text:
Cannabis: Plant, Industry, and Ideology
by Camille Charlier
Cannabis, from the latin Cannabis sativa L., is a member of the Cannabaceae, a small family of flowering plants containing hemp, hops, and hackberries. Cannabis means "cane-like," while the genus name sativa refers to that which is "planted or sown," meaning that the plant is propagated from seed as opposed to perennial roots. The 170 species in the Cannabaceae family are grouped into 10 genera — trees (Celtis), erect herbs (Cannabis), and twining herbs (Humulus) are all represented. Cannabaceae tend to be dioecious, meaning that the plants are distinctly male and female. The flowers are actinomorphic (characterized by radial symmetry) and wind-pollinated.
Cannabis sativa is an annual dioecious flowering plant which is believed to originate in central Asia circa 5000 BC. It's been used for thousands of years in the production of fibers and oils, and for medicinal purposes. Medicinally active constituents include cannabinoids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Cannabinoids are a class of terpenophenolic compounds found exclusively in Cannabis plants which accumulate in the cavity of the trichomes. Upwards of 80 cannabinoids have been identified in C. sativa; the dominant psychoactive compound is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (Farag and Kayser, 2017).
As a consequence of social and legal stigma, Cannabis and its 'sticky' lipophilic phytocannabinoids have only recently been legitimized. The respectable institution of scientific research has managed to validate medicinal actions of the plant that have been recognized and documented for millennia. The earliest known records of Cannabis' medicinal use are found in the 16th century BC Egyptian Ebers papyrus. Later the plant makes an appearance as a medicament in Assyrian texts.
Evidence of Cannabis used as an obstetric aid in the 4th century AD was unearthed in the ashes of a tomb near Jerusalem. The Israel Police Forensic Lab analyzed a grey, carbonized material found near the abdomen of a skeleton and confirmed the presence of Δ6-tetrahydrocannabinol, a minor but highly stable constituent of Cannabis sativa. The remains were thought to be that of a young girl who died in childbirth. As the story goes, Cannabis was administered by a midwife to a 14 year old girl as an inhalant to support a difficult labor. Modern research corroborates traditional usage — medical publications confirm that the plant effectively increases the force of uterine contractions and significantly reduces labor pain (Zlas, et al., 1993).
Cannabis entered the United States Pharmacopoeia in 1850 and was widely employed as a patent medicine until it was stymied by the federal restrictions of the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act. Cannabis was subsequently dropped from the Pharmacopoeia in 1942, with legal penalties for possession escalating in 1951 in response to the Boggs Act, and in 1956 with the Narcotic Control Act. Federal prohibition struck with the 1970 Controlled Substances Act, legislation that simultaneously criminalized Cannabis possession and suffocated research by restricting acquisition for academic purposes.
With the passage of the 1996 Compassionate Use Act, California was the first US state to legalize cannabis for medical use under the supervision of a physician. Over half the states have since followed suit. As of January 1st, 2017, 28 states, as well as the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and Guam, have enacted legislation regarding the sale and distribution of medicinal cannabis.
The transition to legalization has been fraught. Controversy stems from concerns over the psychoactive and impairing effects of the plant, stigma of Cannabis as a "gateway drug," a dearth of randomized, controlled clinical trials to establish efficacy and potential for harm, lack of standardization of potency and quantity of pharmacologically recognized constituents in products, and the potential for dependence, addiction, and abuse. Despite anxieties over "reefer madness," however, we've seen that cannabinoids present an impressive potential for therapeutic use (Bridgeman and Abazia, 2017).
The recent transition towards mainstream medicalization of Cannabis has sparked major shifts in the industry — standardization practices and sophisticated extraction technologies are the new default. It's an interesting balance to strike for businesses, capitalizing on authoritative Science cred while preserving the vibe of countercultural cool that has historically defined Cannabis use. Consider the copy on the webpage of US company HempMeds, "This Is How CBD Oil Is Made:"
We test like crazy for accurate cannabinoid content and purity. We don't mess around. And it all starts with quality hemp sources and a superior CO2 extraction process. Why CO2 extraction you ask? Well, because it's awesome, that's why. Carbon dioxide is a non-toxic, non-flammable gas used extensively in a variety of industries, including the food industry… CO2 extraction processes don't contribute to carbon emission increases in the atmosphere, and this process doesn't bring any flammable petroleum based solvents (like butane) into contact with your product. Extraction using supercritical CO2 is the state-of-the-art way to utilize this inexpensive and safe industrial solvent for creating high quality hemp oil (HempMeds, 2017).
The language is telling — a slurry of casual banter and technical terms. Companies marketing Cannabis tiptoe a fine line between the Hip and the Institutionally Legitimate. Indeed, the aim of achieving mainstream credibility has led to perhaps an overcompensation for the rougeish reputation of Cannabis. The modern industry's objective has evolved to encompass strict regulation of plant propagation and constituent extraction, scientific validation of the efficacy of standardized extracts for specific pathologies, and ultimately technical domination and pharmaceuticalization of the plant. Let's take a look at the strategies of a handful of major Cannabis-producing companies across the globe.
Modern Methods of Cannabis Manufacture
The complexity of the whole Cannabis plant presents a challenge to modern medicinal methodologies. The current game is to prescribe standardized, targeted drugs containing the barebones "active" constituents. Cannabis, on the other hand, contains a surfeit of constituents mingled in highly variable and unpredictable concentrations depending on such factors as plant strain, climate, nutrient availability, photoperiod, and other growing conditions.
With the medicalization of Cannabis and the entanglements of legalization, the industry has shifted from using the whole plant to producing extracts that contain only the "medicinal" cannabinoids without the cognitive effects of THC. International companies, though geographically and culturally disparate, share many of the prevailing ideologies currently imbuing Cannabis product manufacture: aspirations of standardization, quality control, industrial efficiency, ecological stewardship, and harnessing the medicinal virtues of Cannabis while eliminating psychoactive properties to accommodate legal mandates are common.
So how does a major company extract CBDs from Cannabis on a commercial scale with any degree of consistency? Several strategies are at play. We'll begin with the aforementioned California-based company HempMeds, established in 2012 by parent company MYM Nutraceuticals. HempMeds employs supercritical CO2 (sCO2) extraction, perhaps the most well-known extraction technology to date. Large-scale commercial plants utilizing sCO2 are most common in the food industries, and are particularly popular for the decaffeination of coffee and tea and the extraction of hops.
Macro detail of container with CBD oil (Credit: Istock by Getty Images)
To understand how sCO2 works as a solvent we need to dive into a little chemistry. Supercritical CO2 is essentially carbon dioxide in a fluid state. In daily life we find CO2 behaving as a gas (at standard temperature and pressure (STP), and when frozen it solidifies to form the ever-famous dry ice. If, however, temperature and pressure are brought to CO2's critical point or above, the substance assumes properties somewhere between a gas and a liquid. Once a compound surpasses its critical values, the boundary of the liquid-vapor phase ceases to exist. A compound in its supercritical state thus possesses a fluid-like density, while adopting the diffusivity, surface tension, and viscosity of a gas. Due to this liquid-esque density, the solvent strength of a supercritical fluid is comparable to that of a liquid, which renders it distinctly favorable for industrial applications (Chemical Engineering, 2010).
This technique took on an important role as a commercial and industrial solvent for its chemical extraction capabilities, with the added bonus of low toxicity and minimal environmental impact. Due to the relatively low temperature and the stability of sCO2, compounds can be extracted with little damage or denaturing. Interestingly, the solubility of extracted compounds varies contingent upon pressure, which allows for a degree of selectivity in extraction. For this reason, sCO2 is known as a "tunable" solvent. In the case of Cannabis, varying pressure settings of the equipment allows for the collections of distinct extracts containing waxes, heavy oils and resins, and light oils.
There are distinct advantages to using supercritical CO2 as a solvent. Traditionally, organic solvents — integral to the chemical process industries — have posed several challenges: Many are carcinogenic and neurotoxic, highly flammable, and hazardous to the environment. Consequently, conventional solvents are regulated as volatile organic compounds (VOC), and some have been banned due to their potential for ozone depletion. CO2 is not considered a VOC, and results in no net increase of atmospheric CO2 as it is initially drawn from the environment into which is it subsequently released. Furthermore, in contrast to many organic solvents, sCO2 is non-flammable. It is inert and non-toxic, inexpensive, and requires relatively lower temperatures and pressure to achieve supercritical status. sCO2 is considered a "green" alternative to hydrocarbon solvents, which are notoriously toxic and persistent in nature. Hydrocarbon solvents demand significant effort to purge from products, whereas sCO2 requires minimal post-processing, and any residual solvent is non-toxic (Eden Labs, 2018).
Supercritical CO2 has been around since the '80s, but as the Cannabis industry evolves, so does the technology. Precision Extraction Solutions, headquartered in Troy, Michigan, manufactures closed loop light hydrocarbon extraction equipment which utilizes hydrocarbon solvents to commercially extract constituents from Cannabis. In a closed loop system botanical material is contained in a column and flooded with a solvent, in this case butane and propane, which draws out the desired oils. The mixture is collected and the solvent evaporated off, leaving a botanical extract. In an open system propane and butane, gases at standard temperature and pressure, would evaporate off and be lost. The closed loop retains the solvent which is more efficient, not to mention safe.
Precision claims closed loop hydrocarbon extraction is the most efficient method: "Seven times the throughput of comparable CO2 supercritical extraction equipment at a fraction of the cost." Their industrial-scale equipment is graced with edgy names like "the Judge," "the Predator," and "the Executioner." As their vision statement declares, "We work with many large scale producers and are experts in both local and state level code compliance. Our expertise covers a wide range of competencies including ASME Section VIII code, UL, International Fire Code, and 3A food processing compliance. We help our clients succeed through safety, innovation, service, and meticulous quality control." Again, the copy recapitulates the industry ethos: cutting edge cool (Precision, 2018).
Canadian company Abattis Bioceuticals, founded in 1997, recently developed a Cannabis extraction technology using column chromatography. According to president and CEO Rob Abenante in their December 12, 2017 press release:
The extraction method using proprietary polymers has very distinct competitive advantages over traditional methods. The technology is capable of extraction on an industrial scale, which delivers significant cost advantages. It is also capable of separating cannabinoids on a molecular level which allows for the extraction of pure isolates such as CBD and THCA and even the separation pesticides from the biomass.
Column chromatography isolates individual chemical compounds from a mixture based on the differential adsorption of compounds to the adsorbent. Compounds move through the column at divergent rates, which allows them to be separated into distinct fractions. The developer of the technology performed a quantitative recovery measurement which demonstrated 99% recovery of all cannabinoids from the biomass material. These yields are compared to "conventional methods," which yield less than 80%. The press release enthusiastically heralds the advantages of the innovation, claiming, "The technology successfully removes all traces of any pesticides or harmful residues from the cultivation and transportation process," and concludes that "The cost of capital equipment and overall cost of operation is less than half of conventional CO2." With the advent of 'proprietary polymers,' novel technology rises to meet consumer demand (Abattis, 2017).
Perhaps the most fastidious of all, Netherlands-based company Bedrocan proclaims "Consistency through standardisation" as their procedural motto. On their webpage "Our Method" they delve into the relevance of standardization. "Why should you care?" they inquire, then answer:
For one, it's not just about stable THC and CBD content from one batch to another. It is also about balancing over one hundred potential active components, from cannabinoids to terpenes. Standardisation is the only method of ensuring that prescribers and patients can achieve a consistent therapeutic effect over time. Standardisation helps assure dosage composition, the repeatability of dose, and greater ability for patients and prescribers to adjust dose by titration. This allows for proper monitoring of the product's efficacy, safety and potential side effects. Standardisation enables the comparison of findings from different clinical trials and studies across time. It is a critical factor for building the evidence-base of for the efficacy medicinal cannabis.
Interestingly, the standardization aims of the industry seem to be predominantly driven by the the manner in which contemporary scientific research is conducted. In vitro assays, animal studies, and clinical trials are currently the only valid means of assessing medical efficacy in mainstream culture. Thus, plants must be converted to products that interpretable within this reductionist paradigm. Certainly scientific research is a useful tool, but with this model much is lost. The healing power of a plant often emerges through the synergy of its constituents; the whole is abundantly greater than the sum of its parts.
Bedrocan's strict commitment to their discipline is remarkable. They've quashed every imaginable quirk of capricious nature; "control" is the mantra. Behold:
Our indoor growing rooms use state-of-the-art environmental control technologies to control all variables, including light, temperature, nutrients, and water. Each of these rooms is sealed with special doors to prevent contact with airborne contaminants. Our production process has been specifically refined to grow standardised cannabis flos without the use of any pesticides. In addition, our international quality assurance measures are proudly achieved with very high hygiene standards, relevant testing requirements, and strict pesticide and fungicide restrictions. Every week a fresh batch can be harvested, 52 weeks per year, to a schedule we can predict years in advance.
Each cultivar originates from one single seed. Our plants are grown by multiplying the original plant material. Bedrocan uses proprietary vegetative propagation techniques to give our products remarkable genetic stability. This method prevents 'genetic drift', a problem resulting from repeated vegetative propagation of the mother plants, which can cause major changes and weakness in the plant over time (Bedrocan, 2017).
The technical mastery that makes such standardization possible is impressive, certainly, but does this process produce the best medicine?
Diversity, Synergy, and the Old Ways of Knowing
The implicit supposition that "control" is the superior way to relate to Nature is nothing new. English philosopher, statesman, and scientist Francis Bacon wrote in his 1620 publication The Great Instauration, "The nature of things betrays itself more readily under the vexations of art than in its natural freedom." By "art" Bacon means the manipulations of technology; the constraints applied to phenomena through the establishment of meticulous experimental conditions (Bacon, et al., 1937).
This attitude prefigures the ethos of the Enlightenment — the belief that everything can be rationally known, and once known, controlled. As Greek mathematician Archimedes famously said, "Give me a fulcrum and I shall move the world." With the right leverage, in this case scientific data, we can manage the material realm and remodel it to our liking. 21st century technology has at last caught up with our metaphysical ambitions, and we are finally in position to execute the age-old Western objective of manipulating nature through intellectual and technological mastery. The belief in the preeminence of control, however, is an authoritarian doctrine; in politics we call it "fascism."
Identifying "active" constituents and standardizing them in an extract may satisfy the compulsion for order, but it does so at the expense of other ways of knowing and encountering the natural world. So what are the alternatives? The natural variability of plants may be precisely what makes medicines derived from them so powerful. Nature is infinitely complex, synergistic; emergent properties abound. A whole plant tends to be more vibrant and medicinally viable than single-constituent extracts, a phenomenon even observed in the lab with the discovery of the "entourage effect." Consider the case of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a cannabinoid that lacks an affinity for the CB1 and CB2 receptors, and yet has been found to augment anandamide activity (Ho, et al., 2008).
In contrast to the reductionism of modern science, we have the traditional healer's method of "Simpling," one which acknowledges the participation of the whole plant in medicine. Appalachian folk herbalist Phyllis Light describes the practice of Simpling, which asserts that one herb can be used in "umpteen thousand ways." She tells the story of her grandmother and father, saying, "They didn't need complex formulas because they really, really knew their plants. My father used Ginseng for most ailments and knew exactly how much to decoct for how long or whether it should be taken raw" (Hardin, 2014). I was told a story by word of mouth that when Light had someone to heal, she would go out and talk to the ginseng. She'd ask the ginseng which plant should be harvested for her purposes, which part, and what preparation. The ginseng answered her. The remedies worked.
This might sound absurd, and yet many professional healers communicate with plants in this manner to inform their clinical practice. Perhaps it's not so unbelievable that plants might communicate with us considering that they communicate with each other using an "internet" of fungus (Fleming, 2014). We might not think about it much, but plants are highly skilled at capturing the attention of potential symbiotic partners. Just think of the vibrant hues and lush aroma of mouthwateringly ripe fruit.
Our senses provide us with sophisticated information about the natural world. There's a name for this — organoleptics. We engage this system every time we sniff milk to see if it's gone off, when we choose attractively colored vegetables for the dinner table, or identify the subtle notes in wine.
It's powerful stuff. Consider the anecdote presented in the 1952 article "Organoleptic Panel Testing as a Research Tool" published in Analytical Chemistry: Consumers complained that their cigarettes were plagued by an "objectionable odor" that experts guessed might be caused by a specific insecticide. An organoleptic panel was convened to verify the hypothesis, and after tasting dilutions of that insecticide and samples from the cigarette packaging, the panel confirmed that the suspected insecticide was the culprit. It was present in the cardboard container at 1/10th of a pound of insecticide per ton of packaging material; 0.005% contaminant by mass. At the time, the authors concluded that this was the sole means of identifying the contaminant. Technological advancements may have since rendered this problem irrelevant, but it is still an illustration of the human sensorium as a potent analytical tool (Cartwright, et al., 1952).
These days, it seems like everyone is hanging on by the skin of their teeth. Chronic diseases, skin pathologies included, are on the rise in the industrialized world. Outbreaks of acne are associated with increased air pollution (Krutmann, et al., 2017), while psychological stress is known to exacerbate psoriasis, urticaria, eczematous dermatitis, and herpes simplex (Kimyai-Asadi et al., 2001). In our hectic modern lives we must use all the tools available to us, whether technological or traditional, to bring ourselves back to health, back to balance.
The skin, hardly superficial, offers a clue.
End of Part III: Cannabis: Plant, Industry, and Ideology. If you missed the first two, here are links:
Part I: Skin Deep: The Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Cutaneous Homeostasis
Part II: CBD Oil: The Skinny According to Science
Abattis. "Abattis Confirms Breakthrough Extraction Technology Capabilities" Accessed May 25, 2018. https://abattis.com/2017/12/12/abattis-confirms-breakthrough-extraction-technology-capabilities/.
Bacon, Francis, Gail Kennedy, and John Locke. The Great Instauration. Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1937.
Bedrocan, 2017. "About Us: Our Method." https://bedrocan.com/about-us/our-method/.
Bridgeman, Mary Barna, and Daniel T. Abazia. "Medicinal Cannabis: History, Pharmacology, And Implications for the Acute Care Setting." Pharmacy and Therapeutics 42, no. 3 (March 2017): 180–88.
Cartwright, L. C., C. T. Snell, and P. H. Kelley. "Organoleptic Panel Testing as Research Tool." Analytical Chemistry 24, no. 3 (March 19, 1952): 503–6. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60063a020.
"Supercritical CO2: A Green Solvent" Chemical Engineering (blog), February 1, 2010. http://www.chemengonline.com/supercritical-co2-a-green-solvent/?printmode=1.
Eden Labs (n/d). "CO2 Extraction Process | Botanical and Cannabis Extracts." Accessed May 25, 2018. https://www.edenlabs.com/processes/co2-extraction.
Farag, Sayed, and Oliver Kayser. "The Cannabis Plant: Botanical Aspects." In Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies: Biology, Pharmacology, Diagnosis, and Treatment, 3–12, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800756-3.00001-6.
Fleming, Nic. "Plants Talk to Each Other Using an Internet of Fungus," November 11, 2014. http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20141111-plants-have-a-hidden-internet.
Hardin, Jesse Wolf. "Southern and Appalachian Folk Medicine with Phyllis D. Light – Natural Health." Mother Earth News, March 12, 2014. https://www.motherearthnews.com/natural-health/herbal-remedies/southern-and-appalachian-folk-medicine-ze0z1403zhou.
"This Is How CBD Oil Is Made." HempMeds (blog), August 6, 2017. https://hempmedspx.com/cbd-oil-made/.
Ho, W-SV, D A Barrett, and M D Randall. "'Entourage' Effects of N-Palmitoylethanolamide and N-Oleoylethanolamide on Vasorelaxation to Anandamide Occur through TRPV1 Receptors." British Journal of Pharmacology 155, no. 6 (November 2008): 837–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjp.2008.324.
Kimyai-Asadi, A., and A. Usman. "The Role of Psychological Stress in Skin Disease." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 5, no. 2 (April 2001): 140–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/120347540100500208.
Krutmann, Jean, Dominique Moyal, Wei Liu, Sanjiv Kandahari, Geun-Soo Lee, Noppakun Nopadon, Leihong Flora Xiang, and Sophie Seité. "Pollution and Acne: Is There a Link?" Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 10 (May 19, 2017): 199–204. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S131323.
Precision. "Extraction Equipment." Professional Extraction Equipment (blog). Accessed June 12, 2018. https://precisionextraction.com/botanical-extraction-equipment/.
Zlas, Joe, Harley Stark, Jon Seligman, Rina Levy, Ella Werker, Aviva Breuer, and Raphael Mechoulam. "Early Medical Use of Cannabis." Nature 363, no. 6426 (May 1993): 215. https://doi.org/10.1038/363215a0.
Make your own Fire Cider!
Fire Cider is a vinegar-based infusion of plants that is used abundantly in herbal medicine. Customarily, Fire Cider is made with warming, pungent herbs such as garlic, ginger, horseradish, onion, and hot peppers. These plants aid the immune and respiratory systems in...
Herbal Teas for Stressful Times
Making a cup of tea is a beautiful thing. While a common practice, it can also be viewed as a ritual, a ceremony, or an act of self-care.
Cooling Summertime Teas
Hot days call for cool herbs. In the heat of the summer there are many plant allies, some that may be growing near you, that can be utilized to cool us down. Let's discuss a few of them. Mint Mint (Mentha spp.) may be the first that comes to mind for many. Whether...
Rewilding: A Dandelion Monograph
Latin Name: Taraxacum officinale Family: Asteraceae Energetics: Cooling, bitter tonic Taste: Bitter, sweet, minerally In the early days of spring, Dandelions draw the eye with their tufts of golden petals perched on a single, hollow stem. Prolific is their nature. To...


The Austin/Mower County Home Ownership Fund (Fund) was created jointly by the City of Austin and Mower County in March 1997 pursuant to Minnesota Statute Section 471.59. The purpose of this jointly governed organization is to establish and administer a flexible revolving loan fund that will provide home ownership opportunities to families in Mower County, Minnesota, with low and moderate income that are currently unable to purchase a home.
Funds are available in the City of Austin and throughout Mower County that provide a 2% loan up to $4,000 to help cover down-payment and closing costs, or the rehabilitation necessary to purchase a home. Contact your local real estate agent, local lender, or City Hall at (507) 437-9943 regarding this funding.


text:
Q: Using a standalone ES6 module in IE11 I have a small ES6 module I wrote that needs to now be integrated into a project that has to support IE11. The rest of the project is written in ES5 and ideally I'd like to just transpile my module and import it as a Script in the project's HTML and have the value it exports attached to the window object.
I've tried a few different configurations for babel but they all seemed to be geared towards transpiling a complete bundle of code or required importing polyfills into the original module (which currently has no dependencies), but nothing seems to be compatible with IE11.
Module structure:
const MyModule = (() => {
    const moduleStuff = {}
    function moduleLogic(params) {
          doStuff(params)
    }

    return {
        init: initParams => doStuff(initParams),
        moduleMethod: moduleData => {
            doStuff(moduleMethod)
        }
    }
})();

export default MyModule;

A: Not intended to be an answer, but with the link is too long for a comment.
With the typo removed, seems to look fine to me

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Longspine Urchin (Diadema setosum) as a lovely member of a reef aquarium look much safer in an aquarist tank than they do in nature.
Imagine snorkeling after low tide several for miles with these long spine urchins beneath your belly, thighs and knees. Then finally be able to level off from the careful frog surface crawl, with hundreds, if not thousands of these lovelies rolling in the tide only three or four inches below your entire body as you also bob with the tide.
So many long spine urchins rolling about in fact; that walking is a sure way to get stung badly, numerous times.
And when you relax to tread water in the coral bowl, you find that the area is also occupied by a mama shark (stuck in the bowl until the tide rolls in) is already forming a warning crescent less that fifty or sixty feet away.
And now its time to go frog crawl back over the long spine urchin fields if you want to survive and leave the mama in peace.
This is when the aquarist or a house guest can appreciate these creatures for the dangerous and calm beings that they are. Appreciating them in the reef tank behind more glass than the eye covering of underwater goggles adds a sense of real appreciation for these interesting black and not so menacing creatures.
Posted in Fish on December 8, 2008.


text:
John F. Kennedy on War & Peace
FactCheck: RFK hid truth of Cuban Missile Crisis until 1997
Robert McNamara wrote in the introduction to "Thirteen Days" (pp. 14-6): "it was Robert Kennedy's suggestion, when we received two contradictory messages from Khrushchev, the first favorable and the second unfavorable, that we reply to the first and not the second. He drafted the reply; they were the terms on which the settlement ultimately was based." That is the theme of the RFK's book; it was intended to be the theme of his presidency; it is based on a falsehood.
In fact, JFK accepted the "second unfavorable message," which would remove Soviet missiles in Cuba in exchange for removing US missiles in Turkey. RFK negotiated that secret deal with his Soviet counterpart; that deal remained secret until 1997. But because the book was written in 1969, and the secret kept for decades, our generation was taught that falsehood as political fact. OnTheIssues calls this "biggest lie perpetrated by the American government on the American people in the 20th century" with full details in our book review. Source: Thirteen Days, by Robert Kennedy, p. 93-5 , Dec 1, 2018
Any Cuban missile launched anywhere is an attack on the US
[On Oct. 22, 1962, President Kennedy reported on TV that the Soviet Union was deploying nuclear missiles in Cuba:
I have directed that the following steps be taken immediately:
A strict [naval] quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba.
Increased close surveillance of Cuba and its military buildup.
It shall be the policy of this Nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response.
As a necessary military precaution, I have reinforced our base at Guantanamo
We are calling for an immediate meeting of the Organization of American States, to consider this threat to hemispheric security.
We are asking that an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council be convoked.
Finally: I call upon Chairman Khrushchev to halt and eliminate this clandestine, reckless, and provocative threat to world peace.
Source: Grolier Encyclopedia article on JFK , Nov 8, 2016
1963: Negotiated first, limited Nuclear Test Ban
[On July 26, 1963, President Kennedy delivered a TV address on the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty]:
Since the advent of nuclear weapons 18 years ago, all mankind has been struggling to escape from the darkening prospect of mass destruction on earth. Both sides have come to possess enough nuclear power to destroy the human race several times over.
Yesterday, negotiations were concluded in Moscow on a treaty to ban all nuclear tests in the atmosphere, in outer space, and under water. For the first time, an agreement has been reached on bringing the forces of nuclear destruction under international control--a goal first sought in 1946.
The treaty is a limited treaty which permits continued underground testing and prohibits only those tests that we ourselves can police, [in the air or under water]. It requires no control posts, no onsite inspection, no international body. Nevertheless, this limited treaty will radically reduce the nuclear testing which would otherwise be conducted on both sides. Source: Grolier Encyclopedia article on JFK , Nov 8, 2016
1961: U2 spy planes spotted offensive missile sites in Cuba
A U2 spy plane captured images of a missile site in Cuba. The discovery became public when Pres. Kennedy addressed the nation: "Within the past week, unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile sites is now in preparation on that imprisoned island," he said.
Commercial air travel to Cuba was suspended. The world was on the brink of nuclear war for another 6 days, until Soviet premier Nikita Krushchev announced that the missiles would be removed. Source: The Rise of Marco Rubio, by Manuel Rogi-Franzia, p. 47-48 , Jun 19, 2012
Commanding PT-59 in WWII, sank three Japanese barges
New PT boats were being fitted out with heavier guns, and he wanted command of one. He got the 1st gunboat, PT-59. His crew were all volunteers, 5 of them from PT-109. His new executive officer later said that "what impressed me most.was that so many of the men that had been on PT-109 had followed him to the 59. It spoke well of him as a leader."
Kennedy had 6 weeks of action on PT-59, on one occasion sinking 3 Japanese barges. Finally, he was no longer able to walk without the aid not only of a back brace but of a cane as well, he was terribly thin, and his stomach pain had become so intense that he had to see Navy doctors, who found "a definite ulcer crater." X-rays of his back found a chronic disk disease that had obviously been aggravated by the pounding inflicted in the boats. Shipped home, he had his back operated on in June 1944. Source: Passage of Power, by Robert Caro, p. 38-39 , May 1, 2012
1962: Rejected faking Gitmo attack as war pretext with Cuba
The American military had planned fake terrorist attacks on our own citizenry at Guantanamo. Operation Northwoods was approved in 1962 for action against Cuba.
Here was the background: At a White House meeting in Feb. 1962, when various covert action plans seemed to be going nowhere, Robert Kennedy ordered a stop to all such anti-Castro efforts. The Joint Chiefs decided the only option was to trick the American public and world opinion into a justifiable war.
When the document was presented that March, JFK [concluded] that there was virtually no possibility of our using overt force to take Cuba. So operation Northwoods remained secret for 35 years.
It seems that all through history, wars and takeovers are started with false flag operations: the Reichstag fire, the Chinese supposedly attacking Japan, the Gulf of Tonkin incident with Vietnam. The list goes on and on. History has a way of repeating itself, like that old cliche: if it works once, let's try it again. Source: 63 Documents, by Gov. Jesse Ventura, p. 37-38 , Apr 4, 2011
1963: Planned to remove all troops from Vietnam by 1965
Vietnam was a sham from the get-go, trumped up by the military industrial complex. If President Kennedy had lived, we'd have started withdrawing troops by late 1963 and had all our servicemen out of there by the end of 1965. The idea that JFK was responsible for having escalated the war is simply bogus. It's obvious his plans were to pull us out, but he'd said behind the scenes he had to wait until after the next election to do it.
When the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) official file from those years was declassified in 1997, it contained a memorandum of conference on May 6, 1963. That one and a follow-up memo from late October (less than a month before JFK was assassinated) clearly show we were starting to get out of Vietnam and leave matters in the hands of the South Vietnamese, where they belonged. Unfortunately, this is again a case of misleading the people for years, by keeping the true thoughts of John F. Kennedy out of the public realm. Source: 63 Documents, by Gov. Jesse Ventura, p. 46 , Apr 4, 2011
1940: best-seller, "Why England Slept"
Jack was fearless enough to tear around Europe in his own convertible in 1937; and, amid the tensions of 1939, to explore the Soviet Union, the Balkan countries, parts of the Middle East, Czechoslovakia, and Germany, returning to London on September 1, the day Germany invaded Poland. The book that resulted from these travels--an expansion of his Harvard senior honors thesis and titled "Why England Slept"--was published in 1940 and became a best-seller. Source: True Compass, by Edward M. Kennedy, p. 24 , Sep 14, 2009
1943: PT-109 rammed; crew rescued from South Pacific
In 1943, Jack got himself assigned as commander of a patrol torpedo boat. PTs were small, often badly built, lightly armed craft deployed to prowl combat-zone waters at night in search of Japanese destroyers and cruisers.
On Aug. 2, as part of a squad of 15 such craft sent to intercept a Japanese convoy, PT 109 was rammed by an enemy destroyer and sliced in half. Two of the 13-man crew were killed. My brother exhorted the survivors to swim toward a flyspeck island, personally towing the badly burned engineer for 5 hours by clamping the man's lifeboat straps in his mouth. Jack then swam back out into the ocean to try and signal a passing boat. Unsuccessful, he swam back to his men half unconscious. The ordeal continued for a week, with Jack directing swims to larger islands. On Aug. 9, the party made contact via a message Jack had scraped into a coconut shell. (That coconut is now in the John F. Kennedy Library in Boston.) The message made it to an American base, which sent a PT to rescue the men. Source: True Compass, by Edward M. Kennedy, p. 74-75 , Sep 14, 2009
1961: Accepted sole responsibility for Bay of Pigs disaster
In 1960, one year after Fidel Castro had overthrown the corrupt dictator Fulgencio Batista, Cuba began shipping millions of tons of its most lucrative crop, sugar, to the Soviet Union in return for oil and grain. In May, Cuba established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.
Each of these moves accelerated the collision course of Castro's regime with American security interests. Eisenhower had approved a CIA-drafted paper, "A Program of Covert Action Against the Castro Regime" [which Jack inherited].
Jack, feeling his way through the opening weeks of his presidency, grew skeptical of the ever more ambitious and complex Cuba invasion plan: defections from Castro's army would follow; the population would rise up to embrace the invaders; and the hated regime would be ousted with minimal casualties. As history shows, the invasion was a failure.
On April 21, Pres. Kennedy stepped before the microphones at a press conference and accepted sole responsibility for the Bay of Pigs disaster. Source: True Compass, by Edward M. Kennedy, p.174-176 , Sep 14, 2009
OpEd: Vietnam war restored the French colonial empire
Enthused over the Green Berets, JFK dispatched them to Vietnam where the US was supporting the restoration of the French colonial empire. In that inglorious adventure, more than 50,000 soldiers lost their lives, the US squandered no less than $500 billion, killed millions of Vietnamese and expanded the solidarity with that poor Third World country. Conscripts had to be replaced with professional soldiers, separating the people from military training and thus weakening the nation. Source: Obama and the Empire, by Fidel Castro, p. 55 , Apr 15, 2009
1960s: Increased US troops in Vietnam from 900 to 16,000
In 1962, Vietnam had not yet become a hot discussion topic; after all, when Kennedy had been elected in November 1960, only 900 US military personnel were stationed in Vietnam. By 1963, there were some 16,000 American troops there.
On May 11, 1961, President Kennedy had issued National Security Administration Memo 52, committing the US to the prevention of the Communist domination of South Vietnam. The President increased the number of US personnel, designated an additional $42 million/year in financial support for the government at Ngo Dinh Diem, and approved the CIA's plans to carry out commando raids in North Vietnam.
The Kennedy administration went on to condone the overthrow of South Vietnamese President Diem, to dispatch the US Army Green Berets to Southeast Asia, and to commit American-manned helicopters and tactical aircraft to help defeat North Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh. Source: Tour of Duty, by Douglas Brinkley, p. 41-2 , Jan 6, 2004
In early 1960s, nobody protested US attacks in Vietnam
The Vietnam War actually began for the US in 1950, and from 1954 to 1960, the US had a kind of Latin American-style terror regime in place. And it wasn't any joke; they killed about 60,000-70,000 people. But there was no protest. Zero. When Kennedy took over, they escalated it, and pretty soon it became a direct US attack. Still no protest. Through the early 1960s, you couldn't get anybody to sign a petition. By 1966, Vietnam was becoming a big issue. But protests were met with extreme hostility. Source: Power and Terror, by Noam Chomsky, p. 25 , May 21, 2002
Avoid mistake of WWII by stopping Soviet advance in Europe
Truman called on Congress to stop the Red advance across Europe by approving US military aid to help governments in Greece and Turkey resist left-wing insurgencies. Jack Kennedy thought stopping the Soviet advance in Europe was the only way to avoid repeating the mistake of not stopping the Nazi advance at the Munich Conference of 1938. Having lived through prewar appeasement and its consequences, the WWII generation had come home from the South Pacific and Europe determined to prevent a sequel to the tragedy that had interrupted and harrowed their lives and erased so many others. This time, the dictator must be stopped in his tracks. To young men like Kennedy and Nixon, the Yalta conference of February 1945, which divided up postwar Europe, had the stench of another Munich, another buckling under to an aggressor.
The stop Stalin, Kennedy accepted the mission to seek out and destroy this allies here in the country. Source: Kennedy & Nixon, by Chris Matthews, p. 48 , Jun 3, 1996
Pouring money into jungles of Indochina is self-destructive
The Democrats had lost China. The Republicans could not afford to lose Indo-China. For the 1st time, however, Kennedy broke with the hard line. "To pour money, material and men into the jungles of Indo-China without at least a remote prospect of victory would be dangerously futile and self-destructive. I am frankly of the belief that no amount of military assistance in Indo-China can conquer an enemy that is everywhere and at the same time nowhere."
With France's final capitulation, which forced a division in Vietnam between a Communist North and pro-Western South, Jack Kennedy now saw the non-Communist South Vietnamese as a people worthy of American help. "Vietnam represents the cornerstone of the Free World in Southeast Asia, the keystone in the arch, the finger in the dike," Kennedy said. "It is our offspring. We cannot abandon it, we cannot ignore its needs." Source: Kennedy & Nixon, by Chris Matthews, p. 95 , Jun 3, 1996
1962: Supported anti-Diem coup as means to win Vietnam War
Kennedy's Aug. 24 cable read "Diem must be given chance to rid himself of Nhu & his coterie and replace them. If Diem refuses, then we must face the possibility that Diem himself cannot be preserved. We will back you to the hilt on action to achieve our objectives." Ambassador Lodge took the cable to be a direct presidential order to encourage an anti-Diem coup.
Diem now posed a double jeopardy to Kennedy. He might lose the war to the Communists. Or he might sign a separate peace with Hanoi, making the US look irrelevant. Kennedy had sized up the predicament. "I can't give a piece of territory to the Communists and then get the American people to reelect me." To ensure plausible deniability, he ordered his people to destroy all records of cable traffic, starting with the fateful Aug. 24 order.
In a press conference Kennedy made the point: "We want the war to be won, the Communists to be contained, and the Americans to go home. Taken from a Catholic church, Diem and Nhu were shot repeatedly. Source: Kennedy & Nixon, by Chris Matthews, p.229-231 , Jun 3, 1996
Defend vital interests while preventing nuclear holocaust
[When confronting the USSR preparing missiles in Cuba, JFK] saw that the air and ground strikes favored by so many would have brought death to thousands. And he opposed a massive surprise attack by a large country on a small country because he believed such an attack to be inhuman, and contrary to our traditions and ideals. He understood that above all else a U.S. President must, while defending our vital interests, prevent the confrontations between nuclear powers which can lead to nuclear holocaust.
His objective was to force the missiles out of Cuba without war. That objective was accomplished. It was accomplished by a strategy which he helped shape and which his brother directed.
As a matter of fact, it was Robert Kennedy's suggestion, when we received two contradictory messages from Khrushchev, the first favorable and the second unfavorable, that we reply to the first and not the second. He drafted the reply; they were the terms on which the settlement ultimately was based. Source: Thirteen Days, by Robert Kennedy, p. 14-6 , Jan 1, 1969
Pressure the USSR without causing them public humiliation
The final lesson of the Cuban missile crisis is the importance of placing ourselves in the other country's shoes. During the crisis, President Kennedy spent more time trying to determine the effect of particular course of action on Khrushchev or the Russians than on any other phase of what he was doing. What guided all his deliberations was an effort not to disgrace Khrushchev, not to humiliate the Soviet Union, not to have them feel they would have to escalate their response because their national security or national interests so committed them.
This was shy he was so reluctant to stop and search a Russian ship; this was why he was so opposed to attacking the missile sites. The Russians, he felt, would have to react militarily to such actions on our part.
Thus the initial decision to impose a quarantine rather than to attack; our decision to board a non-Russian vessel first; these & many more were taken with a view to putting pressure on the Soviet Union but not causing public humiliation. Source: Thirteen Days, by Robert Kennedy, p.124-5 , Jan 1, 1969
Trading missiles in Cuba for Jupiters in Turkey is a threat
On Oct. 27, 1962, a formal letter arrived from Khrushchev. "We will remove our missiles from Cuba, you will remove yours from Turkey. The Soviet Union will pledge not to invade or interfere with the internal affairs of Turkey; the US to make the same pledge regarding Cuba."
The fact was that the proposal the Russians made was not unreasonable and did not amount to a loss to the US or to our NATO allies. The Jupiter missiles in Turkey were obsolete, and our Polaris submarines in the Mediterranean would give Turkey far greater protection.
[But with the USSR demanding their removal], the President was angry. He obviously did not wish to order the withdrawal of the missiles from Turkey under threat from the Soviet Union. On the other hand, he did not want to involve the US and mankind in a catastrophic war. He pointed out that, to reasonable people, a trade of this kind might look like a very fair suggestion, that our position had become extremely valuable, and that it was our own fault. Source: Thirteen Days, by Robert Kennedy, p. 93-5 , Jan 1, 1969
Increased anti-guerilla forces; founded the Green Berets
His pride was the Army Special Forces, rapidly growing to a level some five or six times as large as when he took office. The President directed that the Special Forces wear green berets as a mark of distinction. He wanted them to be a dedicated, high quality elite corps of specialists, trained to train local partisans in guerilla warfare, prepared to perform a wide range of civilian as well as military tasks. He personally supervised the selection of new equipment--the replacement of boots with sneakers for example. "The new anti-guerilla forces proved one of his most important military contributions. In South Vietnam, they delivered babies, chopped trails, dug wells, prevented ambushes, raised morale and formed effective bands against the Communist. Source: "Kennedy" by Ted Sorensen, p. 632-633 , Jan 1, 1965
USSR removes missiles from Cuba; US ends blockade & invasion
President Kennedy's statement on Cuba: "I have today been informed by Chairman Khrushchev that all of the IL-28 bombers now in Cuba will be withdrawn in 30 days. He also agrees that these planes can be observed and counted as they leave. I have this afternoon instructed the Secretary of Defense to lift our naval quarantine.
"Chairman Khrushchev agreed to remove from Cuba all weapons systems capable of offensive uses, to halt the further introduction of such weapons into Cuba, and to permit appropriate United Nations observation and supervision to insure the carrying out and continuation of these commitments. We on our part agreed that, once these adequate arrangements for verification we would remove our naval quarantine and give assurances against invasion of Cuba."
[OTI note: President Kennedy omitted from this public message that the United States agreed to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey, which threatened the Soviet Union from a similar distance as Cuba was from the U.S.] Source: Thirteen Days, by Robert Kennedy, p.216 , Nov 20, 1962
Defend Quemoy and Matsu if Communist China attacks Taiwan
NIXON: President Eisenhower was correct in his policy in the Formosa Straits, where he refused to follow the recommendations which Senator Kennedy voted for in 1955; and again made in 1959; recommendations with regard to slicing off a piece of free territory [the Chinese islands of Quemoy and Matsu], and abandoning it to the Communists.
KENNEDY: Let me try to correct the record on the matter of Quemoy and Matsu. I voted for the Formosa resolution in 1955. I have sustained it since then. I agree with the Administration policy to defend Quemoy and Matsu even if the attack on these islands, two miles off the coast of China, were not part of a general attack on Formosa [Taiwan]. I indicated that I would defend those islands if the attack were directed against Formosa, which is part of the Eisenhower policy. I've supported that policy. Source: The Fourth Kennedy-Nixon Presidential Debate , Oct 21, 1960
Click here for definitions & background information on War & Peace.
Click here for VoteMatch responses by John F. Kennedy.
Click here for AmericansElect.org quiz by John F. Kennedy.
Other past presidents on War & Peace: John F. Kennedy on other issues:
Former Presidents:
Barack Obama(D,2009-2017)
George W. Bush(R,2001-2009)
Bill Clinton(D,1993-2001)
George Bush Sr.(R,1989-1993)
Ronald Reagan(R,1981-1989)
Jimmy Carter(D,1977-1981)
Gerald Ford(R,1974-1977)
Richard Nixon(R,1969-1974)
Lyndon Johnson(D,1963-1969)
John F. Kennedy(D,1961-1963)
Dwight Eisenhower(R,1953-1961)
Harry S Truman(D,1945-1953)
Past Vice Presidents:
V.P.Joseph Biden
V.P.Dick Cheney
V.P.Al Gore
V.P.Dan Quayle
Sen.Bob Dole
Political Parties:
Reform Party
Natural Law Party
Constitution Party Abortion

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We have a new addition to the family. This is Paco. Pammy and Christer got him from a rescue in Georgia. He is a year old, and a total baby. Sooooo darling. Alfie was aloof and a little bewildered at first ("why would you need another one?") but has settled in nicely. They are buds. I babysat today. Within a few minutes, both were up on my lap as I sat on my hammock swing thing. So much for getting some work done. They are both rat terrier chihuahuas, which means some gene pools can do some crazy things when you get going.
I've renamed them A-Pacolypse and Alfiegeddon.
Not exactly pure breds, but lovable little guys just the same. Lucky they found a good home with the Sommerfeld clan.
Do you think Wee Paco will grow into those ears?
Between our two daughters, there's been three rescue dogs welcomed into our family. I swear those pups know they've been given a second chance in life. They're three of the sweetest, loving and loyal pets you could hope to own. Needless to say, we agree wholeheartedly in the 'Adopt, don't shop!' slogan.


text:
'Karate Kid 2020' is coming to Netflix, but it won't be available on Netflix until April 2018
A new movie starring the Karate Kid star who's also the voice of Spider-Man and a regular at Comic-Con has been announced.
The film, titled Karate Kids 2020, is a remake of the popular Netflix original, starring the star of the show and two other characters as well as a guest appearance by the actor's character.
It's expected to hit Netflix on April 1, 2020.
The KarateKids 2020 Netflix movie is titled "The Karate School," and is set to debut on the streaming service sometime in 2018.
It will be produced by Karate Films, the company that released the movie in 2018 and which also produced the Karat documentary.
Karate Kids is an American animated television series created by the original creators of the Karatedama movies.
The series first aired in 2005, and the series was rebooted in 2019 with a new lead character, which was then played by Michael McKean.
The original series featured the main characters of Karate (played by Michael J. Fox), a school of martial arts in America, and Karate, an internationally popular karate style.
The characters also shared the same voice actor, Sammo Hung, who also voices Spider-Gwen in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
The new film will follow the story of two kids, played by Sean Bean and Adam DeVine, who move from a middle-class suburb to a karate school in America.
They have to overcome various obstacles in their journey to get to the top of the world, including being a part of the elite Karate Academy, as well being part of a school that has to put their school in danger.
The movie will follow two teenagers who meet on the streets, and learn to learn karate, but they also have to learn to love each other.
Posted in Cours offertsTagged black karate kid, karat interview, karate kid 2020, karate origin, karate silhouette
How to teach your child to throw a punch
What's it like to be a Karate Kid?


text:
Q: url_title codeigniter showing underscores instead of hyphens Hi I am trying to insert my article title in database in the following format this-is-a-new-title for the input This is a new Title. For this I have written :
$title = $this->input->post('topic_title');
$topic_slug_title = url_title($title,'-',TRUE);

But the echo $topic_slug_title shows titles like this_is_a_new_title. Why the underscores are added wherein I have given hyphens ?

A: Ok I found the solution. Just leave the second parameter as default,add the third parameter. That is:
$title = $this->input->post('topic_title');
$topic_slug_title = url_title($title,TRUE,TRUE);

A: don't use the third parameter, use it like this
$title = $this->input->post('topic_title');

$topic_slug_title = strtolower(url_title($title));

A: don't use second and third parameter, write like this:
    **$title = $this->input->post('topic_title');
    $topic_slug_title = url_title($title);**


text:
Wēh Antīōk Khosrow (Middle Persian: wyḥ ʾntywk ḥwslwd; literally, "better than Antioch, Khosrow built this"), also called Beh-az-Andīw-e Khosrow (New Persian: , literally "Better-than-Antioch of Khosrow"), Antiocheia Chosroou (Greek), Rūmagān (), or al-Rūmīya (), was a historic city in modern day Iraq. It was founded by Iranian king Khosrow I on the east bank of the Tigris in the vicinity of Ctesiphon, Sasanian Empire, that was populated by deported Roman prisoners-of-war. It was reportedly about one day's walk from Ctesiphon.

The Persians used deportation as a tool of policy. Khosrow I captured Antioch in 540 during the Byzantine–Sasanian wars; the city was destroyed and its population was deported to this new city. According to Jacob of Edessa, prisoners-of-war from the cities of Sura, Beroea, Antioch, Apamea, Callinicum, and Batnai in Osrhoene were deported to this new city. It may be identical with Māhōzē Ḥəḏattā (literally "the New City") in the Syriac conciliar acts.

Procopius has provided detailed information on the building of the city, though his primary source is pro-Sasanian. According to al-Tabari and al-Tha'alibi, the city was built on the plan of the Syrian metropolis and Khosrow I did everything in his power to make the residents want to stay. He provided Weh Antiok Khosrow with Roman baths and a circus. He also settled charioteers in the city.

The city was governed by Barāz, a Christian from Gundeshapur. By the late 6th century, it had a population of circa 30,000.

The city was captured by the Arab Muslims under Khalid ibn Urfuta. Later in the Abbasid period, Caliph Al-Mansur used the city, then known as al Rumiyyah as seat of government for a few months.

See also
 Weh Antiok Shapur
 Weh Amid Kawad

References

Sources

Sasanian cities
Roman towns and cities
Prisoners of war
Deportation
Khosrow I
Baghdad Governorate
Former populated places in Iraq
540s establishments

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We've written about Marcus before and what a tough road he's traveled.
"There appears to be differences in both the left and right SI joint spaces from July to September. There is mineralization in the left jt on the Sept. exam which was not present (or not seen) in July. The right jt had a large mineralization (osteophyte) in July, which is not readily visible in the Sept exam and the joint space appears more normal on the Sept. exam compared to the July images."
Heather sent us an email and informed us that Marcus is doing well and that he has started jump training. This coming from someone who a number of months ago thought she was going to have to put her horse down. Heather said, "I am happy that I have my horse back and training better than ever!"


This lightly salted medium firm licorice arrives from Holland in cute farm animal shapes. But, it is the flavors of pure licorice extract and salmiak in this robust licorice that makes this one a cult classic.
Join our list for sweet updates!
About That Giddy Candy Feeling!
Our San Francisco based candy shop features a unique array of high-quality candy from local and global producers, the kind you usually can't find anywhere else. We also provide a range of services for custom orders and events.
Copyright © 2019 Giddy Candy.


text:
Mary Turner [Edwards], daughter of William Edwards and Ann Edwards [Mepham]
In the Parish of Withyham, Sussex
Withyham Parish Registers
Christened
At St. Michael's Church in the Parish of Withyham, Sussex; daughter of William Edwards and Ann Edwards
Nathaniel Turner at St. Michael's Church in the Parish of Withyham, Sussex
Withyham Marriage Registers
Sarah in the Parish of Withyham, Sussex
Mary in the Parish of Withyham, Sussex
Ann in the Parish of Withyham, Sussex
Nathaniel in the Parish of Withyham, Sussex
William in the Parish of Withyham, Sussex
Philip in the Parish of Withyham, Sussex
Harriet in the Parish of Withyham, Sussex
John in the Parish of Withyham, Sussex
In the Parish of Withyham, Sussex; wife of Nathaniel
Withyham Burial Registers
At St. Michael's Church in the Parish of Withyham, Sussex
Ancestor's report
Edwards, Edwardes, Edward family records
Turner, Turnar, Torner, Turnor, Turnour family records
The ancestral pedigree of Mary Turner [Edwards]
1st marriage William Edwards
hancrafts man m: 8th Jun 1682 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex Ann Avis
b: c 1660
d: December 1704 Withyham, Sussex, labourer
bur: 1st Jan 1704/05 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex b: c 1660
d: June 1683 Withyham, Sussex, wife of William
bur: 5th Jun 1683 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex
b: 1683 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 5th May 1683 St. Michael's Church, son of William Edwards
Great-Great-
William Edwards m: 7th Jul 1706 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex Anne Bennet
ch: 5th May 1683 St. Michael's Church, son of William Edwards b: c 1680
d: August 1747 Withyham, Sussex, wife of William
bur: 13th Aug 1747 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex
John Anne Mary William
ch: 6th May 1707 St. Michael's Church, son of William Edwards and Ann Edwards
d: June 1707 Withyham, Sussex, son of William & Ann
bur: 8th Jun 1707 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex b: 1708 Withyham, Sussex
ch: March 1708 St. Michael's Church, daughter of William Edwards and Ann Edwards b: 1711 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 26th Nov 1711 St. Michael's Church, daughter of William Edwards and Anne Edwards b: 1714 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 18th May 1714 St. Michael's Church, son of William Edwards and Anne Edwards
Great-
William Edwards m: 3rd Oct 1742 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex Mary Grove
ch: 18th May 1714 St. Michael's Church, son of William Edwards and Anne Edwards b: c 1720
William Mary Anne John
ch: 11th Oct 1743 St. Michael's Church, son of William Edwards and Mary Edwards
d: December 1824 Withyham, Sussex, aged 81 years
bur: 22nd Dec 1824 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex b: 1746 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 10th Aug 1746 St. Michael's Church, daughter of William Edwards and Mary Edwards b: 1748 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 15th May 1748 St. Michael's Church b: 1751 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 1st Dec 1751 St. Michael's Church, son of William Edwards and Mary Edwards
William Edwards m: 9th Aug 1768 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex Ann Mepham
bur: 22nd Dec 1824 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex b: c 1745
William Mary John Sarah George Robert Ann
ch: 22nd Mar 1769 St. Michael's Church, son of William Edwards and Ann Edwards b: 1771 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 20th Feb 1771 St. Michael's Church, daughter of William Edwards and Ann Edwards
d: June 1811 Withyham, Sussex, wife of Nathaniel
bur: 25th Jun 1811 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex b: 1773 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 4th Apr 1773 St. Michael's Church, son of William Edwards and Ann Edwards
d: March 1840 Withyham, Sussex, aged 67 years
bur: 26th Mar 1840 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex b: 13th Nov 1775 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 28th Nov 1775 St. Michael's Church, daughter of William Edwards and Ann Edwards b: 1777 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 23rd Nov 1777 St. Michael's Church, son of William Edwards and Ann Edwards b: 1781 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 27th May 1781 St. Michael's Church, son of William Edwards and Anne Edwards b: 1786 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 15th Jan 1786 St. Michael's Church, daughter of William Edwards and Ann Edwards
Nathaniel Turner
carpenter m: 17th Aug 1792 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex Mary Edwards
ch: 4th Feb 1758 St. Michael's Church, son of Philip Turner and Elizabeth Turner
d: November 1841 Worth Union House, aged 84 years
bur: 4th Nov 1841 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex b: 1771 Withyham, Sussex
bur: 25th Jun 1811 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex
Sarah Mary Ann Nathaniel William Philip Harriet John
ch: 4th Aug 1793 St. Michael's Church, daughter of Nathaniel Turner and Mary Turner b: 1795 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 5th Jul 1795 St. Michael's Church, daughter of Nathaniel Turner and Mary Turner b: 1797 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 18th Jun 1797 St. Michael's Church, daughter of Nathaniel Turner and Mary Turner
d: 24th Jun 1861 Botany Bay, NSW, Australia
bur: 27th Jun 1861 Botany Cemetery, NSW, Australia b: 1799 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 26th Jan 1800 St. Michael's Church, son of Nathaniel Turner and Mary Turner
d: 18th Sep 1876 Withyham, Sussex, aged 76 years
bur: 22nd Sep 1876 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex b: 1803 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 2nd Jan 1803 St. Michael's Church, son of Nathaniel Turner and Mary Turner b: 1805 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 22nd Sep 1805 St. Michael's Church, son of Nathaniel Turner and Mary Turner b: 1808 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 22nd May 1808 St. Michael's Church, daughter of Nathaniel Turner and Mary Turner b: 1811 Withyham, Sussex
ch: 25th Jun 1811 St. Michael's Church, son of Nathaniel Turner and Mary Turner
d: April 1878 Withyham, Sussex, aged 66 years
bur: 3rd Apr 1878 St. Michael's Church, Withyham, Sussex


In 2009, the All-Russian public organization of disabled people with multiple sclerosis (Russian MS Society / RuMSS), being one of the largest and rapidly developing civil/voluntary organizations in Russia, together with colleagues initiated the creation of the All-Russian Patients Union (ARPU).
The Union was legally established in 2010, and today it includes 14 active nationwide organizations of patients with severe disabling diseases. These include hemophilia, diseases within oncology, multiple sclerosis, other orphan diseases. In all, the Union/ARPU directly represents the interests of more than 5 million patients in Russia.
The Union shall develop the Patient Movement and ensure its interaction with public authorities, medical profession, and other social partners. Since 2010, the ARPU holds the All-Russian Congress of patients annually. The 7th All-Russian Congress of patients was held in Moscow and attended by over 424 delegates from more than 200 NGOs of patients from all Russian regions and 17 countries around the world on 9-11 November this year.
ARPU Co-Chair, Mr. Yuri Zhulev, when opening the Congress of patients, noted that ARPU activities today are visible at the federal level. However, NGOs of patients are expecting more interaction with the Ministry of Health.
At the opening of the forum, Russian Minister of Health Veronika Skvortsova stressed: "The Ministry of Health, just as the Russian Union of patients does, sees the main model of modern healthcare in being focused on patient. And, step by step, we are moving together in this direction."
The Minister listed the achievements of recent years. For the first time in Russia, since 2015 the mandatory waiting terms for all types of medical care have been at work; last year for the entire country and for each region, there was made the informational/GIS map that allows to identify hazardous areas for territorial and transport accessibility of the healthcare.
Dr. Skvortsova made public the idea that the Ministry of Health is set to implement in the coming years: "It is fundamental to engage insurance medical agencies to ensure the quality and accessibility of healthcare, their role in protecting patients' rights needs to increase substantially.
Patients with incurable diseases often enjoy entitlements, so as the minister dwelt on the subject, she said that the Compulsory Medical Insurance covers their pharmaceutical provision.
Minister Skvortsova said that this year Roszdravnadzor (Russian major watchdog in the healthcare and pharmaceuticals) centralized functions of licensing control over the activities of healthcare organizations. And, she noted, currently, the clinical guidelines include criteria for quality healthcare for most diseases. Patient organizations' sharing in the public control, in the evaluation of healthcare organizations, in decision-making, and in shaping regulations – she believes, these are important steps towards the healthcare focusing on patient.
"I want to thank both the Patient Council at the Ministry of Health, and all patient organizations of the country for their active work and their positive contribution to the movement, which is found in each of the 85 regions of our country", - Minister Skvortsova said and awarded honorary letters of thanks of the Ministry of Health to ARPU Co-Chairs Yan Vlasov and Yury Zhulev as well as to RuMSS First Vice President Natalia Kichigina and other leaders of the regional patient movement.
Dr. Yan Vlasov, RuMSS President and ARPU Co-Chair, presented the results of a study of patients' expectations and concerns regarding the current state of the healthcare system, the availability and quality of medical services. He said: "Setting up of an open, reasoned discussion of problems is especially important today, as opinion polls show that 96% of patients need a change for the better, which means that the status quo in healthcare does not satisfy them in full. And, we are talking here about millions of Russian citizens."
The ARPU Co-Chair said that, if all directions of the Ministry of Health activities are saturated with public resources, this will facilitate systematic and effective solutions of many problematic issues in the healthcare.
Discussions during the Congress were joined by Tatyana Yakovleva, Deputy Minister of Health for Regional Affairs, by Sergey Tsyb, Deputy Minister of Industry and Trade, and by Michael Murashko, head of the Russian Service for Surveillance in Healthcare (Roszdravnadzor). Discussion of topical issues in protecting the nation's health was taking place constructively. The attendees also heard welcome remarks from Natalia Stadchenko, Chair of the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund, who assured in the patient-centered policy of the body she is the head of.
The Congress saw a video message from Navid Hanif, Director of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, who regretted that he was not able to greet the Congress personally. He highlighted the global importance of the activities of Russian patient organizations: like their counterparts from other countries, they are changing the lives of patients around the globe.
The remarks of Alexander Alimov, Deputy Director of the Department of International Organizations, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, left no one indifferent, especially when he said that the success of Russian patient organizations is the success of Russia in the international arena. Our participation in the international patient movement actually offers endless opportunities. Therefore, the RuMSS is happy to have the Special Consultative Status with UN ECOSOC.
Tatiana Moskalkova, Plenipotentiary for Human Rights in the Russian Federation tackled protecting patients' rights in her welcome speech. And, like 'a keynote' passed, so did all the discussions of the first day of the Congress, which were dedicated to accessibility and quality of medical and healthcare, to the development of the home pharmaceutical industry, as well as to informational technology in the modern healthcare and the best practices of patient NGOs.
The delegates of more than 200 nonprofit organizations outlined and compiled a 'list of key-problems' after examining things at the end of the year to submit to the Minister of Health, where this paper is going to impact the Ministry's work in the next period.
Traditionally, the Congress is the place to design technologies for the patient movement and public participation in the healthcare. RuMSS' activists, on having acquired experience in social work in dealing with such a complex disease as multiple sclerosis, now share it with other voluntary organizations and contribute significantly to the creation of an all-encompassing nationwide system of public participation in the healthcare.
The All-Russian public organization of disabled people with multiple sclerosis (Russian MS Society / RuMSS) was established in 2001 at the 1st Congress, which then brought together representatives of 48 regions of Russia. Since then, the All-Russian Congress/Conference of the Organization is held every five years. During the Congress, there are elections of the organization leaders conducted, and the staff report for their activities.
November 10, 2016, the 4th RuMSS Congress was held at the 7th All-Russian Congress of patients. The RuMSS Congress saw the organizations from 75 regions of Russia represented at the Congress.
Dr. Yan Vlasov, RuMSS President, opened the RuMSS Congress. When reporting on the activities over 2011-16, Dr. Vlasov said that the RuMSS status, while in cooperation with the government, has grown significantly thanks to the organization's active participation in the public examination, public control and public discussion of health issues at all the negotiating sites of the country. Thus, Dr. Vlasov had become the head of the Public Council for the Protection of the rights of patients at the Roszdravnadzor. The dialogue with the government increased due to the Organization joining councils at the Ministry of Health, Federal Antimonopoly Service, Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Economic Development, councils at the Prime Minister's Office, working groups of the State Duma and the Federation Council, commissions and committees, participating in the All-Russian People's Front's activities. The scale of activity has significantly grown: we coordinate public councils network with authorities in the healthcare (127 councils, 1,930 experts), more than 400 amendments have been introduced to key Federal Laws, methodology of public healthcare councils transferred to other areas, a direct dialogue between the authorities and patients in the regions and at the Federal level organized.
The 4th Congress, saw certain changes in the structure of the organization. This year, Dr. Yan Vlasov took the office of the RuMSS Director General, meanwhile Igor Tsikorin was elected Organization President. Mr. Igor Tsikorin has a multiyear successful experience in the RuMSS and large state-owned companies, so the Conference participants took a unanimous decision in this vote.
Yet, there are tendencies within the RuMSS: active regional NGOs have decreased in number, there are issues with professional training of experts, special training for federal and regional activities, shortage of managers in the non-profit movement, activities having to breach the nosology and regions bounds as well as the usual forms of work, having to switch onto grant funding and the project method of management.
When our organization started working in early 2000s, MS as a problem was unknown to society, and it was treated as a narrow scientific and medical issue. The government provided then no guarantees, nor specialized care, standards of treatment and rehabilitation. There was no Patient community, either.
At the moment, multiple sclerosis is a recognized, socially significant problem. The Government ensures medical treatment. There are MS centers; professionals specialized in MS are trained. The Patient Community is well organized. However, the pharmaceutical provision is in jeopardy. Rehabilitation is in its infancy. The RuMSS needs more skilled staffs and development.
Taking all this into account, we must admit, the patient MS community in Russia faces an uneasy task. But thanks to the experience already in place, we may look forward optimistically, because there are grounds for this: most obstacles are detected and eliminated. We just need to make efforts in the next five years.


text:
Keyword Analysis & Research: gymnastics sports center
gymnastics sports center 1.78 0.7 4204 16 24
gymnastics 0.46 0.7 3729 2 10
sports 1.72 0.6 9713 57 6
center 0.91 0.3 1053 39 6
Keyword Research: People who searched gymnastics sports center also searched
gymnastics sports center 1.97 0.3 8194 3
gymnastics sports center abilene tx 1.07 0.2 2266 61
gymnastics sports center abilene 0.78 1 6685 60
gymnastics sports center wichita falls 1.63 0.7 2527 23
gymnastics sports center sherman tx 1.83 1 6868 1
stars gymnastics sports center 0.53 0.6 9822 7
salem gymnastics sports center 1.06 0.5 1598 96
summit sports center gymnastics 1.97 0.2 3165 75
california sports center gymnastics 0.94 0.4 1515 21
Search Results related to gymnastics sports center on Search Engine
HOME | GSC Abilene
abilenegymnasticssportcenter.com
https://www.abilenegymnasticssportcenter.com/
The Gymnastics Sport Center of Abilene has been dedicated to serving the youth of Abilene since 1986. With a background of competing, teaching & coaching gymnastics and cheer-leading, Owners CJ & Stevanie Jackson provide leadership & direction for successful developmental gymnastics and cheer programs. GSC has two spring floors, 6 in-ground trampolines, a 40' …
GYMNASTICS SPORT CENTER - Gymnastics - 5816 …
https://www.yelp.com/biz/gymnastics-sport-center-wichita-falls-2
Established in 1990. Missy and Joe Cronin moved to Wichita Falls in 1990 and opened the Gymnastics Sport Center. Mr. Cronin worked for the Y from 2014-2019. They have decided to reopen the Gymnastics Sport Center. This will be their 30th year of teaching gymnastics in Wichita Falls. The longest running gymnastics management team in the history of Wichita Falls. Mon: 4:00 PM-8:00 PM Tue: 4:00 PM-8:00 PM Thu: 4:00 PM-7:30 PM Wed: 4:00 PM-6:15 PM
Mon: 4:00 PM-8:00 PM
Tue: 4:00 PM-8:00 PM
Thu: 4:00 PM-7:30 PM
Wed: 4:00 PM-6:15 PM
Garnet Valley Gymnastics | Media, PA | "WE LOVE GYMNASTICS!"
garnetvalleygym.com
https://garnetvalleygym.com/
Garnet Valley Gymnastics has classes that run during the school year for 2-18 year olds! Follow the link below to the customer portal. Find the Right Program Tumbling & Trampoline Help your child stay fit and happy with Garnet Valley Gym's TNT programs. They'll enjoy running, jumping, and all in between. Learn More & Jump In Summer Camp Programs
Gymnastics Sport Center Storm - Home | Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/GSCStorm/
Gymnastics Sport Center Storm. This Is Our FINAL WEEK Of The School Year! Never Fear Because Our Summer Session Begins On June 7th! Mr. Cronin Really Wants To See You In Class This Summer So Call (940) 696-3547 So We Can Shave...Er...Save A …
Oasis Gymnastics & Sports Center – A Refreshing Place to Learn
powersgym.us
https://oasis.powersgym.us/
8643 W. Kelton Ln., Suite 110. Peoria, AZ 85382. Get Directions.
Los Angeles School Of Gymnastics
lagymnastics.com
https://lagymnastics.com/
Los Angeles School of Gymnastics is the first gymnastics center in Los Angeles! Established in 1975, the school has served over 1,000,000 families with quality gymnastics instruction, innovative programs and well-rounded curriculum supporting healthy, …
Women's Gymnastics Meet vs Illinois Postponed - …
https://huskers.com/news/2022/1/20/womens-gymnastics-womens-gymnastics-meet-vs-illinois-postponed.aspx
Jan 20, 2022 · Story Links Lincoln -- The Nebraska women's gymnastics meet against Illinois scheduled for Friday, Jan. 21, at the Bob Devaney Sports Center has been postponed due to health and safety protocols within the Illinois program. The programs will coordinate with the Big Ten Conference office to look at the possibility of rescheduling the meet. If the game is not …


"Porridge (also spelled porage, porrige, parritch) is a dish made by boiling ground, crushed, or chopped starchy plants—typically grain—in water or milk. It is often cooked or served with flavorings such as sugar, honey, etc. to make a sweet dish, or mixed with spices, vegetables, etc. to make a savoury dish. It is usually served hot in a bowl."


text:
Sucking In the Mid-To-Late Seventies
Philip Jenkins disturbs the Carter-Reagan era's sleep of reason.
Tim Cavanaugh | 1.24.2006 12:00 AM
On its surface, Philip Jenkins' new book Decade of Nightmares: The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America is another installment in a growing body of literature treating the once-forgettable 1970s as a seminal period in the creation of contemporary America. But where previous studies—Bruce J. Schulman's The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture and David Frum's How We Got Here most prominently—posit the decade Garry Marshall built as a period of catastrophic or liberating disruption, Jenkins' brilliant little book shifts both the time frame and the terms of the discussion.
First, Decade of Nightmares slightly moves the definition of the "long seventies," identifying the period from 1975 to 1986 as the critical period. (Jenkins plays fast and loose enough with his examples, however, that it may be more accurate just to say the book approximately covers the Carter-Reagan era, with leeway at both ends.) The book also asks more nuanced questions than others in its genre: For one, how did a period of such enormous disruption also produce so much continuity? The post-1975 period was a time when the apparent triumph of progressive sixties values was decisively reversed, when the identity-politics-driven New Left fell into permanent disarray, when technocratic approaches to social problems were abandoned in favor of Manichean thinking that defined social ills as moral problems and aberrant behavior as the product of evil rather than dysfunction. But why weren't these retrenchments accompanied by reversals of gains made in civil rights, feminism, or gay liberation (particularly when the last two came in for strident counterattacks during the period in question)? Why does popular history ignore the important policy continuities between Jimmy Carter, the deregulating architect of the anti-Soviet proxy war in Afghanistan, and Ronald Reagan, the bumbler behind the "Reagan recession" and the disastrous mission in Lebanon? How did the working class not merely drift away from the Democratic Party but turn passionately against it? And finally, why has the conservative consensus that emerged in the Reagan period proven so durable—lasting (Jenkins argues) until today?
Regular readers of Jenkins' work will be unsurprised to learn the answer: Americans during this period remained in the grip of a series of "moral panics" that drove policy and produced a view of history in which rational (and numerical) realities mattered less than emotional perceptions. The concept of moral panic, of public hysteria over topics ranging from ritual child sex abuse to designer drugs to terrorism, is a regular theme of Jenkins' (and one which I have argued he promoted too facilely in treating the recent management scandal over sexual misconduct by Catholic priests).
The pleasant surprise is how beautifully the theme works when applied to the politics of the late seventies and eighties. You don't have to be a John Wayne Gacy completist, a POW/MIA stalwart, a cult deprogrammer, or a child suffering from recovered memories of Satanic rape at the hands of your daycare center trusties (to name just a few of the real and unreal bogeymen Jenkins drags out of history's dustbin), to appreciate Decade of Nightmares' trip down Painful Memory Lane.
It's a bracing re-imagination of an era. We know now that inflation was on the verge of being whipped, that double-digit interest rates were a relic of practically medieval economic thinking, that urban decay was a passing phase in the renewal of America's cities, and that the Soviet Union was one Yakov Smirnoff routine away from the old folks home of history. But at the time, such problems seemed chronic, and were aggravated by countless smaller terrors to create a sense of cosmic dread. A nation of latchkey kids was being either driven mad by Angel Dust or abducted by brainwashing cults. Intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic were mutilating cattle in the countryside, while in urban areas the sixties problem of "white flight" had escalated into a vision of American cities in violent, unmanageable, apocalyptic decline. Iranian maniacs were not just keeping 52 U.S. citizens in captivity: They were, in a hysterical phrase that made the career of the supposedly unruffleable Ted Koppel, holding America hostage. More Americans remained in dank prisons in communist Vietnam, despite having been repeatedly rescued by Sylvester Stallone, Gene Hackman, and other Hollywood stars. Americans at home were not safe either, easy prey for crack dealers, child rapists, swine flu, out-of-control Gen Xers just entering their teens, and serial killers (a concept, and a phrase, that attained national prominence in the early eighties). Even our apparent birthrights of electricity and warm homes had come to seem suspect, dependent as they were on shady Arab oil sheiks and nuclear power plants on the verge of melting down. Worst of all, Americans had become too narcissistic, emasculated, antisocial and self-absorbed to do anything about it.
Although the effect of these panics was frequently to put the population in a more pessimistic or conservative mood, the cause frequently came from the left. Much of the early eighties hysteria about child molesters and satanic ritual abuse, for example, is traceable to Susan Brownmiller–school feminism, with its view of rape and incest as frequent or normative aspects of patriarchy. (It's also notable that conservatives such as Wall Street Journal columnist Dorothy Rabinowitz were honorable early skeptics of sexual abuse panics.) The serial killer, too, ended up as an icon of unadulterated evil, but originated in psychoanalytic notions of compulsive behavior. But whether you believed the child abuse epidemic was the result of unchecked male pathology or unbridled sixties libertinism, the important thing was that you believed there was a child abuse epidemic, requiring a strong response—stout Reagan, in other words, not pusillanimous Carter.
In one of those insights that are best hidden in plain sight, Decade of Nightmares notes that no major coverage of the 1980 presidential campaign mentions the Atlanta child murders, that year's biggest, most disturbing, most compelling news story. This is not to say that Jimmy Carter would have won re-election if only Wayne Williams had been railroaded a few months earlier. But there is no denying the sense of horror and powerlessness that hung over those days, infecting even the incumbent's home state.
This is soft science, and Jenkins beefs up his arguments with the citations of pop culture ephemera that have become standard procedure in studies of this sort. He is skillful at this part, comfortable with the vagaries of punk politics, the cult of MacKenzie Phillips, Hal Lindsey's End Times blockbuster The Late, Great Planet Earth (and the many books of environmental apocalypse that now seem indistinguishable from it), and the gradations of slasher movies. Decade finds meaning in very special episodes of Mork & Mindy, in the no-budget Rapture film A Thief In the Night (which reportedly gained an audience into the hundreds of millions via showings on the international Protestant church group circuit), and in Sexual Suicide, George Gilder's unintentionally hilarious rampage against gay and feminist activism (and the author's own flagging masculine energies).
It's no secret that this type of material is easy to write and frequently fun to read, and this reader would have liked to see Jenkins devote more of his energy to coverage of popular culture. Not only because he occasionally gets something wrong (erroneously grouping the Men Without Hats classic "Safety Dance," a song whose only concern is the listener's capacity to dance if he or she wants to, with the antiwar/antinuke music genre of the early eighties), but because there is room for so much more. Once again, The Bad News Bears gets ignored as a watershed film, as does Dawn of the Dead, the popular culture's last word on both de-urbanization and Me Generation anomie. And where is Oingo Boingo's "Only a Lad," a song that demonstrated even New Wave fancy lads could produce a tough-on-crime anthem? Married With Children debuted at the tail end of the period Jenkins treats, to unanimous disapprobation from conservatives who viewed the show as an assault on traditional values; but in hindsight, Al Bundy is a clear avatar of the working-class forgotten man whose real enemies are mealy-mouthed elites from the blue states (and who, unlike Archie Bunker, is the show's unmistakable hero). And though Jenkins devotes much of the book to child protection manias, he ignores the children's media of the time, which included not only The Smurfs but the psychedelic Strawberry Shortcake brand and the limitless, Hellraiser-style perversity of the My Little Pony franchise.
But this is to criticize Decade of Nightmares for not being a different book. Jenkins has made an important contribution to our understanding of post-sixties America. If the book has a failing, it may be that Jenkins doesn't follow his arguments to their disquieting conclusions. Decade ends on a modest plea for reason, acknowledging that while terrorists, killer drugs, and child molesters exist, we need to shrink the space they hold in our consciousness and avoid hysterical reactions. This supposes that reasonable reactions are advisable, or even possible. Against a hypochondriac who insists on wearing a surgical mask at all times, facts and logic are useless, because it's the hypochondriac who has facts and logic on his side: The world really is crawling with killer germs and unimaginable pathogens. The only counterargument is that nobody wants to go around looking like Dr. Giggles every day; but that's an argument based on preference, not logic.
To take a recent example of hysterical overreaction, it appears the USA PATRIOT Act may finally be losing steam. The best arguments against the act, however, haven't been logical appeals to the best interest of the average citizen (who has almost certainly not noticed the act's effects). They have been panicky appeals to the slippery slope and other fears that tend to exist more in the mind than in reality. Nobody is making the argument that we'll catch more terrorists once we get rid of the PATRIOT act—only that it's better to live with the danger than to court some vaguely defined panic. By the same token, Jenkins appears to be dismayed at ballooning rates of incarceration in recent decades. But like many civil libertarians, he avoids the question of whether those rates might have something to do with precipitous drops in violent crime rates over the same period. I am not defending the prison boom or the PATRIOT Act, merely noting a troubling point about contemporary hysteria: that in many instances the hysterics have turned out to be right, or at least as right as anybody else offering solutions.
In what may be Decade of Nightmares' most brilliant juxtaposition, Jenkins compares the psychiatrist figures in slasher movies from two very different eras. At the end of Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 Psycho, perpetual hothead Simon Oakland is brought in to explain murderer Norman Bates' pathology in great scientific detail, his psychiatric wisdom flowing in articulate numbers while authority figures from the church, the state, and the victim's family listen in rapt silence. Eighteen years later, John Carpenter's Halloween ends with perpetual egghead Donald Pleasance being asked if slasher Michael Myers is the bogeyman: The creepy shrink replies that yes, he probably is. You couldn't find a more striking contrast between technocratic liberalism and conservative reaction. But there's another wrinkle here: By 1978, let alone by 2006, Oakland's pseudo-scientific display of Freudian-momist skylarking looked not only wrong but laughably stupid and under-informed. The bogeyman explanation seems downright scientific by comparison. The real surprise may not be how silly moral panics of the past look today, but how disheveled today's rational high ground will look in the future.
Tim Cavanaugh
Movies Sex Politics Music Media History


Ten fire engines and around 70 firefighters and officers were called to a blaze at an industrial estate on Orwell Close in Rainham yesterday evening.
The fire badly damaged a range of single storey industrial buildings, including units used for glass manufacturing . Thankfully there were no reports of any injuries.
A cordon was put in place because a number of gas cylinders were involved in the fire. Crews cooled them down as some cylinders can explode when exposed to heat.
Fire engines from Romford, Hornchurch, Dagenham, Ilford, Barking, East Ham, Wennington and Harold Hill fire stations were at the scene.


Campaign 01 (20 points): Complete Campaign Mission 01.
Campaign 02-04 (20 points): Complete Campaign Missions 02-04.
Campaign 05-07 (20 points): Complete Campaign Missions 05-07.
Campaign 08-10 (20 points): Complete Campaign Missions 08-10.
Campaign 11-13 (20 points): Complete Campaign Missions 11-13.
Campaign 14-16 (20 points): Complete Campaign Missions 14-16.
Campaign 17-19 (20 points): Complete Campaign Missions 17-19.
Campaign 20-22 (20 points): Complete Campaign Missions 20-22.
Campaign 23-25 (20 points): Complete Campaign Missions 23-25.
Campaign 26-27 (20 points): Complete Campaign Missions 26-27.
Armed Recon 01-03 (20 points): Complete Armed Recon Missions 01-03.
Armed Recon 04-06 (20 points): Complete Armed Recon Missions 04-06.
Armed Recon 07-09 (20 points): Complete Armed Recon Missions 07-09.
Armed Recon 10-12 (20 points): Complete Armed Recon Missions 10-12.
Armed Recon 13-15 (20 points): Complete Armed Recon Missions 13-15.
Eagle's Nest 01-05 (25 points): Complete Eagle's Nest Missions 01-05.
Eagle's Nest 06-10 (25 points): Complete Eagle's Nest Missions 06-10.
Eagle's Nest 11-15 (25 points): Complete Eagle's Nest Missions 11-15.
Eagle's Nest 16-20 (25 points): Complete Eagle's Nest Missions 16-20.
War Medal (20 points): Play on Xbox LIVE.
Purple Heart (35 points): Complete the first mission in less than 14 minutes.
Africa Star (45 points): Find the Muramasa Blade, Dragon Slayer and Excaliber weapons.
Solider's Medal (65 points): Collect Valhalla Orders 1 to 12.
Silver Star (70 points): Complete missions 1 to 27.
Distinguished Service Cross (80 points): Complete all 15 Armored Recon (AR points) missions.
Military Cross (90 points): Complete all 20 Extra (EX points) missions.
Medal of Honor (95 points): Complete Stage 27 (final stage points) with all AR and all EX missions also clear.
Victoria Cross (100 points): Finish Missions 1 to 27 within 35 hours.
Valhalla Order. You cannot return to get any that were missed.
side. This character is the only one that can use the anti-tank rifle without a weight penalty.


The Brazilian BBQ Delivery Service is the perfect option for your indoor private or corporate event!
Do you have a get together, work meeting or any celebration where you don't have an outdoor area? Have an outdoor area but looking for something practical, unique and gourmet for your guests, clients or colleagues? Our Delivery Service is the answer!
Simply order your Brazilian BBQ food selection online, tell us where and what time you would like to have the food served, and we arrive with everything you need to have a great meal, take the stress out and impress your guests. You will be left with great memories of food and service without the fuss!
♦ Start by completing your enquiry form with your desired food selection so we can send you a personalised quote.
♦ We will be sending your quote shortly after submitting your enquiry form.
♦ Closer to the date of your function we'll be confirming with you final number of guests and your final food selection.
♦ We prepare the food off site – at our commercial kitchen – slow cooking the meat selection using our exclusive designed Brazilian BBQ, over south American style charcoal for a unique smoky flavour.
♦ We transport your food selection in professional insulated food carriers to deliver it hot and fresh at you party.
♦ Our team arrives a bit before main service to organise all items on your provided table: disposable plates, cutlery and napkins, bread rolls, butter, condiment, and your ordered food selection.
♦ We deliver the meat selection and hot dishes in aluminum trays with lids, and salad selection in bowls, also providing the serving utensils, so there is no washing up after your meal!
♦ We leave your house, office or venue with everything ready for you and your guests to start your delicious meal!
Delivery fee applies depending on location.
Click here to learn more about our Ribs & Rumps Package.
Click here to learn more about our Surf & Turf Package.
Click here to learn more about our Cocktail Package.
I recently hired the team to do a drop off catering service for my daughter's 5th birthday at Sydney Olympic Park. I was utterly impressed with their service from the beginning to the end and even with their follow up service. The food was plentiful, tasty, amazing, delicious and every other word like that. The team were on time to arrive, actually, they arrived even before I did and patiently waited for me, all the while with the food being kept hot in their insulator. I loved how they provided everything I needed for day. There was even a bit of food left over and we all fought over who was going to be the lucky ones to take it home. For anyone who is contemplating using the Brazilian BBQ Catering team, please go ahead, I highly recommend them for any function, big or small, casual or formal.
Delicious food and wonderful communication throughout the whole booking process. Great value for money – we ordered the drop off option for a small gathering. All our guests had full bellies with the generous portions and we received many compliments on the food. Thanks Fernando for all your help and it was lovely to have you personally deliver the food!
Such wonderful food and excellent service. They catered for our work lunch and everyone raved on about how delicious the food was. Highly recommend!!!


text:
using System;

using Monoamp.Common.system.io;

using Monoamp.Boundary;

namespace Monoamp.Common.Data.Standard.Riff.Wave
{
	public class RiffWaveNote : RiffChunk
	{
		public const string ID = "note";

		public readonly UInt32 name;
		public readonly string data;

		public RiffWaveNote( string aId, UInt32 aSize, AByteArray aByteArray, RiffChunkList aParent )
			: base( aId, aSize, aByteArray, aParent )
		{
			name = aByteArray.ReadUInt32();
			data = aByteArray.ReadString( ( int )Size - 4 );

			informationList.Add( "    Name:" + name );
			informationList.Add( "    Data:" + data );
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Austin is one of the fastest growing cities in the U.S. with the largest segment of those relocating to the south central Texas region in the 65+ age group. This inexpensive city offers a fairly mild year-round climate, great hospitals, championship golf courses and a wide variety of other outdoor activities—all set among picturesque lakes and lush green hills, making Austin hard to beat.
Whether you plan to remain very active or prefer more low-key ways of spending your time, there are no shortage of options to choose from, and over 300 days of sunshine to enjoy it all in. While summers do get a little sticky, it's easy to cool off. Austin is known as The Capital of Texas Adventure with its many beautiful lakes, rivers and other waterways, visitors and residents alike enjoy great fishing, boating, hiking and biking along scenic streams as well as taking in views of waterfalls or taking a dip in one of the spectacular blue-green pools.
walls as well as high end restaurants.
If you like spectator sports, you might head to a game to see the Texas Longhorns play at DKR-Memorial Stadium or watch future Major League Baseball stars on the Round Rock Express, a minor-league affiliate of the Texas Rangers. Hockey and basketball are options too with the Austin Toros and Texas Stars.