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Barrie Blake-Coleman
The aim of this article is to provide an introduction to what is often regarded as an enigmatic area of legal, commercial and inventive processes. We hope that after reading this you will have sufficient background to understand the importance of Intellectual Property. We believe this area is important for inventive or novel product businesses as are the issues which are central to it and arise from it. The term 'central' is used without caution: in advanced technology businesses the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) - that is the methods of obtaining and securing protection against pirating or usurping of an inventive idea, concept or invention, will in all probability come to be of far greater significance than the more tangible, physical, aspects of the business or technology.
Intellectual property (IP) also has the potential to be a stumbling block; that is, its 'absence' can block investment, take away the commercial edge of an invention and (in instances) make a vast technical effort futile, whilst litigation over IP can be very expensive, protracted and damaging.
Originally the Crown issued Letters Patent as a method whereby an applicant could acquire a manufacturing or controlling monopoly against commercial piracy (that is, anyone stealing usurping or violating ones rights as the originator of a commercial or technical invention). This was safeguarded by the Crown's authority (in exchange for a substantial sum of money - the large fee involved being a constant and valuable source of finance for the Royal exchequer). In its earlier form the system was iniquitous and corrupt. Many legitimate businesses and tradesmen were destroyed when grant of letters patent was cynically and corruptly conferred on another for a process or a product they had originated. They were powerless to stop their livelihood being hijacked because the monopoly was 'bought' by a powerful individual. Typically, the individual would commandeer the invention and claim originality, knowing that the code of 'trade secrets' practised by artisans was often their undoing!
A prime example is Patent No 162 (concerned with steel making) granted to Prince Rupert of the Rhine in 1670 (Rupert was the dashing Royalist cavalry commander in the English Civil War). Rupert's patent was actually to protect disclosure of an earlier Patent No 161. In this second Patent, he was not protecting 'his' steel making process per se, rather he was getting a royal warrant to stop his workers divulging the fact that his first patent covered something which was already known!!
Nowadays a patent is a monopoly (an exclusive right or holding) conferred by the state on, and for, the benefit of the originator (and not a usurper) of an invention. It provides protection in law by statute. However, the state does not have a duty of protection - recognition of, and the remedy for, the pirating or usurping of a patented invention (called infringement). This is the responsibility of the patentee and resides in the legal test of what actually is infringement of an invention. In short, the patentee must police his own monopoly and use his rights in law to obtain redress.
As pointed out in a previous resume: The (patent) system has been very substantially reformed over the centuries and the modern law of patents, governed by the Patents Act 1977, is based on somewhat more altruistic principles. These are, broadly speaking, that if you invent something new, and disclose it to the public through publication at the Patent Office then, in return for sharing the knowledge of your invention, you receive the exclusive right to perform that invention for a period of 20 years.*
Implicit in the idea of disclosure of your invention at the patent office is the avoidance of industrial secrecy (which at one time had workers 'oath bound') and the assumption that you have not made your invention public knowledge (placed it in the 'public domain') prior to an application for grant of patent. An applicant cannot be entitled to a grant of patent if it can be shown that the idea is now in the public domain. In short, if you hope to get a patent the idea must remain free from common knowledge, or disclosed only under the immunity of a confidentiality agreement. (See below) It is still a risk though.
Confidentiality or 'non-disclosure' prior to application is designed to avoid the adversarial and contentious process of identifying who actually is the originator of an idea, concept or invention. Part of this is to do with the fact that other than in the case of 'free energy machines' (perpetual motion) there is no requirement on the part of the applicant to actually demonstrate his idea to the satisfaction of the patent examiner. Only in the US (and this may change) is it possible to disclose prior to application, and only then if disclosure is to a learned body.
To expand, a patent examiner would be wary of an individual claiming to be the originator of an idea if on examination it was found to be common knowledge. Circumstances arise where anybody can claim authorship to an idea if it has previously moved in to the public domain, and without proof of origination, priority or 'force majeure' (circumstances beyond the applicant's control) a claimant will not be entitled to a patent. Patents may be granted only to be made void because evidence of disclosure/piracy or untruthfulness - or a complaint of 'non-utility' has arisen prior to, or after grant of patent (under various appeals procedures of the Patent Act and its amendments)).
THE VALUE OF PATENTS
The most attractive aspect of patents are that they provide the only true monopoly of any type of IP right. A valid patent precludes all other imitators or copyists. It is immaterial whether the copy is straightforward plagiarism or the result of years of independent toil and effort. This follows regardless of how many were involved in trying to achieve the same result.
Assuming no prior art (that is, the existence of a patent describing the same concept) the principle is first past the winning post (meaning the first to file a specification) gets the monopoly. Historically there are many names that never found their way into the history books because they were pipped at the post in filing a patent e.g. Alexandra Graham Bell and the telephone (and not Johann Reis or Elisha Grey), Perkin and synthetic dyes (and not Caro) Edison and the light Bulb (and not Joseph Swan, Sawyers & Mann or Hiram Maxim).
A patent can only be granted if the following conditions are satisfied:
(a) the invention is novel.
(b) it involves a true inventive step (i.e. not obvious)
(c) must be contrived by the 'Hand of Man'.
(d) cannot be a 'Handiwork of Nature' (though this is now a disputed area in the biotech industries).
(e) it is capable of utility (application)
(f) it is not a discovery, scientific theory or mathematical method,
(broadly) something susceptible of protection as a copyright work
something where publication/exploitation would be contrary to the public good
( in the above respect) has no implications as to National Security
HOW DO YOU DO IT!
A UK patent can be obtained by applying to the UK Intellectual Property Office based in Newport, Gwent, or to the European Patent Office. The process is of itself relatively simple - compose a technical specification, add drawings and claims of novelty (where appropriate, or leave out the claims for now), fill in possibly two forms and mail to Newport. The filing costs are free and after perhaps ten days you will receive your application number and, importantly, your priority date. This latter signifies the date that your invention is perceived to be 'prior' to anyone else's and means that anything imitating your idea filed after your priority date will be deemed inadmissible when the application is examined. In short, if you get in first you get the patent!
Is it really this simple? Well, no actually! Professionals in the field (that is Patent agents) don't make money because it is easy. The drawing up of the specification, the form the description and claims take (or might take), the problems that arise in deciding to search the literature and other patents first for 'prior art', the processes of going beyond a simple national application (that is international or European/Patent Convention Treaty applications) requiring translations, different protocols etc., asking for a preliminary examination to establish examiners objections, and so on, are all good reasons why the use of professional Patent agents is recommended to ensure that the chances of getting a broad and effective patent are optimised.
Indeed, the processing of a patent application can seem an interminable process, made the more tedious and arduous by the fact that others can challenge your application by presenting evidence to the Intellectual Property Office, or the required search for 'prior art' might invalidate what you thought was entirely novel. This is why it is best to go as far as you can to ascertain what has been patented earlier before filing an application. At worst it can take many years (possibly seven in Japan) to arrive at a grant of patent. Nevertheless, judging by the number of patents filed each year (in the UK circa 15,000 in both years 2012 & 2013) the value of a patent is deemed to be substantial.
HAVE I THE RIGHT TO TAKE OUT A PATENT?
Broadly speaking, section 39 of the Patents Act 1977 provides that inventions made by employees will belong to their employer where they were made in the normal course of their duties, or in other duties specifically assigned to the employee which might reasonably lead to an invention. Otherwise, and disregarding some contentious issues the invention will belong to the employee. There are provisions within the Patents Act to compensate employees whose ideas have been of outstanding benefit to an employer, and provisions which protect the employee's patent rights from any terms in a contract of employment which purport to diminish them. As noted, the idea of invention deemed outside the employers entitlement is a contentious area.
HOW EFFECTIVE IS A PATENT?
Patent rights are territorial and need to be registered in every jurisdiction in which they are to be enforced. A UK registration is useless to stop production in France but can be used to stop importation of infringing goods. The inventor wanting Pan-national protection needs to consider the methods available for filing automatically in those nations of the world who are co-signatories of the Patent Convention Treaty. An unexpected benefit of patents in particular, but of use in all intellectual property rights, is the use of expert opinion. This can decide the issue sub-judice.
Whether or not the subject matter of a patent is/was inventive or not - that is 'obvious' at the time the patent application was filed - or has been 'taught' by others - is determined by reference to "the man skilled in the art". The corollary to this is that there is a case for consulting the 'skilled man' before application (the domain often of the professional acting for the inventor!).
IT AIN'T WHAT YOU DO - IT'S THE WAY THAT YOU DO IT!
It would be easy to believe that getting a patent is an end in itself - but it is in fact only a step in the commercialisation and product development process. The following points are absolutely key in understanding what the Patent process means to an inventor:
Patents are not of themselves strictly a route to a commercial income, but are certainly a necessary and integral part of preventing unwanted poaching of the outcomes of inventive development programmes.
Patents then give a credible negotiating position and fend off commercial piracy.
They are absolutely necessary to provide the freedom and time to start up businesses without the fear of unwanted competition - or competitors catching up, overtaking or bleeding the market first.
Patents make it possible to deal with those potential licensees who will not negotiate as a matter of policy unless there is a commercially defensible position.
Patents can provide the commercial 'currency' when negotiating technology transfer of innovative technologies. The money to pay for patents and/or design rights tends to be regarded as an additional outlay to the product development budget - never as a loss.
The critical test for patenting is 'what do we risk, and what might happen if we don't patent the idea'. In short, the process tends to be defensive rather than wholly exploitive and depends much on what it cost to develop the invention. The strategy of abandoning an application, if in the initial ('provisional') period, proof surfaces that either a technical or commercial misjudgment has been made, is always an option.
The commercial justification (i.e. the income potential for the invention) is of course an important factor, but sensible investors carry out due diligence in terms of the commercial and technical potential and are pragmatic about the 'strike rate' for inventions.
A patent is 'only as strong as the litigation that tests it' but since it is prohibitively expensive to litigate (on average UK £250,000, US $1,000,000). Most businesses would be extremely reluctant to engage in a legal battle unless they were defending something already very lucrative.
A patent is a first line of defence but is neither a guarantee of income nor a guarantee against infringement. But what is true is that a failure to get one at the right time means that neither option is available - whether one likes it or not.
To get an idea of the way all IP rights operate, consider if you will a post-graduate researcher who is setting out to investigate the properties of a substance. In order to accomplish this he invents a new method of cooling the substance, the apparatus he develops is novel and inventive and so can be the subject of an application for a patent. In order to protect the nature of his invention before his patent can be filed he sets up a confidentiality or non-disclosure agreement with all those who assisted in his work*.
He now designs a device which will employ his invention, the design will immediately attract unregistered design rights. he can, of course, register the design if appropriate. Having completed his initial design he may require some very specialised computing work done. Should this need a new computer chip, specific to the computational task in hand, it will qualify for semiconductor topography rights (treated simply in a similar way to copyright). If original software is written it too will attract protection through the rules on copyright. If now, subsequent computational results are incorporated into a database, the database itself acquires rights (as with copyright).
His thesis, when written, will attract copyright protection, as will any learned papers etc. It must be stressed that the reseacher should file his patent prior to releasing his thesis or dissertation, and thus disclosure of his invention, and including any verbal disclosure during his viva voce. Those he works with may well be bound to keep his results secret until he chooses to publish them, the results are in fact confidential information.
If he wants to talk to a potential investor in his invention prior to his acquiring a priority date for the filing of his patent, he will use another confidentiality agreement.
Likewise, on the assumption that the researcher's invention proves to have commercial potential and sells under a trade name (say "Gosh"), it may, if very successful, attract unscrupulous copyists. However, the name and reputation can be protected by registering "Gosh" as a registered trade mark and by the law of passing off.
As to who owns the rights above, and who might be entitled to the profits from exploitation, and who is responsible for registration of registrable rights, are all pertinent questions but beyond the scope of this article, as are other questions not uniquely confined to inventions and patents! As a further example, if the inventive researcher above had begun some research whilst on secondment or placement with a company which - for a period - employed the researcher, this could mean that the title to IP rights arising from the employment period of the research would be owned by the company - excepting where there was a definite agreement which stated otherwise.
Another exception would be where our researcher needed to incorporate a device already protected by a patent into his 'novel' cooling system. Here third party rights subsist and the student would need permission from the owners of the other patent to proceed with his own product exploitation and patent, particularly if the third party device in question was crucial his own invention.
Indeed, were he to remain mute about this aspect, and he did obtain grant of patent, it would hardly be likely to withstand a court challenge from the third party. He would be wise to agree a license from the third party (agreeing to pay them some of his profits for employing their device) or agree a cross licensing agreement which allows the mutual use by both parties of the others IPR.
* Though experience suggests this can be a thorny problem with some academic supervisors.
OUTLINE OF IP RIGHTS
Intellectual property rights fall into two distinct classes,
those which must be registered to take effect, and
those which arise as a matter of course.
The listing below shows the main types of intellectual property rights other than Patents which are summarised above. It should be noted that this list summarises the UK position: though other countries have, generally speaking, similar laws granting similar rights.
'Registered rights' agencies usually stipulate separate applications for each country, whereas protection for unregistered rights often arise automatically by virtue of national laws and/or international agreements or conventions. What follows here is necessarily condensed and in general, illustrative; the precise situation in any given circumstance will involve the interpretation of complex regulations.
REGISTERED RIGHTS
See above - protect ideas concepts and practices in the nature of invention.
Termed a "quasi intellectual property right", confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements protect confidential information from indiscreet or deliberate disclosure, and binds those who are a party to the agreement to behaviour which prevents them pirating the information they are privy to. These agreements are oftimes 'mutually protective' in that they are binding on both parties where there is an exchange of sensitive information. In short, there are many instances where an inventor disclosing technical secrets may learn from a prospective investor information which is commercially sensitive. Or where there is a likely industrial partner working in the same area as the inventor, both parties may disclose technically sensitive information. This protects all concerned, first by defining the limits of disclosure on individuals, that is, maintaining the requirements of disclosure under the Patents Act 1977 and later amendments, and creating trust between the inventor and third parties. This is important because Confidentiality is an associated IP right which arises out of contractual agreements, either made expressly in writing (or verbally, if witnessed) or implicitly by behaviour or conduct. Breach of confidentiality can only be actioned to protect "trade secrets" and only then when the information was given to a recipient under an obligation of non-disclosure which subsequently can then be shown to have been (unequivocally) breached or dishonoured. Since any action for breach of confidence arises out of a contract, it is not possible to litigate against a third party who has received information in breach of confidence - unless of course they can be shown to have initiated the breach of confidence in the first place.
A duty of confidentiality arises in many contracts as a matter of course, but it is better if the obligation is expressly stated or is the subject of a separate agreement.
Generally the three exceptions to an obligation will be:-
if the information comes into the public domain subsequently by a third party having the lawful right to do so
if the information is subsequently lawfully obtained from a third party without obligation to the originator
where the information can be proved to have already been known to the recipient, or its employees, independently prior to disclosure (though they should know this).
Registered design rights
These protect the shape and configuration of objects which have an aesthetic factor i.e. appeal to, or are judged by, the human eye.
Registered trade mark rights
Protect a trader's investment of time and effort in developing a trade mark.
Other specialised intellectual property rights
(such as Plant Variety/Biotech Rights)
UNREGISTERED RIGHTS
Intended to protect the written word, recordings, broadcasts, software and several analogous forms of expression. Copyright law prohibits and/or discourages the plagiarism of written, illustrative and artistic works. It covers literary, dramatic, musical and design/artistic and broadcasting works, and provides for protection of the fruits of a person's skill and/or effort.
The concept is derived from an earlier time when the crown kept a check on seditious writings (and swelled the money in the exchequer) by maintaining the prerogative to issue licences to printers - without which they could not trade. Licences had to be renewed periodically at a fee. In 1709, during the reign of Queen Anne, the crown rescinded its prerogative and this became codified in English Law, in a statute which provided a 'sole right and liberty' to authors to print their works for a term of 14 years.
The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (amended by the regulation implementing EC Software Directive - i.e. "1988 Act") governs English law. In this it is unlawful as a "breach of copyright" to reproduce or copy any "original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work" or a substantial part thereof. Copyright protection therefore exists on lecture notes, papers, dissertations, theses and any accompanying diagrams or artwork, as well as computer programs and the computer records of these activities.
Copyright in a creative work arises automatically when the work is originated, there is no statutory requirement for registration.
The nationality or domicile of the originator, or the country where the work was first published or broadcast, may be significant. English law does not protect works from every country. British citizens and British residents do enjoy protection, as are all works first published in the UK (or a broad range of foreign countries). There are few major trading nations which fall outside the list of those qualifying.
The author of a work is ordinarily taken to be the first owner of the copyright. This remains substantially true unless he produces it as part of his employment, in which case first ownership may go to the employer. Exceptions to this include prior agreements to the contrary, or where the work lies substantially outside the interests of the employer or the terms and conditions of employment of the originator.
Copyright subsists for the author's lifetime with an additional 70 years from the date of death.
It is important to bear in mind that it is the work per se that is protected by copyright, and not the concept. If the concept, idea, premise or any creative suggestion in the work can be used to advantage by someone else without directly copying the work (pattern for pattern, contour for contour, verbatim et literatim) then the owner of the copyright is without a remedy in law.
Copyright, therefore, is not a right of monopoly, and does not provide powers of injunction or a remedy in law to stop 'me too' use, which employs the concept, but avoids a direct replication of the original work. At times, there is a difficult distinction to make - fortunately subtle variations are seldom at issue. A copy is a copy and the idea of plagiarism tends to be clear cut.
Copyright does give the owner an exclusive right to do certain things such as copy, adapt and use the work (and grant licences to others to copy adapt and use the work).
As Peeters* points out 'Doing any of these things without owning the copyright or being licensed by the owner is a breach of copyright. Clearly therefore it is extremely important to be sure that you have a valid licence or assignment before using any copyright material, you may be able to sue whoever purported to sell you the right (if they still exist) but the real owner can prevent you from using the material and that may prove inconvenient, expensive or embarrassing.'
Likewise 'There are a number of provisions under the 1988 Act which relate to "Fair Use" of copyright works for research and private study, criticism, review and news reporting or for the purposes of instruction or examination. Fair dealing with a copyright work for any of those purposes is not infringement.'
The definition of copying in copyright law also includes the automatic downloading into Random Access Memory of software that takes place when a computer program is run. In short, the unlicensed and authorised running of a legitimately created software package establishes a copyright infringement. A licensed user of a commercially available program is authorised to run the program, and to make a back-up copy, but not to transfer it or resell it.
REGISTERED AND UNREGISTERED DESIGN RIGHTS
Unregistered design rights
Are protective of the shape and configuration of objects generally
Passing off
Protect's a trader's investment of time and effort in developing a name, goodwill and reputation.
Other specialised intellectual property rights include 'quasi-author' copyright such as semiconductor topography rights.
Basis in Copyright
The law of copyright is the essential basis for registered and unregistered design rights. The Registered Designs Act 1949 regulates the former and the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 the latter.
The periods of protection are:
up to 25 years following registration for registered design rights - subject to fees being paid!;
and, up to 15 years from creation for unregistered design right or 10 years from first marketing (to a maximum total of 15 years).
A licence of rightful use is available to anyone who pays the proprietor an agreed royalty.
Designs can be registered for:- "features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament being applied to an article by any industrial process which, being features which in the finished article appeal to and are judged by the eye."
A design must be more than merely functional to obtain registration. Thus, a design for a utility power connector is not likely to be registrable as its appearance is (strictly) immaterial, but the design for a connector and/or control panel for a stereo system, should be, as clearly in this second case there is an aesthetic factor involved.
Once registered, design rights are infringed by any article made to the same design or pattern, whether a direct copy or not. However, in practice an infringement complaint would fail unless it could be demonstrated that the copy was feature for feature the same as the original. Only in this instance could it be admitted that the registered design right had truly been infringed.
Unregistered design right, like copyright, can be invoked at the moment a design is created. They apply to:"any aspect of the shape or configuration (whether internal or external) of the whole or part of an article".
In contrast to the above, an unregistered right may protect the design of an electrical connector - but only the design - and has no bearing on those components which would be considered commonplace or included simply because they are essential for the connector to function with, fit or match other components (the so-called "must fit, must match" exceptions).
Like copyright, unregistered cover only protects against the reproducing of a significant part of the design, not against the independent creation of a similar design.
REGISTERED TRADE MARKS - THE LAW OF PASSING OFF.
Passing off is a common law right, that is to say it has no basis in an Act of Parliament. It originally arose in the 19th century out of the desire of judges to protect the public from deliberate fraud by unscrupulous traders and in this century has developed to prevent (irrespective of intent); any situation where purchasers might be misled as to the origins of goods; because a trader has adopted a similar trading style to a competitor in the same business area and/or is likely to damage the reputation and goodwill of the original company.
The newspaper reports of someone selling 'Rolexe' (sic) Watches, Korean versions of the famous Oyster Rolex, serves to illustrate the underlying principle of Passing Off.
The existence of a massive counterfeiting industry worldwide is one of the reasons why the Passing off Laws are so important. Not only is the original manufacture losing valuable trade but poor imitations destroy his reputation. No one would ordinarily fall for a Rolexe as opposed to a Rolex but it happens too often and the counterfeiters make huge sums of money on the hard work of an originator. It matters not that Patents may also be infringed - this is merely incidental to the copyists.
A trade mark is virtually any device which is used to distinguish the goods, services or identity of one trading entity from another.
A Logo, symbol, trade name, or other distinguishing mark can be a trade mark. So too a brand name, in the sense that it represents a trading entity which relies on the brand for its normal course of business.
Hitherto, registrations required separate filings in each country, but from April 1st 1996 it was possible to apply for European trade marks and for worldwide registrations through central offices in Alicante and Geneva.
Since the UK Trade Marks Act 1994, the sole limitation on the representative device used as a trade mark is that it be capable of some form of graphical representation. This has led to a number of curious applications for, amongst others, the shapes of items (the Coke bottle), colours (BP's house shade of green), sounds (the Direct Line jingle) and even smells (Chanel No. 5) though this last does appear to be out of context.
A registered trade mark is infringed by using an identical sign or graphical representation on goods or services for which the mark is registered, or where there are (deliberate) similarities in the goods and/or services and the chance of confusion on the part of the public. There are further provisions protecting famous marks, even where use applies to totally dissimilar goods or services to those registered. This applies only when the use will unfairly disadvantage or damage the reputation or trading position of the registered original.
There are provisions for the 'fair use' of other peoples registered trademarks, typically as found in Burger King adverts which mention "McDonald's", a registered trade mark, in order to claim that Burger King burgers are (allegedly) bigger than those sold at McDonald's.
Trade mark law is fairly complex because whilst brand names can be extremely valuable, the rights last forever so long as the name is used and the registry fees are paid. Likewise, the rights of members of the public to use words freely also have to be safeguarded. However, a trade mark or brand name must not become by common usage or through intent, generic. It was this which led to Thermos, Cellophane, Aspirin, Linoleum, Lanolin, Escalator, Shredded Wheat and many others losing the protection of registered and unregistered rights.
It is more difficult and expensive to bring an action for passing off than registered trade mark infringement because a plaintiff must first prove the existence of a reputation, a tangible loss of business and the extent of damage before there is any chance of prevailing in the action. An action for passing off is intended to protect reputation and goodwill. So long as these are attestably in existence, the right will exist too. In this respect, registration is unnecessary and there is clearly no time limit.
OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
Other rights include:-
Plant Breeder's Rights,
Certification Marks, Semi-Conductor Topography
Software Rights and Database Rights.
Semi-conductor topography rights.
Rights in any semi-conductor product having ' an electronic function comprising two or more layers of semi-conductor in which at least one layer of semiconductor is in a fixed functional pattern' are protected under UK law under unregistered design rights. They should be treated as the same in all respects other than that there is no period of license of right.
Peeters M, Exploitation of IP. Pinsent Curtis. 1995


8b Ninja boy Escape is another point & click escape game developed by 8bGames. Imagine that you met a lost Ninja Boy near your house and brought him to provide shelter. Unfortunately the Ninja Boy got trapped in a room. Find some hidden objects and solve puzzles to rescue him. Good luck and have fun!


A foreign direct investment (FDI) is an investment in the form of a controlling ownership in a business in one country by an entity based in another country. It is thus distinguished from foreign portfolio investment by a notion of direct control. In foreign portfolio investments an investor merely purchases equities of foreign-based companies.
Broadly, foreign direct investment includes "mergers and acquisitions, building new facilities, reinvesting profits earned from overseas operations and intra company loans". In a narrow sense, foreign direct investment refers just to building new facility, a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. FDI is the sum of equity capital, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown the balance of payments. FDI usually involves participation in management, joint-venture, transfer of technology and expertise. Stock of FDI is the net (i.e. outward FDI minus inward FDI) cumulative FDI for any given period. Direct investment excludes investment through purchase of shares.
Who can be a Foreign Investor?
How can a Foreign Investor invest his funds?
By incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or company anywhere.
By acquiring shares in an associated enterprise.
Through a merger or an acquisition of an unrelated enterprise.
Participating in an equity joint venture with another investor or enterprise.
Legislative Protection: Several laws provide protection to foreign investors/investment.
The Contracting Parties shall encourage investments in their respective territories by investors of the other Contracting Parties.
Equal/non-discriminatory treatment in case of compensation for losses owing to war, other armed conflicts or a state of national emergency.
Free transfer of investments, and income deriving therefrom including profits, dividends, interest income, proceeds of sales or liquidation, repayments of loans, salaries, wages and other compensation, etc.
A dispute settlement mechanism to settle any dispute between the countries with respect to the interpretation of the respective agreement and a dispute settlement procedure to settle any dispute between a host country and an investor of the other country.
Next post: Is Infographic Communication Really Important for business?


text:
Q: Relative Homology is not trivial Let $(H_*, \partial_*)$ be a homology theory satisfying the dimension axiom. Let $A \subset S^n$ be a proper subset. Show that $H_n(S^n, A)$ is not trivial.
I tried applying the long exact sequence with no success, since $A$ could be virtually anything. I assume $H_n(A) \to H_n(S^n)$ is not injective either, because then I'd get a short exact sequence, but it can not split.
Anything obvious that I missed?

A: Okay, it actually is pretty simple. We want to argue that the map $H_k(A)\to H_k(S^n)$ is trivial. This follows because it factors through the contractible space $S^n\setminus\{p\}$ for any point $p\notin A$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Beautiful Villa! Located in the prestigious Broadmoor Resort Community. Nestled against Cheyenne Mountain, this unique plan is the only one of all town homes in the resort to have the kitchen to the back. Perfect for entertaining, the newly remodeled deck with etched glass inserts opens to the private open space behind. Vaulted ceilings, remodeled kitchen, main level master, two guest rooms up and an additional guest room/study in the lower level all adds to the appeal of this wonderful home. This home has been very well maintained and very lightly used. Recently replaced water heater and furnace. The home also has a water purification system, upgraded appliances and front load washer and dryer.


Just as I opened this link my partner was talking about the utter lack of leadership in the U.S. government today. I am afraid that I am so skeptical, though, that I cannot see any desire on the part of our so-called leaders to leave behind old tools and behaviors and listen to their inner selves. The system has fundamentally cut them off from any connection to their inner selves. We in turn, out of the exhaustion of passion when it arises at the hint of change, or the numbness that sets in with political fatigue, find ourselves increasingly following in suit. I really appreciate your ideas, Otto, but I see little possibility for pursuing these ideas in any realistic fashion. Please let me know if my cynicism is undue!
I am intrigued by your use of the 'eye of the needle' metaphor. This suggests that there is a very specific and definite path that needs to be followed in order to shift from one space to another. In my experience, this transformative shift is mainly driven by context, rather than by a defined and prescriptive procedure.
To explore your metaphor further, what happens after you have successfully threaded the needle? How do you use it to repair and integrate the fabric of society? Can you use it to weave all the narrative threads of your followers into a much greater inspirational story?
In the work I do, the essence of leadership is the ability to give love and to receive love. Many of those who consider themselves to be leaders are challenged by connecting with their followers at a deeper spiritual and creative level. They can also find it difficult to receive the love and respect of the people who look to them for leadership. The real essence of a leader is someone who can courageously go into unknown and unfamiliar areas and can create a space for emergent creativity rather than merely encouraging followers along the leader's chosen route. A leader attracts other people into this space by sharing a unique vision and then connects those people at a deeper and more loving level.
Thanks for a cool post and a great question!
Thanks Otto, I find deep resonance with your work and the crisp summary found here. Just yesterday I was reminded that inertia is a law of the universe and that staring AND stopping both demand heat. Reading Malia's point I am reminded that there is an unbelievable momentum in the way things are done, and that government is caught in it. I'm seeking other venues for transformation. Regarding Ian's point, I didn't read "eye of the needle" as one given way but as a difficult path to the other side, one that demands focus and precision. I totally feel Richard's point about the way things "slow down" when you are "in the zone," but I do think this needed shift requires an actual slow down, not just a perceptual one.
My last thought regards the leap from understanding the need for a shift and its nature to actualizing it. I think the gap between insight and integration is often understated leading many of us to engage the work without a true understanding of the burning that is required if we are to shift directions.
Individually going through the needle is not as difficult as going through it collectively. Leaders of the future (as well as the good ones of the past) like the "Little Prince" by Saint-Exupery will facilitating that the team collectively shares the vision of the most admired future. This will make unbelievable resources in our hearts, minds available that through our hands will become reality.
The shift would not be easy unless one learns to examine issues and challenges with neither passion or angst – almost like the morning dew on a lotus leaf – the dew is always in contact with the leaf yet does not moisten it. The shift would have to become inwards than outwards. This is critical since I believe that the originals of all issues is essentially the self – thoughts in particular. The power of thoughts is in itself a significant dilemma to handle, since the external variables seem more attractive, tangible and worthy to strive for. I believe that the collective is stronger and potent since we are essentially one – deep inside. The knowledge and insights exists, it just needs to be freed of the shackles of ignorance.
Yes, yes yes! For knowing where to go I have to know who I am. Today the whole world is going to nowhere without knowing source and goal. Leadership is to help the people to know themselves – their innermost Being. From there they will go automatically in the right direction. "Right" will mean then: in accordance with THEIR innermost nature – and since they are nature as everything else, it will be in accordance with THE nature.
BTW: In the first sentence a "to" is missing We will never be able to shift the inner place. Mohammed has to come to the mountain, not the other way round I know, that you meant it just in this way.
hi guys–great conversation! jochen, to your point: you suggest that a "to" is missing in the first sentence? really? i am not sure i fully understand. you say "we will never be able to shift the inner place.." — but isnt it happening very often around us, among us, within us?
i am not sure i understood your point correctly. i also fully share your point malia. thats how it is. YET, as you indicate with your remark about cynicism, maybe thats not the only and also not the most helpful (transformative) way of framing it, right?
I'd like to go back to source and question our use of the word "leadership" itself. Unfortunately, I think we too easily consider this to be simply those people already in charge of our corporations and our government. What do we really mean when we use the word "leadership". We can make trite comments like "leadership is in everyone" – again what does that mean? What does "a transformative leadership journey" really mean and what does it look like when it's happening? Is our desire to "transform" from our current paradigms and contexts of leadership – or what is the new emergent form that will replace our vague and ungrounded concept of "leadership"?
Otto I think your paragraph on Leadership is spot on and beautifully written. For many years I have been engaged in personal, social and political change. I have encouraged groups too own their own 'local' Theory on matters presenting them. I think people tend to be afraid of the wisdom of own thinking and power. The ability to at time stand alone by their own authenic self. I see this changing daily in the work I am engaged with and am privlidged to witness the joy when people connect to themselves in a different way, and begin the practice of influencing those around them.
Otto – rain is pouring down and my memory goes back to 2002 when the flooding came over Dresden at night and more or less out of the blue.
My brain is getting a reset right now.
This brings me back to your initial question about "the eye of the needle". The challenge will be to recognize that inner place from where we operate as leaders, to make the necessary shift happen.
The additional question will be: what are the conditions that make that view of inner place possible for leaders?
too I believe the design and style has got wonderful features.
Niϲe read, I just passed this onto a colleague who was doing a lіttle rеsearch on that.


text:
Q: Unhandled Exception: type 'List' is not a subtype of type 'List>' Flutter Firebase I am trying to get a list from firebase document and then set to another empty List of maps then add a map to this list of maps and pass it back to Firebase.
This is My method:
Future logFinalWorkout(user, finalWorkout) async{
 List<Map<dynamic, dynamic>> result = List<Map<dynamic, dynamic>>();
await users.document(user.uid).get().then((doc){
  result = doc.data['finalWorkouts'];
  result.addAll(finalWorkout);
});
return await users.document(user.uid).updateData({
  'finalWorkouts' : result,
});

}
finalWorkout parameter is of type Map<dynamic,dynamic>
final workouts represents the list coming from Firebase. I keep getting the above error

A: Remove List<Map<dynamic, dynamic>> result and add List< dynamic> result instead of that. Give it a try.


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text:
'I lost my pregnancy after Kaduna govt demolished my restaurant'- Owner of restaurant where Kaduna sex party was scheduled to take place says
Gossip>
Post author:franky
Post category:Gossip
On Thursday, December 31, the Kaduna state government pulled down a building where a sex party was scheduled to hold (Read here). The organizers of the party had rented a restaurant in the building for the party.
After the police got wind of the party, arrests were made and on Thursday, the building was demolished.
Now, the owner of Asher Kings and Queens Restaurant in Kaduna State, Aisha Mercy Yakubu, has denied plans to hold a sex party.
In a statement she released, Yakubu said she had no idea that such a party was scheduled to hold in her facility. According to her, the organizers reached out to her and asked to use her premises for "a 15-man reunion and clothing line promo". Yakubu said she had no idea that they planned to have a sex party there.
She said she was shocked when the police stormed her facility, invited her for questioning, and then detained her friend and two of her staff. She said she was never informed about the demolition and only got wind of it when the government officials had begun to pull down the building with her properties inside.
Yakubu said she lost a one-month-old pregnancy as well as several of her properties. She says she would be seeking legal redress. Read her statement below
THE STORY OF ASHER KINGS AND QUEENS RESTAURANT… This is my story
The Asher Kings and Queens Restaurant is 34 sitting-capacity- at -a -time restaurant, located at #75 Kachia Road,Sabon Tasha,Kaduna State, registered with the Corporate Affairs Commision, with with the registration number BN2463851 on 5th December,2016, under the COMPANIES AND ALLIED MATTERS ACT 1990 Food Production and Processing Services.
The Restaurant is a one-storey building structure, with a VIP Lounge section, where premium customers relax to watch football league games in a cozy environment, with all the comfort; airconditioners and light music.
Whilst the ground floor is where the kitchen and serving spot is, also with chairs and tables for customers to sit and eat their food as required. We hire/rent the VIP section for light events, of not more than 26 customers.
On the 27th December,2020, a customer hired the VIP Lounge for a 15-man reunion/Clothing line promo, to appreciate his customers for their good patronage of his brands.
Before the event proper commenced, a friend of mine and I noticed an unusual movement around the main gate to the restaurant, as it was half opened to avoid a crowded environment. We approached the main gate and on getting there I saw two truckloads of heavily armed officers of the Nigeria Police Force (NPF).
I asked the team leader what was going on but he ignored my question and said he will explain to me when we get to the Police Station, Sabon Tasha Division. When we arrived at the Police station, my customer, who accompanied me to the station, enquired what the matter was and the Police showed us a poster on a GSM phone belonging to one of the officers by name Inspector Felix. It was a poster of an event titled; KADUNA SEX PARTY, which the Police claimed the venue for the supposed "sex party" was scheduled to hold at my restaurant, even though with no address of where it will take place on the poster.
I denied knowledge of that event as there was nothing of that sort taking place at the restaurant and I wouldn't stoop so low to entertain such illicit activity at my place,but the Police refused to believe me and had my friend and two of my staff detained for one night, one day, until the customer that had earlier hired the place for usage on that fateful day was also arrested the next day. They were released after paying a "bail fee" of #100,000 to Inspector Felix and one other lady Officer,fair in complexion.
I noticed how incompetent the NPF were. I suggested to them to call the number on the supposed "Kaduna Sex Party" poster, which they immediately put a call through and a name came out using the True Caller App as MARVELLOUS AKPAN. The Police asked me to pay a fee of #20,000 for them to do their job of tracking the user of the phone number, which I immediately paid them so that they will swing into action.
Marvellous Akpan was arrested the next. He was interrogated and he obliged to owning the phone number on the poster and printing of the poster which was posted on Social Media, assisted by a friend of his named Noah and one other guy.
On further interrogation, Mr. Marvellous Akpan confessed to the Police that he doesn't know me and has never been to my restaurant nor have any knowledge of its address.
Mr. Chimeze, who had hired the place was released, summarily, after the successful arrest of Mr Akpan. The next day, 31st December, while at the other Branch of my restaurant, at Court Road,Sabon Tasha, Kaduna, a friend of mine called me asked me to go to the main Restaurant and see what was going on. I immediately went and saw a combined team of Police men, Soldiers, KASTLEA, and Vigilante groups guarded a Payloader to demolish my restaurant.
No prior notice was served to me before the demolition, there was no any form of communication between me and the Kaduna State Property Development Agency (KASUPDA) who came to demolish the building structure. Even when they arrived at the location, the main entrance to the Main Restaurant and the restaurant was under lock and key. There was no any form of communication to me! I watched them pulled down the building without allowing me remove any item before the demolition.
As a result of the trauma, I lost my one-month-old pregnancy. I also incurred the following loses; 1. cooking utensils 2.furniture 3.Electric appliances 4. Chillers 5. Deep freezers 6. Bemarrings out door catering utensils 7. Cash,et al worth over #32 million, as the place was abruptly vandalized after the demolition.
I plan to seek legal redress for defamation of my character and the loss of my properties in the building.
Signed: Aisha Mercy Yakubu CEO,
Asher Kings and Queens Restaurant,Sabon Tasha, Kaduna
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Michael and Maxine are back and life is still just as crazy and just as painful as before.
Maxine is again caught up in a love triangle with a married man and his wife. She hates that she has more secrets to keep despite knowing that keeping secrets can only lead to pain and anguish. Yet what choice does she have?
Michael is still madly in love with Maxine and he intends to get her back in his life by any means necessary…once his divorce is final.
Maria refused to make things easy and their divorce proceedings drag on and on leaving a trail of hate, disgust and no light at the end of the tunnel for either of them.
Maxine decides that after all that they have been through, she and Michael deserve to be together. Yet guilt and fear keeps her from letting him love her the way that he wants too.
There was someone else vying for Maxine's attention and for Michael, the competition hits closer to home than he would ever expect.
Prohibited II: Illicit affairs, the sequel to the breakthrough novel Prohibited, brings to light more secrets that threaten to tear all love, friendships and familiar relationships apart forever.


text:
The Truth About Mello-Roos
The Real Benefits of Mello-Roos
As always, today's families recognize the importance of living in a community that's as desirable as their home itself. Mello-Roos enables critical community facilities to be provided whenever they're needed at a lower cost to homeowners. By doing so, Mello-Roos ensures a higher quality of life for every family in that community. Perhaps most importantly of all, Mello-Roos helps preserve the value of your new home investment.
Where did Mello-Roos Come From?
When Proposition 13 passed in 1978, it severely limited the ability of local governments to use property taxes to construct public facilities and services. As a result, Californians were forced to find new ways to fund public improvements in their respective locales. The Mello-Roos Community Facilities Act of 1982 was co-authored by Senator Henry Mello of the Monterey area and Los Angeles assemblyman Mike Roos. Enacted by the California legislature, the Act enabled "Community Facilities Districts" (CFD's) to be established by local government agencies as a means of obtaining this crucial community funding. Today the colloquial name for the Facilities Act of 1982 is simply "Mello-Roos."
What Public Facilities are Funded by Mello-Roos?
School districts are the most common beneficiaries. Since state funds are not available to provide the quality of facilities necessary in every community in California, Mello-Roos makes the acquisition of timely financing possible. In addition, Mello-Roos can provide financing for other vital community needs. These needs include the construction and maintenance of public roads, traffic light systems, storm sewers, water mains, police stations, fire stations, ambulance services, public libraries, recreational parks, museums and cultural facilities.
How is Community Funding Provided?
Let's say, for example, that plans for a new school are approved in your Community Facilities District. To finance the school, tax-exempt municipal bonds are issued. These public bonds are repaid (or secured) over an extended time through the levy of a special tax (Mello-Roos) on properties that benefit from the facility. This tax is usually added to the annual property tax bills (over a 20-25 year period) of residences within the CFD. Commercial and industrial property owners are also subject to Mello-Roos. All proceeds raised from Mello-Roos assessment must be used exclusively to finance the specific public facilities and/or services that were authorized in your CFD.
How Much Will I Be Assessed?
This will vary from one CFD to another. Typically, an adopted formula that relates to the size of the home (square footage or lot size) is used to determine the amount of an individual assessment. In general, the special taxes and assessments do not exceed 1% to 1.5% of the market value of new homes. Moreover, the total amount of all annual taxes (including property tax) usually does not exceed 2% to 2.5% of the home's market value.
Will My Mello-Roos Tax Increase?
It can. However, this special tax can increase only at a maximum rate of 2% per year over a 25 years period. On the other hand, it's possible that this tax will decrease, should state or other funds become available that could be used to reduce existing bond indebtedness, or be used to construct new facilities in lieu of additional bond sales.
Can I Choose How to Pay for Mello-Roos?
Yes. As already mentioned, the special assessment can be added to your property tax bills until your portion of the tax is paid off. A schedule of maximum special tax payments over a period of 25 years is available to homeowners prior to the close of escrow. Those who purchased a new home also have the option to pay for their Mello-Roos tax in its entirety at the time they buy. However, because statistics indicate that the average homeowner in California moves every seven years, it's often prudent to spread the payments over time.
Why Can't Builders Bear the Cost of these Facilities?
They can. But ultimately, the builder must recover these considerable costs in the form of higher home prices. Commercial construction loans acquired by builders typically incur higher rates of interest than CFD financing, which accrues at significantly lower rates.
Mello-Roos Makes Sense
Buying a home is the most important decision most of us will ever make. Mello-Roos offers the security of knowing that your community will continue to prosper and grow in ways that are most beneficial to its residents..


Water and Power Consultancy Services has conveyed an occupation see titled as WAPCOS Recruitment. Association is going to full fill these opportunities from Diligent and dynamic Job appliers for the 153 empty places of Team Leader/Project Manager, Site Engineer in various controls.
Capability Required: Candidates more likely than not finished the Diploma (Civil Engineering)/B.E/B.Tech (Civil Engineering)/M.E/M.Tech or its proportionate with great imprints from a perceived University/Institution.
The greatest age for the competitors who will apply for Jobs is 65 Years (Post 1-3), 40 Years (Post 4).
Compensation Package: Shortlisted competitors for Team Leader/Project Manager, Site Engineer will get pay size of Rs. 60,000/ - (Post 1), Rs. 50,000/ - (Post 2), Rs. 45,000/ - (Post 3), Rs. 20,000/ - (Post 4) which is offered by Water and Power Consultancy Services.
Contender will be enlisted against this enrollment based on their execution in Interview which is going to be directed by the enlistment board of trustees of association.
Occupation searchers who wish to apply for WAPCOS Jobs needs to go on authority site that is http://www.wapcos.gov.in.
In the wake of perusing warning, contenders need to download application structure and filled all asked subtleties in right way with no kind of oversight.
When the application structure filled effectively Job appliers ought to send it to the Email address expressed beneath before the endorsed time limit alongside supporting reports and authentications.
Shutting Date to Send Copy of Application Form Is : 23-02-2019.
Check WAPCOS Recruitment Notification Here.
Regarding WAPCOS recruitment, a latest advertisement has been broadcast by water and electrical consulting services to inform the motivated and dynamic persons for 100 vacant posts of structural engineer, site engineer. Eligible participants can apply for WAPCOS vacancy by submitting their application through offline mode before the expiry date of 24th November 2018.
Applicants are advised to submit relevant documents with the WAPCOS application form before the expiration date of 24 November 2018. Inspired and dynamic person, WAPCOS recruitment 2018 can get more information in concern, which can go through this page which is well equipped by the members of the dedicated and dedicated team of www.telanganaa.in.
Education criteria: Candidates must have completed diploma / engineering degree (civil) / postgraduate degree (structural engineering) or its equivalent with a good marks from a recognized university / institute.
The selection of well-fit candidates in the workings and responsibilities of the above positions will depend on their performance at the time of skill test / interview.
Job seekers are interested in applying for the above mentioned positions. First of all they need to go through the official website which is http://www.wapcos.gov.in.
Once filling the application successfully, the persons should send the application along with all relevant documents at the address given at the address given below.
Click WAPCOS recruitment notification here.
As a WAPCOS recruitment, the result of an advertisement related to the latest career has been done by water and electricity consulting services so that results oriented and skilled competitors can be notified for 02 DEE positions. The Manager. Eligible applicants can apply for WAPCOS vacancy by submitting applications before the last date of 8 November 2018.
Education information: Those job hunters have done B.Scm / MBA (HR) from a recognized university or institute.
Candidates are related to PH / ST / SC / Women category. 500 / - in the form of application fee.
Competitors who are willing to apply for the above mentioned position should be less than 30 years.
Salary Package: Applicants will be successfully selected against this recruitment, they will receive effective and satisfactory salary of rupees. 40,000 - 1,40,000 / - from the recruitment organization.
First of all, candidates will have to go to the organization's web portal, which is http://www.wapcos.gov.in.
The expiration date for forwarding the forwarded application: 08-11-2018.
Water and Power Consulting Services Resident Engineer, Senior Site Engineer is looking for ambitious, enticing, and active Jobs Hunter for 06 posts. Recently, Water and Power Consultancy Services has recently advertised an existing advertisement as WAPCOS recruitment. In order to fulfill this recruitment process, the candidates who meet the necessary requirements, can participate in the Walkin interview at the place given on October 6, 2018.
Jobs Hunter can get the remaining information about WAPCOS recruitment 2018 through this page, which is well equipped by the team of www.telanganaa.in.
Qualification Required: As per the applicable posts, job seekers must complete education as well as engineering degree (civil / food processing with engineering in agriculture / mechanical engineering) with good academic records from well-recognized university / institute.
Participants, who are interested in applying against the recruitment of water and electrical consultancy services, will have to go through the interview round which will be organized by the recruitment panel of the organization.
Job seekers who want to apply for WAPCOS jobs, have to go to the official site http://www.wapcos.gov.in.
A list of this latest opening link will open and the candidates will have to select the most appropriate link, which will open the entire advertisement containing more information about WAPCOS vacancies.
After reading the notification, the claimants will have to participate in Walker interview with the supporting documents and certificates at the address given below on the prescribed deadline.


Health researchers from around the globe, including Canada, USA, UK, Australia, Japan, Israel, Germany, Norway, Brazil, and the Netherlands, gathered on October 2-3, 2017 at the McGill University Faculty Club to discuss insights and challenges related to critical qualitative health research. The day was structured to promote discussion, debate and exchange around ideas presented by two guest speakers: Joan Eakin, Professor Emerita at the University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Founding Director of the Centre for Critical Qualitative Health Research; and, Paula Gardner, Assistant Professor in Health Sciences at Brock University and Academic Fellow at the Centre for Critical Qualitative Health Research. Professor Eakin discussed critical qualitative research as a transgressive scientific practice and the implications for researchers as well as in the health field more generally. Professor Gardner shared her personal experiences and reflections as a critical qualitative health researcher in a hospital setting with lessons for all engaged in participatory approaches.
• the tensions of bringing theoretically-informed qualitative research into positivist, health research settings.
• the challenges of maintaining rigour and integrity as a critical qualitative researcher while also meeting health research's structural demands, for instance funding and publication criteria.
• the personal (and therefore sensitive) reality of different epistemological standpoints, and the concomitant relational/interpersonal tensions these bring.
• the idea that "Everything is Data!" (Joan Eakin) and its associated ethical and methodological challenges.


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This Royal RQA type quill punch/perforator punch/core pin blank has a 60 degree beveled head and a straight shank. It is made from an inventory of M2 high-speed steel blanks which are heat-treated to a hardness of 60-63 Rc and then precision form-ground for better tolerance and finish. We grind the shank to your required shank diameter within a tolerance of +.0003/-.0000.
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text:
10 Interesting Pearl Harbor Facts
Top 10 Pearl Harbor & USS Arizona Facts
1. Americans fired the first shot
The first of many Pearl Harbor facts about the attack is that on the morning of December 7th, 1941, the Wickes-class destroyer USS Ward attacked and sank a Ko-hyoteki-class midget submarine near the entrance to the harbor, making it not only the first shot fired on that day, but the first official American shots in the War. The Japanese sub's periscope was spotted above the water by the minesweeper Condor, which alerted the crew of the Ward, who opened fire on the intruder.
2. The attack on Pearl Harbor lasted for about two hours
Coming in from all directions. The defenders had no idea from which direction to fire. Wave-after-wave planes arrived targeting airplanes, ships, buildings and storage areas.
Dive bombers, fighters, torpedo bombers and high-level bombers blanketed the sky dropping their deadly payloads across the island of Oahu. The two waves of aircraft enacted a heavy toll on their targets, namely battleship row.
3. The Attack on Pearl Harbor led to US entering World War II
On December 8, the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Congress approved Roosevelt's declaration of war.
Three days later, Japanese allies Germany and Italy declared war against the United States. More than two years after the start of the conflict, the United States had finally entered World War II.
4. Japanese submarines were supposed to play a major role in the Pearl Harbor attack
The Japanese had planned to use their submarines for a number of different tasks before, during and after the attack. Prior to the bombers and fighter planes arriving from the Japanese aircraft carriers to the north, these submarines were to scout and penetrate the defenses of Pearl Harbor. Once the attack from the air started, they were to release their torpedos at prime targets and escape back out the channel.
After the attack, these submarines were to station themselves in pre-designated spots of the islands to pick-up any pilots who couldn't make it back to their carriers due to fuel or mechanical issues. One such pilot landed on Niihau (a small Hawaiian island near Kauai). Unfortunately for that Japanese pilot, his submarine had long left it's position, stranding him there.
5. The Pearl Harbor attack did not destroy the entire American Fleet
In the attack on 'Battleship Row' on December 7th, the Arizona and Oklahoma were the only ships damaged beyond repair by bombs or torpedo hits. Of the 2,026 American sailors and marines killed in the attack, 1,606 had been aboard these two ships.
Three more battleships (the California, West Virginia and Nevada) sank upright in the shallow water of the harbor. They were salvaged, and while many vessels did not return to the battlefield for several years, most suffered repairable damage. The Battleship Missouri is now anchored there.
6. Veterans can be laid to rest at Pearl Harbor
A wonderful USS Arizona fact is that survivors of Pearl Harbor have the option to join their lost comrades and make Pearl Harbor their final resting place. Crew members who served on board the USS Arizona during the attack may choose to have their ashes deposited by divers beneath one of the sunken Arizona's gun turrets.
Roughly 30 Arizona survivors have chosen this option. Other military survivors can choose to have their ashes scattered wherever their ship was located during the attacks.
7. Pearl Harbor was attacked to protect the invasion of "Southern Resource Area"
Japan depended on the United States for supply of natural and industrial resources (namely, oil) without which its forces would be significantly impaired. This led to Japan to target South-east Asia, rich in minerals and oil. While they knew that such an invasion would lead to war against America, Japan decided to destroy America's Pacific Fleet to prevent American interference in its plan to access resources of countries in South-east Asia, which Japan called "Southern Resource Area".
This was the primary reason behind the attack on Pearl Harbor.
8. Japan could have inflicted greater damage if they targeted different areas
Japan concentrated on just destroying battleships of US Navy as it thought that the Pacific battle would be fought by battleships. This proved to be wrong.
Had Japan focused beyond the fleet and targeted navy repair yards, oil tank farms, submarine base, and old headquarters building it could have inflicted far greater damage. Because the concentration was on battleships, American aircraft carriers were untouched by the attack. This led to America being able to rebuild and ultimately reverse the Japanese advance after the setbacks of early 1942.
Admiral Hara Tadaichi summed up the Japanese result by saying, "We won a great tactical victory at Pearl Harbor and thereby lost the war."
9. The USS Arizona still leaks fuel
The day before the attacks, the USS Arizona took on a full load of fuel, nearly 1.5 million gallons. Much of that fuel helped ignite the explosion and subsequent fires that destroyed the ships, but amazingly, some fuel continues to seep out of the wreckage.
According to the History Channel, the Arizona "continues to spill up to 9 quarts of oil into the harbor each day." This adds to the emotional gravity of this memorial and those visiting often refer to this phenomenon as the "tears of the Arizona" or "black tears."
10. Japan is now one of America's strongest allies
While most people can tell you that the Japanese were responsible for the attacks on Pearl Harbor, not everyone realizes that the Japanese now visit the memorial in droves.
Japan, now one of America's strongest allies, is the largest source of international tourists to the state of Hawaii. Japanese visitors pay their respects at Pearl Harbor just as Americans do.
Interested in more Pearl Harbor fun facts? Follow us on social media to learn more.
History of the Pineapple
Pineapples have had an influence on our diets and even architecture. Learn all about pineapples from Hawaii and across the world. The founders, the growth and even varieties available today. Learn more at the Dole Plantation on Oahu or the Maui Pineapple Company on Maui.
https://www.pearlharbortours.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Pineapple-Lineup-at-Hawaii-Fruit-Stand.jpg 1280 1920 Doug Bowser https://www.pearlharbortours.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/logo.png Doug Bowser2018-11-01 05:26:172018-12-01 21:16:13History of the Pineapple
10 Interesting Facts About Pearl Harbor
The first of many Pearl Harbor facts about the attack is that on the morning of December 7th, 1941, the Wickes-class destroyer USS Ward attacked and sank a Ko-hyoteki-class midget submarine near the entrance to the harbor, making it not only the first shot fired on that day, but the first official American shots in the War.
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Ancient Hawaiian History Timeline
As Polynesians continued to arrive in the Hawaiian islands from the south the native populations grew around the now expanding shallow lagoon.
https://www.pearlharbortours.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/A_Man_of_the_Sandwich_Islands_Dancing_after_John_Webber_1784_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_1.jpg 3208 2181 Doug Bowser https://www.pearlharbortours.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/logo.png Doug Bowser2018-08-12 09:42:392018-10-27 09:53:56Ancient Hawaiian History Timeline
Things You Donʻt Know About Pearl Harbor
There is a rich and important history associated with this area both before, during and after the Japanese attack. Here are just a few of the most interesting facts about Pearl Harbor you may not have known.
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Building The Hawaiian Kingdom
As Kamehameha battled for control of all the islands foreigners began to play a key role in his plans for a kingdom. In those days the Mo'i or King of an island was the absolute ruler.
https://www.pearlharbortours.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Native_Hawaiian_man_pounding_taro_into_poi_with_two_children_by_his_sides._c._1890s-Wikimedia-image_1.jpg 1255 1920 Doug Bowser https://www.pearlharbortours.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/logo.png Doug Bowser2018-05-23 21:22:212018-10-27 09:45:26Building The Hawaiian Kingdom
Pearl Harbor Attack
It was a sunny Sunday morning when, on December 7, 1941, the Imperial Japanese Air Force launched planes from 6 Japanese aircraft carriers North of Oahu. The rest is history.
https://www.pearlharbortours.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/uss-missouri-arizona-pearl-harbor-above-1.jpg 2674 4019 Daniel Logtenberg https://www.pearlharbortours.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/logo.png Daniel Logtenberg2018-03-17 13:37:292018-12-01 19:27:32Pearl Harbor Attack


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The Intentional Organisation - Issue #11 - Thriving in Uncertainty
1. Thriving in Uncertain Times
Uncertainty is one of the elements of the so-called VUCA Environment. It is none of the most recurring themes in the year 2020. Yet I feel it's essential to shed the light of negativity that encrusts this word.
One of the dominant thinking about humankind's history is that human beings always tried to master uncertainty. Since the ancient Sumer, legions of astrologists, oracles, predictors, all attempted to provide insights in what's to come, to lower the toll of uncertainty. According to this thought, also science merely followed a path to uncertainty reduction into its development process.
Yet, as I engaged in my research on the meaning of work, I kept discovering clues that go instead against this mainstream thinking. Thousands of years of human history have shown much broader respect for uncertain futures. And also science has evolved into something a lot more about probability than certainty.
Uncertainty is the real fuel of human ingenuity.
Beyond Discomfort
Think about it. The idea that everything can be reduced to mechanistic predictions doesn't hold, and most scientific domains have now accepted this entirely. We see this first-hand with the Covid-19 crisis: medicine is not about delivering certainty, but about exploring possibilities while facing a problem.
Every generation of human being has lived with uncertainty and unpredictability; that's how we developed the staggering human capacity for invention, discovery, improvisation and creativity.
Margaret Heffernan, Uncharted, page 102
If science accepts uncertainty, why is then this general repulsion for the unknown still affecting us so much? From a certain point in human history, the western world developed a discomfort with uncertainty. Piped into the mindset of the Industrial Revolution, this discomfort has been industrialised in the fabric of most human organisations between the XIX and XX centuries. The problem lies in the application of an engineering mindset in the pursuit of efficiency. Margaret Heffernan much acknowledges this in her book Uncharted: organisations are structured to reduce uncertainty in the quest for efficiency. By doing so, however, they have created a "eugenics mindset, applied to everything we do and everything we are".
Organisations and Uncertainty
My question is how organisations can lead us not toward some predictable goal, but toward a greater and greater capacity to handle unpredictability, and with it, a greater capacity to love and care about other people.
~Margaret Wheatley It Starts with uncertainty
This quote by Margaret Wheatley is more than 20 years old, yet it captures perfectly the problem we face within organisations. We still tend to apply an engineering view to organisational development that doesn't hold to the forces of reality.
Just think about the budgeting process. Ample studies demonstrate a very low correlation of this process with the prediction of revenues. Yet we invest immense amounts of energies in this process across the most organisation. There is an entire movement, called Beyond Budgeting that understood this. Many companies are freeing themselves from the laces of this process. Which also projects a further logical error: the idea that we can take history and project it, linearly, into the future.
Also, HR strongly contributes to this with many processes seemingly built to reduce uncertainty: MBOs, Career Planning, Succession Planning, Performance Management. Yet I can't avoid thinking they all end up spreading that eugenics mindset that Heffernan mentioned.
In a moment of disruption such as the one we are living now, we see two tendencies. On the one side, many companies have addressed the issue clamping down with more control. A few organisations, instead, have taken the lead in embracing a different attitude towards uncertainty, embracing it. The difference between these two types of organisation, is down to the true meaning of Leadership.
Today's organisations need leaders who believe in human potential and goodness, who can inspire people to operate from their highest selves, which can instil in people a deep sense of their worth.
With this, they can develop those capabilities that are key for survival in an uncertain world: sense-making, learning, adapting.
Embracing this approach means also enabling change and transformation to flourish within our organisations. The entire domain of Change Management is today needed because we have built our organisations inept for change. I see more and more that it's not people who resist change, but rather processes, models, structures...
If I can paraphrase a famous quote by Albert Einstein, I'm not sure about which organisations will survive the current crisis, but I'm sure which one will survive the next one.
Embracing uncertainty is the only way we can build genuinely resilient and adaptable organisations.
The Thought Fox is a poem by Ted Hughes on the process of creativity in the work of a poet. An important lesson…
Work. A History of How We Spend Our Time is a very recent book by James Suzman, a British anthropologist and photographer who…
Curated News on Organisation Design is my ever-developing collection of articles and news on the topic of Organisation Design, that I collect through…
Women are particularly hit by the current economic crisis, for three reasons. They hold the burden for the domestic work, with kids at home during school closures. The sectors in which they are more active, are the one most hit by the crisis. And they also need to take for the elderly. #Diversity
Also the analysis from McKinsey confirms the need for more focused attention on diverse employees, women especially, in the current economic crisis. #Diversity
Conventional wisdom said extroverts would find work-from-home isolation challenging. Turns out that's not who's having the hardest time. #RemoteWork
An interesting article on the way Work is evolving, moving away from traditional "jobs" and into something more Fluid. A great setting for the new Discourse of Work that is currently evolving. #Work
What values are the most influential in the world? Across 500,000 surveys in 152 languages, we visualize a rich dataset of human motivations. #Culture
Knowledge is Paralysing 🥸


SME Finance Forum member, Qatar Development Bank (QDB) impacted 298 Qatari SMEs by the disbursement of QR1.6bn from QDB through Al Dhameen.
Al Dhameen, is an indirect loan facility programme that aims to motivate banks to offer financing to startups and SMEs that are unable to provide the necessary financing guarantees or collaterals, according to the article.
The programme helps SMEs with low credit history, assists them with obtaining loans from commercial banks, consultancy and advisory services, auditing, feasibility studies, and assessment and evaluation of projects.


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What do you think should be given priority or focus in the city centre?
We always want to hear from the city centre business and property community about what they think should be given priority or focus right now or in the long term.
If you want to talk in more detail, we'd love to hear from you by phone or email.
Do you have any other comments you'd like to share?


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Marshawn Lynch is now fighting the Predator
Marshawn Lynch, the fan-favorite running back whose post-NFL acting career has seen roles in Westworld, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, and Call of Duty: Black Ops 3, joined the roster of Predator: Hunting Grounds on PlayStation 4 on Tuesday. He stars as Dante "Beast Mode" Jefferson, and packs a custom rocket launcher capable of wiping out the extraterrestrial sportsman.
Illfonic announced Lynch's appearance on Tuesday morning, giving his character a canonical backstory. Jefferson, according to the studio, was the only survivor of a covert operation in Thailand that took his unit up against the Predator. This won him a starting job on the Other Worldly Life Forms Program, led by California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.
Jefferson's B34S-T bazooka is the only rocket launcher in the game. Players will also get access a bunch more weapons with the update: At level 43, they'll unlock a grenade launcher that fires proximity sensing mines to help them hunt the Predator. At level 80, they get an EMP mine that will knock out the Predator's cloak "and send their whole system into overload." And at level 135, they get a plasma rifle, whose high velocity energy bursts deal a lot of damage.
Predator: Hunting Grounds launched in April for PS4 and Windows PC; it's an asymmetrical co-operative/competitive multiplayer shooter, pitting four human soldiers against one player-controlled Predator. Despite its star power and callbacks to the 1987 sci-fi action flick, we weren't impressed; our review called it dull and repetitive in ways that updates and additional polish might not help.
Posted in PS4Tagged fighting, Is, Lynch, Marshawn, Now
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MODERATED Detailed threads on The La's body of work.
Notes: First broadcast 02 September, 1987.
Notes: First broadcast 31 May, 1988.
SBD #1a 10.0¨¨¨¨Yes¨¨¨¨¨¨12:59¨¨ Official CD¨¨¨¨ • I.O.U.
Notes: First broadcast 13 March, 1989.
Notes: First broadcast of this session is untraceable unfortunately. However the session was subsequently repeated on 05 February, 1991.
Last edited by Neil83 on Mon Nov 06, 2006 11:01 pm, edited 5 times in total.
Keeping it nice and organised for all the good folk to get their heads 'round the facts.
Completely rewritten, taking into account the official release of the BBC sessions.
Added producer/engineer details to BBC sessions.
This could be the date for the radio session.