text:
Tag: Land plants
The Earth System in action: land plants affected composition of continental crust
Published on September 8, 2022 September 15, 2022 by zooks777Leave a comment
The essence of the Earth System is that all processes upon, above and beneath the surface interact in a bewildering set of connections. Matter and energy in all their forms are continually being exchanged, deployed and moved through complex cycles: involving rocks and sediments; water in its various forms; gases in the atmosphere; magmas; moving tectonic plates and much else besides. The central and massively dominant role of plate tectonics connects surface processes with those of our planet's interior: the lithosphere, mantle and, arguably, the core. Interactions between the Earth System's components impose changes in the dynamics and chemical processes through which it operates. Living processes have been a part of this for at least 3.5 billion years ago, in part through their role in the carbon cycle and thus the Earth's climatic evolution. During the Silurian Period life became a pervasive component of the continental surface, first in the form of plants, to be followed by animals during the Devonian Period. Those novel changes have remained in place since about 430 Ma ago, plants being the dominant base of continental ecosystems and food chains.
Schematic diagram showing changes in river systems and their alluvium before and after the development of land plants. (Credit: Based on Spencer et al. 2022, Fig 4)
Land plants exude a variety of chemicals from their roots that break down rock to yield nutrient elements. So they play a dominant role in the formation of soil and are an important means of rock weathering and the production of clay minerals from igneous and metamorphic minerals. Plant root systems bind near-surface sediments thus increasing their resistance to erosion by wind and water, and to mass movement under gravity. This binding and plant canopies efficiently reduce dust transport, slow water flow on slopes and decrease the sediment load of flowing water. Plants and their roots also stabilise channels systems. There is much evidence that before the Devonian most rivers comprised continually migrating braided channels in which mainly coarse sands and gravels were rapidly deposited while silts and muds in suspension were shifted to the sea. Thereafter flow became dominated by larger and fewer channels meandering across wide tracts on which fine sediment could accumulate as alluvium on flood plains when channels broke their banks. Land plants more efficiently extract CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and the new regime of floodplains could store dead plant debris in the muds and also in thick peat deposits. As a result, greenhouse warming had dwindled by the Carboniferous, encouraging global cooling and glaciation.
Judging the wider influence of the 'greening of the land' on other parts of the Earth system, particularly those that depend on internal magmatic processes, relies on detecting geochemical changes in minerals formed as direct outcomes of plate tectonics. Christopher Spencer of Queen's University in Kingston, Canada and co-workers at the Universities of Southampton, Cambridge and Aberdeen in the UK, and the China University of Geosciences in Wuhan set out to find and assess such a geochemical signal (Spencer, C., Davies, N., Gernon, T. et al. 2022. Composition of continental crust altered by the emergence of land plants. Nature Geoscience, v. 15 online publication; DOI: 10.1038/s41561-022-00995-2). Achieving that required analyses of a common mineral formed when magmas crystallise: one that can be precisely dated, contains diverse trace elements and whose chemistry remains little changed by later geological events. Readers of Earth-logs might have guessed that would be zircon (ZrSiO4). Being chemically unreactive and hard, small zircon grains resist weathering and the abrasion of transport to become common minor minerals in sediments. Thousands of detrital zircon grains teased out from sediments have been dated and analysed in the last few decades. They span almost the entirety of geological history. Spencer et al. compiled a database of over 5,000 zircon analyses from igneous rocks formed at subduction zones over the last 720 Ma, from 183 publications by a variety of laboratories.
The approach considered two measures: the varying percentages of mudrocks in continental sedimentary sequences since 600 Ma ago; aspects of the hafnium- (Hf) and oxygen-isotope proportions measured in the zircons using mass spectrometry and their changes over the same time. Before ~430 Ma the proportion of mudrocks in continental sedimentary sequences is consistently much lower than it is in post post-Silurian, suggesting a link with the rise of continental plant cover (see second paragraph). The deviation of the 176Hf/177Hf ratio in an igneous mineral from that of chondritic meteorites (the mineral's εHf value) is a guide to the source of the magma, negative values indicating a crustal source, whereas positive values suggest a mantle origin. The relative proportions of two oxygen isotopes 18O and 16O in zircons, expressed as δ18O, indicates the proportion of products of weathering, such as clay minerals, involved in magma production – 18O selectively moves from groundwater to clay minerals when they form, increasing their δ18O.
While the two geochemical parameters express very different geological processes, the authors noticed that before ~430 Ma the two showed low correlation between their values in zircons. Yet, surprisingly, the parameters showed a considerable and consistent increase in their correlation in younger zircons, directly paralleling the 'step change' in the proportions of mudstones after the Silurian. Complex as their arguments are, based on several statistical tests, Spencer et al. conclude that the geologically sudden change in zircon geochemistry ultimately stems from land plants' stabilisation of river systems. As a result more clay minerals formed by protracted weathering, increasing the δ18O in soils when they were eroded and transported. When the resulting marine mudrocks were subducted they transferred their oxygen-isotope proportions to magmas when they were partially melted.
That bolsters the case for dramatic geological consequences of the 'greening of the land'. But did its effect on arc magmatism fundamentally change the bulk composition of post-Silurian additions to the continental crust? To be convinced of that I would like to see if other geochemical parameters in subduction-related magmas changed after 430 Ma. Many other elements and isotopes in broadly granitic rocks have been monitored since the emergence of high-precision rock-analysing technologies around 50 years ago. There has been no mention, to my knowledge, that the late-Silurian involved a magmatic game-changer to match that which occurred in the Archaean, also revealed by hafnium and oxygen isotopes in much more ancient zircons.
See also: https://www.sci.news/othersciences/geoscience/land-plants-continental-crust-composition-11151.html; https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/963296
Categories Magmatism, Sedimentology and stratigraphy, Tectonics•Tags Continental crust, Earth system, Greening of the land, Hafnium isotopes, Land plants, Mudstones, Oxygen isotopes, River systems, Silurian, Step change, Subduction, Weathering, Zircons
Plants first to succumb to the end-Permian event
Published on February 21, 2019 May 13, 2019 by zooks777Leave a comment
We have become accustomed to thinking that up to 90% of organisms were snuffed out by the catastrophe at the Permian-Triassic boundary 252 Ma ago. Those are the figures for marine organisms, whose record in sediments is the most complete. It has also been estimated to have lasted a mere 60 ka, and the recovery in the Early Triassic to have taken as long as 10 Ma. There are hints of three separate pulses of extinction related to: initial gas emission from the Siberian Traps; coal fires; and release of methane from sea-floor gas hydrates at the peak of global warming. Various terrestrial sequences record the collapse of dense woodlands, so that the Early Triassic is devoid of coals that are widespread in the preceding Late Permian. A new detailed study of terrestrial sediments in the Sydney Basin of eastern Australia reveals something new (Fielding, C.R. and 10 others 2019. Age and pattern of the southern high-latitude continental end-Permian extinction constrained by multiproxy analysis. Nature Communications, v. 10, online publications: DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07934-z).
The distinctive, tongue-like form of Glossopteris leaves that dominate the coal-bearing Permian strata of the southern coninents. Their occurrence in South America, Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica prompted Alfred Wegener to suggest that these modern continents had been united in Pangaea by Permian times: a key to continental drift. (Credit: Getty Images)
Christopher Fielding or the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and colleagues focused on pollens, geochemistry and detailed dating of the sedimentary succession across the P-Tr boundary exposed on the New South Wales coast. The stratigraphy is intricately documented by a 1 km deep well core that penetrates a more or less unbroken fluviatile and deltaic sequence that contains eleven beds of volcanic ash. The igneous layers are key to calibrating age throughout the sequence (259.10 ± 0.17 to 247.87 ± 0.11 Ma using zircon U-Pb methods). The pollens change abruptly from those of a Permian flora, dominated by tongue-like glossopterid plants, to a different association that includes conifers. The change coincides with a geochemical 'spike' in the abundance of nickel and a brief change in the degree of alteration of detrital fledspars to clay minerals. The first implicates the delivery of massive amounts of nickel to the atmosphere, probably by the eruption of the Siberian Traps , which contain major economic nickel deposits. The second feature suggests a brief period of warmer and more humid climatic conditions. A third geochemical change is the onset of oscillations in the abundance of 13C that are thought to record major changes in plant life across the planet. These features would have been an easily predicted association with the 252 Ma mass extinction were it not for the fact that the radiometric dating places them about 400 thousand years before the well-known changes in global animal life. Detailed dating of the Siberian Traps links the collapse of Glossopteris and coal formation to the earliest extrusion of flood basalts, which suggests that the animal extinctions were driven by cumulative effects of the later outpourings
Related article: Chris Fielding comments on the paper at Nature Research/Ecology and Evolution
Read more on Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy
Categories Palaeobiology, Sedimentology and stratigraphy•Tags Glossopteris, Land plants, Permian mass extinction, Southern continents
Greening and changing the land
Published on March 6, 2012 by zooks7771 Comment
A very British liverwort mat. Image via Wikipedia
Evidence for the earliest colonisation of the continents by plants is in the form of spores and body fragments from terrestrial sediments of Middle Ordovician age (~470 Ma) (Rubinstein, C. et al. 2010. Early Middle Ordovician evidence for land plants in Argentina (eastern Gondwana). New Phytologist, v. 188, p. 365-369)suggest that the first vegetation cover involved simple ground-hugging plants that lacked stems of roots, very like the liverworts that I struggle to deter from my gravel drive. Vinegar is the only solution, preferably boiling, but that does not harm their spores and inevitably they re-emerge. Rearranging the gravel, of a pale pink limestone, is one of a very few means of keeping fit that I can bear, and I suppose the liverworts spice that up a little: but I do detest them. Part of their irritation is that they form an impermeable coating to what once was a passable if minor aquifer that channelled rainfall that would otherwise repeat the house-flooding that greeted me within a day of my moving in. So it was with some solemnity that I read a paper on how these damnable organisms transformed the Ordovician continental surface and the geomorphological processes that shaped it (Gibling, M.R. & Davies, N.S 2012. Palaeozoic landscapes shaped by plant evolution. Nature Geocience, v. 5, p. 99-105).
Sedimentologists have shown that rivers of earlier times formed wide tracts of ephemeral braided channels that transported and reworked sands and gravels that were not hampered by any vegetable binding agent. Floods merely accelerated the braiding and spread coarse sediment across valley floors, repeated spates washing out almost of the fines to take them ultimately to the continental shelves: there are few if any relics of Cambrian and older muddy floodplains. Moreover, untrammelled by vegetation any remaining fine material would be picked up by wind, even in humid climates, to meet the same marine fate. Overbank deposits of silts and clays, unsurprisingly, demand banks over or through which floodwater escapes from defined channels and is then delayed by low gradients away from the main flow, so to deposit the fines carried by its sluggish speed. Except in arid terrains where braided channels are still the rule, in succeeding geological time evidence grows for nowadays familiar channels, meanders with point bars and eroded opposite banks, levées and floodplains on every conceivable scale. Apparently, they became conspicuous in Silurian times and then forming 30% of all fluvial sediments by the Devonian.
Meanwhile, plants were diversifying though evolution of vascular systems that transport sap up supporting structures that emerged in parallel eventually to form trunks and branches. The consequent rise in volume and in area exposed to sunlight and photosynthesis of a plant's tissues increased the potential to draw CO2 from the air, witnessed by changes in carbon isotopes that show carbon burial rising shortly after the mid-Ordovician from far lower values in earlier times. (Incidentally, it seems likely that such meagre colonisers as early liverworts thrived sufficiently to contribute to the cooling in the Upper Ordovician that led to sporadic glacial episodes). Preservation of wood in peats – liverworts are not implicated in any kind of fossil-fuel production – helped to maximise carbon burial by the end of the Palaeozoic Era. But trees make logs and, carried by rivers, logjams. By the Upper Carboniferous effects of damming become common in fluvial sediments, which seemed to serve the formation of islands within wide river channels.
By the present day, vegetation has come to dominate all but the most arid river systems. Even in central Australia sturdy gums able only to get water from below ephemeral river beds end up defining the flow regime and stabilising it on low relief plains that would otherwise be ravaged by sheet floods every rainy season. The authors support stratigraphic observations through the use of scaled down models of channels in vegetated areas by the cunning use of alfalfa seeded to sprout during simulated dry conditions then resuming channel flow in a flume tank.
Fossils tree stumps from Gilboa, New York (Photo credit: Dougtone)
The earliest substantial trees, represented by wood fragments rarely assignable to any particular structure, occur in the Middle Devonian (385-400 Ma). Although some groups can be differentiated, how their encompassing woodland ecosystems looked has been a mystery until recently . Being 'priitive' it has been assumed to be very simple, unlike the well-documented forests of the Carboniferous coal swamps. But, once in a while, a site of exceptional preservation is unearthed, one such being a palaeosol that clearly formed on the floor of a Middle Devonian woodland exposed by quarrying in New York state, USA (Stein, W.E. et al. 2012. Surprisingly complex community found in the mid-Devonian fossil forest at Gilboa. Nature, v. 483, p. 78-81). Once backfill accumulated during the quarry's active life was removed it became possible to plot the arrangement of roots systems of the last trees to live at the site before inundation and preservation. Together with other plant material found in the ancient soil, the growing sites have been reconstructed to assess the full ecosystem involved. It was a great deal more complex than previously thought possible, with a series of tiers formed by three large tree types: tall, lollipop-like Eospermatopteris; smaller lycopsid-like trees and subsurface propagators related to gymnosperms that sprouted to form an understorey that may have climbed the larger trees in the manner of vines. Its setting was akin to that of modern mangrove swamps – by the sea – subject to sea-level change that inundated, killed and preserved the coastal woodland.
Towering palms, enormous vines thrived in ancient forest (mnn.com)
First land plants plunged Earth into ice age (newscientist.com)
How Plants Helped Make the Earth Unique (livescience.com)
Categories Geomorphology•Tags Greening of the Earth, Land plants, River evolution


text:
module MyMachine

  def initialize(args={})
    require 'thread'
    require 'pp'
    @queue = Queue.new
    @debug = args[:debug]||= false
  end

  def setup
    setupjobs
    setupmachine
  end

  def go
    raise "You need write the go method!"
  end

  def retry(job)
    @queue.push job
  end

  private

  def setupjobs
    puts "iF need, write the setupjobs method!"
  end

  def setupmachine
    puts "if need, write the setupmachine method!"
  end

end

class MyEventMachineDojin
  include MyMachine

  def initialize(args={ })
    super(args)
    @args = args
    @args[:start] ||= 3000
    @args[:stop] ||= 3100
    @args[:concurrency] ||= 10
    @args[:savedir] ||= "#{ENV['HOME']}/Downloads/jpg"
    @endbooks = []
    require 'rubygems'
    require 'eventmachine'
    @connection_count = 0
    require 'thread'
    @connection_que = Queue.new
    @list = []
    @gaman = 0
  end

  # EventMachine用の定義
  def go
    EM.run do
      EM.add_periodic_timer(0.00001) do
        print "."
        EM.stop if should_stop_machine?
        if !connection_exceed?
          unless @queue.empty?
            job = @queue.pop
            job.run if job
          end
        end
      end
    end
    p @endbooks.uniq!.sort if @debug
    puts "End of fetch".green.bold
  end

  def connection_exceed?
    @args[:concurrency] <= @connection_que.size
  end

  def connection_count!
    @connection_que.push(:t)
  end

  def connection_end!
    @connection_que.pop
  end

  def savecontent(path)
    @list <<  path
  end

  def write
    open("#{@args[:savedir]}/emit.txt" ,"w") do |io|
      io.write('["')
      io.write(@list.sort.join('","'))
      io.write('"]')
    end
  end

  private

  def setupjobs
    (0..100).each do |p|
      (@args[:start]..@args[:stop]).each do |b|
        job = MyJobDojinEventMachine.new(
          :savedir => @args[:savedir],
          :server => '1patu.net',
          :book => b,
          :page => p,
          :machine => self,
          :debug  => @debug,
          )
        @queue.push job
      end
    end
  end

  # Machineは終了すべきか?
  def should_stop_machine?
    @gaman += 1  if @queue.size < 10
    if @gaman > 200
      write if @queue.size == 0
      return true
    end
  end

end

class MyMachineAnime44
  include MyMachine

  attr_reader :savedir

  def initialize(args={ })
    require 'eventmachine'
    super(args)
    args[:savedir] ||= "#{ENV['HOME']}/Desktop/video"
    @savedir = args[:savedir]
    begin
      Dir::mkdir(@savedir, 0777)
    rescue => ex
      warn ex
    end
    @args = args
    @args[:recursive] ||= 2
    @gaman = 0;
  end

  # machine go to run eventmachine
  def go
    EM.run do
      EM.add_periodic_timer(0.00001) do
#        print "loop".green
        if should_stop_machine?
          EM.stop
        end
        @queue.pop.run unless @queue.empty?
      end
    end
    puts "End of fetch".green.bold
  end

  # setup jobs
  def setupjobs
      ajob = MyJobAnime44
        .new(
             :machine => self,
             :recursive => @args[:recursive],
             :debug => @debug,
             )
    @queue.push ajob
  end

  # Machineは終了すべきか?
  def should_stop_machine?
    @gaman += 1  if @queue.size < 3
    if @gaman > 1000
      return true
    end
  end
end

#
# Class of Machine by EventMachine.
# this class controll jobs for Anisoku
# @example
#   machine = MyMachineAnisoku.new("YourVideoSaveDir")
#   machine.setup
#   machine.go
#
class MyMachineAnisoku
  include MyMachine

  # directory of save video files default "#{ENV['HOME']}/Desktop/video"
  attr_accessor :savedir

  # set video save dir
  # @param [Hash] args
  # @option args [String] :savedir save dir
  #                        default "#{ENV['HOME']}/Desktop/video"
  def initialize(args={ })
    super(args)
    args[:savedir] ||= "#{ENV['HOME']}/Desktop/video"
    @savedir = args[:savedir]
    begin
      Dir::mkdir(@savedir, 0777)
    rescue => ex
      warn ex
    end
    require 'rubygems'
    require 'eventmachine'
    # @gaman controll eventmachine end
    @gaman = 0
    @checklist = {}
    @filelist = {}
    @dellist = []

    @args = args
    @args[:limit] ||= 7
    @args[:recent] ||= 7
    @args[:mode]   ||= :anisoku
    make_filelist
    make_dellist
  end

  def make_filelist
    Dir.new(@savedir).each do |entry|
      if File.file?("#{@savedir}/#{entry}")
        header = make_header(entry)
        if header
          filesize = File.size("#{@savedir}/#{entry}")
          @filelist[header] = [] unless chk_header(header)
          @filelist[header] << {
            :size => filesize,
            :name => "#{@savedir}/#{entry}",
          }
        end
      end
    end
    pp @filelist if @debug
  end

  def chk_header(string)
    @filelist[string]
  end

  def make_header(string)
    if string.scan(/^.*?\d{1,3}話/).first
      header = string.scan(/^.*?\d{1,3}話/).first.gsub(' ','').gsub(' ','')
    end
    p header if @debug
    return header
  end

  def make_dellist
    @filelist.each do |k,v|
      p k if @debug
      max_size = v.map { |e| e[:size] }.max
      p max_size if @debug
      v.each do |vv|
        if vv[:size] < max_size || vv[:size] < 1024 * 1024 * 2
          @dellist << vv[:name]
        end
      end
    end
    pp @dellist if @debug
  end

  def del_small_files
    @dellist.each do |e|
      p e if @debug
      File.delete("#{e}")
    end
  end

  def episode_exists?(key)
    if @checklist[key].nil?
      puts "MACHINE NOE FIRST CHECK THIS EPISODE!!".red.bold if @debug
      @checklist[key] = "checked"
      return false
    else
      return true
    end
  end

  # machine go to run eventmachine
  def go
    EM.run do
      EM.add_periodic_timer(0.00001) do
        print "loop".green
        if should_stop_machine?
          finalize_files
          EM.stop
        end
        @queue.pop.run unless @queue.empty?
      end
    end
    puts "End of fetch".green.bold
  end

  # delete tiny fail files
  def finalize_files
    del_small_files
    command = "find #{@savedir} -size -1000k -type f -print0| xargs -0 rm -v "
    exec command
    command = "find /Users/seijiro/Desktop/video -type f > ~/Desktop/video.m3u && open ~/Desktop/video.m3u "
    exec command
  end

  private

  # setup jobs
  def setupjobs
    if @args[:mode] == :anime44
      ajob = MyJobAnime44
        .new(
             :machine => self,
             :limit => @args[:limit],
             :recent => @args[:recent],
             :debug => @debug,
             )
    elsif @args[:mode] == :second
      ajob = MyJobAnime44
        .new(
             :machine => self,
             :limit => @args[:limit],
             :recent => @args[:recent],
             :debug => @debug,
             )
    else
      ajob = MyJobAnisoku2
        .new(
             :machine => self,
             :limit => @args[:limit],
             :recent => @args[:recent],
             :debug => @debug,
             )
    end
    @queue.push ajob
  end

  # should stop machine or not
  def should_stop_machine?
    @gaman += 1 if @queue.empty?
    print @gaman if @debug
    return @queue.empty? && @gaman > 4000
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Breakfast Table
Misplacing Parsley; Rehabbing Gore
May 20, 199912:46 PM
Morning, Steve:
I promise to be a lady today, at least part of the time.
News from Microsoft today, center of the known universe, has 100 corporate leaders finishing a meeting with Chairman Bill Gates. This is Gates' third annual CEO Summit, a gathering drawing execs from all over–people like Warren Buffett, Walt Disney's Michael Eisner, Paul O'Neill of Alcoa, and Queen of Chintz Martha Stewart from Martha's World or whatever she calls it.
The event is billed as a crash course in technology. Gates told the executives most companies don't come close to reaching their potential in using new technology.
Martha Stewart, preternaturally grouchy with the press, was grouchy with the press. At a news conference yesterday, someone asked about lunch menus. She let 'em have it: "It wears a little thin when people constantly ask me (at meetings like this) what we're having for lunch. Our e-commerce business is alive and well and thriving, and the information I'm gathering here will help me add value."
The highlight was last night's dinner at Gates' zillion-dollar mansion on Lake Washington. The Seattle Times reporter got the scoop on the menu: local baby lettuce with herbed goat cheese, and slow-roasted halibut with asparagus and potatoes.
If Gates had really liked his guests, he would have served Copper River salmon, the thick, sumptuous Alaskan salmon popular this time of year. But it's $18.99 a pound at the market, and with so many mouths to feed …
Can you imagine Martha Stewart pursing her lips at the dinner, trying to not to blurt out things like the napkins don't match the tablecloths or the sprig of parsley should be placed at the 2 o'clock position on the plate, not 8 o'clock?
Speaking of misplaced parsley, it looks like the rehabilitation of Al Gore is under way. Can Al Gore be saved? Newsweek has a flattering piece on him, casting the veep as Tipper's lifetime partner, not someone taking dictation from Bill Clinton. He is still understandably miffed about Clinton's dumb call to the New York Times drawing attention to the weaknesses of the Gore campaign.
Please tell me this isn't a fake fight.
What do you make of growing cracks in the NATO alliance over Kosovo? I lived in Italy for six months two years ago, and I have been expecting Italy to do something quirky. I see the Italian Parliament yesterday voted to seek a halt in the bombing.
As for underrated and overrated columnists, I was dodging you because I didn't have time to think about it. Let me clarify. I like Dowd and Lewis. I guess they're rated about right. I think the most overrated columnist is George Will, who hasn't written anything great outside of baseball and this week's well-deserved tribute to Meg Greenfield, the Washington Post editorial page editor and Newsweek columnist.
Brill's Content ranked Will among the lowest in terms of pundit accuracy.
I think Abe Rosenthal grows sillier by the day. But nobody expects much from him. Mark Shields is underrated. He is one of the smartest, most reasonable writers out there.
So, send me your list of writers who don't deserve a byline.
Joni Balter and Steve Chapman

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Man dies after altercation with Canada Border Services Agency officers in Calgary
By Evan RadfordStarMetro Calgary
CALGARY—A foreign national is dead after going into medical distress during an altercation with Canada Border Services Agency officers Tuesday in Calgary.
In a press release Wednesday morning, CBSA Prairie Acting Regional Director General Nina Patel said "an altercation took place between the individual and the two CBSA officers on board a flight from Calgary prior to its departure."
The man "went into medical distress and was transported to hospital where he was later pronounced deceased," Patel said.
"This case is currently under Calgary Police Service investigation with the full co-operation of the CBSA," she said.
A CPS spokesperson said an autopsy is scheduled for the man today to determine the cause of death.
He did not provide details about the man's age, nationality or how the altercation took place.
He said Calgary police may provide an update on the cause of death and other details about the altercation, depending on the results of the autopsy.
Calgary, Alberta, Canada Border Services Agency


text:
Want to know more about Polymers and materials Polyamide?
Natural polyamides include wool and silk. One of the best known synthetic polyamides is nylon. All these products are polymers made of monomers linked by an amide bond. Nylon 6 (or polyamide 6) is produced from caprolactam, which in its turn is produced from fossil oil. In the 1950ies, nylon 6 was already produced in Emmen by the AKU (Algemene Kunstzijde Unie) factory.
On the Emmtec Industry & Business Park, DSM Engineering Plastics is a producer of polyamide 6 granulate. Polyamide 6 is used in applications ranging from automotive, electronics and electrical, to furniture and packaging. It should be possible to produce caprolactam from biomass, however, no commercially viable production processes has been developed so far. Other polyamides can actually already be made from biobased sources. Form more information see the biopolymer section.
Senbis Polymer Innovations develops yarns and monofilaments from polyamids. BASF 3D Printing Solutions BV develops 3D printing solutions from polyamides. Within SPIC-Emmen new polyamides can also be synthesized via polycondensation.
The chemical company DSM produces polyamide 6 and derived compounds in Emmen. Senbis Polymer Innovations is a R&D service provider on polymers. BASF 3D Printing Solutions BV is a producer of filaments for 3D printing. For the development and up-scaling of new sustainable polyamides and applications thereof, local companies and knowledge institutes have joined forces via the initiative SPIC-Emmen (sustainable polymer innovation cluster). More info at www.spic-emmen.com
Download infographic Coherence ecosystem
Other Polymers and materials pages
1.2 Million euro grant for bioplastic research program
17 November 2020 - Article
Super fibre Twaron will turn super green


text:
Marijuana legalization: Who's next?
Paul Danish
Voters in Michigan legalized recreational marijuana in this year's election, and voters in Missouri and Utah legalized medical marijuana sales.
As a result, we now have 10 states in which recreational marijuana is legal and more than 30 with legal medical pot.
So which states are most likely to get on the legalization bandwagon in the next two years?
A couple are pretty obvious: New Jersey and New York.
New Jersey conducts its state elections in odd-numbered years, and last year the state's current governor, Democrat Phil Murphy, was elected on a marijuana-legalization platform. Murphy wanted to see a bill legalizing recreational marijuana on his desk within the first hundred days of his taking office, but the process got bogged down in the state legislature. But now it looks like lawmakers, who have been negotiating over the contents of a legalization bill for a year, are nearly ready to introduce one. One benefit of the long negotiating period is that once a bill is introduced it will likely be acted on quickly and favorably, maybe within the next few weeks.
In New York, Governor Andrew Cuomo blew off requests to back legalization of recreational marijuana for years — right up until last spring when former Sex and the City actress Cynthia Nixon ran against him in the Democratic primary and got some traction by campaigning for legalizing pot. Cuomo's position on marijuana quickly "evolved" enough for him to send Nixon packing, but her challenge appears to have convinced him that pot prohibition is a losing issue in New York.
Now it looks likely that he will ask the state legislature to consider legalizing recreational marijuana during its current session.
If New Jersey passes a legalization bill, it will up the pressure on New York to legalize, since the residents of New York would have access to legal pot on the other side of the Hudson River.
Beyond New York and New Jersey, the best prospects for legalization in 2019 may be Illinois and New Mexico. Both states elected pro-legalization governors in November.
In Illinois, Democrat J.B. Pritzker, who made marijuana legalization a big part of his campaign, ousted incumbent Republican Governor Bruce Rauner by more than half a million votes. Within days Illinois House Speaker Michael Madigan announced that he supports Pritzker's plan to push for marijuana legalization. Polling has showed that there is overwhelming support for legalization among Illinois' voters.
In New Mexico, pro-legalization Democrat Michelle Lujan Grisham was elected governor, replacing term-limited anti-legalization Republican Governor Susana Martinez.
New Mexico House Speaker Democrat Brian Egolf says that if a legalization bill were to make it to the floor of the House it would probably pass. The Senate is more conservative, but some of the anti-marijuana members seem ready to back legalization even though they personally oppose pot use.
At least two states are likely to see recreational marijuana legalization questions on their ballots in 2019 or 2020. In Ohio, the backers of a botched 2015 initiative proposal say they are bankrolling a new proposal aimed at the 2019 ballot. (The 2015 proposal lost because the backers structured it in a way that would give them an effective monopoly on marijuana production. They say their 2019 proposal won't repeat that mistake.)
In Wisconsin, 16 counties and 2 cities had advisory legalization proposals on their ballots this November. They all passed. And in the governor's race, Democrat Tony Evers ousted incumbent Republican Governor Scott Walker. Evers has said he would sign a medical marijuana bill if one reached his desk and that he favors putting the question of legalizing recreational pot up to a vote of the people.
And don't be surprised if another legalization initiative campaign is launched in Arizona, aiming for the 2020 election.
In the past, legalization bills have been introduced in the Connecticut, Rhode Island and Delaware legislatures, but they haven't gotten very far. They are nearly certain to be re-introduced this year, and are likely to get a push from the beginning of legal marijuana sales in Massachusetts this week and the likelihood of legalization in nearby New Jersey and New York.
Marijuana legalization in the U.S. still comes down to state-to-state combat, but the battle is going well. And if Congress passes the Gardner-Warren bill to ban the federal government from enforcing the Controlled Substances Act's anti-marijuana provisions in states that have legalized, the battle could turn into a rout.
nov 22 2018 issue
Previous articleAstrology 11/22/18
Next articleFree Poetry Skool @ Downtown Public Library
Just how big a thing will the (legal) pot business be?
More whoopee (and babies) follow medical marijuana… and other stories


A 24-year-old man has been stabbed at a block of units in North Melbourne.
Emergency services were called to the Sutton Street address at 8.15pm on Tuesday.
The victim is in a stable condition at the Royal Melbourne Hospital.
A 20-year-old man was arrested at the scene but has been released, pending further enquiries.


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Lima Beans is recommended for Summer. Check out these other Summer foods here.
Do you like 'lima beans'? Why or why not? What makes it unique? Is there something you'd like to know about 'lima beans'?


text:
Junior Faculty Forum for Indian Law Teachers | 2nd Monthy Workshop
On August 2, 2020 By DGV Rithvik In Announcements
The Junior Faculty Forum for Indian Law Teachers is pleased to announce their 2nd monthly workshop for a discussion on a paper by Mr. Surendra Kumar titled "Social Distancing before COVID-19: Interrogating the Universalisation of Caste-based Discrimination and its Horizontality in Race". This paper will be discussed by Dr. Shreya Atrey, Associate Professor in International Human Rights Law & Fellow of Kellogg College, Oxford.
The abstract has been reproduced below for ready reference:-
Caste has always infiltrated the public life and has been a constant social identifier. Caste has moved beyond occupation to social function. Two hundred million of India's lowest castes have been subjugated to consistent discrimination. In this context, lakhs of Dalits have been forced to do manual scavenging, which is an egregious form of caste-based discrimination in labour. It is discrimination based on descent and is symptomatic of institutionalised social, legal, political and structural barriers. The contours of caste cross national borders as diasporic communities in the United Kingdom (UK) and United States (US) have shown direct signs of caste prejudices, thereby making it a global concern. There have been debates in the past whether caste can be correlated with other forms of discriminations, such as those based on race in countries like the UK and US. However, the result has been a long list of contested literature. In this paper, I argue that redressal of caste-based discrimination requires concerted international efforts by different countries, and a dialogue with the jurisprudential aspect of anti-racism agenda may add as a strong imperative against caste-based discrimination. Using the case studies of Safai Karamchari Andolan v Union of India (2014), Tirkey v Chandhok (2015) in the UK and ongoing Cisco case in the US (2020), the universalism of caste is emphasised upon and how it poses novel challenges for the equality regime. Recognition of caste as an aspect of the race on analogous ground of inherited unequal status would be a step forward towards the realisation of substantive equality. The experience of caste in India and the United Kingdom would be useful to understand caste in international law normatively and descriptively. I argue that while caste and race are conceptually different, they are axiomatic manifestations of an analogous system of inherited status. I propose that the interpretation of race as an entity subsuming discrimination arising out of caste will help nudge the governments to address it systematically and with full force beyond semantic sophistry in both India as well as United Kingdom.
Date and Time – 8th August 2020 at 4 PM IST
Last Date for Registration – 7th August 2020
You can register for the link by clicking here. The meeting link will be sent to only those who have registered.
All attendees are expected to read the paper beforehand – the paper will be assumed to have been read and will not be presented at the workshop. The workshop will begin with comments and critique from the discussant. There will be an opportunity for participants to ask questions.
LAOT's Student Editors-in-Chief Dayaar Singla & Vishal Rakhecha recently had the pleasure to interview Prof. Tarunabh Khaitan on the motivations and the idea behind the JFF. Prof. Khaitan also talks about improving one's academic writing and more! Watch/ Read the interview on our Blog here.
You can follow the Junior Faculty Forum on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube for regular updates.
Police Brutality: A Case for Revitalising Police Complaints Authorities
Response to "The Indian Supreme Court's identity crisis: a constitutional court or a court of appeals?" by Dr. Rishad A. Chowdhury


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God's Growing Garden: Hang It Up Giveaway - CASH & Prizes!
Checkout this great GIVEAWAY! Paypal CASH & 2 beautiful items to be hung on your wall - Enter for your chances to win!
It's time for another great giveaway and I am joining Katherine from Katherines Corner and some of her bloggy friends to bring you the Hang It Up Giveaway.
"Epic Mommy Adventures" is overflowing with helpful & creative parenting tips, how-to blog expertise, plus many amazing & fun Blog Hops!
I would use it to buy a tablet for my sister's birthday.


text:
Jerome Hayden Powell (4 de febrero de 1953) es un miembro de la Junta de Gobernadores del Sistema de la Reserva Federal desde 2012. El 2 de noviembre de 2017, el presidente Donald Trump nominó a Powell para ocupar el cargo de presidente del Sistema de la Reserva Federal. Juró el cargo el 5 de febrero de 2018.

Infancia y educación
Powell nació el 4 de febrero de 1953 en Washington, DC, hijo de Patricia (Hayden) y Jerome Powell, abogado en una práctica privada. Su abuelo materno, James J. Hayden, fue decano de la Columbus School of Law en la Catholic University of America.

En 1971, Powell se graduó de la Georgetown Preparatory School, una universidad preparatoria jesuita. Recibió un Bachelor of Arts en ciencias políticas de Princeton University en 1975, y su tesis se tituló "Sudáfrica: Fuerzas para el cambio". En 1975-76, pasó un año como asistente legislativo al senador Richard Schweiker de Pensilvania, que dirigió una campaña infructuosa para Vicepresidente de los Estados Unidos en una candidatura conjunta con Ronald Reagan durante las elecciones primarias en 1976.

Powell obtuvo un título de Juris Doctor en el Georgetown University Law Center en 1979, donde fue redactor jefe del  Georgetown Law Journal  .

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Statements and Speeches of Jerome H. Powell

Juristas de Estados Unidos
Presidentes del Sistema de la Reserva Federal
Alumnado de la Universidad de Georgetown
Alumnado de la Universidad de Princeton
Nacidos en Washington D. C.
Republicanos de Estados Unidos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
April 11 - April 13 2020
Pyongyang Marathon | 2 Night Weekend Tour from Beijing
2 nights in North Korea including
return flights Beijing - Pyongyang
The shortest marathon tour possible and perfect opportunity for those wanting to tick
the Pyongyang Marathon off their list! ***TOUR ALMOST FULL - JUST 2 SPACES
REMAINING***
From 1,199 EUR per person
Please apply by 29th February, 2020.
Book now Tour Details
The shortest marathon tour possible and perfect opportunity
for those wanting to tick the Pyongyang Marathon off their
list! ***TOUR ALMOST FULL - JUST 2 SPACES REMAINING***
This short weekend tour departing from Beijing is the shortest Pyongyang Marathon Tour possible and is ideal for those who don't want commit to longer tours - in particular the more serious runners amongst you looking to add the Pyongyang Marathon. to your list and the North Korean travel veterans wanting to experience this very unique event starting & finishing in Kim Il Sung Stadium with tens-of-thousands of spectators.
You'll also get to see some of the sights of Pyongyang including the Mansudae Grand Monument., the giant bronze statues of the DPRK leadership; the Juche Tower., iconic monument to the country's ideology; and Kim Il Sung Square., the city's central square.
The Pyongyang Marathon is an IAAF Bronze Label Road Race with AIMS Certification. Earn yourself one of the most unique running shirts, finisher's medal and race certificate around!
Scroll down for the Pyongyang Marathon tour highlights, full tour itinerary, add-ons, and notes on the tour.
2020 PYONGYANG MARATHON!
Experience some of Pyongyang's key attractions
Celebrate your run at a local beer bar
April 10 | Friday
Our group assembles for a mandatory pre-tour group briefing in Beijing in the afternoon - expected times are 2 pm, 4 pm and 6 pm (to be confirmed). This briefing will last approximately one hour and designed so that you will get the most out of your tour. It will cover travel etiquette, safety, the marathon, and practicalities for travel in the DPRK. Have your last minute questions answered and meet your fellow travellers. Please be punctual - you can come early, pay any outstanding tour fees and browse our collection of Korean art.
Overnight | Hotel in Beijing not included in the tour. Contact us for recommendations near our office
April 11 | Saturday
Free bus from the Koryo Tours office to Beijing Capital Airport Terminal 2. Exact time TBC at the pre-tour briefing. Alternatively, meet the group at the Air Koryo check-in counter.
Flight departure from Beijing on Air Koryo - flight times are TBC and subject to change. Currently expected to depart around midday/early afternoon. A 1.5-hour flight with basic lunch.
Arrival to Pyongyang's Sunan International Airport (FNJ). DPRK immigration and customs, meet your Korean guides, and transfer to the city.
Arch of Triumph | A massive archway made for the 70th anniversary of the birth of President Kim Il Sung in 1982 and commemorating the liberation of Korea from Japanese colonial rule in 1945. Larger than its counterpart in Paris.
Kim Il Sung Stadium & Marathon Route Preview | Visit the stadium where you will start and finish your race, and then drive the marathon route to familiarise yourself with the roads, turning points and toilet stops.
Optional screening of Run and Run | A DPRK film about marathon runner Yong Ho who faces the physical and mental struggles of marathon participation. After both his father and work unit manager tell him to stop running, he becomes more determined to achieve his marathon dream. The film will be shown at the Pyongyang International House of Cinema (80 RMB entry fee paid on the spot). A Koryo Tours exclusive and sure to provide you with motivation ahead of the big event!
Overnight | Yanggakdo International Hotel, Pyongyang | Home away from home for most (but not all!) foreign visitors to Pyongyang, this 47-story hotel is located on an island in the middle of the Taedong River and offers great views of the city. Comfortable rooms and comprehensive leisure facilities: swimming pool, spa, billiards, bowling, gift shops, tea houses and beer brewed on-site.
April 12 | Sunday
The big event! The Pyongyang Marathon 2020!
The 2020 Pyongyang Marathon | this is your chance to run the streets of Pyongyang in the DPRK's largest annual sports event! Join the Full Marathon, Half Marathon, 10km or 5km race — all of which follow a return course that starts and ends in Kim Il Sung Stadium in front of a 50,000-strong capacity crowd of local Koreans.
The full route, which has been certified by both the IAAF and AIMS, leads right through the city centre, past a number of iconic landmarks, and then out into Pyongyang's less urban districts. Don't miss this incredible opportunity to see more of the capital and interact with people along the course. Prizes are available for the winners of each race.
Shower, resting time and lunch | After the marathon's closing ceremony, we'll be heading back to the hotel to recharge, shower and rest before heading out for a relaxing afternoon of sightseeing in Pyongyang
Mansudae Grand Monument | Enormous bronze statues of President Kim Il Sung and Leader Kim Jong Il overlooking downtown Pyongyang. A presentation of flowers and bow by the group is customary here (5 EUR). Please note this is a government-administered sight and visits are subject to cancellation. Visits are optional and require a certain dress code (close-toed shoes and covered legs and shoulders).
Chollima Monument | 'thousand ri (400 km or 250 mile) horse' -a symbol of speed- commemorating the quick rebuilding of the country in the 1950s following the Korean War.
Kim Il Sung Square | Pyongyang's central square lined with government ministries, museum and The Grand People's Study House
Foreign Languages Bookshop | Store selling Korean publications translated into English, German, French, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, and Arabic.
Tower of the Juche Idea | The tallest stone monument in the world and dedicated to the DPRK's guiding philosophy. Take the elevator to the top (5 EUR ticket) for a panoramic view of Pyongyang.
Party Foundation Monument | Iconic structure featuring the hammer, sickle & writing brush which make up the emblem of the Worker's Party of Korea and represent workers, farmers, and intellectuals.
Local Beer Bar | Relax at one of Pyongyang's local bars to wrap up an exciting day.
Overnight | Yanggakdo International Hotel, Pyongyang.
April 13 | Monday
For those opting to fly out, flight departure from Pyongyang on Air Koryo with a expected arrival at Beijing Capital Airport (PEK) Terminal 2 by midday.
Pyongyang Marathon — official race entry
The Mangyongdae Prize International Marathon is now open to foreign amateur runners. You can run the 5k, 10k, Half or Full Marathon. All four take place on the same day in April, and follow the same course, which is fully recognised by the International Association of Athletics Federations. We are the EXCLUSIVE travel partner for foreign amateurs. Don't miss out on this rare opportunity to become one of the few people in the world to have run the Pyongyang Marathon. We'll see you at the start line!
Pyongyang Marathon - running shirt size
Koryo Tours will provide free running shirts to everyone signed up for a Koryo Tours Pyongyang Marathon Trip. Male shirts are a regular fit, while female shirts are a slim fit. Please pay attention to the sizes as they are smaller than western shirt sizes.
Return flight Beijing – Pyongyang / Pyongyang – Beijing
All meals on the tour (these will be at local restaurants or in the hotel)
Hotel accommodation in the DPRK
A Koryo Tours tour leader, two local Korean guides, and a driver per group
Official running shirt, finisher's medal and race certificate
Marathon race fees - to be paid in cash (clean USD notes only) before the race in Pyongyang, amounts are 5 km: $50 USD / 10 km: $70 USD / Half Marathon: $100 USD / Full Marathon: $150 USD
DPRK visa fee 50 EUR
Tips for the local Korean guides and driver (approx 20-30 EUR total per tourist)
Please note that when on tour your day-to-day itinerary may differ to what is advertised above. Your tour leader will ensure, however, that everything available at the time is covered, and replacement options are provided where needed. We will also add in extras when there is time (such as a visit to a local bar or amusement park). We visit the DPRK regularly so know all the best places to go, and how to make the most of your days there to guarantee the experience of a lifetime.
After the tour, we will send out a list of all participants' emails so you can keep in touch, swap photos etc. If you do not wish to be on this list then please let us know.
Book now Contact us Free Guidebook


text:
Joel Dufresne Case
Joel Loses Custody
TO CONTACT JOEL
JOEL'S POST TRIAL MOTIONS
A. RIGHT OF APPEAL
1. SCT-MOTION FOR REHEARING (5-8-09)
2. Application For Leave To Appeal (2-17-12)
3. SCT MOTION TO LEAVE (2-23-12)
4. (1-13-11), 6pm MEETING OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS
B. 6.500
1. MCR 6.500 PROCEEDINGS - EMMETT CO,MI (10-10-10)
2. MI COURT OF APPEAL 6.500 (8-4-11)
3. Cited Cases For JOEL'S 6.500 (8-4-11)
4. MI COURT OF APPEALS ORDER (12-27-11)
C. HABEAS CORPUS
1. PETITION forWRIT of HABEAS CORPUS and BRIEF in SUPPORT (11-2-12)
2. REPLY to RESPONDENT's ANSWER to PETITION for WRIT of HABEAS CORPUS (6-13-13)
Law Terms and Legal Definitions
Mental Disorders Encyclopedia
A-Br Mental Disorders
Br-Del Mental Disorders
Del-Fi Mental Disorders
Flu-Inv Mental Disorders
Kau-Nu Mental Disorders
Ob-Ps Mental Disorders
Py-Z Mental Disorders
Michigan DOC Glossary
Miscellaneous Info and Books
19th Century Actor Autobiographies
A Dictionary of English Proverbs
A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature
I to T
ABC's of Science
Algonquin Indian Tales
An Address to the Inhabitants Of The Colonies, established in
Anthology of Massachusetts Poets
Aunt Charlotte's Stories of Greek History
Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times
Custom and Myth (1844-1912)
Hindu Gods and Heroes
History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volumes 1 - 6
Volume One (Con't)
Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome
Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome (con't)
Nagualism
Pagan & Christian Creeds: Their Origin and Meaning
Philebus
The Dialogues of Plato
The Laws (Introduction and Analysis)
The Republic (Book 1 & 2)
Religion and Art in Ancient Greece
Representations of Deities of the Maya Manuscripts
Texts from Savitri Devi
Akhnaton's Eternal Message
Defiance (chapters 1 - 7)
Gold in the Furnace
Impeachment of Man
Joy to the Sun
Long-Whiskers and the Two-Legged Goddess
Pilgrimage - (Chapters 1 - 4)
The 1994 Edition of the CIA World Factbook
(con't 1)
The 1995 U.S. Congress Address Book
The Altruist in Politics
The Children of Odin
The Edda: II, The Heroic Mythology of the North
The Edda:1, The Divine Mythology of the North
The Faith of Men
The Sailor's Word-Book: An Alphabetical Digest of Nautical Terms
M to S
T to Z
The Unwritten Literature Of The Hopi
10. Ceremonies for Birth, Marriage, Burial
11. Stories Told Today
2. The Hopi
3. Hopi Social Organization
4. Pottery and Basket Making Traditional, Its Symbolism
5. House Building
6. Myth and Folktale, General Discussion
7. Hopi Religion
8. Ceremonies, General Discussion
9. Hopi Myths and Traditions and Some Ceremonies Based Upon Them
The World's Great Men of Music
Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary
Walden, and On the Duty of Civil Disobedience
Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
Writings by Dr Martin Luther
A Treatise on Good Works
Commentary on Galatians
Concerning Christian Liberty
Epiphany, Easter and Pentecost
Open Letter on Translating
St Peter and St Jude Preached and Explained
The Smalcald Articles
Nations, an Encyclopedia of
United Nations Related Agencies
World Statistics
People Claiming Innocence
Petoskey/Emmet, County, MI
Role of the First Lady from Martha Washington to Laura Bush
State Gun Law Summaries
Alabama Gun Law Summary
Alaska Gun Law Summary
Arizona Gun Law Summary
Arkansas Gun Law Summary
California Gun Law Summary
Colorado Gun Law Summary
Connecticut Gun Law Summary
Delaware Gun Law Summary
District of Columbia Gun Law Summary
Florida Gun Law Summary
Georgia Gun Law Summary
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Illinois Gun Law Summary
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Iowa Gun Law Summary
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Massachusetts Gun Law Summary
Michigan Gun Law Summary
Minnesota Gun Law Summary
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New York Gun Law Summary
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Oregon Gun Law Summar
Pennsylvania Gun Law Summary
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Tennessee Gun Law Summary
Texas Gun Law Summary
Vermont Gun Law Summary
Virginia Gun Law Summary
Washington Gun Law Summary
West Virginia Gun Law Summary
Wisconsin Gun Law Summary
Wyoming Gun Law Summary
State of Michigan Appeals and Supreme Court Opinions
Blankenship v. Andrews
Michigan First Credit Union v. CUMIS Ins. Society. 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals
People v Armstrong
United States Fourteenth Amendment
People v Lee
People v. Bloye
People v. Davis
People v. Edington
People v. Love
People v. McSwain
People v. Ruse
People v. Settles
People v. Woodard
Podgajski v. Tidik
State of Michigan Constitutions, Laws, Statutes, Codes, Rules
Constitution of Michigan 1835
Constitution of Michigan of 1850
MI Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
Michigan Administrative Orders
Michigan Administrative Orders (con't)
Michigan Administrative Procedures Act of 1969
Michigan Child Protection Law
Michigan Code of Judicial Conduct
MICHIGAN COURT RULES (MCR)
MCR Of Professional Conduct
MCR Administrative Rules of Court
MCR Appellate Court Rules
MCR Civil Procedure
MCR Criminal Court Rules
MCR District Court
MCR for Probate Court
MCR General Provisions
MCR Professional Disciplinary Proceedings
MCR Special Proceedings and Actions
Michigan Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act
Michigan Firearms Act of 1927
Michigan Firearms Laws ---2011
State of Michigan Firearms Laws (con't)
Michigan Freedom of Information Act
Michigan Gaming Control and Revenue Act
Michigan Juvenile Code
Michigan Local Circuit Court Rules
Michigan Local District Court Rules
Michigan Local Probate Court Rules
Michigan Rules for the Board of Law Examiners
Michigan Rules of Evidence
Michigan Rules of Professional Conduct
Michigan Setting Aside Convictions
Michigan Uniform System of Citation
Rules Concerning the State Bar of Michigan
Supreme Court Landmark Cases
Baker v. Carr
Baker v. Carr (con't)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
Cruzan v. Missouri Department of Health
Engel v. Vitale
Frontiero v. Richardson
Gideon v. Wainright
Gregg v. Georgia
Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
Griswold v. Connecticut
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
In Re Gault
Korematsu v. United States
Lemon v. Kurtzman
Lochner v. New York
Loving v. Virginia
Mapp v. Ohio
Marbury v. Madison
McCulloch v. Maryland
Miranda v. Arizona
New York Times v. Sullivan
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
Plessy v. Ferguson
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (con't)
Reynolds v. Sims
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad
Schecter Poultry Corp v. United States
Shelley v. Kraemer
Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States
United States v. Nixon
Supreme Court Decisions by Topic
Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc. 462 u.s. 416 (1983)
Beal v. Doe 432 u.s. 438 (1977)
Bigelow v. Virginia 421 u.s. 809 (1975)
Doe v. Bolton 410 u.s. 179 (1973)
Frisby v. Schultz 487 u.s. 474 (1988)
Harris v. McRae 448 u.s. 297 (1980)
Hodgson v. Minnesota 497 u.s. 417 (1990)
Maher v. Roe 432 u.s. 464 (1977)
Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth 428 u.s. 52 (1976)
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey 505 u.s. 833 (1992)
Poelker v. Doe 432 u.s. 519 (1977)
Roe v. Wade 410 u.s. 113 (1973)
Rust v. Sullivan 500 u.s. 173 (1991)
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists 476 u.s. 747 (1986)
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services 492 u.s. 490 (1989)
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena
Building Trades & Construction Trades Council of Camden County and Vicinity v. Mayor and Council of the City of Camden
City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co.
Firefighters Local Union No. 1784 v. Stotts
Fullilove v. Klutznick
Johnson v. Transportation Agency
Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission
Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke 438 u.s. 265 (1978)
United States v. Paradise
United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO-CLC v. Weber 443 u.s. 193 (1979)
Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
Ambach v. Norwick
Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
Graham v. Department of Pub. Welfare
Hampton v. Mow Sun Wong
INS v. Chadha
Plyler v. Doe
Truax v. Raich
United States v. Pink
Johnson v. Robison
Rostker v. Goldberg
Schick v. Reed
Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War
Welsh v. United States
ATTAINDER
American Communications Assn. v. Douds
Aptheker v. Secretary of State
Barenblatt v. United States
Communist Party of the United States v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.
Nixon v. Administrator of General Services
United States v. Lovett
Butz v. Economou
Ex Parte Garland
In re Primus
Nix v. Whiteside
Phillips v. Washington Legal Foundation
Supreme Court of New Hampshire v. Piper
Northern Pipeline Constr. Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co
BILL-OF-RIGHTS
Barron v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore
Foster & Elam v. Neilson
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: OPINIONS
Bell v. Ohio
Booth v. Maryland
Bumper v. North Carolina
Coker v. Georgia
Dawson v. Delaware
Eddings v. Oklahoma
Enmund v. Florida
Ford v. Wainwright
Furman v. Georgia
Gomez v. United States District Court for the Northern District of California
Jurek v. Texas
Lockett v. Ohio
Lockhart v. McCree
Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber
McCleskey v. Kemp
Palko v. Connecticut
Penry v. Lynaugh
Proffitt v. Florida
Pulley v. Harris
South Carolina v. Gathers
Stanford v. Kentucky
Thompson v. Oklahoma
United States v. Jackson
Witherspoon v. Illinois
Woodson v. North Carolina
CENSORSHIP: OPINIONS
Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition
Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville
Near v. Minnesota
Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Company
DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services
Everson v. Board of Education of the Township of Ewing
Hammer v. Dagenhart
Hazelwood School Dist. v. Kuhlmeier
Ingraham v. Wright
Maryland v. Craig
Massachusetts v. Oakes
Meyer v. State of Nebraska
Minersville School District v. Board of Education
Nguyen v. INS
Osborne v. Ohio
Palmore v. Sidoti
Pierce v. Society of Sisters
Prince v. Massachusetts
Santosky v. Kramer
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist.
Troxel v. Granville
United States v. Lopez
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
Arizona v. Fulminante
Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
Evans v. Newton
Ex Parte Quirin
Smith v. Allwright
Swift v. Tyson
CITIZENSHIP: OPINIONS
Ableman v. Booth
Afroyim v. Rusk
Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization
Hampton v. Mow Sun Wong (No. 73-1596)
Minor v. Happersett
Perez v. Brownell
Schneider v. Rusk
Talbot v. Janson
Trop v. Dulles
Twining v. State
United States v. Wong Kim Ark
COMMANDER IN CHIEF: OPINIONS
Reid v. Covert
United States v. Quarles
Woods v. Cloyd W. Miller Co.
CONFESSIONS: OPINIONS
Chambers v. Florida
Mallory v. United States
Massiah v. United States
CONTRACEPTION: OPINIONS
Bolger v. Youngs Drugs Prods. Corp.
Buck v. Bell
Carey v. Population Services International
CRIMINAL LAW: OPINIONS
Abrams v. United States
Adair v. United States
Adams v. Williams
Adamson v. California
Apodaca v. Oregon
Argersinger v. Hamlin
Ashe v. Swenson
Ballew v. Georgia
Bartkus v. Illinois
Batson v. Kentucky
Benton v. Maryland
Berger v. New York
Bigelow v. Virginia
Bowers v. Hardwick
Brandenburg v. Ohio
Brewer v. Williams
Brown v. Texas
Burch v. Louisiana
California v. Carney
California v. Ciraolo
California v. Greenwood
Cantwell v. Connecticut
Castaneda v. Partida
Chambers v. Maroney
Chandler v. Florida
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
Chicago v. Morales
Cohen v. California
Cohens v. Virginia
Cox v. Louisiana
Crist v. Bretz
Davis v. Alaska
De Jonge v. Oregon
Delaware v. Prouse
Dennis v. United States
Doyle v. Ohio
Duncan v. Louisiana
Escobedo v. Illinois
Estelle v. Gamble
Ex Parte Grossman
Ex parte Milligan
Ex parte Siebold
Florida v. Bostick
Florida v. Meyers
Ford v. Georgia
Gannett Co., Inc. v. DePasquale
Georgia v. McCollum
Gideon v. Wainwright
Gitlow v. People
Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court
Harmelin v. Michigan
Harris v. New York
Helling v. McKinney
Hoyt v. Florida
Huron Portland Cement Co. v. City of Detroit
Hurtado v. California
Illinois v. Gates
In re Debs
In re Neagle
In re Winship
Jacobellis v. Ohio
Jacobson v. United States
Jenkins v. Georgia
Johnson v. Zerbst
Katz v. United States
Kentucky v. Dennison
Malloy v. Hogan
Marsh v. Alabama
Massachusetts v. Sheppard
Maxwell v. Dow
Michigan Dep't of State Police v. Sitz
Michigan v. Long
Mincey v. Arizona
Moore v. City of East Cleveland
Morgan v. Virgina
Munn v. Illinois
Murphy v. Florida
Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart
New York v. Class
New York v. Ferber
Norris v. Alabama
Northern Securities Co. v. United States
Ohio v. Roberts
Ohio v. Robinette
Oliver v. United States
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
Patton v. United States
Pennsylvania v. Nelson
Pointer v. Texas
Pollock v. Williams
Powell v. Alabama
Powers v. Ohio
Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court
Puerto Rico v. Branstad
Rhode Island v. Innis
Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia
Robinson v. California
Roth v. United States
Scales v. United States
Schad v. Borough of Mount Ephraim
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
Skinner v. Oklahoma ex rel. Williamson
Smith v. Goguen
South Dakota v. Opperman
Spence v. Washington
Strauder v. West Virginia
Street v. New York
Taylor v. Louisiana
Terry v. Ohio
Thornhill v. Alabama
Ullmann v. United States
United States v. Armstrong
United States v. Bajakajian
United States v. Brewster
United States v. Calandra
United States v. Carolene Products Co
United States v. Darby
United States v. Guest
United States v. Kahn
United States v. Leon
United States v. Matlock
United States v. Mendenhall
United States v. Miller
United States v. O'Brien
United States v. Salerno
United States v. United States District Court
United States v. Watson
Waller v. Florida
Waller v. Georgia
Warden v. Hayden
Washington v. Chrisman
Watkins v. United States
Williams v. Florida
Yates v. United States
Younger v. Harris
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: OPINIONS
Betts v. Brady
Brinegar v. United States
Florida v. J.L.
Johnson v. Louisiana
CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT: OPINIONS
Hudson v. McMillian
Powell v. Texas
Whitley v. Albers
Wilson v. Seiter
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: OPINIONS
DUE PROCESS: OPINIONS
Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc.
BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore
Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth
Fuentes v. Shevin
Goss v. Lopez
Harris v. McRae
Hudson v. Palmer
Kent v. Dulles
Muller v. Oregon
Nebbia v. New York
Paul v. Davis
Pennoyer v. Neff
Perry v. Sindermann
Rowan v. United States Post Office Department
Tyson & Brother v. Banton
Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co.
Washington v. Glucksberg
West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
Young v. American Mini Theatres
Youngberg v. Romeo
EIGHTH AMENDMENT: OPIONIONS
ELEVENTH AMENDMENT: OPINIONS
******** 99-1240
Alden v. Maine
Reno v. Condon
United States v. Peters
EVIDENCE: OPINIONS
EXTRADITION: OPINIONS
FAMOUS CONSTITUTIONAL LAW CASES
Abington School Dist. v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963)
Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986)
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927)
Calder v. Bull, 3 Dall. 386 (1798)
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 11 Pet. (13 U.S.) 420 (1837)
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 19 How. (60 U.S.) 393 (1857)
Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968)
Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)
Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947)
Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cranch (10 U.S.) 87 (1810)
Garcia v. SAMTA, 469 U.S. 528 (1985)
Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)
Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971)
Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905)
Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch (5 U.S.) 137 (1803)
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wheat. (14 U.S.) 304 (1816)
McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819)
Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923)
Minersville School District v. Gobitis, 310 U.S. 586 (1943)
Muller v. Oregon, 208 U.S. 412 (1908)
Munn v. Illinois, 4 Otto (94 U.S.) 113 (1876)
Nebbia v. New York, 291 U.S. 502 (1934)
NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 1 (1937)
Ogden v. Saunders, 12 Wheat. (25 U.S.) 213 (1827)
Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393 (1922)
Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510 (1925)
Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992)
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896)
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)
Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935)
Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963)
Slaughter-House Cases, 16 Wall. (83 U.S.) 36 (1873)
Stuart v. Laird, 1 Cranch (5 U.S.) 299 (1803)
Sturges v. Crowninshield, 4 Wheat. 122 (1819)
Swift v. Tyson, 16 Pet. (41 U.S.) 1 (1842)
The Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883)
United States v. Darby, 312 U.S. 100 (1941)
United States v. E.C. Knight Co., 156 U.S. 1 (1895)
United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974)
West Coast Hotel v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379 (1937)
West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943)
Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. 111 (1942)
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952)(The Steel Seizure Case)
FEDERAL COURTS: OPINIONS
Ex parte Bakelite Corporation
Ex parte McCardle
Glidden Co. v. Zdanok
Illinois ex rel. McCollum v. Board of Education of School District
Katzenbach v. McClung
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
Monroe v. Pape
Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway Co. v. Wallace
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Button
Olmstead v. United States
Railroad Commission of Texas v. Pullman Company
Scott v. Sandford
Texas v. White
Willson v. Black Bird Creek Marsh Company
Worcester v. Georgia
Zemel v. Rusk
FIFTH AMENDMENT: OPINIONS
Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board
Berman v. Parker
Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff
Nollan v. California Coastal Commission
Palazzolo v. Rhode Island-99-2047
Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
Rust v. Sullivan
Slochower v. Board of Higher Education of New York City
United States. Railroad Retirement Board v. Fritz
FIRST AMENDMENT: OPINIONS
A Book Named "John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure" v. Attorney General of Massachusetts
Adler v. Board of Education of City of New York
Aguilar v. Felton
Amalgamated Food Employees Union Local 590 v. Logan Valley Plaza, Inc.
Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc.
Bates v. State Bar of Arizona
Bethel School Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser
Board of Airport Commissioners of the City of Los Angeles v. Jews for Jesus, Inc.
Board of Educ. v. Pico
Board of Education of Westside Community Schools v. Mergens By and Through Mergens
Board of Education v. Allen
Bond v. Floyd
Boos v. Barry
Bowen v. Roy
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
Branzburg v. Hayes
Brown v. Hartlage
California Democratic Party v. Jones
Central Hudson Gas & Elec. Corp. v. Public Service Comm'n
Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah
Clark v. Community for Creative Nonviolence
Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.
Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb
Connick v. Myers
Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense & Educ. Fund
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union, Greater Pittsburgh Chapter
Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts
Edwards v. South Carolina
Employment Division v. Smith
Epperson v. Arkansas
Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
Frisby v. Schultz
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
Goldman v. Weinberger
Greer v. Spock
Grosjean v. American Press Co., Inc.
Heffron v. International Soc'y for Krishna Consciousness
Hobbie v. Unemployment Appeals Comm'n of Florida
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee
Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
Keyishian v. Board of Regents
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District
Lee v. Weisman
Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Township of Willingboro
Lloyd Corp., Ltd. v. Tanner
Lynch v. Donnelly
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association
Marsh v. Chambers
Members of the City Council of the City of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent
Metromedia, Inc. v. City of San Diego
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
Mitchell v. Helms
Mueller v. Allen
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Patterson
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations
Republican Party of Minnesota v. White
Rosenberger v. Rector & Visitors of the University of Virginia
Rosenbloom v. Metromedia
Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois
Santa Fe Independent School Dist. v. Doe
Schenck v. United States
School District of Abington Township, Pennsylvania v. Schempp
School District v. Ball
Shelton v. Tucker
Sherbert v. Verner
Stromberg v. California
United States v. Eichman
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church and State, Inc.
Wallace v. Jaffree
Ward v. Rock Against Racism
Whitney v. California
Wooley v. Maynard
Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
Zorach v. Clauson
Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus
Califano v. Goldfarb
City of Memphis v. Greene
Craig v. Boren
Dandridge v. Williams
Freeman v. Pitts
Grayned v. City of Rockford
Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
Holden v. Hardy
Katzenbach v. Morgan
Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp.
Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., Inc.
Mahan v. Howell
Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Ward
Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis
North Carolina State Board of Education v. Swann
Orr v. Orr
Palazzolo v. Rhode Island
Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman
Police Dep't of the City of Chicago v. Mosley
Reed v. Reed
Romer v. Evans
Saenz v. Roe
Saint Francis College v. Al-Khazraji
Slaughterhouse Cases
United States v. Morrison
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan
Board of Ed. of Independent School Dist. No. 92 v. Earls
City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
Kyllo v. United States
Maryland v. Wilson
New Jersey v. T.L.O.
Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives' Association
United States v. Drayton
United States v. Ross
v. City of Lago Vista et al.
Wilson v. Layne
Bob Jones Univ. v. United States
McDaniel v. Paty
Selective Draft Law Cases
Stone v. Graham
Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division
Widmar v. Vincent
Wisconsin v. Yoder
Buckley v. Valeo
City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.
Communist Party of the United States v. Subversive Activities Control Bd. No. 12
Cox v. Louisiana 379 u.s. 536
Hudgens v. National Labor Relations Board
Hutchinson v. Proxmire
Lehman v. City of Shaker Heights
Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Claiborne Hardware Co.
Police Dep't v. Mosley
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
Rankin v. McPherson
Time, Inc. v. Firestone
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist. 393
Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc.
Zurcher v. Stanford Daily
Chisholm v. Georgia
Clinton v. Jones
Doe v. McMillan
Gravel v. United States
Harlow v. Fitzgerald
Kilbourn v. Thompson
Nixon v. Fitzgerald
Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
Marbury v. Madison 5 u.s. 137 (1803)
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee 14 u.s. 304 (1816)
Ballew v. Georgia 435 u.s. 223 (1978)
Batson v. Kentucky 476 u.s. 79 (1986)
Bumper v. North Carolina 391 u.s. 543 (1968)
Burch v. Louisiana 441 u.s. 130 (1979)
Duncan v. Louisiana 391 u.s. 145 (1968)
Ford v. Georgia 498 u.s. 411 (1991)
In re Debs 158 u.s. 564 (1895)
Jenkins v. Georgia 418 u.s. 153 (1974)
Lockhart v. McCree 476 u.s. 162 (1986)
Murphy v. Florida 421 u.s. 794 (1975)
Powers v. Ohio 499 u.s. 400 (1991)
South Carolina v. Gathers 490 u.s. 805 (1989)
Strauder v. West Virginia 100 u.s. 303 (1879)
Taylor v. Louisiana 419 u.s. 522 (1975)
United States v. Jackson 390 u.s. 570 (1968)
Williams v. Florida 399 u.s. 78 (1970)
Witherspoon v. Illinois 391 u.s. 510 (1968)
Frontiero v. Richardson 411 u.s. 677 (1973)
Loving v. Virginia 388 u.s. 1 (1967)
Orr v. Orr 440 u.s. 268 (1979)
MISC: OPINIONS
Adkins v. Children's Hospital
Allen v. Wright
AZ Free Enterprise, ET AL. v. Bennett, Ken, ET AL.
Bobby v. Dixon
Breard v. Greene
Cavazos v. Smith
Goodyear Luxembourg Tires v. Brown, Edgar D., ET AL.
Greene v. Fisher
J. McIntyre Machinery , LTD. v. Nicastro, Robert, ET UX.
KPMG LLP v. Cocchi
Leal Garcia v. Texas
Pliva, INC., ET AL. v. Mensing, Gladys
Schwarzenegger, Gov. of CA v. Entertainment Merchants, ET AL.
NATIONAL POWER
Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Company (Rehearing)
Swift and Company v. United States
Prize Cases
NINTH AMENDMENT
City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc
Ex Parte Grossma
Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council
Whalen v. Roe
Dothard v. Rawlinson
Golan v. Holder
Hosanna-Tabor Church v. EEOC, ET AL.
Maples, Cory R. v. Maples, Interim Comm'r, AL DOC
Mims, Marcus D. v. Arrow Financial Services, LLC
Nat'l Meat Ass'n v. Brown, Att'y Gen. of CA, ET AL.
Pacific Operators Offshore v. Valladolid, Luisa L., ET AL.
Perry v. Perez
Reynolds, Billy J. v. United States
Ryburn v. Huff
United States v. Jones, Antoine
RIGHT TO A HEARING
Blum v. Yaretsky
Goldberg v. Kelly
Mathews v. Eldridge
Parham v. J.R.
RIGHT TO CONFRONT WITNESSES
SEARCHES AND SEIZURES
Adams v. William
Illinois v. Gate
Luther v. Borden
The "Essays" by David Hume
The Executive Office of the President
The History of England Vol 1
Vol 1 (con't)
Vol 1 con't
The History of the Presidency
The Voice of "National Lifers of America" (Chapter 1026-A)
......Michigan's "Life Means Life" Parole Policy
Cost for Prisoners Make Rehabilitation Difficult
Dear Society
If We Must Die In Prison
Michigan, PHS/Corizon Tortures Its Prisoners With Inadequate Medical Care
California: Jail Nurse Receives.....
Other PHS/Corizon Legal Suits
PLN Settles ........
My Cell, My Best Friend
My Name Is Life-Without Parole
Nothing Could Stop You, From Dying By The Gun
True Patriotism Lies in the Heart of America's Lifers
Timeline of Events in American Legal and Political History
Trials - Famous
"Mississippi Burning" Trial
Al Capone Trial
Bernhard Goetz Trial
Celia A Slave, Trial
Dr. Sam Sheppard Trials
Falwell v Flynt
John Scopes: The Monkey Trial
Leopold & Loeb Trial
Lincoln Assassination Conspirators Trial
Los Angeles Police Officers' Trials
Susan B. Anthony Trial
The "Chicago Seven" Trial
The "Negro Plot" Trials
The Alger Hiss Trial
The Amistad Case
The Black Sox Trial
The Boston Massacre Trials
The Carthage Conspiracy Trial
The Charles Guiteau Trial
The Charles Manson Trial
The Clinton Impeachment Trial
The Confidential Magazine Trial
The D. C. Stephenson Trial
The Dakota Conflict Trials
The Dan White Trial
The Daniel Ellsberg Trial-The Pentagon Papers
The Harry Thaw Trials
The Haymarket Riot Trial
The Impeachment Trial of Andrew Johnson
The John Hinckley Trial
The Lenny Bruce Trial
The Leo Frank Trial
The Leonard Peltier Trial
The Lindbergh Kidnapping Trial
The Lindy Chamberlain Trial
The Louis Riel Trial
The Massie Trials
The McMartin Preschool Abuse Trials
The Molly Magures Trials
The Mountain Meadows Massacre Trial
The My Lai Court-Martial
The Nelson Mandela Trial
The Nuremberg Trials
The O. J. Simpson Trial
The O.K. Corral Trial
The Oklahoma City Bombing Trial
The Patty Hearst Trial
The Ruby Ridge Trial
The Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
The Salem Witchcraft Trials
The Sweet Trials
The Trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
The Trial of Gaius Verres
The Trial of Galileo
The Trial of John Brown
The Trial of John Peter Zenger
The Trial of Lizzie Borden
The Trial of Martin Luther
The Trial of Oscar Wilde
The Trial of Sherriff Joseph Ship
The Trial of Sir Thomas More
The Trial of Zacarias Moussaoui
The Trials of "The Scottboro Boys"
The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Trial
Treason Trial of Aaron Burr
Trial of Socrates
William D. Haywood Trial
19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women's Right to Vote (1920)
A Healing Question, by Sir Henry Vane
A Letter from Christopher Columbus to the King & Queen of Spain 1490's
Act to Establish Yellowstone National Park
Administration of Justice Act (1774)
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
American's Creed (1917)
Amerigo Vespucci's Account of His First Voyage
An Act Respecting Alien Enemies (1798)
Annapolis Convention 1786
Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands
Appeal to Congress for Impartial Suffrage By Frederick Douglass 1867
Articles of Capitulation (1781)
Articles of Capitulation, Yorktown
Articles of Confederation 1777
Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York (1773)
August 6 Draft of the Constitution (1787)
Boston Non-Importation Agreement (1768)
Boston Port Act (1774)
Charles Pinckney's Plan (1787)
Charter of the United Nations (1945)
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Common Sense 1776
Compromise of 1850 (1850)
Concord Hymn (1837)
Connecticut Colony Charter of 1662
Constitution of the Iroquois Nations
US Amendments
Convention Between the United States and the Republic of Panama
Dawes Act (1887)
Declaration of Independence 1776
Declaration of Rights and Grievances (1774)
Declaration of Sentiments (1848)
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms 1775
Emancipation Proclamation 1864
Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the Armed Forces (1948)
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993
Farewell Address of President George Washington 1796
Federal Judiciary Act (1789)
Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906
First Thanksgiving Proclamation
Fugitive Slave Act (1850)
Fundamental Orders
Gettysburg Address 1863
Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death 1775
Hamilton's Opinion as to the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States : 1791
Haskell's Account of the Battle of Gettysburg
Hate Crimes Act
I Have a Dream Speech (1963)
James Madison's Notes of the Constitutional Convention
Jefferson's Secret Message to Congress Regarding the Lewis & Clark Expedition (1803)
Jefferson's Wall of Separation Letter (1802)
John Cabot's Discovery of North America
Joint Address to Congress Leading to a Declaration of War Against Germany (1917)
Joint Address to Congress Leading to a Declaration of War Against Japan (1941
Joint Resolution to Provide for Annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States (1898)
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916 (1916)
Lee's Farewell to His Army
Lemon Test (1971)
Letter from the Federal Convention President to the President of Congress, Transmitting the Constitution
Letter of Transmittal (1887)
Lincoln's Letter to Mrs. Bixby
Magna Carta 1215
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Marshall Plan (1948
Massachusetts Government Act (1774)
Mayflower Compact 1620
McClellan's Letter to Lincoln on His Evacuation from the Penninsula Campaign 1862
McClellan's Letter to President Lincoln (1862)
Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence
Memorial and Remonstrance 1785
Miranda Warning (1966)
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Monroe Doctrine 1823
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Theodore Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1905)
Morrill Act (1862)
Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862
National Interstate and Defense Highways Act (1956)
National Labor Relations Act (1935)
National Prohibition Act of 1919 (Volstead Act)
NATO Treaty (1949)
Northwest Ordinance 1787
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
nterstate Commerce Act of 1887
Opinion of Chief Justice Marshall, in the Case of McCulloch vs. the State of Maryland
Pacific Railway Act of 1862
Paris Peace Treaty of 1783
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
Pennsylvania - An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, 1780
President Andrew Jackson's Message to Congress 'On Indian Removal' (1830)
President Barack Obama's Addresses
Barack H. Obama Address to Congress on Health Care (2009)
Barack Obama's Keynote Speech (2004)
President Barack H. Obama's 2010 State of the Union Address
President Obama's Address to the Nation on Bin Laden's Death
President Clinton's State of the Union Addresses
President William J. Clinton's 1996 State of the Union Address
President George W. Bush's Addresses
Address of President Bush on the start of strikes against Al Qaeda and the Taliban (2001)
Address of President Bush to a Joint Session of Congress and the Nation regarding the events of 11 September, 2001 (20 September, 2001)
Address of President Bush to Nation (11 September, 2001)
President Bush's Remarks at National Day of Prayer and Remembrance
President George W. Bush's 2002 State of the Union Address
President George W. Bush's Farewell Address
President George Washington's Farewell Address (1796)
President Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points (1918
Proclamation Declaring the Insurrection at an End
Proclamation of Amnesty
Proclamation of Neutrality 1793
Quartering Act (1774)
Quebec Act (1774)
Recognition of the Independence of Cuba
Report of the Hartford Convention (1815)
Resolutions of the Stamp Act 1765
Richard Henry Lee's Independence Resolution (1776)
Sedition Act of 1798
September 12 Draft of the Constitution (1787)
Servicemen's Readjustment Act (1944)
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
Social Security Act 1935
Social Security Act (1935)
Social Security Act Amendments (1965)
Speech of Benjamin Franklin (1787)
Stamp Act Congress — 1765
Star Spangled Banner 1814
Surrender of Germany (1945)
Surrender of Japan (1945)
Tennessee Valley Authority Act (1933)
Terms of Lee's Surrender at Appomattox
Thanksgiving Proclamation 1789
The 1620 Charter OF Massachusetts Bay
The 1754 Albany Plan Of Union
The First State of the Union Address of President George Washington
The First Virgina Charter 1606
The Second Virgina Charter 1609
The Third Virgina Charter 1612
The Fundamental Orders Of Connecticut 1639
The Instrument of Government
The Letter of Columbus to Luis de Sant Angel Announcing His Discovery
The Original 13 states ratification documents
Connecticut's Ratification
Delaware's Ratification
Georgia's Ratification
Maryland's Ratification
Massachusetts's Ratification
New Hampshire's Ratification
New Jersey's Ratification
New York's Ratification
North Carolina's Ratification
Pennsylvania's Ratification
Rhode Island's Ratification
South Carolina's Ratification
Vermont's Ratification
Virginia's Ratification
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text:
Q: Laravel blade "Call to a member function has() on array" controller:
session(['errors' => ['email' => ['The email is invalid.']]]);
return view('auth.login');

blade:
@if ($errors->has('email'))

      {{ $errors->first('email') }}

@endif

error:

Call to a member function has() on array

I have tried (object) before array, return view()->with() and much more!!
But I always get this error!!
If possible I dont want to change the blade file!! Is there anyway to send that data from controller in the right way??

A: $errors returned by Validator is an instance of Illuminate\Support\MessageBag and not an array;
To replicate the usage:
In your controller, you can:
use Illuminate\Support\MessageBag;

// Create a new MessageBag instance in your method.
$errors = new MessageBag;

// Add new messages to the message bag.
$errors->add('email', 'The email is invalid.');

return view('auth.login', ['errors' => $errors]);

I reckon you should use another variable name like $customErrors in your blade template, just to make sure you can use view('view')->withErrors($validator) in future if required, because withErrors pass variable $errors to view tempalte.
https://laravel.com/docs/5.8/validation#working-with-error-messages

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Composite Adhesive Market Projected To $4.41 Billion By 2027 | The Increasing Utilization of Composites in Several Industries is Boosting Its Production: Grand View Research, Inc.
According to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc the automotive & aerospace industries are major market drivers in the U.S. The development of composites is increasing for the automotive industry owing to the rising emphasis on fuel economy and emission regulations. For example, in the U.S., the CAFE standards mandate a fleet average of 23.2 km/L by 2025.
The global composite adhesive market size is anticipated to reach USD 4.41 billion by 2027, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc., expanding at a CAGR of 3.9% from 2020 to 2027. Growing demand for composites across several end-use industries to produce lightweight products is expected to augment product consumption.
The demand for adhesives in assembling structures is now quite prominent when compared to mechanical fasteners. Their usage in composites enables the manufacturers to remove hole drilling and leverage the cascading advantages of weight reduction and low cost in overall assembled structures. In addition, they help reduce the production cycle, which is of vital importance in various industries, especially automotive.
Request For a Free Sample Copy of This Report, Click The Link:
https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/composite-adhesive-market/request/rs1
The market is expected to witness steady growth over the forecast period owing to the availability of a wide variety of products, such as epoxy, acrylic, and polyurethane, which are used depending upon the application requirements. For example, epoxy is preferred in applications that require high strength and durability. Automotive & aerospace are the key end-use segments as the adoption of composites is increasing in these industries owing to benefits including better aesthetics and structural integrity.
The increasing utilization of composites in several industries is boosting its production and thereby propelling the demand for adhesives. In July 2019, BFG Africa opened a new facility in South Africa for producing fiber-reinforced plastic for catering to various industries including wind, mining, automotive & transportation, and infrastructure. Such investments are anticipated to prove fruitful for market growth over the forecast period.
The U.S. is a prominent market and is anticipated to witness steady growth in the upcoming years on account of growing investments. For instance, the U.S. Federal Government will invest USD 139 million in advanced vehicle technologies, of which, various projects shall be dedicated to composites. For example, as per the announcement in July 2020 by the U.S. Department of Energy, the Scale-Up Research Facility (SURF) will work for Ford and General Motors where the two projects are valued at USD 15 million.
Composite Adhesive Market Report Highlights
The Middle East & Africa is expected to register the fastest CAGR of 5.4% over the forecast period owing to increase in manufacturing of composites in Africa
Asia Pacific was the largest regional market in 2019 and accounted for a revenue share of more than 46.0%
The region will retain its leading position throughout the forecast years due to the rapidly expanding manufacturing sector in developing economies like India
India is expected to lead the Asia Pacific regional market, registering a CAGR of 4.4% during the forecast period, owing to increasing production of composites in the country
The acrylic product segment is anticipated to register the fastest growth rate of 4.1% in terms of volume over the forecast period, due to the rising preference for acrylic over epoxy
The aerospace & defense end-use segment is projected to expand at the fastest CAGR of 4.4%, in terms of revenue, during the forecast period, due to the high demand for lightweight composite materials in this sector
Have Inquiry before buying about this report, our team of analyst will be glad to help!
Ford's project is multi-functional smart composite structures with electronics integration for smart vehicles, while General Motors' project includes the development of tailored fiber-reinforced composite materials systems for high-volume manufacturing of structural battery enclosure. Such investments in the country are anticipated to boost market growth over the forecast period.
The market is highly competitive owing to the presence of several companies across the globe. The majority of these companies have faced losses in 2020 owing to the shutdown of manufacturing operations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which impacted the production & consumption of adhesives. Several manufacturers withdrew their 2020 predictions on account of uncertainty in the market.
Access complete Composite Adhesive Market Report By Grand View Research, Inc.
Grand View Research has segmented the global composite adhesive market on the basis of product, end-use, and region:
Composite Adhesive Product Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million, 2016 – 2027)
Composite Adhesive End-use Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million, 2016 – 2027)
Composite Adhesive Regional Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million, 2016 – 2027)
List of Key Players of Composite Adhesive Market
Ashland Inc.
Dow Inc.
Henkel AG & Cp. KGaA
Huntsman Corp.
Illinois Tool Works Inc.
Lord Corp.
Permabond LLC
Sika AG
Check out special pricing options for sectional purchase and startup companies
Website: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/composite-adhesive-market
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