text:
The Minister of State, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Ms Joyce Quin): The hon. Gentleman may be referring to the agricultural development scheme, for example, which is up and running. I remind him that marketing is part of the rural
development regulations. The demand for marketing in the different regions can be reflected in some of the regional priorities under rural development plans.
Mr. Breed: I thank the right hon. Lady for that clarification but I do not think that it changes what I am saying. The annual report of a large public company will set out the moneys that are being spent in promoting its brand, product and everything else. The sums are extraordinary. We are deceiving ourselves if we say that we shall see a significant improvement in both domestic and foreign demand for farming produce, given the budgets that the Government are suggesting.
The industry does not have the money to market its produce. It is to be hoped that those that sell it--for example, supermarkets--will be prepared to put some money into marketing for their own reasons. The moneys that are now available are clearly not sufficient.
In December 1999, the Minister announced the introduction of a limited form of modulation at a flat rate of 2.5 per cent., rising to 4.5 per cent. in 2005-06. The process of going into modulation was controversial, but we on the Liberal Democrat Benches had supported it for quite some time. However, the flat-rate modulation has some drawbacks, which we need to identify. It hits hardest those farmers who can least afford the loss of subsidy. That is much to be regretted because the farmers concerned feel rather hurt.
The low level of 2.5 per cent., although I accept that it is a starting level, is too low to free up sufficient funds, even on a matched basis, to provide a significant boost for rural development schemes. I know that modulation will roll on, but when it came to an up-front boost it was not significant.
The way in which modulation will be introduced was not among the models that were agreed by the Commission. I assume that a flat-rate scheme would need the specific approval of the Commission. Perhaps the Minister will clarify whether that approval has been received or has been applied for.
We believe that the present modulation scheme, although welcome, is flawed. It is a new model scheme but there are other options available, which already have Commission approval. We would promote a tiered structure of modulation, which would ensure that those in greatest need of aid would continue to receive it, while freeing up more significant funds to deal with the important business of rural development and environmental protection. However, the Government seemed to allow that system to pass by. Perhaps they considered it and decided against it. Perhaps also they will tell us why they came to that view. Many smaller farmers would have felt that such a method of modulation would help them.
I do not know whether the representatives of small farmers were present at the summit or whether their views were represented. However, it seems that the system of modulation that is to be introduced does not suit their circumstances.
The pressures of World Trade Organisation and European Union enlargement mean that the supply subsidy is finite, but to what extent I do not know. We need to work on the product of which our farmers and we are rightly proud. We must add value to the product and then market it with force, both here and abroad. That initiative needs additional financial support, among other things, to get the demand side moving.
We have raised previously the early retirement scheme. The Minister was frank some months ago when he said that the Government had considered it closely and carefully. It had been costed and he said that it was deemed not to be value for money. We took that to mean that many farmers would be retiring anyway, and thus to provide them with an additional sum in those circumstances would not be a good use of taxpayers' money.
The truth is, however, that many farmers are not retiring. That is not because they do not want to but because they cannot. They are locked into a progressively more miserable situation. They cannot extricate themselves, and that applies particularly to tenant farmers. A growing number of farmers of increasing age want to retire but simply cannot.
Remarkably enough, many other people would like to go into farming, but are being locked out. They cannot find a way into the kind of unit--a small farm or a tenancy--that they could take on. I hope that the Government will reconsider an early retirement scheme. It need not be so broad as to include everyone who the Minister suggested would benefit unnecessarily. It could be targeted at those who are locked into circumstances from which they would wish to extricate themselves. It could also offer opportunities to new blood coming into the industry.
A retirement scheme that could tackle those twin objectives would not be enormously expensive. A targeted approach would provide an opportunity to revitalise farming, bringing in people likely to be able to diversify, use the land for different purposes, employ new techniques and go into organic production. Unless we change the personnel in our agricultural industry, we shall not see quick enough change. The industry will grind slowly on.
An early retirement scheme is an essential part of the Government's master plan. I agree with their medium and long-term strategies, but an early retirement scheme would allow their aims to come to pass much more quickly. It would also have the benefit of retaining more small farm units. Without that, holdings will simply become larger, preventing even more people from getting started in farming on their own account. Farmers and growers need sustained support at this critical time.
Mr. Tyler: My hon. Friend makes a persuasive case for a comprehensive interdepartmental approach to farming and rural concerns. Did he notice an answer that I received yesterday from the Minister for the Cabinet Office? She wrote:
Primary responsibility for rural policy lies with my right hon. Friend the Deputy Prime Minister while the Cabinet Committee on Rural Affairs, which I chair, will play an important co-ordination role.--[Official Report, 10 May 2000; Vol. 349, c. 432W.]
Does my hon. Friend find it significant that there is no mention of a role for the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in the development of rural policy? Does he believe that the time has come for a better interdepartmental vehicle that would achieve the comprehensive approach that he is advocating?
Mr. Breed: Yes, it is somewhat surprising that MAFF was not mentioned. I suspect that that was a slip, and hope that the Minister will tackle the point.
I agree with the Government's objectives, and we all want reform as well as protection of our environment, all of which must happen more quickly than at present predicted. I hope that the future will not charge us with delaying the improvements that we want in the CAP, in enlarging the EU, in protecting the countryside, in allowing diversification and in ensuring that agriculture remains an important part of our rural life. If we do not get the time frame right, people will drift out of the industry, our environment will not be protected and the CAP may become the means by which enlargement of the EU never takes place.
Mr. William Thompson (West Tyrone): I welcome the debate on agriculture and the common agricultural policy of the European Economic Community. I go back long enough to have heard the original debate on whether Britain should enter the Common Market. We were told in the referendum debate at that time that it was simply a common market that would allow us easier access if we wanted to sell to other parts of Europe. We were told that no great change could take place without unanimity and that if Britain wanted something not to happen, we could veto it easily. That was what the people of Britain voted for when we went into the Common Market.
Over the intervening years, matters have proved not quite so simple. Europe has intervened in every aspect of our lives. It becomes ever clearer that we are heading for some kind of united Europe. The common agricultural policy probably worked in its first years, but Britain is now disadvantaged by it. Our economy does not equate with those of many other European Union countries, and that puts us at a continual disadvantage. Furthermore, when we wish to advance policies that are to our advantage, we generally find that they are not advantageous to the other countries. When agreement is required among the countries, we tend to end up at a disadvantage.
The farming industry faces considerable difficulties--enlargement of the EEC, the lowering of world prices and the pressures of the World Trade Organisation for more even competition--all of which increase pressure on the CAP. We are finding it difficult to amend the policy. The Minister has told us that progress has been made on the Agenda 2000 settlement. That may be so, but there has not been enough to allow us to deal with the difficulties that farmers face.
Northern Ireland has a greater difficulty in that it has a land border with the Republic of Ireland. For some peculiar reason, the Republic always seems to do better than the United Kingdom in negotiations. Our farmers in Northern Ireland are sometimes at a considerable disadvantage to those in the Republic of Ireland. Those who want a united Ireland always say, "Look how much better it would be if we were united so that you in Northern Ireland could have all the advantages that we have in the European common market." That does not go down well with the Unionists.
I welcome the interest taken in Northern Ireland by the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. He has visited us several times and shown great sympathy with the plight of farmers, especially pig farmers. Of course, even though there is no European regime for pig farmers, Europe still has to agree with everything that happens. Much negotiation and agreement still has to take place before the actual money comes to pig farmers.
I welcome the fact that there will be two forms of support for pig farmers--especially the outgoers scheme. The Minister said that there would need to be a stipulation that farmers must not go in again, but it seems unlikely that a pig farmer who had been put out of pig farming would want to go back. Those farmers have been destroyed--many of them face large debts from the banks and virtual bankruptcy. The prospect of their going back seems remote. However, I welcome the efforts being made to help them, and the fact that the scheme will go back to June 1998. Hopefully, some aid will be given. The farmers who have stayed in the industry also need help; it is necessary for reconstruction to take place. I welcome the Minister's comments on that point.
A prevalent issue in Northern Ireland is the move to designate it as an area of low incidence of BSE. I appreciate that the Minister has cottoned on to that idea and has given it as much support as he can. Originally, I thought that the matter was simple, but I have discovered its complexity. Although farmers are looking forward to that designation, in the hope that they will be able to sell their calves and get rid of their animals more quickly, there are several disadvantages. The General Consumer Council for Northern Ireland expressed grave concern that, if we become a low-BSE area, it might not be possible to import to Northern Ireland some of the products that are currently imported.
Some factories in Northern Ireland have also expressed concern. At present, they bring in meat from the mainland for processing; it is then sent back to the mainland. That may not be possible under low-incidence status. Those problems need to be researched to find a satisfactory solution.
The idea that everything in the garden will be rosy if we receive that status is open to question. At present, Northern Ireland can export cattle, but in fact there are no such exports. That is because so many rules and regulations have to be fulfilled--such as designated factories or parts of factories--that, unless there is a high output of cattle, export makes no economic sense. There is no supply of cattle for export.
Furthermore, some farmers unfortunately do not keep such accurate records as they should, so they cannot export their cattle. I support the view, expressed by the permanent secretary at the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, that those farmers need to bring--and keep--their records up to date. If they fail to do so, they will be at a considerable disadvantage.
The over-30 months scheme has been mentioned. Will that scheme continue if Northern Ireland receives low incidence of BSE status? That proposal raises many questions. I realise that the Minister is doing his best. He has received representations from many companies and other sources. I hope that he will be able to produce a scheme that is accepted by Europe, that will disadvantage nobody and that will help farmers in Northern Ireland.
I welcome the relaxations in planning laws, so that, if diversification takes place, it will be easier to obtain planning permission.
Over the past few years, farmers have had a difficult time and they are greatly in debt. Recently, we have been encouraged in Northern Ireland by the good weather. There was a tremendous amount of rain and the ground was extremely wet. However, the fact that we have had several weeks of good weather has at last put a smile on
farmers' faces. Perhaps things are changing and the outlook may be better than they anticipated some months ago.


text:
PhysicsQ&A Library
1d3.d2.(b)(a)
Asked Jun 11, 2019
In Figure (a) particles 1 and 2 have charge 38.0 μC each and are held at separation distance d = 4.70 m.
(a) What is the magnitude of the electrostatic force on particle 1 due to particle 2? In Figure (b), particle 3 of charge 38.0 μC is positioned so as to complete an equilateral triangle.
(b) What is the magnitude of the net electrostatic force on particle 1 due to particles 2 and 3?
1 d 3 .d 2. (b) (a)
Given,
The magnitude of charges, = |g|= 38.0 x 10 C Separation between charges (1 and 2), d 4.70m
From Coulomb's law, magnitude of force between two charge,
F =kl|g k - d2 where amagnitude of first charge g,=magnitude of second charge d separation between charge N m2 k(Coulomb's constant) = 9 x 10' c
Part (a)
Since, both charges 1 and 2 have equal sign, the...
(38.0 x 10 C)(38.0x10 C 9x109 N m C2 (4.70m) =0.588 N
Electric Charges and Fields
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Bernard Spanheimski ali Bernard Koroški, najpomembnejši vladar  iz rodbine Spanheimov, koroški vojvoda, * med 1176 in 1181, † po starejših zgodovinarjih 4. januar 1256, po sodobnejših na začetku januarja 1256.

Življenje
Bernard se je med letoma  1176 in 1181 rodil vojvodi Hermanu in njegovi ženi Agnezi Babenberški. Mati je bila pred poroko z očetom nekdanja ogrska kraljica, vdova po Štefanu III. Bernard je imel starejšega brata Ulrika II., ki pa je že kmalu umrl. Kakor njegov oče in njegov brat je bil svojčas tudi njegov stric Herman koroški vojvoda, stric Ulrik pa je gospodoval v Ljubljani.

V mladosti je Bernard mnogo potoval in si pridobil dobro izobrazbo. Vojvoda je postal leta 1202. Leta 1213 se je poročil z Juto oziroma Judito iz kraljeve hiše na Češkem, hčerjo Otokarja I. Přemysla in sestro češkega kralja Vaclava I. tako, da so bili Spanheimi povezani s Přemyslidi, tedaj eno najmočnejših evropskih plemiških rodbin. V zakonu z Judito so se mu rodili Ulrik III., ki je postal koroški vojvoda († 1269), Filip, salzburški nadškof in kasneje nekaj časa tudi naslovni koroški vojvoda (†1279), Bernard, ki je postal grof v grofiji Lebenau (†1249), in hči Margareta († 1249).  Češka žena mu je umrla že leta 1230, stara komaj 28 let. Sam pa je umrl na prelomu med letoma 1255 in 1256, pri čemer točen datum ni znan. Starejše zgodovinopisje  sicer kot datum smrti omenja  4. januar 1256.

Dosežki

Politični dosežki
Čeprav vse njegove poteze verjetno niso bile najbolj uspešne, Bernard velja za najslavnejšega Spanheima - vojvodsko oblast je imel v svojih rokah za več kot pol stoletja (1202-1256). Starejši brat Ulrik II. je bil namreč še zelo mlad, ko je leta 1181 postal vojvoda, komaj odrasel pa je v križarski vojni zbolel za gobavostjo in zaradi te bolezni umrl. Ulrik ni imel svojih potomcev, namesto njega je zavladal mlajši brat Bernard. Ta je ob bolehnem bratu že od leta 1999 opravljal funkcijo regenta.  Novica o bratovi smrti ga je dosegla, ko je kot potujoči vitez gostoval v Strasbourgu in po nagli vrnitvi domov je takoj prevzel oblast. Bernard se je pri svojem političnem udejstvovanju opiral na plemiške pristaše: načeloval je plemstvu in uspel se je uveljaviti kot vrhovni razsodnik v različnih zadevah koroškega plemstva in cerkve, obenem pa se je s krepitvijo deželnoknežjega položaja krepil tudi položaj njegovih ministerialov.

Zunanje politične okoliščine so bile novemu vojvodi naklonjene, imel je precej sreče. V sporu med Staufovci in Welfi je sprva podpiral Filipa Švabskega, potem, ko je bil slednji v letu 1208 umorjen, pa se je povezal z Otonom IV. Brunsviškim, pripadnikom hiše Welfov in se v letih 1209/10 udeležil njegovega kronanja v Rimu. Zato mu je Oton podelil oblast nad Veronsko krajino, vendar Bernard v praksi v krajini ni uspel uveljaviti nobene oblasti. Ker se Oton zaradi papeževa nasprotovanja ni mogel obdržati, ga je Bernard zapustil. Leta 1212 se je ponovno povezal s Staufovci, tokrat s Friderikom II., ki je leta 1220 za tri desetletja postal svetorimski cesar. Bernard je postal Friderikov zvesti podpornik. Po svojem bratrancu je vojvoda dedoval je oblast v grofiji Lebenau, leta 1230 je bil eden od posrednikov v sporu med cesarjem in papežem, leta 1231/32 pa med cesarjem in njegovim sinom, nemškim kraljem Henrikom IV. Leta 1237 je na volitvah za novega nemškega kralja podprl Staufovca Konrada IV.  Leta 1240 se je vojvoda soočil z veliko nevarnostjo, da bo prišlo do vpada Mongolov. Mongoli v tem času že opustošili Poljsko in celotno Ogrsko, vključno s Hrvaško, zato je vojvoda skupaj z avstrijskim vojvodom že iskal pomoč pri papežu Gregorju IX., ki je leta 1240 razglasil križarsko vojno proti Mongolom. istega leta se je res zbrala križarska vojska, ki so jo vodili češki vladar Otokar, avstrijski vojvoda, oglejski patriarh ter salzburški nadškof.  Toda še preden je prišlo do večjih spopadov, so Mongoli zaradi nenadne smrti kana Ögedeja opustili načrte za napad in se vrnili nazaj na vzhod.

Spanheimi so imeli močno podporo Staufovcev, po letu 1245 pa se je Bernard lahko oprl na vse bolj močne sorodnike Přemyslide. Bernardova sinova Filip in Ulrik  sta svojo mladost preživela na češkem dvoru in sta v tamkajšnji deželi prevzela tudi politične funkcije: Filipa je kralj Vaclav I. postavil za češkega kanclerja, Ulrika pa imenoval za delnega moravskega kneza Břeclavskega. Filip je leta 1246 dosegel položaj salzburškega nadškofa, čeprav ni nikoli prejel višjih duhovniških redov, Ulrik pa se je leta 1251 poročil z Agnezo Meransko in si tako krepil svoj položaj na Kranjskem. Ker staufovski cesar ni izpolnil Bernardovih pričakovanj glede širjenja vpliva Spanheimov na Štajerskem, se je Bernard namreč odvrnil od Staufovcev in pričel podpirati papeško stranko, kar je omogočilo tudi zbliževanje med Andeškimi in Spanheimi.

Po neuspelem poskusu proti nekaterim teritorialnim gospodom na Koroškem, še zlasti po neuspehu v boju z bamberškim škofom za Beljak okrog 1227, je Bernard svojo politiko vse bolj usmerjal v Kranjsko. Lahko rečemo, da si je med dotedanjimi koroškimi vojvodi zlasti Bernard zelo prizadeval, da bi povečal moč lastnega rodu in oblast ne samo na Koroškem, ampak  tudi na Kranjskem. Po smrti Henrika Andeškega je leta 1228 od krškega škofa dobil v fevd grad Lebek pri Vačah. in posestva na Dolenjskem, kjer so se Spanheimi morda že od srede 12. stoletja širili na račun Hrvatov.. Leta 1232 pa mu je freisinški škof dal fevde v Marki (kasneje del Kranjske) Bernard je v nameri, da bi se utrdil kot deželni gospod na Kranjskem v Ljubljani in Kostanjevici dal kovati novce za takratni živahni promet s Hrvaško in Ogrsko. Bernardu sicer kranjski načrt ni uspel, je pa tlakoval pot svojemu sinu Ulriku. Ulrik je bil namreč že za očetovega življenja upravitelj spanhajmskih posesti na Kranjskem in je do očetove smrti večinoma bival v Ljubljani.

Bernardova gospodarska politika
V Bernardovem času so po Koroškem in  tudi po Kranjskem rastli novi trgi in mesta. Poleg prestolnice Šentvida ob Glini so bili pomembna tudi koroška spanhemovska naselja Celovec in Velikovec. Vojvoda je vedel, da močna oblast sloni na močnem gospodarstvu, vendar v svoji gospodarski politiki v glavnem ni imel srečne roke. Leta 1205 je podprl vojvodsko kovnico Šentpavlu. Med drugim je načrtoval tudi graditev prekopa med Celovcem in Vrbskim jezerom. Toda vetrinjski opat se je projektu tako močno uprl, da ga je moral vojvoda opustiti. Bernard pa je dosegel, da se je Celovec razvijal na današnjem področju, tamkaj pa si je postavil tudi vojvodsko rezidenco. Uspešnejši je bil Bernard v Velikovcu, kjer je  novi most čez reko Dravo leta 1218 mestu odprl nove možnosti trgovinskega razvoja, vojvoda pa je razvoj pospeševal s tem, da je meščane oprostil plačevanja mostnine, nad mestom pa si je leta 1239 postavil tudi svoj grad.

V oko je vojvodi padel tudi Beljak, donosna mitninska postaja v rokah bamberškega škofa. Skozi Beljak so vodile trgovske poti iz Bavarske proti Furlaniji, zato je skušal Bernard te poti speljati skozi svojo lastno postojanko. Ko so Spanheimi pričeli postavljati konkurenčni trg Vernberg in zgradili most, skladišče ter mitnico, toda še pred dograditvijo naselja je prišlo do hudih sporov in celo do vojaškega spopada med bamberškim škofom in Bernardom, nazadnje pa je Bernard moral leta 1227 ob posredovanju papeža, oglejskega patriarha, salzburškega nadškofa in avstrijskega vojvode svoj načrt opustiti.

Bernard se je pri politični usmeritvi na Kranjsko posluževal tudi gospodarskih ukrepov. Tako je že okrog leta 1215 dal v Ljubljani in v Kostanjevici kovati novce. Leta 1249 je Bernard Koroški stiški samostan oprostil plačila carine v Ljubljani, leta 1249 pa je oprostil samostan v Kostanjevici plačila carin v vsem svojem nastajajočem "gospostvu". Leta 1252 Kostanjevici podelil tudi prave mestne pravice.

Bernardov odnos do cerkve

Bernard je na splošno za cerkev napravil marsikaj koristnega. Toda njegove cerkvene politike ni mogoče ločevati od konkretnih političnih razmer, zaradi česar je povlekel tudi poteze, ki so bile cerkvi nasprotne, predvsem pa so bile nasprotne določenim cerkvenim ustanovam. Njegov predhodnik Ulrik II. je močnemu koroškemu samostanu Št. Pavlu podaril posestva pri Ljubljani z vsem sodstvom vse do krvnega sodstva, in Bernard je ob svojem nastopu te privilegije potrdil. Toda kmalu je s samostanom prišel v spore, predvsem zaradi samostanskih posesti v bližini Beljaka, ki se jih je vojvoda hotel prilastiti, da bi lahko zgradil Beljaku konkurenčen trg- tako je vojvoda uspel prisiliti šentpavelskega opata Konrada, da mu je prepustil zemljišče. Podobno je Bernard ogrožal tudi interese Oglejskega partiarhata.
Okoli  leta 1220. si je prisvojil patronat nad župnijsko cerkvijo sv. Petra v Ljubljani in s tem pravico predlagati župnike, zato ga je oglejski patriarh Bertold izobčil, spor pa se je zgladil leta 1227. Po smrti zadnjega Bamberberžana Friderika II. se je vojvoda spustil v boj za bambemberžansko dediščino, a ker je ogrozil interese cerkve, si je leta 1252 zaradi tega priklical novo cerkveno izobčenje.

Bernardova cerkvena zgodba ima dve plati: po drugi strani je vojvoda namreč skoraj vse samostane v svoji deželi bogato obdaroval, zlasti Št. Pavel, Vetrinj, Stični in Rožac v Furlaniji. Predvsem je vojvodova politika pomembna za razvoj kranjske cerkve. Da bi okrepil svojo kranjsko politiko, je leta 1234 v Kostanjevici ustanovil znameniti kostanjeviški cistercijanski samostan Mariabrunn bei Landstraß,kamor se je preselil del vetrijskih menihov.  V tem samostanu je Bernard dal pokopati svojo umrlo soprogo Judito, pa tudi najmlajšega sina Bernarda.

Kultura in viteštvo

Bernard je pripadal srednjeveški viteški in pesniški kulturi. Na svojem šentviškem gradu je gostil mnoge pesnike, med drugim nemškega pesnika Walterja von der Vogelweida,  koroškega pesnika Caheja Himmelberškega, pesnika z nazivom Der von Sounegge, ki je morda pripadal Žovneško-Savinjskim, pa tudi kranjskega pesnika Leopolda Ostrovrharja.

Bernard je bil naklonjen viteštvu. V iskanju politične opore, po drugi strani pa zaradi tedanje modne muhe je v začetku 13. stoletja v Ljubljano pripeljal Nemški viteški red (ustanovljen 1298). Obenem je Bernard svoj čas potoval na viteške turnirje, ko pa je postal vojvoda, jih je tudi sam prirejal.

Buge vas primi gralva Venus
V slovenski kulturni zgodovini se pogosto citira verz iz rimane kronike "Frauendienst" Ulrika Liechtensteinskega, kjer navaja slovenski pozdrav vojvode Bernarda Spanheimskega. Leta 1227 je Bernard gostil velik viteški turnir, na katerem je kot ključni vitez zmagal Ulrik Liechtensteinski. Vitez in srednjeveški dvorski pesnik v tradiciji trubadurjev () je turnir opisal v svojem literarnem delu  in med drugim omenil, da so ga vojvoda Bernard in vsaj sto njegovih vitezov pri potovanju iz Benetk na Koroško pričakali pri Vratih v Ziljski dolini in ga pozdravili v slovenskem jeziku »Buge waz primi, gralwa Venus!« (Bog vas primi, kraljeva Venera - Bog Te/Vas primi je še danes tradicionalni pozdrav v slovenskem narečju Celovškega polja).

Ulrik opisuje celotni dogodek takole (v zastareli nemščini, ki dandanes praktično ni več razumljiva): "Der fürste und die gesellen sin / mich hiezen willekommen sin. / ir gruoz was gegen mich alsus: / "buge waz primi, gralva Venus!" (Vojvoda in njegovo spremstvo so mi izrazili dobrodošlico. Njihov pozdrav, ki mi je veljal, se je glasil takole: Bog Vas primi, kraljeva Venera) Slovenščina je tu bila še v funkciji dvorskega in državnega jezika.

Čeprav so se procesi germanizacije zaradi agrarne kolonizacije nadaljevali, je v času Spanheimov koroški vojvoda pred javnostjo še veljal za kneza slovenske dežele, obenem je razumel govorico Slovencev  in pri obredu ustoličevanja prisegal v obrednem jeziku - to je takrat nedvomno v slovenščini.  Tudi zaradi jezikovne razlike, zlasti pa zaradi dokončne teritorializacije prava in opuščanja zgodnjesrednjeveških plemenskih pravnih običajev, kasnejši vojvode obreda ustoličevanja niso več razumeli, a za vlade Spanheimov je bil slovenski jezik še v navadi v vseh socialnih slojih, tudi pri plemstvu.

Rodovno drevo

Opombe in sklici

Viri

  Komac,  Andrej (2006).  Od mejne grofije od dežele : Ulrik III. Spanheim in Kranjska v 13. stoletju. Ljubljana,  ur. Miha Kosi. Ljubljana, Zgodovinski institut Milka Kosa.
Gruden Josip (1910). Zgodovina slovenskega naroda. Celovec, Družba sv. Mohorja.
 Kos Milko. Spanheim. Iz: Slovenski biografski leksikon.
 -- (1915).Gradivo za zgodovino Slovencev v srednjem veku. Četrta knjiga. Ljubljana, Lenova družba.
 -- (1933). Zgodovina Slovencev. Ljubljana, Jugoslovanska knjigarna.
 Kosi, Miha (1994). [http://www.sistory.si/publikacije/pdf/zcasopis/ZGODOVINSKI_CASOPIS_LETO_1994_LETNIK_48_STEVILKA_2.pdf Templjarji na Slovenskem. Prispevek k reševanju nekaterih vprašanj srednjeveške zgodovine Prekmurja, Bele Krajine in Ljubljane]. Iz: Zgodovinski časopis, letnik 48, številka 2. Str. 146-186.
 -- (2001). The Age of the Crusades in the South-East of the Empire (Between the Alps and the Adritic). Iz: Hunyadi, Z., Laszlovszky, J. (ur.). The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of medieval latin christianity. Hungary, CEU Medievalia.
 Turnbull, Stephen (2003): Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190-1400 USA, Osprey Publishing Ltd.
 Sitar, Sandi (1999). Sto pričevanj o slovenski zgodovini. Ljubljana. Prešernova družba.
 Vengust Marko (2008). Kostanjevica na Krki in koroški vojvode Spanheimi. Iz: Kostanjeviške novice'', št. 36. Kostanjevica. Str. 23.
 Bernhard II.:  Herzog von Kärnten (1202-1256) </div>

Koroški vojvode
Spanheimi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Easy to use for creating that odd shaped curve. Simply trace around the part of curve required. Sold by itself (as per this reference) or can be purchased an a kit of three (TP100003F). Also included in the double pack with the Larger Size (TP100002F).


Leading figures in the cryptocurrency industry have called to boycott Bitcoin SV, a blockchain project created by Dr. Craig S Wright.Crypto celebrities, including Morgan Creek's co-founder Anthony Pompliano and celebrated bitcoin activist Charlie Shrem, requested exchanges to delist Bitcoin SV's native token BSV. In his tweet published April 13, Shrem called Bitcoin SV a "scam," and Dr. Wright "scammer," hinting that the project deserved to die."I'm surprised BSV is even listed anywhere. It's an obvious scam controlled by an obvious scammer," Mr. Shrem said. "It goes against the reason we are here in the first place. Delist BSV from all exchanges and let it die. #DelistBSV. Long live #bitcoin."In surprised BSV is even listed anywhere. It's an obvious scam controlled by an obvious scammer. It goes against the reason we are here in the first place. Delist BSV from all exchanges and let it die. #DelistBSV. Long live #bitcoin— Charlie Shrem (@CharlieShrem) April 13, 2019In another tweet published the same day, Mr. Pompliano shared a similar anti-BSV sentiment. The crypto commentator asked exchanges to show solidarity with the Bitcoin community and delist BSV on May 1."This community is the responsibility of the people. Sometimes we must do the hard thing, not because it is easy, but because it is right," added Mr. Pompliano.Every exchange should delist BSV simultaneously on May 1st in a sign of solidarity behind the only Bitcoin that ever mattered.This community is the responsibility of the people. Sometimes we must do the hard thing, not because it is easy, but because it is right.#DelistBSV— Pomp  (@APompliano) April 12, 2019Bulk LawsuitsThe demand followed Dr. Wright's threat to sue an independent cryptocurrency developer for writing against his claims about being Satoshi Nakamoto, the Bitcoin's anonymous creator.SCA ONTIER LLP, the law firm representing Dr. Wright, sent a legal letter to Twitterati HODLONAUT, demanding that he retracts his statements and apologize to their client. The letter further accused HODLONAUT of representing Bitcoin Cash, Bitcoin SV's outward rival.A similar letter was sent to What Bitcoin Did podcaster Peter McCormack who called Dr. Wright and his staunch supporter Calvin Ayre frauds."I believe that claiming to be Satoshi and promoting a fake version of Bitcoin is fraudulent. I believe this is in the public interest," said Mr. McCormack. "Let's go to court."1/ So I got my letter from Craig Wright and @CalvinAyre. This is what they are sending out to people, now you can all see.I absolutely reject their requirements.(PS I don't recommend anyone else does this). pic.twitter.com/olpLUdwDyM— Peter McCormack (@PeterMcCormack) April 12, 2019Things turned serious for Bitcoin SV when CoinGeek, the crypto blog supervised by Mr. Ayre, announced a BSV-enabled reward worth $5,000 for anyone who discloses HODLONAUT's true identity. In a tweet made yesterday, Binance CEO Changpeng Zhao threatened to delist BSV pairs from its global cryptocurrency exchange. The clear message sparked a community movement to abandon BSV as a whole.BSV Price FallingThe anti-Bitcoin SV sentiment could soon start reflecting on its market. While the BSV/USD instrument is merely tailing the overall crypto market trend – a bearish correction – its likelihood of extending its medium-term bullish momentum can be less.Bitcoin SV (BSV/USD) in Bearish CorrectionSince the lawsuit fiasco began, the BSV/USD instrument dropped by as much as 18.25 percent. The pair is now testing support at its 50-DAY moving average curve. A breakout towards the downside would make it rather difficult for it to make a healthy return. And if all the exchanges ended up delisting BSV, there is a high probability that the token will breakdown.


My wife is leaving for Italy for a 10 day trip this Friday. I signed her up for Verizons 100/100/100 Global plan. That's plenty of talk time and data for 10 days plus she won't be using the phone much outside of the hotels at night (they're hiking during the day). The hotels have wifi.
The question is even though we signed up for the global plan do we still have to turn on Global Roaming on the phone? By default it is set to deny Global Roaming but is our global plan a "roaming" plan. I don't see anything on the VZW website that tells us to turn on global roaming, only that you have to have a global plan. Just trying to cover all bases before she gets over there.
She may want to go into settings / data usage, tap the menu control top right, and turn off background updates while she is in Italy. 100 MB can happen fast. You get a notification you can tap to turn it back on when you're ready.
That keeps apps from updating over mobile data when they are not open on the display. So, for example, it'll stop Facebook from updating when it is not the app that's open in the display.
Management of your connection is key to staying in the 100MB. I would only turn data on when she want to use it and definitely follow the other posters advice.
I was in Europe for 11 days last fall and when I left I had used 98 MB. It can be done. Again, the key for me was turning off background updates when I was on mobile data, and turning off sync (the same page I listed before) unless I was on wifi. Even if she goes over 100 MB, it was only $25, but I would have been mad if I'd used only a few MB over 100.
My wife's iPhone had the same plan and she barely used any data.
Thanks for the tips everybody. I printed her out a cheat sheet with instructions....starting with turning off mobile network data before she turns the phone off for the plane ride out of NY. That way when she turns the phone on in Italy it won't immediately start using data. She'll be too busy during the day to be messing with the phone other than maybe taking some pictures to upload later at the hotel so I think she'll be fine.
19) Do I need to change any device settings to connect globally with my Global Phone or global data device?
It depends on your device. Some devices set global roaming off by default. See your User Guide for instructions to turn global roaming on.
If your device's default is global roaming on, your device to automatically chooses a global network when you're roaming abroad.
In the countries listed below, you may have to manually choose a global network to use global data on your device, depending upon the availability of voice/data in the network that you're connected to. Please refer to your phone's User Guide for details on how to manually choose the network mode.
So I did go into her phone settings and turned on Global Roaming. Thanks again for the help everybody.
Notification LED issue and question how to change it?


text:
Черна-Сат () је једно од осам села општине Падеш у округу Горж у Румунији.

Етимологија
Село је добило име по истоименој реци Черни у чијој се долини налази село, а реч -{sat}- значи село у преводу са румунског.

Демографија
Према попису из 2011. године у Черна-Сат је живело 76 становника што је за 49 (39,20%) мање у односу на 2002. када је на попису било 125 становника. Према попису из 2002. сви становници села били су Румуни.

Види још
 Горж
 Општина Падеш
 Черна (река)

Референце

Насељена места у Румунији


NERC CIP-014 Capabilities | Quanta Technology, LLC.
NERC CIP-014 is one of the more recent major standards adopted by NERC and filed with FERC on May 23, 2014. With CIP-014, attention has now shifted from cyber security to potential physical vulnerabilities within the electrical grid. Under NERC CIP-014, utilities will be required to develop and implement security plans that harden the perimeter of substations to protect against physical attacks. How is your company addressing this standard? Quanta Technology is well positioned to assist in answering that question, and many others required to meet the NERC CIP-014 standard.


text:
Reviewed by Ken Hanke on January 1, 2000 January 1, 2000

Director: Antony Hoffman
Starring: Val Kilmer, Carrie-anne Moss, Tom Sizemore, Terence Stamp
Likable leading players, brisk pacing and gorgeous wide-screen cinematography by Peter Suschitzky (Mars Attacks!) aren't nearly enough to overcome cardboard characters, a trite plot, inane dialogue (no less than three speeches by people wanting to be left to die for the good of the others and/or mankind in general) and a typically dismal computer-generated "monster" named AMEE (think K-9 from Doctor Who on a rampage). Granted, the cast members manage to spout their seemingly also computer-generated dialogue (usually not too long after the viewer has guessed what they're going to say) with straight faces in a manner that makes it almost believable. And that's no mean feat in this sea of witlessness. The plot of Red Planet is such a staple of standard science fiction — the Earth is dying so it has become necessary to make Mars a viable alternative (presumably so we can then destroy it) — that it's embarrassing to find anyone recycling such stuff in this day and age. Apparently, the makers of Red Planet were of the opinion that adding the wrinkle of attempting to generate oxygen on Mars — by the establishment of algae colonies — would transform the film's hoary concept into something original. It doesn't. Nor does the introduction into the proceedings of hordes of — computer-generated, of course — highly flammable, antisocial, algae-munching, oxygen-producing "nematodes" (they resemble nothing so much as cicadas with Day-Glo intestines) help. What pulls the film into something vaguely watchable is the cast. Val Kilmer (Heat) grapples gamely with his noncharacter and barely skirts disaster on the strength of his own personality. Carrie-Anne Moss (The Matrix) emerges in much the same manner, with the bonus of a highly-touted (and very PG-13) shower scene — which is either the most blatant marketing ploy imaginable, or the stupidest and most unbelievable variation to date on the idea of the hero and heroine "meeting cute." Moss has the most thankless role in the film, spending most of the proceedings alone — hobnobbing with a computer aboard the spaceship — while the rest of the cast engage in the unfortunate exploration of the "red planet" itself. That she manages to make her character memorable at all is a testimony to her charisma and acting talent. The other cast members are not much better served, with poor Terence Stamp (The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert) in possibly the worst role of his career: a philosophical, self-sacrificing scientist who was probably glad to be the first fatality on the mission. First-time director Antony Hoffman (previously associated with TV commercials) manages to keep the film vigorously on the go most of the time, but there's just no winning with this script. It is, however, a refreshing change to find ourselves aboard a spaceship that isn't fogged-up with the obligatory smoke that seems to have permeated every science-fiction opus since Ridley Scott's Alien. Unfortunately, this is hardly enough reason to recommend Red Planet, which is ultimately just-barely-passable, high-gloss rubbish.
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About Ken Hanke
Head film critic for Mountain Xpress from December 2000 until his death in June 2016. Author of books "Ken Russell's Films," "Charlie Chan at the Movies," "A Critical Guide to Horror Film Series," "Tim Burton: An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker."
View all posts by Ken Hanke →


text:
Custom Essay / Essay Examples /
Slavery Essay
Example of a Interview essay on History about:
slavery / civil war / Works Project Administration / Federal Writer's Project / Interview
Essay Topic:
The confrontation of different interviews taken on the topic of slavery.
In what way slave is an unnatural phenomenon?
What is the attitude of the Federal Writers to slavery?
How do the WPA interviews reveal the notion of slavery?
Thesis Statement:
Nevertheless, there is still much to say about it and a lot of thing to recall. It is common knowledge that slavery was eliminated with the end of the Civil War.
2. Federal Writers' Project
3. The theme of slavery in the WPA interviews
a. Interview with William Ballard
b. Interviewing Walter Calloway
c. Born in slavery: Mary Reynolds
"Yes Lawd! I have been here so long I ain't forgot nothin'. I can remember things way back"
Matilda Hatchett
Slavery has always been the most shocking phenomena of our world. Slavery, by itself seems very unnatural and provokes mixed feelings from the heart of each person. Some people are descendants of those who used to be slaves years ago. Some faced "slavery" even in the contemporary times. And some people just simply do not understand the possibility of one human being considering another human being its slave. Slavery, by definition, is the first historical form of exploitation, under which a slave along with different implements of production becomes the private property of the slave owner. So, in other words slavery converts an individual human being into a "thing" or even some kind of consumer item. This phenomena has done a lot of harm to million of people, taking away lives and destroying the fate of the people who could have been happy. What does a contemporary person know about slavery? The answer will not be very profound. Nevertheless, there is still much to say about it and a lot of thing to recall. It is common knowledge that slavery was eliminated with the end of the Civil War. The South was released from the burden that made the slavery to stop and that started destroying the prejudices concerning the color of skin. Nowadays, it is already history. And could be Americans would not have much information on this important historical issue if it was not for a project Works Projects Administration (WPA), which was introduced by federal government.
Before starting analyzing the phenomenon of slavery it is necessary to enlighten the source of the main information on the topic. The mentioned above Works Project Administration (WPA) had the goal of stimulating the economy of the country and providing work for people on relief. The Federal Writer's Project (FWP) was designed as a branch of the WPA. The FWP's main directivity was the history of the United States of America made on the bases of oral stories of the eyewitnesses. It was made by a group of scholars, artists, and writers on relief who interviewed different people along the country making historical interviews. One of the issues the respondents were eager to talk about was slavery. It is necessary to mention that all these interviews were made throughout 1936-1940 and most of the people who could remember the terrible period of slavery were around 80. What these interviews describe is the respondent's education, political views, religion, needs, observations, historical events he can share the impressions about. These interviews are nowadays known as WPA interviews and are highly valuable for any person who has the aim to examine the life of slaves during that period and to analyze different aspects of their life. Obviously, the majority of the interviews concerning the slave-issue were carried out with people living in the southern states of America that is to say with those who used to be slaves. Most of the slaves talked about their owners, the way they treated them and it did to their families.
The stories of the ex-slaves are full of "unexpected details, unspoken feelings, and hidden meanings". Nevertheless, what they were principally about were the brutalities all of them experienced being under slavery. These are the stories of people who lived their lives with the perception of being unworthy and obeying white supremacy as a law. The 2,300 ex-slaves who were interviewed in the "frames" of the WPA project have a lot in common in their stories. They mainly speak about religion, gender elations, material life, slave-master relations and other aspects. These are the stories of what was being black in the South and what a black person had to do in order to survive and protect his right to live on this land.
3.a. Interview with William Ballard
The most impressive thing about the interviews in general and this interview in particular is the description of extremely different slave-master relations in different situations and different regions. It is an interview taken June 10, 1937. William Ballard was from Winnsboro in Fairfield County situated in South Caroline. He was born in a family with several other children. William Ballard belonged to Jim Aiken who was a large and famous landowner at Winnsboro. Jim Aiken was a very powerful man, as he owned the land on which the town itself was built. He also possessed seven huge plantations on which his slaves worked. Thought William Ballard's master was a very powerful man he never treated his slaves brutally. His wife was very good for the slaves, too and actually took care about them. William recalls:"HE was good to us and give us plenty to eat, and good
quarters to live in". The only awful thing William could remember about is the treatment of the son of Jim Aiken - Dr. Aiken, who seemed to really enjoy whipping the slaves a lot, especially when his father was out. "Dr. Aiken whipped some of de niggers, lots. One time he whipped a slave for stealing when he did not". William remembers being very devoted to his master, as he knew the terrible way that other masters treated their slaves. William never starved and does not remember not getting enough food: "We was allowed three pounds o'meat, one quart o'molasses, grits and other things each week; plenty for us to eat. William continues by telling that even when freedom came some slaved wanted to still stay wit their master, because he provided everything they needed, gave them stability and treated them as man, and not slaves in the first place: "When freedom came, he told us we was free, and if we wanted to stay on with him, he would do the best he could for us. Most of us stayed, and after a few months, he paid wages". Another important fact to mention is the "sick-house" that the master possessed in order to treat the slaves. After the war the master gave the slaves the opportunity to learn how to read and how to write.
Here we see a bright example or it is even better to say – an exception of a very human attitude to the slaves from the side of their master. Nevertheless, slavery still remains slavery no matter how well people are treated. William Ballard even after having spent so many years in slavery, though in good conditions said: "Of course I think slavery was bad. We is free now and better off to work". This is an excellent example of how some slave-master relations were very constructive. All the petitions of the slaves were heard and taken into count.
3.b. Interviewing Walter Calloway
This man with a very hard life was born in Richmond, Virginia, in 1848. The first thing Walter remembers is being purchased as a slave by John Calloway. John Calloway took the family to the plantation that was situated 10 several miles of Montgomery in Alabama. The life of the family was very hard there; it is necessary to say that at the age of 10 any of his attempts to evade the work that caused too much pain for him resulted in a punishment. That was the reason it was better not even to say a word against the master's will. The most ordinary punishment for black people not obeying were whippings and the most awful thing about it was that white overseer never did it themselves but always had another black slave to do it. In other words that made one brother whip another brother. "One thirteen-year-old girl was whipped almost to death…" – he recalls still experiencing shock and pain in his mind. Sometimes dogs depending on the will of their master first chased and then murdered the slaves. The underlines the "awful" treatment that the slaves got on the plantation he worked. The punishments the slaves got seemed to be not punishments but pure mockery, including humiliation and severe beating. For every small misdeed slaves were always punished without any exceptions. The slaves who spied for the master had some privileges as getting being in favor with the master. By spying the only aim they pursued was to escape the possible physical punishment. The story of Walter Calloway is a story of a very hard life with constant brutal attitude towards the black slaves, which were not treated as man but as things that belonged to their master.
3.c. Born in slavery: Mary Reynolds
Mary Reynolds was born to slavery. At the moment she was interviewed she was already blind as she was older than one hundred years. Mary Reynolds was born in Louisiana. She recalls being very friendly with other slaves on the plantation but she also remembers some slave to act indecently trying to make the master be favorable to them. Mary's master Dr. Reynolds often uncoupled families for with the intention of trading the older slave for a younger one. Mary Reynolds recalls feeling constant tension and fear because of the constant brutal beatings the slaves experienced on the plantation: "… poor colored people in slavery time, dey give dem very little rest en would whip some of dem most to death". Her master did not have any mercy for his slaves and was very cruel. The lash which was used for the punishments was:"… made out of leather plaited most all the way and den all that part down to de bottom". Mary supports the information gained from another interviews that usually masters had children from their black women-slaves. These women had no other choice than to fulfill master's desires or otherwise they were severely punished for a "fictitious" reason. May outlines that the slaves were primarily used as working force, as the white people could not perform as much work as black people did. The conditions that the master offered to the slaves were completely awful and no communication or petitions helped to improve them.
These are only some of the 2,300 interview people whose stories a very alike. Nevertheless, analyzing the majority of the interviews it is necessary to point out strange facts: the slaves were very devoted to their masters. And even after they could leave on their own after the Civil War some of them stayed until the very end to do it. These black people, who experienced slavery impress the reader of the interviews with the ability of their families to preserve love inside no matter what was going on outside. These people were brutally treated, experienced inhuman pain and still had the strength to try to learn to read or al least to listen to somebody reading. Slavery brought a lot of fear to the lives of black people: black women were forced to have sexual encounters with their masters, slaves were punished by being whipped almost to death and their brother and sisters were forced to administrate the whippings; they had to work in any temperature conditions, sometimes even freezing; they had to lose their family members - just for being black and therefore slaves. It is necessary to pay tribute to all these people who in spite of the cruelty in their lives managed to remain kind inside and some of them even tried to understand their masters. Thought the master-slave relations did have exceptions they still remained unilateral, where the only side expressing its opinion was the master's side. Nevertheless, this has become one of the most important lessons for the human nation – there is no condition under which one person can possess supremacy over another one.
1. Mangione, Jerre " The Dream and the Deal: The Federal Writer's Project, 1935-1943"/Avon Books/1972.
2. Stott, William "Documentary Expression and Thirties America"/Oxford University Press/1973.
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text:
Sweet Body of Bianca () is a 1984 Italian comedy-mystery film directed by Nanni Moretti.

Plot
In Rome, Michele Apicella moves to a new apartment and starts a new job as mathematics teacher in the experimental Marilyn Monroe high school where most of the staff are, like him, eccentric. A solitary man, scrupulous about his work, one of his obsessions is the life of his new neighbours. He befriends a young couple, Maximilian and Aurora, but is deeply upset when he sees the girl with another man. She is found dead  and the police inspector, thinking that Michele may know more than he reveals, puts him under surveillance.

An attractive new teacher, Bianca, arrives at the school and the two show interest in each other. She is living with a man, but decides to leave him and move in with Michele. While he is overjoyed to have the love of a beautiful and affectionate young woman, he is afraid that this perfection will not last and that like so many other couples he knows they will fall out.

One couple he is upset by are Ignazio and Maria who, despite his efforts to reconcile them, are breaking up. When they are both murdered, the police inspector arrests Michele as a suspect, but he is freed when Bianca gives him a false alibi. He then breaks with Bianca, telling her it is better to part while they are happy and, once on his own, his already fragile mental equilibrium crumbles. The film ends with his rambling confession to the patient inspector over how the dead neighbour and friends had disappointed him and upset his need for order in life.

Themes in Moretti's other works
"Michele Apicella" is the nom-de-plume used by Nanni Moretti for his roles in all his films (except The Mass Is Ended (1985)) until Palombella rossa of 1989. Another recurrent theme of Moretti's film, the Sacher torte, which is also present in Bianca.

Production
Songs in the film include "Insieme a te non ci sto più" (sung by Caterina Caselli), "Il cielo in una stanza" by Gino Paoli and "Scalo a Grado" by Franco Battiato.

The school psychologist is played by Luigi Moretti, Nanni's father.

In the Marilyn Monroe school, the traditional portraits of the President of the Italian Republic in the rooms are replaced by that of football goalkeeper Dino Zoff.

See also
 List of Italian films of 1984

References

External links

1980s comedy mystery films
Films directed by Nanni Moretti
Films set in Rome
Italian comedy mystery films
1984 comedy films
1980s Italian films
1980s Italian-language films


Is Buying a Home on Christmas a Good Idea?
Thursday, December 20th, 2012 at 11:39am.
Are you thinking about buying a home on Christmas?
Wednesday, December 19th, 2012 at 5:42pm.
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What does LEED Certification mean?
Tuesday, December 18th, 2012 at 2:29pm.
The U.S. Green Building Council, or USGBC, is the agency that is responsible for LEED (or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), certification. The idea, begun in 2000, is to have an internationally recognized standard to measure buildings, condominiums and homes for their compliance with certain standards that relate to saving energy and protecting the environment. This is not a government program, but rather a system within the free market that has the effect of making structures less costly to operate and more attractive to purchasers, owners and tenants. LEED certification can be earned for both new construction and renovation of older structures.


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text:
Greenwich Free Press (https://greenwichfreepress.com/around-town/gfp-year-in-review-top-beach-boat-stories-from-2018-116879/)
GFP Year in Review: Top Beach & Boat Stories from 2018
By: greenwichfreepress | December 31, 2018
Thank you for reading Greenwich Free Press, an independent hyper local news website start in February 2014.
This year as we looked behind the dashboard at our story stats and noticed many of the popular stories related to Town beaches and waterways.
This should come as no surprise given our location on Long Island Sound, yet most of these stories fall under the category of 'You can't make this stuff up.'
What was left of the wreck of the Kevin B was removed from the north end of Great Captain's Island on March 21, 2018 contributed
1. REMOVAL OF THE KEVIN B
In 1954, the tug boat known as "Kevin B" sunk off the north end of Great Captain's Island.
In March, the story of the removal of the tug boat "Kevin B" in March from the north end of Great Captain's Island was read thousands of times.
Greenwich Harbormaster Ian MacMillan said time was right to remove the hazard to navigation because a giant crane was in Town to remove the crane that fell off the barge in Old Greenwich during a recent Nor'Easter.
At the end of the day, both the crane and engine block from the Kevin B went to a Staten Island scrapyard.
An anonymous donor footed the $19,000 bill.
"Now that the Kevin B engine block is gone, we have one less hazard to navigation in the waters of Greenwich," MacMillan said, adding that this has been one of his highest priorities for many years.
After Decades Menacing Boaters, Remains of Tug Boat "Kevin B" Removed from Greenwich's Waters
2. DEMISE OF THE SHOWBOAT
In early December the fate of the iconic Mississippi river paddle boat "The Showboat" drew thousands of clicks.
The news was not good.
Long before the Showboat Inn became the Delamar, the vintage paddle wheeler known as the Mark Twain was a fixture in Greenwich Harbor, but its history dates back to 1960 when it was an attraction at "Freedomland," a theme park in The Bronx that operated from 1960 to 1964 on the site currently occupied by Coop City.
Joe Keating purchased the Showboat from the defunct amusement park, and rechristened it The Mark Twain.
Later, when Keating liquidated his hotel, Billy Frenz bought the former amusement park ride and used it as a party venue in Port Chester harbor.
The end grew near when the Showboat was auctioned this summer. The winning bid was just $1,020.
At the end of November, the boat was towed out to a massive cargo ship outside Greenwich Harbor where crane operators attempted to hoist it and store it during a voyage to Korea where the winning bidder intended to use the Showboat for a restaurant.
But it was not to be.
For three days the water was too rough to lift the boat and it suffered extensive damage. When the water was calm enough to lift the Showboat by crane, it began to buckle and the effort was put on hold. The Coast Guard demanded a plan, and would not allow the ship to move until one was approved.
Sadly, the paddle boat was towed to a scrap yard in New Haven.
Future of "The Showboat" Not Looking So Good
Showboat's Final Destination: New Haven Scrapyard
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3. OPENING OF GREENWICH POOL AT BYRAM PARK
Another top story of 2018 was the long anticipated opening of the Greenwich Pool at Byram Park. After the June 28 ribbon cutting, guests lined up for a first chance to take a dip.
The pool project was launched back in 2011. Over the years, the Junior League of Greenwich ushered the project along, raising $2.5 million for the project.
The 6,000 sq ft pool, which is six times larger than the pool it replaced, is "zero entry," which means it's easy to enter, like walking into the water at the beach.
PHOTOS, VIDEOS: Greenwich Pool at Byram Park is Open with Its Breathtaking Setting, Stunning Vistas.
4. 100th ANNIVERSARY OF ISLAND BEACH
For many Town residents, the Island Beach Ferry is their boat, and the 100th anniversary of the Town's ownership of Island Beach was celebrated in style on Saturday, Aug 25, 2018.
Hundreds of devotees of the 3.9-acre island made their way by ferry to gather around the flagpole where Tony Savino from WGCH shared the island's history.
In 1911, a consortium of Greenwich businessmen opened a resort on the island that included an amusement park with a merry-go-round, shooting gallery, games, a dance hall and a restaurant.
Later, two families – the Lauders and the Greenways – bought the island and donated it to the Town for $1.00. It was donated in memory of George Lauder, Jr who died at just 37 during the influenza epidemic of 1918.
Two Mead Point residents, Mrs. Wilks and Mrs. Campbell, donated money for a ferry to bring people to the island. The first, the Island Beach first sailed in 1920. In 1937 another boat, the Indian Harbor was purchased.
The rebuilding of the island after hurricanes, Nor'easters, and winter storms has included new bathrooms, sidewalks, trees planted, flowers and shrubs, and a new boardwalk. A lot of this work has been done thanks to Friends of Island Beach.
Today, despite the ravages of weather, the island retains the original merry-go-round pavilion, 1,000 feet of sandy beach and picnic facilities, and is a popular destination during warmer months.
Greenwich Celebrates 100th Anniversary of Island Beach in Style
Photo: Greenwich Police Dept Facebook
5. SUDDEN STORM CAUSES SEVERE FLOODING
On October 29 a powerful storm resulted in tree damage, downed power lines and road closures. Rising tides and storm surge pushed water into low lying areas, exacerbating flooding.
The severe flooding resulted in the closure of several roads along the shore.
The Town closed down Greenwich Point entirely.
Readers contributed powerful photos of flooding along the shore, begging the question, "Is this the new climate normal?"
PHOTOS, VIDEO: Severe Flooding Closes Greenwich Point Park
6. REMOVAL OF ENGINE BLOCK FROM MIANUS RIVER
In August Atlantic Marine assisted in removing a hazard from the Mianus River in Cos Cob.
According to Greenwich Harbor Master Ian MacMillan, an engine block had been an obstruction in the lower Mianus River below the railroad bridge (just SE of Cos Cob Park) for some time, causing a hazard to boaters and rowers alike.
The harbor master requested that the marine construction company, Atlantic Marine, remove the obstruction, which they did at no fee to the Town.
The actual hauling out of the obstruction took under an hour, but the project was long in the making.
Hazardous Engine Block Hauled from the Mianus River
Byram Park
Greenwich Harbor
Greenwich Point
Greenwich Pool at Byram Park
ian MacMillan
Junior League of Greenwich
tod's point
LWV Inaugural Essay Contest: What if Women Could Not Vote?
Winners will be notified on Sunday, March 1 and presented with their awards on Tuesday, March 10 at the Greenwich Historical Society in conjunction with their Suffragette exhibition, An Unfinished Revolution: The Woman's Suffrage Centennial.
View all Around Town Posts →
Greenwich Harbormaster to Mariners: Prepare Your Vessels, Atlantic Hurricane Season is Upon Us Again !
"The most remarkable thing about this storm is how slowly it's moving because that builds a bigger surge. This is as good time as any for local mariners to go over their preparations." – Greenwich Harbormaster Ian MacMillan
Excessive Heat to Break, Heavy Rains Coming
Greenwich Issues Heat Alert: 90°+ Temps Coming
View all Weather Posts →
Parks & Rec Dept Proposes Hike to Daily Beach Passes for 2020 Season
The cost of a seasonal "beach pass" is proposed to remain $35 for adults and $7 for children. A single entry pass would rise from $7 to $8.
Sign Up for an Informative Walk among the Stately Trees of Byram Park
PHOTOS: Byram Pool Takes Shape: Mild Winter Keeps Project on Schedule
View all Byram Park Posts →
Camillo's Public Hearing on Proposed Capital Plan Dominated by Opponents of Artificial Turf
Most of the First Selectman's proposed capital plan hearing was dedicated to opposition to artificial turf at Central Middle School.
In Greenwich, Holiday Lights are Where You Find Them
First Time Ever – Great White Shark Spotted in Greenwich Waters
View all Greenwich Harbor Posts →
Pat Sesto: Today's Nuisance Flooding May Be Tomorrow's High Tide
Pat Sesto, Greenwich's Director of Environmental Affairs, addressed the RMA on Wednesday. It was the first in a new RMA speaker series: "Greenwich: What Does the Future Hold?"
Greenwich Free Press 2019 Year in Photos
Police Discover Body at Greenwich Point during Rainstorm
View all Greenwich Point Posts →
Junior League of Greenwich Presents Final Installment of $2.5 Million to Town for Pool
The funds were raised over the course of a three-year capital campaign conducted by the Junior League, with transfers made to the Town each June.
GFP Year in Review: Top 10 Most Read Stories of 2018
Byram Park Pool Concession is Fully Open; Burgers, Dogs, Fries Abound
View all Greenwich Pool at Byram Park Posts →
Woman Surrenders to GPD on Warrant from Round Hill Road Crash
Riverside Man Charged with Public Indecency for Swimming Naked at Local Pool


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How Is Philips Improving Healthcare Through AI?
Ed Lauder
NETHERLANDS – AI Business recently secured an interview with Jeroen Tas, Chief Innovation & Strategy Officer at Philips, aiming to understand how they are currently implementing artificial intelligence, specifically in the healthcare sector, and how they plan to do so in the future.
Jeroen Tas, Chief Innovation & Strategy Officer at Philips
The Dutch-based technology company, Philips, for many consumers is famous for their electronics: televisions, home appliances and lights. However, they are also heavily involved in the consumer health and healthcare sector, and this is where Jeroen Tas (who'll keynote at the AI Summit in London) is a pivotal player.
Tas is the Chief Innovation & Strategy Officer at Philips and very kindly took time out of his busy schedule to talk to AI Business about how they are using artificial intelligence in the healthcare sector today, and how they plan to use the new technology going forward.
AI bringing structure to healthcare
"Since last year, we are a 100% health technology company," Tas informed us during our interview. It's quite a bold statement, but whilst speaking to Philips' Chief Innovation & Strategy Officer, it dawned on us how vital AI is, and will be, in healthcare. Currently, 60% of their R&D is dedicated to software and a large part of these researchers are working on AI as well. "I would say that it's an integral part of our strategy. We see most of our products in the future supported by AI," stated Tas.
Tas went on to highlight how unstructured data in the healthcare industry currently is. He told us that "Over 75% of all information on patients is not structured." This is one of the areas where AI can improve things drastically. Currently, a lot of the data is still not digitised, and doctors still have to complete manual tasks such as writing their own reports, which takes up a lot of their time.
What Philips intends to do with their AI products is offer doctors and hospitals the, as Tas put it, "ability to bring all relevant patient information of any form together to help do a precise diagnosis, support personalised therapy and intervene early to avoid deterioration," and ultimately, support "people to live healthy lives and avoid chronic diseases or to help them self-manage conditions in better ways."
"We are very complex as human beings," Tas continued. "Many clinical aspects are symptoms pointing to deeper lying causes." AI can help us analyse a patient's data: how they eat, sleep, drink, their social activity and their personal health measurements and medical information… to find correlations and patterns in these large data sets which will give a much richer picture of that patient. Philips is therefore using AI to "help care providers to enable more preventative care approaches on individual and population level and give a more precise diagnoses in less time."
Ensuring the correct diagnosis with support of AI
One of the key areas where AI can really excel in healthcare is genomics, which is the branch of molecular biology concerned with the structure, function and mapping of genomes. Tas claimed, "The base of many diseases lies in the genome. Through genomics we can help identify areas where you are at risk."
Today, Philips is using advanced big data analytics to bring genomics data together with information on your family history, lab results, medical scans, other diseases and results from previous treatments. They are supporting doctors to set up precision medicine programs in local and regional community hospitals, outside of the context of the large academic centres.
"AI applied to genomics will enable us to take it to the next level and scan staggering amount of genomics data to find patterns in large groups of patients. Combined with your personal genomics data this could help give an accurate prediction of what ailments you might suffer from in the future." He claimed that this area of medical science was going to be "mainstream sooner than we think".
Tas went on to explain how Philips is "the leader of patient monitoring" with over 275 million people being monitored with their devices every year. Patient care in the general ward or ICU can generate staggering amounts of data points per patient per day. This information can be very overwhelming for the professional staff.
"We want to help them extract meaning from all this data, what patients to prioritise and give them predictive insights of what's going on with that patient even before signalling an alarm. We are already looking into what role AI, machine learning and analytics can play in navigating these mountains of data," he highlighted.
"We expect AI to help us spot more subtle lacks of vital organ functions and look for specific patterns in greater detail. If the heart changes from green to orange, we could for instance automatically highlight exactly what's going wrong or proactively suggest additional tests that need to be performed," explained Tas.
However, what happens to a patient once he or she is discharged from hospital? Tas explained how Philips is also working on products that can monitor patients in their own homes. Today's products and telehealth programs are already successful in connecting hospitals and homes but soon technology can enable patient information to be streamed continuously and fill relevant blind spots that care providers would otherwise miss out on, for instance by using wearable biosensors, which "you place it on your chest, it will look for changes in respiratory or heat rates, matching it with the patient's profile, and will then enable care providers to intervene in the case of deterioration."
Incidentally, Philips is already making this product available today for first pilots on cardiology departments in the hospital where they aim to give staff deeper insights and patients freedom of movement.
These aren't the only areas in which AI is being successfully applied or is foreseen to play a significant role in the healthcare sector. Tas also spoke of how they're using AI to detect subtle details in raw images and changes over time that are invisible to the naked eye and could be an indication for early stage Alzheimer's or MS. "We start looking at the raw image for tiny little dots that can only be read by the software," he detailed.
Working closely together with doctors Philips has also demonstrated the use of AI to improve disease screening, from detecting tuberculosis in chest x-rays to screening for lung cancer from high risk patients using CT.
According to Tas, these AI systems could help doctors to, "become good at early detection, but also tracking which therapies work." He explained that "the more you know about the patient, the more accurate you can be." It's all about ensuring that you get the right diagnosis, and the early you can do that, the better, which is why I think AI is becoming so pivotal in the healthcare sector."
"By bringing together all this information and combining the knowledge and experience of our doctors with analytics, machine learning, I think we could dramatically improve the efficiency of the diagnosis," detailed Tas. "The earlier a doctor finds what's wrong and what drives a disease, the better the chances are for a therapy that is highly effective," he finished.
AI and the future of healthcare
We then asked Tas to comment on how he thought AI was going to affect the healthcare industry in the future. "AI is going to play a big role in healthcare. That's not really up for debate," he replied. He reiterated what an important part the new technology will play in helping doctors selecting the right therapy for patients. "It will help selecting the right theory, but also in fine tuning these therapies," highlighted Tas.
He also stated that AI will have a "huge impact of effective drug use, and the way we do science," and will, "open up a whole new world of medicine research." However, deploying AI in the healthcare sector does have its challenges. "There's also a number of real challenges," Tas began. He pointed out that one big issue surrounding AI in healthcare was getting "clean and accurate" data. Having "good quality data" is a big challenge in the healthcare industry, it takes decades to build these databases and a lot of hospitals' records are still on paper.
Another key challenge that Tas highlighted was "transparency". "AI systems cannot be black boxes. We need to understand what happens in between data input and output and any doctor should always be able to explain the decisions made regarding diagnostic outcomes or treatment. Therefore, any AI should be a combination of data driven and knowledge driven learning," he commented. He then gave us the example of a radiologist, which is one area in which AI is making huge strides forward.
Philips is applying AI in radiology for anatomical context, to learn user preferences, and to automate measurements of organs and lesions. It can for instance, help radiologists to spot very subtle changes over time in scans that are impossible to see. Tas questioned whether certain radiologists would be "willing to embrace such new tech," or whether they would simply, as Tas put it, "resist it" if AI supported solutions are not transparent.
A last challenge Tas mentioned was the lack understanding about the clinical context that many technology companies have that have no footprint in health care. Local populations and customers can be different from what the system was originally trained on using a central data set.
However, Tas is very optimistic about the future of AI in healthcare. "It will take some time, but in some places it will go fast," he concluded. Tas even finished off our interview by claiming that working in this area with Philips has been the most exciting time in his career. "I've been in IT all my career, and I can safely say this [working on digitisation and AI in healthcare] has been the most exciting time in my career so far," he concluded.
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Die Präsidentenwahl in der Republik China 2004 fand am 20. März 2004 statt. Sie war die 11. Präsidentenwahl seit 1947 und die dritte direkte Wahl eines Präsidenten in der Republik China auf Taiwan. Hauptkontrahenten waren der amtierende Präsident Chen Shui-bian und die Vizepräsidentin Annette Lu als Spitzenkandidaten der Demokratischen Fortschrittspartei (DPP) auf der einen Seite und der Kuomintang (KMT)-Vorsitzende Lien Chan mit dem Vorsitzenden der Qinmindang James Soong auf der anderen Seite. Die Wahl wurde mit einem Vorsprung von 0,22 % der Stimmen sehr knapp von den Kandidaten der DPP gewonnen.

Am Wahltag wurde auch ein Referendum über die Beziehungen zur Volksrepublik China abgehalten.

Wahlkampf

Im Februar 2003 einigten sich die Kuomintang und die Qinmindang (chin. 親民黨, engl. People First Party, PFP) auf die Bildung einer gemeinsamen Wahlkampfplattform für die kommende Präsidentschaftswahl. Als Kandidat für die Präsidentschaft wurde Lien Chan von der KMT und als Kandidat für die Vizepräsidentschaft James Soong von der Qinmindang aufgestellt. Dies geschah vor dem Hintergrund der Erfahrungen der Wahl im Jahr 2000, bei der beide Bewerber getrennt angetreten waren und durch den Kandidaten der DPP Chen Shui-bian überraschend geschlagen worden waren. Zusammen hatten beide damals jedoch fast 60 Prozent der Stimmen erzielt.

Am 11. November 2003 nominierte Präsident Chen Shui-Bian offiziell erneut Annette Lu als Kandidatin für das Vizepräsidentenamt, nachdem es im Vorfeld deshalb innerparteiliche Diskussionen gegeben hatte. Beide wurden im Wahlkampf durch die pan-grüne Koalition unterstützt.

Im Wahlkampf spielte wie immer der politische Status der Republik China eine wichtige Rolle. Die KMT-geführte pan-blaue Koalition betonte die chinesischen Wurzeln Taiwans, sprach sich jedoch entschieden gegen die von der Volksrepublik China vorgeschlagene Einheit unter dem Motto "Ein Land, zwei Systeme" aus. Die pan-grüne Koalition betonte die Nationalinteressen Taiwans als separater, von China unabhängiger Staat und warf der KMT den Ausverkauf der Interessen Taiwans an die Volksrepublik China vor. Im Verlauf des Wahlkampfs kam es zu zahlreichen persönlichen Angriffen. Beide Kandidaten und Koalitionen bezichtigten sich gegenseitig der Korruption, der Vetternwirtschaft sowie der Inkompetenz. Anfänglich lag die pan-blaue-Koalition in der öffentlichen Meinung in Führung, jedoch begann sich die Stimmung spätestens nach der von der pan-grünen Koalition organisierten Massendemonstration, der 228-Hand-in-Hand-Kundgebung am 28. Februar 2004, zu wenden. Am 19. März 2004, dem Vortag der Wahl, kam es bei einer Wahlkampfveranstaltung in Tainan zu einem Schusswaffenattentat auf den Präsidenten und die Vizepräsidentin, bei der beide leicht verletzt wurden. Die Hintergründe konnten nicht eindeutig geklärt werden, vermutlich handelte es sich um einen Einzeltäter. Von KMT-Anhängern wurde schon kurz nach dem Vorfall spekuliert, dass das Ereignis inszeniert worden sein könnte, um dem DPP-Präsidenten Sympathiestimmen zu verschaffen. Dabei wurde auf angebliche Ungereimtheiten verwiesen. Der verletzte Präsident war unter anderem nicht in das nächstgelegene, sondern in ein weiter entferntes Krankenhaus gebracht worden. Der ganze Vorfall war zudem auf keiner Kameraaufnahme gut dokumentiert worden und ein auf den ersten Aufnahmen sichtbarer, mutmaßlicher Blutfleck war auf der Kleidung des Präsidenten bei seiner Ankunft im Krankenhaus nicht mehr zu sehen. Diese Vorwürfe wurden von den Anhängern der pan-grünen Koalition heftig zurückgewiesen und auch von unabhängigen Beobachtern als nicht plausibel bewertet.

Eine gewisse Rolle spielte auch der Ausbruch der SARS-Epidemie. Taiwan war ab März/April 2003 von SARS-Krankheitsausbrüchen betroffen. Epidemiologische Analysen zeigten, dass der Ursprung der Epidemie in Südchina lag, von wo sie nach Taiwan übergegriffen hatte. Dadurch fühlten sich Teile der taiwanischen Öffentlichkeit in ihrer Auffassung von den "schlechten Auswirkungen" eines verstärkten Kontakts zu Festlandchina bestätigt. Hinzu kam, dass die Volksrepublik China das Ersuchen der Regierung Taiwans um einen Beobachter-Status bei der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) blockierte. Die taiwanische Regierung hatte angeboten, SARS-Experten zu einem Treffen der WHO zu entsenden, was auf den Widerstand der Volksrepublik stieß. Präsident Chen beklagte sich daraufhin öffentlich, dass Taiwan in der SARS-Frage nicht isoliert gelassen werden dürfe und erhielt Unterstützung vom US-Repräsentantenhaus, das eine entsprechende Resolution verabschiedete. Dies trug zur Popularität Chens in Taiwan bei.

Ergebnisse der Präsidentenwahl
Der Wahltag verlief weitgehend ohne Zwischenfälle. Als sich am Wahlabend abzeichnete, dass die pan-grüne Koalition sehr knapp in Führung lag gab der Spitzenkandidat der KMT eine Erklärung ab, in der er die Wahlen als "unfair" bezeichnete. Außerdem forderte er eine unabhängige Untersuchung des Attentats vom Vortag, das er als undurchsichtig und verdächtig bezeichnete. In den folgenden Tagen kam es zu Massendemonstrationen von KMT-Anhängern. Schließlich einigten sich beide Seiten auf eine erneute Auszählung der fraglichen Stimmbezirke unter unabhängiger Kontrolle. Diese fand vom 10. bis 18. Mai 2004 statt. Im Endergebnis blieb es beim Wahlsieg Chen Shui-bians. Allerdings war dessen Vorsprung von 29.518 Stimmen bei der ersten Auszählung auf 25.563 Stimmen bei der zweiten Auszählung geschrumpft.

Landesweite Ergebnisse

Die Tabelle zeigt die Ergebnisse nach der ersten Auszählung der Stimmen.

Die Wahlbeteiligung betrug 80,28 %, von den insgesamt abgegebenen 13.251.719 Stimmen wurden 337.297 (2,5 %) als ungültig gewertet.

Ergebnisse nach Wahlbezirken
Die folgende Tabelle zeigt die Ergebnisse in den 18 Landkreisen und sieben kreisfreien bzw. regierungsunmittelbaren Städten. Die Stimmen- und Prozentzahl des Gewinners ist jeweils rot markiert. Typisch für die taiwanesische politische Szenerie ist die Verteilung der Mehrheiten. Die DPP besitzt ihre politischen Schwerpunkte im Süden des Landes, die KMT im Norden und Osten. Den höchsten Stimmenanteil für die KMT gab es auf den nahe der Volksrepublik China gelegenen Matsu-Inseln und Kinmen, deren Bewohner einen Konflikt mit der Volksrepublik China aufgrund der auf die Unabhängigkeit Taiwans zielenden Politik einer DPP-geführten Regierung fürchten.

Wahlkarten

Ergebnisse des Referendums
Im Jahr 2003 verabschiedete der Legislativ-Yuan ein Gesetz, das erstmals die Abhaltung von Volksabstimmungen (Referenden) ermöglichte. Auf Initiative der regierenden DPP wurde ein Referendumsentwurf mit zwei Fragen eingebracht. Bei der ersten ging es darum, ob die taiwanesische Regierung ermächtigt werden sollte Raketenabwehrsysteme zu installieren, um damit der Bedrohung durch die Raketensysteme der Volksrepublik China auf der anderen Seite der Taiwanstraße entgegenzutreten:

Die zweite Frage war, ob Verhandlungen mit der Volksrepublik China aufgenommen werden sollten um ein "Friedens- und Stabilitätsnetzwerk" im gegenseitigen Interesse aufzubauen

Von Seiten der oppositionellen pan-blauen Koalition wurde Wahlenthaltung empfohlen.
Es wurde ganz überwiegend mit "Ja" abgestimmt, jedoch wurde die erforderliche Beteiligung von 50 Prozent nicht erreicht, die Ergebnisse der beiden Abstimmungen waren damit nicht verbindlich.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Ergebnisse in Kurzform
 Ergebnisse bei der Zentralen Wahlkommission Taiwans (chinesisch)

Literatur
Tana AC, Wu J-d The presidential election in Taiwan, March 2004. Electoral Studies 24(3), September 2005, S. 519–524 doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2005.01.003

Einzelnachweise

2004
China #Republik


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