text:
HIGH-LEVEL VISION FOR CLIMOD.
DATA SOURCING.
DATA SOURCE AMALGAMATION.
DATA SERVING.
GOVERNANCE AND MODUS OPERANDI.
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Summary of the International Surface Temperature Initiative merging of 67 sources ranging from single sites to large collections and short records to centennial records (small maps a representative subset of these; additional maps available via www.surfacetemperatures.org) to a single merged set of holdings of >35,000 unique stations (large map). For further details, see Rennie et al. (2014).
Pictorial representation of CLIMOD in the broader context. The left-hand-side funnel has disparate data sources of different temporal resolution (subdaily, daily, monthly; colors) and number of records/ECV completeness of holdings (sizes). Within CLIMOD is the processing of these disparate sources to a common format and their merging across ECVs and within and between time scales that leads to the production of a set of unified basic data holdings (black, gray, and white stacked blocks each representing integrated holdings at distinct reporting time scales). These integrated holdings will enable development of high-quality downstream products that consider issues such as quality control, homogenization, etc., and applications to end users (right-hand side).
Example for an Argentinian station (Posadas) of results of merging several sources of monthly mean surface air temperature as described in Rennie et al. (2014). Different colors denote distinct source decks and their identifiers in these source decks are given in the inline key. Note that source deck lines often overplot one another.
Illustration of the effects on the Palmer drought severity impact of inclusion (purple) and exclusion (blue) of temperature and vapor pressure data. More negative values denote an increase in drought prevalence. Also shown are available observations of soil moisture from the top 1 m, which more closely track an index that takes a multivariate approach. Figure courtesy A. Dai.
Normalized distributions of daily THI during Jun–Aug 1993 (a cool summer), 2003 and 2006 (warm summers), compared to the distribution over 1995–2009. The fitted curves are Gaussian with skew and kurtosis components estimated using a Gauss–Hermite series (Fig. 5 from Dunn et al. 2014).
Toward an Integrated Set of Surface Meteorological Observations for Climate Science and Applications
P. W. Thorne1, R. J. Allan2, L. Ashcroft3, P. Brohan4, R. J. H Dunn4, M. J. Menne5, P. R. Pearce6, J. Picas7, K. M. Willett8, M. Benoy9, S. Bronnimann10, P. O. Canziani11, J. Coll12, R. Crouthamel13, G. P. Compo14, D. Cuppett15, M. Curley16, C. Duffy17, I. Gillespie18, J. Guijarro19, S. Jourdain20, E. C. Kent21, H. Kubota22, T. P. Legg23, Q. Li24, J. Matsumoto25, C. Murphy26, N. A. Rayner27, J. J. Rennie28, E. Rustemeier29, L. C. Slivinski30, V. Slonosky31, A. Squintu32, B. Tinz33, M. A. Valente34, S. Walsh35, X. L. Wang36, N. Westcott37, K. Wood38, S. D. Woodruff39, and S. J. Worley40
1 Irish Climate Analysis Research Units, Department of Geography, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| 2 Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom
| 3 Centre for Climate Change, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| 5 NOAA/National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina
| 6 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| 7 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| 9 Citizen Science Unit, Australian Meteorological Association, Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| 10 Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, and Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| 11 CONICET, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| 12 Irish Climate Analysis Research Units, Department of Geography, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| 13 International Environmental Data Rescue Organization, Deale, Maryland
| 14 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, and Physical Sciences Division, NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado
| 16 Met Eireann, Dublin, Ireland
| 17 Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom
| 19 AEMET, Madrid, Spain
| 20 Meteo-France, Toulouse, France
| 21 National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| 22 Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| 24 School of Atmospheric Sciences, Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| 25 Department of Geography, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| 28 NOAA/National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, and CICS-NC, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| 29 Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany
| 31 McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| 32 KNMI, De Bilt, Netherlands
| 33 Deutscher Wetterdienst, Hamburg, Germany
| 34 IDL, Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| 36 Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| 37 Midwestern Regional Climate Center, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| 38 JISAO, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| 39 NOAA/National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, and Physical Sciences Division, NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado
| 40 National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
Observations are the foundation for understanding the climate system. Yet, currently available land meteorological data are highly fractured into various global, regional, and national holdings for different variables and time scales, from a variety of sources, and in a mixture of formats. Added to this, many data are still inaccessible for analysis and usage. To meet modern scientific and societal demands as well as emerging needs such as the provision of climate services, it is essential that we improve the management and curation of available land-based meteorological holdings. We need a comprehensive global set of data holdings, of known provenance, that is truly integrated both across essential climate variables (ECVs) and across time scales to meet the broad range of stakeholder needs. These holdings must be easily discoverable, made available in accessible formats, and backed up by multitiered user support. The present paper provides a high-level overview, based upon broad community input, of the steps that are required to bring about this integration. The significant challenge is to find a sustained means to realize this vision. This requires a long-term international program. The database that results will transform our collective ability to provide societally relevant research, analysis, and predictions in many weather- and climate-related application areas across much of the globe.
© 2017 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Peter Thorne, peter@peter-thorne.net
We cannot predict what is not observed, and we cannot analyze what is not archived. Fully integrated land meteorological records are essential to advance understanding of weather and climate.
Meteorological observations at stations over land areas have been taken for several centuries. Early measurements were performed by the scientists of the Enlightenment exploring their environment, by medical doctors trying to understand illnesses, agronomists aiming at improving yields, or colonial administrators documenting the wealth of their assigned colonies. These early observations used a broad range of instrumentation, emerging measurement systems, and disparate measurement scales (e.g., Réaumur, Fahrenheit, Celsius, Paris lines, inches, millimeters, hectopascals; Brázdil et al. 2010). From the midnineteenth century onward, many nation states started the operation of meteorological networks in the framework of a new administration style, new responsibilities, and technical innovations (e.g., telegraph) (Edwards 2011). By the late nineteenth century, station coverage (albeit sparse) extended across all inhabited continents sufficient that, today, we can calculate estimates of global-mean change in several important parameters, such as temperature (e.g., Lawrimore et al. 2011, Morice et al. 2012), dating back to the mid-to-late nineteenth century. The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries saw a drive to standardize methods of observations, data formats, and metadata under the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and its predecessors as the scientific and societal value of these observations became more and more apparent (Parker 1994). But change continues to this day, for example, with an increased propensity to unmanned methods of observation.
These meteorological data constitute the foundation of our knowledge of the climate system. Without long records of observations, there can be no viable pathway to understanding climatic processes, climate variability, climate and weather extremes, or climate change. Historical observations have been used to create datasets for many essential climate variables (ECVs; Bojinski et al. 2014) that have enabled assessments of changing climate system properties (e.g., Blunden and Arndt 2016; Hartmann et al. 2013). They tell us about a world that has changed and warmed over the last 150 or so years (Kennedy et al. 2010), and their continuation is important in monitoring the effectiveness of the recent Paris agreement (Dolman et al. 2016). They can also be used (along with many other observations) to derive reanalysis products (Saha et al. 2010; Compo et al. 2011; Rienecker et al. 2011; Dee et al. 2011, 2014; Kobayashi et al. 2015) and assess performance of climate models (e.g., Flato et al. 2013 and references therein).
Despite the importance of land-based meteorological observations, their data management is currently very fragmented. While for marine observations the International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS; Freeman et al. 2017) provides integrated access to a wide range of surface marine data, the same cannot be said for the land-based observations. The absence of a coordinated global program for data rescue and provision, data management, data curation, and data usage means that we are not currently extracting the full scientific and societal benefits from the observations that we know of (and this ignores the unknown knowns—the uncataloged, the unshared, and the forgotten). Such data have potential to be used seamlessly across a range of local, regional, and global products and applications. However, this problem is multifaceted with no simple solutions. Data sharing is complex, involving both data rescue and data policy. National and global meteorological data management has historically been highly fractured, such that today we have distinct holdings for hourly, daily, and monthly data managed by different groups in disparate ways. We have also developed several ECV-specific sets of holdings for many ECVs such as surface pressure (Cram et al. 2015), temperature (Rennie et al. 2014), and precipitation (Adler et al. 2003; Schneider et al. 2014). These holdings use distinct data formats, carry different station identifiers, often disagree in simple facets such as station names and even coordinates, and have differing levels of data completeness. Different sources may have had distinct quality control applied. Even more confusingly, daily and monthly averages derived from the same underlying data may differ if processed in different ways. Further compounding the issues, available data discovery tools are often rudimentary, and traceability to the original source is lacking. Hence, it is at best hard and at worst impossible for users to reconcile available holdings.
While some efforts to create merged holdings exist regionally—for example, the European Climate Assessment and Dataset (ECA&D; Klein Tank et al. 2002; Klok and Klein Tank 2009) and International Climate Assessment and Dataset (ICA&D) components (Van Den Besselaar et al. 2015)—and globally—for example, Global Historical Climatology Network-Daily (GHCN-D; Menne et al. 2012)—they are limited in geographical domain (ECA&D, ICA&D), temporal integration (GHCN-D), and often to a narrow subset of variables (all to some extent). This globally piecemeal approach to data management is a major impediment to optimal usage of historical land meteorological holdings. What we need is a coordinated, sustained, and international effort to better access, manage, and integrate these holdings.
The challenge is not simply that the holdings are suboptimally managed for present-day applications, but also that there are emerging needs that are currently ill-served (Allan et al. 2012). In the era of climate services, there is a growing and changing demand for local information, for information on daily and subdaily aspects of climate change (not least extremes, impacts, and risks), and for data that are "open" and free from restrictions and conditions. Many of these emerging applications also require consideration of the full suite of surface ECVs (Bojinski et al. 2014), as well as measurements that are not currently routinely captured or used from multiple sources beyond the remit of many national meteorological services (NMSs) (e.g., agriculture, transport, energy, amateur observers). Furthermore, there is an increasing need for high-quality discovery and observational metadata: indicators of quality and uncertainties, in addition to known changes in measurement techniques, practices, locations, and siting environments. Such data and metadata are essential in provision of scientifically robust climate services (Van Den Besselaar et al. 2015).
Put bluntly, we keep being confronted with climate situations that are seemingly unprecedented. This is likely in part because we are currently unable to comprehensively represent the climate of our recent past owing to the present disorganized state of land-based holdings. To be able to better assess and respond to climate-induced challenges, it is crucial that we gain a better understanding not only of large-scale climatic trends, but also of local climate, past conditions and variability, and short-term events such as flooding, heat waves, and storms. We are in a fortunate position of being able to draw upon decades and, in many cases, centuries of scientific heritage in the form of rich meteorological archives, but this invaluable heritage is not currently capable of being used to its full potential. To be able to research the scope and causes of climatic events effectively, it is imperative that the many millions of observations taken at some tens of thousands of locations, including emerging methods and modes of observation, be integrated and consolidated into a coherent database.
In this paper we outline a high-level roadmap for a comprehensive land-based international meteorological observation databank (CLIMOD) and offer examples (via boxes) of how valuable a database like this could be. We also consider the numerous logistical hurdles to overcome. We begin by outlining the high-level vision of the approach to be undertaken. Then, in turn, we discuss in more detail aspects around data sourcing, data rescue and collection (including metadata), data management, data serving, and governance (including data policy).
The combined policies, practices, and projects since systematic observations of weather were instigated have led to a massively fractured set of land-based meteorological archives ranging from single-station, single-ECV, single-time-resolution series to large global multi-ECV, multi-time-scale holdings. Stations often have contributed to multiple archives, sometimes at a range of time averages, such that there is gross duplication and resulting confusion in the available records. CLIMOD will first collect all digital data holdings and associated metadata, augment them with rescued and newly discovered data as they become available, and combine them into a single database of all commonly observed ECVs at land meteorological observing sites. To ensure provenance (data lineage), these collected data should be as close to their original format and source as possible. This basic consolidation is a key and necessary first phase, but it is not sufficient to facilitate widespread usage, except perhaps by a handful of experts who can properly assess and use such complex holdings.
What is next required is analogous to a satellite "level 1b" product (Campbell and Wynne 2011) that is geolocated, with duplicates removed, in consistent geophysical units, with metadata directly associated and with gross errors flagged. This would provide a set of openly available land–meteorological holdings that is integrated, consistently formatted, and discoverable. In this phase, the different ECVs should be collated and served together; to quote Aristotle, "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" (as illustrated by the three boxes outlining potential applications). When these data are served in this manner, their potential utility will be substantially increased. Figure 1 illustrates the change between a set of consolidated (all available) holdings and a set of merged (unique only) holdings for the particular case of monthly averaged surface temperatures. Note the reduction in apparent station count that relates to duplicates and records of uncertain quality or provenance.
Citation: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, 12; 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0165.1
Another problem is that records exist in the archives at a mixture of subdaily, daily, and monthly averaged time scales. Hence, next it is required to ensure time-scale consistency. The subdaily data—where they exist—should be consistent with the derived daily values, which should in turn be consistent with the monthly values. Consistency implies that, for example, daily averages and ranges are consistent with the respective reported maxima and minima recognizing national reporting norms that vary over time and between countries. This will allow analyses of extremes and events to be consistent with studies of mean change. CLIMOD should thus, in addition, contribute to envisaged cross-domain and cross-ECV analysis systems (Kent et al. 2017, their recommendation 7). Figure 2 provides a schematic overview of the proposed CLIMOD holdings and their subsequent analysis.
Historical data can be considered in three classes: i) data that are digitized and are already made available with workable or no usage restrictions, ii) data that are digitized but are either not made available or made available with restrictive usage conditions, and iii) data that are only available presently as either hard copy or, at best, non-machine-readable image formats. Imperfect individual and community knowledge leads to a fourth class of "unknown knowns" or "forgottens"—data that exist but that the present-day scientific community, for a variety of reasons, do not know about. These data should become substantively less elusive with a successful CLIMOD simply as a result of raised community awareness as to the existence of a recognized repository for such data.
Data that are digitized and available for, at a minimum, academic and research usage are served from a broad variety of local, national, regional, and international repositories. This includes national meteorological services, regional efforts such as ECA&D, and global repositories such as GHCN-D. Experience with the International Surface Temperature Initiative (ISTI; Rennie et al. 2014) and the Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth (ACRE; Allan et al. 2016) initiative points to additional, nontraditional, sources that could greatly improve the density of available observations. For example, through Argentinean members of the ISTI databank working group, access was secured to a number of long-term rural stations from the Argentinean Agricultural Ministry.
Many of the currently served holdings are actually amalgamations of a broad range of underlying sources. For example, GHCN-D is an amalgamation of over 50 sources, many of which themselves (such as ECA&D) are the result of amalgamating underlying sources. It would be preferable to start from the underlying sources in subsequent efforts, described in the next section, to merge holdings together. Starting from the underlying sources provides better provenance and data-processing transparency.
Initially, CLIMOD would start from as many of the available holdings with minimal usage restrictions as could be collected. Efforts would be made to capture the contributing data sources from amalgamated holdings. This collation and cataloging of available data will require substantive international efforts and cooperation and will build on the partnerships already developed by the currently served holdings.
There are several known data holdings that are available digitally but not currently available for academic and research use. The prevalence of such holdings has strong geographical patterns, with data policy being a particular issue for many of the areas where the community currently has access to the fewest data. In some cases, such as in the Pacific and Southeast Asian regions (Page et al. 2004), these amount to several thousand stations. Efforts are already underway to advocate for more relaxed data policies and for allowing access to these data (Lorrey 2011; www.apn-gcr.org/resources/items/show/1666; Williamson et al. 2015). CLIMOD could facilitate such efforts, but the issue is vexing and could take decades to resolve. We return to data policy in "Governance and modus operandi."
Data rescue activities have provided major improvements in the availability of historical meteorological data and must be sustained. There are, by conservative estimates, at least as many data to be rescued as are currently available in digital archives for the period prior to 1950 (Allan et al. 2011). There are growing international efforts such as ACRE and the International Environmental Data Rescue Organization (IEDRO), and funded projects such as European Reanalysis of the Global Climate System (ERA-CLIM2) and Uncertainties in Ensembles of Regional ReAnalyses (UERRA), that have attempted to mobilize, cataloge, and coordinate data rescue activities. For example, in 2014, WMO, ACRE, and the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) developed the Indian Ocean Data Rescue (INDARE) initiative (www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcdmp/documents/INDAREimplementationPlan.pdf). More recently, the WMO Commission for Climatology formed a task team on data rescue and instigated a portal to encourage coordination hosted by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI; www.idare-portal.org). These efforts have substantially increased historical meteorological digital data availability. They also identified key requirements essential to long-term preservation of the rescued data, including cataloging, having an institutional champion, and provision of necessary equipment to capture the data (Brönnimann et al. 2006; Tan et al. 2004).
Many different types of data can be valuable in addition to NMS stations (Allan et al. 2016). For example, data have been rescued from a French eighteenth-century doctor's network (Yiou et al. 2014) and colonial administrations (White et al. 2018). Early records, and those from countries without a mature NMS, are most likely to come from such nontraditional sources—for example, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Climate Data Modernization Program resulted in the keying of 450 stations across the United States based on data from the U.S. Army Surgeon network, the Smithsonian Institution, and the U.S. Signal Service spanning the 1820–92 period. Discovering and securing access to such data are a long-term process that is already ongoing and mature. The broader aspects of CLIMOD can add enormously to the long-term value of data rescue work by providing a recognized repository that is well used, permitting the easy identification of data that have already been digitized, and highlighting vital applications for the rescued data. Experience from the marine ICOADS effort attests to the value of such holdings in soliciting additional contributions.
To ensure consistency of processing for derived analyses and applications, CLIMOD will work from the most original basic data sources available. Where this consists of images of original data, a link back to the image and source should be retained and such "gold standard" data provenance should be an aspiration for all sources. To minimize transcription errors occurring on conversion to the archive data model, data and metadata should be ingested and archived in perpetuity in the native format of the data supplier with relevant provenance metadata to ensure future usability. CLIMOD should take all relevant data regardless of quality or format. However, certain minimum data standards are likely to be required for inclusion in public-facing holdings—at least sufficient discovery metadata (name, latitude, longitude, and ideally elevation) to enable users to appropriately contextualize the data. Such discovery metadata might become available later so it is important that all data are retained and archived even if not currently useable. This data ingest model permits reprocessing and reconversion of the data and also sets the lowest possible hurdle to data submission. This is a substantial advantage because data will be submitted from a wide variety of organizations and programs. If higher-level products exist (e.g., post quality control or homogenization) these should be stored in parallel. However, preference should be given to data closer to "original," such that multiple groups of analysts can subsequently consider the challenging issues of quality control, homogenization, and interpolation (e.g., Venema et al. 2012), to create datasets and data products.
The data lineage (provenance) of observations should be carried through the entire data archive and each stage of processing recorded in the metadata associated with the observation. The next logical step is thus to convert the multiple sources to a flexible and extendable common data model of consistent formatting and metadata conventions that retains all metadata and allows full provenance tracking through the use of unique identifiers (UIDs). Each separately provided element of data or information should be assigned a unique identifier (data, station metadata, general source format documentation, etc.) and all associated information linked. This should indicate alternative sources of data at a given time step if they exist. Converting to a common data model (such as espoused by the Copernicus Climate Change Service; https://climate.copernicus.eu) makes intercomparison of the various sources easier but still requires the user to understand the different data sources and use them appropriately. While a necessary step, stopping at this stage is an impediment to usage for all but the most expert users. We then need to create a merged set of holdings.
A large fraction of observing platforms are found in more than one existing data holding, because of past splitting of multivariate observations into different archives and subsequent repeated splitting and merging of different archives (e.g., Rennie et al. 2014). In creating the merged CLIMOD data archive, the source holdings will be prioritized and then merged sequentially. In-depth understanding of each data source will be required to enable a clear decision on the priority order to be made. This may depend on some or all of the following nonexhaustive list: data provenance, data quality level, temporal completeness, number of ECVs supplied, reporting resolution, metadata detail, most recent update, consistency over time, and quality control applied. Any duplication of particular observing platforms across sources will allow quality to be assessed and might fill gaps in the record.
Merging of the source data will be a vital step in producing a final archive valuable to the wider community. It will by necessity be iterative, merging each prioritized source in turn (Fig. 3). A high level of automation will be required, using the metadata and data similarity across all variables to appropriately decide whether a given platform is unique or to be merged. However some manual intervention is foreseen, using local knowledge wherever possible. The merging process will capture the decisions made into the metadata to keep the data provenance and audit trail, including for any manual process. Knowledge gained during manual intervention will be used to update the automatic procedure. Experts would be able to use the resulting metadata to perform a different merge or ensemble of merges matching their own specific requirements.
Merging ECVs and merging time resolutions are both challenging. Merging ECV holdings will require careful attention to ensure physical consistency between variables (supersaturation, rain at <0°C, or snow at >10°C, etc.). To have consistency across the temporal range (where monthly values are to be based on daily values, which themselves are based on the synoptic reports), extra checks will be required—for example, that the subdaily report values of temperature do not exceed the daily minimum/maximum. These will be easier when additional metadata have been included with the original reports (e.g., the definition of the climatological/meteorological day, daily averaging method, details on instrumentation). Data supplied as temporal averages will only be taken as primary sources in the absence of any information at higher temporal resolution.
The final output will undergo quality assurance for gross errors. Any errors identified (e.g., unphysical values) will be removed from the primary data stream but retained within the archive. However, a comprehensive quality control system is not envisaged as part of this primary data product. Quality control processes (manual or automated; e.g., Dunn et al. 2012; Durre et al. 2010; Schneider et al. 2014) are not able to correctly classify an observation in every instance. No matter how carefully the process is designed, errors that either retain bad data points or exclude valid data points will occur, even if infrequently. Furthermore, in some instances the available information will not allow clear decisions to be made. Enforcing one specific set of choices (e.g., 4 sigma versus 4.5 sigma trimming) removes an important means of quantifying uncertainty and risks biasing all downstream applications. Each user of the data product will have different requirements for their application of the data. We encourage the development of multiple quality control suites, each tailored to the end data use, which should be made available alongside the primary CLIMOD holdings.
CLIMOD will become the one-stop shop for all land meteorological data, ready for scientists and other interested parties to develop climate data records and derived products. It is expected to be a dataset roughly the same size as the current ICOADS holdings. As such, it is essential that the combined CLIMOD be built on a strong base of machine-readable metadata to enable powerful searching and subsetting capabilities across time scales and ECVs. The ability to ingest, update, and communicate a range of new data quickly will facilitate the development of timely climate data products and services. This includes access to and timely (with little delay) quality assessments of synoptic reports, daily summaries (including daily CLIMATs when these become available), and monthly CLIMAT summaries exchanged via the WMO Information System. CLIMOD should be capable of providing multiple formats to suit user needs. To build user confidence in the database, full provenance metadata will need to be servable alongside the data.
The proposed CLIMOD holdings represent a requisite high-quality database for the production of climate datasets and value-added products (see sidebars). These subsequent uses would have to consider questions of quality control, quality assurance, and record homogeneity, as discussed in the previous section. Using the database without taking into account these issues would be actively discouraged. To aid such applications, metadata may be appended where available, giving measurement uncertainties, findings of analysts, and other aspects similar to the ICOADS Value Added Database (IVAD; Freeman et al. 2017).
MOSQUITO-BORNE DISEASE RESEARCH
Mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever, Zika virus, West Nile virus, and malaria are each transmitted by different mosquito species. Each species has a certain climatic range that serves to limit the disease range. Mosquitos require standing water sources to reproduce and can only survive in certain thermal ranges. Hence, at a minimum, temperature and precipitation data are required (at least away from areas with human mediated standing water sources) to help understand disease outbreaks. Studies have investigated links between meteorology, climate, and outbreaks of various mosquito-borne diseases (e.g., Parham and Michael 2010; McMichael et al. 2006; Hales et al. 1996; Hay et al. 2002). However, climate is only one factor in historical (and future) prevalence of such diseases. Epidemiological studies would substantively benefit from CLIMOD enabling access to and an analysis of historical frequency of favorable conditions for the different mosquito species to improve understanding of past outbreaks. This does not address remaining issues surrounding access to other required information such as disease occurrence monitoring that also need to be addressed by other expert communities.
DROUGHT MONITORING
The study of meteorological drought is a complex issue. Drought is directly caused by a deficit of rainfall but is more than simply a rainfall deficit. There are a large variety of drought definitions—for example, meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, or socioeconomic drought, each of which has distinct impacts (Dai 2011). Observational records of drought are uncertain, and the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report concluded that "confidence is low for a global-scale observed trend in drought or dryness (lack of rainfall) since the middle of the 20th century, owing to lack of direct observations, methodological uncertainties and geographical inconsistencies in the trends" (Hartmann et al. 2013, p. 162). Most drought indices make use of two or more ECVs (Zargar et al. 2011). The availability of multivariate surface holdings through CLIMOD that included drought-relevant parameters such as temperature, humidity, and winds in addition to rainfall would greatly facilitate historical and ongoing observationally based drought research activities and help to reconcile apparent discrepancies in historical estimates of drought prevalence that depend both on data sources considered (Trenberth et al. 2014; Dai and Zhao 2017) and choice of specific indices (Dai and Zhao 2017; Fig. SB1).
Fig. SB1.
The effect of heat waves on flora and fauna can be studied using solely dry-bulb air temperature. However, the effect of moisture in the air is an important measure of the thermal comfort of animals (including humans) who rely on the evaporation of water (sweating or panting) to thermoregulate. High relative humidity at high temperatures limits the rate at which evaporation can occur, leading to heat stress or, in extreme circumstances, fatal overheating. Conversely, at low temperatures, moister air can make the body feel cooler through more efficient conduction of heat away from the skin and more energy required to warm the moist air close to the skin. An additional ECV that has value in the study of heat stress is the local wind speed.
A common measure of heat stress is the temperature–humidity index (THI), which was initially developed for humans but has subsequently been shown to correlate strongly with the impact of heat stress on dairy cattle (Berry et al. 1964). By combining air and dewpoint temperature from the subdaily multivariable Hadley Centre Integrated Surface Database (HadISD) dataset, Dunn et al. (2014) investigated the changes in the THI for U.K. dairy cattle since 1973. Although on average there are only a few days per year where cattle would experience heat stress, during the heat wave years of 2003 and 2006, this exceeded 5 days or more (Fig. SB2). A shift in the distribution of THI between the early and late periods was also shown. CLIMOD would allow these kinds of studies to be conducted on a larger scale for a wider range of environments and adaptations, including the assessment of urban heat stress, heat sensitivity in crops, and vulnerability thresholds for plants and animals.
To be sustainable, CLIMOD will need to be well used. Primary users are likely to be experts and practitioners accessing the raw observations and deriving data products suitable for specific applications. These users should be engaged from the outset to ensure that CLIMOD meets their needs. Users may inform prioritization with regards to data rescue and sourcing, data formats, data access options, and data provenance. Broad usage will require data discovery metadata and associated data exploration tools. This may include UIDs and tools to subset and visualize holdings by region, time scale, ECV, source, and provision of inventories. Discovery metadata should be ISO19115 compliant. Existing resources such as the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Research Data Archive (http://rda.ucar.edu/) would be able to perform user-defined subsetting operations. Metadata exploration could be enabled through the WMO Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review tool (https://oscar.wmo.int/surface), which would also ensure compliance with emerging WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) metadata standards, or the NOAA/National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Historical Observing Metadata Repository (www.ncdc.noaa.gov/homr) interface. Although initially machine-readable metadata may be extremely limited for many stations, in the longer term such tools may facilitate appending of richer metadata for stations.
A range of download tools will be required to cater to diverse users. Regional mirrors would aid data provision and also ensure accessibility. Some users will prefer web-based access tools, whereas frequent users are likely to need service via FTP, OPeNDAP, or similar. Many applications will require timely access to data updates, so a regular update cycle will be needed. An increasing number of applications for climate services require timely updates (within days to a month).
It is likely that users will find errors in the data and its presentation. A mechanism will be required for users to be able to report data issues. This should include a response system that enables innovations to improve the database to be enacted in a timely manner. The NOAA/NCEI Datzilla ticket system (https://datzilla.srcc.lsu.edu/datzilla/) is an example of such a facility and has led to corrections including poor station merge decisions and bad data segments. Users also need to be made aware of updates. This requires a clear version control protocol. One or more of monthly status reports, blog posts highlighting updates and applications, and provision of educational resources would help build a loyal user community.
CLIMOD clearly constitutes a long-term effort that would benefit substantially from sustained international cooperation. Such an explicitly international effort would reduce the risk of a single point of failure (whereby the decision of a single funder or host organization may imperil continued function) and also make it clear that the set of holdings belonged to the global research and applications communities. This might reduce anxieties over data intellectual property rights among potential data contributors. A broadly based international steering committee of recognized experts would be advisable, answering to a body such as the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), World Climate Research Programme, or WMO Commission for Climatology. The steering committee should provide advice on data rescue, policy, processing, and serving to cover the full range of activities.
Such international and sustained collaboration is only likely to result if sufficient resource support is forthcoming to facilitate the work on a long-term basis. Regular forums or meetings of participants would be required to ensure a coordinated approach, to discuss progress and challenges, and to assure continued cooperation. The effort will require the input of scientists, software engineers, data access rights experts, database/data life cycle experts, project managers, and associated support staff. Although initial work may benefit from a research project, long-term continuity will be best achieved through sustained support from NMSs or large international programs, such as Copernicus. To that end, we strongly welcome the recent Copernicus Climate Change Service Contract awarded (led by the lead author on this paper and in partnership with NOAA/NCEI), which shall, over the coming four years, start to make CLIMOD a reality and as a further benefit provide integrated access to land and surface marine observations using a common data model.
Data policy needs to be clearly articulated and to have broad buy-in. Internationally, efforts have been made to secure access to observations resulting in WMO Resolutions 40 and 60, which pertain to real-time and historical data exchange, respectively. These govern the routine global exchange of meteorological data by all nations, but are far from perfect since they allow institutions to place restrictions on data use and reuse. CLIMOD must operate within these boundaries while working with others to advocate for improved access to data. Usage policy must be agreed upon and clearly articulated to end users. It may be that different data streams could have different levels of restriction on use and reuse. There is no value in publicly serving data that are not useable at a minimum for academic and research purposes. While recognizing the substantial data policy hurdles to be overcome, the long-term aspiration should be that data be shared openly and without restriction, with a share-and-share-alike onward usage policy. Regardless, acknowledgment by citation and DOI (to a list of contributors), and where necessary to relevant citations of value-added products, will be required.
We have outlined a framework for the construction of a comprehensive database of land meteorological holdings that are integrated across time scales and ECVs. Such integration is essential to understand and address the challenges of climate change and variability. Observations are the foundation upon which datasets, products, and services are built and based upon which decisions can be made. The time is right to address the challenge. However, outlining and agreeing on a broadscale vision is necessary but not sufficient. A sustained and sufficiently resourced effort is needed, covering the entire processing chain from data sourcing (including rescuing) through to amalgamation and provision to the community. The need is clearly articulated in the latest GCOS Implementation Plan (GCOS 2016). The question that remains is whether sufficient organizations will "step up to the plate" on a sustained basis to take on the meteorological databank challenge.
The work was facilitated by Grant 16/CW/3801 from Science Foundation Ireland. Dr. Jan Rigby (Maynooth University) provided expert advice on the mosquito-borne diseases sidebar. Prof. Aiguo Dai (SUNY-Albany) provided useful input and a figure for the drought sidebar. Deb Misch (Telesolv Consulting) and Sara Veasey of NOAA/NCEI graphics team are acknowledged for substantial help in creating publication-ready figures. Prof. Rob Allan is supported by a combination of funding from the Joint BEIS/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101), the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) European Reanalysis of Global Climate Observations 2 (ERA-CLIM2) project, and the Climate Science for Service Partnership (CSSP) China under the Newton Fund. He also acknowledges the University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia, where he is an adjunct professor. Robert Dunn and Kate Willett were supported by the Joint BEIS/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101). Linden Ashcroft is supported by EU-FP7-SPACE-2013-1 project Uncertainties in Ensembles of Regional Reanalyses (UERRA; Grant Agreement 607193). Elizabeth Kent was supported by NERC by Grant NE/J020788/1. John Coll acknowledges funding provided by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency under project 2012-CCRP-FS.11. Gilbert Compo is supported by the NOAA Climate Program Office and the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Biological and Environmental Research Program. Petra Pearce was supported by NIWA Core Funding under the Climate Present and Past project (CAOA1701), the New Zealand Deep South National Science Challenge (BDS16101), and NOAA. Stefan Bronnimann acknowledges funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation (Project 205121_169676) and was supported by the European Commission H2020 Grant EUSTACE (Grant Agreement 640171). Jun Matsumoto was supported by the KAKENHI Grant (26220202) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).
https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/98/12/bams-d-16-0165.1.xml


text:
<?php
namespace Elastica\Multi;

use Elastica\Response;
use Elastica\Search as BaseSearch;

class MultiBuilder implements MultiBuilderInterface
{
    /**
     * @param Response     $response
     * @param BaseSearch[] $searches
     *
     * @return ResultSet
     */
    public function buildMultiResultSet(Response $response, $searches)
    {
        $resultSets = $this->buildResultSets($response, $searches);

        return new ResultSet($response, $resultSets);
    }

    /**
     * @param Response   $childResponse
     * @param BaseSearch $search
     *
     * @return \Elastica\ResultSet
     */
    private function buildResultSet(Response $childResponse, BaseSearch $search)
    {
        return $search->getResultSetBuilder()->buildResultSet($childResponse, $search->getQuery());
    }

    /**
     * @param Response     $response
     * @param BaseSearch[] $searches
     *
     * @return \Elastica\ResultSet[]
     */
    private function buildResultSets(Response $response, $searches)
    {
        $data = $response->getData();
        if (!isset($data['responses']) || !is_array($data['responses'])) {
            return [];
        }

        $resultSets = [];
        reset($searches);

        foreach ($data['responses'] as $responseData) {
            $search = current($searches);
            $key = key($searches);
            next($searches);

            $resultSets[$key] = $this->buildResultSet(new Response($responseData), $search);
        }

        return $resultSets;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I am guessing that almost all my readers are familiar with the blue tin above, in one or other form. At the moment (as with Oil of Olay) there are so many different products from bath to body to face. In Nivea there was just a simple product which did the trick so well it is still going.
I used it a lot when I was a young sun worshipper under the hot African skies. I would slather myself in baby oil, cooking oil or Brylcreem and bake in the sun all day. No SPF in those days! Then in the evenings I would shower the salt and sand off in a makeshift outside cold shower. And then slather on Nivea Creme. I can still feel the lovely icy soothing feeling of it going on my warm skin. It was greasy but it really did the trick.
Since then I have used it on both body and face. At the moment though I tend to use Nivea Q10 Night and Nivea Soft on my face, and Nivea Intensive Body Lotion on my body.
When I tried the screechingly expensive Creme de la Mer (£200 for 60ml) a few years back the consistency and smell really reminded me of Nivea Creme. I then read an article about a blind test of moisturisers where testers though Nivea Creme was Creme de la Mer and vice versa. So I looked it up and found a wealth of information on the matter. And Nivea addicts who write enthusiastically on this humble little blue tin of cream.
I don't believe that Creme de la Mer is Nivea Creme but from experience, it is very similar. I did, however, find out that the Nivea Creme made in Germany for the European market, and Nivea Creme made in Mexico for the US market have different ingredients. Users prefer the German one and recommend searching Afro-Caribbean shops for the German variety if you live in the US.
I have also found pictures of different Nivea Creme tins – some of them vintage ones and others limited edition ones. I wish they would bring out collector's tins like Steam Cream does. These kinds of tins are so nice for storing stamps, paper clips, hairclips and all kinds of bits and bobs. Though what would I do with all that Nivea? I am a collector by heart and Nivea Creme really goes a long way!
Is Nivea Creme the same thing as Creme de la Mer?


After some issues on the latest Mixxx version like no hability to run properly... i share the only option out there.
the previous version in bin file format.
i pickup from portablelinuxapps on sorceforge.
in my linux lite i was able to run directly through a custom launcher on panel.


text:
Institute of Technology TTO
Dr. Paul Maguire
Head of Innovation and Enterprise
paul.maguire@dit.ie
http://www.dit.ie/hothouse/
@Hothouse_TUDub
Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) KTO
DIT Hothouse is the award-winning Innovation and Technology Transfer Office at Dublin Institute of Technology.
We provide a user-friendly, single point of contact for all entrepreneurs, CEOs, product managers and company executives who are looking to:
Start a new company based on DIT research
Collaborate with DIT to create new products or services
Benefit from DIT's cutting-edge research facilities
Invest in a new technology or company
We have transferred over 80 technologies to companies to date, and have created over 20 new spin-out ventures from DIT research. We have also helped companies raise over €100 million in investment and create over 1,300 new jobs. Our team of experienced licensing executives know how to do quick win-win deals, and we have flexible and fair commercial terms that work for our commercial partners. We are also always ready to offer practical, hands-on advice for launching new products and businesses.
We strive to make the technology transfer process an easy, accessible and mutually beneficial one for all our commercial partners.
Dublin Institute of Technology, located in the heart of Dublin City, is a modern higher education institution offering programmes to doctoral level underpinned by cutting-edge research. Development of new business ventures and technology transfer that contributes to Ireland's technological, social and economic development and public benefit is embedded in our teaching and research. Our research is strongly aligned to areas of strategic importance in four interdisciplinary research institutes.
Environmental Health Sciences Institute (EHSI) - Addresses issues of quality, sustainability and policy in the built environment, energy, food quality and safety, bio-monitoring, assistive technologies, and lifestyle.
Focas Research Institute - Advances bio- and nanotechnologies, biospectroscopy, medical devices, new therapeutics, surface coatings and engineering.
Information, Communications and Entertainment Institute (ICE) – Develops new technologies in computing, digital media, electrical and electronic engineering, and telecommunications.
Arts Humanities and Social Sciences Institute – Conducts research in business, management and entrepreneurship, social and public policy, creative industries and performing arts, education policy and organisation, justice and human rights.
DIT is listed among the top 3% of the world's universities according to the Times Higher Education and QS World University Rankings. We welcome the opportunity to engage with commercial and civic partners to make a real difference to Irish society and the economy.
Dr. Brian O'Neill, Head of Research, Enterprise and Innovation Services
http://www.dit.ie/researchandenterprise/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Homegain - Mortgage Advice Do I cite child support as income to qualify for a mortgage?
The income absolutely does go to my children but I'm not sure if this is allowed, required, forbidden or what. I am looking into USDA so I know there is an income restriction and not sure if this needs to be mentioned. Want to do the right thing here, even though the money is not large enough to go into any house payment every month. Have 2 children and receive $200 per month in child support from ex spouse, who makes $30k per year more than I do.
Yes all household income is part of the income calculation. So yes you can and are required to include your child support .


5" Aluminum Expansion Box for 5" Extruders. Cast Aluminum. Output dimension 8 inches by 8 inches. Made in the U.S.A.
5" Expansion Box Wooden Die Kit for 5" Extruders. Marine grade plywood inner and outer dies to make circle, square, and hexagonal shapes. Extrusion wall thickness 1/2". The Wooden Dies will produce 7 1/2" diameter extrusions. Use of this Die Kit requires the 5" Aluminum Expansion Box. Made in the U.S.A.


우리는 중국에서 Gps Gsm 콤보 안테나 제조 업체 및 공급 업체 / 공장 전문화되어 있습니다. Gps Gsm 콤보 안테나 중 하나 인 Shenzhen Yetnorson Technology Co., Ltd. 중국 유명 브랜드 중 하나 인 저렴한 가격 / 저렴한 가격으로 고품질의 Gps Gsm 콤보 안테나 도매업.
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The Maryland State Fair & Agricultural Society has awarded multiple college scholarships, with a combined value of approximately $50,000, through its F. Grove Miller Maryland State Fair Scholarship Program, named in recognition of Chairman Emeritus Miller who continues to serve on the non-profit's Board of Directors; the Marlin K. Hoff Scholarship Program, named in memory of former board member Hoff; the Miss Maryland Agriculture Scholarship Program; and the new College Day at the Races Scholarship Program.
The F. Grove Miller Maryland State Fair Scholarship Program annually recognizes the importance of education and participation in the Maryland State Fair. This year, the Maryland State Fair & Agricultural Society awarded $2,000 Scholarships to nine Maryland youth who were active in the Maryland State Fair and enrolled in an accredited college/university or were high school seniors entering their college freshman year. Applicants completed an essay on the impact of their experience participating in the Maryland State Fair and how the scholarship will be beneficial in helping them with their career goals. The 2018 F. Grove Miller Maryland State Fair Scholarship winners included Mark Andrew Chaney, of Union Bridge, who attends Northern Oklahoma College; Matthew Thomas Chaney, of Union Bridge, who attends Hutchinson Community College in Kansas; Autumn Lippy, of Union Bridge, who attends Tarleton State University in Texas; and Brittany Lippy, of Manchester, who attends Oklahoma State University .


Use the form below to search for alumni from Jordan Creek Elementary School.
Be The First To Review Jordan Creek Elementary School!
Join a discussion about Jordan Creek Elementary School and talk to others in the community including students, parents, teachers, and administrators.


Following the initial announcement of Stormzy as headliner, The Cure and The Killers were announced to make up the three headliners who will grace the Pyramid Stage at the end of this June.
The lineup sees the return of some artists, such as George Ezra and The Chemical Brothers, to the stages. Not only are there classic stars, like Janet Jackson, there are also newcomers, like King Princess, and upcoming megastars, like Billie Eilish, landing their places on the infamous lineup.
Glastonbury's lineup always receives backlash from some of its older fans and supporters, but as a long-time attendee and young person, this lineup has made me very excited about this year's festival.


text:
Q: Getting a List of Dates from Apache Commons DBUtils I am trying to get a list of dates from a table using Apache Commons DBUtils.
This kind of query works well with Strings and my own POJOs, but for some reason does not work on java.sql.Date's.
CALENDAR_DATE in PUBLIC_HOLIDAYS is a valid date field.
Query :
select CALENDAR_DATE TIME from PUBLIC_HOLIDAYS where CALENDAR_DATE between ? and ?

Java code
ResultSetHandler<List<java.sql.Date>> h = new BeanListHandler<>(java.sql.Date.class);
QueryRunner db = new QueryRunner(dataSource,true);
List<java.sql.Date> sqlDates = db.query(sql, h,new java.sql.Date(from.getTime()),new java.sql.Date(to.getTime()));

A: The answer is to build your own ResultSetHandler. Maybe there is a simpler way, but I could not find one.
ResultSetHandler<List<java.sql.Date>> h = new ResultSetHandler<List<java.sql.Date>>() {

public List<java.sql.Date> handle(ResultSet rs) throws SQLException {
  List<java.sql.Date> result = new ArrayList<java.sql.Date>();
  while (rs.next()) {
     result.add(rs.getDate(1));
  }
  return result;
}
};

List<java.sql.Date> sqlDates = db.query(sql, h,new java.sql.Date(from.getTime()),new java.sql.Date(to.getTime()));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Evanston aldermen deny funds for fence around Sherman Plaza garage roof
Daily file photo by Brian Lee
The Sherman Plaza complex is one of the tallest buildings in Evanston. Aldermen voted down a proposal to install a fence around the perimeter of the Sherman Plaza parking garage earlier this week.
Sophia Bollag, Assistant Summer Editor
Efforts by the city manager's office to add safety measures to Evanston rooftops have stalled after aldermen voted down a proposal to install a fence around the perimeter of the Sherman Plaza parking garage earlier this week.
The Administration and Public Works Committee voted 4-1 Monday against spending nearly $25,000 to extend a chain-link fence around the perimeter of the roof of the 12-story parking garage at the Sherman Plaza apartments downtown.
In January, the city manager's office made an initial presentation to the committee on adding safety measures to rooftops in part as a response to recent falling deaths.
However, Ald. Judy Fiske (1st), whose ward contains the garage, said the proposal to add the fence was prompted more by safety concerns about children playing on the roof or sitting on the ledge overlooking the street.
"This isn't an issue so much about attempted suicides on this location," said Fiske, who spoke at the Monday meeting although she is not on the Administration and Public Works Committee. "It's about kids playing up there, sitting on the parapet. … I think this is definitely an accident waiting to happen."
Former Northwestern student Caleb Dayton jumped to his death from the top of the garage in November. The 22-year-old had taken classes in the School of Continuing Studies earlier that year.
Since Dayton's death, two other people have committed suicide by jumping from Evanston buildings.
Ald. Coleen Burrus, who voted against the measure, said she didn't think the fence was necessary.
"I understand that people have taken their own life, which is awful, but I have not heard of any accidental falls from the garage … so I'm not sure there's a problem," the 9th Ward alderman said.
Ald. Ann Rainey (8th) said she thought the fence would be ineffective and a waste of money.
"Stupid people cost the city a lot of money all the time," she said. "They're a huge problem, and if people are going to sit on the ledge at that garage, if sitting on ledges is their thing, they're going to find another ledge to sit on."
City manager Wally Bobkiewicz presented the proposal to aldermen, explaining that he had toured the garage at 807 Davis St. and thought the roof presented a serious safety concern.
"I believe the city is at risk," he told aldermen at the meeting. "This is because I went up there as the chief executive officer of this organization, saw this condition and felt it was unsafe."
After the vote, Bobkiewicz told The Daily he does not have plans to pursue the issue further.
Twitter: @SophiaBollag
807 Davis St.
Administration and Public Works committee
Ann Rainey
Caleb Dayton
Coleen Burrus
Judy Fiske
School of Continuing Studies
Sherman Plaza
Wally Bobkiewicz


Javier 'Chicharito' Hernandez was on target for Mexico against Chile in El Tri's final warm-up.
Two-time runners-up Mexico will look to get back to winning ways at the Copa America Centenario when they kick off their campaign against Uruguay at Phoenix Stadium on 5 June.
Knocked out in the group stages of last two editions of the tournament, Mexico are now winless in a national record six games in the Americas' flagship competition. Mexico are, however, undefeated in 19 games since their 2-1 group stage loss to Ecuador in Chile last June, though a CONCACAF Gold Cup win in July did not spare coach Miguel Herrera from losing his job after off-field issues.
Juan Carlos Osorio succeeded him last October, and far from upsetting the apple cart, the Colombian has now overseen a run of seven straight wins, including victory over defending Copa champions Chile in San Diego on Thursday. Record 15-time champions Uruguay are likely to be El Tri's toughest test in Group C, with Jamaica and Venezuela 46th and 77th respectively in the most recent FIFA World Ranking.
"A happy birthday is a birthday with goals!"
Javier 'Chicharito' Hernandez is the primary goal-threat for club and country. The diminutive centre-forward scored 26 goals in all competitions in his maiden campaign with Bayer 04 Leverkusen as Die Werkself qualified for next season's UEFA Champions League group stage.
The 28-year-old missed Mexico's Gold Cup triumph last year, as well as his country's Olympic Gold medal at London 2012, but in the form of his life and keen to add more silverware to a glittering trophy cabinet that includes trophies won with CD Guadalajara, Manchester United FC and Real Madrid CF, the odds are justifiably short on Hernandez becoming his nation's all-time top scorer before the tournament is out. Birthday-boy Chicharito came off the bench to net the winner against Chile on Thursday, and is now only three goals from overtaking Jared Borgetti's national record goal haul of 46.
"This one only celebrates his birthday with goals! Happy birthday, brother, all the best always!"
Mexico have finished as runners-up twice and in third three times since 1993, and with a squad that boasts players from Europe's top leagues as well as an ever-improving domestic competition, they will be confident of getting out of their group for the first time since 2007. The draw beyond that has not been kind, though, with Argentina or Chile their likely quarter-final opponents. A win against either and Mexico will certainly feel they can go all the way.
Chicharito (Bayer 04 Leverkusen striker): "Hopefully we can have a very good tournament because, after the USA, we're going to be the local team. Whenever we go to the USA we always feel like we are playing in Mexico City, Guadalajara or Monterrey: the stadiums are full and probably 80 or 90 percent of the people there are Mexicans. That's not going to win you every game, but it's something that other teams cannot feel. It gives you extra motivation. We have a very good opportunity to make history."
Juan Carlos Osorio (Mexico coach): "I hope the dream of the Mexican people is the same as ours and that it can take us very far."


One of the things I am grateful for in our world today is the attention given to the loving nurture and care of children. We see more and more products being made, articles being written, and churches being built, with children in mind. We see mom's and dad's more intention than ever about the physical and social wellbeing of their children. These are all good things. When our kids have a need we not only try to meet it we anticipate it and try to meet that need before they ask. So when our kids say they are bored it is not a warning sign in them it is a perceived deficiency in us. We didn't anticipate the downtime they would experience and bring the devices or tools to occupy their minds to keep them from being bored. This wasn't always the case I grew up in the Jurassic period before cell phones, cable and video game systems. We got bored… a lot.
The technology that promises to release us from boredom is actually making it worse— making us more prone to seek empty distractions than we have ever been. In fact, I've come to the conclusion that the more you entertain children, the more bored they will get.
This rubs against the very grain of what we have been taught and indoctrinated within the past 20 years, yet rings strangely true for those us old enough to remember what it was like in the "Old Days". We have an unspoken rule of thumb in our family. If our kids don't say "I'm Bored" often something is wrong. We start assessing our schedules, we evaluate screen time. Boredom is a warning sign and is actually the beginning to doing something meaningful rather than achieving the next level in a game that doesn't matter.
Boredom is actually a crucial warning sign— as important in its own way as physical pain. It's a sign that our capacity for wonder and delight, contemplation and attention, real play and fruitful work, has been dangerously depleted…. We now have the technology to be perpetually distracted from boredom, and thus we never realize how bored we really are.
When I was growing up our world was a very different place and the influence of evangelicalism was very different as well. I remember the primary posture of the church toward culture was condemning culture. I remember well the frequent calls for boycotts. For some reason, a late 80's call to boycott Procter and Gamble due to a symbol on its packaging has never left me. The next change in culture was the copying of culture in the mid 90's (anyone remember "if you like Slayer then listen to "One Bad Pig"). The posture the church seems to be in presently is one of consuming culture. We seem to believe that the other two postures have failed so this is the must be the best way forward to consume culture in an ever elusive quest for relevance. The posture that seems most lacking in the evangelical world today is the ability to critique culture.
The posture most lacking in the evangelicalism today is the ability to critique culture.
The problem is not with any of these gestures— condemning, critiquing, consuming, copying. All of them can be appropriate responses to particular cultural goods. Indeed, each of them may be the only appropriate response to a particular cultural good. But the problem comes when these gestures become too familiar, become the only way we know how to respond to culture, become etched into our unconscious stance toward the world and become postures.
Here is the challenge for us as individuals in general and parents in particular. We have to be sure that we respond appropriately to culture, maintaining a dynamic response to our culture based on the situation and the circumstance without letting our responses become fixed postures. We will never be cultivators of culture or teach our kids to survive and thrive in the complexity of being exiles in a culture that will destroy them if they only learn how to respond with a singular fixed posture.
Why I Won't Take a Chance on the Rapper With My Kids.
I'll start by admitting that my hip factor is decreasing the older I get. I do what I can. My kids and I really enjoy Christian rap artists like Lecrae, Trip Lee and Jackie Hill Perry. My personal feelings on music is that there is not Christian and Non-Christian music but rather good music and bad music. The challenge comes with rap as many rappers who I would agree are very talented have lyrics that I don't think are helpful to anyone's ears especially young ears.
I was watching the Grammy's this year as is my custom (Primarily to live tweet and to read the tweets of others). This years Grammy's were particularly awful. The technical errors and poorly executed tributes to fallen artists made the Grammy's difficult to watch. There were a few exceptions one was by an artist new to me Chance the Rapper. He opened with Chris Tomlin's "How Great is Our God." Something you don't usually hear at the Grammy's.


Information about the bid allocation for both the Community and Collegiate divisions is now available for US Quidditch Cup 11.
As has been previously announced, US Quidditch Cup 11 will be split into Community and Collegiate divisions, which will compete for separate championships at the same site and dates.
The field for US Quidditch Cup 11 will be expanded this year. 88 total teams will be at the event. 64 teams will compete in the Collegiate Championship in a Swiss-style tournament. 24 teams will compete in the Community Championship in a pool play format tournament with 3 pools of 8 teams. Additional details about the event format will be released later this summer.
The majority of bids for both divisions will be allocated based on the number of registered teams in a region as of September 30 at 11:59pm ET. Unlike in previous seasons, region performance during US Quidditch Cup 10 will not be taken into account. Instead, a system of at large bids will determine the remaining spots. For more on the precise method that will be used, see below.
For the regional spot distribution for US Quidditch Cup, each team must be registered before October 1, 2017 to be counted.* To register, the $150 team dues must be paid, along with at least seven individual members added to the team. You can view more information here.
In order to protect the efficacy of the bid distribution system, regional transfer requests must generally be submitted by September 30, 2017 at 11:59pm ET.
Teams who register on or after October 1, 2017 must submit the request within one week of registering with USQ. Additional requests may be considered on a case-by-case basis if the request is based on new information the team received following that deadline.
Again this season, USQ will use the Huntington-Hill method of apportionment in determining bid allocation, which is used by the United States House of Representatives in determining its seats. The Huntington-Hill method ensures that each region is represented at the US Quidditch Cup according to the size of the region.
Of the 64 collegiate division bids, 48 will be awarded at regional championships. These 48 bids will be distributed to the regions using the Huntington Hill method. The remaining 16 bids will be distributed at large.
Using this method, we first determine a standard divisor, found by dividing the number of registered teams by the number of available event bids (48). We then calculate a standard quota for each region, which represents the number of bids each region would receive if the bids were an exact representation of the region's size. Unfortunately, ¼ of a team cannot receive a bid to represent their region at the event so some rounding must occur, which is why using this mathematical method is necessary.
That number for each region will be rounded down unless rounding it down would result in zero, in which case the number will be rounded up to one instead. This will not assign all bids. The remaining bids will be distributed at large.
The bid distribution will be based on registered teams as of September 30, 2017 at 11:59pm ET.
The team must fill out the at large bid interest form by March 9, 2018 committing to accepting an at large bid if they receive one. The form will be available in February 2018.
For example, a team who competes at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Championship but does not earn a bid at their regional championship could become eligible for an at large bid through option B by meeting the minimum requirements listed above, with one of their 8 games being against an opponent which qualified for USQC11 at the Northeast Regional Championship, and another game being against an opponent which qualified for USQC11 at the Midwest Regional Championship.
Upon confirmation of the standings, the top 16 eligible college teams and the top X eligible community teams (where X is the number of community at large bids available) in the USQ standings will be offered bids to US Quidditch Cup 11.
For the 2017-18 season, USQ is implementing a minimum regional size of three teams for each division.
The team will be invited to transfer and attend another regional championship of USQ's choice, based on their location.
The team may choose not to attend any regional championship. In this case, the team may still attempt to earn an at large bid. USQ will waive the regionals attendance requirements for at large bid eligibility for this team. The team must still meet the season play requirements to be eligible to earn an at large bid.
If an at large bid is deferred for any reason, it shall be offered to the remaining eligible teams in the order of their ranking in the USQ standings as of March 11 at 11:59pm ET.
If all eligible teams decline the deferred at-large bid, then it may be offered to ineligible teams in the order of their ranking in the USQ standings as of March 11 at 11:59pm ET.
Questions about the bid distribution process should be directed to gameplay@usquidditch.org.