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How to work with Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio
Use of the Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio to improve accuracy of AD diagnosis
Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio for interpretation of discordant results
Improvement of AD risk scores by use of the Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio
Don't miss the upcoming related Insight articles over the next weeks and get deeper information on the value of using Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio. Or simply download the complete guidance document now! (requires a Premium eServices account)
Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio to decrease preanalytical variability
Aβ1-42 adsorption to plastic is a relevant preanalytical factor in laboratory practice.
Adsorption to plastic seems to affect different Aβ isoforms in a similar manner, so the Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio compensates for this preanalytical source of error.
One cause of discordant results can be the preanalytical conditions, e.g. when laboratories use tubes that bind certain proteins. Aβ1-42 adsorption is a relevant preanalytical factor in laboratory practice of CSF biomarker testing. Adsorption in polypropylene sample tubes has been shown to be specific for amyloid peptides and does not affect tTau and pTau. According to the study by Willemse et al. (2018), on average 5% of Aβ1-42 in CSF gets lost because of adsorption with every tube transfer. In smaller aliquot volumes, the adsorption can increase up to 10% and approximately half of the Aβ1-42 loss during a transfer occurs in the pipette tip. Use of the ratio Aβ1–42/Aβ1–40 partly eliminates the adsorption effect.7;6
The fact that this is not a new finding is underlined by a study with different collection tubes (polycarbonate, modified polystyrene, polystyrene, and polypropylene) done already in 2006, that showed that Aβ peptides and some tTau, but not pTau adsorbs to plastic surfaces. Adsorption to plastic seems to affect different Aβ isoforms in a similar manner, so the Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio partially compensates for this preanalytical error. This is also seen in routine clinical analysis of samples.4
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Setting a threshold for CSF Aβ1-42/ Aβ1-40 ratio
CSF Aβ1-40 concentration is considered to most closely reflect total Aβ load in the brain.
Cut-off value for the CSF Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio for differentiation between AD and controls depend on the assays used or the assay combination.
Depending on which assays are used, there is no uniform ratio, but a different Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio for each assay combination of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40.
Whereas for Aβ1-42 a standardized reference method and standardized reference material is already available, and with that a big step towards a uniform cut-off value has been achieved, the work for a standardised reference method and material for Aβ1-40 is still ongoing.
Aβ1-40 is the most abundant amyloid peptide in CSF, while Aβ1-42 accounts for only about 10% of the total Aβ peptide population. Total Aβ concentration was found not to vary significantly between various dementia disorders, and Aβ1-40 concentration did not differ between AD (or presymptomatic AD) patients, healthy controls, and non-AD dementia patients. CSF Aβ1-40 concentration could, therefore, be considered to most closely reflect total Aβ load in the brain. Previous studies showed that the Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio in CSF is reduced in AD patients, and its assessment improves AD diagnostic accuracy.
However, the Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 values used for the Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio should preferably be analysed during the same run in order to to minimize run effects and to perform analyses with the same preanalytical conditions. As can be seen from internal quality control (IQC) measurements, when the Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 values were run in the same run, the CV was around 5% lower as for both parameters run in different runs (oral communication Sylvain Lehmann 2017). The Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio can strongly be influenced by the use of different systems or methods. Therefore, it is always important to establish a good cut-off specific to the combination used. Cut-offs may vary between different combinations of assays.
Reasonable agreement has also been reported regarding the cut-off value for the CSF Aβ1-42/1-40 ratio, ranging between 0.05 and 0.0821 for distinguishing AD from controls depending on the assay used. When using the same (INNOTEST) assay, the multicentre study by Dumurgier et al. showed that the mean Aβ1-42/1-40 ratio was comparable across centres, despite the significant inter-centre differences in reported CSF Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 levels. Therefore, this ratio seems to be less sensitive to preanalytical and analytical sources of variability both intra-laboratories and inter-laboratories.3
Pathophysiologic role of Aβ1-40 peptide in the brain
Amyloid plaques found in AD are predominantly composed of Aβ1-42.
Capillary cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is associated with accumulation of the more soluble Aβ1-40 species.
At this point, it is also relevant to consider the role of Aβ1-40 in the pathophysiological processes in the brain during development of AD.
Most subjects diagnosed with AD (85-95% of cases) have some degree of cerebrovascular lesions and/or capillary cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). There is a known overlap between CAA and AD pathologies. At the pathophysiological level, cerebral amyloid angiopathy appears to be in part a "protein elimination failure" angiopathy and leads to worsening vascular Aβ accumulation and impaired vascular physiology. In contrast to amyloid plaques found in AD, predominantly composed of Aβ1-42 species, CAA results from a progressive loss of smooth muscle cells of parenchymal arterioles with simultaneous accumulation of the more soluble Aβ1-40 species.6
The balance between Aβ production-clearance from the brain and retention within the brain in the form of senile plaque or CAA determines what amount of soluble Aβ will diffuse in CSF. Recent findings suggest that CSF Aβ1-40 intra-individual variability could possibly relate to the specific mechanisms of sporadic development of CAA and the degree of cerebrovascular amyloid deposition.2
Baldeiras, Inês, et al. "Addition of the Aβ42/40 ratio to the cerebrospinal fluid biomarker profile increases the predictive value for underlying Alzheimer's disease dementia in mild cognitive impairment." Alzheimer's research & therapy 10.1 (2018): 33.
Charidimou, Andreas, et al. "Emerging concepts in sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy." Brain 140.7 (2017): 1829-1850.
Dumurgier, Julien, et al. "Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β 42/40 ratio in clinical setting of memory centers: a multicentric study." Alzheimer's research & therapy 7.1 (2015): 30.
Lewczuk, P., J. Kornhuber, and J. Wiltfang. "The German Competence Net Dementias: standard operating procedures for the neurochemical dementia diagnostics." Journal of neural transmission 113.8 (2006): 1075-1080.
Toombs, Jamie, et al. "Amyloid β peptides are differentially vulnerable to preanalytical surface exposure, an effect incompletely mitigated by the use of ratios." Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring 10 (2018): 311-321.
Verbeek, Marcel M., et al. "Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid β40 is decreased in cerebral amyloid angiopathy." Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society 66.2 (2009): 245-249.
Willemse, Eline, et al. "How to handle adsorption of cerebrospinal fluid amyloid β (1–42) in laboratory practice? Identifying problematic handlings and resolving the issue by use of the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio." Alzheimer's & Dementia 13.8 (2017): 885-892.
Don't miss the next posts on this topic in the following weeks:
Comparison of Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio with other ratios
Influence of automation on Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio and its use
Improving Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease - Part 1
Many subtypes of disease exist under the umbrella of dementia with Alzheimer's disease (AD) being the most common. AD-related dementia is...
Testimonial: Value of the β-Amyloid ratio and other CSF biomarkers in the Erlangen Score interpretation algorithm
By Prof. Dr. Piotr Lewczuk - Two groups of established cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers reflect two major pathological alterations in Alzheimer's...
Webinar replay - Possible applications for novel CSF biomarkers
At Fujirebio we have been hosting a webinar series with leading expert speakers dedicated to current topics in the field of Alzheimer's disease...
Webinar series - Current topics in Alzheimer's disease diagnostics
We have been hosting a series of 3 webinars with leading expert speakers and dedicated to current topics in the field of Alzheimer's Disease...
Towards an easy plasma pTau 181 detection
Blood-based Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker testing could be used as a simple, accessible, and scalable approach to help support the diagnosis of...
Video - The interest of automated testing for all four CSF biomarkers
In less than 2 minutes, this video explains the advantages of automated biomarker testing for all four CSF biomarkers, over other available testing...
Webinar replay - Preparing for the future of plasma based Alzheimers disease diagnostics
At Fujirebio we are hosting a webinar series with leading expert speakers dedicated to current topics in the field of Alzheimer's disease diagnostics...
Webinar replay - CSF-based biomarkers to support the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
The Fujirebio Neuro Center of Excellence
The Fujirebio Neuro Center of Excellence has been founded with the objective of rising to this challenge. It is a research and development hub focused...
Booklet - First edition of our new clinical booklet "A few drops of insight can lead to an ocean of understanding"
Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is crucial. The desire to tackle neurodegenerative diseases by always finding earlier diagnostic solutions and...
Video - Ratio calculation of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 offers essential information about the buildup of amyloid pathology in a patient's brain
This 2 minute video explains why and how a ratio calculation of the two amyloid proteins, Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40, offers particularly essential information...
Video - Daniel's story about his early testing and diagnosis of Alzheimers disease
Daniel lives in Stockholm, Sweden, and was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease when he was still in his early 50's. In this 6-minute video we follow...
Automation is an important step in the direction of more standardization as it limits the number of manual handling steps and therefore minimizes...
CSF Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 is a tool to normalize values of patients with different amyloid levels, as other ratios might be seen more as interpretation tools...
Different scores have been developed to provide an interpretation of biomarker results for AD diagnosis or risk prediction. Here we will give two...
By use of the Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio, discordant results (i.e. when amyloid and tau biomarkers are not concordant) can be improved. However, while the...
It is widely agreed that, since cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is in direct contact with the central nervous system (CNS), analytes measured in this body...
What is Alzheimer's disease?
Alzheimer's disease, which is the most common form of dementia, is an incurable degenerative disease. Neurons in certain parts of the brain are...
Alzheimer biomarkers, PHF-Tau
Product number not specified (raw material) -
One of the key hallmarks to Alzheimer's disease is the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. These are aggregates of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, also referred to as paired helical filaments (PHF-Tau).
Alzheimer biomarkers, Tau
Tau proteins are mainly present in neurons and play a role in axonal microtubule stability. An increase of Tau is considered as a biomarker for neuronal death and as such often included in diagnostic algorithms for Alzheimer's disease.
INNOTEST® hTAU Ag
Product number 81572 -
Solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative determination of Tau protein in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
INNOTEST® NPTX2
A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative determination of neuronal pentraxin-2 (NPTX2) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
INNOTEST® PHOSPHO-TAU (181P)
Solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative determination of phospho-tau(181P) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
INNOTEST® PHOSPHO-TAU(181P)
Solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative determination of phosphorylated Tau (Phospho-Tau(181P)) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
INNOTEST® sTREM2
INNOTEST sTREM2 is a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative determination of soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
INNOTEST® β-AMYLOID(1-40)
Solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative determination of β-amyloid(1-40) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative determination of β-amyloid(1-40) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the clinical setting of dementia diagnosis.
Lumipulse® G pTau 181
Immunoreaction cartridges for in vitro diagnostic (IVD) use with the LUMIPULSE G System for the quantitative measurement of β-amyloid1-40 in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Lumipulse® G Total Tau
Immunoreaction cartridges for in vitro diagnostic (IVD) use with the LUMIPULSE G System for the quantitative measurement of total Tau in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Lumipulse® G β-Amyloid 1-40
Immunoreaction cartridges for in vitro diagnostic (IVD) use with the LUMIPULSE G System for the quantitative measurement of β-amyloid in human cerebrospinal fluid.


Every year more and more tourists visit Dubrovnik - and there is a good reason for it! Dubrovnik has a lot to offer to its visitors: view our top 10 things to do in Dubrovnik to learn more.
Depending on your wishes and your group size it can be cheaper that most of the offered tours! Click here to send a request. View the complete list of all tourism activities offered by happytovisit.com in Dubrovnik, Croatia .
Dubrovnik – the city that is more popular than the country. The architecture, the history, the gastronomy, the travel industry, it has everything that a tourist could possibly want from a tourist destination. Due to its popularity, it can get very crowded and sometimes it's good to have a helping hand when learning about the city and the surrounding area. The city offers many day tours to help tourist learn about the city and the nearby region, and give you the possibility to easily explore it in the short time you are here. The tours are mostly concentrated about the city of Dubrovnik itself, boat tours to the nearby islands, wine tours (since the region has very good wineries) and other tours to no so distant cities like Mostar, Budva, Međugorje and Ston. Here is our top recommendation of the available activities in Dubrovnik.
Dubrovnik has a very rich history. To come to Dubrovnik and not learning some interesting facts about the city and some very cool stories that happened in the city would be such a shame. We cannot recommend this enough. Join one of the many offered walking tours and learn the small things that make this city great. Take a look at the walking tours in Dubrovnik.
The closest islands to Dubrovnik are the beautiful Elaphite Islands. They consist of 13 small islands that in total have a population of 850 inhabitants. Taking a boat tour there is a great way to experience the Croatian rugged coastline and have an opportunity to have a swim in the crystal clear sea that the islands offer. Take a look at the boat tours to Elaphite Islands from Dubrovnik.
Korčula is one of the most history and tradition filled island in Croatia. Among many stories that surround the Island, one of the most notable is that it's believed that Korčula is the birthplace of the famous explorer Marco Polo. The main city of the island named also Korčula, has around 6.000 inhabitants and it's one of the best representations of a small Croatian seaside city. Visit Korčula by one of the offered tours from Dubrovnik.
Another great option for a day tour if you would like to see a bit of a different culture. Mostar - the city divided into two parts, the Muslim and the Christian, only connected by the old bridge (how the city got its name "Stari Most" -> Old Bridge). It hides a very interesting story including the destruction and the rebuilding of the bride. Take a look at all tours to Mostar from Dubrovnik.
Mljet is the only single island that is a National Park. The most amazing thing about it is that there is lake on the island that has an even smaller island on it, which has a very nice and famous monastery. Take a boat tour to the island, and one more boat tour to the island on the island. Take a look at all the tours to National Park Mljet from Dubrovnik.
The whole region around Dubrovnik is famous for very good wine, and not just good, but one of the best in the world. The problem why these wines are not so popular in the world is that the production capacities are limited so you are not able to buy them in very much places around the world, but every year the wineries get more awards for the fantastic wine. If you like wine, regardless weather you are an expert of just a casual drinker, we suggest taking one of the many offered wine tours around the area, especially the ones going to the Pelješac peninsula. Take a look at all wine and winery tours form Dubrovnik.
The city of Ston is popular for 2 things: the magnificent 5 km defensive stone wall, and oysters. So there is no doubt what should you be doing there, have a history lesson walking on the wall which includes more than 40 towers and 5 fortresses, and then later stop in one of the many restaurants and have some oysters, either fresh with just a sprinkle of lemon or on the grill, and of course, add a glass of the fantastic wine from the Pelješac hills. Take a tour to Ston and Pelješac from Dubrovnik.
Dubrovnik is very close to the border of Montenegro, so this might be a good opportunity to visit another country while you are staying in Dubrovnik. Montenegro is getting very popular tourist destination as well and if you have the time, we suggest you go and spend at least one day there. View all the day tours to Montenegro from Dubrovnik.
If you are a fan of the popular HBO show "Game of Thrones" that this is a must! Dubrovnik is actually the real-life representation of Kings Landing, and most of the scenes that occurred in Kings Landing where shot here. Many agencies offer game of thrones tours where they take you to the places where the scenes where filmed and show you screenshots of the scene and the episode where you can see the same scenery. They also give you additional historical background of every place you visit so you might consider taking just this tour to learn about the rich history of Dubrovnik while still having a feeling you are walking around Kings Landing. Take a look at all the Game of Thornes tours form Dubrovnik.
If you are an adventurous type, you can consider going rafting on the river Tara in Montenegro. The scenery is so amazing that we consider this rafting one of the best rafting we offer on our entire website. This is also accompanied with the fact that World Rafting Championships are held on this river. Rafting in general is not so difficult, meaning that anyone can do it regardless of your age or physical strength or stamina, so if you ever wanted to try Rafting, this is the time. View all rafting tours to river Tara from Dubrovnik.
Our guide Kruno (apologies - spelling is probably wrong) was great. Despite the early start he was very cheerful and gave us lots of interesting facts and stories about the area we werae staying in as well as the places we passed on the wayt o Mostar. His knowledge was fantastic and his English was flawless so we learned a lot. The day was well structured and, travelling out of season, the border crossings were quiet so we got through them all very quickly and painlessly. It was a long drive but he made sure to break the trip up with rest stops and an additional stop off at the beautiful town of Pocitelj which was a bonus. Our tour group was quite small (only 6) so we were an easy group to please and Kluno was happy for us to take our time at each of the stops and explore as much as we wanted to. The waterfalls at Kravice were stunning and had it been ever so slightly warmer it would have been lovely to take a dip. Mostar was both beautiful and fascinating and was a tark reminder of how recent the war was and what a massive impact it had on the country. Our tour guide was able to really bring the history to life and give us a good sense of what life was like. We were lucky enough to be in Mostar over lunch and got to hear the call to prayer from the local mosques - it really made our trip. We would definitely recommend this trip to anyone staying in Croatia.
Tour guide Josip was great. Very knowledgable and informative. I would recommend this tour particularly to GOT fans.
WONDERFUL , would recommend fully, driver punctual pick up at hotel and actual boat trip was stunning with excellent lunch onboard at Sipan with wine and water Included. Boat beautifully clean and staff were great. Really recommend great value!


Linanthus orcuttii (Parry & A. Gray) Jeps.
Habit: Annual. Stem: 5--10 cm, sparsely puberulent. Leaf: lobes 5--12 mm, linear, hairy. Inflorescence: cluster or flower 1; flower sessile. Flower: calyx 6--10 mm, membrane as wide as lobes; corolla funnel-shaped, tube 5--15 mm, stout, white grading to purple (on any given tube), throat 3--5 mm, white or yellow, lobes 5--8 mm, generally pink, with 2 purple marks at base, 1 at each sinus; stamens included or at mouth. Fruit: < calyx, obovoid. Seed: 15--30, not gelatinous when wet.
Ecology: Chaparral, pine forest, desert scrub; Elevation: 1100--2150 m. Bioregional Distribution: PR, D; Distribution Outside California: Baja California. Flowering Time: Apr--Jun Note: Plants from SnBr assigned here in TJM2 now treated as Linanthus bernardinus.
Citation for this treatment: Robert Patterson & J. Mark Porter 2015, Linanthus orcuttii, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, Revision 3, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=31067, accessed on April 19, 2019.


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Erie central tech football
A page the will keep everybody involved with CT Football updated will all the scores and latest news. FAN page. Soccer TeamThe Central Tech soccer team, is an association football team. The Class of 2014 is the school's most successful, having won a share of the Region. Get Ahead. Start At Erie.
Eddie Leggett RB #1 Central Tech Erie, PA Erie High SPECIAL ASSISTANTS: Found inside – Page 64. a Lanier High School and University of Kentucky Football Coach Bill Moseley . demol- ished—fronted Lake Erie, and was open to erie central tech football elements of chill, . vthompson@lec.edu. Aaron Smetanka. That led the School Board to table its vote. The contract between the school district and the teacher's union stipulates that Erie High head coaching positions must be filled by EEA members unless no qualified candidates apply. Phil Hamilton. Hide/Show Additional Information For Joseph Valdez. NEW: State College Football Alumni/Supporter Registration. Voting via teleconference were president Tyler Titus and directors Gwendolyn Cooley, Rosemary Sheridan and Sumner Nichols. An Erie native, Henderson, 34, was a 2005 graduate of Strong Vincent where he played football and basketball. 3180 County Road 5 Erie, CO 80516 Phone: 303-828-4213
Erie Express sign Eddie Tate (Central Tech) for 2021 season
The Erie Express are pleased to announce the signing of ATH-Eddie Tate (Central Tech) for the 2021 season. Tate begins his first season with the Express and will compete for playing time at multiple positions.
Tate is a 2014 graduate of Central Tech. Eddie was a three time All-Region selection at outside linebacker for the Falcons, served as team captain and was selected to play in the Save an Eye All-Star Game his Senior year. Tate received the Owen Kelley Award as the Most Outstanding male athlete as well as being named "Mr. Central Tech"
"We are excited to have Eddie on board with us this year. He was a dominant high school player who was a positive role model for his teammates. He possesses a tremendous team first attitude erie central tech football is willing to play wherever needed to help us succeed. We look forward to seeing what he can do out there and are expecting great things from him in 2021"-Director of Operations- Paul Pennington.
Eddie is sponsored by Tri State Moving Services! Do not hesitate to give them a call today for ALL your moving needs! https://tristatemovingservice.com/
The Erie Express are proud members of the Gridiron Developmental Football League. Please visit their site to see all they have to offer. Gdfl.org
Open Registration for Spring is erie central tech football place Jan. 10 & 11 from 8 a.m.-7p.m. on all campuses.
Dr. David Balkin Named the Next President
Balkin will become the College's 12th President effective February 1
visit the President's Office
Per the SUNY Mandate, all students must be vaccinated for COVID-19 to take in person classes.
Start Today.

Central Tech School is a high school in Erie, Pennsylvania in the United States. The attendance is roughly 1,000 students. Currently it is the Erie School District's regional vocational-technical school. Central offers 21 Career and Technical courses. The school's mascot is a Falcon.

When occupancy of newly built Academy High School was delayed in the fall of 1919, those students shared facilities with Central through June 1920. Students from Academy and Technical Memorial merged into Central for the 1992-1993 academic year when those schools closed.

Soccer Team

The Central Erie central tech football soccer team, is an association football team. The Class of 2014 is the school's most successful, having won a share of the Region AAA title in District 10, during the 2013 season.

Notable alumni

Fred Biletnikoff, former NFL wide receiver who is in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The Fred Biletnikoff Award is given out yearly to college's best wide receiver.

Erie High School Aug 23 Boys Varsity Soccer vs. Evergreen High School 6:00 pm
Central Tech School was a high school in Erie, Pennsylvania in the United States. Originally named Central High School, it was the result of the merger of Academy High School and Technical Memorial High School after the conclusion of the 1992-1993 academic year when Academy closed. Around 1994, Central was renamed Central Tech.
Central Career and Technical School
Postcard, about 1913, of the building that stood at 10th and Sassafras Streets
Former name
Central High School (until 1994)
Truth, Loyalty, Honor
Pam Mackowski
9th-12th
about 1,200
Black and Gold (Yellow)
The attendance was roughly 1,000 students, and offered 21 Career and Technical courses. The school's mascot was a Falcon. It was the Erie School District's regional vocational-technical school before it was renamed Erie High School, after the merger of Strong Vincent High School and East High School in 2017.
In 2017, Central Tech High School was renamed Erie High School (Pennsylvania) when the School District of the City of Erie consolidated all of its high schools—with the exception of Northwest Pennsylvania Collegiate Academy.
When occupancy of newly built Academy High School was delayed in the fall of 1919, those students shared facilities with Central through June 1920.
The Central Tech soccer team, erie central tech football, is an association football team. The Class of 2014 is the school's most successful, having won a share of the Region AAA surf sweets organic candy canes in District 10, during the 2013 season.
Dawson Baloga: Soccer Player
Palattella, Ed. GoErie.com. Retrieved2021-04-16.
Coordinates:42°06′07″N80°04′56″W /42.1020°N 80.0821°W /42.1020; -80.0821
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Chances are you won't need an umbrella when you visit the Columbia Plateau, a vast expanse of southwestern Washington State where average annual precipitation is only 7 inches to 15 inches nearest the Blue Mountains to the region's south. But for rare rainy days, occasional brief, booming thunderstorms and winter snowflakes, a fold-up umbrella tucked in the corner of your suitcase is a good contingency plan. More important, make sure you bring plenty of sunscreen if you're visiting in the summer and extra-warm clothes for the deep winter months. The semiarid climate in this region of fertile soil drained by the mighty Columbia River and its tributaries is ideal for robust agricultural production. Take time to sample the bounty, play outdoors and explore the towns as they show their colors through four distinct seasons of the year.
Summer comes on strong. July temperatures hover in the 90s, with several afternoons during the summer pushing the thermometer reading as high as 100 to 105 degrees Fahrenheit. Occasional cooler spells drop the temps to the upper 50s. It's not unusual for the region to go without any rainfall for up to six week at a time from summer into early fall. Organize your outdoor fun so the most exertion, such as bicycling and hiking, takes place in the cooler early hours of the day; stay hydrated with a carry-along water bottle.
Winter takes a turn toward the lower ranges of the thermometer. The first freezing spell typically happens between mid-September and mid-October. By January, the average temperature is below freezing through much of the region, although the more moderate climate in the Plateau's Yakima Valley usually stays in the 40s. When snow comes sometime after the first of December, it can linger all the way into February, when the first blush of spring pushes the temperatures higher. If you must drive during the snowstorms that bring from 10 to 35 inches of white stuff during the season, proceed with caution; carry chains or other appropriate traction devices if you're headed to higher elevations with accumulation, or simply wait and enjoy the quiet until the roads are clear.
Spring and autumn bring a charming blend of sunny and overcast days, with occasional light rain showers. The conditions are generally comfortable for sightseeing, camping, fishing, and, in the fall, hunting.
The Columbia Plateau's arid climate is ideal for growing richly flavorful food and wines you'll want to enjoy at their source during your visit.
Yakima Valley wines: More than 18,000 acres of vineyards supply 60 wineries, many open year-round with abbreviated hours in the winter. Drive yourself or leave the driving to a guide when you sign onto a tour for your sightseeing and sampling pleasure.
The Apple Capital of the world: With 300 days of sunshine a year, plus irrigation to supplement the arid climate, expansive orchards around Wenatchee, Washington, have made it a premier production center for delicious, juicy apples of many varieties. Apples are ripe and ready to pick from mid-August through October. Drive to pick your own, or join a tour to meet the growers and follow the harvest from the fruit trees to commercial packing and homemade apple pie.
Walla Walla sweet onions: On the outside, they look like ordinary round onions you'd find in the grocery store, but their sweet, snappy flavor and texture make them a unique specialty crop favored by chefs and food-lovers alike. Genuine Walla Walla Sweets are only grown in a designated area around Walla Walla, where the soil and climate are the basis for the extraordinary flavor. Because of their high water content, they don't ship well and are best savored during harvest time from mid-June through July. For the most fun with onions, head to the Walla Walla Sweet Onion Festival held annually in July.
The massive lava flows of eons ago that formed the Columbia Plateau between significant mountain ranges left behind geological formations that lend themselves to uncommon outdoor pursuits. The climate makes these activities available most of the year, with the exception of the coldest winter months when freezing temperatures and snow make them inaccessible or dangerous.
Rock climbing: Basalt columns with hard surfaces for stable footing and grip are great for novices, and the sandstone peaks near Leavenworth and Wenatchee are a challenge for more seasoned climbers.
Off-road dune riding: Vast sand dunes swept into ever-changing configurations by the wind blowing across sections of the Plateau are a playground for off-road vehicles. Favorite spots for off-road recreation include the Moses Lake Sand Dunes and the Beverly Sand Dunes in Grant County. The Juniper Dunes Wilderness Area, about 7 miles northeast of Pasco, is managed by the Bureau of Land Management and off-roading is allowed. It can be tricky to get there through the rugged terrain, but the driving and sights are spectacular.
Wear sturdy footwear, layers of clothes that you can add or take off to deal with high heat or chilly winds, and always pack plenty of water to stay hydrated when you're climbing, riding or wandering through these challenging areas.
Schoonhoven, Denise. "The Climate of the Columbia Plateau in Washington State." Travel Tips - USA Today, https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-columbia-plateau-washington-state-102597.html. 22 March 2018.


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Thread: Vinegar Syndrome
Cult Master
Location: Basil Fawlty country: The English Riviera
'The Laughing Dead' (1989) - Blu-ray available from Vinegar Syndrome direct - $27.99
"A busload of travelers and their guide, on the hunt for Aztec ruins, decide to stop in an all but forgotten-to-time Mexican village, on the eve of the Day of the Dead. The tour leader, a disgraced priest, is enlisted by a local doctor to perform what he believes to be an exorcism, but in actuality, the doctor is using him to begin a diabolical ritual intended to bring about Hell on Earth!
Among the weirder and more original indie horror films to pop up at the tail end of the 80s, Thai born filmmaker Somtow Sucharitkul's THE LAUGHING DEAD, which he directed, wrote, produced, scored, and acts in, plays heavily into the colorful, gory, and effortlessly surreal tropes of Asian horror films of the 70s and early 80s, but relocates the setting to rural Mexico. Reveling in plentiful and creative death scenes (including a human 'basketball'), all gorgeously photographed by David Boyd (The Walking Dead), Vinegar Syndrome is delighted to present the world Blu-ray debut of THE LAUGHING DEAD, newly restored in 4K from its original negative"
Special features and specs:
Region Free Blu-ray
Newly scanned & restored in 4k from its 35mm original negative
Commentary track with writer/director/producer Somtow Sucharitkul
"Unholy Assembly: Crafting The Laughing Dead" - an extended making-of documentary with: director Somtow Sucharitkul, producer Lex Nakashima, actress Premika Eaton, actor Tim Sullivan, cinematographer David Boyd, associate producer/second unit director Michael Deak, costume designer Shellagh Hannigan and transportation/pa Ron Ford
Reversible cover artwork
English SDH subtitles
Directed by: Somtow Sucharitkul
starring: Tim Sullivan, Wendy Webb, Premika Eaton, Patrick Roskowick, Larry Kagen, Krista Keim
English Stereo
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John Reinhardt. President Great Smoky Mountain TU plans to release the hounds this Thursday with a shotgun start for the "IRON MAN FLY CONTEST 2017". "Are you practicing?..."fuh getta bout it" says the IRON MAN ringmaster. The judges are cooking up ideas to confuse and befuddle the tiers," says Reinhardt. "If you have the nerve to toss your hat in the ring, be sure to bring your vises, tools, thread, and a light if you use one. All the fly tying material will be provided once the judges are through stripping cars, shaving wildlife and accumulating the craziest stuff to tie with that you have ever seen." says Reihardt.
Everyone else you are invited to come out to see the tying madness that goes on as they go head to head with each other to win some great gear while "Tying for a Cause". Help send a child to camp while laughing the night away, no admission charge, free to all. The IRON MAN is Thursday, January 19th, 2017 at 6 P.M. and join us as the Great Smoky Mountain Trout Unlimited chapter holds one of the most fun packed, fly tying contests of the year. This annual event is being held again at the Blackhorse Pub & Brewery at 4429 Kingston Pike in Knoxville, TN.


In today's world, the students are expected to develop higher order thinking skills apart from basic numeracy and literacy. Higher order thinking skills (HOTs) apply in two contexts; solving real life problems and aiding the learning process (Margaret, 2004). These skills can be defined in terms of transfer of knowledge, critical thinking and problem solving. Transfer of knowledge encompasses conceptualization of content learnt while critical thinking involves reasoning and interrogation. Problem solving on the other hand, means the ability to design a path to achieve a specific target (Susan, 2010). However, these skills vary according to the developmental level. Therefore, this essay provides a observational checklist for assessing primary grade student higher order thinking abilities.
Many educators and educational systems use the Bloom classification to order thinking skills. Bloom proposed six levels of cognitive learning targets namely knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and creation or evaluation. The higher order thinking skills encompass the top three skills. These include analysis or breaking down of information, synthesis or grouping of information and evaluation meaning making judgement about the information. Other aspects include metacognitive, creative and logical thinking.. These skills are complemented by lower level thinking abilities (King, Ludwika and Faranak). For the purposes of assessing HOTs among primary school students, information processing, enquiry, reasoning, creative thinking and evaluation will be used as a checklist. On information processing, getting, organizing and presenting information will be checked. Asking relevant questions will test enquiry while coming up with ideas and desining solution will asses creative thinking. In addition, augurements, providing reasons and making inferences will check reasoning while making judgement about information will test evaluation skills.
In order to evaluate the HOTs, the teacher must first define the objectives and then select the mode of assessment. This may be in the form of a multiple choice, essay or structured questions. The student should not be aware of the task to be tested to make it valid,. Finally the test should have the following components; comparison, distinguishing and classifying the elements. Supported induction, making generalizations and conclusions, construction support, backing arguments., investigation, defining elements and their characteristics. System analysis, explaining how things work and the consequences. Problem solving, how to overcome challenges and identify conditions, experimental inquiry, variables to be observed and invention or suggestion on what improvements are to be made.


I would like to share with you some of my experience about doing a Project Life.
I have been doing Project Life for 18 months now and I acquired some habits and got rid of some rookie mistakes.
Here are some cards I made for Valentine's week.
I used papers from Sweet Pie and Blanket Stories collection.
- I choose a 12 x 12 inch format because it allows me to put a lot of pictures.
- I usually do a double-page spread per week. It is a bit ambitious but a lot can happen in a week. At the end of the day, or the year might I say, it will be totally worth it as you will scroll down the year and get those little insignificant moments you already had forgotten.
For a long time, I could not choose which pocket size to use (A, B, C, something else?). Usually it is best to try before buying but in this situation is was complicated.
And I put them on the album randomly as well.
In fact, a PL is a marathon, so don't exhaust yourself with such minor details.
Since my pictures are square shaped (I will talk about that later), it fits every kind of cards and pocket.
The card's size will decide the format of the pockets sleeve.
I am not going to lie, it is a great investment. It really is.
I use them for special events such as Christmas, birthdays, vacations. It allows me to jam pack a whole lot of pictures which to me, is absolutely necessary to report properly these kind of events.
Before, I was wasting a lot of time to think about picture size and orientation (landscape or portrait) and where to put them.
It was taking an awful lot of time to organize everything with sticky notes. God forbid I made a mistake, I would have to print the picture again and waste ink and paper.
Now I print every single picture as a square. It fits every kind of pockets (A, B, C, etc… format) with a 5x5 cm size.
It gets me enough space to write around the picture or do some journaling.
It is a very long step but you got to do it!!
Pictures are small so you have to keep only what is essential.
For technical details, I strongly suggest you to go check some photo editing specialist's blog. I am not one of those, I only tweak my pictures on Picasa.
Little trick based on experience.
I did a special PL file on my computer where I keep all kind of pictures (taken with phone, iPad or sent by friends).
Those kind of picture are less pretty than the one taken with the camera but they really are life's snapshots.
I have a file per month and when I print them I go back to my notes to know which is when.
It is true, it takes a long time to do them.
On the plus side, you get to use your favorite papers leftover, finally use these embellishment that were abandoned in the bottom of a drawer. Basically, you are recycling. Who knew Project Life could help to save the planet?
While doing your PL cards, you still can make your life easier.
When I finish a project (usually a mini album), I have lots of leftovers that are already matched up (papers, stickers, embellishments…). Instead of sorting everything to put them away in a drawer, I keep everything in a folder that I directly put in my PL box.
You can find them everywhere and in any kind of shape you wish, cards, fonts, text, stickers and so on… I print the one I like the most and then T stash them away in my PL box.
My notepad is my best friend.
Have I already told you that last year, from March to November, I stopped doing my PL?
Well, without notepad I would have been totally lost. It is already complicated to remember from one week to another, so the more the time pass, the less you remember.
You absolutely have to note in your notepad what happened that week, it is vital.
It will save you a vast amount of time when you will tackle your PL. I personally write everything down and then I pick and choose what it more appropriate to the feel of the week. It is much better to have too much information than ending with blank spots on your PL.
This notepad saved my PL last year….
I have dedicated a box, the mess box, where I store every little thing (tickets, drawing, flyers...). When I need them, it is easy to retrieve since everything is centralized.
It is a simple pizza box where I stash absolutely everything.
You have the right to cheat a little and switch some pictures and some minor events.
It is not the end of the world if you say that you did finger painting on March 24th instead of March 12th. If the pictures and arrangements look better that way, then so be it.
I often insert neutral pictures, such as my children making funny faces, in the weeks when not much happened.
You don't have to be over rigorous, don't forget that a PL is a long time thing!!
You will be late, it is a fact.
To go faster, you can use pre-made cards, you will be under the impression to be super efficient.
You still have to take care of the pictures.
As I already mentioned, I sometimes print some pictures ahead of time and stash them in my PL box.
For more ideas and let inspiration struck, I will let you now go and stroll in Studio Tekturek's blog. The DT is really inspiring.
I am looking forward for your reactions, comments, tricks.
Are you going to start a PL?
Did this post helped you to get a little more organized?
And do you have tricks to share?


Marilyn: I think the question about the plane that departs from point A, etc. was misleading. (March 22, 2009) If the pilot is one mile off course at the halfway point of the trip, he will have to correct by a mile to reach the destination. The question does not say that the pilot is going to miss the destination by one mile.
Charles: If the pilot is one mile "off course," he would not need to correct by a mile to reach his destination. He would need to correct by one mile only to get back on his originally-planned course. It would make more sense to fly directly to his destination. And that's what the question said he did.
Marilyn: If we say that point B is due east of point A, and the plane is off course to port, then when it is halfway to its destination, it will have flown 100 miles (plus a little) east and one mile north. To reach its destination, the plane will have to fly 100 miles (plus a little) east and one mile south. It would be a neat trick to be able to fly 200+ miles east, plus one mile north, and one mile south, and do it all in 200 miles plus 52.8 feet. A great circle route wouldn't work, so are we dealing with a worm hole, or how is this done?
Rick: The pilot flies two straight segments: 1) from point A directly to the halfway point; and 2) from the halfway point directly to point B. The surprising thing is that when he corrects this way, he flies very little extra distance.


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Depending on just what your car port is like after you've dumped your entire junk you could just need to set things where by they are supposed to go. Nonetheless, if this is not consequently clear to your account, there are lots of strategies to make your car port a more obviously well-ordered place. After going through what you're sure you want to keep, put shelves for anyone little goods without clear homes. With the really committed (and practical), consider adding a big, loft-style display for larger items that can be driven out of the way.
Canada is the biggest state with United States by means of area. It can be located in N . West of North American continent. The state is definitely bordered by means of Canada for the east, this Arctic Ocean for the north, and the Pacific Ocean for the west in addition to south, together with Russia further west along the Bering Strait. The economy of the condition is supported by oil and gas industry. The toxic gases that will emit with the industries in addition to solid squander generation include the major causes of pollution with Alaska.
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Central Florida Roof Cleaning | CFL Roof Cleaning
What In The World Is Roof Cleaning?
Roof Cleaning is the removal process of algae, mold, mildew, lichen, and moss buildup from the surface of the roof. Cleaning your roof can significantly extend the lifespan of your roof, and prevent you from replacing it prematurely.
Most organic buildup, including algae, usually forms on the northern and western parts of the roof because these areas are often shaded or receive less sun. The accumulation and presence of soot, dirt, or organic materials can also affect how much sunlight your roof absorbs, which in turn can affect the amount of heat a building absorbs.
Ordinarily, roof cleaning is accomplished with a soft wash process using bleach or vinegar solution and a surfactant. However, as of late, there has been a tremendous amount of controversy between this process and an entirely green process.
Additionally, zinc strips near the roof's peak may also reduce the regrowth of algae, moss, and other biomass.
It's recommended when cleaning your roof to use a low-pressure method versus using high-pressure spraying to prevent any damage to your roof. Most materials, including asphalt shingles and ceramic tiles, can be damaged from the high PSI pressure from the machines.
Most manufacturers suggest a soft-wash application process allowing soaps and solvents to attack and clean any algae, moss, lichen, or mildew on a roof. Once the soft wash is applied, it should be rinsed off thoroughly after it has had time to saturate the roofing material for a decent amount of time.
Lasting Algae, Moss, & Lichen Removal
Do you live in a community with strict HOA requirements? We can help!
With years of providing exceptional service in Central Florida, you can trust that our roof cleaning process will keep you in compliance of even the most demanding HOA regulations out there.
About CFLRC
CFL Roof Cleaning is proud to provide the best Roof Cleaning, Pressure Washing, Soft Washing, and Exterior Cleaning services for Residential, Multi-Unit, and Commercial properties throughout Central Florida.
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Pay/Gifts
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1919 Texas Ranger Investigation Transcription
San Antonio Review Press
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Writing Portfolio at Authory
Entanglements
Notes Toward a Review of The New Laws of Love: Online Dating and the Privatization of Intimacy
William O. Pate II
In my early 20s, I published a firmly tongue-in-cheek article, "On Sleeping With Friends," in my alma mater's undergraduate peer-reviewed scholarly journal, Arete, subtly making an argument that has since become all-too-familiar: internet dating undermines traditional methods of relationship formation. While I
Marie Bergstrom ends her new examination of the changes wrought by the mass use of online dating services with an important statement: that the neoliberal art of government is self-government.
It also makes one wonder if the increase in people remaining single could be a product of this privatization of intimacy if only due to unfamiliarity with meeting people that way. One might say they were "stuck" in older methods of meeting people. It would be interesting to see what spillover occurs among those left dissatisfied in this new dating arena and whether or not it results in actual commodification of intimacy through the use of escort services to satisfy those desires instead.
Azzolini, Monica. "Are the Stars Aligned? Matchmaking and Astrology in Early Modern Italy." Isis, vol. 112, no. 4, The University of Chicago Press, Dec. 2021, pp. 766–75. journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon)https://doi.org/10.1086/716889.
Bittel, Carla. "Cranial Compatibility: Phrenology, Measurement, and Marriage Assessment." Isis, vol. 112, no. 4, The University of Chicago Press, Dec. 2021, pp. 795–803. journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon), https://doi.org/10.1086/716881.
Bouk, Dan. "Love Is a Problem of Knowledge." Isis, vol. 112, no. 4, The University of Chicago Press, Dec. 2021, pp. 804–06. journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon), https://doi.org/10.1086/716880.
Hsiung, Hansun. "From Harmony to EHarmony: Charles Fourier, Social Science, and the Management of Love." Isis, vol. 112, no. 4, The University of Chicago Press, Dec. 2021, pp. 786–94. journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon), https://doi.org/10.1086/716883.
Hsiung, Hansun, and Elena Serrano. "Introduction: Epistemologies of the Match." Isis, vol. 112, no. 4, The University of Chicago Press, Dec. 2021, pp. 760–65. journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon), https://doi.org/10.1086/716882.
"Party of One: Why Record Numbers of Americans Are Going It Alone." Christian Science Monitor, Dec. 2021. Christian Science Monitor, https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2021/1213/Party-of-one-Why-record-numbers-of-Americans-are-going-it-alone.
Serrano, Elena. "A Feminist Physiology: B. J. Feijoo (1676–1764) and His Advice for Those in Love." Isis, vol. 112, no. 4, The University of Chicago Press, Dec. 2021, pp. 776–85. journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon), https://doi.org/10.1086/716879.
Updated: Sunday, January 16, 2022
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Review Notes: Reclaiming Populism
no © William O. Pate II. inadequate.net


What makes a successful holiday? Spending moments in untouched settings that are warm and genuine, like this place is. Chez Loulou is a simple beach restaurant, but it is as refined as can be. The tables, covered with embroidered tablecloths, are installed right under the coconut trees.
The fishermen land their boats overflowing with lobsters that are then grilled in front of you. The wine is chilled and the menu is written on the blackboard: shrimp salad, the captain's curry sauce, duck à l'orange, vegetable fritters... The dishes are as tasty as they are plentiful, and you have lots of time to appreciate them. On Sundays, there is a musical brunch with traditional musicians and dancers. Plan to arrive early, as the restaurant is always full to overflowing.


Minstead has a long tradition of Mumming. This photo above was taken in Minstead in 1912. The photo below shows the current group of Mummers in the Trusty in 2008. In the old photo one of the characters is an Abbott. The Abbot family are still in the village and provided the script (hidden in their attic) that we still use today. Be sure to see us this year.
We resurected the Minstead Mummers almost 40 years ag and have performed it every year on the village green since then. We come as a climax to the carol singing and the visit of Father Christmas. We always need more performers so if you would like to have a go, ring Nick Mellersh at Minstead.
Mummers plays are traditional Christmas plays that have been taken around the pubs a big houses for many many years.
The text with its talk of "Turkish Knights" and St George might well go back to medieval times. Many people think so. They believe the plot of killing and resurrection is an example of the "old year" being killed at the winter solstice and the "new year" rising again. Others see the tradition only going back to the 19th century. What we know for sure is that Mummer's plays were performed in almost every village in the South of England one hundred years ago. Minstead's troupe of mummers was photographed in 1912, see the photo above. The great grandson (or possibly the great great grandson) of St George in the picture lives and works in the village today. Mummer's plays traditionally end with an appeal for money and one hundred years ago this could be very profitable. You could, so they say, earn as much in one night's mumming as in a month of farm work. We keep up the tradition of begging for money but nowadays collect for some good cause.
What is special about Minstead Mummers?
In simple terms - we are the best. The troupe acts with verve and humour and we have added a few modern touches. Each year there is a new topical joke and to suit the 21st century we have a female doctor and a female blonde (or brunette) bombshell to light up the proceedings. Unlike many troupes our performers have all lived or are still living in Minstead and we perform a Minstead script handed down from the people you see in the 1912 photograph. We are the real thing.
We will be out and about on Saturday 17 December on Minstead village green and in the pubs in Minstead, Cadnam, Brooke, and Fritham. Don't miss us. Below is the film of our 2014 performance.


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