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Home / Stories / Children of Inheritance – a pioneering new ministry initiative
Children of Inheritance – a pioneering new ministry initiative
It's well past midnight in the Victorian town of Bendigo and while most of the town sleeps a group of young people are worshiping Jesus into the small hours.
These twenty-two young Christians have come from different parts of Australia to spend a fortnight living together with two stated aims: to love one another well and to write music that glorifies God.
Together they form Children of Inheritance, a pioneering new ministry initiative empowered by Youth for Christ.
You've helped empower Josh (centre, with arm raised) and the Children of Inheritance team to share their love of Jesus with others through this new ministry initiative.
"We believe music is one of the greatest ways to influence the current and future generations," explains Josh Wolsley, a YFC Ambassador and member of Children of Inheritance.
"We want to use music to invite people into a personal relationship with God, while empowering the local church to express their freedom in Christ creatively."
"God spoke to us to write and record an album. That's about all we knew!"
Members of Children of Inheritance during their two week retreat in Bendigo.
After first joining together at the 2017 Jesus People Gathering, the stirrings of God's call and a shared heart for worship led to the group's formation which began with the two-week song writing retreat in Bendigo last year.
"God spoke to us to write and record an album. That's about all we knew!" recalls Josh.
"We felt our obedience was to simply steward an environment for God to move, and trust that He was in control of the outcome.
"So we just had lots of family time – prayer together, Bible teaching, workshops, song writing, worshiping, experimenting, dreaming and jamming."
"… we do not desire to be known for our songs or our gifts, but by our love."
At the conclusion of their time away the group had written, recorded and filmed a collection of songs that would form their debut album and lead to a tour across three states. But for Josh the project is much bigger than what they have achieved musically.
"Personally, and for the entire team, God has been teaching us His way of love. This love has transformed each one of our lives personally," shares Josh.
Members of the Children of Inheritance team during their two week retreat in Bendigo last year.
"So its our hope that, as we live as a family of faith-filled believers knit together by the love of Christ and expressing our freedom through creativity, it will empower others to do the same.
"At the end of the day, we do not desire to be known for our songs or our gifts, but by our love."
Thanks to your partnership Children of Inheritance have been able to release and tour their debut album "I See This Nation" which is now available on all major online music services.
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Examination of hikmat within the Bahá'í community, especially as it refers to survival strategies in situations of danger or insecurity.
The purpose of this paper is to examine a particular technical meaning of the term wisdom or hikmat, as that term appears both in Bahá'í Writings and historical accounts. In many cases hikmat calls for the apparent suspension of a Bahá'í principle in order to ensure the protection of the Faith. This by no means exhausts the ways in which the term hikmat appears in these there. When Greek philosophical texts were translated into Arabic, sophia or metaphysical truth and phronesis or prudence were both translated using the same term hikmat for what were two distinct Aristotelian concepts. For Aristotle sophia was the knowledge of eternal and principles while phronesis referred to the realm of moral and political action. Bahá'u'lláh's usage of the term hikmat often reflects both these meaning. This paper however, will largely confine itself to those instances where the term seem to have reflected the meaning of phronesis. Bahá'u'lláh regarded the application of any of his laws as contained in the Kitab-i-Aqdas as conditional upon the exercise of wisdom. Likewise the dissemination of Bahá'í writings was limited for the same reason. Shoghi Effendi, while affirming "that at the very root of the Cause lies the principle of the undoubted right of the individual to self-expression," found it necessary to insist that Bahá'ís temporarily submit their work to censors before publication as a provisional measure "designed to guard and protect the Cause in its present state of infancy and growth until the day when this tender and precious plant shall have sufficiently grown to be able to withstand the unwisdom of its friends and the attacks of its enemies." Adib Taherzadeh, who has written most extensively on Bahá'u'lláh's writings, defines the Bahá'í use of wisdom in these terms: By wisdom is meant taking any praiseworthy action through which the Cause of God may be promoted. Lack of wisdom is to take actions which owing to circumstances result in harming the Faith, even though they may be carried out with the best possible motive.
Persian etiquette, or ta'aruf, involves the concealment and control of one's personal feelings or opinions in service of smooth public interactions. At times this may amount to no more than refusing refreshments when initially offered no matter how hungry the person may be; at other times it involves much more complex social interactions where relative status is determined. Iranians often tend to reserve access to their inner self to a small circle of intimates. Among these persons, interactions ought to be pure and constant, maintaining a spiritual integrity. With those outside that circle one behaves with reserve and formality, concealing one's true intentions. Westerners often interpret this behavior as hypocritical. When ta'aruf is combined with a market place shrewdness, zerangi, which is often marked by a lack of social responsibility, this negative impression is further reinforced. Iranians deem such behavior as courteous, prudent, and necessary when dealing with an uncertain and treacherous world. Far from being cynical and insincere, they see themselves as simply conducting themselves with wisdom. As was mentioned earlier, hikmat served a function within the early Iranian Bahá'í community very similar to the role of taqiyyih or dissimulation in Shi'ite Islam. Taqiyyih refers to the practice concealing one's belief in order to avoid persecution. Such behavior is condoned, and even required of Shi'ites who frequently lived among a hostile Sunni majority. The Qur'anic verse condemning apostasy but which adds the words "except for those who are compelled while their hearts are firm in faith" is used to justify this practice. As in ta'aruf, a distinction is made between outward behavior and inner conviction. Taqiyyih might involve nothing more than assuming prayer positions of Sunni Muslims while performing obligatory prayers publicly or it might entail an actual denial of one's faith.
During the medieval period of Islamic history taqiyyih came to be practiced by philosophers and mystics as well as Shi'ites in order to protect themselves against persecution on the part of the more bigoted ulama. Such an approach was encouraged by even the great Sunni theologian al-Ghazali, who argued for what the renowned historian of Islam, Marshall Hodgson, has described as a "pattern of gradation and concealment of knowledge." Ordinary believers were not to be given access to certain types of religious knowledge lest they misunderstand it and stumble as a result. Likewise Avicenna, the greatest of Islamic Aristotileans, would in his capacity as a qadi, or Islamic judge, condemn those who too freely popularized the teachings of Aristotle. Sufis likewise critized al-Hallaj, the famous mystic who was crucified for asserting "I am the truth," not because the sentiment was heretical in itself but because al-Hallaj was revealing secrets' which might incline the common people towards blasphemy. Knowledge in the Islamic world came to be divided into exoteric and esoteric categories. The exoteric knowledge was accessible to all Muslims and tended to be conceived in unambiguous black and white terms. Esoteric knowledge required initiation and works containing such knowledge tended to be worded in such a way as to be unintelligible to those not already familiar with its mysteries. As Marshall Hodgson points out: When all dissenting statements were cast in esoteric form, explicitly acknowledging the correctness of the received exoteric doctrines . . . it became easy to find excuses for doubt about a dissenter. No one denied the official positions; the question was simply whether what else a person said did in fact contradict those positions. But if writing was done with sufficient obscurity, guilt could never be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
While this approach allowed for much more intellectual diversity to exist within the Islamic World than was possible in Christendom at the time, there was a price to be paid for dissimulation. The Muslim intelligentsia, in making themselves incomprehensible to the common people, sacrificed any hope of changing the direction of the community as a whole.
While dissimulation was condemned in Bahá'u'lláh's writings, many aspects of the practice persisted under the name of hikmat. Bahá'u'lláh wrote: In this Day, We can neither approve the conduct of the fearful that seeketh to dissemble his faith, nor sanction the behaviour of the avowed believer that clamourously asserteth his allegiance to this Cause. Both should observe the dictates of wisdom, and strive diligently to serve the best interests of the Faith.
In the Tablet of Medicine as well as the Tablet of the Proof Bahá'u'lláh pairs wisdom with eloquence or explication (hikmat va bayan), implying that one should proclaim the Cause discretely. In the case of the Tablet of the Proof Bahá'u'lláh insisted that the believers exercise wisdom by not protesting their mistreatment at the hands of the authorities: To none is given the right to protest against anyone concerning that which hath befallen the Cause of God. It behoveth whosoever hath set his face towards the Most Sublime Horizon to cleave tenaciously unto the cord of patience, to put his reliance in God, the Help in Peril, the Unconstrained. O ye loved ones of God! Drink your fill from the wellspring of wisdom, and walk ye in the garden of wisdom, and speak forth with wisdom and eloquence. Thus biddeth you your Lord, the Almighty, the All-knowing.
The injunction to observe wisdom' was due to the dangerous situation in which Bahá'ís in Iran found themselves. In the Tablet of Medicine, Bahá'u'lláh states that the purpose of hikmat is the protection of the friends in order that they may remain within the world to make mention of the Lord of all worlds. Most commonly hikmat involved presenting the Faith to non-believers in ways which avoided controversy and insured a positive reception. In Bahá'u'lláh's words, Fix your gaze upon wisdom in all things, for it is an unfailing antidote. How often hath it turned a disbeliever into a believer or a foe into a friend? It observance is highly essential, inasmuch as this hath been set forth in numerous Tablets revealed from the empyrean of the Will of Him Who is the Manifestation of the light of divine unity. Well is it with them that act accordingly.
At times even the Lawh-i-Hikmat, in which text hikmat usually refers to Greek philosophy, Bahá'u'lláh has this meaning in mind, Say: Human utterance is an essence which aspireth to exert its influence and needeth moderation. . . . As to its moderation, this has to be combined with tact and wisdom as prescribed in the Holy Scriptures and Tablets.
O SON OF DUST! The wise are they that speak not unless they obtain a hearing, even as the cup-bearer, who proffereth not his cup till he findeth a seeker, and the lover who crieth not from the depths of his heart until he gazeth upon the beauty of his beloved. Wherefore sow the seeds of wisdom and knowledge in the pure soil of the heart, and keep them hidden, till the hyacinths of divine wisdom spring from the heart and not from mire and clay.
While Bahá'u'lláh made a clear distinction between hikmat and taqiyyih for many of the early believers, the difference appears to have been slight. Muhammad Tahir Malmari, in his account of Bahá'í martyrdoms in Yazd, frequently describes instances where believers accused of being Bahá'ís explicitly denied that this was so. Yet when told to prove their disbelief by cursing or condemning the religion they silently went to their deaths, "firm and steadfast," according to Malmari. Cursing for a nineteenth century Iranian was conceived of as having very real and concrete effects. This no doubt partly accounts for the Bahá'ís' insistence at drawing a line at this point. But it seems also that early Bahá'ís made a distinction between denying their own identity as Bahá'ís, an act which under duress they were willing to commit, and denying the validity of the Faith itself, for which they were prepared to die before doing. Responses to interrogation varied from individual. Malmari's accounts include the case of a Bahá'í who when asked if he was a Babi courageously responded, No, he was a Bahá'í and proceeded to describe the difference. This behavior was more the exception than the rule, though. The distinction Bahá'ís made between denying their identity as Bahá'ís and denying the validity of the Bahá'í revelation is borne out by the behavior of Jewish Bahá'ís in Hamadan during this period. Ruhu'u'llah Mihrabkhani reports that the Jewish Bahá'ís of Hamadan in the nineteenth century, "in order to observe hikmat" went to the Presbyterian missionaries and feigned conversion to Christianity. They continued to associate themselves with the missionaries until Mirza Abu'l-Fadl visited Hamadan and, in the course of his discussions with the missionaries, made it clear that the Jews had come to recognize Jesus as the Messiah only by virtue of having accepted the message of Bahá'u'lláh. Following this and similar incidents one missionary urged others to insist that any candidate for church membership be required to specifically deny that Bahá'u'lláh was the "return" of the preceding prophet in a manner analogous to the way in which Christians understood John the Baptist to be the "return" of Elijah. The "confession" of faith recommended for baptismal candidates went as follows, I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God; that He really died on the cross for our salvation; that He really and truly rose from the dead, leaving behind an empty tomb; that He alone is the Savior of the World. I deny the doctrine of rij'at (return), by which I am to believe that Jesus was Moses returned, and that Mohammad, the Bab and Bahá'u'lláh were returns' of Jesus, and I declare it to be false teaching. Accepting Jesus as my Lord and Savior I declare Mohammad, the Bab and Bahá'u'lláh to have been false prophets and false guides, leading men away from the truth.
While this declaration involved no actual cursing of the Bab or Bahá'u'lláh, missionaries felt confident that no Bahá'í would make such a confession and they were quite correct. Denying one's identity as a Bahá'í was the most extreme form of hikmat practiced within the community and such behavior ceased to be sanctioned during the ministry of Shoghi Effendi. Given the extreme dangers and persecutions which Bahá'ís have faced throughout their history, that compromise and concealment would be condoned is quite understandable. The issue remains, though, as to why such acts were termed "wisdom?"
Wisdom in the Iranian context is often identified with foresight. In Shoghi Effendi's writings in English, the word wisdom can often be replaced with foresight without any loss of meaning. Unwisdom is sometimes directly paired with shortsightedness. In a letter dated November 28, 1931, for instance, he in large part blames the Depression on the "unwisdom and shortsightedness" of the framers of the Versailles Peace Treaty. The notion of wisdom as foresight goes back as far as Zoroastrianism, Iran's oldest prophetic religion, where it is regarded as the chief attribute which distinguishes God from the Evil One and insures His ultimate victory. In Zoroastrianism, God is addressed as Ahura Mazda, meaning Wise Lord. During the Sassanian period when Zoroastrian thought became crystallized, Ahura Mazda was not considered omnipotent, for His power was limited by the independent existence of Ahriman, the Evil One. His sole advantage over Ahriman rests in His possession of wisdom as foresight, which Ahriman utterly lacks. When, in the Pre-existence Ahriman insisted on making war on Ahura Mazda and rejected Ahura Mazda's overtures of peace, Ahura Mazda tricked Ahriman into setting a time limit on the battle, thus inventing lineal time. Ahura Mazda with His wisdom could foresee that once a limit was set on time, evil itself would be limited and contained, and the victory of the forces of good would be assured. Ahriman, unable to foresee this outcome, agreed to the terms. Ahura Mazda then revealed to Ahriman the eventual outcome of his folly, and Ahriman fell unconscious and remained so for the next three thousand years, during which period Ahura Mazda created the material world which would aid in Ahriman's eventual destruction.
Frequently Bahá'í writings refer to divine wisdom as an act of selective concealment in order to obtain long-range benefits. Such wisdom is embedded in the very notion of Progressive Revelation, wherein God has revealed Himself not in accordance with His own Being but in accordance with the capacity of humanity to receive knowledge of Him. In The Seven Valleys Bahá'u'lláh asserts that one who has obtained true knowledge will apprehend "the divine wisdom in the endless Manifestations of God" and will not be mislead by the seemingly contradictory nature of God's activity in the world. An instance of such seemingly contradictory events was the discontinuance of the institution of a living Guardian at the death of Shoghi Effendi. According to the Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, the Guardian of the Cause of God had the responsibility "to appoint in his own life-time him that shall become his successor, that differences may not arise after his passing . . ." Yet Shoghi Effendi passed away without providing for a successor or writing a will. But as the Universal House of Justice pointed out, at Shoghi Effendi's death there were no potential candidates for this position, the Guardian having been childless and his family members having died or been expelled from the community. Consequently the House of Justice insisted: The fact that Shoghi Effendi did not leave a will cannot be adduced as evidence of his failure to obey Bahá'u'lláh--rather should we acknowledge that in his very silence there is a wisdom and a sign of his infallible guidance.
On the issue of women's rights, divine wisdom, in the sense we have just discussed it, and the injunction upon Bahá'ís to observe "wisdom" in their action directly converge. While Bahá'u'lláh unequivocally proclaimed the equality of men and women, 'Abdu'l-Bahá, in answer to a question regarding the exclusion of women from the Chicago House of Justice, replied that the House of Justice, "according to the explicit text of the Law of God, is confined to men, this for a wisdom of the Lord God's, which will ere long be made manifest as clearly as the sun at high noon." Seven years later 'Abdu'l-Bahá ruled that this exclusion applied only to the as yet unformed Universal House of Justice and allowed women in America to serve on local bodies. When women in Iran, however, attempted to imitate the American Bahá'í women by discarding the veil and demanding a greater role in Bahá'í administration, 'Abdu'l- Bahá insisted that "nothing should be done contrary to wisdom." He further admonished them, Ye need to be calm and composed, so that the work will proceed with wisdom, otherwise there will be such chaos that ye will leave everything and run away. "This newly born babe is traversing in one night the path that needeth a hundred years to tread." [A Persian proverb]. In brief, ye should now engage in matters of pure spirituality and not contend with men. 'Abdu'l-Bahá will tactfully take appropriate steps. Be assured. In the end thou wilt thyself exclaim, "This was indeed supreme wisdom!"
'Abdu'l-Bahá's anxiety over the agitation of Iranian Bahá'í women was quite understandable. Nothing would have aroused greater antipathy from Muslims than to see Bahá'í women uncovered and moving freely and equally among men. A women could not consult privately on a council with men and expect to maintain her reputation. Bahá'u'lláh Himself provided for the progressive application of Bahá'í law for reasons of wisdom. He stated, Indeed, the laws of God are like unto the ocean and the children of men as fish, did they but know it. However, in observing them one must exercise tact and wisdom... Since most people are feeble and far removed from the purpose of God, therefore one must observe tact and prudence under all conditions, so that nothing might happen that could cause disturbance and dissension or raise clamor among the headless.
Shoghi Effendi later determined that this statement of 'Abdu'l-Bahá's would be considered normative within the Bahá'í community. A letter from the Research Department of the World Centre on this topic suggests that 'Abdu'l-Bahá "introduced the question of monogamy gradually in accordance with the principles of wisdom and the progressive unfoldment of His purpose." As we have seen, the term wisdom in Bahá'í writings whether it refers to inscrutable divine wisdom or the caution and tact with which Bahá'ís are urged to conduct themselves for the protection of the Faith usually carries with it the connotation of foresight. In practice, the word could be used within the community to refer to acts which seemingly contradicted some of the basic principles of the Faith but which in the long term were seen as serving its best interest. Especially included among such acts have been the willingness on the part of believers to deny their Bahá'í identity under persecution, the temporary exercise of censorship, and compromises made in regards to gender issues.
The concept of hikmat as we have just discussed it sometimes finds itself on a collision course with another principle held dear to Bahá'ís, the independent investigation of truth. If, in the name of hikmat it is possible to obscure, conceal, or compromise the Bahá'í teachings in any way, how can anyone, Bahá'í or non-Bahá'í conduct an adequate investigation of its validity. How can anyone be expected "to see with their own eyes and not through the eyes of others" if others determine what they will be allowed to examine? In recent years this issue has acquired a certain urgency especially among Western believers, most of whom are converts who would never have left the religion of their fathers to become Bahá'ís had they not already been committed in their hearts to this principle. This issue looms especially large for Bahá'í academicians and scholars. While the Bahá'í community in general, and the Persian believers in particular, might wish for the Bahá'í academic scholar to confine himself to topics which edify the community and further the expansion of the Cause, the individual scholar often feels that his research should only be guided by the principle "He must so cleanse his heart that no remnant of either love or hate may linger therein, lest that love blindly incline him to error, or that hate repel him away from the truth." In this connection the scholar, often much to the dismay of some Bahá'ís, sometimes finds it most productive to shine his light in the darkened corners. In connection with this issue, it should be recognized that Bahá'u'lláh laid a special burden upon the learned in connection with the exercise of wisdom.
In the Lawh-i-Maqsud, Bahá'u'lláh discusses the way in which the learned should "impart guidance unto the people." "No man of wisdom," He asserts, "can demonstrate his knowledge save by means of words." "Moreover," He continues, "words and utterances should be both impressive and penetrating. However, no word will be infused with these two qualities unless it be uttered wholly for the sake of God and with due regard unto the exigencies of the occasion and the people." Bahá'u'lláh goes on to say, Every word is endowed with a spirit, therefore the speaker or expounder should deliver his words at the appropriate time and place, for the impression which each word maketh is clearly evident and perceptible. . . .One word may be likened unto fire, another unto light, and the influence of both is manifest in the world. Therefore, an enlightened man of wisdom should primarily speak with words as mild as milk, that the children of men may be nurtured and edified thereby and may attain the ultimate goal of human existence . . . It behoveth the prudent man of wisdom to speak with utmost leniency and forbearance so that the sweetness of his words may induce everyone to attain that which befitteth man's station.
Elsewhere in the same Tablet Bahá'u'lláh reiterates the connection of wisdom with tolerance. He says, "The heaven of divine wisdom is illumined with the two luminaries of consultation and compassion" and elsewhere, "The heaven of true understanding shineth resplendent with the light of two luminaries: tolerance and righteousness." This Tablet suggests that a number of factors should be considered when judging the "wisdom" of our work. First and foremost is our purpose; is our work done for the sake of God or are other motives in operation? Secondly, we must consider our audience. To whom do we address our work and under what circumstances? Finally we must consider our tone, is it reflective of the forbearance, tolerance, and compassion which Bahá'u'lláh urges us to exhibit? Is it conveyed in such a spirit as to be conducive of further discourse and consultation? I propose no easy answers to the dilemma imposed upon the scholar who strives to adhere both to the standards of wisdom and truth. Observing wisdom' and the independent investigation of truth' are both principles enjoined by Bahá'u'lláh. But two things must be kept in mind in connection with this issue. First wisdom, when it involves a temporary suspension of a Bahá'í principle, must be always regarded as an emergency measure which should cease once the circumstances which created it no longer operate. Secondly, wisdom, as I have established, carries with it the connotation of farsightedness. Acts accord with wisdom, not to the extent to which they make the friends feel comfortable, but to the extent to which they further the Cause of God in the long term.
In this respect, it must be recognized that many actions Bahá'ís have taken in the name of hikmat proved to be short-sighted indeed. Consider again the case of the Jewish Bahá'ís of Hamadan who in the name of hikmat pretended to become Presbyterians. This action aroused the antagonism of Dr. Sa'id Khan, a Kurdish convert to Christianity. Convinced by the duplicity of those Bahá'ís that the Bahá'í Faith was a religion based on deception, he went on to collect as much dirt' on the Cause as he could. The material he collected was eventually turned over to Rev. William McElwee Miller and became the basis of his two books attacking the Faith. Even those missionaries who, unlike Miller, had no investment in converting others came to see the Bahá'ís as a people without integrity. Some of these, such as T. Cuyler Young, when on to become eminent scholars in America and their attitudes have spread to academicians throughout the country. I could name several other cases, much more recent than the one cited, where prominent persons have rejected the Cause as a result of actions taken and policies made in the name of hikmat. Bahá'ís must exercise constant vigilance to insure that hikmat not be used to obtain short-term gains or avoid immediate conflicts without considering its long-term consequences. Such actions are, in fact, contrary to wisdom.
6. Early studies on the Iranian "character" have been reviewed and critiqued in Ali Banuazizi, "Iranian 'National Character': A Critique of Some Western Perspectives," in Psychological Dimensions of Near Eastern Studies, eds. L. Carl Brown and Norman Itzkowitz (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1977), pp, 210-39. Later studies stress the flexibility of Iranian social interactions. See William O. Beeman, "Status, Style and Strategy in Iranian interactions," Anthropological Linguistics, 18 (1976), 305-22.
33. Bahá'u'lláh, The Kitab-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book, ›63.
36. The Guardian's secretary wrote on his behalf: "Regarding Bahá'í marriage: in the light of the Master's Tablet interpreting the provision in the "Aqdas" on the subject of the plurality of wives, it becomes evident that monogamy alone is permissible, and monogamy alone should be practiced." Cited in The Synopsis and Codification of the Kitab-i-Aqdas, Note 17, p. 59.


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Reinforced earth
Soil mixing
Rigid inclusions
Ground freezing technology
GEOTECHNICAL WORKS
Environmental Geotechnics
Soil improvement
Civil engineering structures
Retaining walls and foundations
A space dedicated to Geotechnics
Why does the Tower of Pisa lean...
Have a look at its foundations and check the soil
The Tower of Pisa started its tilting 5 years after the beginning of its constructionin 1173. Its inclination continued over the centuries. How do we explain this?
The instability of the structure is due to the very soft nature of the ground, and to the foundation type: the tower foundations are only 3 m deep, which is not enough to distribute the load on the heterogeneous soil. At the time, architects didn't have techniques enabling soil analysis.
So you have to spend time and money for something that can't be seen and almost nobody's aware of.
Today, good soil studies and a relevant design of the structure in its environment allow to build high-rise buildings that remain straight!
Since then, geotechnics proved able to take up many construction challenges.
This exhibition will help you understand the art of building on all types of soils.
Curatorial, Scientific and Scenic council
Presentation by Claude Plumelle, Laurent Briançon and Philippe Gotteland, Curators of the exhibition
Virtual exhibition proposed by CFMS, Syntec Ingénierie, FNTP, USG and ISSMGE.
The Museum of Arts and Crafts hosted the exhibition "Les dessous des grands travaux", a thematic installation on geotechnics proposed by the French Committee of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (CFMS) and its partners. Presented for the 18th International Congress of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnics "Challenges and Innovations in Geotechnics" held in Paris from 2 to 5 September 2013. The installation is a first in France and abroad.
Curators of the exhibition:
- Claude Plumelle,
- Laurent Briançon,
- Philippe Gotteland
Scientific council:
- Valérie Bernhardt,
- Jean-Pierre Gourc,
- Yves Legendre,
- Philippe Liausu,
- Philippe Mestat,
- Jacques Robert,
- Bruno Simon,
Scenography:
- Pied à coulisse – Design Scénographie
TERZAGHI, Karl. Theoretical Soil Mechanics. John Wiley&sons, 1943 – FILLIAT, Georges. La Pratique des sols et fondations. Paris : Éditions du Moniteur, 1981
BERTON, Claude ; OSSADZOW, Alexandre. Fulgence Bienvenüe et la construction du métropolitain de Paris. – Paris : Presses de l'École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1998, 219 p.
PLUMELLE, Claude. Théorie et pratique de la géotechnique. Paris : Éditions du Moniteur, 2013
BOUVARD-LECOANET, Anne ; COLOMBET, Guy ; ESTEULLE, François. Ouvrages souterrains : conception, réalisation, entretien. Paris : Presses de l'école nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (ENPC), 1992, 285 p.
KERISEL, Jean. Albert Caquot (1881-1976) : savant, soldat et bâtisseur. Paris : Presses de l'École nationale des ponts et chaussée, 2001, 180 p.
BOSMAN, Françoise (dir.). L'Art du vide : ponts d'ici et d'ailleurs, trois siècles de génie français, XVIIIe -XXe siècle exposition. Roubaix, Archives nationales du monde du travail, 21 novembre 2008-17 juillet 2009. Catalogue d'exposition. Somogy ; Archives nationales du monde du travail, 2010, 423 p.
BORDES, Jean-Louis. Les Barrages-réservoirs en France : du milieu du XVIIIe au début du XXe siècle en France. Paris : Presses de l'École nationale des ponts et chaussées, 2005, 443 p.
LEMOINE, Bertrand. Le Tunnel sous la Manche : l'intégrale des projets, l'histoire complète de l'aventure technique et humaine. Paris : Éditions du Moniteur, 1994,199 p.
PINON, Pierre (dir.). Un Canal... des canaux... Exposition présentée à Paris, Caisse nationale des monuments historiques et des sites- Conciergerie, 7 mars - 8 juin 1986, catalogue d'exposition. Paris : Picard, 413 p.
MEISS, Pierre von. Vingt mille lieux sous les terres : espaces publics souterrains. Lausanne : Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, 2004, 167 p.
GUYON, Marc. Les Fondations des ponts en France. Sabots métalliques des pieux de fondation, de l'Antiquité à l'époque moderne. Montagnac : M. Mergoil, 2000, 253 p.
Spécial géotechnique. Géologues, n°132, mars 2012. Paris : Société géologique de France notamment autour de la géotechnique, du Génie Civil et des ouvrages d'art.
"Les Dessous des Grands Travaux" is an exhibition proposed by the Museum of Arts and Crafts and the French Committee of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnics (CFMS).
Download the poster
Profession: Geotechnical engineer
Designing and modeling the structure in its environment
The art of the geotechnical engineer is to compose with the soil
The geotechnical engineer is both a geologist able to diagnose the state of the subsoil, and an architect able to evaluate the properties of a structure and its suitability to the ground. His skills are related to a strong capacity of scientific analysis as well as to an extensive experience, acquired on the construction sites.
He operates in four main areas: buildings, infrastructures (roads, railways, dams ...), natural risk assessment (landslides) and marine constructions (offshore oil & gas).
The French Union of Geologists describes the profession of geotechnical engineer, not according to the disciplines which constitute it, but according to the organisms in which the geotechnical engineer is working. The expertise of a geotechnical engineer in a field will often reflect a particular practice of his profession, and will be different according to the missions he is assigned to:
- Geotechnical engineer as assistant to Owner.
- Geotechnical engineer in a control office.
- Geotechnical engineer as project manager (design office...).
- Geotechnical engineer in a soil testing company.
- Geotechnical engineer in a construction company (contractor).
- Geotechnical engineer in the oil & gas field.
© Sébastien LE PANSE
Soil is composed of solids and cavities full of air and water. The solids are the result of the fragmentation of rock into pebbles, gravel, sand and silt, and also the chemical decomposition of rock into microscopic clay particles.
Water circulates at different speeds depending on the soil's composition. It circulates freely through permeable soils such as pebbles, gravel and sand, and very slowly through little permeable and even impermeable soils such as silt and clay – water circulates 1 million times slower through clay than through gravel. Soil can contain several concentrations of water, called groundwater, in its underlying strata, the closest to the surface being the water table. The soil in the water table is saturated when all its cavities are full of water.
Retaining wall techniques
Some numbers
Continuous trenches
Walls in soil mixing
Not such a recent technique...
The increasing use of this technique in France
Description of the technique
Monitoring ground freezing operation
Aulnay-sous-bois : Test wells
Geotechnics
Geothermal pile foundations
Geotechnics of waste fill
Port 2000 at Le Havre
The Mocaco bay growth
South tube of Toulon's tunnel
The A86 double-deck tunnel
An exceptional engineering feat
The construction of the East European HSR
The extension of the Airbus site in Hamburg
The extension of the Airbus site at Saint-Nazaire
The Rion-Antirion Bridge
An almost impossible project
and foundations
Rescuing the Grand Palais
The Odéon Tower
© CFMS - Legal mentions - Contact

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text:
Tom jones i know minus one music
Lyrics to "I Know" song by Tom Jones: I know what it means to be lost in the dark. I know what it means to be tossed in the storm. "I Know" lyrics. Tom Jones Lyrics "I Know" I know what it means to be lost in the dark. I know what it means to be tossed in the storm. I have walked alone with a heart of stone and despair too heavy for tears. Tom Jones YouTube Music. Tom Jones music videos on youtube and vevo, these are the most relevant videos found on the music category on youtube for Tom Jones, hear youtube music songs related to . Listen free to Tom Jones – Gold ( - ) (It's Not Unusual, Once Upon A Time and more). 42 tracks (). Discover more music, concerts, videos, and pictures .
Listen free to Tom Jones – Gold ( - ) (It's Not Unusual, Once Upon A Time and more). 42 tracks (). Discover more music, concerts, videos, and pictures . Lyrics to "I Know" song by Tom Jones: I know what it means to be lost in the dark. I know what it means to be tossed in the storm. "I Know" lyrics. Tom Jones Lyrics "I Know" I know what it means to be lost in the dark. I know what it means to be tossed in the storm. I have walked alone with a heart of stone and despair too heavy for tears. Tom Jones YouTube Music. Tom Jones music videos on youtube and vevo, these are the most relevant videos found on the music category on youtube for Tom Jones, hear youtube music songs related to . Delilah made famous by Tom Jones • 1 music track in instrumental version • 1 music track with vocals (cover) Vocal Backing Track MP3. It's Not Unusual. Tom Jones. $ It's Not Unusual made famous by Tom Jones • 2 music tracks in MP3 instrumental version. Find the latest tracks, albums, and images from Tom Jones. Listen to music from Tom Jones like It's Not Unusual, She's A Lady & more. Find the latest tracks, albums, and images from Tom Jones. Playing via Spotify Playing via YouTube. Playback options Let us know what you think of the negpoz.com website.The Best Music Minus One Songs (backing tracks). Artist: Tom Jones. Search, order and record minus one songs (backing tracks). Lyrics. Sing all the karaoke songs as made famous by Tom Jones with lyrics on KaraFun . Start singing now with our online karaoke. ONE Trumpet Duets in Jazz featuring Burt Collins and You/Music Minus One MMO Q RCA CAMDEN LIVING BRASS-Do You Know What It Means to . ( Viva, BMI) ®3 9 11 HELP YOURSELF 8 Tom Jones, Parrot (Famous. Search and download Instrumental Versions MP3 If you can't find the song you' re looking for, don't hesitate to make a suggestion. Tom Jones & The Cardigans Burning Down the .. Tom Jones - I Know I'll Never Love This Way Again. Discover I Know Instrumental MP3 as made famous by Tom Jones. Download the best MP3 Karaoke Songs on Karaoke Version.
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← One Direction to perform in Singapore for the first time in March 2015 as part of their "ON THE ROAD AGAIN TOUR 2015"!
Korean Night Festival 6 to return to Singapore this June with K-wave Evolution!
Korean Night Festival (KNF) 6 will return to Singapore this June with the theme "KWAVE Evolution" and this year, the festival promises to be the most eventful one to come with the collaboration of Kpop World Festival and the Korea Embassy, also jointly supported by Korea Tourism Organisation and the Korea Chamber of Commerce.
The theme for 6th Korean Night Festival is 'K-wave Evolution' with the objective of celebrating the arrival and development of the Korean Wave and how it has shaped social and cultural trends in Singapore from the late 1990s to today.
KNF is an annual arts and culture event which aims to commemorate, promote and raise awareness about the vibrancy and diversity of the culture. It is organized wholly by volunteers from Daehan Korean Language School – the first Korean Language Centre in Singapore, with the support from both Korean and local enterprises. Through this festival, visitors can expect to experience the richness of Korea's cultural heritage and its modern allure through a range of exhibits showcasing Korean traditional costumes, cuisines, games and sports. The festival will feature a day of fun-filled activities with a K-Carnival (open to public) in the afternoon and the concert in the evening.
Korean pop entertainment, the forefront of the Hallyu wave will also be featured in the festival. For the first time, a K-pop group will be there to grace the event. Nega Network's trio band Lunafly will be performing during the K-pop World Festival Segment alongside other guest performances.
K-pop World Festival is one of the largest Hallyu wave festivals where global fans of Korean Pop culture gather, showcase their talents in dancing and singing and compete. Korean Night Festival is proud to be the sole platform for auditions and the final winner on the event day will carry the honour of representing Singapore and compete at K-pop World Festival.
Korean Night Festival aims to provides an opportunity for everyone to gather and celebrate their interest and love for Korean culture and Korean Wave.
Note: Free Admission for Quiz on Korea & K-Carnival.
● Daehan Students: S$30 (maximum 5 tickets).


You are most welcome to visit our shop full of vintage finds. Every Saturday we are open from 10:00-17:00. Mon to Fri open by appointment. See you soon!
In this category you will find our collection vintage design cabinets. A focus on Scandinavian, Dutch and Danish design from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Check online or visit our shop for dressers, chests of drawers, bookcases and secretaries. The beautiful warm tones of teak and rosewood or industrial furniture can be combined in a modern interior.


text:
Q: Why NIC name always change after reboot? I'm managing lots of servers which runs Ubuntu 18.04 server. And it has at lest 4 NIC for each server. My server will reboot every weekend, and I always found the NIC name changed after reboot. Sometimes is onboad NIC, sometimes is PCI-e NIC, some times is all of NIC, sometimes none of theme.
I know I can fix it by config  /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules file, specific which MAC address corresponding which name. But I still want know why the NIC name always and how can  I fix it in a easier way (edit rules file could cost me whole day or worse).
Thanks in advance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force across an electrical conductor due to its dynamic interaction with a magnetic field. Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831, Lenzs law describes the direction of the induced field. Faradays law was generalized to become the Maxwell-Faraday equation, one of the four Maxwells equations in James Clerk Maxwells theory of electromagnetism, electromagnetic induction has found many applications in technology, including electrical components such as inductors and transformers, and devices such as electric motors and generators. Electromagnetic induction was first discovered by Michael Faraday, who made his discovery public in 1831 and it was discovered independently by Joseph Henry in 1832. In Faradays first experimental demonstration, he wrapped two wires around opposite sides of a ring or torus. He plugged one wire into a galvanometer, and watched it as he connected the wire to a battery.
He saw a transient current, which he called a wave of electricity and this induction was due to the change in magnetic flux that occurred when the battery was connected and disconnected. Within two months, Faraday found several other manifestations of electromagnetic induction, Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force. However, scientists at the time widely rejected his theoretical ideas, an exception was James Clerk Maxwell, who used Faradays ideas as the basis of his quantitative electromagnetic theory. Heavisides version is the form recognized today in the group of known as Maxwells equations. In 1834 Heinrich Lenz formulated the law named after him to describe the flux through the circuit, Lenzs law gives the direction of the induced EMF and current resulting from electromagnetic induction. Faradays law of induction makes use of the magnetic flux ΦB through a region of space enclosed by a wire loop. The magnetic flux is defined by an integral, Φ B = ∫ Σ B ⋅ d A.
Degaussing is the process of decreasing or eliminating a remnant magnetic field. It is named after the gauss, a unit of magnetism, due to magnetic hysteresis, it is generally not possible to reduce a magnetic field completely to zero, so degaussing typically induces a very small known field referred to as bias. Degaussing was originally applied to reduce ships magnetic signatures during World War II, Degaussing is used to reduce magnetic fields in cathode ray tube monitors and to destroy data held on magnetic storage. The term was first used by then-Commander Charles F. Goodeve, RCNVR, the mines detected the increase in magnetic field when the steel in a ship concentrated the Earths magnetic field over it. Admiralty scientists, including Goodeve, developed a number of systems to induce a small N-pole up field into the ship to offset this effect, meaning that the net field was the same as background. Since the Germans used the gauss as the unit of the strength of the field in their mines triggers.
The term became a common word, the original method of degaussing was to install electromagnetic coils into the ships, known simply as coiling. In addition to being able to bias the ship continually, coiling allowed the field to be reversed in the southern hemisphere. British ships, notably cruisers and battleships, were protected by about 1943. This procedure simply dragged a large electrical cable along the side of the ship with a pulse of about 2000 amperes flowing through it and this induced the proper field into the ship in the form of a slight bias. It was originally thought that the pounding of the sea and the engines would slowly randomize this field, but in testing. A more serious problem was realized, as a ship travels through Earths magnetic field, it will slowly pick up that field. From on captains were instructed to change direction as often as possible to avoid this problem, the bias did wear off eventually, and ships had to be degaussed on a schedule. Smaller ships continued to use wiping through the war, after the war, the capabilities of the magnetic fuses were greatly improved, by detecting not the field itself, but changes in it.
A toaster, or a toast maker, is an electric small appliance designed to brown sliced bread by exposing it to radiant heat, thus converting it into toast. Toasters can toast multiple types of sliced bread products, invented in Scotland in 1893, it was developed over the years, with the introduction of an automatic mechanism to stop the toasting and pop the slices up. The most common household toasting appliances are the pop-up toaster and the toaster oven, bread slices are inserted into slots in the top of a pop-up toaster, which make toast from bread in one to three minutes by using electric heating elements. Toasters have a control to adjust how much the appliance toasts the bread, Toaster ovens have a hinged door in the front that opens to allow food items to be placed on a rack, which has heat elements above and below the grilling area. Toaster ovens function the same as a conventional oven. Toaster ovens typically have settings to toast bread and a control for use of the appliance as an oven.
Modern toasters are typically one of three varieties, pop-up toasters, toaster ovens, and conveyor belt toasters, for home use, consumers typically choose a toaster type based on their intended use. Pop-up toasters are better than toaster ovens for making evenly toasted toast, conveyor belt toasters are mostly used in restaurants or other industrial catering environments where toast needs to be made quickly and in larger quantities. Toasters are designed to look in place in any kitchen, designers presented more aesthetic variations to pop-up toasters than other toasters. Consumers may choose a toaster by its appearance, choice of toastiness – The user should be able to choose the darkness of the toasting. Toast output – Various toasters can process bread into toast at different capacities, ease of operation – The toasters controls should be labelled to permit easy use and predictable results. Removability of crumb tray – Toasters with a permanently attached crumb tray will be difficult to clean than those with a removable tray.
A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where the last link is wireless. The network is distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver and this base station provides the cell with the network coverage which can be used for transmission of voice and others. A cell might use a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference, when joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This allows mobile phones and mobile computing devices to be connected to the switched telephone network. Private cellular networks can be used for research or for large organizations and fleets, each of these cells is assigned with multiple frequencies which have corresponding radio base stations. The group of frequencies can be reused in other cells, provided that the frequencies are not reused in adjacent neighboring cells as that would cause co-channel interference. If there is a single transmitter, only one transmission can be used on any given frequency.
Unfortunately, there is some level of interference from the signal from the other cells which use the same frequency. This means that, in a standard FDMA system, there must be at least a one cell gap between cells which reuse the same frequency, in the simple case of the taxi company, each radio had a manually operated channel selector knob to tune to different frequencies. As the drivers moved around, they would change from channel to channel, the drivers knew which frequency covered approximately what area. When they did not receive a signal from the transmitter, they would try other channels until they found one that worked, the taxi drivers would only speak one at a time, when invited by the base station operator. With TDMA, the transmitting and receiving time slots used by different users in each cell are different from each other, with FDMA, the transmitting and receiving frequencies used by different users in each cell are different from each other. In a simple system, the taxi driver manually tuned to a frequency of a chosen cell to obtain a strong signal.
Anechoic RF chamber used for EMC testing (radiated emissions and immunity). The furniture has to be made of wood or plastic, not metal.


Torbain is presently the largest primary school in Kirkcaldy and the third largest in Fife.
The school is non-denominational and caters for pupils from 3 to 12 years of age. The territorial area comprises of several large housing estates and some rural housing.
30% of our pupils live out with our catchment area and are parental placement requests.
There are 23 full time teachers, 1.5 learning support teachers, 2 nursery teachers (job share), 4 SEN auxiliaries, 2 classroom assistants, 6 early years officers and 4 clerical assistants.
The school is split site with a single storey infant/nursery building and an open plan 3 storey block.
The Management Team consists of Mrs Caroline Bruce - Headteacher, Mrs Susan Tollick - Infant Depute Headteacher, Miss Gillian Webster - Acting Depute for upper years and Miss Katherine Easson - Acting Depute for middle years. All management monitor the quality of the work of staff through their teaching plans and working with teachers and pupils. In monitoring pupils' work account is taken of its appearance, content accuracy, quantity and quality. Jotters and work on display are also discussed.
· Provide more active maths experiences for all learners.
· Development and promotion of a culture of Health and Wellbeing, by utilising links between the school and the wider community.
· Raise attainment in literacy through the development of new learning and teaching approaches.
· Developing planning and reporting which meets the needs of all pupils in line with CfE.
70 a.m. / 60 p.m.
To download the Torbain Primary School Booklet in Adobe Acrobat format (PDF), please click on the link below.


Canada's three largest carriers used submissions to a Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) request for information regarding misleading or aggressive sales practices to refute claims that Canadians need additional consumer protections when it comes to telecom sales.
Each member of the so-called 'Big Three' group of carriers outlined their sales practices, while simultaneously arguing that Canada's existing regulations and infrastructure are enough to protect consumers from harm.
The Big Three carriers — in addition to the regional players and local incumbents that also submitted documents in response to the CRTC's request for information — presented a two-pronged front.
On one hand, carriers claimed that they don't employ misleading or aggressive sales tactics, while, on the other, they claimed that if there were instances of unsavoury practices, the issues were dealt with swiftly and fairly.
"We use a needs-based approach to retail sales that is designed to meet the needs and budgets of our customers," reads an excerpt from Rogers' submission.
Rogers noted that of the approximately 60 million times that Rogers representatives interacted with customers "over the past year," only 0.004 percent — roughly 2,200 — of those interactions were complaints.
"Over the past year, Rogers sales and service agents interacted with customers on more than 60 million occasions, which resulted in a small number of complaints (2,200) from customers that were sales related," reads an excerpt from Rogers's submission.
Bell, Canada's second-largest carrier, highlighted a number of "formal and informal" channels available to consumers concerned about telecom sales practices, including provincial consumer protection outlets, civil court and the Competition Bureau.
"These formal and informal means of redress are of course in addition to perhaps the single most effective form of consumer protection: the highly competitive telecommunications market place in which customers are free to switch providers in the event that they are dissatisfied," wrote Bell.
Bell also provided the Commission with formal numbers representing how many customers chose to "terminate or deactivate a service," but those figures were filed in confidence.
For its part, Canada's third-largest carrier Telus claimed that its "focus on the customer" is what prevents individuals affiliated with the carrier from abusing consumers.
"Telus strives to ensure that customers are not disappointed after sales interactions and trains and monitors its sales agents to ensure that they provide complete and clear information regarding all aspects of each product and service," reads an excerpt from Telus's submission.
As a means of defending its claims, Telus pointed out that the Commission for Complaints for Telecom-Television Services (CCTS) only accepted 511 complaints lodged against Telus.
It's important to note that as of April 2018, the CCTS calculated a 73 percent increase in telecom complaints compared to the same time in 2017.
In spite of comments made by all of Canada's major telecom players, submissions from general telecom consumers and former telecom employees allege years of mistreatment at the hands of Canada's telecommunications service providers.
While these allegations have yet to be vetted by MobileSyrup, approximately 1,200 individual submissions — as well as additional submissions compiled by digital rights advocacy group OpenMedia — suggest that Canada's telecom players aren't as consumer-minded as they claim.
Joshua Powles, a professor of biology at Loyalist College in Belleville, Ontario, used his submission to recount his experience as a Bell representative while working at The Source.
The Source is an electronics retailer currently owned by Bell Canada.
Powles said that he began working at The Source in 2014 while he was completing his PhD at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario.
"About a year into my job, I noticed a shift in the company, it was well known that Bell was ramping up sales pressure, and The Source was at risk of retaining its status as a company," said Powles, in his submission to the CRTC.
Powles new manager allegedly bullied sales representatives "who would not sacrifice everything to make a sale" while also training Bell representatives to force unnecessary or unwanted services onto customers.
"I was even told once, by a Bell representative, to lie about Bell services, in terms of internet speeds and quality to convince [the] elder population to sign up," said Powles.
Important to note is that Powles' own submission is quite rare, as many of the interventions filed with the Commission were written by irate customers, rather than concerned current or former employees.
While Canadians across the country filed submissions highlighting concerns with Canada's telecom industry, three of the country's most prominent digital and consumer rights advocates took distinct approaches to addressing the issue of unsavoury telecom sales practices.
OpenMedia, for example, submitted a 325-page document full of additional concerns from Canadian consumers.
The Fair Communications Sales Coalition (FCSC) — a group comprised of the Public Interest and Advocacy Centre (PIAC), Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN) Canada, the National Pensioners Fund (NPF) and the Canadian Association of Retired Persons (CARP) — highlighted results from its own investigations in its 93-page submission.
"In FCSC's view, the CCTS should administer any consumer protection rules or codes of conduct that result from the Commission's inquiry and eventual report," reads an excerpt from the FCSC's submission.
The FRPC's submission also highlighted the fact that the CRTC's current unsavoury telecom sales practice investigation came in the wake of the Commission's Valentine's Day denial of a PIAC request for a similar investigation.
Now that the CRTC has officially closed its request for information, the Commission's next step is to hold public hearings set to begin on October 22nd, 2018.
Once the hearings have concluded, the Commission has until February 28th, 2019 to submit its final report regarding misleading or aggressive telecom sales practices in Canada.


I planted my peas March 23, and they were up April 5. I was really surprised because we had some very cold nights during that time. But since then, the weather has been perfect for peas. Cool days and nights, and rain showers. They are very happy and that makes me happy!
I am now concentrating on getting my greenhouse going. It is one of those bargain greenhouses that was almost impossible to put together. I don't recommend doing that with a spouse. The first couple of years, the wind kept taking panels out of it. I have a lot of silicone on the seams now, which got it through last winter just fine.
My tomatoes, cucumbers, squash, watermelon, lettuce and zinnias are now planted in small pots. When they get about 3 inches tall, I will transplant them into larger pots. My electric soil heating cable is spread underneath the seedlings to keep the roots from freezing. So far it has worked great.
I also have a misting system set up on a timer that keeps my delicate seedlings watered. This gives me the freedom to be gone without having to worry about my greenhouse crops. I love gardening, but I also love having fun during the summer. Anyone ready for some fishing?
Disclaimer: Letters to the Editor are published as a service to the Community and are not an endorsement of the writers or of the services or products mentioned.
This entry was posted in Community News, Hagerman. Bookmark the permalink.


Charleston W.Va. - Developers of the proposed PATH power line have asked Virginia regulators to withdraw their permit application, saying the latest analysis no longer indicates the $1.8 billion project is needed by 2014.
Lawyers for American Electric Power and Allegheny Power, partners in the PATH project, said the new studies don't yet show when the power line might be needed. They don't know when they might file a new application in Virginia, but don't expect to do so before at least the third quarter of 2010.
The new developments, revealed Tuesday in a filing with the Virginia State Corporation Commission, further muddy the future for PATH, which is already facing numerous delays and other hurdles.
In West Virginia, the state Public Service Commission last month delayed its formal hearings on PATH until late 2010, and said it would not make a final decision on the project's application until February 2011.
And in Maryland, the state Public Service Commission in September threw out the PATH application, ruling that it was improperly filed because a PATH company formed for the project was not an "electric company" under Maryland law.
AEP and Allegheny have been seeking approval in three states for a new, 765-kilovolt line that would start near the John Amos power plant in Putnam County and run for more than 275 miles to a new substation proposed for Frederick County, Md. They've dubbed the line the Potomac Appalachian Highline, or PATH.
Power company officials said the project is needed to shore up the nation's ailing electrical grid, and, as proposed, "minimizes the effect on the natural and human environment."
But the project faces strong opposition, in part because PSC approval would allow the power company to use eminent domain to obtain rights-of-way from landowners.
Other critics say that PATH, like the already approved TrAIL power line, is little more than a huge extension cord to allow more pollution-causing coal-fired power to be sent from Appalachia and the Ohio Valley to East Coast population centers.
In late October, new expert testimony filed in the Virginia case by the Sierra Club questioned whether PATH was really needed to protect the reliability of the electrical transmission system.
And in its new Virginia filing, the PATH developers quote from a letter they received from the regional transmission grid manager, PJM, saying that PJM's latest studies no longer support PATH being needed by 2014.
"These new developments raise questions about the ability to support the application now on file with the commission that is based on a need for the PATH project in 2014," the power company lawyers said in their Virginia filing.
Abigail Dillen, an Earthjustice lawyer representing the Sierra Club in the Virginia case, said Tuesday, "PATH is a boondoggle for ratepayers and a gift to coal companies.
"We urgently need a smart electrical grid that supports wind power and other clean energy projects, but AEP and Allegheny Energy are trying to sell us on lines that will only help dirty old coal plants to ramp up profits -- and pollution," Dillen said.


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Franklin Graham 'Alarmed' by Haiti Cholera Outbreak
By By Ethan Cole ( [email protected] ) Nov 22, 2010 02:23 PM EST Comment
People suffering cholera symptoms receive treatment at a clinic in the town of Quartier Morrin near Cap Haitian, Haiti, Saturday Nov. 20, 2010. Thousands of people have been hospitalized for cholera across Haiti with symptoms including serious diarrhea, vomiting and fever and at least 1,100 people have died. AP/Dieu Nalio Chery
Franklin Graham expressed alarm over the rapid spread of cholera in Haiti Saturday and called on the international community to increase its response.
More than 1,110 people have died in Haiti from cholera as of Friday, since it first broke out in October. Another 18,000 people have become sick because of the intestinal disease that causes severe diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Cholera is easily treated but can be fatal if not detected early.
"I am alarmed at the rapid spread of cholera in Haiti and the lack of capacity and supplies to properly prevent and treat this life-threatening disease," said Franklin Graham, president and CEO of the relief and development organization Samaritan's Purse.
Samaritan's Purse has 295 staff working in Haiti who have treated more than 2,000 cholera patients at the organization's two treatment facilities.
Graham noted that his group's assessments lead him to believe that the number of cholera deaths is "significantly understated." He urged the U.S. military to begin emergency airlifts to provide needed supplies to treat cholera, and for Haitian authorities to expedite customs clearance process to allow relief supplies into the country.
Joining Samaritan's Purse medical team in Haiti Saturday is a seven-member doctor and nurse team from HCJB Global Hands in Quito, Ecuador. The medical team brings about 500 pounds of medicines to reinforce the cholera response by Samaritan's Purse. Cholera can be treated with oral hydration salts.
"I call on the churches of America to pray this Thanksgiving for the people of Haiti, our neighbors just a few hundred miles from our own shore, who have suffered so much this year," Graham said. "Out of the abundance that we have been given, we should share with those who have so very little."
The World Health Organization said Friday Haiti's cholera outbreak will inevitably spread to the Dominican Republic. However, it does not expect the disease to be as widespread given the Dominican Republic's better sanitary conditions.
Aid Group Urges Prayer as Haiti's Cholera Death Toll Passes 900
Cholera has claimed nearly 1,000 deaths in Haiti, the government reported Sunday.
Haiti Officials Say Cholera Outbreak is Stabilizing But Fears Remain
Authorities in Haiti say the deadly cholera epidemic there is slowing down, but many people are still at risk, report aid groups working in the area.
Cave Church in Egypt Attracts 70,000 Christians Weekly To Worship Jesus
Chinese Pastor of Demolished Church Refuses to Bow to Authorities: 'Of Course We're Scared, But We Have Jesus'
Francis Chan Identifies Main Reason Chinese Underground Church is 'Unstoppable' Despite Persecution
Crucifixion Death Like Jesus Experienced is 'Medical Catastrophe,' Says Physician
Violent Muslim Imam Converts to Christianity After Jesus Saves Him from Death, Delivers Dramatic Message in Dream


text:
Current Projects Calendar and Work Samples
The Press Box Radio Show
Video & Voice Over
Archived Writing Links
Archived Works
Writing Résumé
Judd Spicer Writing Resume (www.juddspicer.com)
Author of Seven Days-Stories (April 2002) Beaver's Pond Press; Man Among Billions-Stories (May 2005); Arms Over Head- A Novel (May 2007)
As a freelance writer, I have penned over 3,000 articles and columns on myriad topics, for both print (magazine and newspaper) and online formats, since 1999. My works have found me conducting several thousand interviews and several of these pieces have been distributed on a national level. My fiction work, read in person and displayed by Twin Cities' media, has been enjoyed by countless readers, and is available through national chains such Barnes @ Noble, and Borders Books.
Now residing Palm Desert, CA
University of Minnesota-Duluth
Graduate May, 1999
B.A. in Communications, Minor in Theater
thespicerboys@msn.com
www.juddspicer.com
Associate Member -- Golf Writers Association of America
Journalism Experience, 1999-Present
Current Client List and/or Recent Works Cited (in alphabetical order)
Alaska Airlines (2018 - Present)
American Way Magazine and Celebrated Living Magazine (American Airlines) 2017- Present
BIGHORN Magazine (2018-Present)
California Business Journal (2019-Present)
CORD Media (2017 - Present)
Desert Golfing Digest (2012 -Present)
Desert Publications, Inc. -- Palm Springs Life and Palm Springs Desert Guide (2009-Present)
The Desert Sun newspaper (2011-Present)
Firebrand Media (2018 - Present)
FORE Magazine of S.C.G.A. (2012-Present)
Golf Course Industry Magazine (2017 - Present)
Greater Palm Springs CVB (2013 - Present)
LQ Resort's Hideaway Magazine (2016-Present)
Inside Golf Media (2017 - Present)
Los Angeles Magazine (2016 - Present)
Me Yah Whae (2013-Present)
Northern California Golf Assn. (2017 - Present)
Pebble Beach: The Magazine (2012-Present)
Rancho Mirage Magazine (2016-Present)
Sea Island Life Magazine (2017-Present)
Southland Golf Magazine (2014 - Present)
Super Lawyers (2002 - Present)
Tee Times Minnesota (2007-Present)
USSSA Today Magazine (2011-Present)
Vintage Club Magazine (2015-Present)
WorldGolf.com and The Golf Channel.com (2011-Present)
Previous Works and/or Defunct Publications
Baseball Minnesota Magazine (2003-2004)
Cal Golf News and Travel (2013 - Present)
City Pages and CityPages.com (2008-2012)
Desert Golf Magazine (2011-2015)
Destination Golfer (2012-2014)
Dr. Stats.com (2006-2011)
Edible Twin Cities (2008-2009)
ESPN.com (2009-2015)
Fantasy Football Champs.com (2009-2010)
Gameday Minnesota Twins scorecard (2006-2017)
Heavy Table.com (2009-2013)
Maple Street Press Twins and Vikings Annuals (2009-2012)
Maui Weekly Newspaper (2000-2001)
MaxBoxing.com (2011)
Mpls./St. Paul Magazine (2011)
Minnesota Law & Politics Magazine (1999-2010)
Minnesota Magazine (2005-2008)
Minnesota Monthly Magazine (2000)
National Club Golfer (2013 - 2017)
NCAA.com (2009-2011)
North County Times newspaper (2011)
NW Golf Today (2012-Present)
Pulse of the Twin Cities (2001-2002)
Riviera San Diego -- Modern Luxury (2011-2012)
SLAM.com (2008-2009)
Texas Golfers Funbook (2011-2012)
Twin Cities Statement Magazine (2009-2010)
Short Fiction Works
- Co-author (with Peter Schilling, Jr.) of play, "Who's On Steroids?" for It's Outta Here baseball play festival; 2010
- "Metrodome Murder" short-story in Oeuvre Magazine (Duluth, MN); August, 2009
- Regular contributor for Whistling Shade literary journal, St. Paul, MN, 2001-2006.
- Published short-story, "Sunday, April 22," from Seven Days in Short Stories Bi-Monthly (Erie, PA), October, 2001.
Education Works Cited and Study
-Won First Prize, "Science Fiction Category," for NorShore Independent Video Festival, 1998.
-Twice selected for publication in Roaring Muse, University literary journal.
Vaxjo University
-Study abroad in Vaxjo, Sweden, Spring, 1998.
Saint Thomas Academy, Mendota Heights, MN
-Graduate, 1994.
Minnesota Law @ Politics Magazine, Minneapolis, MN
-Summer, 2002.
The Playwrights Center, Minneapolis, MN
-Summer 1998, and Summer 1999.
Additional Work Experience
The R&D Agency, Burnsville, MN
-Private Investigator, July, 2003-2008
"In the Stream" with TD Mischke, CityPages.com (2009-2010)
Twin Cities Radio.net, Minneapolis, MN (2007-2009)
Elevated Tee Golf Radio Correspondent-at-Large (2011- Present)
Big Brothers/Big Sisters
- 2011- Present
Youth Baseball Coach
-Mendota Heights A.A., 2001-2004.
-St. Thomas Academy, 2002-2003.
Tweets from Judd Spicer @JuddSpicer
The Press Box @ThePressBoxESPN
And they're off! Players on the course @theamexgolf, and the boys will be live on-site to assess Round 1 with… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…
Retweet from Judd Spicer
Judd Spicer @JuddSpicer
Dig it! twitter.com/PGATOURCanada/…
Get Tour ready this afternoon, as the fellas are live & local from @theamexgolf all week long. Our guy… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…
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This chapbook is an insignia of a veteran poet's sincere love towards a young poet. In short, A Freshman's Welcome emerged from a speech, written by Sengupta to express appreciation for another poet's debut book of poems, Heights of Life. But once the speech got curated in a book's format, this can well serve as a note of encouragement for the young and aspiring poets that they can make it to the helm through this path of an elusive genre that they have themselves chosen. This is not an attempt to glorify anyone's poetry, rather an honest tracing of the path that one has to take towards the publication of one's first book of poetry. This makes A Freshman's Welcome unique and an honest guide to the publishing world that is somewhat hard to find otherwise.
The encouragement of mature writers who have established their name in literature is something we must not overlook. It seems rare that a poet would reach out to lesser known poets to firmly pull them up the rungs of the ladder. Many writers will advise the public about their craft through books, and speak candidly about their struggles. We do not hear stories of those writers who extend themselves freely to those they admire below them—because, honestly, this is a rare trait today … In A Freshman's Welcome, the intentions of our noble dentist are again revealed in its epigraph: "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." The craft of writing is one of the deepest forms of brotherhood, and writers pursue this noblest profession with only small amounts of appreciation.


Our original plan was to stay in Jackson Hole for several days but when we arrived we discovered that Jackson Hole was not the small town we remembered where you could park in the town square without any problem. It has turned into another playground for the rich and famous. In talking with folks we discovered that most of the people who work in Jackson can't afford to live in Jackson. We also discovered that the fall colors were early this year and most of the leaves had already fallen on the eastern slope. As we drove through the park we continued to encounter snow although it was not sticking to the ground. We could also see that most of the aspen leaves had fallen.
Returning to Jackson in the evening we decided to cut our stay short and head back to Yellowstone National Park the next morning.
In the morning we were up early so we could get out into the park while there was some nice light. We briefly stopped at Mormon Row but the light was not very good.
As we passed Cunningham Cabin the sun came out. We spent quite a bit of time at the Cunningham Cabin photographing it from various angles and changing light conditions. As has been the case throughout our Jackson Hole visit there were other photographers vying the best spots.
What a beautiful place to live. On this morning there was a heavy frost on the fence and ground.
The highlight of the visit was when a moose ran along the fence line. This was the only moose we saw on our trip.
We drove up the road looking for a little color and stopped at the gate to the Moose Head Ranch to take a few photographs.
The next stop was the famous Oxbow Bend on the Snake River. Unfortunately the aspen leaves had fallen but there was still a little color in the brush.
We stopped several other locations where we could find a little color along the road.
More photos from the Tetons can be found on my website.
Just north of Jackson Hole there are the remains of several Mormon homesteads that provide excellent material for photographers. Needless to say there were many photographers in the area and it was almost impossible to get a shot without getting a photographer in the shot.
When we stopped late in the evening there was some nice light on the barns with snow clouds in the background.
The next morning when we stopped on our way back to Yellowstone National Park there were a lot of photographers so we stopped to take just a few photos before heading out.
On third day in Yellowstone our goal was to drive over to Mammoth Hot Springs. Yet another gloomy day with low clouds, rain and snow at the higher elevations.Our first stop was Gibbon Falls. This is a beautiful waterfall right along the road.
We hadn't gone far when we had our second sighting of a pair of Grizzly Bears. They were well off of the road when we first spotted them but they gradually worked their way toward the road until a tour bus pulled up right in their path. They then turned and headed back toward the woods.
Driving over the mountains we had a spectacular view of the valley. This area was posted as a Grizzly Bear study area.
The road was closed between Norris Geyser Basin and Mammoth Hot Springs so we had to take the long way round through Tower Junction. As long as we were in the area we decided to drive over to the Lamar Valley. We reached the Lamar Valley, frequently called the American Serengeti because of the wildlife, about noon. Unfortunately we didn't see much wildlife on this visit. In this photo there were buffalo in the valley and a couple of photographers on the left photographing the herd in the rain.
I was disappointed that we didn't see any wolves. On my previous trip a couple of wolves crossed right in front of my car. I quickly pulled over and jumped out for a shot. I was leaning against the car while shooting and noticed that my car was moving down the side of the road. Apparently I was so excited I forgot to put it in park and had to chase it for a way before I could jump in and hit the break. On this trip we had to settle for a Pronghorn Antelope.
A lone fisherman is working the Lamar River with the Cottonwoods if full fall color in the background.
After driving through the Lamar Valley we headed toward Mammoth Hot Springs. We encountered this buffalo with a Magpie on its back. There were a couple of Magpies pestering the buffalo.
When we reached Mammoth Hot Springs it was raining hard. We sprinted to the dining facility and had some hot chili an coffee before going over to the visitors station with a list of questions for the rangers. It continued to rain so we decided to drive back to West Yellowstone. We found out that the road from Mammoth Hot Springs to Norris Geyser Basin was now open which saved us a long drive back through Tower Junction.
We did see a few Mountain Goats. If you look really closely you might see them along the ridge line on the right side of the photo. There was a Yellowstone Association Bus at the pullout with a telescope setup to watch the goats. If it wasn't for that we probably wouldn't have noticed them on the ridge.
A short time later we passed Rustic Falls. There isn't a great view of the falls from the pullout at the top so we had to turn around and drive back a few hundred yards to get a good shot of it.
The rest of the trip was uneventful except for the construction delays and muddy roads in the construction area. More photos from Yellowstone National Park can be found on my website.


text:
male rape
Men's rights activists (MRAs) were abound in the comment's section of my post, "Men are NOT raped more than women." They ignored all the statistics I posted and made up their own conclusions using incorrect analyses of the data.
So here's my long-awaited, follow-up post, with yet more proof and numbers.
The original link to a DOJ study, cited by Feministe, is now down. Here's what I found on the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) government website that I believe was the same study.
http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pdca16.pdf
The NIS-3 was conducted in 233 state and federal prisons, 358 local jails, and 15 special confinement facilities operated by ICE, the U.S. military, and correctional authorities in Indian country. A total of 92,449 inmates age 18 or older participated in the survey, including 38,251 prison inmates, 52,926 jail inmates, 573 ICE detainees, 539 inmates in military facilities, and 160 inmates in Indian country facilities. The survey was also administered to 527 youth ages 16 to 17 held in state prisons and 1,211 youth ages 16 to 17 in local jails.
So in the 2011-2012 National Inmate Survey (NIS), which is the updated version of the one my post originally talked about, they had a sample of 92,449 inmates age 18 or older and 1,738 inmates ages 16 to 17.
http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri1112.pdf
Among the 91,177 adult prison and jail inmates participating in the NIS-3 sexual victimization survey, 3,381 reported experiencing one or more incidents of sexual victimization in the past 12 months or since admission to the facility, if less than 12 months. Since the NIS-3 is a sample survey, weights were applied for sampled facilities and inmates within facilities to produce national-level and facility-level estimates. The estimated number of prison and jail inmates experiencing sexual victimization totaled 80,600 (or 4.0% of all prison inmates and 3.2% of jail inmates nationwide).
I'm not sure what happened to a couple of the adult inmates; maybe their surveys were unacceptable for some reason. But keep in mind that this is men and women. Here's another PDF about the same study:
http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svraca0911.pdf
The reported number of victims for lifetime sexual victimization in the survey is 8,763. The reported number in the 12 months in 2011 is 3,381. There were reported 31,110 surveys from men's facilities and 7,141 from women's facilities. So it turns out that 80,600 total victims is just an estimate, extrapolating from the survey.
Between 2009 and 2011, females represented about 7% of all state and federal prison inmates, but accounted for 22% of inmate-on-inmate victims and 33% of staff-on-inmate victims.
I think we can safely say that more total men are "sexually victimized" in prison than women, but this is mostly explained by the much higher percentage of men being in prison.
Meanwhile, let's look at numbers for estimated sexual assaults for 2011, the same year the NIS-3 was conducted. First, I tried to find a study from the BJS so my numbers for prison abuse came from the same place. BJS referred me to the "National Crime Victimization Survey" (NCSV).
http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv11.pdf
So here are the results from 2011 NCVS. 143,120 persons age 12 or older from 79,800 households across the country were interviewed during the year. The estimated total number of rapes/sexual assaults reported in 2011 was 243,800. This PDF did not break this total down by men and women. I had to look at some other method that did.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6308a1.htm
12,727 telephone interviews were completed in the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, 2011. This was conducted by the CDC.
In the United States, an estimated 19.3% of women and 1.7% of men have been raped during their lifetimes; an estimated 1.6% of women reported that they were raped in the 12 months preceding the survey.
1.6% of women raped in the 12 months before taking the survey is 1.9 million women.
The case count for men reporting rape in the preceding 12 months was too small to produce a statistically reliable prevalence estimate.
Men weren't even statistically significant enough to be counted for 2011.
Final numbers:
Estimated number of all "sexual victimization" victims in prison/jail in 2011: 80,600 (BJS)
Estimated number of all rapes/sexual assaults reported in 2011: 243,800 (BJS)
Estimated number of women raped in 2011: 1.9 million (CDC)
There probably is a way, somehow-through bullshit polls-to conclude that men are raped more than women. But the amount of cherry-picking and statistical juggling it takes to reach that conclusion is beyond the scope of reasonable facts. I used the very best (in terms of sample size) and most reliable available statistics for the same year. I believe that, even if you adjust the methodologies of the studies to include different definitions of "rape" and "sexual assault," the gap between the numbers for men and women remains huge. I don't see how the data can be any more clear that men are NOT raped more than women.
ELF emmit


text:
Q: Analysing peaks in python I have these data-set which consist of close to perfectly spaced peaks. The peaks are not dirac delta functions but more of a gaussian shape. I need to analyze the distance between the peaks very precisely using python.

I am a beginner at python so I would really appreciate some help.
The files are of the type .csv and .h5.
(I found out that the .csv files got too big for large samples so I had to switch to .h5.)
In my analyzing so far I have used the pandas-package and numpy-package and my guess is that they would also be able to solve this problem for me.
So I got this idea that I can filter out specific points on the peaks so. I tried this:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd

#data = [time,voltage]
data1 = pd.read_csv('1pps_withoutReference.csv', sep=',')

#Plot data
time = data1["x"];
voltage = data1["y"];
plt.plot(time,voltage)
plt.show()

t = data1["x"];
v = data1["y"];

if n+1>4 and n-1<4: n=n;
else v.remove('n');
for n in v;

I guess the idea of what I am trying to do in that last part is pretty clear but it is simply not working.
I only wnat the points where the point right before is less than 4 and the point right after is above. This should give me discrete values and would only result in a tiny offset which is not really relevant since I am looking for the distance between the peaks.
I have solved the problem by the help of a friend.
#getting t values for every peak.
time = data1["x"]
volt = data1["y"]

trig_lev = 2.5
#Creating new vector to contain the values of the peaks
t_peak = []
#For-loop updating the list with the disired values
for i in np.arange(0, len(time)):
    if volt[i] < trig_lev and volt[i+1] >= trig_lev:
    t_peak.append(time[i])

A: Let me construct a fake v and t array for an example.
In [1]: import numpy as np

In [2]: v = np.random.random(20)*10

In [3]: t = np.arange(len(v))

Now, let's find all the values in v between 3 and 5.
In [4]: cond = np.logical_and(v < 5, v > 3)

In [5]: cond
Out[5]:
array([False, False, False,  True, False, False, False, False, False,
       False, False, False, False, False,  True, False, False, False,
       False, False], dtype=bool)

This works because a < or > operation on an array of numbers returns an array of Boolean values.
In [6]: v
Out[6]:
array([ 2.82501842,  9.28107914,  8.48711041,  4.61051569,  1.77473463,
        7.69499025,  9.74680202,  1.37199899,  6.34510291,  2.33337724,
        2.22011283,  6.63674361,  9.20012545,  5.80648649,  4.43828229,
        1.4105842 ,  2.72444927,  2.09571288,  5.80758599,  1.73408051])

In [7]: v < 5
Out[7]:
array([ True, False, False,  True,  True, False, False,  True, False,
        True,  True, False, False, False,  True,  True,  True,  True,
       False,  True], dtype=bool)

In [8]: v > 3
Out[8]:
array([False,  True,  True,  True, False,  True,  True, False,  True,
       False, False,  True,  True,  True,  True, False, False, False,
        True, False], dtype=bool)

The logical_and function combines the two Boolean arrays.
Now isolate the t values where this condition is met.
In [9]: ix = [y for y, u in zip(t, cond) if u]

In [10]: ix
Out[10]: [3, 14]

Check the v values.
In [11]: [v[i] for i in ix]
Out[11]: [4.611, 4.438]


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Home/Start-Up Business/LLC versus S Corp
LLC versus S CorpFrame | Zeller2020-02-18T21:14:23+00:00
LLC versus S Corporations Overview
For more than a decade, our Charleston business lawyers have realized that the enactment of limited liability company statutes in all 50 states and the adoption of the check-the-box tax regulations, organizing business ventures as limited liability companies (LLCs) has become increasingly popular. The members' limited liability and flow-through tax treatment are comparable to aspects of S corporations. Nevertheless, there are distinct differences between LLCs and S corporations from both tax and business standpoints.
Deciding between using an LLC versus S corporation to conduct a business is generally premised on a preliminary decision that flow-through tax treatment is desired. In general, flow-through tax treatment means that the entity itself is not subject to tax. Rather, the owners of the business will report their distributive shares of the business' income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits on their own tax returns. By eliminating the entity-level tax, the overall tax burden upon placing the business' income in the hands of its owners is reduced.
Although an LLC and an S corporation both provide the desired flow-through tax treatment, an LLC is generally taxed as a partnership under Subchapter K, while an S corporation is taxed under Subchapter S. These provisions are not the same, and the tax treatment of the owners is not the same. The business entity comparison summarizes the tax and business characteristics of LLCs and S corporations. However, some of the more important differences are briefly discussed below.
S Corporation Qualified Business Owners
Probably the most significant difference between a limited liability company and an S corporation is the restriction on who can be a shareholder of an S corporation. Only individuals other than nonresident aliens, grantor trusts, qualified Subchapter S trusts, electing small business trusts, certain estates, qualified retirement plans, and charitable organizations can be shareholders of an S corporation. Thus, an S corporation cannot have as a shareholder a nonresident alien, a corporation, a partnership, a limited liability company, or a non-qualifying trust. For LLCs, no such restriction exists. Any individual or entity can be a member of an LLC. Thus, a nonresident alien, corporation, partnership, another LLC, or any type of trust can be a member of an LLC. This greater flexibility can dictate the selection of an LLC for a particular business venture or in estate planning.
Allocation of Business Income and Business Losses
Another significant difference between limited liability companies and S corporations relates to the allocation of the business' income and losses among the owners. An LLC, which is taxed as a partnership, is subject to the allocation rules of Internal Revenue Code §704(b). That section generally allows any allocation of income and loss among the members as long as the allocation has substantial economic effect. For example, members who provide capital to the business can be provided a preferential return, similar to interest. Allocations among members may be determined at the end of the year based on the LLC's operating results and may also vary from year to year. Likewise, distributions to the members may be flexible. For example, members providing capital may receive a return of their capital before any distributions are made to members who do not.
S Corporation One Class of Stock Rule
An S corporation can have only one class of stock, although it may have both voting and nonvoting common stock. Thus, each share must be treated the same as every other share with respect to allocations of income and losses and distributions. Therefore, an S corporation cannot provide a preferential allocation to any shareholder. Similarly, distributions cannot be made to some shareholders and not to others.
Liquidation of Business
The tax treatment of the owners upon the liquidation of an S corporation and a limited liability company is different. Under partnership rules, liquidations can generally be accomplished tax free. Tax liability may arise when the amount of cash distributed to the member exceeds the member's basis for his or her interest or when unrealized receivables or inventory items (hot assets) are distributed.
In contrast, the liquidation of an S corporation is treated the same as the liquidation of a C corporation: It is a taxable transaction. Any distribution of an asset in liquidation of the S corporation is treated as a sale of that asset for its fair market value. Any gain is allocated among the shareholders and must be included on their individual tax returns even though the asset was not sold to a third party.
Non-Tax Business Issues
Although tax issues will generally be the most critical in deciding whether to organize a business as a limited liability company or an S corporation, business operation concerns should also be addressed.
An LLC and an S corporation should be treated similarly; the owners should not be liable for any debts or obligations of the entity. In the case of an S corporation, which is organized like any other corporation under state law, this is clearly the case. A significant body of case law has developed over the years addressing this issue. Except in unusual circumstances, when attempts may be made to pierce the corporate veil, most practitioners feel quite confident that organizing a business as a corporation (whether taxable as a C or an S corporation) will protect the shareholders from liability as long as the corporate formalities are observed.
For LLCs, however, the law is not as clear. LLCs have been authorized in most states only in the last 15 years. Little case law has developed with respect to business issues such as the liability of members for the debts and obligations of the LLC. Hence, when protection from liability is considered critical, many practitioners may elect to organize the business as an S corporation because of the body of law that has developed in this area.
Our Charleston business lawyers provide counsel and advice to those entrepreneurs, professionals and businesses who are seeking to launch a new business. We assist clients in everything from the business entity selection during formation to the sale of a business. We not only offer reasonable hourly fee arrangements, but also provide flat-fee or fixed-fee services, hybrid fee services, and contingent fee services for the majority of business transactional matters.


text:
Q: Android Viewpager with FragmentPagerAdapter members of Fragment become null after rotation I have an activity with tabs. In order to create the tabs I am using Fragments and use the following adapter class:
class ViewPagerAdapter extends FragmentPagerAdapter
{
    private final List<Fragment> mFragmentList = new ArrayList<>();
    private final List<String> mFragmentTitleList = new ArrayList<>();

    public ViewPagerAdapter(FragmentManager manager) {
        super(manager);
    }

    @Override
    public Fragment getItem(int position) {
        return mFragmentList.get(position);
    }

    @Override
    public int getCount() {
        return mFragmentList.size();
    }

    public void addFragment(Fragment fragment, String title) {
        mFragmentList.add(fragment);
        mFragmentTitleList.add(title);
    }

    @Override
    public CharSequence getPageTitle(int position) {
        return mFragmentTitleList.get(position);
    }
}

In the oncreate function of the activity that hosts the tabs I am calling a method (see below) to create some fragments, add them to an instance of ViewPagerAdapter and set this as the adapter for my ViewPager UI element. One of the fragments also has some member variables (Strings, among others). I set these when creating the fragments in the activity using setters.
Here is what I am doing in my activity. (Stripped down, removed the irrelevant fragments for clarity).
 private void setupViewPager(ViewPager viewPager) {
    ViewPagerAdapter adapter = new ViewPagerAdapter(getSupportFragmentManager());
    SummaryTabFragment frag1 = new SummaryTabFragment();
    frag1.setUser(user);

    adapter.addFragment(frag1, "Summary");

    viewPager.setAdapter(adapter);
}

Everything works fine, except for when the screen is rotated. The app crashes in the fragment that has the object variables in onCreateView, it turns out that every member of the fragment is null, so I receive a NullPointerException. This is strange because when the screen is rotated, and thus the activity is recreated I am creating new fragments again, setting the member variables, adding them to the adapter and setting the viewPager like before.
I've read on the Fragment lifecycle, but don't understand why this doesn't work, since I am just recreating everything.

A: I think the problem is in Fragment which has some member variables (Strings, among others).
When you rotate, the frament will call the default constructor (with no arguments) so you will loose the input data.
To retain it you should try to implements onSaveInstanceState
Here is example
  Override
        public void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) {
            super.onSaveInstanceState(outState);
            outState.putString("key", value);
         }

then retain it like this
@Override
       public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
            Bundle savedInstanceState) {
            if(savedInstanceState!=null){
                 int id =savedInstanceState.getInt("key"); // get the value agains
            }
        ...
    }

Note: I suggest that you should not use Fragment constructor with some arguments. You should use the default constructor of Frament then put extras data to Fragment by Bundle
  Fragment fragment = new Fragment();
   Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
   bundle.putInt(key, value);
   fragment.setArguments(bundle);

Then in your Fragment, retrieve the data (e.g. in onCreate()) with:
   Bundle bundle = this.getArguments();
   int myInt = bundle.getInt(key, defaultValue);

Hope this help