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The Pakistan Army Special Service Group or SSG is the special forces unit of the Pakistan Army. They are also known by their nickname of "Maroon Berets" due to their headgear.

The SSG is responsible to deploy and execute five doctrinal missions: foreign internal defence, reconnaissance, direct action, counter-terrorism operations, and unconventional warfare.

Other operational roles and responsibilities attributed to the SSG include: search and rescue, counter-proliferation, search and destroy, hostage rescue, information operations, peacekeeping missions, psychological operations, security assistance, and HVT manhunts.

Chain of command and control of the SSG falls within the domain of the Pakistan Army's Strategic Forces Command (ASFC), and its personnel are directly recruited into the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)'s counter-terrorism division upon their retirements. Much of the SSG's activities and operations are shrouded in secrecy and public knowledge of their work is heavily controlled through selective declassified documents and published literary works by retired military veterans or authorized media.

History

Roots of establishment

In 1950, the Pakistan Army established the school, Close Quarter Battle School, dedicated for teaching the methods of close quarters combat under Colonel Grant Taylor of the British Army in Quetta, Balochistan in Pakistan– the school was later moved to Attock under Colonel Kahoon, also an officer in the British Army. Citing unknown and unspecified reasons, the Close Quarter Battle School under Col. Kahoon was permanently closed and its passed out personnel who had earlier formed the 312th Garrison Company (312 Gar Coy (FF)), a light infantry, initially attached the military unit to the Frontier Force Regiment (FF Regiment) in 1952— the 312 Gar Coy (FF) still remains to be a part of the Frontier Force Regiment.

Creation from the 19th Regiment

In 1953–54, the United States Army raised a special forces unit within the Pakistan Army to provide intelligence and combat defense against Soviet Union's expanding sphere of influence in the Central Asia. The U.S. assistance helped raise the special forces unit from the simple infantry regiment, the 19th Baloch, that provided an ideal cover from its covert nature of works. In 1955, the 17th Baloch infantry was incorporated with the 19th Baloch, followed by the special forces training began to conduct under Lt Col. Donald W. Bunte from the Special Forces of the United States Army.

On 23 March 1956, the Special Service Group (SSG) was established as a Battalion under the command of its first commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel A. O. Mitha, after founding the School of Special Operations (SSO) under the advisement of army officers from the U.S. Army's Special Forces. The Special Service Group's institution and the physical training remained under the command of Lt-Col. Mitha until 1961–62. The headquarter of the Army Special Service Group was then based out in Cherat, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan.

Initially, the SSG were popular as the Green Berets with Baloch insignia in the 1950s, but SSG dropped their green berets in favor of adopting the Baloch Regiment's maroon berets– hence giving them the nickname the Maroon Berets.
In 1964, the Parachute Training School (PTS) was established under the watchful guidance of 101st Airborne Division of the U.S. Army, and training on the desert warfare with U.S. Special Forces' Mobile Training Team begin, followed by the Navy SSG established by the U.S. Navy SEALs as a deep diving team, which was known for its physical training in Karachi in 1966–70.

In 1970, the Musa Company was established that solely specialized in anti-terrorist operations, receiving training from the British SAS advisers after U.S. had suspended the IMET program with Pakistan in 1981.

The Army SSG initially had six battalions and each battalion had specialization units, specialized in the different war spectrum: desert, mountain, long-distance ranger, and deep diving warfare. In August 1965, the operational scope of the Army SSG was expanded from a battalion-size to larger special operation outfit. In 1968–70, the Pakistan Army integrated the Chinese introduced physical training, tactics, weapons, and equipments.

Deployments and covert operations

Covert actions, Indo-Pakistani wars, and overseas missions

The first war time deployment of the Army Special Service Group took place in 1960 with their first special reconnaissance mission in the former tribal belt near the porous Durand Line– the Afghanistan-Pakistan's line of international border. In 1960–61, the Army Special Forces team under Major Mirza Aslam Beg had successfully inserted in Dir and took control of the law and order situation by removing the instigating Nawab of Dir in Chitral in North-West Frontier Province.

In 1964–65, the teams of Special Service Group successfully executed the covert operation in Indian-administered Kashmir but the operation failed from the very beginning due to lack of understanding of the local culture and language, eventually met with hostility with locals who alerted the Indian government authorities.

The second war with India saw the testing and shaping of the Army Special Service Group when the Indian Army charged and invaded the Pakistan-side of Punjab in response to the covert actions took place in Indian Administered Kashmir. The airborne missions of the Army Special Service Group included performing the combat parachuting at the Indian airbases with an intention of launching a ground assaults in the Indian Air Force's air stations in Pathankot, Adampur, and the Halwara. 180 SSG commandos boarded  a Pakistan Air Force's C-130 Hercules, the three airborne formations were flown detected on the night of 7 September 1965, first performing combat jumping at Pathankot at 02:30 hours but the wind velocity led to the scattering of the teams, due to the difficult terrain and poor visibility, none of the teams were able to re-group after the drop. Of the 180 commandos dropped, 138, including all officers but one, were captured and safely taken to prisoner of war (POW) camps. Twenty-two were lynched by villagers armed with sticks, police and even bands of muleteers released by the Indian Army, from the animal transport battalion of the nearby Corps headquarters.

Only 20 commandos were unaccounted for and most escaped back to Pakistan under the fog. Most of these were from the Pathankot group, dropped less than 10 km from the border in an area that had plenty of ravines, riverine tracks to navigate back along. One notable, commando-style escape was of Major Hazur Hasnain, the Halwara group commander who, along with his friend, hijacked a jeep and somehow managed to return safe.

The Pakistani accounts, the latest of which comes now from several participants in the wake of the 1965 at 50 commemorations, acknowledged the SSG-commando disaster but blamed it on poor briefing, planning and callous arrogance of the commanders. Some of these former Pakistani soldiers even write about having met some of these paratroopers and exchanged notes with them on how badly planned the operation was. Here is the account of Col SG Mehdi, himself a commando officer then.

By 1970–71, the Pakistan Army had permanently posted one Army Special Service Group 3rd Commando Battalion in East-Pakistan under Lt-Col. Tariq Mehmood, begin working with local authorities in maintaining security situation in the East-Pakistan, near the border of Eastern India. The performance of the Army Special Service Group was reported to be much better than their performance in 1965, with 1st Command Battalion (Yaldram) and 2nd Commando Battalion (Rahber) engaged in several of their successful sabotage missions against the Indian Army's artillery and infantry regiments, while the 3rd Command Battalion in East oriented towards successfully engaging in the seek and destroy missions. Their final mission included the mounting of the successful defense of the Shahjalal International Airport against the Indian Army-backed Mukti Bahini, and were the last army special forces formation that had departed from the airport before the Dacca fall to India on 16 December 1971.

From 1972–77, the Pakistan Army went into reorganization and major restructuring of its combat services but the Army Special Service Group remained active in successfully tackling the armed insurgency in Balochistan in Pakistan.

War in Afghanistan and Sri Lankan civil war

In 1979–89, the Army Special Service Group had been seconded in covert actions in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union's armed intervention. There have been unconfirmed reports of the Army Special Service Group engaging in armed battles with the Soviet paratroopers in incidents including the Battle for Hill 3234 and the Operation Magistral.

When the Battle for Hill 3234 concluded, the Soviet paratroopers found that the Afghan mujaheddin actually wore the black uniforms with rectangular black-yellow-red stripes, and suspected to be Army Special Service Group personnel; Pakistan's government has officially denied their involvement. The American author, Aukai Collins, identified the elements as "Black Storks" who crossed the border to join the Afghan mujahideen – a claim also backed by American author, David Campbell. Another battle was taken place between the Soviet paratroopers and the Afghan mujahideen in Kunar in 1986 that suspected the Army Special Service Group's involvement but the Russians dismissed the claim and noted that the battle was fought between the GRU's 15th Spetsnaz Brigade and Abdul Rab Rasul Sayyaf's group.

Siachen, Kargil, and War on Terror in Afghanistan

When the Indian Army's successful expedition took control of the Siachen Glacier from Pakistan, the ISI's Covert Action Division (CAD) inserted in the region, confirming the intrusion and movement of Indian Army soldiers in 1983. The Army Special Service Group was immediately deployed to engage in the armed battle with the Indian Army at  above sea level. Led by Captain Muhammad Iqbal, the only 12-men Army Special Service team had to hiked at the  to reach the Indian Army's resting camp. Battle with Indian Army ensued and Special Service Group commandos but didnt gained much due to Adverse weather conditions and Enormous heights

Over the years, the Army Special Service Group have developed expertise in high altitude warfare, and are regularly deployed in Siachen.

Since 2001, the Army Special Forces have been engaged in counterinsurgency and counterterrorism operations in Afghanistan and remote areas in areas adjacent to Afghanistan—their notable antiterror operation included the successful clearance of the Red Mosque in Islamabad from al-Qaeda sympathizers. The Army Special Forces teams also taken parts in raiding and attacking the terrorists elements in near border with Afghanistan, working often with U.S. Army's Special Forces in Afghanistan.

In 2014, the Army Special Service Group reportedly successful in their manhunt operation after targeting and killing of Adnan Gulshair, a Saudi citizen known as the Global Operations Chief of al-Qaeda. In January 2013, India accused Pakistan that Army Special Service Group led an attack across the Line of Control in which Indian soldiers were killed and beheaded.

Organizational structure

Due to their selection competitiveness, demanding military physicals, and commitment required per standard of the Army's Special Forces, the Special Service Group was restricted to the Brigade level until June 2003. On 14 June 2003, the major reorganization in the structure of the Army Special Service Group took place when the special forces were moved as a military division with Major-General A. F. Alvi becoming the first general officer commanding (GOC).

In an official documentary recognized and known structure of the Army Special Service Group given in YouTube is given below:

Notes: Source of officially recognized and known structure of the Army Special Service Group given in YouTube.

The early organizational structure of the Army's Special Service Group was initially based on the regimental system, with three battalions specialized in the military diving, airborne, mountain warfare techniques. After the third war with India in 1971, the Army Special Service Group was expanded with the eight battalions that specialized in their own set of war course of actions–each battalions is specialized in their criterion of war and are considered specialists in their fields.

The headquarter of the Army Special Service Group was based in Cherat where the special forces schools are located but this changed with the brigade combat teams (BCTs) being deployed in different parts of the country. The operational responsibility of the special operations conducted by the Army Special Service Group, nonetheless, falls under the command of the Army Strategic Forces Command (ASFC) operating from the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi, along with the Army Rangers and Strategic Plans Division Force–the CBRN defense team.

Battalions in the Special Forces

The Special Service Group is organized into eight battalions and three companies – all trained and specialists in the specific type of war operations. However, the Army has never issued an actual strength number for the special forces. The official strength of each battalion is treated as classified information.

The SSG battalions are each typically commanded by a lieutenant colonel (varies, and depends on availability), and the battalions are organized into groups under the command of colonels.
The overall commander of the Special Service Group is a major general whose identity is also kept secret.

Sources:. For a description of the modern special forces, see: global context of the Special forces.

Selection and training

Qualifications and physicals

The Army specialist recruiter teams usually visit the different headquarters of the army's formation, distributing the pamphlets to the officers at OF-1 rank and enlisted personnel. The military physical standards, examinations, and criteria are same for the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines' special forces selections and training, often training in close coordination.

The Navy Special Service Group (SSGN) plays an important role in the overall architecture of the special operations forces, their qualification standards, fitness at all levels, and eligibility required for the security clearances.

There are three schools that the overall basic eligibility requirements to be considered for entry into the schools of the Special Forces are:
Special Operations School (Spec Ops.)
Be age of ≥ 25–39.
Be a citizen of Pakistan.
Must be Volunteered, not coerced.
Minimum of 5 Years of military service.
Must pass the Physical Fitness Assessment with at least 40 push-ups in one minute, 40 sit-ups in one minute, 15 pull-ups, and be able to run 1.6 kilometers in a maximum of 7:30.
Meet medical fitness standards as outlined in Medical Category TV.
Eligible for a secret security clearance.
Must have 20/20 or corrected to 20/20 in both near and distant vision in both eyes.
Should be able to swim 30 meters in full service uniform with weapon, the standard rifle, Koch G3A3.
Sniper School
Must have 20/20 or corrected to 20/20 in both near and distant vision in both eyes.
Medical Category "A".
Frogman School
Medical Category "A".
Must have qualification in Chamber test up to 180 feet sea water.
Swimming Standards
Should be able to swim 200 meters in 7 minutes (breast stroke).
Should be able to swim 25 meters Underwater.

Selection and training

The medical standards in various physical courses into the entrance in the Special Forces in Pakistan maintained to be very high and extremely competitive, resulting in a major dropouts at the very early stage of selection, according to the Pakistan Army's official report in 2013. The Pakistan Army's Medical Corps keeps the qualification and selections standards difficult and competitive in the Pakistani military to only ensure that the suitable and qualified intakes in the Special Forces in the Pakistan military as the special forces cannot be mass-produced nor it can arise in the extenuating situations.

Prior to joining the Special Service Group, the interested junior army officers (usually at OF-1 and OF-2) and enlisted personnel must have spent their committed military careers for at least five years and must be volunteered to join the Special Service Group. Once selected through successfully undergoing through the medical evaluation, the interested personnel must report to the Parachute Training School in Peshawar to volunteer for the airborne training, and must get the airborne qualification badge from the airborne training school. The airborne training course held for four weeks where the interested personnel must excelled the HALO/HAHO methods with five-day jumps and three-night military free fall.

After gaining their airborne qualification badge, the army personnel then reports to Cherat from Peshawar– a nominal distance between two cities is approximated between – engage through this journey by the foot while wearing their full military gear (30 kilograms). The interested individual must undergoes a 24-week of military training and training process once reported to Cherat.

The training courses in the Special Service Group emphasis strong physical conditioning and mental fitness, including the everyday based surprised strategic thinking quiz and a 36-mile march in 12 hours. Violation of the military code and ethics by the trainee soldier resulted in including the  march from Cherat to Chapri with full  military gear.

The curriculum of the basic military training course included the mastery in Judo and Karateka, special weapons training, military navigation, and handling and disarming of the chemical explosives, survival skill training. There are schools of special warfare that the trainee soldier chooses: Snow and High Altitude School, Mountain Warfare School, Airborne Warfare School, Desert Warfare School, Sniper School, and Frogman School. These schools offers the advanced training courses which runs for additional 25–30 weeks (depending on student's choosing of his career), and only successfully passed out personnel are awarded with badges of their specialized fields by their specialized school faculty. The dropout rates of Special Service Group(Army) is 85 to 90 Percent because of extremely tough training process. Every year, thousands of Applicants apply to join the SSG but at the end, maximum of 100 to 120 cadets get their recommendation letter for Special Service Group. The army personnel interested in the underwater demolition must be trained with their Navy counterparts in Manora Island in the Karachi coast including being qualified to get their long-range swimming qualification badge from the Naval authorities.

The Special Service Group criteria meet special forces training and selection criteria of the United States Army

Interaction with other special forces

Since its establishment in 1956, the Army Special Service Group have been regularly interacted and trained together with the United States Army Special Forces–though the Pakistan Army's infantry branch had first participated in Exercise Vulcan and Exercise Handicap in 1954. Besides training and the interaction with the United States Army, Pakistan Army Special Service Group have held joint special warfare training exercises with the Special Air Service (SAS) of the British Army, Special Forces Command of the Turkish Land Forces, Special Operation Forces of the Royal Jordanian Army, the Special Operation Forces of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Ground Forces, and the Spetsnaz of the Russian Ground Forces.

For their overseas deployment for the purpose of the education and training, the Special Service Group have been deployed in Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Bahrain, Maldives, United Arab Emirates, Turkmenistan, Egypt, Japan, and Iraq where its operatives have overseen the friendly nations special forces programs.

Since 1998, the Army Special Service Group biannually conducts the military exercise with the Turkish Land Forces's Special Forces, which have been designated as the "Jinnah–Atatürk Series." The military exercise held in Pakistan is known as "Atatürk Exercise" while in Turkey, it is known as "Jinnah Exercise." The first of these series of exercise were held in Pakistan, with twenty-one Turkish Land Forces officers and fourteen enlists coming to Pakistan for the exercise– Pakistan reciprocated the visit in 2000.  The Jinnah-Atatürk Series are oriented and focused towards the snow, high-altitude, and mountain warfare."

With renewed military relations with the United States Army in the 1990s, the Army Special Service Group conducted several military exercises with the United States Army Special Forces (SF), known as the "Exercise Inspired Venture/Gambit", with first being held in 1993. The Exercise Inspired Venture/Gambit is oriented and directed towards focusing on special weapon familiarization, mountain warfare, night time assaults, air assault techniques in counter-terrorism measures.

Since 2006, the Army Special Service Group also conducts training with the People's Liberation Army Ground Forces Special Operation Forces, which is known as the Pakistan-China Joint Exercise Friendship– this exercise is oriented towards tackling insurgencies and improving methods in counterterrorism. In 2008–09, the Army Special Service Group, together with the United States Army Special Forces, participated in the multinational security exercise, the Operation Bright Star, held in Alexandria in Egypt in 2009 to train with the Thunderbolt Forces of the Egyptian Army.

In 2016, the Army Special Service Group conducted the annual military exercise with the Russian Ground Forces' Spetsnaz–the Russo-Pakistani military exercise is known as Druzhba (lit. Friendship). The Druzhba with Russian Spetsnaz are oriented and focused towards mountain warfare and tactics in counterterrorism in taking out and eliminating the terrorist organizations with first being held in 2016 and the recent being held in 2018.

Operations

Counterterrorism operations timeline

 On 5 September 1986, Pan Am Flight 73 was hijacked by terrorists while it was refueling in Karachi. In the chaos, the pilots had managed to escapes causing the hijackers to begin negotiations with the authorities. As negotiations stalled and the terrorists began to kill the passengers forced towards the back of the plane. Plane doors were opened allowing passengers to jump. The SSG was forced storm the plane, killing one hijacker and capturing the rest.
 On 20 February 1994, some terrorists of Afghanistan hijacked  a school bus with 74 children and 8 teachers. They drove to the Afghan mission in Islamabad where they released 57 students but kept 16 boys and the teachers. The negotiations led nowhere and it was decided to free the hostages by force. The SSG commandos used a secondary explosion as a distraction and entered the room at the Afghan embassy where the hostages were being held, killing the three hijackers. The operation lasted about 20 seconds.
 On 25 May 1998, three terrorists took over a PIA Fokker plane, Flight 544,  who wanted it to flew to Bhuj in Gujrat India. As negotiations dragged, SSG commandos rushed the plane and apprehended all 3 hijackers. None of the passengers were harmed during the assault.
 On Sept 2007, At least 15 soldiers from SSG commando unit were killed and 27 commandos were wounded in a blast, apparently set off by a suicide bomber. The attack took place about 50 miles outside the capital, Islamabad, in the cantonment area of Tarbela Ghazi at the brigade headquarters of the Special Operation Task Force.
 On 10 October 2009, militants attacked the Pakistan Military Headquarters, taking hostage 42 civil and military officials. SSG commandos rescued 39 hostages and killed 4 militants, capturing one. The militants have been linked to Ilyas Kashmiri being a leading Al Qaeda commander operating alongside Tehrik-e-Taliban. A total of six SSG commandos and three hostages were killed in the operation. As reported by ISPR (Inter Services Public Relations) . Three more SSG commandos, injured during the operation, died in the hospital on 12 October.
 On 16 December 2014, SSG Commandos from the Zarrar Company were tasked with clearing an Army Public School which was raided by seven Tahreek-e-Taliban (TTP) Terrorists in Peshawar. All Terrorists were eliminated and the school was cleared. Around 149 people, mostly students aged between 12-16 were killed by the Terrorists. The school had about 1,000 students, they were able to rescue about 840 peoples.

Notable members

Appearance and equipment

Uniforms and insignia

In the 1970s, the Army Special Service Group Battle Dress Uniform (BDU) was standard Khaki but this was changed to British-styled DPM. In the 1990s, the Battle Dress Uniform was changed in favor of adopting the U.S. woodland (or M81) with a maroon berets, a common color for the airborne forces, with a silver metal tab on a light blue felt square with a dagger and lightning bolts, and a wing on the right side of the chest.

The counterterrorism teams, on the other hand, include camouflage and black dungarees (for the CT team).

The Special Service Group Navy, SSG Navy, is distinguished by a dark blue beret with three versions of the "fouled anchor" navy badge for officers, NCOs and enlisted men. A metal SSGN qualification badge featuring a vertical dagger superimposed over a midget submarine is worn over the left pocket on dress uniforms. Parachute wings are worn over the right pocket.

The Special Service Wing, SSW, is distinguished by maroon berets with PAF Officer, JCO or Airmen insignia on the beret, and a wing on the right side of the chest. The combat uniform of SSW is olive drab camouflage. They also wear their special service wing insignia on the left shoulder "Winged Dragons and lightning bolts".

Equipment

Pistols
 SIG Sauer P226/P229
 Heckler & Koch USP
 Glock 17/19
 POF Eye

Submachine guns
 Heckler & Koch MP5
 FN P90

Assault rifles
 M4A1 Carbine
 Steyr AUG
 SIG SG 550

Sniper rifles
 PSR-90
 Steyr SSG 69
 Accuracy International Arctic Warfare
 Barrett M82
 RPA Rangemaster .50

Heavy Armament
 M249
 RPG-7
 SMAW
 MILAN ATGM
 Anza MANPADS
Source: Army Special Service Group's Weapon System by Military Factor. Inside Pakistan's Sharp Sword - The Special Service Group (SSG) by Pakistan's Premier Military Defence Forum.

Influence on the Inter-services branches

After the second war with India in 1965, the Army Special Service Group had established its personnel physical fitness leading the Pakistan Navy to recognize the need of the special operation force but it had little experience and tradition in the military scuba diving as well as had little understanding towards the nature of the seaborne special operations. In 1966, the Army Special Service Group helped raise the military diving division within the Navy from its frogman team— the Musa Company that remains to be part the Army Special Service Group for inland riverine operations.

Introduction and instructions on combat scuba diving and basic training were provided by the personnel from the Musa Company before the Navy Special Service Group moved towards getting trained with the U.S. Navy's United States Navy SEALs. Over the several years, the Navy dependent on the Army to provide training to their Navy SEAL Teams in the Navy Special Service Group on education and training on the combat parachuting, sniper marksmanship, counterterrorism, and counterinsurgency.

Eventually, the Navy established their own schools on combat parachuting, sniping, counterterrorism, and the counterinsurgency but these schools are influenced and modeled after the Army's Special Service Group training methods whose instructors are the alumnus of the Army schools of special operation forces who tightly followed the army's philosophy, physical standards, and education.

The personnel of the Navy SEAL Teams in the Navy Special Service Group adopted to wear the Army Special Service Group U.S. Woodland (M81) Battle Dress Uniform (BDU) with the distinction of the dark blue beret with three versions of the "fouled anchor" with a navy badge (as shown in the footage) and a metal SSGN qualification badge featuring a vertical dagger superimposed over a midget submarine is worn over the left pocket on dress uniforms; parachute wings are worn over the right pocket.

In 1965, the Pakistan Air Force had a special operation force established: the Special Service Wing under Brig. Mukhtar Dogar (local rank: Air Commodore) but it was decommissioned in 1972 whose personnel went to join the Army Special Service Group. In 2003, the Pakistan Air Force recommissioned the Special Service Wing and their headgear is distinguished by maroon berets with the airmen wears insignia on the beret, and a wing on the right side of the chest. The combat uniform of SSW is olive drab camouflage. They also wear their special service wing insignia on the left shoulder "Winged Dragons and lightning bolts".

In popular culture
 Books, television series, movies and video games
 1998: Aahan, a popular television series produced by ISPR and on-aired by PTV. The main character Wasi Shah and his coursemates gone through physical challenges and fitness required for becoming the Maroon Beret.
 1998: Alpha Bravo Charlie, a popular television series produced by ISPR and on-aired by PTV.
 2003: Unlikely Beginnings: A Soldier's Life, a book by A O Mitha.
 2006: In the Line of Fire: A Memoir, a book by Pervez Musharraf.
 2008: Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within, a book by Shuja Nawaz.
 2013: Waar, the main character Major Mujtaba Rizvi (played by Shaan Shahid), who is a former Maroon Beret and a Kargil war vet.
 2014: Retribution, the video game featuring sniping and special operation missions.
 2017: Yalghaar, the war film based on the Special Service Group's 4th Command Battalion (Yalghaar)'s fiction covert operations.

See also
 Special Service Group (Navy) — Pakistan Navy special forces
 Special Services Wing — Pakistan Air Force special forces
 1st Marines Battalion — Pakistan Marines' reconnaissance battalion within the Navy.

References

Further reading

 Mitha, PA, Aboobaker Osman (2003). Unlikely Beginnings: A Soldier's Life. Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. p. 443. .
 Khan, PA, Ghulam Jilani (2004). اس اس جى : تاریخ کے اینے میں (English Lit: SSG: A historical past). Cherat: ISPR Publications, pp. 358.

Military special forces of Pakistan
Airborne units and formations of Pakistan
Military units and formations established in 1956


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Seminar Topics .info > Engineering Topics > Computer/IT Topics > Smart Quill
Smart Quill
Added on: January 3rd, 2017 by Afsal Meerankutty No Comments
Lyndsay Williams of Microsoft Research's Cambridge UK lab is the inventor of the Smartquill, a pen that can remember the words that it is used to write, and then transform them into computer text . The idea that "it would be neat to put all of a handheld-PDA type computer in a pen," came to the inventor in her sleep. "It's the pen for the new millennium," she says. Encouraged by Nigel Ballard, a leading consultant to the mobile computer industry, Williams took her prototype to the British Telecommunications Research Lab, where she was promptly hired and given money and institutional support for her project. The prototype, called SmartQuill, has been developed by world-leading research laboratories run by BT (formerly British Telecom) at Martlesham, eastern England. It is claimed to be the biggest revolution in handwriting since the invention of the pen.
With the introduction of handheld computers, the present trend has started preferring small computers to do computation. This has made computer manufacturers to go for almost gadget like computers. Reducing the size of handheld computers can only be taken so far before they become unusable. Keyboards become so tiny you require needle-like fingers to operate them and screen that need constant cursor controls to read simple text.
The introduction of SmartQuill has solved some of these problems. Lyndsay Williams of Microsoft, UK is the inventor of Smart Quill, a pen that can remember the words that is used to write, and then transform them into computer text. The pen is slightly larger than ordinary fountain pen, with a screen on the barrel. User can enter information into these applications by pushing a button .Information can be entered using his/her own handwriting. User can use any platform for writing like paper, screen, tablet or even air. There is also a small three-line screen to read the information stored in the pen. Users can scroll down the screen by tilting the pen. The pen is then plugged in to an electronic docking station, text data is transmitted to a desktop computer, printer, and modem or to mobile telephones to send files electronically.
References for Smart Quill
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_pen
https://youtu.be/eDSNZ__5L4g
Topic Category - Computer/IT Topics
Tagged in: Smart Pen

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Sándor Erdős (* 21. August 1947 in Budapest) ist ein ehemaliger ungarischer Degenfechter.

Erfolge
Sándor Erdős wurde 1970 in Ankara und 1971 in Wien mit der Mannschaft Weltmeister. 1973 belegte er mit ihr in Göteborg den zweiten Rang sowie 1974 in Grenoble und 1975 in Budapest jeweils den dritten Rang. Zweimal nahm er an Olympischen Spielen teil: bei den Olympischen Spielen 1972 in München zog er mit der ungarischen Equipe ins Gefecht um die Goldmedaille ein und wurde dank eines 8:4-Erfolgs über die Schweiz mit Csaba Fenyvesi, Győző Kulcsár, István Osztrics und Pál Schmitt somit Olympiasieger. 1976 verpasste er in Montreal mit der Mannschaft als Vierter knapp einen weiteren Medaillengewinn. Erdős gehörte zudem zur Florett-Equipe, mit der er die Mannschaftskonkurrenz auf dem siebten Rang abschloss. Neunmal gewann Erdős die ungarischen Meisterschaften mit der Mannschaft sowie 1969 auch einmal im Einzel.

Weblinks

 Sándor Erdős beim Ungarischen Olympischen Komitee (ungarisch)

Fechter (Ungarn)
Olympiasieger (Fechten)
Weltmeister (Fechten)
Olympiateilnehmer (Ungarn)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1972
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1976
Sportler (Budapest)
Ungar
Geboren 1947
Mann

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Tag: Turkey
Senate Appropriations Committee Ensures Continued Funding to Artaskh
September 8, 2017 September 19, 2017 Armenian Assembly of America
WASHINGTON, D.C. – The Senate Appropriations Committee adopted the Fiscal Year (FY) 2018 State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) appropriations bill, which ensures continued funding to Nagorno Karabakh (Artsakh), reported the Armenian Assembly of America (Assembly).
The "Committee recommends assistance for the victims of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in amounts consistent with prior fiscal years, and for ongoing needs related to the conflict." The Committee urges a peaceful resolution to the conflict, which, given Azerbaijan's recent and unprecedented attacks against Armenia and Artsakh, underscores the importance of implementing an accurate cease-fire monitoring system along the line of contact.
In the Assembly's testimony earlier this year to the Senate Appropriations Committee, Assembly Executive Director Bryan Ardouny urged robust funding for Artsakh to help meet the ongoing humanitarian and development needs for its people.
Armenia, Artsakh, Azerbaijan, Azerbaijani Laundromat, Chris Van Hollen, Lindsey Graham, Patrick Leahy, Senate, Senate Appropriations Committee, Thad Cochran, The Azerbaijani Laundromat, Turkey Leave a comment
Illinois Congressman Raja Krishnamoorthi Joins Growing Armenian Caucus
September 8, 2017 Armenian Assembly of America
WASHINGTON, D.C. – The Armenian Assembly of America (Assembly) announced that Freshman Congressman Raja Krishnamoorthi (D-IL) joined the Congressional Caucus on Armenian Issues, supporting United States-Armenia relations. Congressman Krishnamoorthi of Illinois' 8th District currently serves on the House Committee on Education and the Workforce and the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform.
As part of the Terjenian-Thomas Assembly Internship Program, Hugh Rabjohns, who attends Texas Christian University and grew up in Wilmette, Illinois, interned in Congressman Krishnamoorthi's office this summer in Washington, D.C.
"It is an honor to have Congressman Krishnamoorthi join the Armenian Caucus. His broad view of the world and respect for history uniquely equips him to play a leading role," Illinois-based Assembly Board Member Oscar Tatosian said. "His entrepreneurial spirit is the kind of friend Armenia needs," he added.
Rep. Krishnamoorthi attended the Armenian Genocide Commemoration this past April on Capitol Hill and signed a bipartisan letter to President Donald Trump urging him to reaffirm the Armenian Genocide. The Congressman also issued the following statement commemorating the Genocide: "Today, on the 102nd anniversary of the beginning of the Armenian Genocide, we recognize the murder of 1.5 million Armenian men, women, and children in the years that followed under the direction of the Ottoman Empire. Despite the truth of this history and the magnitude of these crimes, our government remains one of only three in the world not to recognize the genocide committed against the Armenian people. To deny the Armenian Genocide is to deny the humanity of its victims and the demands of our own."
In June, Rep. Krishnamoorthi wrote an op-ed in The Hill titled "Did Turkey's payments to Michael Flynn delay our military operations against ISIS?" where he explained: "Press and public attention have been focused largely on the Trump administration's relationship with Russia, and there is much to be learned. Questions regarding Turkey, however, reveal most clearly how personal considerations may have overridden our national interests."
Earlier this year, the Assembly highlighted Turkey's attempts to gain surreptitious influence over U.S. officials and media to the detriment of U.S. national security, and urged the Senate and House Intelligence Committees to investigate the matter.
The Assembly's letter to the Senate Intelligence Chairman Richard Burr (R-NC), Vice Chairman Mark Warner (D-VA), House Intelligence Chairman David Nunes (R-CA), and Ranking Member Adam Schiff (D-CA) read in part: "We are writing to urge your thorough investigation of President Erdogan's Turkey in an expanded review of foreign governments and their activities that compromise America's democratic institutions to allow massive human rights violations and work against the United States in ways that are totally out of legal or diplomatic bounds."
Established in 1972, the Armenian Assembly of America is the largest Washington-based nationwide organization promoting public understanding and awareness of Armenian issues. The Assembly is a non-partisan, 501©(3) tax-exempt membership organization.
Photo Caption 1: Rep. Raja Krishnamoorthi (D-IL) with Armenian Assembly intern Hugh Rabjohns
Photo Caption 2: House Foreign Affairs Chairman Rep. Ed Royce (R-CA), Armenian Assembly Utah State Chair Narine Sarkissian, and Rep. Raja Krishnamoorthi (D-IL)
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Home › News › Top 10 Anime Betrayals
Top 10 Anime Betrayals
Posted by Angel Rondon on March 29, 2019
Just like in real life, betrayals are a hard thing to cope with. Similarly, in anime betrayals have a tendency to leave behind a similar feeling. And just like in real life, betrayals in the anime world are unforgivable.
Why is that so?
Betrayals tend to happen in a big way and when a person is relying on somebody, the betrayal is least expected and it impacts much more. Betrayals in the anime world have been known to bring out the worst in people and the results have been some pretty tragic character endings.
With all that being said, if a list of top 10 anime betrayals was to be made, fans can easily agree that if these betrayals did not happen, the stories of the series that we so dearly adore will not be around without them.
In context to anime, the top 10 anime betrayals would take the form of a hero turning into a villain or an innocent character revealing a dark side to them. Putting together that list, the craziest ever betrayals witnessed in the anime world are going to make the top 10 anime betrayals.
A fair warning that this list of top 10 anime betrayals hit us hard. But do please let us know if you feel some other incidents can be a part of the top 10 anime betrayal list.
1 - Bertolt and Reiner Reveal They Are Titans In Attack On Titan
We all know what Titans are right? Creatures that pose a huge threat to humanity. The story revolves around in the year 845 when these creatures made a hole in a wall that is meant to keep them away from mankind. The hole is created by two unique Titans, Colossus and Armored Titans.
The creation of this breach results in catastrophe with many people passing away, including Eren Yeager's mother. After a few years, Eren is training to fight against these Titans and in this struggle, he becomes friends with Reiner and Bertolt who also hate the Titans.
However, during the battle to save humanity, Reiner reveals that he and Bertolt are the Titans responsible for creating the breach in the first place. This takes Eren in a fit of rage - something we had not seen before.
2 - Aizen Betrays Soul Society in Bleach
Making its way into the list of top 10 anime betrayals is Sosuke Aizen. At the start of the series, Aizen appeared as a mild-mannered and reserved individual who evolved and revealed his true sinister nature later in the series. The true personality started to come out when he took the position as captain of the Soul Society military. He was widely respected by the members of the society and academy students.
However, he threw away all of that loyalty by going bad. A few years down the road, Aizen returned to wage war against the soul society with an army of Arrancar at his back.
3 - Griffith Sacrifices The Band OF Hawk In Berserk
Berserk is an anime series in which Griffith is the leader of The Band OF Hawk, a group of mercenaries recruited by the king himself to fight important battles that tilt and shift the tide of the Hundred Year War. But Griffith had an affair with the princess which results in his downfall as he is caught and imprisoned.
The remaining members of the Band Of Hawk come to his rescue only to find an empty shell. Griffith was no more, only a fragment shadow of his former self remained. During the escape, Griffith sacrifices his Band Of Hawk allies to become the God Hand, Femto. Betrayal is so impacting that it had to be in the top 10 anime betrayal list.
4 - Walter Betraying Integra In Hellsing
Walter is an old man who seems to be living his last as he works as a butler to Integra Helsing. However, despite his appearance, Walter is strong enough to fight off vampires with relative ease. In the plot, the old man is captured by the Captain who puts him through a process that transforms him back to a younger, stronger and more advanced version of himself. Walter then returns and declares himself as a secret weapon, the Angel of Death. Wow, that turnaround surely had to make its way to the Top 10 anime betrayal list.
5 - Itachi Slaughters The Uchiha Clan In Naruto
In the series, Naruto, as a symbol of peace the village of Konoha was founded to keep the peace between the Senju and Uchiha clans. But as the series goes on and time passes by, the Uchiha Clan were feeling isolated and wanted to start a rebellion against the leadership which was inclined in favor of the Senju.
During all this Itachi who was playing as a double agent but originally a member of the Uchiha clan. He was given a choice to let the Uchiha Clan start a war that will end in the extinction of Senju or he could kill the clan to save himself and his brother.
As a betrayal that could easily be a higher end of top 10 anime betrayals, Itachi slaughters the entire Uchiha clan except for his brother and Tobi, a member who was not there at the time.
6 - Arashi Goes Away From The Dragon Of Heaven In X
Making its way to the list of top 10 anime betrayals is Arashi's departure from the Dragons Of Heaven in the anime series X. The plot revolves around two groups, the Dragons Of Earth and the Dragons Of Heaven, who are meant to go up against each other in an epic battle which will determine the outcome of humanity.
Arashi is in love with Sorata - another member of the Dragons Of Heaven, who would do anything to protect her even if it means sacrificing himself. In order to prevent that, Arashi goes away to join the Dragons Of Earth but this action eventually results in Sorata's death.
7 - Satsuki Betrays Ragyo in Kill La Kill
Satsuki Kiryuin is a respected figure in the anime series in Kill La Kill and her epic betrayal of her mother Ragyo gets her a spot in the list of top 10 anime betrayals. Ragyo always saw her daughter as a disappointment because of her failure to fuse with Life Fibers at a young age. Ragyo made an evil plan to sacrifice the entire city to the Life Fibres but her daughter betrays her and sides with her peers.
8 - Grell Kills Madam Red In Black Butler
Another entry into the top 10 anime betrayals list is the story of Grel who is nothing more than a butler for Angelina Dallas. But in reality, Dalles is Madam Red while Grell is the Grim Reaper and both of them are murderers behind Jack the Ripper attacks.
Their identities are uncovered by Ciel and Sebastian and an epic battle kicks off between them 4. However, during the battle, Angelina is not able to kill her son Ciel so Grell considers her useless and kills her too.
9 - Archer Comes Back to Kill Himself In Fate/Stay Night
In Fate/Stay Night, the betrayal from Archer to himself surely gets a place in the top 10 anime betrayals. Because he is an older Shirou Emiya from a parallel universe. He is a Counter Guardian, a force which is usually summoned to save the world from imminent danger.
Archer betrays himself by going back in time to kill a younger version of himself and thus altering the timeline for actually happening.
10 - Sailor Neptune and Uranus Betray Sailor Moon
Our last entry into the list of top 10 anime betrayals is the story Sailor Neptune and Sailor Uranus who betrayed Sailor Moon but actually were being the good guys in the end. Makes sense?
These two sailors in question have a long history of taking any means necessary to defeat their opponents. So in an attempt to do that, they side with Sailor Galaxia to steal Star Seeds and defeat Sailor Moon.
What Sailor Moon was not aware of was that the two had always planned to flip on Galaxia and steal her Star Seed which was in benefit of the Sailor Scouts. These two always intended well but the left Sailor Moon out of the loop which resulted in a lot of heartbreak.
Alright, there you have it. The list of top 10 anime betrayals compiled from our end. If you feel any other special betrayals and heartbreaks should be a part of this list, please let us know by commenting below.
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The chairman of the House Transportation and Infrastructure committee announced June 15 that he would seek to separate air traffic control functions from the FAA as part of the ongoing FAA reauthorization process.
In his remarks before the Aero Club of Washington, Rep. Bill Shuster (R-Pa.) proposed creating a not-for-profit, federally chartered corporation to operate and modernize ATC. That corporation, he said, would be governed by a board of system users and would be funded through a user fee system separate from the congressional appropriations cycle.
Shuster suggested that legislation to create a separate ATC organization as part of a larger FAA reauthorization proposal could be considered on the House floor in July. Before any reauthorization legislation can become law, it must also be approved by the Senate, which has not yet indicated whether it would support creating a separate ATC organization or announced a timeline for considering reauthorization legislation. Current FAA programs expire Sept. 30.
Many in the aviation community agree that the current system is less effective and efficient than it could be, but GA groups and some airlines are concerned about the potential impacts of creating a separate user-fee funded organization to manage air traffic.


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Requiem Mass for Fr. Robert (Bob) Morris
Friday, March 20, 2020, 11:00 AM
Location: Saint Mary's Parish, Pensacola FL
OBITUARY FOR REVEREND ROBERT FRANCIS MORRIS
Reverend Robert (Bob) Francis Morris, 85, a retired priest of the Diocese of Pensacola-Tallahassee, passed away in the early morning of March 6, 2020, at The Haven of Our Lady of Peace in Pensacola.
Father Bob was born May 21, 1934, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a graduate of Barry College of Miami and attended the Seminary of Mary Immaculate in Northampton, Pennsylvania. Father Bob was ordained to the Sacred Priesthood May 28, 1966 as a Vincentian priest of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1976, Fr. Bob was incardinated into the Diocese of Pensacola-Tallahassee and served in various pastoral assignments that included parishes in Okaloosa, Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. Father Bob served as Rector of the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart in Pensacola prior to being named Pastor of Corpus Christi Catholic Church in Destin, Florida where he served for twenty-two (22) years until his retirement in 2015. In addition to his parish assignments, Father Bob served on several commissions and assumed additional duties that included Pastor and President of Pensacola Catholic High School in the 1970s & 80s. He faithfully served the people of the Dioceses of Pensacola-Tallahassee for 40 years. He leaves behind many friends, parishioners, parish staff, deacons, and brother priests who he came to know and work with over his years in ministry.
Father Bob was one of 8 children and is survived by his sister, Sister Marian Leo Morris, IHM of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Religious Community and many nieces and nephews. Father Bob's brother William (Bill) died on March 7, 2020, one day following his brother's death.
The body of Father Bob will be received at St. Mary Catholic Church in Pensacola on Friday, March 20th at 8:00 am with visitation till 11:00. Morning Prayer will be prayed at 10:00am. The Mass of Christian Burial will be celebrated at 11:00 by the Most Reverend William A. Wack, CSC as the principal celebrant along with the priests of the Diocese of Pensacola-Tallahassee. The homilist will be Most Reverend Martin Holley, DD. Burial will follow at the Holy Cross Cemetery, 1300 East Hayes Street, Pensacola, Florida.
The family would like to express a special thanks to the parishioners of Corpus Christi Parish and to The Haven of Our Lady of Peace for their care for Father Bob over the past five years.Fr. Bob served for over twenty years as Board Member to St. Vincent de Paul Reginal Seminary for the education and training of future priests for the diocese. In lieu of flowers, memorials can be made to the local parish Burse Club.
May his soul and the souls of all the faithful departed, through the mercy of God, rest in peace.


Considering corrective eye surgery? Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK) might be for you! Let the expert eye doctors at Howerton Eye Clinic guide you on what PRK is, how it works, and what to expect afterward experiencing this treatment.
Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK) is a laser-assisted vision correction procedure that reshapes the cornea. Like with LASIK and several other vision corrections our eye doctors can perform, PRK removes material from the inner layers of the cornea to compensate for myopia, hyperopia, and other vision abnormalities. Where these laser procedures differ, typically, is in the way the outer layers of the cornea is treated. With PRK, the outer layer is completely removed (usually with the assistance of the laser itself), and then the eye is allowed to heal on its own.
When the PRK vision correction procedure is complete, bandage contact lenses are placed on the eye(s), helping to shield the cornea from infection and foreign material while the outer layers of the cornea heal and reform. Vision is typically obstructed while the outer layer heals, and patients occasionally report haziness, spots, and other vision problems anywhere from the first few days to several months after the surgery.
Thanks to the evolution of eye technology, the PRK procedure only takes about 10 minutes, and PRK is considered generally as effective as LASIK when comparing vision correction at the six-month mark. Because the outer layer of the cornea is removed, there is a chance of scarring complications with PRK, but this is rare thanks to improved equipment. There is also the possibility of infection, so patients undergoing PRK need to take care to protect their eyes while in their recovery period. As mentioned, our eye doctors will use a bandage contact lens to help shield the cornea during this time. Full recovery from PRK may take a few days to several months.
If you're looking to improve your vision and think PRK might be the right vision correction procedure for you, Howerton Eye Clinic has your back throughout the Austin, Southwest Austin, and Kyle, TX area. You can contact our practice online or by phone at (512) 746-0046 to schedule an appointment with one of our skilled eye doctors today!


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State of the World 2010
In State of the World 2010, sixty renowned researchers and practitioners describe how we can harness the world's leading institutions—education, the media, business, governments, traditions, and social movements—to reoricultures ...
Author: The Worldwatch Institute
Publisher: Island Press
Category: Nature
Like a tsunami, consumerism has engulfed human cultures and Earth's ecosystems. Left unaddressed, we risk global disaster. But if we channel this wave, intentionally transforming our cultures to center on sustainability, we will not only prevent catastrophe, but may usher in an era of sustainability—one that allows all people to thrive while protecting, even restoring, Earth. In State of the World 2010, sixty renowned researchers and practitioners describe how we can harness the world's leading institutions—education, the media, business, governments, traditions, and social movements—to reorient cultures toward sustainability.
State of the World s Cities 2010 11
39 Maps 1.1.1: Selected global city-regions, urban corridors and mega-regions . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3.1: Percentage change in slum proportions in
selected countries in Africa between 1990 and 2010 (estimate) .
Author: UN-HABITAT,
Category: Architecture
First Published in 2010. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
State of the World s Cities 2010 2011
world is inexorably becoming urban. By 2030 all developing regions, including
Asia and Africa, will have more people living in urban than rural areas. In the next
20 years, Homo sapiens, "the wise human", will become Homo sapiens urbanus
Author: Un-habitat
Publisher: Earthscan
Category: Political Science
One billion people worldwide live in slums and that figure is predicted to reach 2 billion by 2030. This new volume from UN-HABITAT unpacks the complex social and economic issues using the novel conceptual framework of the urban divide.
4; UN HABITAT, State of the World's Cities 2010/2011: Bridging the Urban Divide
(London: Earthscan, 2010), p. 28; U.S. Agency for International Development, "
USAID's Office of Food for Peace 2009 Statistics," press release (Washington, DC
A compelling look at the global food crisis, with particular emphasis on global innovations that can help solve a worldwide problem. State of the World 2011 not only introduces us to the latest agro-ecological innovations and their global applicability but also gives broader insights into issues including poverty, international politics, and even gender equity.
... 10 percent from 1990 to 2010 Reduce energy use per pound of production by
20 percent between 2000 and 2005 Reduce GHG emissions by 65 percent from
1990 to 2010 Hold total energy use flat at 1990 levels Derive 10 percent of global
State of the World 2002 includes chapters on climate change, farming, toxic chemicals, sustainable tourism, population, resource conflicts and global governance
CURTAILING MERCURY'S GLOBAL REACH Table 6–2. ... Table 6–3 illustrates
that it is feasible to eliminate primary mercury mining worldwide by no later than
2010, while still having sufficient mercury in ... 111 State of theWorld 2006.
State of the World 2006 provides a special focus on China and India and their impact on the world as major consumers of resources and polluters of local and global ecosystems. The report explains the critical need for both countries to "leapfrog" the technologies, policies, and even the cultures that now prevail in many western countries for the sake of global sustainability—and reports on some of the strategies that China and India are starting to implement. Besides the focus on China and India, State of the World 2006 looks at actions corporations can take to be more socially responsible; examines the potential socioeconomic, health, and environmental implications of nanoscale technologies; assesses the impacts of large-scale development of biofuels on agriculture and the environment; describes mercury sources, industrial uses, and health hazards worldwide; and provides an overview of the need to safeguard freshwater ecosystems, with examples of proven approaches in cities, villages, and farming regions around the world.
The State of the World s Cities 2001
he Arab States ' urban population is pro - jected to be 260 million , or 66 percent
of its estimated total of 395 million , by ... 2010 2010 2020 2020 Source : L ' N ,
World Urbanization Prospects , 1999 15 , 000 Ten Largest Cities - Arab States ...
Author: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
Publisher: UN-HABITAT
Category: Cities and towns
Cities are now home to nearly half of the world's population, and the issue of sustainable development is one of the most pressing challenges facing the international community in the 21st century. This publication is the first in-depth attempt to monitor and analyse the realities faced by urban populations around the world. It explores a range of issues, trends and policy responses in five major areas relating to: shelter, society, environment, economy and governance. It introduces the 'City Development Index', which has been developed by the UN Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat). Over time, this should become a standard monitoring tool used to track regional, national and city level progress towards implementing the Habitat Agenda. The report concludes that local democracy is a key factor for the future of all cities.
Development Challenges South South Solutions June 2010 Issue
... Bresser Pereira, Publisher: Cambridge University Press Website: http://www.
networkideas.org/book/jan2010/bk12_GACL.htm State of the World 2010:
Transforming Cultures from Consumerism to Sustainability by Erik Assadourian &
Staff, ...
Author: David South, Writer
Publisher: DSConsulting
Category: Business & Economics
Development Challenges, South-South Solutions is the monthly e-newsletter for the United Nations Development Programme's South-South Cooperation Unit (www.southerninnovator.org). It has been published every month since 2006.
Development Challenges South South Solutions July 2010 Issue
Window on the World BOOKS Losing Control: The Emerging Threats to Western
Prosperity by Stephen D King, ... Press Website: http://www.networkideas.org/
book/jan2010/bk12_GACL.htm State of the World 2010: Transforming Cultures
from ...
Selected Municipal Energy Targets Reduce energy intensity of the city's
economic output by 32 percent between 2004 and 2010 Reduce energy use in
public buildings 30 percent by 2010; incorporate solar water heating into 75
percent of ...
In 2008, half of the Earth's population will live in urban areas, marking the first time in history that humans are an urban species. State of the World 2007: Our Urban Future examines changes in the ways cities are managed, built, and lived in that could tip the balance towards a healthier and more peaceful urban future.
USDA, op. cit. note 1; USDA, FAS, World Agricultural Production (Washington,
DC: various issues); USDA, FAS, Grain: ... Ingco, Mitchell, and McCalla, op. cit.
note 10; FAO, World Agriculture: Towards 2010 (New York: John Wiley & Sons, ...
In this fifteenth edition of State of the World, Lester R. Brown and the Worldwatch research team look at the environmental effects of continuing economic growth as the economy outgrows the earth's ecosystem. As the global economy has expanded from $5 trillion of output in 1950 to $29 trillion in 1997, its demands have crossed many of the earth's sustainable yield thresholds
Climate Vulnerability Monitor 2010 The State of the Climate Crisis
... accelerating stresses, including Kazakhstan, Jordan, and Libya. 0 30 60 90
120 Libya NIGER ETHIOPIA IRAN SUDAN SOUTH AFRICA NIGERIA UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA PAKISTAN CHINA INDIA REST OF THE WORLD 2010
Publisher: DARA
Category: Climatic changes
State of the World 2010 Transforming Cultures From Consumerism to Sustainability State of the World
The premier environmental nonprofit shows the ways to transform our consumer culture into a culture centered on sustainability.
Report assessing society's ability to sustain itself without hurting the next generation
2010Boston The Changing Contours of World Mission and Christianity
As the fourth and final international conference in 2010 to mark the 100th
anniversary of the 1910 Edinburgh World Missionary Conference, it afforded the
opportunity to reflect on the ensuing 100 years post-Edinburgh, on the state of the
world ...
Author: Todd M. Johnson
Publisher: Wipf and Stock Publishers
Category: Religion
In November 2010, three hundred faculty, students, and others interested in Christian mission gathered in Boston to consider how the world, the global church, and Christian missions have changed since the World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh in 1910 and to reflect on the three previous centennial conferences (Tokyo 2010 in May, Edinburgh 2010 in June, and Cape Town 2010 in October). Participants at "2010Boston" were not delegates from churches and mission agencies, but were students and scholars of various aspects of world Christianity representing the Anglican/Episcopal, Evangelical, mainline Protestant, Orthodox, and Roman Catholic traditions. This conference volume consists of nine keynote messages, five student presentations, three reports from the other conferences, and additional materials from or about 2010Boston. The keynote messages address the history of mission (especially in and from Boston) and the current global context for mission, and suggest modes for future Christian engagement with the world and one another. Student papers address such conference themes as unity in mission, mission and postcolonialism, and discipleship in context. The closing chapter surveys the conference's eight themes and summarizes the outcomes of the 2010Boston process.
State of the World s Vaccines and Immunization
... WHO Member States to halve measles deaths by the end of 2005, compared
with 1999 estimates. In 2005, the World Health Assembly endorsed the even
more ambitious GIVS goal, namely, a 90% reduction, by 2010, of measles
mortality, ...
Author: J. M. Maurice
Publisher: World Health Organization
This casebook collects 64 case studies each of which raises an important and difficult ethical issue connected with planning, reviewing or conducting health-related research. The book's purpose is to contribute to thoughtful analysis of these issues by researchers and members of research ethics committees (REC's known in some places as ethical review committees or institutional review boards) particularly those involved with studies that are conducted or sponsored internationally. . This collection is envisioned principally as a tool to aid educational programs from short workshops on research.
Exam Prep for State of the World 2010 Transforming
This book provides over 2,000 Exam Prep questions and answers to accompany the text State of the World 2010; Transforming .
State of the World 2010 paints a picture of what this sustainability culture could look like, and how we can - and already are - making the shift.
Author: Worldwatch Institute
Many of the environmental and social problems we face today are symptoms of a deeper systemic failing: a dominant cultural paradigm that encourages living in ways that are often directly counter to the realities of a finite planet. This paradigm, typically referred to as 'consumerism,' has already spread to cultures around the world and has led to consumption levels that are vastly unsustainable. If this pattern spreads further there will be little possibility of solving climate change or other environmental problems that are poised to dramatically disrupt human civilization. It will take a sustained, long-term effort to redirect the traditions, social movements and institutions that shape consumer cultures towards becoming cultures of sustainability. These institutions include schools, the media, businesses and governments. Bringing about a cultural shift that makes living sustainably as 'natural' as a consumer lifestyle is today will not only address urgent crises like climate change, it could also tackle other symptoms like extreme income inequity, obesity and social isolation that are not typically seen as environmental problems. State of the World 2010 paints a picture of what this sustainability culture could look like, and how we can - and already are - making the shift.
CHALLENGES OF THE NEW CENTURY Growth from SOURCE: United Nations,
World Population Prospects:The ulation ... For Namibia, the decline is 65 years to
39 years in 2010; for South Africa, 65 years to 48 years; and for Botswana, ...
State of the World 2000 shines a sharp light on the great challenge our civilization faces: how to use our political systems to manage the difficult and complex relationships between the global economy and the Earth's ecosystems. If we cannot build an environmentally sustainable global economy, then we have no future that anyone would desire.
Mediating Climate Change
High-income, middle-class lifestyles contribute the most to global greenhouse
gas emissions, with 7 percent of the world's ... Worldwatch Institute, State of the
World 2010: Transforming Cultures, www.worldwatch.org. lifestyles to encourage
Author: Julie Doyle
Publisher: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
Climate change has been a significant area of scientific concern since the late 1970s. This title explores how practices of mediation and visualisation shape how we think about, address and act upon climate change. It identifies the representational problems climate change poses for public and political debate.
The Political Economy of Development in Kenya
( 2010a ) , The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census : Volume 1C :
Population Distribution by Age , Sex , and ... UN- HABITAT ( United Nations
Human Settlements Programme ) ( 2008 ) , State of the World s Cities 2010/11 :
Bridging the ...
Author: Kempe Ronald Hope, Sr.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Kenya is a country of geopolitical and economic importance in East Africa. It shares borders with unstable states such as Somalia and Sudan while being a hub for trade, communication, finance, and transportation across the region. Although relatively stable since its independence in 1963, the country still faces poverty, inequality, and corruption. In addition, the contested election of 2007 led to severe ethnic strife that tested its political stability, leading to a new constitution in 2010. This unique survey by a leading expert on the region provides a critical analysis of the socio-economic development in Kenya from a political economy perspective. It highlights Kenya's transition from being a centralized state to having a clear separation of powers and analyzes key issues such as economic growth, urbanization, corruption, and reform. The book identifies Kenya's key socio-development problems and offers solutions to improve both governance and economic performance, making it an essential resource to researchers, academics, and policy makers working on development issues and African politics.
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How a US-Mexico border shutdown could hurt the food industry
Apeel Sciences
Lillianna Byington @lil_byington
Speaking to reporters last week, President Donald Trump threatened to close the U.S.-Mexico border entirely, including to all trade. Trump also said there was a "very good likelihood" he would close the border this week if Mexico doesn't take action to stop immigrants from coming to the U.S.
A full shutdown would impact a reported $137 billion worth of food imports to the U.S., especially fruits and vegetables. About 40% of imported fruit comes from Mexico and half of all imported vegetables, according to data from the United States Department of Agriculture.
Steve Barnard, president and CEO of Mission Produce, told Reuters that Americans would run out of avocados in three weeks if imports from Mexico were stopped. "You couldn't pick a worse time of year because Mexico supplies virtually 100% of the avocados in the U.S. right now," he said.
From avocados and limes to dairy and tequila, a closed border could hurt food and beverage distribution across the U.S. Trade groups have expressed concern about this move since the U.S. is dependent on trade to the country for fruit, vegetables and alcohol. Even with just the threat of a closed border, product prices could rise and retailers might suffer.
United Fresh Produce Association wrote in a statement that a proposed border shutdown would significantly interrupt the ability to supply produce to the U.S. The organization said produce is already facing longer inspection times, since up to 750 Customs and Border Protection officers who process imports have been reassigned to assist U.S. Border Patrol with migrant crossings. Further action could increase costs to consumers, while causing millions in economic losses.
"Already, inspection delays are being felt from El Paso to San Diego costing farmers, truck drivers and companies of all sizes," United Fresh wrote. "In fact, the San Diego Association of Governments and California Department of Transportation have indicated that even an extra 15 minutes of wait time could generate as much as $1 billion in lost productivity and 134,000 lost in jobs annually."
Since food companies are already weathering price increases to help their bottom lines, a loss of Mexico imports and exports could be ruinous. The impact is already evident across the industry as the price of some avocados skyrocketed after Trump's threat. The price of Hass avocados from the Mexican city of Michoacan increased 34% on Tuesday — the largest single day jump since April 2009, according to Bloomberg. Avocados from Mexico make up about 75% to 80% of consumption in the U.S., according to the Haas Avocado Board. But it is not just avocados. Reuters reported that the majority of imported tomatoes, cucumbers, raspberries and blackberries come from Mexico, leaving a variety of fruits and vegetables in limbo with this potential shutdown up in the air.
The U.S. market would also struggle with the loss to its export market. Data from the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative shows that the U.S. shipped about $19 billion worth of agriculture products to Mexico in 2017, a massive market to just dissolve with a closed border. Mexico is U.S. dairy's largest export customer, buying $1.4 billion in 2018, according to the U.S. Dairy Export Council.
"Dairy exporters already are suffering from diminished access to export markets due to high tariffs and lack of progress on U.S. trade agreements," Tom Vilsack, president and CEO of the U.S. Dairy Export Council said in a statement. "Closing the U.S. southern border to Mexico would be a gut punch that could set the industry back by a decade or two."
This isn't the first time that the food and beverage industry has faced hurdles with trade under the Trump administration. The dairy and pork industries are already hurting because of retaliatory tariffs from Mexico in the fight over steel and aluminum trade with the U.S. And although some American farm and food groups were optimistic about the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, not everyone was ready to celebrate the deal since there were still tariffs on some exports to Mexico, including dairy. Regardless, the agreement still needs to be ratified by Congress, and Democrat leadership has said there are some issues that need to be resolved before it can be voted on.
With Trump's strong stance against Mexico being reiterated through his tweets and in interviews this week, a border shutdown could be imminent. Since both U.S. imports and exports would be impacted, producers and suppliers will likely be spending this time preparing for that possibility and being vocal about their opposition to the proposal.
Reuters Avocado shortages, virgin margaritas: Border shutdown would hit American palates
United Fresh Produce Association Proposed Border Shutdown Will Create Economic Uncertainty for Fresh Produce Industry
Follow Lillianna Byington on Twitter


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Home / Browse By Label / Arrow Releasing / Street Mobster (Arrow) (Blu-Ray)
Street Mobster (Arrow) (Blu-Ray)
A pivotal work in the yakuza movie genre and in the career of director Kinji Fukasaku (Battle Royale, Doberman Cop), Street Mobster presents an abrasive portrait of the rise and fall of a reckless street punk caught in the crossfire of a bloody turf war raging in the mean streets of Kawazaki.
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Street Mobster (Arrow) (Blu-Ray) quantity
SKU: streetmobsterBD Categories: Latest Arrivals, Browse All Titles, Browse By Label, Action, Arrow Releasing, Blu-Ray, World Cinema (Browse), Japan Tags: Arrow Video, Jasper Sharp, Kinji Fukasaku, Street Mobster, Tom Mes, Yakuza
When Okita Isamu (Bunta Sugawara, Cops VS Thugs) re-emerges onto the mean streets of Kawazaki after five years in prison for a string of brutal crimes, he comes face to face with prostitute Kinuyo, who immediately pinpoints him as one of the participants in her brutal sexual assault years earlier that left her shell-shocked and consigned to the life of a sex worker. While the two outcasts form an unlikely bond, Okita returns to his criminal ways. He is approached by veteran gangster Kizaki (Noboru Andô, Graveyard of Honour), who encourages him to round up a group of local chinpira street punks to shake up the uneasy agreement between the two rival yakuza groups, who between them control the city's bars, gambling dens and entertainment areas. However, when the new outfit goes too far into the turf of the big boys, they find themselves caught in the midst of a violent reprisal, before an offer of patronage appears from an unlikely source.
Street Mobster is the first film in which Fukasaku's vital and exhilarating approach to the contemporary-set gangster picture was paired with the untamed, raw charisma of Japan's top screen mobster Sugawara Bunta. The film would change the life of both, paving the way for their subsequent collaborations on the landmark Battles Without Honour and Humanity series that began the following year.
Region A for North America
SPECIAL EDITION CONTENTS
• High Definition (1080p) Blu-ray presentation
• Original uncompressed PCM mono audio
• Optional English subtitles
• Audio commentary by Japanese cinema expert Tom Mes
• Reversible sleeve featuring original and newly commissioned artwork by Chris Malbon
FIRST PRESSING ONLY: Illustrated collector's booklet featuring new writting on the film by Jasper Sharp
Big Knife (Arrow Academy) (Blu-Ray)
LE UHD Battle Royale (Limited 5 Disc Arrow UK 4k UHD)
Green Slime (Warner Archive) (Blu-Ray)
George Romero Between Night and Dawn (Arrow US) (DVD / Blu-Ray Combo)
New Battles Without Honor and Humanity Trilogy (Standard Edition Arrow US) (Blu-Ray)


The name Julius Meinl is synomomous with quality, and thanks to this is one of the strongest brands in Austria. Now under the name of Julius Meinl am Graben, we have created a luxury brand which guarantees our customers the highest quality every time. Part of what we offer under this label is a range of international specialities, produced for us by selected domestic and international partners according to our own recipes and specifications. Another aspect is presenting the finest examples of typical Austrian products, at the same time serving as wonderful souvenirs and evoking nostalgic memories of childhood.
Meinls own-brand wines, once a well-kept secret by those in the know, are now enjoyed by all who appreciate fine Austrian grapes like Zweigelt and Reisling, as well as our noble sweet wines and various cuvees. Our rich variety of coffees (see Coffee and Accessories), and the finest teas from the best tea gardens around the world (see Teas and Confectionary), are an invitation to discover a whole new world of tastes and aromas.
For those with a sweet tooth, we have everything from classic Viennese specialities like katzenzungen, liliputpralinen and seidenkracher, to a colourful selection of jams and jellies, including the wonderfully aromatic Mokka coffee jelly, fruity powidl (a typical Austria plum jam), and more exotic combinations such as cranberry and green pepper.
Crowning this collection is our famous cake, Meinl's Wiener Torte which, made to an old family recipe, embodies everything that the house of Meinl stands for - the combination of quality and tradition.
To help you in the kitchen we have a selection of delicious prepared dishes such as beef or veal goulash, fresh soups like gaspacho, and enough vinegars, golden-yellow olive oils and old favourites such as Styrian pumpkin-seed oil to make dressings and marinades to tempt and tantalise every palate.
Our experts are continuously at work to improve and expand our own-brand range with interesting and exciting new products. We look forward to keeping you informed and up-to-date with what's new!
During opening hours, you can reach our employees by telephone and by mail.
We'd like to keep you informed! Let's stay in contact.


My teachers in writing and literature classes could never stress this enough: to be a writer, one must be reader. We read in class. We read outside of class. We read in between classes. We read while eating. If it were believable, we read in our sleep.
Why read when you could just write?
True. One can write without having to read stuff. But how long could you keep up the act? How long before your well runs dry?
Okay. If you keep reading just the things that you yourself wrote, you may just unknowingly plagiarize yourself one day. And that is not flattering, however you put it. How long before you realize you're just repeating yourself and your posts? Or keep referring to the old ones because you don't know how else to write them?
By reading news, posts, and other blogs, you not only increase someone's stats or contribute to the site but you also enrich your vocabulary, refresh your perspective, and possibly even broaden your horizon.
Never limit yourself by being proud of what you have done or wrote or blogged. Read. And read more.
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My English teachers always said the same thing. I've found it really helpful over the years. Thanks for your advice.
I admit I don't read as often as I should or would like to. I get bored too easily. I think I shouldn't be so lazy and give up before giving other writers a real chance. Great advice, thanks.
I felt the same way a few years ago until a friend recommended a series for me. And that started me reading again because–being a series–there was continuous follow-up. And since it is a good series, I craved for the books and reading. Before I knew it, I redeveloped the habit of reading.
Hope you do get to read more!
Thanks! I haven't read "The Great Gatsby" but I have been under the impression that was already shown–until I heard the radio commercials this week.
As with reading, writing also takes time. We just have to live with that fact.
Hope you keep inspiring your kids to read and write.
I will keep doing my best to inspire my students…btw, I quoted you in my most recent blog post, hope you get a chance to visit 🙂 read you soon!
i love this sentence, it cracked me up ! "Okay. If you keep reading just the things that you yourself wrote, you may just unknowingly plagiarize yourself one day. " This is some great advice you have here. Thank you 🙂 Definitely true that reading other people's thoughts on topics that you don't ordinarily ruminate on, get you thinking about your own feelings about them.
I wasn't gunning for hilarity wasn't but I'm glad that made you smile.
And yes! Someone could approach something from a different angle, something that you've seen before but–because of what they wrote–you could see it anew and different from before.
Great advice! I'm an avid book reader, but get far behind sometimes in the other readings! I'm going to work on that!
Admittedly, even I have quite a backlog on my readings but I keep at it. Even if it's just five minutes or even less, I read. Progress is progress.
I started writing and did not have time to read much. Then I read another blog who advised writers to keep reading. Aside from blogs, I read a little bit every day too.
That's great! You change yourself and your world with everything you read, no matter how much or little it is.
you're right! we have to read the writtings of others ,but some time i get so passionate with that and i don't have the strength to write my own,i even scared to write when i read something excellent.But I'm working on it!
I know the feeling–to be hesitant.
But don't let it keep you from writing. Think of those "scary" moments as trying to gain momentum, a preparation for the leap that your words would make from your mind to the page to the rest of the world.
Unfortunately I have fallen out of my voracious reading habits that I once had. I need to rekindle those.
A friend unknowingly helped me by telling me to read a series of books. It's a well-written series that's why, after the end of every book, I craved for the next. So I ended up buying the next book, even without prodding from my friend. And before I knew it, my reading habit was back.
Mati – Reading is a great source of learning and inspiration for sure; and of course as a blogger, I love what you said about helping one another. The other thing I love about reading is how it can expand your own sense of writing adventure – to try new styles, experiment with voices, put things together in ways new to you. It's like 'cross training,' as I call the evening events where we both write and make art. We go back and forth; write, then create art from the writing, then write from the art. So rich! Thanks for your thoughts.
And thank you so much for the beautiful words.
I could almost hear my former teachers in your words; they told me and the rest of the class to never be afraid of being creative with any of our writing styles. We may hit. We may miss. But that always meant improvement. And we should never stop improving ourselves and help others do the same. And we should never stop reading.
Yes! I believe so too.
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very well said. it's by reading other people's work that you get to improve your writing and know their thoughts and ideas on various subjects.
Other writings (by other people) could inspire you or help you improve. I've always believed that.
Have to agree. Loved reading my whole life and only had the guts to start writing now. Reading opens the mind and floods you with ideas, concepts, wordplay and a lot of other amazing tools you can implement in your own writing.
It's like how inspiration passes from one person to another via the pages and words.
I think so too! And they are one of my many favorite places.
Great advice. Discussing what you read is important too. Having a chance to delve deeper into the text with others thoughts with your own makes the adventure all the more thrilling. Thanks.


Jul 19, 2013 ... Mercury-free gold mining takes hold in Northern Philippines ... Executive Order (EO 79) recently banned the use of mercury in small scale gold mining. ... The site has now nearly completely converted to mercury-free methods.
... mounted on rockers that used water, the rocking motion and gravity to separate the gold from dirt. ... As mining methods changed, more water was needed.
Choose from the following list: gold, iron, coal, phosphate, manganese, diamond, chromium, copper and the .... What mining method is used to mine for gold?
This method of gold mining is responsible for recovering most of the worlds gold ... to hard rock mining in that open pit or underground mining tunnels are used.
Mine trucks moving material from the Cripple Creek and Victor Gold Mines in Colorado. ... Webpage describing the many different methods used for mining coal.
Nov 21, 2016 ... Why is mercury used in gold mining and why is it a problem, which includes ... is used for the extraction of secondary gold by gravity methods.
It has been used by the mining industry to separate gold and silver particles from ... mercury, which was previously the main method of removing gold from ore.