Americans are waking up to the plight of rural and small town areas. Rural students and workers need government and philanthropic help to link to jobs, higher education, and career opportunities, whether near their homes or in cities.
But rural residents need to avoid making matters worse for themselves. One troubling development, adopted totally by local initiative, is for rural schools to operate only four days per week (usually Monday through Thursday). This phenomenon is sweeping the Intermountain West, spreading to 88 districts in Colorado, 43 in Idaho, 30 in Oregon, and nearly half of the districts in Montana. Other parts of the country will likely follow suit.
The first few localities to adopt the four-day school week hoped to save money on transportation, heating, janitorial, and clerical costs. The idea was to add roughly 30 to 90 minutes to each day that students are in school, then on the fifth day (usually Friday) to assign projects and encourage parent and community groups to organize study halls and enrichment activities.
However, savings have been elusive because so many costs—most importantly teacher salaries and equipment leases—are fixed. Even on days off, sports teams use buses and drivers for away games. Savings must come from expendables (for example, fuel for buses and heating, food for student lunches, and pay for hourly employees). There are also offsetting cost increases. School buildings must be kept open longer four days each week and on the fifth day for teacher meetings. Students who spend 90 minutes more per day in school need afternoon snacks.
Most localities adopted the four-day week after the original cost-saving argument was debunked. Why? It isn't because rural children suffer from spending too many days in school. To the contrary, rural students consistently do less well in college on a variety of outcomes (readiness for credit-bearing courses, grades, rate of progress, graduation) than urban students from similar income groups.
Some school leaders hoped it could lead to more intense teacher collaboration and more writing by students and feedback by teachers. However, as our recent study revealed, good intentions can erode, for example, as good resolutions deteriorate and teachers who were part of the original "deal" leave and are replaced.
The idea has proved contagious because adults like it: Teachers have more free time, and stay-at-home parents like the convenience of taking kids to doctors and doing errands on Friday. Many district leaders who have recently adopted the idea say that it gives them an advantage in competing for teachers, who understandably like the idea of the same pay for 20 percent fewer days at work.
But veteran teachers are also concerned that longer days don't work for the youngest students, and that an absent teacher or student also loses a larger fraction of the school week. Every Monday is like the first day back from vacation. As we discovered, few localities have compensated by assigning and grading fifth-day projects or organizing new learning opportunities. And the shortened school week poses a hardship for two-earner households and low-income families without the time or means to arrange study halls, field trips, and online coursework. In towns with large numbers of newly settled-out migrant workers, most of the newcomers are at loose ends on the fifth day.
Some rural communities we studied have approached the four-day week with caution, intending to go back to five days if results for kids are not good. However, most communities that have adopted it view it as a permanent arrangement, not a trial to be evaluated and reconsidered in light of evidence.
If local leaders are lucky, graduates of these schools won't be any less well educated than their siblings who went to school all week. But, in an environment where young rural adults already suffer from isolation and low economic opportunity, the shorter school week could exacerbate their problems.
To date, this has been a local phenomenon, based on support from vocal families and signals from the teacher labor market. States have done little to discourage it, and they aren't requiring thoughtful use of the fifth day nor helping localities offer higher teacher salaries for a longer work week.
Some foundations—for example, the Donnell-Kay Foundation in Colorado and The J.A. and Kathryn Albertson Foundation in Idaho—are exhorting local leaders and offering money to help beef up the lost day. A larger philanthropic effort might make a difference nationwide.
In the meantime, rural mayors and school boards need to be challenged: Will they give in to the four-day week contagion? Will they try it but be alert to signs it isn't working or needs rethinking? Or will they refuse to take the risk that harm to students might become apparent only when it is too late?
This blog was first published on the Brookings Institute's Brown Center Chalkboard.


In the heart of downtown Lake Forest, overlooking historic Market Square, The Market House offers private and semi-private dining rooms. Inviting and sophisticated, our private rooms offer the perfect ambience for your next event. Business or social, informal or elegant, whatever the occasion, we are dedicated to making your party effortless to plan and enjoyable to attend.
Everything went very well. It was a nice space to have a family party. I cannot speak highly enough of the two gentlemen who were assigned to help up – so professional and very flexible. Most people were not familiar with the space, so they were overwhelmed (in a good way) with the view and room design.
Could you please let me know the name of our waitress from last night? It was exceptional food and service. Thank you.
Everything was wonderful. Thank you so much for everything and we're looking forward to working with you in the future.
Dinner last night was WONDERFUL! Thank you again for all your help to make our night run so smoothly.
The event went very well. The food was delicious, the setting spot-on, and the servers professional and friendly. You and your team did a wonderful job! I look forward to working with you for our guest dinners throughout the upcoming season, and I will be highly recommending the Markethouse to our organizing committee for next year's group event.
It was great! Thanks for all your help! 🙂 The flowers were beautiful.
Everything went very well, food and service was excellent!
Everything was wonderful! All the guests loved and food! It was just perfect. Thank you again!!
Everything was fantastic – especially the food and service! We could not have asked for a better experience! Would I be able to reserve the same room again for next year.
Thank you! Everything was great and the guests agreed that the food was wonderful and it was a good time overall. I look forward to working with you again soon.
Rehearsal Dinners, Anniversary Celebrations and company buy-outs have all been thrown at 670 Bank Lane using the entire restaurant. The restaurant is an amazing space for your group of up to 60 guests. In addition to our ample menu options, we are happy to create a specialized menu to cater to your event's needs, so your guests can enjoy beautiful views, amazing fresh dining and our 5-Star Hospitality.
The Field Room is located on the second level and overlooks the Historic Marshall Field Building. It has a boardroom feel and can accommodate any group size from 6 to 25 guests. Great for business dinners or birthday lunches!
The Market Room is cozy, with a fireplace and flat screen television. We can accommodate group sizes up to 25 in there, with different seating arrangement options. This room is available for dinners, Monday through Friday,or any time during the weekends. We can host cocktail parties or private dinners in this space.
The Shaw Room is our largest antd most flexible space, with its own staircase to enter from. We can seat up to 50 guests most comfortably, and we can do many different seating arrangements to work best with your event. Whether it be an all-day business meeting or a bridal shower, this space works best for your needs!
The East Porch reopened in early 2013 and functions as both an A La Carte and private dining space. It can seat up to 25 guests, and works great for cocktail parties, too. With a view overlooking the outdoor patio and Market Square, this space has great natural light and a rustic feel.
The Main Dining Room of the Market House can be rented for any event. Contact our private dining coordinator for details.
The Market House Restaurant as whole can be used for an event, such as a company dinner, a wedding reception or a networking event. Contact Nina to discuss details.
We are proud to feature seasonal menus featuring the freshest produce and recipes. Due to the nature of our offerings, some ingredients and in some cases prices are subject to change.


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Best Practices & Case Studies
The Innovator's Dilemma: Creating Success from Failure
Daniel Julien - 01.07.2020
Innovation happens all the time. People find new solutions to old problems using a different combination of ideas and tools — and sometimes they change the world.
When Steve Jobs announced the first release of his renowned company's phone in 2007, the executives at his great rival, Nokia, reacted by saying, "It's impossible!" In that speech, where he revealed the first model of the phone, Jobs talked about how the company would soon release a new music player, a phone, and an Internet communication device. These three new devices sounded amazing. When he told the audience that it was just one device, they went wild with excitement.
That's because great innovation is exciting. Sometimes a new solution or idea can entirely change an industry. Innovation can change the way people behave, and it just needs someone like Steve Jobs to ask why we can't try a new way of fixing an old problem.
But innovation is not easy. In most companies, it requires a cultural change that is not natural, because embracing innovation also means embracing — and rewarding — failure.
In a world where we only ever reward the winners, this doesn't sound right. But think for a moment about what lies at the heart of great innovation — experimentation. You need to gather your ideas together and then try them to see what happens. Most of them will fail, but some will work. When you find the one that works really well, then that's where you need to focus. If you never have any failed projects, then that means you are only doing what you already know.
The Harvard Business School professor, Clayton Christensen, knows more about innovation than most people. He wrote the legendary book, "The Innovator's Dilemma." Clayton was once asked by McDonald's how they could increase the sales of their milkshakes. The typical marketing response was either to change the recipe, to promote the milkshakes with advertising, or to discount them and attract customers with better prices. All logical ideas, but all also wrong.
Clayton took a different approach. He asked McDonald's what job is the milkshake doing in the life of the customer? He watched the customers buying milkshakes for several days and noticed that half of all milkshakes are sold before 8:30 in the morning. The customer is usually alone. The milkshake is usually purchased without any other product, and the customer is usually driving.
The two jobs the milkshake performs is to keep the customer from being bored on their drive to work and to ensure they are not hungry by 10 am — that's it. Clayton advised McDonald's to make the milkshakes easier and faster for commuters to purchase with swipe cards, and make them thicker, so they last longer. Sales in some restaurants increased by 700%.
Clayton Christensen and Steve Jobs both created innovative solutions to problems that, at first sight, had a completely different solution. Some call it insight, but anyone close to real innovation knows that experimentation is the key. Try a lot of different ideas and fail fast. As soon as you can see that one idea is not working, move immediately to the next until you hit the solution.
Think about any modern innovative technology that people say is about to change the world. You might suggest the Internet of Things, social media, Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, or Robotic Process Automation. Where are these innovations really changing how companies do business?
Customer experience. All these technological innovations are changing the way customers interact with brands. But at the end of the day what brands, and what we all want, is to get closer to customers and provide outstanding customer experiences.
At TP, we are focused every day in how we can delight the customers and improve their engagement with a brand to bring real results. We are thankful to be trusted by our clients to manage billions of unique interactions all around the world, because matching technology and human touch is our obsession.
We believe that each interaction is an opportunity to rebuild trust, transform people's lives, and improve businesses. Moving forward to the future, and with our clients' needs in mind, we have embraced the digital transformation to create enhanced customer experience in each interaction. Because at TP each interaction matters.
For us, all these new technologies mean one thing: How TP can serve you better.

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It's Day 13/14 of being back to blogging and tonight I witnessed a driver make a bad move that a good man turned around. Literally. Taking the highway exit to pick up my children tonight, as I neared the turn signal, I was startled to see a man standing on the busy road, which is no place for pedestrians in broad daylight, let alone after dark! The dark clothing he wore made his position even more precarious. Confused as I was by his presence, it definitely prevented me from turning from the far right lane. He must be insane, intoxicated or both, I thought before wondering if there'd been an accident or if his vehicle was disabled. That's when I noticed a minivan whose driver had gotten into a mess by either purposely trying to make a U turn at the exit or by attempting to do so erroneously. Their bad move, however, didn't end up as tragically as it could have thanks to the courageous act of what I now understood must be a good man.
After halting traffic and directing the van to make the turn safely, he jogged back to his car, then merged onto the road. I could finally turn right, but I couldn't get him off of my mind. At first all I could think was, God bless Him for putting his own safety at sake to be of service to someone else. Much like the Good Samaritan…Next, as I continued on to my destination, I pondered how what I'd just witnessed would make a great blog post. And that made me more appreciative of blogging –– the mindfulness and intentionality it adds to my personal and professional life. It's such a joy to share these meaningful moments as they happen…One day, I'll be able to look back on them through this blog. When I do, I'll smile, as I did the rest of my drive, understanding how someone's bad move was salvaged by a good man.
What Good Samaritan acts have you experienced on the home front or in the workplace? How can you be a Pink Collar Savvy & Chic and commit random acts of kindness for someone in need of help?


Riskonnect conducts an annual educational conference each fall to provide the opportunity for clients and prospects to learn, network with peers and explore new ways to use their solutions. It attracts more than 250 risk professionals and features attendees who are active practitioners in all areas of risk management.
Over the course of the event, sessions are conducted by Riskonnect executive and product development team members to showcase the future of the company and its offerings, as well clients and account management who present solution-oriented use cases.
Michael Rasmussen of GRC 20/20 will be presenting at the Summit Michael Rasmussen – The GRC Pundit @ GRC 20/20 Research, Michael Rasmussen is an internationally recognized pundit on governance, risk management, and compliance (GRC) – with specific expertise on the topics of GRC strategy, process, information, and technology architectures and solutions. With 23+ years of experience, Michael helps organizations improve GRC processes, design and implement GRC architectures, and select solutions that are effective, efficient, and agile. He is a sought-after keynote speaker, author, and advisor and is noted as the "Father of GRC" — being the first to define and model the GRC market in February 2002 while at Forrester Research, Inc.
Riskonnect, Inc. is a provider of Integrated Risk Management solutions. Riskonnect is the trusted, preferred source of Integrated Risk Management technology, offering a growing suite of solutions on a cloud computing model that enable clients to elevate their programs for management risks across the enterprise. Riskonnect allows organizations to holistically understand, manage and control risks, positively affecting shareholder value. Riskonnect's highly configurable technology is ideal for forward-thinking organizations facing increased scrutiny and accountability for corporate governance, strategy and strategic risk. Their solutions facilitate the ability to plan for and respond intelligently to all risks that could potentially harm an organization and its competitive position, damage corporate reputation and/or restrict strategic growth.


Can You Paint a Portrait with Fluid Acrylics?
If you are a mixed media artist and love using fluid acrylics, you know that one of the challenges is the transparency of the paints. What if you want to paint faces or even a formal portrait and these are the only paints you have?
In this video tutorial, you will learn how to choose fluid acrylic paint colours and create your own personal colour wheel for painting portraits and more.
Using a Different Type of Paint for Painting Portraits?
What fluid acrylics are you currently using and what type of portraits or faces do you like to paint? Please share in the comments below.


The intestinal microbiota is a complex microbial community, with diverse and stable populations hosted by the gastrointestinal tract since birth. This ecosystem holds multiple anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory, and immune modulating roles decisive for intestinal homeostasis. Among these, colonization resistance refers to the dynamic antagonistic interactions between commensals and pathogenic flora. Hence, gut bacteria compete for the same intestinal niches and substrates, while also releasing antimicrobial substances such as bacteriocines and changing the environmental conditions. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) generated in anaerobic conditions prompt epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that favor a tolerogenic immune response. In addition, the commensal flora is involved in the synthesis of bactericidal products, namely secondary biliary acids or antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as cathellicidin-LL37, an immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and wound healing peptide. Gut microbiota is protected through symbiotic relations with the hosting organism and by quorum sensing, a specific cell-to-cell communication system. Any alterations of these relationships favor the uncontrollable multiplication of the resident pathobionts or external entero-pathogens, prompting systemic translocations, inflammatory reactions, or exacerbations of bacterial virulence mechanisms (T6SS, T3SS) and ultimately lead to gastrointestinal or systemic infections. The article describes the metabolic and immunological mechanisms through which the intestinal microbiota is both an ally of the organism against enteric pathogens and an enemy that favors the development of infections.
The human body hosts trillions of microorganisms at the level of the skin and mucous membranes. Together they build a complex microbial community, with multiple metabolic and immune functions that are essential for the survival of the human organism (Lin and Zhang, 2017).The most important representation of this community can be found in the gut as the intestinal microbiota. The gut microbiota is a stable and diverse ecosystem established upon birth and that gradually develops complex digestive and metabolic functions. Along with the intestinal epithelium, the microbiota forms a protective barrier against infectious threats and plays an active role in promoting and maintaining the immune homeostasis during intestinal infections. In order to accomplish these functions, commensal bacteria that colonize the intestinal tract develop symbiotic relationships with the human organism while also competing against microbial pathogens.
The article is centered on the how antiinfectious defense mechanisms intervene during host-microbiota interactions as well as during the direct competition between commensals and pathogens. The review details complex antiinfectious mechanisms ensuring the success of the microbiota in this competition, including quorum sensing (QS), colonization resistance, direct bactericidal activity, cooperation with the immune system and counteracting strategies developed by enteric pathogens to ensure their survival.
The cells of the gut microbiota outnumber the somatic cells by 10–100 times, yet most cannot be cultivated in vitro. Molecular techniques have revealed that the flora of healthy individuals contains over 99.1% bacterial species and is mainly represented by 4 phyla, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria, the remaining ones being viruses or members of the Archaea or Eukarya domain. At birth the microbiota colonizes the intestinal tract and gradually diversifies so that after 3 years the dominant pattern belongs to anaerobic species Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and especially Clostridium cluster IV/XIV (Rajilic-Stojanovic et al., 2007). The small intestine predominantly hosts Streptococcus, Veillonella and Lactobacillus species, while the large intestine and distal gut contain anaerobic species, mainly Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, and Bifidobacterium and facultative anaerobic species like Escherichia, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, and Proteus (Donaldson et al., 2016). The relationship between the gut microbiota and the organism can be symbiotic, mutual or commensal, thus allowing the colonization with protective species ("symbionts"), among which the most beneficial are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (Walter, 2008; O'Callaghan and van Sinderen, 2016). In certain conditions though, pathogenic or potentially pathogenic microorganisms ("pathobionts") may trigger inflammatory, oncogenic or infectious diseases. The pathogens that enter the digestive tract induce diarrheal diseases complicated by dehydration and organ failure. In addition, intestinal pathogens release toxins, penetrate through the mucus layer, adhere to the intestinal epithelium, manipulate the intestinal immunity, and sometimes translocate into the systemic circulation (Stecher and Hardt, 2008). The most threatening enteropathogens include: Shigella; Campylobacter; Yersinia; and non-typhoid Salmonella species associated with inflammatory diarrhea; toxin producing Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli species responsible for secretory diarrhea; and S. typhi/parathiphy endotoxin producers causing systemic life-threatening enteric fevers. Among conditional pathogens, two representatives stand out: Enterococcus species responsible for endocarditis and Clostridium difficile, a frequent cause of post-antibiotic enterocolitis (Perez-Lopez et al., 2016).
The organism opposes enteric pathogens through an "intestinal barrier" composed of 3 interdependent components, namely the intestinal microbiota, the continuous intestinal epithelium protected by the mucus layer and the mucosal immunity. Within this structure, the microbiota restricts the access of pathogens to the intestinal mucosa through specific competitive mechanisms also termed "colonization resistance" along with QS, a network of communication molecules.
Despite the physiological variations and challenging survival conditions in the gut, the microbiota has proved to be an extremely stable structure throughout time. This stability is ensured by QS, an intercellular communication mechanism based on signaling molecules accumulated during bacterial replication and regulated by feed-back (Thompson et al., 2016). These chemical signals referred to as "autoinducers" activate specific receptors and induce bacterial phenotypic changes correlated with adherence, motility and intestinal density of bacteria or with the secretion of protective short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). QS is employed both by commensals, to ensure gut homeostasis, and by pathogens, to minimize host immune responses and help express pathogenicity. One of these signals is the autoinducer-2 (AI-2), released and recognized by a wide range of commensal bacteria (Pereira et al., 2013). Hence, AI-2 produced by the commensal R.obeum, through accumulation and negative feedback, restricts the colonization with the pathogenic V. cholera (Hsiao et al., 2014). Enteropathogens (E. coli, Clostridia, Listeria, and Pseudomonas species) exploit QS systems against commensals by activating virulence factors, toxin synthesis, sporulation, biofilm formation or by inducing antimicrobial resistance (Chen et al., 2014; Asfour, 2018; Pinheiro et al., 2018). Better knowledge of cell-cell QS signals and the ability to enzymatically block some of the signals (Quorum Quenching) already observed in many plants and demonstrated on animal models could provide alternative solutions in the future for antimicrobial treatment against multiresistant strains.
The concept of colonization resistance refers to the ability of commensals to prevent the colonization and overgrowth of intestinal pathogens (Lawley and Walker, 2013). Colonization resistance is a mechanism of intestinal protection following the direct competition between commensals and pathogens for the intestinal niche and nutritive resources.
The intestinal epithelium is represented by a monolayer of cells joined through tight junctions which plays a complex role in mucus production and immune response (Rakoff-Nahoum et al., 2004; Kong et al., 2018). Ever since birth, the commensal flora attaches to the intestinal mucus, occupying all available spaces and impeding enteropathogenic colonization (Huang et al., 2011). The mucin-rich mucus layer exhibits O-glycan structures or peptidic motifs that function as receptors for bacterial adhesion, allowing the colonization with health-promoting bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (Kinoshita et al., 2007) and interfering in the metabolism of certain immunoprotective species ( Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides fragilis) (Coyne et al., 2005; Martens et al., 2009; Bergstrom and Xia, 2013). Mucin promotes bacterial clearance, modulates virulence factors and biofilm formation, while also ensuring the survival of commensals in the competition with entheropathogens (Sicard et al., 2017). Mucus thus forms the natural habitat of intestinal symbionts and is among the first defense mechanisms of the intestinal epithelia against bacterial invasion. Mucin competition is used for survival by commensal strains of E. coli or Bifidobacterium versus pathogenic E. coli or C. difficile (Collado et al., 2005; O'Callaghan and van Sinderen, 2016). The probiotics have also been shown to stimulate mucus secretion and intestinal colonization (Collado et al., 2005; Caballero-Franco et al., 2007). Some enteropathogens such as Samonella and Helicobacter pylori have developed strategies to avoid mucus or overcome mucus receptors such as flagellar motility (Salmonella, Campylobacter, C. difficile, V. cholerae)., mucinases secretion (Salmonella typhimurium, E. coli and S. flexneri, V. cholerae) or lack of adhesins involved in intestinal adherence. Others have developed mechanisms that anchor them better to the mucus through mucin-binding proteins (Listeria, H. pylori) or fimbrial adhesins (S. enterica) or activate certain virulence mechanisms, namely type VI or III secretion system (T6SS,T3SS) (e.g., V. cholerae) (Branka et al., 1997; Tu et al., 2008; Ganesh et al., 2013; Luo et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2015; Sicard et al., 2017). In this context, mucus plays an important role in bacterial pathogenic mechanisms and displays the potential to become a target for future anti-diarrheal drug therapies (Caballero-Franco et al., 2007).
Mucins and dietary complex carbohydrates are essential intestinal nutritive resources (Kim and Ho, 2010) to which commensal species have adapted through specific metabolic pathways (Ndeh and Gilbert, 2018). Enteropathogens frequently use nutritious sources offered by commensal species; pathogenic germs that are unable to metabolize these sources are frequently eliminated. Hence, the pathogenic C. difficile survives by metabolizing the succinate from the symbiont B. thetaiotaomicron, whereas C. difficile mutans unable to metabolize succinate are eliminated (Ferreyra et al., 2014). Furthermore these metabolic pathways also ensure colonization resistance. Thus, the glycan fucosylations predominantly induced by Bacteroides provide a source of nutrition to symbionts and favor their colonization. This mechanism is vital for the colonization of Bacteroides species as well as for enteropathogens that require fucosis to express virulence (Coyne et al., 2005; Pacheco et al., 2012; Wands et al., 2015). S. typhimurium, C. difficile, E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni still use fucose or other metabolic products of commensal species (sialic acid, succinate) to regulate their expansion and pathogenicity (Ng et al., 2013; Curtis et al., 2014; Dwivedi et al., 2016; Sicard et al., 2018).
However, some pathogenic bacteria may use digestive nutrients that commensals cannot metabolize. Thus, ethanolamine, a carbon and nitrogen source for S. typhimurium, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, C. difficile and Listeria monocytogenes cannot be used by most commensal species (Garsin, 2010). EHEC species in particular have developed metabolic pathways for distinct sugar resources, some of which are inaccessible to commensal E. coli (Fabich et al., 2008). Interestingly, in the presence of multiple distinct strains of commensal E. coli, EHEC could fail to colonize the gut according to mice experiments (Maltby et al., 2013). Diversified diets offering a variety of sugars can provide the necessary resources for some pathogenic germs even during their competition with the commensal flora. Citrobacter rodentium is such an example as it requires multiple mono or polysaccharides and has a high rate of colonization. However in the case of a diet based solely on monosaccharides, C. rodentium cannot survive the competition with several commensal species (Kamada et al., 2012). As a result, the dietary intake of nutrients plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of enteric infections.
The effective colonization of intestinal niches also requires the ability to elude the immune barrier mounted by the mucosal immunity and the specific antimicrobial compounds of the microbiota, such as antimicrobial peptides, secondary bile acids (BA) and SCFA.
The mucosal immune response prevents the invasion of intestinal niches by pathogens and ensures the immune tolerance toward commensal germs (Wershil and Furuta, 2008). In particular, DCs belonging to gut-associated lymphoid tissue are a key population able to regulate mucosal immunity and intestinal homeostasis. Thus, DCs are able to mount a tolerant response by downregulating the NF-kB signaling cascade when DC activation is induced by commensals through either epithelial-cell-derived cytokines (TGF-β, IL10), luminal antigens or microfold cells. Tolerogenic DC from mesenteric lymph nodes also display a DC CD103+ profile that enables the conversion of naïve CD4+T cells toward either of the following immunosuppressive lymphocyte lineages: Th3, FoxP3+(TREG) and Th2 which favors IgA secreting B-cells (Coombes and Powrie, 2008). Additionally, anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL4,5,10,TGF-β) and IgA ensure the protection of the intestinal epithelia and the anchorage of the commensal flora to the protective mucus (Hasegawa et al., 2014). On the other hand, a proinflammatory response ensues when the TLR mediated response generated by pathogens switches the DC tolerogenic profile to the inflammatory CD103-/+ mesenteric DCs. DCs will further upregulate the NF-kB system and stimulate CD4 differentiation into inflammatory Th1, Th17, and CD8-cytotoxic subsets along with IgG secreting B lymphocytes. Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL8, IL17, IL21, IL22, and IFN-γ) will recruit neutrophils to the invaded site (Vandamme et al., 2012; Hunter and De Plaen, 2014; Perez-Lopez et al., 2016). The inflammatory response ensures epithelial integrity and prevents the invasion of the intestinal mucosa by Salmonella, C. jejuni or other pathogens (Geddes et al., 2011). Dysregulations of the NF-κB pathway could nevertheless induce an excessive inflammatory response and epithelial disruption, promoting translocations of bacteria and toxins (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Microbiota and the intestinal barrier against infectious threats. (A) Symbionts shape mucosal immunity and protect intestinal epithelia. The commensal flora, intestinal epithelia covered by mucus, and the mucosal immune response form a complex intestinal barrier against infectious threats. The first line of defense is represented by the mucus layer as well as by antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidin), bacteriocins, and intestinal IgA that ensure the integrity of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The commensal flora is interconnected through Quorum-sensing signals (e.g., AI-2 inducer) and is anchored to the protective mucus, at a distance from the intestinal epithelia. Thus commensal species reach high densities in mucosal niches and use available nutrient sources contributing to the colonization resistance. The mucosal immunity is best represented by a network of cells and cytokines within the lamina propria, submucosa and mesenteric ganglia that are ultimately modulated by the commensal flora. Commensals activate resident submucosal dendritic cells (DCs) and initiate an immunosuppressive response through NFkB/TGFβ pathway which in turn activates the lymphnode CD103+ DCs mesenteric population. These DCs subset have the ability to prime naïve CD4+ T cell lymphocytes from mesenteric ganglia and induce immunosuppressive CD4+ T cells lineages, namely Th3, FoxP3+ (TREG) and Th2-inducing IL10, and TGF-β cytokines. The immune-tolerant response protects IECs and allows symbiotic relationships between the organism and commensal flora. (B) Intestinal pathogens activate inflammatory mediators and promote invasion. Pathogenic species possess virulence factors (T6SS or T3SS system, flagella, mucus binding proteins, mucinases, etc.) that enable their mucus diffusion and translocation across IECs. Herein pathogens activate TLR4 and 5 receptors and subsequently induce the release of inflammatory cytokines, IL1, IL6, and IL8. These cytokines further activate the CD103+/-DCs population and either promote CD4 T helper cells polarization into inflammatory Th1, Th17, and CD8-cytotoxic subsets or stimulate B lymphocytes to express IgG, while also reducing the immunosuppressive response. The IgG activity and inflammatory response driven by Th1/Th17-related cytokines, IFN-γ, IL-17, limits the bacterial invasion. The AI-2 inducer produced by certain symbionts can also prevent intestinal colonization with pathogenic species through negative feedback signals. However a significant gut inflammatory response allows bacterial translocation.
Antimicrobial peptides are innate immune effector molecules with bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and anti-endotoxinic properties (Vandamme et al., 2012). Cathelicidin, a vitamin D mediated AMP, favors mucus synthesis and epithelial repair, as well as chemotaxis and T-cell recruitment to the invaded site. The intestinal microbiota facilitates the synthesis of AMP in the intestinal epithelium via a pattern recognition receptor mediated mechanism or indirectly, through its own metabolic products, in particular SCFA (Schauber et al., 2003; Raqib et al., 2012). B. thetaiotaomicron and Listeria innocua are the main species that induce AMP, especially angiogenins, cathelicidin and several defensines (Hooper et al., 2003; Eckmann, 2005). AMP release can be down-regulated by certain pathogens (Helycobacter, Schigella) or up-regulated by probiotics (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium), explaining the success of the experimental use of probiotics in the prophylaxis of intestinal infections in birds (Sunkara et al., 2012).
The commensal flora produces cell wall-active bactericidal polypeptides generically called bacteriocins. Bacteriocins are produced by Eubacteria and some Archaea species and are classified according to their peptidic structure (Garcia-Gutierrez et al., 2018). Bacteriocin-producing species are best represented by the families of the Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacterium (Hammami et al., 2013). Each bacterial species produces several types of bacteriocins regulated by QS in a cell density-dependent manner (Kleerebezem, 2004). Bacteriocins significantly limit the colonization with multidrug resistant enterococci (Millette et al., 2008), L. monocytogenes (Dabour et al., 2009), C. difficile (Crowther et al., 2013), S.aureus (Park et al., 2007) and other pathogens (Umu et al., 2016). In addition, probiotics also release bacteriocins responsible for the elimination of certain pathogenic species and for the restoration of commensal intestinal communities. Thus, the probiotic strain E. coli Nissle-1917 induces anti Shiga-toxin bacteriocins (Mohsin et al., 2015) while PA-1 pediocin acts upon Listeria species (Dabour et al., 2009). Sactibiotic thuricin-CD, a bacteriocin produced by a strain of B.thuringiensis, exhibits inhibitory concentrations against C. difficile that are comparable to vancomycin and metronidazole without the former's toxicity (Mathur et al., 2016). Despite increasing attention, the study of bacteriocins is impeded by unstandardized methods and discordant results on animal models.
Bile acids are essential antimicrobial agents controlled by the intestinal microbiota acting through cell membrane-damage or by activating vitamin D and farnesoid X nuclear receptors involved in the regulation of cathelicidin (Ridlon et al., 2014; Martin et al., 2018).
The liver synthesizes cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acids, two primary BAs deconjugated by bacteria bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) and converted to secondary BAs, namely deoxycholic acid (DCA) are" to "Clostridium and Bacteroides are" in the sentence "It has been suggested that…" for meaning. Kindly confirm if this is fine. and lithocholic acid. It has been suggested that BSHs-producing species of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, and Bacteroides are protected from the toxicity of BA and are advantaged in the competition for survival (Horáčková, 2018). One example is the invasive BSH-producing L. monocytogenes strain versus BSH-negative and non-virulent L. innocua (Dussurget et al., 2002). Deconjugation is an attribute of Gram positive bacilli, especially of the commensal Lactobacillus and Clostridium species (e.g., C. scindens) and ensures the colonization resistance toward other species (Buffie et al., 2015). B.bifidum-induced DCA diminishes the pathogenicity of certain germs by targeting virulence-associated T6SS or T3SS effectors, used by toxigenic enterobacteria species and V. cholerae (Urdaneta and Casadesús, 2017). Furthermore, the absence of DCA-producing commensals allows the expansion of pathogens as in the case of C. difficile enterocolitis (Kochan et al., 2018). Increasing the level of BAs through therapy or diets favors the expansion of species involved in BA deconjugation (Firmicutes and Clostridium in particular) along with the inhibition of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. Nevertheless, certain invasive species such as Salmonella can survive for prolonged periods despite high concentrations of BAs (Urdaneta and Casadesús, 2017). Considering that excessive BAs, especially DCA, are involved in the development of cholesterol gallstones and colon cancer, the intestinal flora can play an additive role to these complications. Concurrently, low concentrations of BAs are correlated with reduced antimicrobial function, favoring Gram negative bacterial overgrowth and translocation (Ridlon et al., 2014).
Short chain fatty acids are saturated aliphatic organic acids consisting of a chain of 2–6 carbon atoms and a carboxylic acid moiety. SCFAs result from fermentation processes initiated by the gut and perform immune, anti-infectious and metabolic roles. There are three main types of SCFA: acetate, propionate and butyrate. Butyrate is mostly produced by Firmicutes in the colon, while acetate and propionate produced by Bacteroidetes strains predominate in the systemic circulation (Cummings et al., 1987).
SCFAs are GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109 membrane receptor ligands with immunomodulatory functions. These receptors are located specifically in the intestinal tract but can also be found in leukocytes, hematopoietic tissues (GPR43) or in the enteric nervous system, portal circulation and gut–brain neural circuit (GPR41). GPR109 mainly expressed in the colon epithelia responds to butyrate only. At a cellular level, SCFAs protect the intestinal epithelium and reduce bacterial translocation by stabilizing the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (Kelly et al., 2015). SCFAs also act as epigenetic regulators of the local and systemic inflammatory response. Thus SCFAs serve as histone acetyltransferases activators or histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) that modulate transcriptional factors (e,g NF-κB, MyoD) (Liu et al., 2012; Koh et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2018). Butyrate, the most potent HDACi, has been shown to modulate the genetic expression of over 19.000 genes in a human colonic epithelial cell line (Daly and Shirazi-Beechey, 2006). SCFAs acting as HDAC is also exert divergent immunologic responses depending on the cell type and its degree of activity and HDACi type (Villagra et al., 2010). SCFAs can thus regulate Th1/Th2 cytokines, often favoring an anti-inflammatory response (DC with a tolerogenic profile, the production of Foxp3+(TREG) cells, IL10 release, NF-kB suppression). In addition, SCFAs inhibit inflammatory responses mounted by polymorphonuclear cells, lymphocytes or tissue phagocytes (Figure 2). However, once an inflammatory process has already been initiated, SCFAs further intensify this process.
Figure 2. The role of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the anti-infectious defense. (A) SCFA are fermentation products of the commensal flora and exert anti-inflammatory and trophic roles on the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). SCFA elicit effects on IECs metabolism increasing colonic acidity and preventing the colonization with pathogenic germs. SCFA play a significant role in the preservation of tight epithelial junctions through the activation of HIF factor and by decreasing enterocyte apopotosis. As a result SCFA decrease epithelial permeability. At a cellular level SCFA activate specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPR), modulate the chromatin through histone deacetylase (HADC) inhibition, supress the nuclear factor (NF)-κB and reduce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL6, TNF-α). SCFA regulate the inflammatory response by promoting tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), IL-10-producing T-helper cells (TREG), and Th2 response including B-cell IgA production. The immune role of SCFA relies on their ability to induce an anti-inflamatory response and to stimulate antimicrobial molecules, namely cathelicidin (LL37) and intestinal IgA. Consequently SCFA offer protection to IEC and decrease the risk of bacterial invasion and toxin translocation. (B) The absence of SCFA leads to epithelial breaches and translocations of bacteria and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The inflammatory response involves the following: the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by pathogenic flora, HDAC activity, the (NF)-B transcription, DCs stimulation which promotes mesenteric Th1/Th17 cell differentiation, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6, TNF-α, IFN–γ, IL17, and neutrophil migration.
The action of SCFAs on T lymphocytes depends on their activation – activated T lymphocytes favor SCFA suppression of FoxP3+TREG cells, while decreased T cell activation induces FoxP3+(TREG) cell expansion. Furthermore, in the presence of an infection and of subsequent T cell lymphocyte activation, SCFAs promote the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 and stimulate both effector (pro-inflammatory) and FoxP3+(TREG) cell lines. Still, in the absence of an acute infection SCFAs induce cell production of IL10 and immune tolerance (Cavaglieri et al., 2003; Furusawa et al., 2013; Figure 2).
Short chain fatty acids play a trophic role on the intestinal mucosa, enable the proliferation of normal colon cells and maintain the integrity of epithelial tight junctions. By decreasing epithelial permeability, SCFAs oppose bacterial and LPS translocations. Thus the acetate produced by Bifidobacteria inhibits the apoptosis of epithelial cells and prevents gut-blood EHEC-Shiga toxins translocation (Fukuda et al., 2011). SCFAs interfere with the lipid and glucose metabolism in the liver and various tissues and represent an energy source for gut epithelia. In addition, SCFAs acidify the intestinal environment further preventing the colonization with pathogenic bacteria (den Besten et al., 2013). Thus Clostridium butyrate producers (especially Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and F.prausnitzii) impede the colonization with Salmonella, C. difficile, and Campylobacter species (Goepfert and Hicks, 1969; Van Deun et al., 2008; Antharam et al., 2013; Rivera-Chávez et al., 2016). As a result, pathogenic species will colonize locations where the pH is convenient for the expression of virulence factors, such as the colon for Shigella or the ileum and jejunum for the invasive EHEC and S. tiphy/S. typhimurium (Speelman et al., 1984; Tazume et al., 1990). On the other hand SCFAs and particularly butyrate, modulate the expression of cellular receptors (e.g., EHEC-Shiga toxin receptors), virulence factors (T3SS) or epithelial adherence factors of some enteropathogens (Nakanishi et al., 2009; Tobe et al., 2011; De Nisco et al., 2018). Consequently, some commensal species may support pathogenic bacteria via SCFA release, while others strengthen the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium and prevent translocations or colonization with bacterial pathogens. These observations highlight the idea that the simple presence of SCFAs is not sufficient to balance the gut-microbiota relationship and that further data is needed on SCFA producing probiotics and their administration.
The intestinal microbiota is a complex and stable microbial community whose symbiotic relationship with the human organism is crucial for gut homeostasis and colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens. The effective colonization by pathogens is precluded through the competition with commensal flora for the same intestinal niche and nutritional resources, as well as by specific antimicrobial products and mucosal immune response. Pathogens employ multiple strategies to adapt to this hostile environment such as the expression of various virulence factors, structural changes or the manipulation of the QS system. Any changes involving the structure, stability or functional activities of intestinal microbiota could have long-lasting effects and favor intestinal and systemic infections.
SI, DI, and LL contributed equally to the acquisition, analysis, and critical revision of the article. All authors had given their consent for the publication and agreed to be responsible for the accuracy and integrity of the article.
Goepfert, J. M., and Hicks, R. (1969). Effect of volatile fatty acids on Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. Am. Soc. Microbiol. (ASM) 97, 956–958.
Kochan, T. J., Shoshiev, M. S., Hastie, J. L., Somers, M. J., Plotnick, Y. M., Gutierrez-Munoz, D. F., et al. (2018). Germinant synergy facilitates Clostridium difficile spore germination under physiological conditions. mSphere 3:e00335-18.
Tazume, S., Takeshi, K., Saidi, S. M., Ichoroh, C. G., Mutua, W. R., Waiyaki, P. G., et al. (1990). Ecological studies on intestinal microbial flora of Kenyan children with diarrhoea. J. Trop Med. Hyg. 93, 215–221.
Copyright © 2019 Iacob, Iacob and Luminos. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


text:
Spanish Police Use Rubber Bullets To Disperse Protesters In Madrid, Barcelona
July 20, 2012 05:52 GMT
Spanish police fired rubber bullets and charged protesters in central Madrid early on July 20 at the end of a huge demonstration against austerity measures.
The demonstration, which attracted several hundred thousand people, was part of protest marches in 80 cities across the country against the latest batch of cuts approved by the government.
Reports say police also fired rubber bullets to disperse protesters in Spain's second city, Barcelona.
The protests came after the ruling conservative Popular Party used its majority in parliament to push through the measures on July 19.
They include a rise in sales tax and a wage cut for civil servants.
Late on July 19, the government also published details of the 100 billion euro ($123 billion) financial assistance agreement between Spain and the eurozone countries.
Based on reporting by AFP, AP, and the BBC


text:
April 2, 2019 / 3:13 PM
Browns RB Duke Johnson linked to Texans, Jets, Eagles in possible trade
Duke Johnson Jr. (C) has become one of the best pass-catching running backs in football during his tenure with the Cleveland Browns. File Photo by Aaron Josefczyk/UPI | License Photo
April 2 (UPI) -- There are several teams interested in trading for Cleveland Browns running back Duke Johnson this off-season.
Sources told the Cleveland Plain Dealer that the Philadelphia Eagles, New York Jets and Houston Texans are among the interested parties. The Browns have been shopping Johnson for several weeks.
Sources told NFL Network that the Browns received calls for Johnson Tuesday, but the team would have to get something "significant" in order to give him up in a trade.
The Browns are in the position to deal Johnson after a stellar rookie campaign from Nick Chubb and the off-season signing of Kareem Hunt. Chubb ran for 996 yards and scored eight touchdowns on 192 carries last season, averaging 5.2 yards per carry. He also had 149 receiving yards and two receiving scores.
RELATED Cleveland Browns trade DE Emmanuel Ogbah to Kansas City Chiefs
Hunt led the NFL in rushing during his rookie campaign in 2017 for the Kansas City Chiefs. He piled up 1,202 yards from scrimmage and 14 scores in 11 starts last season, before being released by Kansas City in December. Hunt signed with the Browns in February and was suspended for eight games in March for violating the NFL's personal conduct policy.
Johnson was a third round pick by the Browns in the 2015 NFL Draft. The Miami product had just 201 rushing yards in 2018, but pulled in 47 receptions for 429 yards and three scores through the air. The pass-catching dynamo signed a three-year, $15.61 million deal with the Browns in June. He is set to make $1.8 million in base salary in 2019, but also has a $750,000 signing bonus, $400,000 roster bonus and $100,000 workout bonus.
RELATED Odell Beckham Jr. shows up for first Browns voluntary workout
RELATED Veteran WR Kenny Britt visiting Redskins


text:
After evacuation, South Portland High School students back in building
Firefighters checked the building after someone reported the smell of gas.
By Gillian GrahamPortland Press Herald
South Portland High School was evacuated Wednesday morning while firefighters investigated a gas leak in the kitchen area.
Someone reported the smell of gas in the kitchen section of the cafeteria at about 8:30 a.m., prompting the evacuation of the Highland Avenue building.
Superintendent Ken Kunin said in an email to parents that the fire department determined the exhaust system for an oven was not adequately venting the smell of burned gas through a rooftop unit.
"They checked the exhaust lines and found no combustible gas," Kunin said. "There was no leak in the oven in question. I understand that a check of all other equipment found a small leak in a steamer unit that was not in use and so did not contribute to the smell. We are fixing this small leak and addressing the exhaust unit to take care of the issue."
Workers for the gas company Unitil secured the leak and students were allowed back into the building shortly after 9 a.m.
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text:
Q: Long protobuf to poro serialization I am trying to compare protobuf and json data exchange speed between two ruby microservices. As I thought protobuf is much faster in most of cases. As the final test I want to check if converting decoded Message proto class to some poro will be faster than doing the same using json.
Here is an example of conversion with json:
  def self.map_all_posts_from_json(data)
    RubyProf.start
    data.map do |post|
      Post.new.tap do |new_post|
        new_post.id = post["id"]
        new_post.description = post["description"]
        new_post.content = post["content"]
        new_post.rating = post["rating"]
        new_post.user = User.new.tap do |new_user|
          new_user.id = post["user"]["id"]
          new_user.name = post["user"]["name"]
          new_user.surname = post["user"]["surname"]
          new_user.nickname = post["user"]["nickname"]
        end
        new_post.comments = post["comments"].map do |comment|
          Comment.new.tap do |new_comment|
            new_comment.id = comment["id"]
            new_comment.content = comment["content"]
            new_comment.rating = comment["rating"]
            new_comment.user = User.new.tap do |new_user|
              new_user.id = comment["user"]["id"]
              new_user.name = comment["user"]["name"]
              new_user.surname = comment["user"]["surname"]
              new_user.nickname = comment["user"]["nickname"]
            end
          end
        end
      end
    end
    result = RubyProf.stop
    printer = RubyProf::FlatPrinter.new(result)
    printer.print(STDOUT)
  end

and protobuf:
  def self.unserialize_all_posts(data)
    RubyProf.start
    data.posts.map do |post|
      Post.from_message(post)
    end
    result = RubyProf.stop
    printer = RubyProf::FlatPrinter.new(result)
    printer.print(STDOUT)
  end

Post.from_message method:
  def self.from_message(message)
    Post.new.tap do |post|
      post.id = message.id
      post.desription = message.description
      post.content = message.content
      post.rating = message.rating
      post.user = User.from_message(message.user)
      post.comments = message.comment_messages.map do |comment|
        Comment.from_message(comment)
      end
    end
  end

surprisingly json way was a lot faster. Then I investigated data returned by RubyProf and found out that there were lots and lots of calls to proto_class#method_missing and other suspect methods. Did any of you had similar problem? I am using 'google-protobuf' gem.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The West Yadkin Fire Department is a dedicated professional organization made up of an elite team of firefighters and emergency service providers. We take pride in being an aggressive and dedicated Fire Company in Yadkin County. Our goal is to provide our citizens and neighbors with top quality, professional services to educate our community, reduce life safety hazards, and mitigate emergency incidents. Our department has a dedicated membership of volunteers and career firefighters, who have a fleet of state of the art fire equipment to deliver the best service to our community. This website is here as one example of the equipment to better serve you. Please take time to use this tool to learn more about us and what we do!
West Yadkin would like to congratulate Daniel Holt and Grant Reavis on the completion of their probationary period and becoming a senior firefighter of our department.
This site has been viewed 124,480 times.


DJ Brien Lafferty's musical career began well before his formal training with Main Event Entertainment. At age 16, Brien was the one playing music at family & friend's events. If he wasn't playing music for others, he could always be seen with headphones on, bobbing his head. Playing different styles of music for guests is Brien's favorite part of being a DJ. He is laid back enough to be a great listener and outgoing enough to get the party going and fun to be around.
Chips – any kind of flavor.
EDI Specialist: I send and receive electronic billing.
We were SO pleased with DJ Brien Lafferty! He was so professional and so fun! He got up and danced with us and the children as well. I will definitely be recommending him to my friends that are planning weddings! Thank you so much!
Brien was our DJ and he was fantastic to work with. He coordinated with our other vendors. Played music that people didn't stop dancing too and he looked like he was enjoying himself. He also incorporated some wrestling stuff we enjoy. I would highly recommend him for any event!
Brien played great music and looked like he was having a great time while emceeing. Everyone at my wedding told me how great he was and I was asked who he was and where he came from.


We pride ourselves in maintaining an impeccably clean, safe and fun facility.
We have an "Open Door" policy - you can tour our facility anytime during our Lobby Hours - No appoinment is needed!
Stop in and see our new expansion resulting in over 8000 square feet of Pet Boarding, Grooming, Doggie Daycare, and Cool Cat Courtyard Play Areas!


Jacqui Budd will ease you nicely into your Sunday – between 8am and 10am – with smooth, mellow tunes interspersed with some lively tracks to wake you up.
Jacqui will give you some TV recommendations for the coming week along with the Sunday Summary, updating you on what has been happening locally during the past week.
The perfect way to start your Sunday.


text:
Q: How to handle FadeInImage.assetNetwork exception when url is wrong? I'm using FadeInImage to show the internet image.
FadeInImage.assetNetwork(
                placeholder: 'assets/images/default_360_360.png',
                image: widget.model.image,
                height: ScreenUtil.fitWidthStatic(320),
                width: ScreenUtil.fitWidthStatic(320),
                imageErrorBuilder: (context, error, stackTrace) {
                  return Image.asset(
                    'assets/images/default_360_360.png',
                    height: ScreenUtil.fitWidthStatic(320),
                    width: ScreenUtil.fitWidthStatic(320),
                  );
                },
                fit: BoxFit.cover,
              ),

It works well when the url is correct, but when  using a wrong url ,the output print the error message.
════════ Exception caught by image resource service ════════════════════════════
type 'Null' is not a subtype of type 'List<int>' in type cast
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

The exception is throwed from network_image_io.
What's even stranger is when navigate to another widget, It also print the exception message.Even  another widget didn't using FadeInImage. It seems repaint the element.
So how can i fix it?
Thanks.


The 64-bit versions of Windows operating systems. See x64.
The x64 edition of Firefox for Windows had been stalled in the build channel Mozilla calls "Nightlies," a label for the unpolished daily versions, for months.
It's a clear nod to the success of the x64 edition of Windows Vista and tacit recognition of the fact that the 32-bit world's days are indeed numbered.
Maxwell v12 and RMxprt v12 are available for Microsoft Windows[R] XP Professional, Server 2003 Standard Edition, XP Professional x64 Edition, Server 2003 Standard x64 Edition, Red Hat Enterprise Linux v3 (32- and 64-bit) and v4 (32- and 64-bit), SuSE Linux Enterprise Server v9 (32- and 64-bit), and Solaris versions 8, 9 and 10.
While some applications may benefit from the 64-b version of Windows Vista, known as Windows Vista x64 Edition, the overall impact of 64-b computing within the engineering and scientific community is not widely understood.
Hardware: PC running Windows XP Professional X64 edition.
Con el anuncio oficial de la presentacion muy proxima de Microsoft Windows XP x64 Edition, y Microsoft Windows XP x64 Edition; asi como con las existentes versiones de GNU/Linux x86-64, Sun Solaris 10 for 64 bit x86 Platforms, FreeBSD y OpenBSD, la inversion toma un nuevo derrotero al asegurar el inigualable aprovechamiento de las tecnologias de 32bits y 64bits.
Inversion, ?a corto o largo plazo?
Product lifecycle management (PLM) software and services provider UGS announced on Friday (5 August) its digital product development software, NX, will natively support Microsoft Windows XP Professional x64 Edition on HP Personal Workstations enabled with Intel EM64T or AMD64 processors.
20) has been tested for the Windows XP Professional x64 Edition operating system.
The Portland Group, a wholly-owned subsidiary of STMicroelectronics (NYSE:STM), has unveiled a technology preview edition of its PGI Workstation suite of Fortran, C, and C++ compilers and development tools for Microsoft's new Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition operating systems.
With the availability of Windows Server 2003 x64 editions and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, customers now have a mainstream, industry-standard 64-bit operating system optimized to take advantage of the performance and efficiency improvements of AMD64 dual-core technology," said Brian Valentine, senior vice president, Windows Core Operating System Division, Microsoft Corp.
0 will support Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions.
The new Windows Server 2003 X64 Editions and Windows XP Professional X64 Edition will allow users the option of running both 32-bit and 64-bit applications on the same system.


text:
Chinon Les Picasses Olga Raffault 2005
Condrieu Jardin Suspendu Pierre-Jean Villa 2021
Languedoc Domaine Saint-Sylvestre 2014
Château Sociando Mallet 2011
Grands-Echezeaux Grand Cru Coquard Loison-Fleurot 2008
Château Mouton Rothschild 1er Grand Cru Classé 1982 - Lot of 1 Bottle
Château Mouton Rothschild 1er Grand Cru Classé 1982
Icon wine
A genuine legend from Bordeaux, a wine elevated to the top by Baron Philippe de Rothschild. Rich, opulent and harmonious, it elegantly expresses the quintessential character of its appellation. More info
Quantity: 1 Bottle
Level: 1 top-shoulder
Label: 1 slightly marked label, 1 slightly stained label
Appellation/Wine: Pauillac
Classification: 1er Grand Cru Classé
Producer/Owner: Famille Rothschild
Château Mouton Rothschild 1er Grand Cru Classé serve at a temperature of 16°C. It will pair perfectly with the following dishes: Ragoût d'oie, Bécasse flambée au whisky, Côte de boeuf aux cèpes.
Peak: Drink until 2070
What the experts say...
"The creme de cassis, underlying floral note, full-bodied power, extraordinary purity, multilayered texture, and finish of over a minute are a showcase for what this Chateau accomplished in 1982. The wine is still amazingly youthful, vibrant, and pure." R. Parker (06/2009)
Château Mouton Rothschild 1er Grand Cru Classé
Château Mouton-Rothschild's exceptionally fine wine comes from the best vines on the 'Plateau de Mouton' that makes up 90 hectares of the property. In these vineyards, the roots push deep into gravelly soil. Since we're in Pauillac, Cabernet Sauvignon is the grape that dominates the blend. Depending on the vintage, this can be up to 80%, and is completed by Merlot, Cabernet Franc and Petit Verdot. The grapes are picked by hand and, once destemmed, are put into vats. Each vat is a different size, and this corresponds to the Château's different parcels. The wine is matured for around 20 months in the Médoc tradition, meaning in totally new casks, topped up and clarified using egg whites. This method stabilises the wine by taking the solid particles to the bottom of the cask. Most of the vintages offer opulence, richness and depth, enriched by a remarkable aromatic complexity that ranges from blackcurrants to roasted coffee, mint and delicate leather. One of Château Mouton-Rothschild's specialities is its choice of a new artist every year for the creation of its label: some highlights have been Chagall, Braque, Picasso, Dali and Francis Bacon.
Information about domain Château Mouton Rothschild
Baron Nathaniel de Rothschild acquired the château in 1853, but the legend of Mouton did not really begin until 1922 with Baron Philippe de Rothschild. At the age of 21, full of ambition and original ideas, he decided to devote his life to forging the wine's identity and its international reputation, which, from the very beginning also had an effect on the image of Bordeaux's wines as a whole. In 1924, faced with the numerous irregular practices of Bordeaux's wine merchants, he inaugurated the bottled at the château guarantee. In 1945, to celebrate the Liberation, a V for victory crowned the label for that vintage, an initiative which marked the beginning of a series of original works created each year for the label by a famous artist. In 1973, even though no change had ever been made to the 1855 classification, Baron Philippe obtained - not without some difficulty - a revision that officially made Mouton one of Bordeaux's elite Premier Grands Crus Classés. On his death in 1998, his daughter Philippine took over the reins, assisted by an unparalleled technical team, and successfully continued her father's projects until her death in 2014. Today, her three children, Camille Sereys de Rothschild, Philippe Sereys de Rothschild and Julien de Beaumarchais de Rothschild run the estate together.
Original Wooden Case / Original Case: No
French customs seal: no
Alcohol percentage: 13 %
Viticulture: Conventional
Grape variety: 77% Cabernet Sauvignon, 12% Merlot, 9% Cabernet franc
Château d'Armailhac - Mouton Baron(ne) Philippe 5... 1997
A powerful, woody wine, very juicy and silky, typical of its appellation.
Château Clerc Milon 5ème Grand Cru Classé 1998
A complex, deep Pauillac, offering a pleasant fleshiness and great fruity aromas.
iDealwine price estimate
iDealwine Price(1) corresponds to the hammer price and the buyer's premium charged by the auctioneer. (1)Bottle format
Current auction price estimate(1)
€1,16560
€1,28133 Highest price:
€1,10050 Lowest price:
Latest auction prices
06/01/2023 : 1 165€60
Do you own a similar wine?Sell it!
€1,19040 inc. buyer's premium
See history
Starting bid: €760 | Estimate: €1,200(excluding buyer's premium)
Same wines on sale
heding710 €960 24/11/2022 12:38:27
[email protected] €910 20/11/2022 07:48:25
winelover15 €860 18/11/2022 00:46:54
VAT on buyer's premium (20%) €3840
Total €1,19040
You add lots ofChâteau Mouton Rothschild 1er Grand Cru Classé 1982
You add lot ofChâteau Mouton Rothschild 1er Grand Cru Classé 1982


text:
Motivational Speaker Jannie Pilgrim Launches Illustrated Children's Multimedia Series
New York, NY — Jannie Pilgrim has built a brand as a career coach. She has been a keynote fixture at conferences and she has also facilitated lectures throughout the graduate and post-graduate university system. Her passion is empowering individuals to self-evaluate and recognize their strengths, to be proactive and more productive.
In 2013, it was Jannie's own son who inspired her to write a book that would encourage children to tap into their own potential. Breakfast for a Prince is a 40-page picture book, illustrated by David North and released by Jannie's own imprint, The Deal Press. This story follows Prince Garrett, named for Jannie's son, and his loyal companion Zeus. Young readers develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills along Prince Garrett's quest to find the breakfast of his dreams.
Breakfast for a Prince is the first book in the Prince Garrett series, a series that has already spawned two sing-along songs, "Possible, Everything is Possible" and "The Bullfrog Anthem," and a game application (app) entitled, "Adventures in Garrett Land" now available on GooglePlay.
"Our children are bombarded with entirely too many negative influences," says Pilgrim, life coach, career coach, and proud mommy of a six-year-old. "In order to sustain a positive self image in our children, especially our little boys, we as parents have to instill in them how great they are and reinforce that message. The earlier we get started, the better."
Jannie Pilgrim serves on the board of directors of the New York Metro Chapter of the National Black MBA Association. She holds a Master's of Science in Human Resources and a Postgraduate degree in Training and Development from the Milano Graduate School of The New School University. With 15+ years experience in Human Resources, project management, talent acquisition, and training and development, for Fortune 500 companies, such as Standard & Poor's, and New York Life, Jannie launched The Deal, LLC in 2012. This consulting firm provides transformative coaching to aid individuals in their pursuit of personal and career goals, as well as business seeking to boost productivity. Jannie also hosts a talk radio show under the same brand, www.blogtalkradio.com/dealfm.
For more information, visit www.virtuesforest.com
Breakfast for a Prince
By Jannie Pilgrim
Published by The Deal Press, a division of The Deal, LLC
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I'm zipping along in the carpool lane, silently thanking God for the two little bodies in the backseat and wondering if there is anything in the fridge that will qualify for dinner and allow time for a bath before bed.
A voice from one little body intrudes, "Mommy, can we go in the rush hour?" "Hmmm?" (I'm slightly distracted.) "I want to go over there, into the rush hour." Oh, he means, "traffic." Is he kidding? "Pleeeease, mommy?!" Apparently not.
"Why, honey?" (A stall tactic, though I am legitimately curious.) I'm trying to figure out how to navigate this request and still make it home in time for dinner.
He proceeds to describe what he loves about car rides: telling stories, singing songs, playing car games, a sense of community with other drivers on the road (and this is my introvert!), and being together as a family.
"Hmmm..." (Now I'm really listening.) We compromise and I merge into traffic an exit before my own. I try to wait patiently and experience it the way my child does. Maybe we should start singing.
Sometimes life is all about perspective. May we all find ways to embrace the journey, allowing ourselves to more fully love and live in the moment.
At that time Jesus said, "I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because you have hidden these things from the wise and learned, and revealed them to little children."