hollywood Censors Its Animated Cartoons," Look, January They concocted cartoons to their own tastes, often in spite of their boss Leon Schlesinger. In the forthcoming years, he and animators such as Tex Avery, Bob . Leon wanted to use animal characters a la Disney. Tex convinced Leon to let him try to improve his animated cartoons. Leon said, "O.K., I'll take a chance on you. The Lady Eve (animation titles - uncredited). Love Thy The Big Broadcast of (cartoon sequence).
Because of this, we use our creativity and passion in creating beautiful CGI animated contents so we can continue entertaining borisborisovphotography.com Gabing, Executive . 22 Jul Leon Schlesinger died on Christmas Day, He sold his studio to Warner Bros. in and spent his last years in an executive job at the. 20 Apr This will be the last post on Leon for a while, but Jaime J. Weinman weighed in recently with some thoughtful comments on the merits of Leon. The Warner Bros. cartoon studio was launched in ¡ when producer Leon Schlesinger (¡–¡) joined with former Disney animators Hugh Harman and .


With the fourth edition, BJU Press has separated phonics and reading into separate courses making it easier to choose BJU Press Reading 1 for its excellent content even if you want to use a different phonics program. However, the sequence of skills and concepts taught in Reading 1 correlates with that of BJU Press's Phonics and English 1, so using the two courses together makes a lot of sense. Phonetic elements that have been taught in the corresponding phonics lesson are shown in the teacher's edition since these elements will be practiced in the reading selection. This makes it easier to select appropriate reading selections if you should use a different phonics program.
While Reading 1 builds on phonics skills taught in Phonics and English 1, it focuses on reading comprehension, fluency, oral reading, and vocabulary development. Essential components are the set of student readers, the two-volume teacher's edition, and the student worktext.
Student readers are six softcover books that are heavily illustrated in full color. Reading selections range across many genres including fiction, realistic fiction, poetry, retellings of Bible stories, fables, biography, non-fiction, articles, and poetry; they offer more variety than do many other reading programs for first grade. Many reading selections have Christian content. Stories gradually move from short, choppy, vocabulary-controlled sentences to lengthier sentences with greatly expanded vocabulary.
Lessons are intended to be taught. The parent or teacher begins with an introduction from the two-volume teacher's edition that often involves some visual aid or object. Some of the visual aids are in the appendices of each volume of the teacher's edition. Before students begin silent reading, the parent or teacher introduces new characters or concepts or asks for predictions about the story to stimulate student interest and direct their attention. A brief silent reading is followed by guided discussion and oral reading. The entire lesson is scripted step-by-step in the teacher's edition, which explains why the teacher's editions are so lengthy. (You will be able to skip some of this material when teaching just one child.) A separate student worktext has activity worksheets that reinforce concepts. Worksheet instructions and answer keys are included in the lessons in the teacher's editions.
The first volume of the teacher's edition includes a Teacher's Toolkit CD-ROM. It has reproducible learning center activity pages that might be used as supplements, primarily to help with phonics skills. In addition, it has evaluation and record keeping forms, and a few instructional helps. Only a few of these are likely to be useful to most homeschoolers, so check through them to spot those you might use in advance or you will probably forget about them.
You might want to purchase the optional Reading 1 Service Word Cards, a set of flash cards with 121 of the most-frequently-used words. These cards have the word on one side and a context sentence on the reverse. These are used in lesson presentations and for review.
For second grade, student materials include two readers and a single worktext. Readers are titled If Skies Be Blue and When the Sun Rides High.
There is also a two-volume Teacher's Edition with reduced, full-color student reader pages. The Teacher's Edition correlates lesson presentation and use of readers and worktext. The Reading for Life video included in each kit shows how to adapt the program to meet the needs of your children. A Teacher's Edition of the worktext has answers overprinted on student pages, but instruction for worktext activities is in the primary Teacher's Editions.
A set of 108 Service Word Cards is used for teaching irregular words. Reading 2 Teaching Visuals Flip Chart helps with lesson presentation.
The program directs a significant amount of phonics review from the Teacher's Editions, while also working on comprehension, oral reading skills, and vocabulary development. Characters with personalities are introduced to help children learn relationships and functions of letters in words (similar in concept to Alphabet Island, but not as involved). Reading selections are a broad mix of genres, including some fantasy. Bible truths are incorporated throughout the lessons. The full-color illustrations are visually appealing. Activities for various learning styles are suggested in the Teacher's Edition. In addition, there are suggestions for supplementary activities (e.g, games, searching newspapers for examples), although most will require extra work to collect resources and/or prepare materials.
The program is academically sound and thoughtfully put together. However, it does take more preparation and presentation time than do many other phonics programs, and you will have to select from among presentation activities those that are useful with your child.
The third-grade program is similar in format to the second grade. Readers are titled Once Upon an Open Book and Not So Very Long Ago. The program includes "Skill Station" lessons that focus on particular phonic, comprehension, and analysis skills but need not be correlated with stories from the readers. You can use these whenever they are appropriate. The Reading for Life video included in the kit shows how to adapt the program to meet the needs of your children. Three supplemental novels can be used for enrichment: The Case of the Dognapped Cat, Jenny Wren, and These are My People.
The kit includes the two-volume teacher's edition, one hardbound 568-page student reader titled I Met You in a Story, a worktext, a worktext teacher's edition, and Teaching Visuals Flip Chart. A video that comes in the kit, A Message from Print, explains how to adapt the program for homeschooling situations.
Optional BookLinks for this level are for the novels Sheriff at Waterstop, Medallion, and Mountain Born.
The kit includes the two-volume teacher's edition, one hardbound 560-page student reader titled Pages in My Hand, a worktext, a worktext teacher's edition, and Teaching Visuals Flip Chart. A video that comes in the kit, A Message from Print, explains how to adapt the program for homeschooling situations.
Optional BookLinks for this level are for the novels The Secret of the Golden Cowrie, Derwood, Inc., and The Bridge.
The kit includes the two-volume teacher's edition, one hardbound 658-page student reader titled As Full as the World, a worktext, a worktext teacher's edition, and Teaching Visuals Flip Chart. A video that comes in the kit, A Message from Print, explains how to adapt the program for homeschooling situations.
Optional BookLinks for this level are for the novels Arby Jenkins, Mighty Mustang; Trouble at Silver Pines Inn; and A Father's Promise.
You might want to check out the premade lesson plans from Homeschool Planet that are available for the BJU Press Reading series.


text:
WE ARE WATCHING. ARE YOU?
Everything you need to know about season three of Charlie Brooker's Black Mirror
Charlie Brooker's dark and satirical take on the modern world of technologically reliant sub-humans is back - and darker than ever
By TILLY PEARCE
CHARLIE Brooker's twisted version of our techno-obsessed reality is back - and it's darker and more realistic than ever.
Moving home to Netflix, the daring anthology series is bringing back not only it's definitive humour but a bigger budget and a wider scope on the world - far beyond that of it's predecessors.
Filled with twists that you'll have to discover yourself, Black Mirror season three promises to keep you as entranced as the two series before it.
So (without revealing any spoilers), here's what you need to know about the new episodes:
NoseDive
Bryce Dallas Howard takes on the status obsessed Lacie in NosediveCredit: Netflix
Have you ever felt the need to be reassured by those around you? Especially thanks to your social media pages? Lacie has. In a world obsessed with status, Lacie is unhappy to be distinctly average, and wants to improve that by any means necessary. When her superior high school mate Naomi gives her an offer she can't refuse, she sets off on a journey that will affect her in a way she never expects.
Hollywood heavyweight Bryce Dallas Howard takes on the role of the validation-seeking Lacie in this social world where everyone is ranked out of five. Anyone with social anxiety will relate to the down on her luck woman who will do just about anything to be liked.
However if you're familiar with the concept of comedy show Community's Meow Meow Beanz, you've probably already got the jist of this episode.
Shut Up And Dance
Alex Lawler and Jerome Flynn are forced into a dangerous game at the hands of ThemCredit: Netflix
Kenny is a 19-year-old shy and timid kid who spends his days working in a fast food joint and his evenings keeping his sister from stealing his things. However, one day a seemingly normal event spirals out of control for the angst-ridden teen and he is caught in an online trap and under the control of a power known only as Them. Forming an unlikely bond with a shifty man named Hector, the pair set out on a mission that will change their lives forever.
Speaking to Digital Spy, Jerome Flynn (from Game of Thrones for youngsters, from Robson and Jerome for the olders), takes on the role of the shifty Hector and said: "Everybody is going to be able to relate to what these guys are going through".
"The risk of your life being exposed - you would do anything to stop that."
Alex Lawther, who found his name in Benedict Cumerbatch-led flick The Imitation Game, takes on the role of Kenny, and the end will leave you reeling, confused, and not wanting to go near your computer for at least a week.
PlayTest
Has thrill seeker Cooper gone too far as he takes part in an alternative reality?Credit: Netflix
Adventure seeker Cooper is travelling the world and needs money, fast. Luckily, he finds himself being offered the chance to test a video game that will take virtual reality to the next level. Encouraged by his new friend Sonja, Cooper doesn't hesitate to sign up to the gig. But then things start going horribly awry and he suddenly has to fight to survive.
With the ever-quickening advancement of technology, Playtest takes it to a level that isn't as far in the future as we would really think. The question is, do we want it?
LATEST FROM TV & SHOWBIZ
Countryfile's Julia Bradbury, 48, admits she walks around naked at home
HOLDEN BACK
Feuding Amanda Holden and Phillip Schofield swerve run-in by avoiding ITV party
backtrack?
The shock moment Love Island's Michael finally admits he still likes Amber
RAINBOW UNZIPPED
Puppeteer on RAINBOW's lewd show secrets from S&M gear to 'blowing pipes'
LOVE MATCH
Love Island's Arabella & Wes seen together for first time after growing close
LAYING DOWN THE LAW
Find out more about actress Katherine Heigl, new star of Suits
SHEER LUCK
What the Love Island girls are wearing tonight, including Amber's sheer co-ord
Who's had sex on Love Island 2019? Couples who've done more than 'just bits'
San Junipero
Yorkie and Kelly find each other in 1987 at San JuniperoCredit: Netflix
Yorkie and Kelly meet in the idyllic town of San Junipero in 1987, and run into each other once a week ever since they arrive. However, nothing and noone in the town is as it seems, and the pair are forced to reconsider their friendship and what it means in a coming of age tale that is timeless.
Without giving too much away, San Junipero is a moving story that opens the debate about what it means to feel alive. Starring Mackenzie Davis as the newcomer Yorkie, and Gugu Mbatha-Raw as the weathered and much-loved Kelly. The pair set out to change their lives forever.
Hated in the Nation
Will the detectives be able to beat an intricate plan of a killer? Or is there more to the plan than meets the eye?Credit: Netflix
Jaded detective Karin and tech-savvy sidekick Blue have different strengths when it comes to solving crimes. Thrown together after the mysterious death of a much-hated online figure, the pair find themselves against the clock as the culprit proves to be unflinching in their desire for their own brand of justice. Will they be able to find them in time? .
In the first ever feature length episode, Hated in the Nation will affect anyone who has been swept up in the world of clickbait, hashtag frenzys and trolling. You might want to stay away from Twitter shortly after you're done with this 90-minute long epic (that could've got away with being 60). Stars Scots actress Kelly MacDonald (Boardwalk Empire, Trainspotting) as the disillusioned detective Karin and Faye Marsay (Game of Thrones, Pride) as the uber-sensitive Blue.
Men Against Fire
It's Stripe vs the mutants in Men Against FireCredit: Netflix
Stripe is a new recruit to the military and knows what he has to set out to do. However, after his first mission finds him protecting a series of scared villagers from a series of feral mutant, Stripe's heart and mind is compromised. Is he really prepared for what he signed up for?
The most ambitious episode of the series, the story argues the point of what it is soldiers fight for, who for, and who gets caught in the crossfire. With Black Mirror's technological edge, viewers are left questioning who the right side is. Be prepared for you and your loved ones to take sides.
Black Mirror Season Three is available on Netflix from October 20
Got a story? email digishowbiz@the-sun.co.uk or call us direct on 0207 782 4220


text:
Michaelus thordesa är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av William Chapman Hewitson 1867. Michaelus thordesa ingår i släktet Michaelus och familjen juvelvingar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Bildgalleri

Källor

Externa länkar

Juvelvingar
thordesa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


You should know something in the field of IT for you to deal in them. This field is very much critical. The IT system needs to get someone who is an expert in order to manage the system. Someone who is working under pressure will not assist the management of your system. When you want to hire an IT manager, you must be very careful and as well you need to be sincere. It is very healthy if you get to have some interview with the contractor that you many want to employ. It is sensible for you to choose a professional in this field. You need to ensure that you have someone who has creativity as well is very innovative in the field. The person must be at the position to notice things in advance and as well deal with them in accordance.The contractor to hire needs to know things before time expires so that they may be worked on. Below aspects will boost your knowledge when selecting IT managed services.
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It is crucial for you to employ a person who has the ability to innovate. For you to be successful in the field of It, you must have the ability to renovate. You should prove the ability of the contractor before you hire The industry can get to improve through the ability of the contractor. A good contractor will improve the system by just keeping it updated. If you hire someone with poor innovation ability, you will not be able to discover very many things just because in this field, is where new things keep updated each moment.
You need to get a contractor who is in position to adhere to the terms of the contract. You need to get a contract who is in position to work with the agreement terms which you made. It may not be good if you hire a company that works on its principles alone. A contractor should be at the position to work towards improving the system greatly. At least this will be of great use to your industry as well. You should get a contractor that is in position to change the contract terms when need arises and when it chances so.


text:
The Advance-Titan • April 22, 2020 • https://advancetitan.com/opinion/2020/04/22/cursed-films-explores-horror-film-conspiracies
'Cursed Films' explores horror film conspiracies
Nolan Fullington, Columnist
"Cursed Films" is a documentary/limited series now streaming exclusively on Shudder that examines the facts, myths, curses and mysteries surrounding iconic horror films and franchises whose casts and crews have been struck by sudden tragedy.
The films explored in this five-episode series include "The Exorcist," "The Omen," "Poltergeist," "The Crow" and "The Twilight Zone: The Movie."
This was quite a fascinating viewing because you go into this series with expectations. You know that some of these films are rumored to be ""cursed.""
You're more than likely familiar with the tragedy of Brandon Lee on the set of "The Crow" and three deaths while filming "The Twilight Zone." So you're curious as to what angle this series will approach these urban legends from.
Thankfully, it was not done in the wacky "Ancient Aliens" way where facts are twisted into some convoluted theory or narrative.
Instead, this entire five-episode series takes a very balanced and clinical approach to presenting the information, but letting the audience draw whatever conclusions they may.
In that regard, the filmmaker, Jay Cheel, treads very cautiously while being respectful to those who tragically died in relation to the five films covered, but also did so in an informative and thoroughly thought-provoking way.
Of course, the series kicks off with one of the most famous "cursed" films, "The Exorcist" — one of the greatest horror films ever, but yet surrounded with the most conspiracy. However, as the episodes progress, you realize that each film presents less and less controversy in the ""cursed"" category.
"The Exorcist" and "The Omen" are probably the most thought-provoking yet scary to think about because both episodes dive very deep into the religious subtext and discuss the existence of greater powers and the possible presence of the devil.
However, with all of the conspiracy discussion with God and the devil, there is an equal balance of discussion devoted to playing down those ""cursed"" elements and attributing them to our psychological need as humans to make things connect and make sense in some way as we dislike coincidences.
It's in our very nature to do so. Just look at how long people have bickered on about what the Bible's true interpretation is.
The "Poltergeist" episode was slightly disappointing even though it may be because that is one of my favorite horror films. However, it was very brief and didn't have a lot to discuss other than the use of real skeletons in the famous swimming pool scene.
A special effects artist from that film even went on a very angry tangent on how real skeletons have been used in movies since the dawn of cinema. So why criticize only "Poltergeist" because a few unfortunate deaths occurred after the film's release? He found the idea of a "curse" to be an insult to the memory of Heather O'Rourke and Dominique Dunne.
The way the deceased were handled was actually a touching aspect of the series. The filmmaker was very respectful of them, but some people he interviewed did not hold back, such as Michael Berryman.
He criticized the producers for making up and embracing these ""curses"" just for the sake of publicity to make a film sell better. He finds it to be an insult to the people who tragically passed away.
However, there is the flip side of that argument that perhaps these people just make up the idea of a ""curse"" killing their loved ones because that's their way of grieving and handling the death of someone they love.
But again, it's a series that, overall, constantly presents a back and forth argument of what really might have happened to these people, but each episode leaves that conclusion to you. Is there really a curse? Or was it just a tragic accident? You're left to decide that.
Something like "The Crow" and "The Twilight Zone" are very clearly not ""cursed."" They're obviously films that had very horrific accidents on set. Like Bruce Lee's son, Brandon Lee, who was accidentally shot.
Everyone believed his death to be some curse on the Lee family and it all started with the mysterious death of Bruce Lee. But really, what happened to Brandon Lee was a tragic accident. Very similar to "The Twilight Zone."
Though those two films have very little to do with a ""curse,"" I think they dive into something much more interesting which is the auteur control of the 70s and early 80s.
The other three films lightly touch on this, but "The Twilight Zone" episode discusses how filmmakers back then had too much control on set and that their ""method of madness"" was key for their film to be great, even if that meant putting the physical and psychological safety of someone at serious risk.
That discussion is carried over into modern horror films as well and why these ""curses"" or accidents don't occur anymore. The series mainly points towards these five films of the past that taught Hollywood the utmost importance of safety on a film set. That is the first, second, third, fourth and fifth rule of any set nowadays because we've learned from the past and what a lack of safety results in.
I think "The Twilight Zone" episode makes some unnecessary jabs at John Landis. They really frame him as the person responsible for the horrific tragedy that happened on that set. He does share some of the blame, sure, but because the series as a whole was very open-ended, it especially felt as if fingers were being pointed at Landis.
There's also an enlightening discussion over other films that aren't horror films that had tragic accidents as well.
So why aren't they deemed to be ""cursed?"" Michael Berryman very candidly expressed that it's because the idea of a ""cursed"" horror film is appealing to the audience and gets butts in the seats.
He also directs his anger at Carolco films who took safety shortcuts, which led to the death of Brandon Lee. "The Exorcist" episode also does a decent job of breaking down the evolution of advertisement in horror films since "Psycho."
This entire series was chilling, haunting, emotional and thought-provoking. If you love these kinds of behind-the-lens stories that Hollywood has tucked away in a closet, then you'll probably enjoy this series.


Geranium prat .'Mrs Kendall Clark' is a tall but compact perennial with large finely cut leaves. Bears light grey-violet, tinged pink flowers 4cm in size during June - July. Grows in full sun or partial shade in any moderate soil apart from waterlogged soils. Hardy. Height 1m, spread 1m.


Airports, seaports, customs, as well as industries like transport and logistics, among others, require reliable technology to support a seamless operation.
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text:
Q: Jolt Spec - How to insert element into Array How to insert an element, constant one no need from input json, into an Array?
My intention
I had captured MySQL CDC which formated in JSON and I had added a new column that indicated binlog time.
And then convert JSON to AVRO, so I need to generate avsc automatically(CDC included columns type information) in case of MySQL table changing.
Now, I failed to insert the element into $.fields[] in avsc
Input
{
  "database": "test",
  "es": 1555381078000,
  "table": "table_name",
  "mysqlType": {
    "bool_type": "tinyint(1)",
    "tinyint_type": "tinyint(4)",
    "SMALLINT_type": "smallint(6)",
    "MEDIUMINT_type": "mediumint(9)",
    "int_type": "int(11)",
    "integer_type": "int(11)",
    "bigint_type": "bigint(20)",
    "float_type": "float",
    "double_type": "double",
    "decimal_type": "decimal(10,0)",
    "decimal_type2": "decimal(20,20)",
    "varchar_type": "varchar(20)",
    "date_type": "date",
    "time_type": "time",
    "datetime_type": "datetime",
    "timestamp_type": "timestamp"
  }
}

Current spec
[
  {
    "operation": "shift",
    "spec": {
      "database": "schema.namespace",
      "table": "schema.name",
      "#record": "schema.type",
      "#auto generated by jolt": "schema.doc",
      "mysqlType": {
        "*": {
          "tinyint*|smallint*|mediumint*|int*|date": {
            "$1": "schema.fields.[#3].name",
            "#null": "schema.fields.[#3].type[]",
            "#int": "schema.fields.[#3].type[]"
          },
          "bigint*|datetime|timestamp": {
            "$1": "schema.fields.[#3].name",
            "#null": "schema.fields.[#3].type[]",
            "#long": "schema.fields.[#3].type[]"
          },
          "float|double|decimal*": {
            "$1": "schema.fields.[#3].name",
            "#null": "schema.fields.[#3].type[]",
            "#long": "schema.fields.[#3].type[]"
          },
          "*": {
            "$1": "schema.fields.[#3].name",
            "#null": "schema.fields.[#3].type[]",
            "#string": "schema.fields.[#3].type[]"
          }
        },
        "#__binlog_time": "schema.fields[#2].name",
        "#null": "schema.fields[#2].type[]",
        "#long": "schema.fields[#2].type[]"
      }
    }
    }
]

Current output
The current jolt spec did it wrong by putting the new element into an element of $.fields[]
{
  "schema" : {
    "type" : "record",
    "doc" : "auto generated by jolt",
    "namespace" : "test",
    "name" : "table_name",
    "fields" : [ {
      "name" : "bool_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "int" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "tinyint_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "int" ]
    }, { // wrong there
      "name" : [ "__binlog_time", "SMALLINT_type" ],
      "type" : [ "null", "long", "null", "int" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "MEDIUMINT_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "int" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "int_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "int" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "integer_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "int" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "bigint_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "long" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "float_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "long" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "double_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "long" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "decimal_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "long" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "decimal_type2",
      "type" : [ "null", "long" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "varchar_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "string" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "date_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "int" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "time_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "string" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "datetime_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "long" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "timestamp_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "long" ]
    } ]
  }
}

Wanted output
Inserts element {"name":"new_column","type":["null","string"]} into
 array $.fields[]
{
  "schema" : {
    "type" : "record",
    "doc" : "auto generated by jolt",
    "namespace" : "test",
    "name" : "table_name",
    "fields" : [ {
      "name" : "bool_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "int" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "tinyint_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "int" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "SMALLINT_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "int" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "MEDIUMINT_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "int" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "int_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "int" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "integer_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "int" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "bigint_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "long" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "float_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "long" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "double_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "long" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "decimal_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "long" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "decimal_type2",
      "type" : [ "null", "long" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "varchar_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "string" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "date_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "int" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "time_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "string" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "datetime_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "long" ]
    }, {
      "name" : "timestamp_type",
      "type" : [ "null", "long" ]
    }, { // new element(but no need be the last element)
      "name" : "__binlog_time",
      "type" : [ "null", "long" ]
    } ]
  }
}

A: You can add the new field to the input JSON with a default spec first, then update your "optional long" matcher to include long:
[
  {
    "operation": "default",
    "spec": {
      "mysqlType": {
        "binlog_time": "long"
      }
    }
  },
  {
    "operation": "shift",
    "spec": {
      "database": "schema.namespace",
      "table": "schema.name",
      "#record": "schema.type",
      "#auto generated by jolt": "schema.doc",
      "mysqlType": {
        "*": {
          "tinyint*|smallint*|mediumint*|int*|date": {
            "$1": "schema.fields.[#3].name",
            "#null": "schema.fields.[#3].type[]",
            "#int": "schema.fields.[#3].type[]"
          },
          "bigint*|datetime|timestamp|long": {
            "$1": "schema.fields.[#3].name",
            "#null": "schema.fields.[#3].type[]",
            "#long": "schema.fields.[#3].type[]"
          },
          "float|double|decimal*": {
            "$1": "schema.fields.[#3].name",
            "#null": "schema.fields.[#3].type[]",
            "#long": "schema.fields.[#3].type[]"
          },
          "*": {
            "$1": "schema.fields.[#3].name",
            "#null": "schema.fields.[#3].type[]",
            "#string": "schema.fields.[#3].type[]"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
]


text:
The school is embarking on the development of a new strategic plan to cover the next 5 - 10 years. Following the earthquakes of 2011 and all that has become possible materially as a result of them, the appointment of a new Headmaster, and the expiry of the the previous strategic plan, a new plan is appropriate on several levels.
That does not, of necessity, mean that there will be change in the direction and/or philosophy of the school. It does mean, however, that we will be reviewing the priorities and the principles which drive the operation of the school and the outcomes that it achieves for its pupils, ensuring that these are in line with the desired direction that the school wishes to take strategically.
On this page and the pages which will link to it, we will provide information that guides and summarises the strategic plan as it develops through its stages of consultation with the stakeholders of the school, particularly its parent and student community, its staff and the Board of Trustees.
Board Chair's 2016 Prizegiving Speech


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