text:
use std::borrow::Cow;
use std::collections::VecDeque;
use std::io::{self, ErrorKind, Write};
use std::fs::File;
use std::os::unix::io::AsRawFd;
use std::sync::Arc;

use mio::{self, Events, PollOpt, Ready};
use mio::unix::EventedFd;

use ansi;
use display;
use event;
use term::Term;
use util::thread;
use sync::FairMutex;

/// Messages that may be sent to the `EventLoop`
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum Msg {
    /// Data that should be written to the pty
    Input(Cow<'static, [u8]>),
}

/// The main event!.. loop.
///
/// Handles all the pty I/O and runs the pty parser which updates terminal
/// state.
pub struct EventLoop<Io> {
    poll: mio::Poll,
    pty: Io,
    rx: mio::channel::Receiver<Msg>,
    tx: mio::channel::Sender<Msg>,
    terminal: Arc<FairMutex<Term>>,
    display: display::Notifier,
    ref_test: bool,
}

/// Helper type which tracks how much of a buffer has been written.
struct Writing {
    source: Cow<'static, [u8]>,
    written: usize,
}

/// All of the mutable state needed to run the event loop
///
/// Contains list of items to write, current write state, etc. Anything that
/// would otherwise be mutated on the `EventLoop` goes here.
pub struct State {
    write_list: VecDeque<Cow<'static, [u8]>>,
    writing: Option<Writing>,
    parser: ansi::Processor,
}

pub struct Notifier(pub ::mio::channel::Sender<Msg>);

impl event::Notify for Notifier {
    fn notify<B>(&mut self, bytes: B)
        where B: Into<Cow<'static, [u8]>>
    {
        let bytes = bytes.into();
        match self.0.send(Msg::Input(bytes)) {
            Ok(_) => (),
            Err(_) => panic!("expected send event loop msg"),
        }
    }
}

impl Default for State {
    fn default() -> State {
        State {
            write_list: VecDeque::new(),
            parser: ansi::Processor::new(),
            writing: None,
        }
    }
}

impl State {
    #[inline]
    fn ensure_next(&mut self) {
        if self.writing.is_none() {
            self.goto_next();
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn goto_next(&mut self) {
        self.writing = self.write_list
            .pop_front()
            .map(Writing::new);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn take_current(&mut self) -> Option<Writing> {
        self.writing.take()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn needs_write(&self) -> bool {
        self.writing.is_some() || !self.write_list.is_empty()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_current(&mut self, new: Option<Writing>) {
        self.writing = new;
    }
}

impl Writing {
    #[inline]
    fn new(c: Cow<'static, [u8]>) -> Writing {
        Writing { source: c, written: 0 }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn advance(&mut self, n: usize) {
        self.written += n;
    }

    #[inline]
    fn remaining_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
        &self.source[self.written..]
    }

    #[inline]
    fn finished(&self) -> bool {
        self.written >= self.source.len()
    }
}

/// `mio::Token` for the event loop channel
const CHANNEL: mio::Token = mio::Token(0);

/// `mio::Token` for the pty file descriptor
const PTY: mio::Token = mio::Token(1);

impl<Io> EventLoop<Io>
    where Io: io::Read + io::Write + Send + AsRawFd + 'static
{
    /// Create a new event loop
    pub fn new(
        terminal: Arc<FairMutex<Term>>,
        display: display::Notifier,
        pty: Io,
        ref_test: bool,
    ) -> EventLoop<Io> {
        let (tx, rx) = ::mio::channel::channel();
        EventLoop {
            poll: mio::Poll::new().expect("create mio Poll"),
            pty: pty,
            tx: tx,
            rx: rx,
            terminal: terminal,
            display: display,
            ref_test: ref_test,
        }
    }

    pub fn channel(&self) -> mio::channel::Sender<Msg> {
        self.tx.clone()
    }

    // Drain the channel
    //
    // Returns true if items were received
    fn drain_recv_channel(&self, state: &mut State) -> bool {
        let mut received_item = false;
        while let Ok(msg) = self.rx.try_recv() {
            received_item = true;
            match msg {
                Msg::Input(input) => {
                    state.write_list.push_back(input);
                }
            }
        }

        received_item
    }

    #[inline]
    fn channel_event(&mut self, state: &mut State) {
        self.drain_recv_channel(state);

        self.poll.reregister(
            &self.rx, CHANNEL,
            Ready::readable(),
            PollOpt::edge() | PollOpt::oneshot()
        ).expect("reregister channel");

        if state.needs_write() {
            self.poll.reregister(
                &EventedFd(&self.pty.as_raw_fd()),
                PTY,
                Ready::readable() | Ready::writable(),
                PollOpt::edge() | PollOpt::oneshot()
            ).expect("reregister fd after channel recv");
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn pty_read<W>(
        &mut self,
        state: &mut State,
        buf: &mut [u8],
        mut writer: Option<&mut W>
    )
        where W: Write
    {
        loop {
            match self.pty.read(&mut buf[..]) {
                Ok(0) => break,
                Ok(got) => {
                    writer = writer.map(|w| {
                        w.write_all(&buf[..got]).unwrap(); w
                    });

                    let mut terminal = self.terminal.lock();
                    for byte in &buf[..got] {
                        state.parser.advance(&mut *terminal, *byte, &mut self.pty);
                    }

                    // Only request a draw if one hasn't already been requested.
                    //
                    // This is a performance optimization even if only for X11
                    // which is very expensive to hammer on the even loop wakeup
                    if !terminal.dirty {
                        self.display.notify();
                        terminal.dirty = true;

                        // Break for writing
                        //
                        // Want to prevent case where reading always returns
                        // data and sequences like `C-c` cannot be sent.
                        //
                        // Doing this check in !terminal.dirty will prevent the
                        // condition from being checked overzealously.
                        if state.writing.is_some()
                            || !state.write_list.is_empty()
                            || self.drain_recv_channel(state)
                        {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                },
                Err(err) => {
                    match err.kind() {
                        ErrorKind::Interrupted |
                        ErrorKind::WouldBlock => break,
                        _ => panic!("unexpected read err: {:?}", err),
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn pty_write(&mut self, state: &mut State) {
        state.ensure_next();

        'write_many: while let Some(mut current) = state.take_current() {
            'write_one: loop {
                match self.pty.write(current.remaining_bytes()) {
                    Ok(0) => {
                        state.set_current(Some(current));
                        break 'write_many;
                    },
                    Ok(n) => {
                        current.advance(n);
                        if current.finished() {
                            state.goto_next();
                            break 'write_one;
                        }
                    },
                    Err(err) => {
                        state.set_current(Some(current));
                        match err.kind() {
                            ErrorKind::Interrupted |
                            ErrorKind::WouldBlock => break 'write_many,
                            // TODO
                            _ => panic!("unexpected err: {:?}", err),
                        }
                    }
                }

            }
        }
    }

    pub fn spawn(
        mut self,
        state: Option<State>
    ) -> thread::JoinHandle<(EventLoop<Io>, State)> {
        thread::spawn_named("pty reader", move || {
            let mut state = state.unwrap_or_else(Default::default);
            let mut buf = [0u8; 4096];

            let fd = self.pty.as_raw_fd();
            let fd = EventedFd(&fd);

            let poll_opts = PollOpt::edge() | PollOpt::oneshot();

            self.poll.register(&self.rx, CHANNEL, Ready::readable(), poll_opts).unwrap();
            self.poll.register(&fd, PTY, Ready::readable(), poll_opts).unwrap();

            let mut events = Events::with_capacity(1024);

            let mut pipe = if self.ref_test {
                let file = File::create("./alacritty.recording")
                    .expect("create alacritty recording");
                Some(file)
            } else {
                None
            };

            'event_loop: loop {
                if let Err(err) = self.poll.poll(&mut events, None) {
                    match err.kind() {
                        ErrorKind::Interrupted => continue,
                        _ => panic!("EventLoop polling error: {:?}", err)
                    }
                }

                for event in events.iter() {
                    match event.token() {
                        CHANNEL => self.channel_event(&mut state),
                        PTY => {
                            let kind = event.kind();

                            if kind.is_readable() {
                                self.pty_read(&mut state, &mut buf, pipe.as_mut());
                                if ::tty::process_should_exit() {
                                    break 'event_loop;
                                }
                            }

                            if kind.is_writable() {
                                self.pty_write(&mut state);
                            }

                            if kind.is_hup() {
                                break 'event_loop;
                            }

                            // Figure out pty interest
                            let mut interest = Ready::readable();
                            if state.needs_write() {
                                interest.insert(Ready::writable());
                            }

                            // Reregister pty
                            self.poll
                                .reregister(&fd, PTY, interest, poll_opts)
                                .expect("register fd after read/write");
                        },
                        _ => (),
                    }
                }
            }

            let _ = self.poll.deregister(&self.rx);
            let _ = self.poll.deregister(&fd);

            (self, state)
        })
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
931 F. 2d 1472 - Chanel Inc v. Italian Activewear of Florida Inc
931 F2d 1472 Chanel Inc v. Italian Activewear of Florida Inc
19 U.S.P.Q.2d 1068
CHANEL, INC., Plaintiff-Appellee,
ITALIAN ACTIVEWEAR OF FLORIDA, INC., d/b/a Italian Designer
Labels, d/b/a Italian Fashion Distributors, Mervyn
Brody, Myron Greenberg, a/k/a Mike
Green, Defendants-Appellants.
Nos. 90-5031, 90-5338.
Eleventh Circuit.
May 24, 1991.
Peter M. Feaman, Feaman, Adams, & Fernandez, Boca Raton, Fla., for Greenberg.
Paul R. Marcus, Miami, Fla., for Italian Activewear.
Jaye Quadrozzi and Sheri J. Engelken, Kirkland & Ellis, Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff-appellee.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.
Before TJOFLAT, Chief Judge, EDMONDSON, Circuit Judge, and DYER, Senior Circuit Judge.
EDMONDSON, Circuit Judge:
In this trademark infringement case, the district court granted summary judgment for plaintiff-appellee Chanel, permanently enjoining further infringement and awarding treble damages and attorneys' fees against all three defendants-appellants. We agree there was no genuine issue of fact about appellant Italian Activewear's infringement of Chanel's trademark or about appellant Brody's personal liability for that infringement. That the infringement was intentional is unclear, however. And that appellant Greenberg should be held personally liable is also unclear. On these two issues we conclude genuine issues of fact remain. We therefore affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand for further proceedings.
Plaintiff-appellee Chanel, Inc. sells luxury items using registered, well-known trademarks. Defendant-appellant Italian Activewear was a Florida corporation selling imported goods under various labels, including Chanel.1 Defendant-appellant Mervyn Brody was president and chief operating officer of Italian Activewear. Defendant-appellant Myron Greenberg is a friend and business associate of Brody. Although not an employee, Greenberg sometimes sold merchandise on behalf of Italian Activewear or Brody and would "keep an eye on things" at the store when Brody was out of town.
Italian Activewear, through Brody, imported and began marketing a shipment of handbags and belt buckles bearing Chanel trademarks. Brody purchased these goods from Sola, a European broker from whom Brody had earlier purchased other shipments of luxury items under various labels. Part of the shipment of Chanel-labeled goods was immediately resold to some California businessmen. Greenberg had originally introduced Brody to these Californians and was to receive a percentage payment for purchases from Brody they made. He received no percentage payment for these Chanel-labeled goods, however.
The Chanel-labeled goods purchased from Sola were counterfeit.2 In addition to minor differences in physical construction, these handbags lacked several indicia of authenticity possessed by genuine Chanel bags: each authentic Chanel bag has a uniquely numbered sticker affixed to an inconspicuous location inside the bag and comes with a separate "certificate of authenticity" bearing the same number; and each bag is packaged inside a felt bag and then inside a "shiny black box," both of which also bear Chanel trademarks. Authentic Chanel belt buckles, moreover, are not sold without Chanel belts, as these were.
In his deposition testimony, Brody stated that he did not know where Sola got the bags and buckles and that he did not ask. He also said he was aware the bags should have had certificates of authenticity but that these bags did not. He said he had made efforts to ensure the goods were genuine (by comparing them with products he knew to be genuine). Brody's verification efforts were further attested to by one of his employees at the preliminary injunction hearing.
Chanel first acted in California, seizing the counterfeit goods held by the Californians who received part of the Sola shipment. The Californians informed Greenberg--who was "minding the store" at Italian Activewear while Brody was away--of the seizure. Greenberg sent Brody the following facsimile:
Att Merv. [Brody]
Big Trouble. Marshell (sic) & Chanel closed down Calif. Took bags and there will be lawsuit. They want to stop new shipments--and they are right. They know about this store and probably will be in here shortly. Trying to get your lawyer but I know he won't be able to do anything.
Call back right away.
Mike [Myron Greenberg]
He gathered up all the Chanel-labeled goods and removed them from the store, putting them in the trunk of a car which was then parked several blocks away.
Chanel sued Italian Activewear and Brody for trademark infringement in violation of 15 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1114(1)(a).3 Greenberg was added as a defendant by later amendment. The district court granted plaintiff Chanel's motion for summary judgment in full, concluding as a matter of law not only that the trademark had been infringed, but also that the infringement had been intentional. It thus awarded the treble damages ($208,433.25) and attorneys' fees ($71,859.61) statutorily mandated in cases of intentional violation of 15 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1114(1)(a). See 15 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1117(b). The district court also concluded no genuine issue of fact existed about the personal liability of both Brody and Greenberg.
The Lanham Act prohibits, among other things, the use in commerce of a counterfeit trademark in a manner likely to cause confusion; and the Act further provides that anyone using a counterfeit trademark in such manner shall be liable in a civil action to the registrant of the trademark. See 15 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1114(1)(a). The remedies available to the registrant are set forth in 15 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1117. In addition to injunctive relief, a registrant whose rights are violated may generally recover the defendant's profits from the infringing activity (or its own damages or both) together with costs of the action. Based on equitable considerations, the trial court may, in its discretion, reduce or enhance the resulting award up to three times the original amount, and may, in exceptional cases, award attorneys' fees. 15 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1117(a). If the infringement is intentional, however, Sec. 1117(b) governs: unless the court finds extenuating circumstances, treble damages and attorneys' fees are mandated. 15 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1117(b).
The interplay of these provisions demonstrates that a showing of intent or bad faith is unnecessary to establish a violation of Sec. 1114(1)(a), or to seek remedies pursuant to Sec. 1117(a).4 But where, as here, a registrant seeks the mandatory treble damages and attorneys' fees provided for in Sec. 1117(b), the plaintiff must prove the defendants' intent to infringe.
Appellee Chanel sought--and received by summary judgment--treble damages and attorneys' fees under 15 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1117(b). Thus, the district court necessarily perceived no genuine issue of fact regarding the knowledge and intent of appellants. We disagree. As a general rule, a party's state of mind (such as knowledge or intent) is a question of fact for the factfinder, to be determined after trial. See Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246, 274, 72 S.Ct. 240, 255, 96 L.Ed. 288 (1952); United States v. Gregory, 730 F.2d 692, 702 (11th Cir.1984). And we see no reason to except this case from the general rule.
The district court's grant of summary judgment on this issue rested chiefly on two undisputed facts: (1) the counterfeit goods lacked all indicia of authenticity, and Brody knew that indicia of authenticity generally accompanied genuine Chanel products; and (2) Brody knew Sola was not an authorized distributor of Chanel products, yet failed to ask Sola the origin of his Chanel-labeled products. Based on these facts, the court concluded Brody had been willfully blind, and "[w]illful blindness is knowledge enough." See Louis Vuitton S.A. v. Lee, 875 F.2d 584, 590 (7th Cir.1989). We accept this dicta from the Seventh Circuit: willful blindness could provide the requisite intent or bad faith. But whether a defendant has been willfully blind will depend on the circumstances5 and, like intent itself, will generally be a question of fact for the factfinder after trial. The undisputed facts relied on by the district court could certainly support an inference of knowledge or willful blindness. But they do not so clearly compel that conclusion as to warrant finding intent as a matter of law.6
Chanel calls our attention to several other occurrences it feels bolster its position. First, it points out Brody has been involved in trademark infringement litigation twice in the past (in the mid-1980's). Second, it points to Greenberg's actions after hearing of the seizure of Chanel-labeled goods in California: he sent a warning fax to Brody; and then removed all Chanel-labeled merchandise from the premises, putting it in the trunk of a car. But these additional facts are, at best, simply further circumstantial evidence strengthening the inference of knowledge or intent. That these facts do even this is uncertain; for they could cut both ways. Looking at the facts in the light most favorable to Brody and Greenberg as non-moving parties, see Rollins v. TechSouth, Inc., 833 F.2d 1525, 1528 (11th Cir.1987), Brody's past experiences with trademark infringement laws might in fact make his evidence of attempted verification of authenticity more believable. Greenberg's pointed-to actions all occurred after the infringing activities; and all are consistent with the possibility that he first heard about the infringement from the Californians after the raid and was simply taking actions to stop the infringing activities and minimize the damage.
Chanel further suggests summary judgment was proper because, in response to its lengthy and well-documented motion, appellants filed only three pages of argument and one affidavit from Brody. Once a moving party has sufficiently supported its motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party must come forward with significant, probative evidence demonstrating the existence of a triable issue of fact. See Ferguson v. National Broadcasting Co., Inc., 584 F.2d 111, 114 (5th Cir.1978). But--particularly where, as here, the moving party is also the party with the burden of proof on the issue--it is important to remember the non-moving party must produce its significant, probative evidence only after the movant has satisfied its burden of demonstrating there is no genuine dispute on any material fact. See Clark v. Coats & Clark, Inc., 929 F.2d 604 (11th Cir.1991); cf. American Viking Contractors, Inc. v. Scribner Equip. Co., 745 F.2d 1365, 1369 (11th Cir.1984). And, as previously noted, there is no genuine dispute only if a reasonable jury could not return a verdict for the non-moving party. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Chanel's evidence does not demonstrate lack of a genuine dispute on intent; so appellants did not have to present the significant, probative evidence Ferguson requires.7
Natural persons, as well as corporations, may be liable for trademark infringement under the Lanham Act. See Mead Johnson & Co. v. Baby's Formula Serv., Inc., 402 F.2d 19 (5th Cir.1968); 15 U.S.C.A. Secs. 1114 & 1127. Because of its very nature a corporation can act only through individuals. "Obviously ... if there was an infringement by the corporation, this infringement was caused by some one or more persons either officers or employees of the corporation who caused the acts to be done." Mead Johnson, 402 F.2d at 23. If an individual actively and knowingly caused the infringement, he is personally liable. See id.; see also Wilden Pump & Eng'g Co. v. Pressed & Welded Prods. Co., 655 F.2d 984, 990 (9th Cir.1981) (in analogous patent infringement context, individual will be liable if he is "moving, active, conscious force" behind infringement).
Applying this standard to Brody, we agree no genuine issue exists on his personal liability. Brody was the president and chief executive officer of Italian Activewear. It was he who purchased the counterfeit goods from Sola; he who advertised the goods as Chanel products in local publications; and he who operated the showroom from which the goods were sold.
The link between Greenberg and the infringing activities is far more tenuous, however. No evidence connects him to the purchase or promotion of the counterfeit goods. Greenberg did look after the showroom when Brody was out of town and, in that capacity, may have sold some of the counterfeit merchandise.8 Chanel also points to Greenberg's introduction of Brody to the Californians (who later purchased counterfeit Chanel items from or through Italian Activewear) as further evidence of his involvement and to his warning fax and removal of the infringing goods as further evidence of his knowledge. Taken together, these facts may be enough from which to infer that Greenberg actively caused the infringement. But they are insufficient to establish an absence of genuine dispute, such that no reasonable jury could conclude he did not actively cause the infringement. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. at 2510.
The district court's order granting summary judgment mentions appellant Greenberg only once, in the last sentence of discussion: "Additionally, the court finds that Myron Greenberg, as an agent of Italian Activewear, is liable to the Plaintiff." Greenberg is only liable, however, if he actively caused the infringement as a moving, conscious force; and whether he actively caused the infringement as a moving, conscious force is--given the weak record in this case--a question of fact for the factfinder after trial.
For these reasons, we affirm the district court's summary conclusions that Italian Activewear infringed Chanel's trademark and that Brody is liable for that infringement. We vacate the grant of summary judgment on the issues of intent and of Greenberg's personal liability, however. On remand, Chanel may either seek damages against Italian Activewear and Brody under 15 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1117(a), or proceed to trial on the remaining issues.
AFFIRMED in part, VACATED in part, and REMANDED for further proceedings.
The past tense is used because Italian Activewear is no longer in business
Appellants still dispute the goods' lack of authenticity. By affidavits as well as oral testimony at the preliminary injunction hearing, however, appellee established numerous physical discrepancies between the Sola goods and genuine Chanel products. In the face of this evidence, appellants have only Brody's unsupported assertion that these bags and buckles are (or may be) "grey market goods"--trademark-bearing goods that are imported without the consent of the trademark holder, but are, nonetheless, authentic. See K Mart Corp. v. Cartier, Inc., 486 U.S. 281, 285, 108 S.Ct. 1811, 1814, 100 L.Ed.2d 313 (1988). This speculation is not the kind of significant, probative evidence necessary to withstand summary decision on this issue. See Ferguson v. National Broadcasting Co., Inc., 584 F.2d 111 (5th Cir.1978). We therefore agree with the district court finding and conclusion that the goods were in fact counterfeit
Chanel also claimed defendants engaged in unfair competition in violation of 15 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1125(a). For our purposes, the same facts support a cause of action for unfair competition as for trademark infringement; if there is no genuine issue of fact as to trademark infringement, there is none as to unfair competition, either. See John H. Harland Co. v. Clarke Checks, Inc., 711 F.2d 966, 981 (11th Cir.1983). Further, the remedies provided for in 15 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1117 are equally available in actions brought under 15 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1114 (trademark infringement) or Sec. 1125(a) (unfair competition). See Rickard v. Auto Publisher, Inc., 735 F.2d 450, 458 (11th Cir.1984). We will, therefore, discuss only the trademark infringement claim; but our discussion applies equally to Chanel's unfair competition cause of action
Although intent is not an essential element of a trademark infringement cause of action, it is a relevant consideration in evaluating whether the infringing use is likely to cause confusion. See Original Appalachian Artworks, Inc. v. The Toy Loft, 684 F.2d 821, 831-32 (11th Cir.1982); Sun-Fun Prods., Inc. v. Suntan Research & Dev. Inc., 656 F.2d 186, 190 (5th Cir. Unit B 1981). And, of course, a defendant's intent would be an equitable factor for the court to consider in enhancing or reducing an award under Sec. 1117(a)
In Lee, for example, the defendants had purchased obviously poorly crafted goods from an itinerant peddler at bargain-basement prices. 875 F.2d at 590
Such a conclusion would be warranted, of course, only if a reasonable jury could certainly not reach a contrary conclusion. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)
The relied-on facts relate to Brody's awarenesses and Brody's failure to act on those awarenesses; thus, as circumstantial evidence of Greenberg's intent these facts are even weaker. Because we hold the relied-on facts are not sufficient to establish Brody's intent as a matter of law, we also hold Greenberg's intent is not conclusively established.
Our conclusion that appellants' intent was not a proper subject for summary judgment is further confirmed by a brief look at other trademark infringement cases in which intent has been found. In Louis Vuitton S.A. v. Lee, for example, the "willful blindness" case discussed briefly above, the defendant had actually conceded knowledge in a pretrial stipulation. 875 F.2d 584 (7th Cir.1989). And in Louis Vuitton S.A. v. Spencer Handbags Corp., plaintiffs had a videotape of defendants bragging to a potential associate about their trademark infringement activities. 765 F.2d 966 (2d Cir.1985). Intent was based on more circumstantial evidence (like that present in this case) in Polo Fashions, Inc. v. Rabanne, 661 F.Supp. 89 (S.D.Fla.1986), and Vuitton et Fils, S.A. v. Crown Handbags, 492 F.Supp. 1071 (S.D.N.Y.1979), aff'd without opinion, 622 F.2d 577 (2d Cir.1980); but the findings of intent in these cases were made only after full bench trials, see Rabanne, 661 F.Supp. at 99; Crown Handbags, 492 F.Supp. at 1072. See also Finity Sportswear v. Airnit, Inc., 631 F.Supp. 769 (S.D.N.Y.1985) (knowledge or intent to infringe not appropriate subject of summary judgement). But see Fendi S.A.S. Di Paola Fendi E Sorelle v. Cosmetic World, Ltd., 642 F.Supp. 1143 (S.D.N.Y.1986) (summary judgment on willfulness granted where defendant admitted in deposition that he told retail merchants to whom he sold products that the products were "imitations," but that retail merchants' customers would likely think they were buying genuine Fendi products)
Merely selling the items cannot turn Greenberg into a moving, active, conscious force who caused the infringement; if it did, the entire sales force of infringing companies would be personally liable. The individual liability standard does not ask whether the individual participated or engaged in some infringing act; instead, it asks whether he actively participated as a moving force in the decision to engage in the infringing acts, or otherwise caused the infringement as a whole to occur

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
7/27/2015-7/28/2015
On July 27th, an officer observed a vehicle stopped at a red arrow in the left turn lane at the intersection of Beacon St. and St. Paul St. The vehicle quickly turned right onto St. Paul from the left hand turn lane of Beacon Street. The officers activated the cruisers overhead emergency blue lights and safely initiate a traffic stop. The officer advised the operator of the reason for the stop and asked for the operator's license and registration. The officer then queried the driver's vehicle registration which revealed his right to operate a motor vehicle had been revoked. The subject has been placed under arrest.
On July 27th, an officer was dispatched to Cameron St. for a past report of Breaking and Entering. On scene, the owner of the building stated that the three apartment units are currently being renovated. He stated after finishing working on the units around 7 p.m. on July 26th and he remembers locking all the doors and windows. The victim stated the next day the door to the first floor unit had been kicked in and a ladder was placed under a second floor window. The victim reported missing tools which were being stored in the third floor unit.
On July 28th officers responded to a report of burglary, upon arrival the victim stated there apartment had been burglarized. The victim stated the suspect broke in through the bedroom window. After noticing where the suspect broke in the victim stated seeing her apartment ransacked. She reported a wide array of personal items missing. This matter is still under investigation.
On July 24th, officers were traveling Southbound on Washington St. and performed a query of the registration on the cruiser's laptop. The query revealed that the registered owner had an active warrant out for his arrest. The officers activated the emergency lights and initiated a motor vehicle stop. The operator of the vehicle was the owner and was placed under arrest
On July 24th, an officer was dispatched to Greenough St. for a past report of larceny. Upon arrival to the scene, the officer spoke with a security guard who stated a laptop was missing from the building. The reporting person also stated there have been several events that have taken place in the building and it was likely taken during that time. This matter is still under investigation.
On July 24th, an officer was dispatched to Linden St. for a report of a stolen bicycle. On scene, the reporting person stated she had locked her bike to a "No Parking Anytime" Town of Brookline Street sign. Later that afternoon, the victim found her bike was missing but the lock itself was still intact and attached to the street pole.
On July 24th, an officer assigned to the front desk received a report of a package theft from a Brookline resident. The victim stated she was expecting the packaged to be delivered on Tuesday, July 21st, 2015. According to the delivery service tracking system, the package was delivered to the front lobby of her apartment. However, when the victim arrived home the package was not present.
On July 24th, an officer patrolling the Coolidge Corner area was traveling Southbound on Harvard Street and conducted a query of a sedan into the cruisers laptop. The query revealed the registered owner of had a warrant out for her arrest. The officers activated the emergency lights and initiated a motor vehicle stop. The operator of the vehicle was the owner and was placed under arrest.
On July 24th, an officer on foot patrol was flagged down by a Brookline resident to report the theft of her son's watch. The woman stated she was leaving her apartment to give the watch to her ex-husband for him to fix. As she was leaving, she noticed some packages had been delivered and were lying on the vestibule. The woman reported placing the watch on the vestibule floor and carried the packages upstairs to her apartment. Minutes later, when she came back downstairs the watch was gone. This matter is still under investigation.
On July 25th, officers responded to a local business on Harvard St. for a shoplifting in progress. On scene, the night manager reported witnessing the suspect place several items in a reusable shopping bag and attempted to exit the store. The manager instructed an employee to call the police as he attempted to keep the suspect on scene until the police arrived. The suspect has been placed under arrest.
On July 25th, an officer was dispatched to Pleasant St. for report of a stolen bicycle. On scene, the victim stated his bicycle along with U-lock which was attached to a street pole was missing. The officer noticed metal shavings on the ground, which indicates the U-lock may have been cut off.
Only July 25th, an officer was dispatched to the area of Station Street for an activation of the "bait bike's" GPS system. The officer observed a group of three juveniles riding bikes in the area of Kent Street traveling towards Aspinwall Avenue. The officer recognized one of the bicycles as the Brookline Police Departments "bait bike". The officer activated his emergency lights to initiate a traffic stop. The officer informed the individual riding the "bait bike" as to reason why he was stopped. The subject then stated the bicycle was his friends. The suspect has been placed under arrest.
On July 26th, officers responded to a local business on Beacon St. for a report of shoplifting in progress. On scene, the store manager stated he observed the individual enter the liquor section of the store and pick up two bottles of liquor and concealed them underneath his jacket. The individual then proceeded to walking towards an MBTA bench and began running from the uniformed Officer that arrived on scene. The suspect was apprehended and has been placed under arrest.


Luke Skywalker is a Jedi and main force behind the Rebel Alliance. He is also the brother of Princess Leia. He first appeared in the film Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope in 1977. Actor Mark Hamill portrayed the character in Episodes IV, V, VI and VII. The Mighty Mugg above portrays him in his attire from the The Empire Strikes Back, where he battles Darth Vader in Bespin and gets his hand chopped off.


Scott Pruitt embattled and controversial administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency resigned on Thursday 5th July effective immediately. Since appointment he has generated questions over intermingling personal and EPA business, wasteful spending, questionable administrative and ethics practices and an anti-science agenda.
He will be replaced in the interim by his deputy, Andrew Wheeler previously a lobbyist for the coal industry.


Distance education offers an opportunity to continue or complete your education without a traditional campus classroom.
While it isn't for everyone, it is a great alternative for non-traditional students and working adults.
If you're a self-motivated and independent learner, distance education might be an option.
It's a convenient way for many adults to mesh a full-time or part-time job, family obligations, and other commitments with education.
You can earn a bachelor's, master's, or doctorate degree in almost every field imaginable.
Colleges offering distance education programs must follow laws and regulations that the U.S. Department of Education has established for these programs.
Don't forget to check with the college to find out about their accreditation and state licensing standards.
Know what your state licensing organizations require for your particular field before you choose a school.
No more than 50 percent of a school's regular students may be enrolled in correspondence programs.
They are treated in the same way as traditional residential programs.
Higher education costs money, whether it is a program on a traditional campus or an online or distance education program.
If you know you're going to need financial assistance, your first step is to apply for federal financial aid by completing the FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid).
You can complete the FAFSA online or get the paper form from the financial aid office at the school you are considering attending.
The FAFSA determines your eligibility for federal financial aid programs, as well as some state and institutional programs.
Be sure to research how you can pay for college. Check with the financial aid office of the school you're considering attending for information specific to your program.


Record: Why are you guys running?
Adrian Perkins: I've always felt like Student Government was in a unique position to change things for the better. Academic institutions come with stressors and this is an opportunity to for us relieve those stressors and to make the community better. Since joining Student Government, I've worked on everything from the [Student Government] constitutional working group, to changing the printing, to appointing the committee that decided to change the crest, to getting the MPRE administered at HLS. I've had the opportunity to see things through and make student life better here.
Amanda Lee: The HLS community matters. We spend 3 years of our lives here. I've seen intimately the needs of a thriving student organization that's put so much work and care into making the school an amazing place. Adrian and I work really well together because we have a wide breadth of experience. We've spent the last two years building relationships, and so we're really excited to bring others to the table and let students have that voice through student government.
Record: In a few words, how would you sum up your platform?
Joe Sullivan: We are demanding that the administration release the budget data so we can take a hard look at that budget so we can see what we can cut back and where we can move funding into.
Record: It seems like you guys are running as a one-issue ticket. Would you say that's accurate?
JS: I would say generally, yes, although that one issue encompasses a lot of the issues at Harvard Law School. When we think about a lot of the issues at Harvard Law School, it's often about how much does that cost? I think if we don't know that it's hard to tackle those issues, so I think of this as a more encompassing platform.
Anika Khan: Tyra and I are looking to redefine student government and give students the chance to redefine student government for themselves. Tyra and I know what it's like to be a part of the existing government, and we know how to change it to help create real community here at HLS.
Nino Monea is the outgoing Student Government President. The Record asked him what was on his mind.
Record: What are some of the things that student government has been able to do this year that you're proud of?
Monea: As far as membership goes, a majority of the executive team and elected members are women, and a majority are people of color for the first time as far back as we have records on this point, and I think it's great that we have a team that really reflects the school that we're supposed to represent. On substantive accomplishments, we've been able to implement a new printing system, which historically was students' number one complaint in polls.
We've been able to make progress on policies to help students be more politically engaged, such as recording classes on Election Day, and we've begun discussions about canceling courses on Election Day so students can more easily go out and vote or volunteer. And we're for the first time trying to expand offerings for students trying to go into public [office], such as a reading group on how to run for office as a lawyer. And going forward we want to see if there's resources this school can offer to help people who don't come from politically connected families run for office.
The Record: Why are you running for 2L Rep?
Leilani Doktor: I believe that I give a diverse perspective to student government that is necessary just to be fully representative of our 2L class.
Record: What distinguishes you from the other candidates?
Record: Why are you running for 3L rep?
Norma McCorvey, known as the "Jane Roe" of Roe v. Wade, died of heart failure on February 18. She was 69 years old. As the centerpiece of one of America's most controversial court cases, securing the right for women to have an abortion, she herself turned away from it, converting to Roman Catholicism and anti-abortion activist.
Starting with the Women's March on January 21, scores of Harvard Law students joined hundreds of thousands of demonstrators marching in Boston and around the country for left-leaning causes in the wake of Donald Trump's inauguration.
In the weeks following the Women's March, HLS students joined several other demonstrations in the Boston area, including a demonstration for the release of detainees at Logan International Airport on January 28 and a protest against President Trump's anti-immigration executive orders in Copley Square on January 29.
On June 23, 1982, Vincent Chin was brutally beaten by Ronald Ebens and Michael Nitz with a baseball bat. Four days later, his head cracked open from the assault, Chin died. For their crime, the state of Michigan sentenced Ebens and Nitz to three years' probation and a $3000 file. The sentencing judge said that "these weren't the kind of men you send to jail." A federal prosecution had no more success against the two men.
This Saturday, February 4, students, faculty, and a federal judge will be reenacting the trials for an open audience.
The free reenactment starts at 4 p.m. in Milstein East in Wasserstein Hall. Professors Michael Klarman and Mark Wu, Judge Denny Chin of the United States Second Circuit Court of Appeals, Dean of Students Marcia Sells, and over a dozen students will perform roles of the lawyers, judges, and other individuals in the trials.
After eight years as the head of Harvard Law School, Dean Martha Minow is stepping down from her role to return to teaching and research at the Law School. Her resignation is effective as of this July. The Record talked to Dean Minow about her thoughts looking back and looking forward. This interview has been edited and condensed for clarity and organization.
The Record: What made you decide to step down as dean?
Dean Minow: I made the decision just before the holidays. I want to participate in the events of the day. And I'm late in a contract for a book. So I'm looking forward to working on all of that.
Charles Nesson is known for his eccentricities and eclectic tastes. Having the fortune of interviewing him this past week, I received confirmation of this perception. Dressed in an outfit that I would label "minimalist-urban-chill," Professor Nesson entered his office accompanied by his tiny, eight-year-old Yorkshire terrier, Sweet Pea. His face exuded wisdom and calm. And while I wanted to ask him about everything from his favorite film to where he gets his marijuana from, I reminded myself that the purpose of the interview was to understand the context of Massachusetts's ballot measure: Question 4. The measure, which was recently endorsed by The Boston Globe, would legalize commercial and recreational use of marijuana by adults over the age of 21 and would create a commission to regulate its use. Individuals would each be able to grow up to six marijuana plants in their homes. The measure is predicted to pass in tomorrow's election, although insiders warn that it will be a tighter vote than expected.
Two weeks ago, The Record interviewed Dean Martha Minow for her thoughts on the Law School, women in the profession, and the Cubs. We were initially informed by the communications office that they objected to our publication of the interview, and we met with them and Dean of Students Marcia Sells last week to discuss the issue. Following that meeting, the communications office withdrew their objections. We are pleased to present our interview with Dean Minow, condensed and edited for clarity.
The Record: This is the first year in Harvard Law School's history in which the entering JD class was more than 50% women. How did that end up happening and what do you make of it?
Dean Minow: We've made a lot of outreach efforts, and I'm happy with the results. These things do change from year to year though: last year's LLM class was majority women, but this year it's majority men.
You may have read about the HLS administration's refusal to allow the Record to publish its recent interview with Dean Minow. Our editors-in-chief, I regret to say, are staggeringly incompetent and weak-willed. Like all Harvard Law students, they are anatomical curiosities, who are at once both hidebound and spineless. You can depend upon them for nothing. And so, for the good of the paper, I considered it my duty to salvage the whole operation and interview the Dean myself.
How did I secure an on-the-record interview with the Dean, you ask, after she denied the same to my editorial overlords? Well, I've been around this school a long time, you see, and I know things. I know who has their fingers in the door. I know who has their foot in the pie. And oh yes, I know where the bodies are buried. They say they can't tear down the Gropius Complex because it's a historical landmark, but who really believes that? Oh, the terrible secrets that lurk in the bowels of that concrete monstrosity! How many nights have I lain awake on the sofa in the Record basement, listening to the faint finger-scrabbling of Harvard's hapless enemies, entombed within the walls!
For the second day, Harvard University Dining Workers were on strike, clamoring for higher pay, vacation work, and better health insurance benefits.
Negotiators for Local 26, the union that represents HUDS employees, met with two non-Harvard mediators on Thursday, and representatives for Local 26 expressed optimism that they would see their demands met.


A visit to the Moholoholo Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre is a moving and worthwhile experience It's also a convenient day excursion if you're visiting the Orpen Gate side of Kruger National Park, Blyde River Canyon, Bourke's Luck Potholes, Pilgrim's Rest, Graskop or Sabie.
The centre provides a home for abandoned, injured and poisoned wildlife and is a respected contributor to wildlife conservation. Animals that you may see are lion, leopard, serval, cheetah, hyena, honey badger, eagles, vultures and various baby animals.
Moholoholo started from small beginnings in 1990 – with a crowned eagle and a day old zebra. Word got out that the manager was able to care for and release wild animals and birds, and so Moholoholo grew.
Sadly, some of the animals are not suitable to be released back into the wild and remain as 'permanent residents' at the centre. They give visitors an 'up close and personal' experience, highlighting the problems that wildlife are facing. The main focus at Moholoholo is to create awareness in order to preserve our wildlife.
Often Moholoholo receive calls to rescue animals such as baby rhino that have been abandoned or leopards that have been injured by cars or caught in snares. The team are also actively involved in collaring and relocating 'problem animal' control on farms and tribal areas. Many leopards' movements have been monitored with these collars.
Moholoholo have tagged and released hundreds of vultures brought in due to poisoning or electrocution. Tracking harnesses were fitted to some individuals, astonishing researchers with the range of their movements.
Another important function of the centre is breeding. Staff have successfully bred and released crowned eagle, serval and many other endangered animals.
Moholoholo Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre is self funded and also covers all the relocation costs of 'problem animals'. There is a small fee for guided tours which last about two hours – your visit to the centre helps this awesome project.
What an amazing experience at your Rehabilitation Center!We fed the Vultures, cuddled an eagle, had a very close encounter with a cheetah!Thank you for your good work with the education and rehabilitation of our country's animals, keep it up, we will definitely return to the center for another visit!
Great experience especially for the kids interacting with a cheetah.
For first time visitors to Africa-very good. For seasoned visitors not enough to fill your appetite.
Visit this popular centre and experience close encounters with wild animals.
I would like to rate Moholoholo as a good place. I have a lot of information now. I didn't know that there was a place who takes care of animals from this young. The tour guide, Oscar, this knows what he is doing. His presentation was good. Thank you. I had an awesome experience.
Moholoholo Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre is 17.1km from the centre of Hoedspruit , the nearest airport 20.5km (Eastgate Airport).


DIY is bigger than ever. Creating your own DIY Christmas gifts is also a big trend. I don't know why that is the case, but my hypothesis is that it is related to the natural, organic, slow food movement. People get a satisfaction knowing the root of the products they are using. Of course there's tremendous satisfaction producing something by your own bare hands. Needless to say, DIY Christmas gifts are unique.
There are so many DIY tutorials out there. A lot of them are upcycling used materials. And some of them are kid projects. As for DIY Christmas gifts, I feel that the result needs to look professional, something that people would pay money to buy. The look doesn't matter so much if it's just kids creating something for grandma and grandpa. But if you are creating something for your neighbors and friends, and if you really want them to use the items, then the gifts better live up to a certain standard.
Another criteria is that the DIY projects need to require minimum skills and equipment. If you are a knitter or a sewing expert, you probably have already churned out amazing Christmas gift creations started in June. For the rest of us, it's hard to learn how to sew or do metal work when Christmas is less than 4 weeks away. Also, it doesn't make sense for us to spend a fortune on sewing machine or printing equipment if we don't have them.
With that said, I have chosen some tutorials that fit the bill.
With minimal equipment and effort, you can produce these beautiful lip balm. In fact, if you didn't put "homemade" on the tin, the recipient would probably not know the difference. I would probably word it as "Artisan Lip Balm." Pro tip: cut out those labels using a paper punch for the most professional result.
You can get some simple drinking glasses from the thrift store or from the craft store. With three more items–masking tapes, paint brush and etching cream, you are in business to make these wonderful drinking glasses. Think about making a set of six drinking glasses with the recipient's name on it.
There are 21 different terrarium projects you can follow on this guide. My favorite ones are this cake stand version and the lightbulb version.
With a porcelain marker and a blank cup, you can create amazing personalized coffee cup and saucer. The site is in German; use Google Translate to translate it.
Aren't these leather business card cases beautiful? You could even enlarge the template and create one for her phone or tablet.
This bracelet is modeled after the Giles & Brother bracelet, which costs $185. To me, this DIY version look exactly the same. I love the heavy metal look; it's perfect for that rocker friend of yours. If you make it longer, it can also be a necklace.
If your friend loves vodka, then this DIY Christmas gift will fit the bill. Literally you throw everything in a pretty jar and wait. That's it. If you feel guilty about not doing more, then you can create a pretty label to go with it.
This is another simple one. You just roll the beeswax sheet with the wick in the center. That's it! Everyone can do this. The result looks great. Add a pretty ribbon like the picture, and put the candles in an adorable box lined with tissue paper. You are done!
If your friend favors the shabby chic look, then this teacup light is for her. You can get some adorable vintage tea cups from a thrift store. For a more organic look, you can use Japanese tea cups. Essentially you could use any cup or bowl to achieve the style you are after.
This particular version of map coasters is made with laminated floor and, of course, a map on top. But you can also use other gorgeous wrapping paper. I've also seen another version that uses generic cork coasters as bases.
These gorgeous vintage-looking towels take no more than just unbleached cotton, pencil, paper, fabric marker and an iron to make. If you have some drawing talent, you can even draw free-hand. If not, you can always use some template to achieve great results.
Comments? What do you think about these DIY Christmas gifts? Tell us your experience? Do share!


A hand-painted Sauce Boat perfect for gravy and sauces. Team with our full range of Gustavian Pottery for a contemporary collection.
Our handmade pottery is fired at high temperatures making it durable enough to be enjoyed everyday.


Oil prices notched their longest losing streak on record Monday, as comments from President Trump negated expectations that the global oil cartel and its allies will cut production.
Light, sweet crude for December delivery fell 0.4% to $59.93 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange, marking the 11th consecutive session of losses, the longest in data going back to 1983.
Brent crude, the global benchmark, also closed lower, down 0.1% to $70.12 a barrel.


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In case you missed it: News from The Forefront
Posted on February 16, 2018 by Matt Wood
In case you missed it, Science Life has a new home at The Forefront, a science, health and wellness news and information website for the University of Chicago Medicine, the Biological Sciences Division and the Pritzker School of Medicine.
Be sure to visit the Forefront's dedicated research and discoveries channel to read about our basic science and biomedical discoveries. We will be launching a newsletter to bring you the latest updates soon, but in the meantime here's what you may have missed this week:
Research highlights cost savings from generic contraceptives
Researchers at the University of Chicago recently analyzed the generic substitution rates of oral contraceptives (OCPs) and the associated costs in the U.S for the period of January 2010-December 2014. While the rates of prescribing generic OCPs increased during this period, there was no decrease in the costs associated with brand OCPs. In most cases, brand OCPs had generic options available. The study authors determined that substituting brand OCPs with these generic options would have saved $751 million in out-of-pocket costs during the study period.
Pediatric cancer data commons aims to accelerate research
The paucity of pediatric cancer cases has created barriers for researchers. Fewer cases mean fewer technological advancements in treatment driven by synthesizing "big data." And, the pediatric data that do exist are often hard for scientists to access and analyze. But, University of Chicago researchers are hoping to shift this paradigm by creating a comprehensive Pediatric Cancer Data Commons (PCDC) that centralizes data and makes it easily accessible to the entire research community.
Why birds are smarter than you think
In a new study, published this week in the journal Current Biology, scientists from the University of Chicago show that some neurons in bird brains form the same kind of circuitry and have the same molecular signature as cells that enable connectivity between different areas of the mammalian neocortex. The researchers found that alligators share these cell types as well, suggesting that while mammal, bird and reptile brains have very different anatomical structures, they operate using the same shared set of brain cell types.
Immune system simulation shows need for multi-target treatments for sepsis
To explore the molecular challenges of sepsis treatment, Chase Cockrell and Gary An of the University of Chicago employed a computational model of the human immune system, which they had previously developed specifically to investigate systemic inflammation. The model simulates how immune system cells and signaling molecules behave during sepsis, as well as the effects of disrupting various parts of these processes.
Other articles on health, wellness and patient care
Silent killer: Everything you need to know about aortic dissection
John Flynn named dean for clinical affairs at UChicago Medicine
Common questions and concerns about AFib
Sex after cancer: Talk about it
What is inflammatory bowel disease?
Women's heart health starts with understanding risk factors
About Matt Wood (531 Articles)
Matt Wood is a senior science writer and manager of communications at the University of Chicago Medicine & Biological Sciences Division.


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Proper teaching of GMRC, Values Education
Win Gatchalian > Newsroom > Proper teaching of GMRC, Values Education
November 8, 2022 at 10:24 am PHT
Amid the nationwide celebration of Filipino Values Month, Senator Win Gatchalian is urging the Department of Education (DepEd) to ensure the proper teaching of Good Manners and Right Conduct (GMRC) and Values Education in the country's basic education schools.
VALENZUELA CITY – Amid the nationwide celebration of Filipino Values Month, Senator Win Gatchalian is urging the Department of Education (DepEd) to ensure the proper teaching of Good Manners and Right Conduct (GMRC) and Values Education in the country's basic education schools. 16 Sept. 2022 file. Photo by Mark Cayabyab/OS WIN GATCHALIAN
Republic Act No. 11476 or the GMRC and Values Education Act, which Gatchalian sponsored during the 18th Congress, institutionalized the teachings of GMRC and Values Education in the K to 12 Curriculum.
With 100% face-to-face classes now in full swing, Gatchalian said that schools now have the opportunity to conduct more immersive and hands-on character-building activities, which the law also requires. The law was signed in June 2020 when COVID-19 restrictions were still in place.
Gatchalian also stressed that values education and character-building in schools should help address the high incidence of bullying in the country's schools.
Results of the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) found that 65% of Filipino participants reported that they had experienced bullying at least a few times a month, much higher compared to the average of 23% among 79 countries that participated in the survey.
PISA results also said that both aggressors and victims of bullying tend to skip classes, show poorer academic performance, and drop out of school.
"Upang matiyak natin na ang ating mga kabataan ay magiging mabuting mamamayan, kailangang tiyakin natin ang maayos na pagtuturo ng GMRC at Values Education. Napapanahon din ang pagpapaigting sa pagtuturo ng GMRC at Values Education lalo na't bumalik na ang ating mga mag-aaral sa face-to-face classes. Matapos ang dalawang taon ng distance learning, sa wakas ay mas mapapalalim na ang karanasan ng ating mga kabataan pagdating sa GMRC at Values Education" said Gatchalian, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Basic Education.
GMRC and Values Education Act replaced Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (ESP) with GMRC for Grades 1 to 6 and Values Education for Grades 7 to 10. It also mandated the integration of Values Education in current subjects taught to Grade 11 and 12 learners.


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I have for sale a 1928-29 Model A grill shell. This is a steel aftermarket shell with no radiator fill or crank hole. So it's made for a hot rod, etc.Very nice piece. I just stripped it, metal finished and sprayed it with Epoxy CP 90. Ready for color. Asking $80.00.
Call Butch at show contact info between 9:00AM and 9:00PM, Monday through Saturday.


bfresch | UX/UI design tips that best serve your client's conversion funnel.
How to design a user interface that best serves your client's conversion funnel.
Establish their main goal or purpose for the website.
The very first thing you need to do when designing any website is to learn the main focus or purpose of the website. Why does your client need a website, what are they trying to accomplish? If you haven't already go check out my post on Good Designers Ask More Questions, it will help you gain a base of questions to kick-off with your clients. The reason why knowing the main goal is so important is because it will better inform all design decisions you make for the site.
If you couldn't tell this was an actual client that I have worked with in the past but they are a great example to prove my point. Don't assume anything, let your client speak and describe what it is they do, what they want (main goal), and why it matters to people. In the short conversation above we learned what it is they did, they specialize in supplements for dogs, cats, and humans supplements. We learned their unique selling proposition or USP, their supplements are so natural and work so well that people wanted to see if it would have the same effect on them. Lastly, we learned what they want to do on their website which is to sell more of their products online.
Many more questions should come to mind after an initial conversation with your client like the example above. Be sure to ask more throughout your whole process to make sure you are headed in the right direction with them.
Design their main CTA and maximize its effectiveness.
After you learn what the goals of the site are you can start designing the main CTA or call-to-action. The main call to action should relatively be the loudest thing on the page. Not in a bad way, obviously, I mean in a tasteful, designer way. Make this interaction a clear beacon of light on a path for users to go down. This "path" is the conversion funnel, the conversion funnel's main purpose is to lead users to the main page they should convert on. For our pet industry example above, their main conversion page was the product detail and cart pages.
Use first person point of view when labeling CTAs because it takes the conversation from impersonal to personal, people like personal connections better. Below is first person point of view conversion example from unbounce.com, the difference they saw in the exact same button using a third vs. first person point of view was a 90% increase in conversion rate.
With that being said, again, don't assume anything. If there is one thing I have learned from testing how things perform it's not to assume I know anything, everything performs differently depending on its unique situation and audience. Try changing you CTAs using a first person language and see what happens to your conversion rates.
Tie all inner pages back into serving the main goal.
When you're designing an inner page like the about page for a company, that doesn't mean you stop leading users through the conversion funnel. No, it is not the main purpose of that page but that doesn't matter, the overall goal still needs to be present. A good way to implement your conversion funnel is by possibly featuring a product in the sidebar or giving your users a way to contact your client for services simply on that page. Of course, you don't want to just randomly place theses elements on a page you want to help support them with content that relates to the page they are on.
Now, sometimes there are exceptions to the rule, for example, a blog. When users go to a blog they don't have the mindset of buying your client's products or services they are coming to be informed about something or read the latest article because they enjoy the content. In situations like this, I highly suggest not to muck up that experience by pushing for them to buy products or services. The goal of a blog is to give valuable information and to build up a lot of content establishing your client's brand as an authority in their field. When users are ready to buy, guess what, they will already be thinking of your client's brand because they have been consuming their content and think, the content they put out is very valuable about this type of focus in this area I am interested it, I bet, they have great products and services as well. If you can get your client's target audience to think like that you have won!
Simplify everything especially the conversion funnel.
Let me tell you what I mean when I say simplify, the experience in which a user can actually contact, schedule and appointment, or add a product to their cart should be accessible to them from the homepage. On click, that is all it should take for them to start the process of subscribing, scheduling, contacting, or buying. The actual design of a website needs to be simple as well, give your content room to breath, too much and your site seems to go on forever, too little and you run the risk of your site design feeling spammy. Be conscious of your users time and how much the have to strain their eyes to read content on the page.
One thing I want to get straight, simple design doesn't mean little content. You must have content, in fact, design is nothing without it and vice versa. Think of it this way, you are taking a road trip and on this road trip you are traveling to Colorado up into the mountains. On this trip, you have four friends that will be traveling with you; think of content as you and your friends. To get up into the mountains you need a vehicle to get you all there safely; the vehicle is the design. You wouldn't take a smart car up into the mountains with you and your four friends, it just doesn't work. Choose to design to fit the content, copyrighters will argue with you every time on who should go first, they should, it's our job to design around content otherwise it's just words on a web page. Always design with content in mind, it just doesn't work the other way around.
Two similar companies will not convert the same.
Did I mention don't assume anything, yes I did, DON'T ASSUME ANYTHING! Just because you working with a company that is in the same industry as the last client doesn't make you an expert on how to design for their industry. Each company has their own special quirks and their own target audience to appeal even if it is the same exact industry with a similar product or service. It is your responsibility as a designer to dig deeper what is it that makes your client different than the rest. Bring that out and make it known to the world and always answer the questions I stated in the first section of this blog as soon as possible. The questions to answer are what is it, how does it work, what is the ask (client's main goal), and why does it matter to people? Within those questions should be a really cool unique selling point or USP that you can bring to the user's attention and if there isn't ask yourself if you should even do work for this client.
My hope for this post was to give you some insight to building better user interfaces, again, remember to ask questions it will only help you gain more understanding to use for your clients.
Personas Kill Your Chances of Designing the Right Products.
The 5 Most Important Skills to Know to Become a UI/UX Designer.
©2016 bfresch, All Rights Reserved.


Before leaving La Paz a few weeks ago I met with the owner of Casa Parra to show my artwork. Claudia offers beautiful handcrafts and art for sale at very good prices. I left a few paintings with her. Some dye on wood, others oil on canvas, inspired by my time in Mexico. Look for the gallery/shop on Madero, between Idependencia and 16 de Septiembre.
Casa Parra is in the old section of town where the sidewalks are as creative as the handcrafts. Long ago roads built at odd angles may have been a military strategy that prevented cannon balls from traveling too far into town, but I doubt La Paz was that well planned. It appears to have grown organically, like a tenacious weed in a hostile environment. La Paz sits on the fence for now. Resorts are slowly appearing and golf courses fringe the outskirts of town. Bright patches of manicured lawn creep across the desert like giant green amoebas. A warning that rustic charm could be swallowed whole, overrun by expensive package resorts and wet T-shirt contests like Cabo San Lucas.
Downtown La Paz is a little gritty and well used. People are friendly. Walking around involves alternating between returning greetings and keeping your eyes on your feet. Escher would have found the sidewalks inspirational. Sections of old walls peek through crumbling modern facades, as if vandals had the foresight to arrange an architectural treasure hunt.
It rained for thirty seven seconds, just long enough to make the sidewalks billow with steam. People ran into the street to celebrate. It was the most rain the city had seen in well over a year. During summer the city feels like a sauna and cars, well they could be microwave ovens. It's a great time to visit if you like it hot. The beaches aren't crowded and rooms without air conditioning are definitely not taken.
I'm currently on the Northern California coast in the cold, dense fog wearing a sweater and a parka, clearly longing for a hot, dry place.
My sister painted a mural in a private home in California and the owner recently threw a party to show off the results. I'd seen progress shots and knew her back was hurting from climbing up and down the scaffolding. But I forgot about the difficulties of doing a large scale work in a small space when I saw her beautiful mural. No wonder the guy threw a party, it should be on a public tour. I enjoyed watching the guests react. Rounding a corner in the large, rambling home smack into Monument Valley was unexpected and her painting inspired big arm gestures and loud exclamations. The mural turned an odd shaped home office with a cathedral ceiling into a natural wonder. It must be experienced though, as it was nearly impossible to photograph. Way to go Mernie, it's your best yet! More of my sister's work can be seen at mernie.com.
"Remember running to the bar with the French guy during the hurricane? We had such great times."
This was a recent message from my former roommate. For a fun filled year we shared a house in the jungle on a steep hillside in American Samoa. I think he said it was his first time out of Arkansas, but I might not have remembered that right. His first day on the island we walked down the road from the house to catch the bus as neither of us owned a car. I'll never forget the perplexed look on his face when he realized that Samoans bury their dead in the yard, usually within tripping distance of the front door. I wrote about running to the bar in the storm for a book I've been writing. I might finish it someday, but the night he mentioned is worth repeating.
During summer near the equator the midday sun was so intense I wondered if there even was an ozone layer. The clouds staged a weather marathon, pounding the island with rain so hard it seemed vicious. American Samoa redefined tropical from downright hot to nuclear meltdown. Merciless, scorching pavement burned through the soles of shoes on an average day. The road quickly became a steamy, raging river minutes after a downpour began. The house stood between two mountains that funneled the rain down the road as if a damn burst. Due to incomprehensible laziness and a total lack of engineering foresight the road had been built on the riverbed. Jonathan and I test drove several outrageously overpriced cars that coughed and sputtered up the first incline. We should have bought inner tubes to ride the river downhill and given up looking for a car.
He eventually bought a jeep with countless issues from a couple who left the island knowing they got the better end of the deal. For the month it ran we cruised up and down the island looking for things to do. One evening he invited two sailors he had recently met to go dancing and we picked them up at their boat in the harbor. A night out with three handsome guys made me feel like a golden retriever going for a first car ride. Of course it started raining, normally at first until the wind picked up and buckets of rain swamped the windshield wipers. We turned down a long dark, rutted road hemmed in by jungle looking for the beach bar with a live band. Luck was not with us. With a loud thud the bottom of the jeep fell off. The drive shaft bounced down the road end over end and disappeared into the dense foliage.
We rolled to a stop on the side of the road, which actually was lucky since the jeep no longer had any power or much steering. I assumed our fun night had crashed to a halt, but I underestimated my companions. They still wanted to go dancing. My roommate realized he had been royally screwed and still owed a lot of money for a piece of junk. We left the jeep for the pilferers on the side of the road and hitched a ride in a pickup truck. They dropped us off a little closer to the bar, but still several miles away. Suggesting we run the rest of the way they stripped their shirts off in the deluge and we took off at an even pace, but I soon lagged behind. I watched the guys up ahead moving gracefully through the howling storm. They passed in front of a store through the glow of an eerie neon light that cast rainbows across the wet pavement.
The porch in front of the store hosted the usual cast of men from the village drinking quarts of beer. They sat with legs outstretched and their backs on the wall under the eave. Kids chased each other around the parking lot fueled by candy and soda. I heard laughter from the men on the crowded stoop as three shirtless white guys dashed by on the road in front of them. I'm not sure why that was funny, although Samoans often found foreigners amusing. I had no choice but to slog along, realizing I would appear even sillier. The laughter turned from joyous cackling to raucous, knee slapping hooting when I came into view. I could see it from their perspective. Three hot, half naked young guys bolting down the road with a drenched, middle aged woman panting along behind them.
We made it to the funky bar under a thatched roof, where our chairs sank into the wet sand floor. The dance floor was under a different pavilion so we dashed back and forth in the rain, shaking the water out of our hair like happy wet animals.
The owner of Sadie's Hotels in Pago Pago asked if I could put a calendar together of my paintings with advertising on the back to promote tourism, the hotels and my artwork. What a great idea, I thought, but I am short Illustrator skills and long on delusions about how many minutes are in a day. Although parts of my brain would have to cease functioning before I'd bore anyone with computer glitch details, I'm glad to say it's at the printers and I'll post pictures soon.
How is it computers have taken over so much time? I think it was faster back in the day to drive to the copy shop and paste things up with glue and scissors. Even painting seems so old fashioned, but I'll stick with that dinosaur skill until computers automatically reproduce what is in my mind, with paint. Or maybe I don't want to know what would come out of my brain. After a week of crashes and insufficient memory space messages a laptop going up in flames on reentry through the atmosphere might come out and then I would have to burn that. I'd post a picture, but there is insufficient memory and I'm not sure at this point if it's mine or the computer's.
My friend Heidi's home qualifies. Three blonde dogs romp in the yard and lounge around the house. Templeton is a small town in the central coast area of California surrounded by vineyards and golden rolling hills dotted with gigantic oaks. I almost forgot places like this existed and it still doesn't seem quite real. Truthfully, I would love to be one of their dogs. If they were looking to adopt an adult artist I would stand in line.
Heidi introduced me to Dr. Stephanie Szabo who owns and operates the Chiropractic Care and Swim Therapy Center for dogs. Dr. Szabo is a chiropractor trained to work on both people and animals. Her ranch is also in Templeton and I've spent a few afternoons photographing sessions with dogs that were being rehabilitated. It's fascinating, not just watching the dogs and people, but observing the care Dr. Szabo shows for animals. She coaxed a frightened Rottweiler into the pool and gained the trust of a tiny Dachshund that hated getting her ears wet into swimming laps like a motorboat.
Clearly the people who show up with their pets have an unsurpassed love for dogs. And the dogs showed concern for each other standing on the edge of the pool wiggling and whining while one of their own swam in the pool. My paintings are on display in the building that houses the pools. They are painted with the finest quality acrylics and sealed with a bullet proof UV coating. They have withstood children's fingernails in airports, spaghetti stuck to them in restaurants and now wet dogs having a shake. I enjoy showing my paintings in places where they are most appreciated, no matter what.
The center also maintains a herd of sheep for training herd dogs, but most of the time the sheep are lucky enough to stand quietly in the shade. The grounds are beautiful and it's no wonder the business is doing well. It feels good to be there.
I tagged along with Heidi and her dog Gypsy a few months ago to see what swim therapy for dogs was all about. I must remember to thank her again for introducing me to people who are happy to display my paintings.
Dr. Stephanie Szabo is a chiropractor with training in both human and animal chiropractic care. She is a 1992 graduate of Palmer College of Chiropractic, West and has completed the chiropractic Options for Animals program through the American Veterinarian and Chiropractor Association. She also completed the advanced three year Animal Chiropractic Diplomate Program. She brings her extensive background and experience to the swim therapy program.
You know you've had a great day when you're tired, sunburned, coated in fish slime and still grinning. Last week my agent wrote and asked me to come up with paintings for a fish restaurant. The next next day I was invited to go fishing on a friend's boat. Who would believe it? Who would say no?
Fishermen leave at the crack of dawn, which strikes me as malfunctioning DNA over anything to do with fish habits, but I'll always get up and go. It's an excuse to be on a boat for a day, whether or not the fish bite since the ocean is the finest place to be, ever. That is part of my DNA. We launched the boat and motored out of Morro Bay to the fishing grounds where boats were anchored anywhere people thought there were fish. Plenty of sports fishermen had gotten out of bed long before we had and were hunkered on their boat seats in lumpy down jackets with lines in the water waiting patiently for fish to bite. Fishing doesn't actually look fun. Woody switched on the fish finder and clouds of green things flashed on the screen. Squid apparently, schooling in huge numbers, like billions of them and at least a million right under the boat. Larger fish hang out on the edges of the ball of squid to feed on them as if they are candy and not a raw squishy thing filled with vile black ink. Since I don't get to go fishing very often and rarely go with someone who knows what they're doing I didn't understand why Woody handed me a pole and told me to catch as many squid as possible. I don't ask enough questions. There is something to going through life without clarity until the answers just smack you in the face, but I don't recommend it. I finally caught a few squid after many lame, useless attempts. Woody was reeling in squid three and four at a time and throwing them a live bait tank. Not catching squid turned out to be more fun. The crafty devils shoot a jet of cold water and indigo ink in your eyes, nearly without fail. I worked it out though, we weren't fishing yet, just catching live bait. They were cute, like pets, so I stuck my underwater camera in the tank for pictures just in case I ever wanted to paint a squid portrait.
Several boats over someone screamed like a girl. I've heard that exact high octave hollering before and it usually means a monster fish is on the line. When guys scream in pain they still sound more or less like men, but hooking big fish clearly puts them in touch with their feminine side. It was a forty one pound sea bass, exactly what everyone on every other boat sitting in the fog since before dawn wanted. The guys in skiffs who were not catching anything lowered their heads in renewed prayer or abject envy, I couldn't tell which. I had to man up to put a live squid on a hook. Of course it's much easier to buy frozen fish fillets and never kill a fish, but I eat meat so I looked the squid in the eye and appologized. I wasn't brave enough to say it out loud though.
We caught a few mackerel for the bait tank, but I'm glad Woody threw the baby sea bass back. Then we did what everyone else was doing. Dropping lines in the water and waiting. I watched the seals play, the light sparkling on the wave tops and enjoyed the gently rocking boat with zero adrenalin to muddle random thoughts. But Woody actually knows how to catch fish. He moved the boat and changed the strategy. He quickly showed me how to tie a knot with seven loops and five twists, explaining how easy it was. Right, like speed reading quantum physics. Hope I'm never tested.
Bouncing weights off the bottom with live squid on a hook had us a screaming like girls in no time. We caught one fish after another and couldn't reel them in fast enough. Mostly rock fish and several Ling cod. A few unhooked themselves and got away, which was only fair. Then Woody caught a good sized halibut and I tried to gaff it while he begged me not to miss. I held the fish up for a photo Christening my jacket with fish snot. Halibut skin is slimier than a bucket of banana slugs.
Then I caught a shark and was all for cutting the line and letting the hook go, but that's not what happened. Woody got it on board and I took pictures while the shark wound itself up in all the gear and twisted around the rod. I should have been helping, but I was still thinking about the restaurant commission over doing the right thing for a guy with shark problems. I'm still a little sorry about that, but he did get the hook out of the shark and let it go. I quit taking pictures or I might have had to swim home.
The fish were all eaten by Woody's family and neighbors. Deep fried in Heidi's beer batter cardboard would taste great, but the fish was mighty fine. We ate like deprived pelicans and lay around moaning.
I flew to Los Angeles last week and helped my friends move out of their house. After Mexico, the contrast brought on another bout of cultural disparity. The food is better, people are friendlier and houses are built to last, in Mexico that is. La Paz doesn't have level sidewalks or water pressure every day, but family is fiercely important and kids play outside. The house in Los Angeles had been beautifully remodeled over the years, but there were a few things to fix to before closing the sale. Home inspectors have the last say; they rat out every missing screw and file reams of reports that can easily queer a deal. I'd like to read a report that profiles the psychological attributes of home inspectors. Who are these guys? And who really cares about 30 out of 40 things on their lists? Dirt on a vent? A sagging hose under a sink? Please, hoses sag and they don't set houses on fire. The plumbing where I stayed in Mexico was propped up with high heel shoes and sure the pipes leaked, but someone tied pieces of plastic around them kept water from spraying everywhere. I'd like to send all the home inspectors in LA on vacation in Mexico and stand by while they implode. Can you see their reports? Large gas cylinder improperly chained to roof, bare electrical wires running down kitchen wall, previously stolen copper pipes inappropriately replaced with exposed PVC, ladies footwear and trash bags.
My friend's stove in LA needed to have one small part replaced, which was one of the five things that made a little sense. The burner didn't light. The report did not recommend buying a box of matches like ninety percent of the world's population would know how to do. The repair did not look like a big problem, in the mind of an eternal optimist anyway. Only our products aren't American anymore, they all come from somewhere else. We buy them and throw them away like fast food wrappers when they quit working and that's our fault. New lust, America doesn't do rustic when it comes to appliances. Things absolutely must look bright and shiny, but why we have sacrificed function for style I'll never know. Sadly, the effect of an electrical spark traveling through the cast aluminum burner and cheap metal screws welded them together. No problem, I used to work in boat yards where I earned the nickname "the screw queen" for my patience with backing corroded screws out of holes. I tapped, scraped, drilled and used vice grips on those damn screws for hours to no avail. Finally I leaned on one, to give it a brutal turn, and watched with horror as a crack ran across the glass top.
My dear friend Karen never even got angry, not even annoyed. I felt like projectile vomiting on rusty screws everywhere. To make a much longer story mercifully short, we ordered the part and got the thing fixed, with a little help from a former race car mechanic and installation expertise from an appliance repair guy who said he would have looked at the rusted screws and recommended a whole new stove. The problem could have been prevented with stainless steel screws, but that have would add a few dollars to the manufacturing cost. The cost of the labor to remove the fused screws would have sent the stove to the recycle yard. We want cheap stuff and guess what, that's what we get. Two thousand dollar stoves that are junk in less than five years, water heaters that melt inside after a year and home inspectors to point it all out. I'll take a cinder block house and a cast iron propane burner any day. Cooking in the backyard in Samoa with hot rocks was pretty good too.


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Springfield vigil honors homeless people who died in 2019
Brenden Moore The State Journal-Register @brendenmoore13
Dec 19, 2019 at 9:24 PM Dec 19, 2019 at 9:28 PM
More than 100 people braved freezing temperatures Thursday evening to attend Springfield's first observance of National Homeless Persons' Memorial Day.
Held outside of Helping Hands of Springfield, 1023 E. Washington St., the event was one of several hundred across the country honoring members of the homeless community who died in 2019. In Springfield, the memorial service included a candlelight vigil layered with prayer, reflections, singing and the reading of 13 names of homeless people who died in the area this year.
"In my experience being here, when we lose people who are homeless, we tend to lose them suddenly," said Erica Smith, executive director of Helping Hands. "And there's often not time or an opportunity to say goodbye, so this gives all of us the opportunity to honor people that we cared about and we knew to bring attention to this emergency."
Jacob Nagel, a homeless man who is a client at Helping Hands, remembered his best friend, Ahmad Verdell, 47, who died last month after inhaling an intoxicating aerosol substance.
Verdell's death received attention because of his emotional testimony before the Springfield City Council in September in favor of Helping Hands' proposed Center for Health & Housing.
Nagel said he loves and misses Verdell dearly, and hopes that the father of five is remembered as the "very intelligent, thoughtful human being" he was.
"We used a lot of dark humor to get through the times here," Nagel said. "A lot of good laughs, a lot of good memories. But, I just want Ahmad Verdell to be remembered as, more or less, a father, a mentor, my best friend — not just another homeless man who struggled."
Archie Ford, who works with homeless veterans, said the 13 homeless people who died this year all touched his life and helped him grow spiritually. He said he tries to honor them by being a better person everyday.
"I see the homeless as a part of my extended family and so when you hurt, I hurt, too," Ford said.
In the new year, Smith said Helping Hands plans to continue moving strategically to expand housing services through permanent supportive housing. This, she said, will help address what she calls a "crisis."
"For us who work with people who are homeless it is not a surprise," Smith said, referring to the number of deaths this year. "And this fuels our sense of urgency. I don't think it's an exaggeration to say that this is a public health crisis and requires intelligent, compassionate, immediate attention."
Contact Brenden Moore: 788-1526, bmoore@sj-r.com, twitter.com/brendenmoore13.
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Why Do the Dallas Cowboys & Detroit Lions Always Play on Thanksgiving?
Adam Baker November 25, 2015 Interesting No Comments
Tomorrow you are likely to do three things:
– Eat too much
– Talk about how you ate too much
– Watch football
When you do the last one, you will surely be watching the Dallas Cowboys or the Detroit Lions. The Lions and Cowboys have become as much of a Thanksgiving tradition as cranberry sauce, stuffing & not caring about cranberry sauce or stuffing for the other 364 days of the year.
How did this tradition start? Why are those two teams always the ones to play on Thanksgiving?
Let's find out on today's Wonder Why Wednesday…
Wonder Why Wednesday: Why Do the Dallas Cowboys & Detroit Lions Always Play on Thanksgiving?
Football and Thanksgiving have gone together nearly as long as the game as been around. The first American football game played on the holiday dates back to 1876 when Yale took on Princeton.
The Detroit Lions have not been around quite that long, but as soon as they entered the football picture, they jumped at the opportunity to play on Thanksgiving.
In 1934, the franchise's first year, owner George A. Richards was doing all he could to keep up with the popularity of the Detroit Tigers. The Tigers had drawn tremendous crowds in rout to a 101 win season and the 1934 American League Pennant.
The Lions on the other hand were struggling to play in front of a packed house, so Richards came up with the idea of playing a game on Thanksgiving. And he chose the perfect opponent for the occasion.
The undefeated and defending NFL champion Chicago Bears rolled into town to take on the one-loss Lions. The winner of the game would be crowned the NFL's Western Division champs. The Bears won the game, but a tradition was born as the Lions, who sold out their 26,000-seat stadium, loved the extra exposure and have been playing on Thanksgiving ever since.
The Cowboys took note of the Lions' Thanksgiving game marketing success, and in 1966, decided to create a tradition of their own. General manager Tex Schramm saw the game as a way to drum up some national publicity and it paid off big time.
A record 80,259 filled the Cotton Bowl to watch the Cowboys take down the Cleveland Browns 26-14. Since that 1966 game, Dallas has only missed having a Thanksgiving day game twice.
In the last few years, the NFL has added a third game on Thanksgiving. The teams may vary for that third game, but the Cowboys and Lions have cemented themselves as the main attractions on turkey day.
Sources: Wikipedia & Mental Floss
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Steven Blackburn, Company and Director Search.
[Sunderland Echo] - Councillor James Blackburn, the cabinet member for attractive and inclusive city, said: "Neither the Mayor or Deputy Mayor were in the car at the time. "Thankfully, the drivers of both vehicles sustained only minor injuries in the accident.
[Sunderland Echo] - James Blackburn, the senior councillor responsible for transport in Sunderland, said residents of Priory Grove were consulted about the parking management scheme, but less than one-in-three who voted expressed support.
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