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Elektrokardiografia (EKG) – zabieg diagnostyczny wykorzystywany w medycynie przede wszystkim w celu rozpoznawania chorób serca.

Pomijając EKG wykonywane w czasie operacji na sercu, jest to metoda pośrednia polegająca na rejestracji elektrycznej czynności mięśnia sercowego z powierzchni klatki piersiowej w postaci różnicy potencjałów (napięć) pomiędzy dwiema elektrodami, co graficznie odczytujemy w formie krzywej elektrokardiograficznej, na specjalnym papierze milimetrowym bądź na ekranie monitora.

EKG nie jest niezawodnym kryterium rozpoznania choroby: istnieje możliwość prawidłowego elektrokardiogramu przy schorzeniach kardiologicznych oraz nieprawidłowy zapis czynności elektrycznej przy prawidłowym stanie klinicznym.

Historia elektrokardiografii

Historia EKG – szczególnie w swoich początkach – wiąże się z odkryciami z dziedziny fizyki, gdyż elektrokardiograf w istocie jest bardzo czułym galwanometrem. Późniejszy rozwój EKG związany jest z obserwacją zmian pojawiających się w zapisie i ich powiązaniem z konkretnymi jednostkami chorobowymi.

W 1819 r. duński fizyk Hans Christian Ørsted podczas demonstracji studentom ogrzewania platynowego drutu prądem z ogniwa Volty, zauważył, że igła magnetyczna leżącego obok kompasu porusza się za każdym razem gdy prąd elektryczny jest włączony. W ten sposób odkrył elektromagnetyzm.

W 1820 r. Johann Schweigger zwiększył poruszanie się igieł magnetycznych w polu elektromagnetycznym. Odkrył, że przez 100-krotne owinięcie drutu z prądem na szpulce, oddziaływanie na igłę ulega zwiększeniu. Schweigger wynalazł pierwszy galwanometr i ogłosił swój wynalazek na Uniwersytecie Halle 16 września 1820.

W 1842 r. Carlo Matteucci, profesor fizyki na Uniwersytecie w Pizie, pokazał, że prąd elektryczny towarzyszy każdemu uderzeniu serca żaby.

W 1872 r. francuski fizyk Gabriel Lippmann wynalazł elektrometr kapilarny. Jest to cienka szklana rurka ze słupem rtęci pod kwasem siarkowym. Menisk rtęci przesuwa się wraz ze zmianami potencjałów elektrycznych i jest obserwowany pod mikroskopem.

W 1876 r. Marey użył elektrometru do zapisu aktywności elektrycznej eksponowanego serca żaby.

W 1878 r. brytyjscy fizjolodzy John Burden Sanderson i Friderick Page zapisali prąd elektryczny serca żaby przy użyciu kapilarnego elektrometru i pokazali, że zapis ten składa się z dwóch faz (później nazwanych QRS i T).

W 1880 r. francuski fizyk Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval we współpracy z Marcelem Deprezem ulepszył galwanometr. Zamiast igły magnetycznej poruszającej się gdy prąd elektryczny przepływał przez otaczającą drucianą zwojnicę, galwanometr Deprez-d'Arsonval miał zamocowany na stałe magnes i ruchome uzwojenie. Jeśli wskaźnik był przymocowany do zwojnicy, to mógł się on poruszać na odpowiedniej skali. Galwanometr d'Arsonvala stał się podstawą dla najnowocześniejszych galwanometrów.

W 1887 r. brytyjski fizjolog Augustus D. Waller ze Szkoły Medycznej St Mary w Londynie opublikował pierwszy ludzki elektrokardiogram. Został on wykonany na techniku laboratoryjnym przy użyciu elektrometru kapilarnego.

W 1889 r. holenderski fizjolog Willem Einthoven zobaczył demonstrowaną przez Wallera technikę na I Międzynarodowym Kongresie Fizjologów w Bale. Z czasem to właśnie Einthoven stanie się kluczową osobą w rozwoju elektrokardiografii.

W 1890 r. G.J. Burch z Oksfordu wymyślił arytmetyczną poprawkę dla obserwowanych fluktuacji elektrometru. Pozwoliło to zobaczyć prawdziwy kształt fali, ale wymagało męczących obliczeń.

W 1891 r. brytyjscy fizjolodzy William Bavliss i Edward Starling z Kolegium Uniwersyteckiego w Londynie ulepszyli elektrometr kapilarny. Połączyli koniec do prawej ręki i do skóry nad uderzeniem koniuszkowym i pokazali "trójfazową zmianę towarzyszącą (czy raczej poprzedzającą) każdemu uderzeniu serca".

W 1893 r. Willem Einthoven wprowadził termin elektrokardiogram na spotkaniu Holenderskiego Stowarzyszenia Medycznego (później zgłoszono pretensje, że Waller pierwszy użył tego określenia).

W 1895 r. Einthoven, używając ulepszonego elektrometru i formułę poprawki, odkrył rozróżnienie 5 wychyleń, które nazwał P, Q, R, S i T.

W 1899 r. Karel Frederik Wenckebach opublikował artykuł O analizie nieregularnych pulsów opisujący osłabienie przewodnictwa przedsionkowo-komorowego prowadzącą do progresywnego wydłużenia i blokady przewodzenia przedsionkowo-komorowego u żaby. Nazwano to później blokiem Wenckebacha (Mobitz typu I) lub fenomenem Wenckebacha (periodyku Wenckebacha).

Ponieważ Einthoven zdawał sobie sprawę, że rejestracja zapisów elektrokardiograficznych przy użyciu elektrometru kapilarnego i formuły poprawki jest na tyle czasochłonna i uciążliwa, że nie nadaje się do zastosowania na szerszą skalę, zwrócił swoją uwagę na możliwość zastosowania w tym celu galwanometrów. Miały one jednak istotną niedogodność – były zbyt mało czułe. W 1901 r. Einthoven skonstruował nowy galwanometr do wykonywania elektrokardiogramu, używając drobnej kwarcowej struny pokrytej srebrem, inspirując się pomysłem Depreza i d'Arnsovala (którzy użyli drucianego uzwojenia). Jego galwanometr strunowy ważył 600 funtów.

W 1902 r. Einthoven opublikował pierwszy elektrokardiogram zapisany na galwanometrze strunowym. Już w 1903 r. Einthoven dyskutował o możliwości komercyjnej produkcji galwanometru strunowego z Maxem Edelmannem z Monachium i Horace Darwinem z londyńskiego Cambridge Scientific Instruments Company.

W 1905 r. Einthoven rozpoczął przesyłanie elektrokardiogramu ze szpitala do swojego laboratorium oddalonego o 1,5 km przez kabel telefoniczny. W 1906 Einthoven opublikował pierwszą uporządkowaną prezentację prawidłowych i nieprawidłowych zapisów elektrokardiograficznych na galwanometrze strunowym. Zostały opisane: przerost lewej i prawej komory, przerost lewego i prawego przedsionka, fala U (po raz pierwszy), załamki QRS, przedwczesne skurcze komorowe, bigeminia komorowa, trzepotanie przedsionków i całkowity blok sercowy.

W 1906 r. Cremer zapisał pierwszy elektrokardiogram przełykowy, który wykonał za pomocą sondy przełykowej. Elektrokardiografia przełykowa rozwinęła się dopiero w latach 70. XX wieku jako pomocna w różnicowaniu niemiarowości przedsionkowych. Cremer zapisał również pierwszy elektrokardiogram płodu z powierzchni brzucha ciężarnej kobiety.

W 1908 r. Edward Schafer z uniwersytetu w Edynburgu po raz pierwszy kupił galwanometr strunowy do celów klinicznych. W 1909 Nicolai i Simmons donieśli o zmianach elektrokardiogramu podczas dusznicy bolesnej.

W 1911 r. Thomas Lewis opublikował klasyczny skrypt Mechanizm bicia serca i zadedykował go Willemowi Einthovenowi.

W 1912 r. Einthoven opisał trójkąt równoboczny utworzony przez standardowe odprowadzenia I, II i III, później nazwany trójkątem Einthovena.

W 1920 r. Harold Pardee z Nowego Jorku opublikował pierwszy elektrokardiogram świeżego zawału serca u człowieka i opisał załamek T.

W 1924 r. Einthoven otrzymał Nagrodę Nobla w dziedzinie fizjologii lub medycyny za odkrycie zasady elektrokardiogramu.

Również w 1924 r. Woldemar Mobitz opublikował swoją klasyfikację bloków serca (Mobitz typu I i II) opartą na zapisie elektrokardiogramu i kształcie fali tętna żyły szyjnej badanej u pacjentów z blokiem sercowym drugiego stopnia.

W 1928 r. Ernstine i Levine donieśli o zastosowaniu lamp elektronowych do wzmocnienia elektrokardiogramu zamiast mechanicznego wzmacniania w galwanometrze strunowym.

W 1928 r. zakłady Franka Sanborna zmieniły swój model stołowy maszyny elektrokardiograficznej na pierwszą wersję nadającą się do przenoszenia ważącą 50 funtów i zasilaną 6 V akumulatorem samochodowym.

W 1930 r. Wolff, Parkinson i White donieśli o zespole elektrokardiograficznym krótkiego odcinka PR, szerokiego QRS i napadowej tachykardii.

W 1930 r. Sanders opisał jako pierwszy zawał prawej komory.

W 1931 r. Charles Wolferth i Francis Wood opisali zastosowanie ćwiczeń fizycznych do wywołania napadu dusznicy bolesnej. Badali oni zmiany EKG u zdrowych osób i tych z dusznicą, ale odrzucili tę technikę jako zbyt niebezpieczną. Natomiast w 1932 Goldhammer i Scherf zaproponowali użycie elektrokardiogramu po umiarkowanych ćwiczeniach jako pomoc w diagnostyce niewydolności wieńcowej.

W 1932 r. Charles Wolferth i Francis Wood opisali kliniczne zastosowanie odprowadzeń sercowych.

W 1934 r. przez połączenie drutów do prawego i lewego ramienia oraz lewej stopy z opornikiem 5000 omów Frank Wilson zdefiniował elektrodę obojętną później nazwaną Wilson Central Terminal. Kombinacja odprowadzeń działała jak uziemienie i była związana z ujemnym końcem EKG. Elektroda związana z dodatnim końcem później stała się "jednobiegunową" i mogła być umiejscowiona gdziekolwiek na ciele. Wilson określił jednobiegunowe odprowadzenia VR, VL i VF gdzie "V" było związane z napięciem (napięcie widoczne w miejscu jednobiegunowej elektrody).

W 1938 r. American Heart Association i Cardiac Society z Wielkiej Brytanii zdefiniowały standardowe umiejscowienie i przewody elektryczne odprowadzeń przedsercowych V1-V6. "V" oznacza napięcie.

W 1942 r. Emanuel Goldberger zwiększył napięcie jednobiegunowych odprowadzeń Wilsona o 50% i utworzył zwiększone odprowadzenia kończynowe aVR, aVL i aVF. Po dodaniu trzech odprowadzeń kończynowych i 6 odprowadzeń piersiowych otrzymamy 12-odprowadzeniowy elektrokardiogram, który jest obecnie używany.

Również w 1942 r. Artur Master standaryzował dwukrokowy test wysiłkowy funkcji serca (znany obecnie jako Master two-step).

W 1949 r. Sokolow i Lyon zaproponowali diagnostyczne kryteria przerostu lewej komory tj. ma ona miejsce, gdy suma wielkości załamka S w V1 i załamka R w V6 przekracza 35 mm.

W 1959 r. Myron Prinzmetal opisał odmienną postać dusznicy, w której odcinek ST jest raczej podwyższony niż obniżony.

W 1960 r. Smirk i Palmer uwydatnili ryzyko nagłej śmierci z powodu migotania komór szczególnie gdy komorowe skurcze przedwczesne zachodzą w tym samym czasie co załamek T. Fenomen "R na T".

W 1963 r. Robert Bruce i wsp. opisali wieloetapowy test wysiłkowy na bieżni, znany później jako protokół Bruce'a.

W 1963 r. Baule i McFee byli pierwszymi, którzy odkryli magnetokardiogram, będący polem elektromagnetycznym powstającym z powodu aktywności elektrycznej serca. Jest to metoda mogąca wykonywać EKG bez użycia elektrod skórnych. Chociaż potencjalnie była to technika użyteczna nigdy nie uzyskała klinicznej akceptacji, m.in. z powodu wyższych kosztów.

W 1968 r. Henry Marriott wprowadził zmodyfikowane odprowadzenie piersiowe 1 (MCL 1) do monitorowania pacjentów intensywnego nadzoru kardiologicznego.

W 1976 r. Erhard i wsp. opisali użycie prawostronnego odprowadzenia przedsercowego do diagnostyki zawału prawej komory, który wcześniej był dla elektrokardiografii utajony.

W 1993 r. Robert Zalenski, profesor medycyny ratunkowej z Uniwersytetu Stanowego Wayne w Detroit i wsp. opublikowali artykuł na temat klinicznego użycia 15-odprowadzeniowego EKG z rutynowym stosowaniem V4R, V8 i V9 w diagnostyce ostrych zespołów wieńcowych. Podobnie jak dodane 6 standaryzowanych jednobiegunowych odprowadzeń przedsercowych w 1938 r. te dodatkowe odprowadzenia zwiększą czułość elektrokardiogramu w wykrywaniu zawału serca.

Dlaczego PQRST
5 wychyleń rejestrowanych na zapisie EKG przed wprowadzeniem w 1890 r. formuły poprawki oznaczano ABCDE, natomiast 5 pochodnych wychyleń oznaczono PQRST. Wybór P jest matematyczną konwencją na używanie liter z drugiej połowy alfabetu. N ma inne znaczenie w matematyce, a O jest używane jako początek kartezjańskiego układu współrzędnych. Ponadto Einthoven użył O...X do zaznaczenia linii czasowych na swoim diagramie. P jest po prostu następną literą.

Historia odprowadzeń EKG
Standardowe odprowadzenia I, II, III zostały zaproponowane przez Einthovena, który w 1912 r. przy ich pomocy wyznaczył obecnie tzw. "trójkąt Einthovena". W 1934 r. przez połączenie drutów do prawego i lewego ramienia oraz lewej stopy z opornikiem 5000 omów Frank Wilson zdefiniował "elektrodę obojętną". Kombinacja odprowadzeń działała jak uziemienie i była związana z ujemnym końcem EKG. Elektroda związana z dodatnim końcem później stała się "jednobiegunową" i mogła być umiejscowiona gdziekolwiek na ciele. Wilson określił jednobiegunowe odprowadzenia VR, VL i VF gdzie "V" było związane z napięciem (napięcie widoczne w miejscu jednobiegunowej elektrody). W 1938 r. American Heart Association i Cardiac Society z Wielkiej Brytanii zdefiniowały standardowe umiejscowienie i przewody elektryczne odprowadzeń przedsercowych V1-V6. "V" oznacza napięcie. W 1942 r. Emanuel Goldberger zwiększył napięcie jednobiegunowych odprowadzeń Wilsona o 50% i utworzył zwiększone odprowadzenia kończynowe aVR, aVL i aVF. Po dodaniu trzech odprowadzeń kończynowych i 6 odprowadzeń piersiowych otrzymamy 12-odprowadzeniowy elektrokardiogram, który jest obecnie używany. W 1968 r. Henry Marriott wprowadził zmodyfikowane odprowadzenie piersiowe 1 (MCL 1) do monitorowania pacjentów intensywnego nadzoru kardiologicznego. W 1993 Robert Zalenski zaproponował kliniczne zastosowanie 15-odprowadzeniowego EKG z rutynowymi odprowadzeniami V4R, V8 i V9.

Podstawa elektrofizjologiczna EKG

Potencjał spoczynkowy

Elektrokardiogram jest graficznym zapisem zmian potencjałów w trakcie depolaryzacji i repolaryzacji komórek mięśnia sercowego.
Na poziomie pojedynczego kardiomiocytu zmiany elektryczne prezentują się następująco, a ich znajomość jest niezbędna, by zrozumieć charakterystyczne zmiany potencjału krzywej EKG (załamki, odstępy, odcinki):

W "stanie spoczynku" komórka mięśnia sercowego znajduje się w stanie tzw. potencjału spoczynkowego (polaryzacji), czyli przezbłonowego gradientu ładunków elektrycznych:
 potencjał spoczynkowy wynosi ok. −90 mV;
 jony sodu znajdują się w większym stężeniu na zewnątrz komórki, jony potasu w większym wewnątrz niej;
 błona komórkowa jest praktycznie nieprzepuszczalna dla jonów sodu w trakcie spoczynku (nie wnikają one do komórki drogą biernej dyfuzji zgodnie z gradientem stężeń. Przy błonie przepuszczalnej doszłoby do wyrównania stężeń po obu stronach błony i zaniku polaryzacji!);
 błona komórkowa w stanie spoczynku jest przepuszczalna dla jonów potasu, a istniejąca różnica stężeń tego jonu pomiędzy wnętrzem komórki a przestrzenią zewnątrzkomórkową kieruje siłę dyfuzji na zewnątrz, przeciwdziałając różnicy potencjału;
 różnica potencjału pomiędzy wnętrzem komórki a przestrzenią międzykomórkową utrzymywana jest enzymatycznie, aktywnie przez pompę jonową (ATPaza), która wbrew gradientowi stężeń i potencjałom ładunków elektrycznych wydala z komórki 3 jony sodu na każde 2 jony potasu wprowadzone do komórki. Ta różnica 3:2 przyczynia się do wytwarzania potencjału błonowego.

Potencjał czynnościowy
Bodziec działający na spolaryzowaną komórkę mięśnia sercowego (prawidłowo z węzła zatokowo-przedsionkowego) zmienia przepuszczalność błony dla jonów sodu, które dostając się do wnętrza komórki, zmniejszają ujemny potencjał do wartości ok. −65 mV (potencjał progowy).

Przekroczenie potencjału progowego jest czynnikiem wyzwalającym otwarcie kanałów sodowych. Dochodzi wówczas do gwałtownego napływu jonów sodu do wnętrza komórki, w wyniku czego następuje szybka i całkowita depolaryzacja.

Przy wartości −40 mV otwierają się z lekkim opóźnieniem kanały wapniowe.

W powstającym potencjale czynnościowym wyróżniamy pięć faz:
 faza 0 (szybka depolaryzacja) – zależy od szybkiego dokomórkowego prądu sodowego,
 faza 1 (wstępna szybka repolaryzacja) – dokomórkowy prąd chlorkowy (w mięśniówce komór) i odkomórkowy prąd potasowy (w mięśniówce przedsionków),
 faza 2 (powolna repolaryzacja) – tzw. faza plateau (stabilizacja potencjału, stan równowagi pomiędzy dokomórkowym prądem wapniowo-sodowym a odkomórkowym prądem potasowym),
 faza 3 (szybka repolaryzacja) – przewaga odkomórkowego prądu potasowego nad wygasającym dokomórkowym prądem wapniowo-sodowym,
 faza 4 (polaryzacja) – faza spoczynku, polaryzacji.

Komórki rozrusznikowe serca mają zdolność do tzw. spontanicznej powolnej depolaryzacji w czwartej fazie potencjału czynnościowego.

Wpływ depolaryzacji na poszczególne odprowadzenia

Pobudzenie elektryczne rozchodzi się (uogólniając) z prawej górnej strony serca i biegnie w kierunku dolnym i na stronę lewą. W przypadku kiedy odprowadzenie odczytuje przebieg prądu "od elektrody", wychylenie na wykresie jest ujemne (na przykład w odprowadzeniu V1). Jeśli fala depolaryzacji biegnie w kierunku elektrody, wychylenie jest dodatnie (na przykład w odprowadzeniu V6). Jeżeli fala depolaryzacji biegnie prostopadle do elektrody wychylenie jest idiopatyczne – takie samo wychylenie w górę jak i w dół (przypadek 3 na rycinie obok).

Tkanki martwicze (na przykład objęte zawałem) inaczej przewodzą prąd niż tkanki zdrowe. Te różnice w przewodzeniu pomagają lekarzowi w ustaleniu rozpoznania.

Standardowe EKG
Standardowe EKG wykonuje się przy pomocy 12 odprowadzeń:
 3 dwubiegunowe kończynowe Einthovena (I, II, III),
 3 jednobiegunowe kończynowe wzmocnione Goldbergera (aVR, aVL, aVF),
 6 jednobiegunowych przedsercowych Wilsona (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6).

Odprowadzenia dwubiegunowe kończynowe Einthovena
W tym odprowadzeniu umieszczamy 4 elektrody na ciele badanego:
 elektroda czerwona – prawa ręka (RA),
 elektroda żółta – lewa ręka (LA),
 elektroda zielona – lewa łydka (LF),
 elektroda czarna – prawa łydka (tzw. punkt odniesienia; ziemia).

Trzy pierwsze elektrody tworzą tzw. trójkąt Einthovena, który w założeniu jest trójkątem równobocznym, co sprawia, iż linie poprowadzone prostopadle z każdego ze środków trzech boków, reprezentujące zerowy potencjał, przetną się w środku trójkąta.

Pomiędzy pierwszymi trzema ww. elektrodami wykonuje się pomiar różnicy potencjałów (w mV):
 odprowadzenie I – różnica potencjałów pomiędzy elektrodami "lewa ręka" a "prawa ręka" (LA – RA),
 odprowadzenie II – różnica potencjałów pomiędzy elektrodami "lewa łydka" a "prawa ręka" (LF – RA),
 odprowadzenie III – różnica potencjałów pomiędzy elektrodami "lewa łydka" a "lewa ręka" (LF – LA).

Odprowadzenia jednobiegunowe kończynowe wzmocnione Goldbergera
Z powyższych 3 elektrod odczytujemy również wzmocnione (ang. augmented – wzmocniony, powiększony) sygnały:
 odprowadzenie aVR – z elektrody "prawa ręka" (RA),
 odprowadzenie aVL – z elektrody "lewa ręka" (LA),
 odprowadzenie aVF – z elektrody "lewa goleń" (LF).

Odprowadzenia jednobiegunowe przedsercowe Wilsona

Połączenie razem 3 ww. odprowadzeń kończynowych daje teoretycznie wypadkowy potencjał równy 0. Ten wspólny punkt można połączyć z ujemnym biegunem galwanometru, a kolejne elektrody połączyć z biegunem dodatnim galwanometru.

W standardowym 12-odprowadzeniowym EKG wykorzystuje się 6 elektrod jednobiegunowych przedsercowych Wilsona:
 V1 – czerwona elektroda – w prawym czwartym międzyżebrzu (przestrzeni międzyżebrowej) przy brzegu mostka,
 V2 – żółta elektroda – w lewym czwartym międzyżebrzu (przestrzeni międzyżebrowej) przy brzegu mostka,
 V3 – zielona – w połowie odległości pomiędzy elektrodami V2 a V4,
 V4 – brązowa elektroda – w lewym piątym międzyżebrzu (przestrzeni międzyżebrowej) w linii środkowo-obojczykowej lewej,
 V5 – czarna elektroda – w lewym piątym międzyżebrzu (przestrzeni międzyżebrowej) w linii pachowej przedniej lewej,
 V6 – fioletowa elektroda – w lewym piątym międzyżebrzu (przestrzeni międzyżebrowej) w linii pachowej środkowej lewej.

Charakterystyka EKG – elektrokardiogram

Na wykresie EKG analizuje się:
 linię izoelektryczną – linia pozioma zarejestrowana w czasie, gdy w sercu nie stwierdza się żadnych pobudzeń (aktywności). Najłatwiej wyznaczyć ją według odcinka PQ. Stanowi ona punkt odniesienia poniższych zmian;
 załamki – wychylenia od linii izoelektrycznej (dodatni, gdy wychylony w górę; ujemny, gdy wychylony w dół);
 odcinki – czas trwania linii izoelektrycznej pomiędzy załamkami;
 odstępy – łączny czas trwania odcinków i sąsiadującego załamka.

Załamki
 załamek P – jest wyrazem depolaryzacji mięśnia przedsionków (dodatni we wszystkich 11 odprowadzeniach, poza aVR, tam ujemny)
 zespół QRS – odpowiada depolaryzacji mięśnia komór (w tym czasie następuje również repolaryzacja przedsionków, którą przysłania zespół QRS)
 załamek T – odpowiada repolaryzacji komór
 czasami też załamek U – odpowiada późnej repolaryzacji mięśni brodawkowatych

Odcinki
 odcinek PQ  – wyraża czas przewodzenia depolaryzacji przez węzeł przedsionkowo-komorowy (AV)
 odcinek ST – okres początkowej repolaryzacji mięśnia komór

Odstępy
 odstęp PQ  – wyraża czas przewodzenia depolaryzacji przez cały układ bodźcoprzewodzący serca, to jest od węzła zatokowo-przedsionkowego do włókien Purkiniego i wynikającą z tego depolaryzację przedsionków
 odstęp ST – wyraża czas wolnej i szybkiej repolaryzacji mięśnia komór (2 i 3 faza repolaryzacji)
 odstęp QT – wyraża czas potencjału czynnościowego mięśnia komór (depolaryzacja + repolaryzacja)

Szczególne fragmenty
 zwrot ujemny – w odprowadzeniach przedsercowych fragment zespołu QRS, od początku zespołu do szczytu ostatniego załamka R
 pobudzenie istotne komór ≠ zwrot ujemny! – to fragment od początku zespołu QRS do szczytu załamka R, zwany także opóźnieniem ujemnego zwrotu

Interpretacja wyniku EKG
Interpretacja wyniku EKG zależy od wielu czynników, z których najważniejsze to wiek, stosowane leki i schorzenia pozasercowe. Interpretacji wyniku powinien dokonać lekarz lub ratownik medyczny.

Prawidłowy i patologiczny elektrokardiogram:

 Załamek PZałamek P powstaje w wyniku depolaryzacji przedsionków (prawego i lewego), jego część wstępująca jest związana z przejściem fali depolaryzacyjnej przez przedsionek prawy, a zstępująca przez przedsionek lewy. Prawidłowy załamek P w odprowadzeniach I, II, aVF i V2-V6 jest dodatni, często także w odprowadzeniu III, w odprowadzeniu aVR ujemny, w odprowadzeniu aVL najczęściej płaski, w odprowadzeniu V1 dodatni, dwufazowy albo ujemny.
 Czas trwania prawidłowego załamka P jest krótszy od 0,12 s (3 mm przy zapisie 25 mm/s), amplituda nie przekracza 2,5 mm w odprowadzeniach I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF i 3 mm w odprowadzeniach V1-V6.

 Załamek P uznaje się za nieprawidłowy gdy zapis jest zazębiony, rozdwojony, przekraczający powyższe parametry (amplituda, czas trwania, polaryzacja w odpowiednich odprowadzeniach np. ujemny w I). Zmniejszenie się amplitudy załamka w odniesieniu do poprzedniego badania może być spowodowane obniżeniem się rozrusznika w dolną część węzła zatokowego lub poniższych ośrodków bodźcotwórczych na przestrzeni prawego przedsionka.

 Wysoka amplituda załamka P występuje przy przeroście prawego przedsionka oraz u osób ze zwiększoną aktywnością układu współczulnego.

 Szeroki, często rozdwojony załamek P świadczy o przeroście lewego przedsionka lub nieprawidłowym napływie krwi do lewej komory serca.

 Ujemna wartość amplitudy w odprowadzeniu I może świadczyć o rytmie lewego przedsionka (prawidłowy rytm pochodzi z węzła zatokowo-przedsionkowego na prawym przedsionku), nieprawidłowym położeniu serca w klatce piersiowej lub zaawansowanym przeroście prawego przedsionka.

 Ujemne wartości w odprowadzeniach II, III i aVF świadczą o wstecznej propagacji fali depolaryzacyjnej (rytm ektopowy) z dolnej części przedsionków lub węzła przedsionkowo-komorowego bądź z komór.

 Zawyżenia kształtu części wstępującej lub zstępującej lub rozdwojenie załamka świadczy o zaburzeniach przewodzenia wewnątrzprzedsionkowego.

 Niekiedy załamki P są niewidoczne. Nie są rejestrowane przy braku czynności elektrycznej przedsionków, podczas migotania przedsionków widoczne są drgania linii izoelektrycznej (fala f fibrillatio), przy trzepotaniu przedsionków drgania są wyraźne i regularne. Migotanie i trzepotanie najlepiej jest widoczne na zapisie z odprowadzeń V1, V2 oraz II. Załamek P może być ukryty w zespole QRS (wówczas rytm pochodzi z węzła przedsionkowo-komorowego) lub w załamku T poprzedniej ewolucji serca (blok przedsionkowo-komorowy I stopnia).

Zobacz też
 EKG wysiłkowe
 Holter EKG
 Elektrokardiografia płodowa

Linki zewnętrzne
  Program symulacyjny demonstrujący zależność pomiędzy elektryczną aktywnością serca a wykresem EKG. Dostępny na licencji GNU GPL.

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text:
480 F. 2d 408 - United States v. Legato
480 F2d 408 United States v. Legato
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
Anthony LEGATO and Abraham Migdall, Defendants-Appellants.
Fifth Circuit.
Melvyn Kessler, Miami, Fla., Robert Bailey, Chicago, Ill., for defendants-appellants.
Robert W. Rust, U. S. Atty., William P. Cagney, U. S. Dept of Justice, Miami, Fla., Frederick W. Read, III, Atty., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C., for plaintiff-appellee.
Before GEWIN, GOLDBERG and DYER, Circuit Judges.
GEWIN, Circuit Judge:
The appellants, Anthony Legato and Abraham Migdall, were charged in a three-count indictment on September 30, 1971 with the following criminal offenses: (1) conspiracy to knowingly and intentionally distribute heroin, a Schedule I controlled substance, 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841(a)(1); (2) knowingly and intentionally possessing heroin with an intent to distribute, 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841(a)(1); and (3) knowingly and intentionally attempting to distribute heroin, 21 U.S.C. Secs. 841(a)(1), 846.1 After entering not guilty pleas, the appellants were tried by a jury and found guilty as charged. Both received concurrent 10 year sentences under each count and, in addition, were fined $10,000. We affirm.
* On August 11, 1971 the FBI in Miami, Florida received an anonymous tip over the telephone that someone carrying a bomb in an orange shopping bag would attempt to board an airplane leaving for Chicago that afternoon at 4:00 p. m. from either the Miami or Fort Lauderdale airport.2 This information was relayed to officials of Delta Airlines who in turn alerted all ticket agents and other personnel. Specific reference was made to a 4:10 p. m. Delta flight from Fort Lauderdale to Chicago.
At approximately 3:30 p. m. Legato and Migdall appeared at the Delta Airlines ticket counter in the Fort Lauderdale airport where Legato validated a return ticket to Chicago under the name of "A. Martino." Neither man had an orange shopping bag. A few minutes later, however, they were seen by a Delta ticket agent walking past the counter toward the gate where the 4:10 p. m. Delta flight was scheduled to depart. This time the agent noticed that Legato was carrying a bright orange shopping bag in which a gift wrapped package was visible.
At Gate 12, the station agent, who had been forewarned of the appellants' arrival, removed the flight coupon from Legato's ticket and assigned him a seat on the airplane. Meanwhile, two Delta Airlines security agents, William Bratton and Barry Brender, and FBI Agent Patrick Murray,3 proceeded to the boarding area. There they observed Legato and Migdall sitting down in the waiting room of the boarding area engaged in conversation with the orange shopping bag on the floor between them. In response to these developments, FBI Agent Murray went to the airline office to call for the assistance of a Navy bomb squad while Bratton announced over the public address system that a bomb threat had been received and that all passengers were to return to the ticket area to reclaim their baggage and submit to a security search.
Along with the other passengers, the appellants began walking toward the ticketing area. Legato stopped when he reached the ticket counter, but Migdall, who was then carrying the orange shopping bag, continued out of the door of the terminal and across the street into the parking lot. He was followed all of the way from Gate 12 by Delta security agent Brender who stopped him and took possession of the shopping bag. At about the same time this was taking place, Legato was likewise taken into police custody. Both men were escorted to an office in the Delta operations area and the orange shopping bag was turned over to FBI agent Murray.
Prior to conducting an interrogation, Murray apprised the appellants of their constitutional rights and explained that an anonymous phone call had been made to FBI officials advising them that a man flying to Chicago at 4:00 p. m. would be carrying a bomb on board in an orange shopping bag. Migdall said that the package in the shopping bag did not contain a bomb, but rather a coffee percolator which was a gift for a friend he was supposed to meet at the airport. He denied that Legato was the friend, however, saying, "I've never seen that man before in my life." Legato concurred in that statement and also declared that he and Migdall had not been sitting together in the Gate 12 boarding area. At that point, a Delta employee informed Murray that Legato was flying under the name of "A. Martino."
Although Migdall refused to open the gift wrapped package himself, he readily agreed to allow Murray to do so.4 Murray took the package to a scheduled area of the airport and cautiously examined the contents. He found that it contained a white powdery substance in a plastic container which on the basis of a field test was determined to be heroin and not explosives as was originally feared.5 The actions of the officers in handling and opening the package clearly demonstrate that they were fearful that an explosive substance was contained therein.
The appellants first contend that the trial court erred in denying their motion to suppress for use as evidence the heroin involved.6 They complain that the search of the package by the investigating officers violated the fourth amendment since it was incident to an arrest which was made without probable cause. They further contend that the search cannot be sustained as an investigative stop and protective frisk under principles recognized in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968) and Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972). We reject the appellant's argument on both scores, believing that there are at least two legal concepts upon which the search can be upheld.
AIRPORT SEARCH
In United States v. Moreno, 475 F.2d 44 (5th Cir. 1973) [1973], this court recognized that the public danger posed by air piracy has transformed the airport into a "critical zone where special fourth amendment considerations apply." 475 F.2d at 51. Though the Terry and Adams decisions were followed in that case,7 the court rejected the view that "airport security officials must always confine themselves to a 'pat down' search where there is a proper basis for an air piracy investigation." 475 F.2d at 51. It indicated that while such a per se restriction on the authority to search might be sufficient to protect a police officer from harm in a street encounter, it would not necessarily be adequate to ensure the safety of those in need of protection from air piracy. In other words, though it was realized that the fourth amendment intrusion incident to an airport search might be greater in degree than that resulting from the ordinary stop and frisk, the Moreno court made it clear that such an intrusion is not unconstitutional if it is based upon a particularized set of facts which reasonably substantiates the investigating officer's belief that the individual searched was armed in some fashion and hence a threat to air security. 475 F.2d at 50.
Relating the principles announced in Moreno to the case at hand, the question before this court is whether in the airport context the apprehension of Legato and Migdall and the search of the package for explosives violated their fourth amendment rights. We are compelled to answer this question in the negative, finding as we do, that the investigating officers had reasonable grounds to believe that the action taken was appropriate.
After the announcement of the bomb search Migdall appeared to be leaving the terminal with the orange shopping bag which until that point had been in ticket holder Legato's possession. The significance of this turn of events considered in light of Legato's and Migdall's reaction, was that an element of corroboration was supplied which tended to support the details of the informant's report of criminal conduct which had theretofore been less certain. The circumstances then facing the investigating officers left only two available courses of action. One was to make an investigative stop long enough in duration to allow an inquiry into the possibility of criminal behavior. The other was to do nothing, thus letting Migdall escape with the possible consequence that he and Legato would only be thwarted temporarily in their plans. Given the current threat to public safety posed by air piracy as well as the inherent destructive potential of a bomb, it is inconceivable to us that the officers would choose the latter alternative.8 Under the circumstances, it was clear that with only minimal inconvenience to all concerned, a brief stop and inquiry into the contents of the shopping bag could quickly and conclusively resolve what appeared to be an extraordinarily dangerous situation. In our opinion, the stopping of Legato and Midgall is clearly sanctioned by Moreno. Moreover the officers' conduct was precisely the kind of intermediate police response found to be appropriate in Terry v. Ohio, supra, and Adams v. Williams, supra, where the requisite level of information necessary for probable cause to arrest is lacking. Adherence to the commands of the fourth amendment, as the Supreme Court has said, does not mean that a law enforcement official must "simply shrug his shoulders and allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape." Adams v. Williams, supra, 407 U.S. at 145-146, 92 S.Ct. at 1923, 32 L.Ed.2d at 616, 617.
We next must determine whether the fourth amendment intrusion involved in the search of the package for explosives was likewise consistent with the principles recognized in Moreno. Once FBI Agent Murray began questioning Legato and Migdall, two additional facts came to light which tended to reinforce his already substantial suspicion that the package in the orange shopping bag contained a bomb. First, both men denied knowing each other despite being told that they were seen sitting together in the boarding area only minutes earlier.9 Second, it was brought to Murray's attention that Legato was flying under the name of "A. Martino." Thus, even though Migdall attempted to explain that the package contained a coffee percolator and not a bomb, we believe that Murray was justified in refusing to accept this story. Moreover, we think that his decision to search the package at that point was demanded by the sheer urgency of the situation. Not only did Murray have his own safety to consider but the safety of many others in the vicinity who might be killed or injured if a bomb was detonated was involved as well. On the facts of this case society's interests in self-protection were, if anything, greater than they were shown to be in Moreno. Accordingly, we hold that this search did not violate the appellants' fourth amendment rights.
Throughout the preceding discussion, we have implied that it is of no consequence to the result reached in this decision that an anonymous tip triggered the chain of events leading up to the stopping of Legato and Migdall and the protective search of the package for explosives. The appellants argue, however, that the action taken by the officers should not be upheld because the tip failed to meet the standards of informer reliability set forth in Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964) and Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 89 S.Ct. 584, 21 L.Ed.2d 637 (1968). Even assuming that the tip was insufficient under Aguilar and Spinelli,10 we cannot agree with this argument. The criteria established to determine the reliability of an informer in those two cases applies only when the question is whether there was probable cause to arrest or probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant in the circumstances there under consideration. The instant case does not fall into either of those categories since the question here presented arises under the line of decisions growing out of Terry v. Ohio, supra.
Moreover, Adams v. Williams reveals very plainly that the inadequacy of a tip under Aguilar and Spinelli is not necessarily fatal to an investigative stop and protective search based thereon if other factors are present to give the tip some "indicia of reliability." The two factors most prominently mentioned in Adams were the past reliability of the informant and the existence of on-the-scene verification of his tip. Here, although nothing at all was known about the anonymous tipster's reliability, there was on-the-scene corroboration of almost every innocent detail of his report, plus circumstances which strongly suggested the possibility of criminal activity. This corroboration gave the report sufficient indicia of reliability under Adams v. Williams, supra, to justify the conduct of the officers.
As a second and alternative ground for holding that the heroin was properly admitted into evidence, we hold that Migdall consented to the search of the package for explosives and thereby waived his fourth amendment rights. It should also be noted that Legato disclaimed any interest in the package, denied that he had ever possessed it and denied any acquaintance with Migdall at the time of the search. Before developing this point further, however, it should be noted that our conclusion in this regard rests upon our determination that the initial decision to detain Legato and Migdall was valid. Thus, the following discussion is included to refute any possible claim that the search of the package went beyond the bounds of Terry v. Ohio, supra, and Adams v. Williams, supra, as they were interpreted and applied in Moreno.
Consent may constitute a waiver of fourth amendment rights, Zap v. United States, 328 U.S. 624, 66 S.Ct. 1277, 90 L.Ed. 1477 (1946), but to be valid a waiver must be an intelligent relinquishment of a known right or privilege, Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938). Where a person is under arrest or in custody and consent to search is sought by police, the rule has emerged in this circuit. United States v. Canseco, 465 F.2d 383 (5th Cir. 1972), as well as others, see, e. g., United States v. Candella, 469 F.2d 173 (2d Cir. 1972); United States v. Menke, 468 F.2d 20 (3d Cir. 1972); United States v. Cox, 464 F.2d 937, 947 (6th Cir. 1972); United States v. Noa, 443 F.2d 144 (9th Cir. 1971), that absent proof of actual coercion or intimidation such consent constitutes a valid waiver of fourth amendment rights if prior to the search Miranda warnings are given. Moreover, it is clear under these cases that the validity of this waiver is not affected by a failure to include in the Miranda warnings a specific reference to the fourth amendment.
These principles are squarely in point with the facts surrounding the search in the instant case. Both Legato and Migdall were given Miranda warnings upon their arrival in the office where they were questioned. They were also informed of the reasons for their detention and were given an opportunity to explain their presence in the airport. Finally, when asked by FBI Agent Murray for permission to search the package, Migdall answered, "Sure, go ahead." The appellants make no claim of coercion or undue pressure and none is apparent from the record. The conclusion is inescapable that Migdall's consent resulted in a valid waiver of his fourth amendment rights. Therefore, under the facts and the established law the heroin yielded by the search was properly admitted into evidence against both Legato and Migdall.
The appellants press two additional arguments seeking reversal of their convictions. They claim various insufficiencies in the evidence and that the closing argument of the prosecutor was so prejudicial that a new trial is required. We have carefully reviewed the record in this case and find both of these contentions to be without merit. Accordingly, the judgments of conviction against appellants Legato and Migdall are affirmed.
GOLDBERG, Circuit Judge (specially concurring):
Under the commands of Moreno I concur only in the result. The exigencies of skyjacking and bombing, however real and dire, should not leave an airport and its environs an enclave where the Fourth Amendment has taken its leave. It is passing strange that most of these airport searches find narcotics and not bombs, which might cause us to pause in our rush toward malleating the Fourth Amendment in order to keep the bombs from exploding. Seeking to prevent or detect crime, standing alone, has never justified eroding the right to privacy, and I continue to hope that we will soon return to the hallowed and halcyon days of the Fourth Amendment.
As to this count of the indictment, Legato was charged with the substantive offense of attempt and Migdall was charged as an aider and abettor under 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2
At least 2 telephone calls were received warning that a bomb would be carried aboard the aircraft
FBI Agent Murray originally came to the airport that afternoon on another matter. However, when he was told of the bomb threat, he began to take an active role in the surveillance activities at the boarding gate
At the suppression hearing, FBI Agent Murray described this phase of his conversation with Migdall as follows: "Also at that time I came back and I spoke to Mr. Migdall, trying to find out about the package. I asked him if he would open it. He said no. I asked him if I could. He said, 'Sure. Go ahead and open it. It's only a coffee percolator. It's for a friend of mine.' He said it was for a friend who was going to Chicago." (p. 22 transcript of suppression hearing)
At the sheriff's office Migdall spontaneously stated: "Ten more minutes and it would have been in the air."
Legato points out, quite correctly we think, that since he was charged with possession of contraband, he has standing by virtue of the Supreme Court's decision in Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 80 S.Ct. 725, 4 L.Ed.2d 697, 702 (1960) to move for the suppression of the evidence on fourth amendment grounds even though he was not actually searched
Thus far, Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968) has been deemed controlling by all of the circuits which have considered the question of security searches in the airport context. See United States v. Slocum, 464 F.2d 1180 (3d Cir. 1972); United States v. Bell, 464 F.2d 667 (2d Cir. 1972); United States v. Epperson, 454 F.2d 769 (4th Cir. 1972); United States v. Lindsey, 451 F.2d 701 (3d Cir. 1971). Although recently two district courts have held airport searches to be invalid, their decisions have likewise recognized the applicability of the Terry rationale to cases similar to the instant case. United States v. Meulener, 351 F.Supp. 1284 (C.D.Cal.1972); United States v. Kroll, 351 F.Supp. 148 (W.D. Mo.1972)
In United States v. Meulener, 351 F.Supp. 1284 (C.D.Cal.1972) the search of a passenger's suitcase was held invalid on two separate fourth amendment grounds. One of the grounds was that the defendant was not given the opportunity to decline to submit to the search upon the condition that he not be allowed to board the plane. This issue was not raised directly in Moreno, nor is it properly before this court now. But we observe that the broad implication of Moreno is that once the facts become sufficient to justify an air piracy investigation, a law enforcement official has the authority to conduct a protective search without regard to the individual's lack of consent
The evidence adduced at the trial showed that Migdall had met Legato at the airport in Miami the day before his planned departure. Migdall also brought Legato to the airport on the occasion in question
The fact that we make this assumption should not be taken as a conclusion that we recognize it to be the law. Indeed, the reverse appears to be true. There are a number of recent cases where the investigation leading up to the arrest or search was triggered by the tip of an untested or unknown informant. See, e. g., United States v. Berry, 150 U.S.App.D.C. 187, 463 F.2d 1278, 1281 (1972); Gov't of Canal Zone v. Wright, 460 F.2d 1402 (5th Cir. 1972); United States v. Dzialak, 441 F.2d 212, 216 (2d Cir. 1971); United States v. Viggiano, 433 F.2d 716 (2d Cir. 1970). For our purposes, the principal point is the high probative value that these decisions place upon police corroboration of such tips in applying the Spinelli and Aguilar standards. This emphasis on corroboration is in keeping with the Supreme Court's decision in Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307, 79 S.Ct. 329, 3 L.Ed.2d 327 (1959). In the instant case, there was extensive corroboration of the original tip and thus we are unwilling to concede that Spinelli and Aguilar would operate to invalidate the action taken by the officers in detaining Legato and Migdall and searching the package for explosives

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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First signs of a bumper ski season
By Justin Watson | 12 Jun 2014
While the dropping temperatures mark the end of a successful summer season for most - ski fields across the country are scheduled to open this month and the industry is gearing up for a bumper ski season.
In response to the winter demand, Air New Zealand and Virgin Australia have announced they will operate an additional 40,000 seats to and from Queenstown over the peak winter period, while Jetstar and Qantas have also each announced extra seasonal flights between Sydney and Queenstown.
Tourism New Zealand's successful 'More magic in every day' campaign, run in partnership with the Ski Tourism Marketing Network and Air New Zealand, hit the Australian market earlier this year and is a key part of our work to promote a New Zealand ski holiday and fill those trans-tasman flights through the winter months.
This year's campaign takes our proposition one step further as we work to attract occasional winter holiday makers and skiers with the many other attractions New Zealand has to offer in addition to snow activities - be it adventure, luxury, and food and wine activities.
Perfectly timed with the recent snowfalls, Australia's top TV breakfast programme Sunrise will broadcast live from Queenstown from 16 June for a week.
Sunrise is now in its 11th year as Australia's favourite breakfast show, with an average weekly reach of three million viewers
This is the first time the entire show has ever filmed in New Zealand and integrating high impact broadcast opportunities with our TV advertising campaign is one way we can further motivate Australians to explore a broader range of winter activities than just snow sports, as well as reinforce how accessible we are to Australia.
Broadcasting live into over one million Australian homes, Sunrise provides an incredible opportunity to profile New Zealand's unique winter offering to a large number of potential travellers.
Filming will include live weather crosses from locations including Mackenzie Country, Tekapo and Wanaka every half hour from Monday 16 June culminating in the entire show being broadcast live from Queenstown 19-20 June.
The broadcast will coincide with the 40th Anniversary of the American Express Queenstown Winter Festival set to take place at Coronet Peak from 20-29 June.
Sixty Sunrise viewers will also join the cast and crew in Queenstown, after an on-air promotion in partnership with Accor, selling out within 30 minutes.
It is a huge coup for us to secure Australia's most popular breakfast show and bring it to New Zealand and is the ultimate opportunity to present winter magic in New Zealand to its largest international visitor market.
The broadcast opportunity further strengthens TNZ's Australian ski campaign now live in-market and coincides with the 40th Anniversary of the American Express Queenstown Winter Festival.
Australia is New Zealand's largest international market for ski and snow visitors, with approximately 16 per cent of Australian visitors skiing while on holiday in New Zealand.
The market is performing well with holiday arrivals up 7.6 per cent for the year ending April - and we are hoping that another great ski season will help us maintain this positive growth.
On a final note, the latest infographic for the Australian market is now available. The research highlights key insights to this key visitor market, with data and stats provided in picture form. Check it out here.
Justin Watson
Director of Trade, PR and Major Events
Arrivals growth slowdown
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Breaking records: Tourism delivers $11.2 billion to communities
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Dedicated to providing residents of South Korea with the latest news and tech-related announcements, Gotit.co.kr announces launch of premier services
Beon-Gil - June 1, 2019 /MarketersMedia/ —
News, new product launches, and Bitcoin-related information are released throughout the day, every day. Keeping up with all the new information released is a time-consuming and seemingly impossible for most people.
To help those in South Korea keep up with what is going on in the are related to IT, entertainment news, bitcoin, blockchain information, computers, and more, GotitKorea LTD provides up-to-the-minute news updates and information.
"Our team is dedicated to providing readers in South Korea with the latest information and news related to a wide array of trending and interesting topics, ranging from K-pop and IT news to information about new game releases and more," stated GotitKorea LTD spokesperson Song Seongho. "With thousands of announcements being released daily, it's our goal to stay on top of these things and ensure our readers are the most informed in the entire world."
The GotitKorea LTD website is designed to help visitors easily find the information they are searching for with an easy-to-navigate search bar, short, easy-to-browse informational articles, and images and videos to support the stories being published. With the goal to be as user-friendly as possible, this site is striving to become a leading news and information source for people in and out of South Korea.
"We encourage people to visit our site multiple times a day and explore all the sections and headers, as we are always working to provide news and information that isn't available elsewhere," continued Seongho. "You can also easily navigate to areas of interest on the site, which ensures you have direct access to the news and information that matters most to you, and can easily cut through the "noise" you aren't interested in."
Additional information about the GotitKorea LTD website can be found by visiting the company's website or contacting the helpful and friendly staff via email.
ABOUT GOTITKOREA LTD
GotitKorea LTD is a leading news source in South Korea, providing individuals with information related to a wide array of topics including IT news, entertainment news, bitcoin advancements, blockchain information, computers, amd ryzen, Samsung, Apple, and laptop updates and K-pop announcements. Anyone interested in staying updated on what is going on in this country and new announcements as released, GotitKorea LTD provides everything someone interested in what's going on the information they have been looking for, all in a convenient, easy-to-use layout.
Name: SONG SEONGHO
Organization: gotitkorea LTD.
Address: 9-14, Seongnam-daero 331beon-gil,
Website: https://www.gotit.co.kr/
Source URL: https://marketersmedia.com/gotitkorea-ltd-announces-launch-of-premier-news-and-tech-source-for-south-korea/518316
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DOVER, NJ — Casio America, Inc. and its parent company Casio Computer, Ltd. today unveiled that it has developed DP Animation, an Android app that enables users to easily create animations on an Android 2.2 or newer mobile devices. DP Animation will be available for free in Google's Android MarketSM in early January.
This unique app will ignite a new style of fun interaction as Android smart phone users capture images with their phones to create lively animations for all to share. Casio's DP Animation app is the perfect entertainment app to use at parties and get-togethers to spark laughter and surprise with friends and family.
Users can effortlessly craft dancing characters just by taking a photo of someone's face lined up with one of the preset background images and layouts. By simply tapping a button, users can add a variety of animations that include dancing, spinning or jumping.
"The DP Animation app is a great way to share images of your friends and family in creative new ways," said Shigenori Itoh, Chairman and CEO of Casio America, Inc. "Users can easily add atmospheric effects, backgrounds, and original dance moves with a few clicks of a button. The ideas are limitless with this new visual communication tool." DP Animation creations can be stored online and e-mailed, or posted to social media sites.
· Shooting and clipping characters: Dancing characters can be created easily just by taking a snap shot of someone's face lined up with a frame using a smartphone's built-in camera. Original characters can also be created by shooting a subject and then tracing its outline to clip it out.
· Creating and editing characters: The position and size of dancing characters can be changed freely. Up to three characters can be added.
· Changeable dance style, music, rhythm, and backgrounds: Users can choose the dance style, such as hip-hop, twist, or break dancing, and music and a rhythm that match the dancing from among a rich assortment of preset data. Users can also specify the background image.
· Original dance arrangement: Original moves (arrangements) such as spins and jumps can be added by simply tapping a button, like playing a game.
· Gallery posting: Completed creations can be uploaded to Casio's server and be posted to public galleries.
· Share via e-mail: Users can send links to their creations and e-mail to friends and acquaintances.
About Casio America, Inc. Casio America, Inc., Dover, N.J., is the U.S. subsidiary of Casio Computer Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, one of the world's leading manufacturers of consumer electronics and business equipment solutions, established in 1957. Casio America, Inc. markets calculators, keyboards, digital cameras, mobile presentation devices, disc titles and label printers, watches, cash registers and other consumer electronic products. Casio has strived to fulfill its corporate creed of "creativity and contribution" through the introduction of innovative and imaginative products.
For more information, visit www.casiousa.com. Android is a trademark of Google Inc. App Store, iPhone, and iPod touch are trademarks or registered trademarks of Apple Inc. in the United States and other countries. Any other company or product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.


text:
Law No. 66/2018 of 30 August 2018 regulating Labour in Rwanda (repealing Law No 13/2009 of 27 May 2009 regulating labour in Rwanda [LL]
Date:30 Aug 2018; voir le site internet »
Catégories de travailleurs exclues: aucune
Art. 2(2) LL repealed the exclusion of public service employees from the scope of the LC in Art. 3 of the 2009 LL.
Art. 2 provides that the Law applies to employment relations based on an employment contract between an employee and an employer in the public service, unless otherwise provided by the general statutes for public service.
Art. 2(5) LL provides that self- employed people are included in the scope of this Law in relation to occupational safety and health.
Art 2(6) LL, which repealed the previous provisions in Art. 3 of the 2009 LL provides that employees in the informal sector are included in the scope of the law in relation to occupational safety and health; the right to form trade unions and employers' associations; the right to salary; the minimum wage in categories of occupations determined by an Order of the Minister in charge of labour; the right to leave; social security; protection against workplace discrimination; protection from forced labour; prohibited forms of work for the child, pregnant or breastfeeding woman.
In 2018, a new Labour Code was adopted. It replaced the 2009 Labour Code.
Art. 11 LL provides that an employment contract can be for a fixed term or indefinite.
The LC does not require any valid reason for the use of FTC.
Nombre maximum de CDD successifs: aucune limitation
Durée cumulée maximum de CDD successifs: aucune limitation
No statutory limitation on the maximum duration of successive FTCs.
•Art. 13 LL provides that the probation period cannot exceed 3 months. However, after the written evaluation of the employee's performance notified to the employee, the employer can for valid reasons related to the nature of work, employee's performance and conduct, decides that an employee retakes the probation for a period not exceeding three (3) months.
Art. 28 LL provides that a party wishing to terminate a fixed-term employment contract before the expiry of the duration set therein must have legitimate reasons for termination.
•Art. 26 LL provides that an employer may terminate an employment contract without notice in case of an employee's gross misconduct.
•Art. 27 LL provides that an indefinite-term employment contract can be terminated by either party for legitimate reasons.
•See also Art. 3 (17) LL which provides that an unfair dismissal is the termination of an employment contract by the employer without legitimate reasons or respecting procedures provided for by law.
Motifs prohibés: état matrimonial, grossesse, congé de matérnité, responsabilités familiales, couleur, religion, opinion politique, origine sociale, nationalité/origine nationale, affiliation et activités syndicales, handicap, statut financier, origine ethnique
The LL does not contain a list of prohibited grounds for dismissal but it contains a general prohibition of discrimination in work matter.
• However, Art. 8 LL prohibits the dismissal of an employee for having reported or testified on sexual harassment committed by his/her supervisor; and provides that if there is tangible evidence that an employee has resigned due to sexual harassment committed against him/her by his/her supervisor, his/her resignation is considered as unfair dismissal.
•Art. 19 LL prohibits the dismissal of an employee as a result of occupational accident unless a recognized doctor declares him/her unfit to resume service in the employment he/she held prior to the accident.
•Art. 30 refers to the damages payable to employees' representatives, occupational health and safety committee members and trade union representatives who are victims of unfair dismissal as a result of the discharge of their responsibility to represent employees.
•Art. 61 LL prohibits the employer from giving notice of dismissal during maternity leave.
•Art. 9 LL also contains a general prohibition of discrimination in work matters on the basis of ethnic origin, family or ancestry, clan, skin colour or race, sex, region, economic categories, religion or faith, opinion, fortune, cultural difference, language, physical or mental disability or any other form of discrimination.
Travailleurs bénéficiant d'une protection particulière: représentants des travailleurs, femmes enceintes ou en congé de maternité, travailleurs avec une invalidité confirmée
- Women on maternity leave:
Prohibition to dismiss a woman during maternity leave (art. 61 LL)
In case of an unlauful dismissal, workers' delegates and trade union representatives are entitled to the payment of damages up to a maximum of 9 months' pay (instead of 6 months' pay).
- Injured workers declared unfit to work:
Art. 19 LL prohibits the dismissal of an employee as a result of occupational accident, unless declared as unfit to work by a doctor.
Art. 24 LL provides that a notice of termination must be given in writing to the interested concerned party and must specify the reasons for the dismissal. However, Art. 29 provides that the notice is not required if so agreed between the parties.
Art. 24LL: The notice period shall be at least:
- 15 days if the worker has worked for less than a year;
- 1 month if the worker has workers for a period of one year or more.
No notice period shall apply to a worker on probation.
Art. 28(2) LL provides that where a fixed term contract is terminated due to gross negligence, the party causing the contract to be terminated shall notify the same to the other party within fourty eight (48) hours.
Tous: 15 jour(s).
Tous: 1 mois.
• Art. 25 provides that any contract termination without notice or without having fully observed the notice period results in the party responsible for termination paying the other party the compensation provided for by this Law.
Notification à l'administration publique: Oui
No general obligation to notify the administration of any dismissal. This only applies in case of the dismissal of a worker for economic and technological reasons (art. 34 LL - see below under collective dismissals).
Définition du licenciement collectif (nombre d'employés concernés): The LL does not define collective dismissal in terms of the number of employees concerned.
Specific notification requirements apply to any individual and collective dismissal on economic grounds or due to internal reorganization, restructuring following economic difficulties or technological transfers with the aim of protecting the competitiveness of the enterprise under Art. 21 LL.
No preliminary consultation required in the LL (art. 34 LL).
Note: Such requirement was included in the former Labour Code (2001), repealed by the 2009 LC: any employer intending to dismiss workers on economic grounds was required, before implementing his/her decision, to inform the worker's representatives of the causes and criteria, and the date the proposed dismissals and to undertake consultations with them on measures that could be taken to prevent or limit the dismissals.
Art. 21 LL establishes an obligation to inform the competent labour inspector in writing.
Notification aux représentants des travailleurs: Oui
NEW: Art. 21 of the 2018 LL, which repealed the 2009 LL, provides that an employer may, after informing employees' representatives in the enterprise, proceed with individual or collective dismissal due to the enterprise's internal reorganization or restructuring due to economic reason or technological transfer with the aim of preserving the enterprise's competitiveness
Règles de priorité pour l'ordre des des licenciements collectifs (situation sociale, âge, ancienneté): Oui
Art. 21 LL provides that the employer must place employees on the list of those to be dismissed based on performance, professional qualification, experience in the enterprise and legally recognized dependents of each employee.
Art. 22 LL does not provide any criteria for re-employment. Instead, it establishes a general right of reinstatement. Any employee dismissed for economic or technical reasons, and whose dismissal does not last more than six (6) months is entitled to be reinstated in employment without competition when he/she meets the profile required for the position to which the employer seeks to fill.
No statutory obligation to consider alternatives to dismissals in the LC (art. 21 LL).
Note: Such requirement was included in the former Labour Code (2001): any employer intending to dismiss workers on economic grounds was required, before implementing his/her decision, to inform the worker's representatives of the causes and criteria, and the date the proposed dismissals and to undertake consultations with them on measures that could be taken to prevent or limit the dismissals.
Règles de priorité de réembauche: Oui
•Art. 31 of the 2018 LL repealed Art. 35 of the 2009, LL, which provided "dismissal compensation" or severance pay. Art. 31 in the new LL provides that upon termination of an employment contract as a result of economic reasons, technological transfer or sickness, workers are entitled to severance pay ("terminal benefits") provided that they have completed a period of at least twelve (12) consecutive months of work. The new LL, which repealed the 2009 LL introduced new calculations for minimum entitlements as follows:
Statutory severance pay is payable at the following rates:
- 2 month' salary for less than 5 years of service;
- 3 months' salary for 5 to 10 years of service;
- 4months' salary for 10 to 15 years of service;
- 5 months' salary for 15 to 20 years of service;
- 6 months' salary for 20 to 25 years of service; and
- 7 months' salary for more than 25 years of service.
ancienneté ≥ 6 mois: 0 mois
ancienneté ≥ 9 mois: 0	mois
ancienneté ≥ 1 an: 2	mois
ancienneté ≥ 10 ans: 4	mois
ancienneté ≥ 20 ans: 6 mois
•The new provisions introduced by the 2018 LL under Art. 31 establish the basis of the payment of "terminal benefits" to employees upon the termination of an employment contract as a result of economic reasons, technological transfer or sickness, granted the employee completed at least 12 consecutive months of work.
Redundancy payment is payable at the following rates:
Compensation pour licenciement injustifié - montant librement déterminé par la cour: Non
Compensation pour licenciement injustifié - limites légales (plafond en mois ou methode de calcul définie): Art. 30 LL establishes the following legal limits for the calculation of compensation for unfair dismissal:
- Workers with up to 10 years of service:
Not less than 3 months' salary and up to a maximum of 6 months' salary.
- Workers with over 10 years of service:
- Trade union and staff representatives (regardless of seniority) :
Possibilité de réintégration dans l'emploi: Non
However, Art. 22 LL establishes that any employee dismissed for economic or technical reasons, and whose dismissal does not last more than six (6) months is entitled to be reinstated in employment without competition when he/she meets the profile required for the position to which the employer seeks to fill.
Art. 102 LL:
When an individual labour dispute arises, the concerned party shall request the employees' representatives to settle it amicably.
- In case the dispute is not settled, it shall be referred to the local Labour Inspector for an out-of-court settlement.
- When conciliation efforts fail, the dispute may be taken before the competent court.
- If the above mentioned steps have not been followed, the court may declare the claim inadmissible.
Courts ou tribunaux compétents: juridiction ordinaire
Only for collective labour disputes (arts. 144-150 LL)


text:
Q: Proving Rn minus the unit disk is connected I'm trying to show that $\mathbb{R}^n - \{x | norm(x) \leq 1 \}$ is connected. I was thinking of trying to show that it's path connected but I got stuck.

A: Consider any two arbitrary points in $A,B\in\mathbb{R}^n - \{x\ |\ norm(x) \leq 1 \}$.  Then $|A| \equiv \mbox{norm }(A) >1$ and $|B| \equiv \mbox{norm }(B) > 1$.
Choose any positive $\epsilon < \min(|A|-1,|B|-1)$ and let $A^\star = \frac{1+\epsilon}{\lvert A \rvert}A$ and $B^\star = \frac{1+\epsilon}{\lvert B \rvert}B$.
Now consider the path $P$ consisting of:  the straing line $AA^\star$; followed by the great circle along the $n$-sphere of radius $1+\epsilon$ centered at the origin, passing through $A^\star$ and $B^\star$; followed by a straight line from $B^\star$ to $B$.  $P$ is continuous, goes from $A$ to $B$, and is always in $\mathbb{R}^n - \{x\ |\ norm(x) \leq 1 \}$.
Since $A$ and $B$ were arbitray points in $\mathbb{R}^n - \{x\ |\ norm(x) \leq 1 \}$, this shows $\mathbb{R}^n - \{x\ |\ norm(x) \leq 1 \}$ is path connected.

A: Let $B$ be the unit ball and choose distinct $x,y \notin B$.
It is clear that there is some $R$ such that the sphere of radius $R$ does not intersect $B$.
The path $t \mapsto t x$, $t \in [1,{R \over \|x\|}]$ connects $x$ to the $R$ sphere and lies in $B^c$. Similarly for $y$. It is clear that the $R$ sphere is path connected. Hence there is a path from $x \to y$. Hence $B^c$ is path connected.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This book aims to provide all the stakeholders engaged in the process of urban renewal the required technical knowledge, including theory, initiatives, spatial planning strategies, tools, techniques, and innovative approaches for the mobilization of land and fiscal resources and the creation of institutional mechanism for the urban renewal. It is set in the context that 1,800 cities and towns in India are more than 100 years old and by 2050 more than 50% of the population is going to live in them.
The author believes the first principle in urban renewal is that it should be humane and ensure social justice. It should also be a participative process, physically feasible and economically sustainable.
The book is mostly updates about what has happened in the sector and doesn't seem enough, as promised in the title, about fresh perspectives and tools.


I am beginning to have a new view of the whole immigration question. I think, if we play our cards right and don't get distracted by needless sentimentality, we can solve two or three of our pressing national problems at the same time.
First, let's talk about the wall the government is building. It will not, of course, stop illegal immigration, but it's certainly going to slow it down a bit and make it more expensive. My own view is that we should encourage the coyotes to bribe border guards, and we should encourage the border guards to take the bribes - but to enter into a consortium of some sort so that no price wars erupt.
By keeping the price of bribes high, you can bring prosperity to an important segment of society. Talk about an economic stimulus package! And we have to make sure that the Department of Homeland Security does not outsource the bribe taking to Blackwater or some other security company. The money should go to the people who do the hard work of looking the other way.
Now, since getting across the border is getting harder, the people who are making the trip are getting tougher and smarter. I recently talked to a man from Guatemala who spent four days in the Sonoran desert, sleeping under bushes during the day and traveling by night. He was, needless to say, a very fit young man, and eager to earn enough money to make his appalling journey worthwhile.
He did tell me that some people died along the way. It was brutally hot, and people who tripped and fell in the darkness were sometimes left to fend for themselves. The people who made it through were, to coin a phrase, the best and the brightest.
I am reluctant to bring up the issue of eugenics - it has a somewhat troublesome history in political discourse - but truly, it can only be good for this country to have fit, tested, committed immigrants working in our economy and eventually, we hope, having children with other fit, tested, committed immigrants. It wouldn't be a master race, of course, but it would be pretty good.
It would be like a country in which every citizen had gone on an Outward Bound course. Indeed, it might not be a bad idea to drop surly American-born children in Sinaloa and say, "See ya at home!" I think there might be legal problems with this idea; I'm just scenario-building here. What's clear, though, is that the wall along the Mexican border is good for America.
There's one major problem: Illegal immigrants, when found, are often locked up and, even worse, deported to their home countries, where the skills and resourcefulness they learned are put to use in another economy. This is the part of the system that needs refining. Would we ship everyone who earns an MBA from Harvard off to China? Well, yes, we would, so that's a bad example. But if we are going to stay strong as a nation, we need to retain our strongest residents, citizens or not.
And yet, of course, immigration controls must remain strict, or potential new citizens would just cross the border in a car like everybody else. The vital winnowing and toughening process would be eliminated. So when illegal immigrants are caught by unbribed law enforcement officials, something has to happen.
So where do we put these putative lawbreakers? I think the answer is obvious: the Army. Recruitment is down, and tours of duty are being indefinitely extended, enraging American families and alienating them from their own government. That can't be good. Really, if we're going to continue fighting wars at peak efficiency, we're either going to need a draft - politically unpopular - or a previously untapped source of new recruits.
We need tough young men and women with experience in desert survival techniques. We need men and women who will think that Army pay is a great deal for them. Seriously, could the answer be more obvious? In undocumented aliens, we have a collection of people who were willing to take considerable risks to come to the United States. Patriots? I should think so. Of course, some of them might die, but citizens are already dying. That's what happens in wars. So, as long as we're sending people off to die, why not ... I hardly need to finish that sentence, do I?
New words: I note that Merriam-Webster has joined the Oxford English Dictionary in accepting "mondegreen" as a legitimate word. Hooray for progress! If you don't know what a mondegreen is, head on over to sfgate.com/ZEBU and be prepared to stay awhile.
Some people still think I invented the term "mondegreen"; I did not. It was coined by Sylvia Wright in a 1954 article in Harper's magazine. I just took the ball and ran with it, all the way to the dictionary.
A modest proposal, cheap to implement, extremely sensible and sure to be highly popular, once people get used to it.


Public Speaking for Scientists is a course designed for researches, scientific aspirants, teachers of English and other languages, or namely anyone working with text creation and composition on a regular basis.
Any modern scientific or academic practice requires a wide range of skills, which effectively enable the success of a scientific aspirant, a regular author or an active teacher. And it is no secret that in today's rapidly evolving age of hi-tech media-driven environment it takes much more than being an academic professional in your field to succeed. Instead, you must contintinue to evolve into a diverse and competent personality equipped with an arsenal of tools from a wide variety of near-academic fields.
Public Speaking for Scientists is a fresh look at an academic reality and a contemporary collection of interactive lections and seminars, aimed at improving your professional skillset in a format of practical exersizes with extensive individual and group feedback value. Its goal is to bring active participants of the course to the point of «no-return» by rapidly expanding ther relevant set of fields to include the fundamentals of creative writing, public speaking, acting, radio-hosting, journalism and psychology.
Scientific achievements and methodical innovation, as a product of today's environment, may end up being a wasted effort if their promotion is not reviewed from a marketing standpoint. Going far beyond the standards of academic writing you will find out how to attract attention of the scientific community to your project, how to fuel a potential investor's desire to invest into you and your work, how to remain calm and lose your destructive habits in a public speaking environment, and how to create diverse texts that serve your purpose.
Throughout the course you will be asked to set a new relevant project goal for yourself and take several concrete steps to achieve it. All the resources used throughout the course will remain with you in the end, as you leave enriched, empowered and well on your way to your goals.


At Ha Hlalele High School, our extensive training programme for teachers and management has seen the school academic performance improve dramatically over the last three years. The dramatic improvement in educational levels and achievements and results is very encouraging for the work and effort of Action Ireland Trust in this sector and a direct result of the Skills Sharing Programme. Furthermore the teaching staff at Hlalele are now taking their new found "Skill Sets" to 5 other schools beyond Ha Hlalele.
Action Ireland Trust's computer training programme continues to encourage the school and the wider community to embrace this resource, so as to grow learning and knowledge among the people.
Action Ireland Trust extends it's teacher training programme to 8 new schools. This was consolidated at a workshop where 100 people from across education services including students and right to the top with the presence of The Honourable Minister for Education Dr. Mahali Phamotse.
The workshop was lead by Ha Hlalele teachers and established Ha Hlalele HS and it's principal and staff as facilitators for the future direction of continuous professional development of teachers. The key message was self evaluation and teacher collaboration within subjects and as a whole school community to include parents and learners.


Some would say that the idea of making an 'album' of music is no longer relevant now that we have a world of digital downloads and online streaming services that allow anyone to 'cherry-pick' just the tracks they are interested in.
Of course, this pre-supposes that the listeners know in advance which tracks they want to listen to – and how can they be sure until they have heard these (or at least a part of)? OK, so it is easy enough to audition short sections on iTunes or to hear complete tracks on SoundCloud or wherever.
But one of the most important reasons to listen to an 'album' is to hear what the creators of the album carefully put together for you to experience. The way a particular set of tracks is grouped together for an album – and the 'running order' which the artists and producers have often thought out very carefully to make sure that the listeners are taken on a musical journey – can be an extremely important part of the experience!


text:
by Cory Heitz | Jan 14, 2019 | Success Stories
In 2015 I met Louis Tang at the Nike All Taiwan Camp. He was the youngest camper there and from the Southern city of Kaohsiung. My friend Jerry Ho who has been instrumental in helping place Taiwanese players in the US wanted Louis to attend high school in the states. The main purpose of this approach is to have these players learn English, the US culture, and play at a higher level of basketball than they would in Taiwan. The hope is that in the near future this will bolster the strength of the country's national team.
When I first met Louis, he was very shaky on the court. He played rushed and didn't always know what was going on. He didn't have a feel for the game yet. But you could see flashes of potential. At that 2015 camp you wouldn't have pegged him as a D1 player. He also couldn't speak any English. He would give you a blank look when you said anything to him that wasn't Mandarin. He had work to do. I didn't want to bring him over to the states without him having another year to adjust to the game.
In 2016 I went back to the Nike All Taiwan Camp. This time Louis was much better as a player but he still struggled with English. We had a school willing to take him in Virginia that was solid academically and proven in basketball. The Blue Ridge School outside of Charlottesville loved Louis's potential but they needed him to improve his English. His TOEFL score did not meet the minimum requirement for admission. This is the test that non-English speakers take to show their English proficiency. To help with this Blue Ridge's Coach Cade Lemcke found the Virginia International Academy in Front Royal Virginia. This is a pre-high school prep program for 8th graders going into 9th grade. Students from China will attend this school to learn English and the US culture. Louis would be the oldest student there as well as the only one from Taiwan.
While he would be focused on learning English, he would also need to train every day on the court. The plan was for him to get his TOEFL score up, then attend Blue Ridge midyear in January. Louis worked his tail off in both the classroom and on the court. One of the advantages of this school is that no Mandarin is to be spoken during most of the day, and cell phones are only allowed for 2 hours on the weekend. This total immersion is key in speeding up the comprehension of a new language. While Louis improved both his TOEFL and English proficiency, Blue Ridge admissions felt it did not meet midyear enrollment standards. He was disappointed but kept working away. At the end of the year, Blue Ridge administrators still weren't convinced that the TOEFL scores would translate into making it through the rigors of a college preparatory academic environment like theirs. The case was made that Louis' work ethic and passion to succeed would help him overcome the short-term gaps in his English proficiency, but the school would not budge on their decision. Louis would not be granted admission for the next fall. He was crushed. The main reason Louis went to VIA was so he could attend Blue Ridge. He turned down other options where he could have been learning English, taking other core courses and playing a good level of basketball. He really wanted to attend Blue Ridge, and put those things on hold as he focused on improving his English proficiency at VIA. That was time he could not get back, but Louis would not be discouraged.
Instead of letting this get him down it created a fire inside that pushed him even harder. With some help I got Louis placed at St Mary's Ryken which is a member of the toughest basketball conference in the US: the Washington Catholic Athletic Conference (WCAC). This conference includes national powerhouses DeMatha, Gonzaga, and Paul IV to name a few. He would be tested basketball-wise on a daily basis. The schooling was also going to be a challenge.
Once we got him settled into school and with a host family he thrived in the classroom. Louis finished his first semester with a 4.0 and ended his Junior year with a 3.9 GPA. Sure, his TOEFL didn't get as high as Blue Ridge wanted, but he was getting good grades and even scored a 1000 the first time he took the SAT. This is an amazing score for someone who didn't speak English 24 months prior.
His team at St Mary's Ryken included players who committed to play for Boston College and Denver University. His first game was against a Baltimore team with a University of Kentucky signee. The game was quicker than he was used to, but he adjusted quickly during the season and found himself in the starting lineup. The one constant for Louis was that he always played as hard as he could each time he got on the court. His first season in the WCAC was invaluable in improving his game. The following AAU season Louis made an impression on coaches with his intensity and improved skillset. The VMI coaches saw him this summer and made him their number one priority. He received multiple D2 offers, but D1 was always his goal. He committed to VMI shortly after his official visit. A bonus is that Taiwan has over twenty students attending VMI. When they graduate they will return to Taiwan to serve in the country's military. These peers will help Louis with his adjustment to the military lifestyle at VMI.
While D1 is a goal for most players it is a difficult one to achieve. I have helped many players reach this goal, but none have taken such measures as Louis has. I am proud of his efforts and look forward to seeing him grow even more.


text:
Q: Need help getting rid of NaN Hey I am new to python and data analytics and I was working on a project for world happiness report. I am trying to combine top 10 happiest countries and top 10 unhappiest countries but it is giving me this NaN.
This is the variable I set
This is the output I got on the bottom is where I keep getting NaN

A: Assuming df refers to a pandas data frame, you can try using this
import pandas as pd
pd.concat([Hap, Unhap])

A: + will use the __add__ operation (depending on the object type) to the operator along the axis. In case of numbers, will literally add the numbers in the same axis's. You should use append.
Try
hap_and_unhap = hap.append(unhap)


text:
AISHE
Govt. Degree College, Billawar
Kathua, Jammu and Kashmir, India-182101(Estd. 2005)
Affiliated to the University of Jammu
Govt. Degree College
Notifications/Downloads
Alumni's
Grievences
Visit of Shri Giriraj Singh Ji in GDC BILLAWAR
Teacher's Day Celebrations
1st Merit List Medical with Computer
1st Merit List Non-medical with Geography
Total Events 30
7 Sveep
1 Visits
2 Nss
1 Votersday
5 Cultural
11 Awareness
Celebration of National Voters Day
Govt. Degree College, Billawar in collaboration with District Election office, Kathua celebrated the National Voters� Day in the premises of Govt Degree College, Billawar. The celebration started with the assembly of students taking National Voters� Day pledge and distribution of EPIC card to the newly enrolled young voters. Later a symposium was organized on the topic Right to Vote: The base of democracy. Dr. R. S.Charak, SDM Billawar was the chief guest on the occasion and the function was presided over by Sh. Suresh Kumar Sharma, Principal of GDC Billawar. In all, 10 students from GDC Billawar, New Age Degree College, Phinter and GHSS, Billawar participated in it and threw light on the topic. Their performances were adjudged by the jury comprising Prof Joginder Kumar, Prof Rakesh Sharma and Lecturer Arjun Singh on the bases of Content, Presentation and Pronunciation. Ruhi Mankotia, BSc Part-III was adjudged as the best speaker while the 2nd and 3rd positions were secured by Arti and Deepika of Sem-II respectively. Speaking on the occasion, the Chief Guest exhorted the eligible students to enroll themselves in the Electoral Roll and become a voter who is the real ruler of the democratic govt. He guided them as to how they can identify their Booth Level Officers from the website of Chief Electoral Officer, J&K and get themselves registered in the electoral roll. The Principal of the college advised the audience to exercise their supreme right to vote and elect the right representatives for good governance. In the last mementos were given to all the winners. The entire event was compeered and conducted by Prof. Amit Kumar Sharma.
Govt. Degree College, Billawar, Distt. Kathua(J&K), India - 184201
gdcbillawar2005@gmail.com
Nodal College
Jammu University
Higher Education Schemes
© 2005-2022 Govt. Degree College
Designed & Maintained By : Govt. Degree College Billawar


text:
Магарето (Equus africanus asinus), наричано също осел, е домашно животно от семейство Коне.

Произход
Дивите прародители на магарето са живели в Африка. За първи път магаретата са опитомени около 3000 г. пр.н.е.

Съществуващи сродни диви видове са кулан (онагер) и монголско диво магаре.

Употреба
Магаретата се ползват за пренасяне на товари още от древността. В много отношения магарето е за предпочитане пред коня, защото е по-издръжливо и може да прекара по-дълго време без вода и храна.

Описание
Височината на магарето, измерена при лопатките, е между 0,9 и 1,6 m. Бременността на женското магаре продължава средно 12 месеца, след което се ражда едно малко, в много редки случаи близнаци, и дори тогава шансът да оцелеят и двете е много малък. Цветът им най-често е бял, сив или кафеникав.

Магарето в културата
Магарето е символ на упоритост, издръжливост или инат.

 Присъства като неофициалната емблемата на Демократическата партия на САЩ.
 В популярната басня на Езоп "Магарето и лъва" магаре си навлякло кожата на лъва, но не успяло да уплаши само лисицата, която го чула преди това да реве.
 От 1971 г. в гр. Гурково се провежда т.нар. Магарешко рали – състезание между магарешки впрягове.

Източници

Коне
Домашни животни

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia