Starting a business is a huge endeavor. It takes a lot of hard work and courage to take that leap and go from earning a steady paycheck to hustling for every dollar you bring in. Sure, the rewards can be enormous: the ability to set your own schedule, call all the shots, and create something that's truly yours. But the risks are pretty big, too.
1. Will I make money?
Start your planning process by doing what's called a break-even analysis. Yes, there is math on this exam! In a break-even analysis, you calculate your fixed costs–your overhead, including rent, utilities, insurance, and so on–and your cost per sale. That's whatever it costs you to make each item you're selling. Then you calculate your average profit per sale, and see how many sales you need to break even. Is that number realistic? How long do you think it will take to get there?
2. How much will I charge?
Take another look at that break-even analysis. What prices are you planning to charge? How thin is your profit margin? Can you afford to offer discounts to bring in new customers? For how long? Discounts can be a great marketing tool, but be careful that you don't get customers too used to a price that's lower than you can actually afford.
Think local–and national and global. Can what you're selling be bought on Amazon? How will you set yourself apart from big chains? How will your bakery be different than that bakery down the street that's always packed in the mornings?
It's tempting to say "everyone," but actually, the more specific your answer to this question is, the better. If your customer is "parents of elementary-school-aged kids who don't have a lot of time to pack lunch in the morning", then you're already halfway to a marketing plan. Get as specific as you can. You can always broaden to new markets later.
5. How will I feel working on this business for 80-plus hours a week?
Starting a new business takes a lot of work. You can expect to be working long hours for a couple of years, at least. Are you ready to make that commitment? And don't forget all the paperwork, marketing, invoicing, and so on that will need to be done. You won't be able to spend all your time on the part of the business that you love.
6. Can I really work with my partner?
If you're considering going into business with someone else, now is the time to ask all the uncomfortable questions. You will be legally bound to this person–their credit score and financial responsibility will affect your livelihood. And you'll be working those long hours with them. Now is the time to admit it if you think they might hold you back or drive you crazy.
7. Am I financially ready for this?
Take a hard look at your personal budget. What are your bare-bones expenses? How close to the bone are you comfortable cutting, and for how long? How is your credit score? Will you be able to get a loan if you need one? Do you have enough money saved up to get through the first few months as you get this business on its feet?
Start thinking now about what your ultimate goal is for this business. That will influence the way you decide to set it up legally, and how quickly you try to expand. Are you dreaming of leaving this restaurant as a legacy for your kids? Do you want to sell this software company to a big tech firm? If you don't know where you're going, you won't get there.
9. What am I going to call my business?
Are you going to do business under your own name? For a lot of service providers, that's fine. But even if you want to call yourself something as simple as "Jane Smith Accounting", you may need to register a "doing business as", or DBA name. And if you want to create a new business name, you'll need to check that it's not already trademarked by somebody else.
10. Do I need a license?
Depending on what type of business you're starting, you may need federal or state licenses or permits in order to operate legally. The Small Business Administration has the information you need.
11. What are my tax obligations?
If you've spent most of your career working as an employee who gets a regular paycheck with taxes withheld, your life is about to get a lot more complicated. Again, the SBA can help you figure out what state and local taxes you need to pay–but now's the time to find accounting and legal professionals who can help you make sure you're not missing anything.
12. Am I going to hire employees?
Obviously, hiring people comes with a whole host of other obligations. You'll need to get an Employer Identification Number from the IRS, figure out how to withhold taxes from your employees' paychecks, make sure they're legally allowed to work, and more. You can start learning about what's required online, but you may need legal advice. Payroll companies can help you streamline this burden, too.
13. What will I do if I fail?
Starting a new business is a big risk. What's your Plan B? Are you emotionally and financially prepared for this business to struggle for a while? If your business fails, will you end up with assets you can sell? What happens if you lose the money you've invested in this venture? Will you end up with a loan you can't repay or a debt to friends and family that will keep you up nights?
You wouldn't be considering starting a business if you didn't have big dreams and the drive to make them come true. But it's a good idea to pause for a reality check before you actually start trying to make this work. If you know you can survive failure, you'll be that much more confident to go out there and strive for success.


Rare Opportunity in Ann Arbor Hills. Build you dream home with Brian Robards Custom Homes. This lot is wonderful featuring mature trees, a nice rolling terrain, and great backyard space. Brian will will help you design your custom home and build a top quality home in Ann Arbor's premier location.
Burns Park Elementary School Elementary School / Public 8 1.19 mi.
Tappan Middle School Middle School / Public 8 0.56 mi.
Ann Arbor Hills Child Development Center * Pre-School, Elementary School / Private N/A 0.22 mi.
St. Francis of Assisi School * Pre-School, Elementary School, Middle School / Private N/A 0.62 mi.
Summers-Knoll School * Pre-School, Elementary School, Middle School / Private N/A 0.77 mi.
1360 Arlington Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 lots and land.


Rapture Rejects is a top down isometric Battle Royale type shooter set in the apocalyptic and insane Cyanide & Happiness universe. Get ready for a new twist on the popular Battle Royale genre! The Rapture has happened, and many people have been taken to their final heavenly reward; not you, though. Alas, you didn't make the cut. And when God leaves the worst of mankind down on Earth, there is only one thing to do; kill one another! If you succeed in being the last one standing, you just might even impress God enough to lift you up into heaven. Maybe.
Kill Everyone – You and 99 others drop into a world that only one can survive in. Scavenge for resources and fight off enemies until there is only one person left. Will you go in guns blazing, or will you bide your time?
The Ultimate Reward – Forget about chicken dinners and all that jazz; you're fighting for your soul. For salvation. Win the battle and God will take your unworthy behind to Heaven. Fail, and you behind with the rest of the sinners. Also, you'll be dead.
Unique Battle Royale – The top-down view in Rapture Rejects makes the game more accessible for many players. You can also distinguish characters from one another very easily, letting you show off all those fancy customizations!


Have you tried using Facebook Live Video to communicate with your audience?
If not – you might like to give it a go, because right now it's a pretty hot medium that I'm seeing quite a few bloggers use with great benefits.
This week I want to explore Facebook Live in a little more depth than I've done before. Here's what to expect.
Today (below) I'm going to share 10 benefits of giving Facebook Live Videos a go.
Tomorrow I will share 12 types of Facebook Live Videos that You Could Create.
Wednesday I will share 25 tips on how to use Facebook Live Video most effectively.
To get the first part simply read on. To make sure you catch all the following posts, please subscribe to ProBloggerPLUS from the following button and we'll shoot you an email with links so you don't miss out.
There are lots of reasons to use Facebook Live. Here are the main ones that come to mind out of my own experience.
One of the biggest benefits of using live video as part of my social media strategy is that I feel like it allows my blog readers to get to know me in a deeper way and helps them to understand who I really am.
I've had this kind of feedback quite a bit – live video gives people a glimpse at who you really are and can really humanise a brand.
Facebook Live is by nature an engaging type medium if you allow it to be. One of the things I've noticed about it is that the people who interact live with me often start appearing in the comments section of other Facebook posts, blog posts and on Twitter in the days after a live interaction.
I guess there's something about having had a conversation with someone that triggers an ongoing engagement.
I've not really done too much selling in my Facebook Lives to this point, but despite this I know that even passing mentions of products that I sell has generated sales.
I've also used it a couple of times to promote my ProBloggerPLUS newsletter and have seen spikes in new subscribers as a result.
Every time I open up for Q&A on a Facebook Live video I get asked questions that stimulate all kinds of content ideas.
For example – this recent post on updating your blog archives came about because of a question I was asked on FB Live. Similarly many of my recent podcasts have started as questions from or hearing the needs of viewers of videos.
I guess this is partly the flip side to point #1 above – Facebook Live allows you to get to know your readers and their needs a lot better too.
Of course the more you know about your readers the better position you're in to create great content for them.
If you read tomorrow's post with tips on how to use FB Live, you'll see that the ideas I give you below on how to do a successful Facebook Live video were previously presented as a Facebook Live video (very meta I know).
You'll also see the actual video replay of that Facebook Live that I'll embed into that post.
This is gold – being able to create a piece of content that not only serves those joining live, not only those who watch the replay on Facebook but being able to embed it onto your blog and even to download the video to then put onto Youtube opens up all kinds of possibilities.
Last Friday night I did a live video to my ProBlogger Facebook Page. My page has around 80,000 people following it, and a typical update on the page gets between 2,000 to 10,000 reach.
The live video that I did last Friday night had 147,000+ reach. The Friday night before I had 133,000 reach.
This is not unusual. I've spoken to Facebook page owners who have both bigger followings than me and smaller followings than me and they're reporting reach on their live videos that goes beyond what they normally get for a post and in some cases significantly bigger than their total page followers.
This shows how much Facebook is promoting FB Live videos right now into news feeds. When you go live that chances are that anyone on Facebook at that moment will see it at the top of their newsfeed.
Add to this that even in the last week Facebook have made live video even more findable with their new Live Maps that promotes Live videos happening around the world. This makes our live videos even more findable by people beyond those who like our Facebook pages which is one of the advantages that Periscope used to hold over Facebook.
Facebook are also investing heavily into this space so you can bet that they'll continue to work to make sure these videos are seen – particularly in the short term. So now is a very good time to jump on.
Facebook page owners will know that when they get good engagement on one particular Facebook update that this can help your next updates to get better reach. This is one of many factors in Facebook's algorithm and so there could be some flow on impacts from using FB live in helping the rest of your updates get seen a little more.
Note: It is worth saying though that I'm seeing mixed evidence of this and it's only a bit of a guess at this point.
When I do a Facebook live video on the ProBlogger Facebook page I find many of my followers are familiar with the idea of live video. But when I do one on my Digital Photography School Facebook page I'm getting a lot more people who have a WOW! reaction.
Many people comment that they've not seen a FB Live before and as a result I think that in many niches these would really cut through, stand out and get curiosity engagements from those who are following your pages.
This won't last but at least in the short term if you have a Facebook page with an audience who perhaps is not bloggers/tech savvy early adopters – you might find FB Live gets some good cut through and you might be seen as something of an innovator in your niche for using it.
I remember one of the things I loved about Twitter in the early days of starting to use that was that it enabled me to test ideas and get quick feedback from my readers. I would test blog post ideas, ask readers for feedback/quotes for articles, test product ideas and a lot more.
Twitter is good for this – but live video takes it to a whole new level.
If you can get a few people live on a video and feeling comfortable to interact with you then FB live puts you into a close to real time (there is a small lag) conversation with readers.
You'll not only get ideas like I mentioned above but you can test new ideas with it.
Many bloggers own and operate Facebook Groups and/or Events. Facebook Live video can now be broadcast into Groups and Event pages.
I'm really excited by this possibility as it means you can do private videos to closed groups – creating content and conversations that are a bit more intimate and exclusive.
I've seen a number of bloggers doing this already. One is doing daily tips every morning with his group and getting an amazing response. Another is running a mastermind type experience in a group and members are given opportunity to jump into the Live hottest and talk about what they've learned during the week. Another is running week long challenges in a group and delivering some of those challenges via live video.
Have you tried Facebook Live Video yet? If so – what do you see as the main benefits? I'd love to get your opinion in comments below.
Don't forget that in the coming days I'm going to share a lot more information on using Facebook Live.
Tomorrow I'll share 12 different types of Facebook Live videos (including quite a few examples from my own use of them and others) and the following day I'll share with you 25 practical tips on how to create the best Facebook Live Videos you possibly can.
Subscribe to ProBloggerPLUS with the button below and you'll get notified of these future posts as well as all other new tips, tutorials and updates each week from ProBlogger (it's completely free).
The post 10 Reasons Why You Should Give Facebook Live Video a Go appeared first on ProBlogger.


text:
using System;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.Xrm.Sdk;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Serialization;

namespace Adxstudio.Xrm.Web.UI.JsonConfiguration
{
	/// <summary>
	/// Custom <see cref="IContractResolver"/> for serialization and deserialization of JSON configuration.
	/// </summary>
	public class JsonConfigurationContractResolver : DefaultContractResolver
	{
		private static readonly IContractResolver _instance = new JsonConfigurationContractResolver();

		public static IContractResolver Instance
		{
			get { return _instance; }
		}

		protected override JsonObjectContract CreateObjectContract(Type objectType)
		{
			return objectType == typeof(EntityReference)
				? CreateEntityReferenceObjectContract(objectType)
				: base.CreateObjectContract(objectType);
		}

		private static readonly string[] EntityReferencePropertyWhitelist = new string[] {
			"Id",
			"LogicalName",
			"Name"
		};

		private JsonObjectContract CreateEntityReferenceObjectContract(Type objectType)
		{
			var contract = base.CreateObjectContract(objectType);

			var propertiesToRemove = contract.Properties
				.Where(e => !EntityReferencePropertyWhitelist.Contains(e.PropertyName, StringComparer.Ordinal))
				.ToArray();

			foreach (var property in propertiesToRemove)
			{
				contract.Properties.Remove(property);
			}

			return contract;
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Sticky Handshake, is today launching a revolutionary new referral solution for time-poor small business owners across Australia, who have failed to win new business from Google and Facebook advertising and find industry networking time consuming, expensive and daunting.
Aimed at locally focused small businesses of all kinds including start-ups, legal, financial services or real estate professionals, business or IT consultants and freelancers of any sort, the free Sticky Handshake tool allows them to network and grow their businesses through referral, without the effort, bolshy confidence and costs required for the endless networking events.
Having spent thousands of dollars on membership fees and wasted valuable time and money at breakfasts and dinners with the aim of networking with potential clients, co-founder and CEO of The Sticky Handshake, Shaun Mahoney, wanted a way to build valuable connections. His biggest frustration was that he rarely met the right people at these networking functions and would not get the opportunity to speak to enough of the right sort of business owners.
"As the owner of two successful start-ups, I am now convinced that there is a much easier and cheaper way of building your own business and spending hundreds of hours and thousands of dollars attending networking events is not it!" said Shaun Mahoney.
The Sticky Handshake has launched its free small business referral solution to Australian small businesses today, after its successful launch in New Zealand, to offer small business owners a new and more targeted way of networking with prospects and contacts in their local area.
The Sticky Handshake website is very easy to use, and it only takes five minutes to set up a profile for a business. Members that sign up will be able to see who's around them, find out who they want to meet for coffee, give testimonials for businesses they have used, get multiple referrals and this is all included in their free membership.
A lot of small and micro businesses have been persuaded to part with their scarce marketing dollars due to the inflated claims made by the global advertising giants. It has been proven to be incredibly difficult, for local small business on a limited budget, to get a good return on investment from advertising on Google or Facebook. Without the budgets that larger companies have you just can't reach a big enough audience to get results. Then once the ad budget runs out, the ads stop, therefore the little bit of awareness created is short lived and is not sustained.
"Google and Facebook make a lot of claims to small business owners about using sophisticated targeting to help them reach more potential customers and many have invested significant amounts of money and time with these global giants but have ended up frustrated by the disappointing response," continued Shaun Mahoney.
Having belonged to various networking groups over the years, the co-founders of The Sticky Handshake have both experienced the benefits of referral networking but wanted to offer small local businesses a smarter and cheaper way of doing the same thing.
There is also a Sticky Handshake Pro version for $30 per month, which enables members to access premium content, unlimited coffee requests, the first option to leads posted, exclusive marketing, preferential visibility and being highlighted on the map of their local area. However, 90 per cent of the functionality in the tool is available in the free version and members are able to choose whether they need it and can change their minds at any time.
The Sticky Handshake small business social networking tool will include a rewards system, where members that engage with others and make connections and recommendations are rewarded with "Sticky Coins". They can then use these coins to access special member discounts, to purchase goods and services from other members and even to unlock the Pro version of the tool, worth $30 per month.
"When it comes to promoting your small business, there are few things more effective than word-of-mouth recommendations. So, it became obvious to us that connecting with each other was our most powerful tool. We just needed to find a way to help motivated small business owners make real connections easily, using the power of the internet," said Carol Mahoney, co-founder and Chief Technology Officer of The Sticky Handshake, who is the ex CIO of Bunnings and Ernst & Young in New Zealand.
Small businesses around New Zealand have already found The Sticky Handshake to be incredibly valuable to them in terms of widening their reach beyond the traditional methods.
"The Sticky Handshake is a refreshing and exciting way of getting to know fellow business owners not just in your own area but around the country. I love that it's free to get started so you can try it out first and it is so easy to search by industry and make contact with other users. I've already had business referred to me and have been able to refer my clients to other Sticky Members. Best of all everybody is so friendly," said Catherine Watson, owner of Documentsbydesign.co.nz.
The Sticky Handshake is a revolutionary new referral solution for time-poor small business owners across Australia and New Zealand. Aimed at locally focused small businesses of all kinds including start-ups, legal, financial services or real estate professionals, business or IT consultants and freelancers of any sort, The Sticky Handshake web tool allows them to network and grow their businesses through referral, without the effort, bolshy confidence and cost involved in the endless networking events. Please see www.thestickyhandshake.com.au.


text:
Please follow the instructions on Royal Holloway Direct and be sure to provide any documents required to support your application.
If you are a current undergraduate Royal Holloway student we would ask that when creating a postgraduate application you do so using your current Royal Holloway email address.
If you haven't applied to Royal Holloway before please click here to apply:
If you have already applied to Royal Holloway please click here to login to your application portal:
Admissions portal
Postgraduate applications
The deadline to apply for this course is 1 June 2023. Find out more
Duration: 1 year full time or 2 years part time
UK fees*: £10,100
International/EU fees**: £18,200
European Philosophy (MA)
One of the few Masters-level programmes in the country to specialise in the 'European' tradition in philosophy, this MA course draws on our department's core research and teaching strengths in 19th and 20th-century French and German thought, and Continental political philosophy. Focusing on the interpretation and analysis of key texts, MA students will study the development of European philosophy paying particular attention to the influence of Kant and to the debates that structured the development of post-Kantian philosophy in both Germany and France. The flexible nature of the course allows students to concentrate on European philosophy or to engage with a broader range of options which include Human Rights, Continental Aesthetics and Anglo-American Political Theory.
At Royal Holloway we have a unique approach to the subject that looks beyond the narrow confines of the Anglo-American analytic or European tradition of philosophy to connect philosophy to other disciplines across the arts, humanities and social sciences. The result has been the creation of a truly interdisciplinary and collaborative programme that brings together academic staff from departments across the university – including scholars of drama and theatre, literature and political philosophy. Not only dedicated teachers of the subject, our philosophy staff are also experts and published authorities in their field.
This distinctive approach means that whichever area of philosophy you choose to study at postgraduate level, you will be able to place it in a wider context, with the support of experts across the disciplines.Our departmental specialisms include a wide range of philosophical topics such as ancient and Hellenistic philosophy, 19th and 20th-century European philosophy, contemporary analytic philosophy and American pragmatism.
We host a variety of additional activities throughout the year, including a visiting speaker series organized with our active student-run Philosophy Society, a number of workshops and conferences, and a reading group that meets weekly in central London.
Advanced Topics in Philosophy
The aim of this module is to allow students to engage with research from across the range of philosophical sub-fields. The module also allows students to develop their understanding of the nature of philosophy and the diversity of philosophical methods, as well to further improve their abilities at written and oral communication of philosophical ideas and arguments. The module will be taught by a number of philosophers who teach on the wider MA programmes, and will be divided into four parts, each presenting a five week introduction to a topic researched by the academic. It will allow students enrolled on the different MA Philosophy streams to compare approaches, and see their own specialism within a wider philosophical context.
MA Philosophy Dissertaton
You will take two from the following:
The European Philosophical Trajectory: From Kant to the Present
This module will explore canonical thinkers and texts in the European (particularly German) tradition of philosophy, exploring the differences of interpretation which arise from various approaches to texts in the history of philosophy.
Twentieth Century French Thought
The aim of this module is to give students an understanding of the key moments in the development of the Twentieth century French philosophical tradition. The focus will be on showing how the French tradition develops an alternative approach to philosophical problems on the basis of the perceived failure of classical analytical approaches. The module will also allow students to engage with a number of theorists, studying key texts in depth, and will further develop their ability to express, question, and justify theoretical theories, both dialogically, and in writing.
Contemporary Continental Political Theory
The module will introduce students to key questions and arguments concerning the relationship between identity, power, meaning and knowledge, and how these impact on political thought and practice, through examination of key figures in contemporary Continental political thought. The specific content will be decided in discussion with the students taking the module, but in past years thinkers have included Marx, Nietzsche, Lenin, Heidegger, Adorno, Sartre, Arendt, Schmitt, Lacan, Žižek, Deleuze and Guattari (their individual and collaborative works), Foucault, and Rancière.
Philosophy of Psychiatry
This module covers various issues in the philosophy of psychiatry. Addressing these issues requires the application of insights from a range of philosophical fields, including philosophy of science, philosophy of mind, philosophy of medicine, practical ethics, and metaphysics. Studying philosophy of psychiatry can be a great way to think about some difficult, highly theoretical philosophical issues including free will, mental causation, and explanation, all of which find natural application in the field of psychiatry. Philosophy of Psychiatry is also one of the few areas of philosophy that routinely combines both 'analytic' and 'continental' philosophical perspectives.
Cultivation of the Self
In the late twentieth century, Anglophone and Francophone philosophy witnessed parallel trends in ethics, both drawing on aspects of ancient philosophy, focused on self-cultivation. The idea that ethics ought to be about the cultivation of a certain character rather than individual moral acts is now a well-established theme in both traditions. In the Anglophone context, 'virtue ethics' turned to Aristotle for inspiration, while in France Foucault's 'care of the self' drew on Hellenistic and Greco-Roman practices. This module will examine both of these traditions, exploring common ground and differences, as well as criticisms that have been levelled against both. Throughout the module special attention will be paid to the motivations and outcomes in the different versions of self-cultivation that have been proposed.
Identity, Power and Radical Political Theory
This module aims to introduce students to new conceptualizations of identity, difference, power, and politics that are associated most notably with what has been termed "Post-Marxist" or "New Left" politics and political philosophy. Its premise is that recent changes in both political theory and practice – some of which are associated with changes linked to globalization and the emergence of new social movements – are compelling a paradigm shift in the way politics is understood. It will focus on four concepts – identity, power, resistance, and otherness – that have become salient in contemporary political philosophy and international relations theory and on four theorists – Althusser, Gramsci, Laclau & Mouffe, and Foucault – whose thought on these issues has underpinned a great deal of "New Left" political theory and practice. It will also look at how these issues and theories have become prominent in the theory and politics around feminism and lesbian politics and at new problematics for thinking about political thought and practice, with particular focus on what has been called the "micropolitical" realm.
Human Rights: From Theory to Practice
This module explores some of the key issues which arise in the moral evaluation of human rights, both in general and with respect to particular rights. You will consider the role of rights in political and moral discourse and develop an understanding of some of the key criticisms to which they've been subject. You will also look at the three major categories of rights which have attracted much debate: economic rights, minority rights, and group rights. Finally, you will gain an oversight of the three central rights in liberal societies, examining the ways in which they have been interpreted and defended in light of recent political debates.
Political Concepts
The module aims to give an advanced grounding in the central ideas and concepts in contemporary Anglo-American political theory, enabling you to engage in its ongoing debates, and to acquire a sense of the state of the discipline as a whole. Attention will be paid to some of the main ideas and concepts of contemporary political theory, including political obligation, punishment, egalitarianism, meritocracy, human rights, and global justice. Throughout, we will explore how different thinkers have offered different theoretical articulations of these ideas, as well as their practical implications. The module aims to enable you to offer critiques and commentary of various positions in contemporary political theory, and to develop your own ideas.
Assessment is carried out by a variety of methods including coursework and a dissertation.
UK Honours degree or equivalent
Normally, we require a UK 2:2 (Honours) or equivalent is required. Candidates with relevant professional qualifications or relevant work experience in an associated area will also be considered.
International & EU requirements
Select your country Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada China Croatia Cyprus (South) (Greek-Cypriot system) Cyprus (North) Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia European Baccalaureate Finland France Germany Ghana Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kosovo Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Malta Mauritius Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria The Republic of North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Serbia and Montenegro SaudiArabia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland (Federal) Switzerland (French) Switzerland (German) Switzerland (Italian) Tanzania Taiwan Thailand Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates USA Vietnam West Indies
All teaching at Royal Holloway is in English. You will therefore need to have good enough written and spoken English to cope with your studies right from the start.
For more information about country-specific entry requirements for your country please see here.
Philosophy degrees are well-regarded by employers because they give you the capacity to think through issues and problems in a logical and consistent way and to develop critical and transferable skills which can be applied in almost any area of employment.
So, by choosing to study this intellectually demanding discipline you will develop a broad range of highly prized transferable skills, both practical and theoretical, such as:
the ability to communicate views and present arguments clearly and coherently
the ability to critically digest, analyse and summarise complex ideas
time management and the discipline to meet deadlines
organisation and research skills
problem-solving skills and capability
An MA in Philosophy is ideal for preparing graduates not only for doctoral research in philosophy or related fields in the humanities and social sciences, but also for a wide range of careers in education, the arts, politics and public policy. With up to 90% of our most recent graduates now working or in further study, according to the Complete University Guide 2015, it's true to say our graduates are highly employable. In recent years, PhD graduates have taken up academic positions at Oxford, Bristol and Roehampton Universities. Outside of academia, our graduates have embarked on teaching careers in the UK and overseas, undertaken archaeological and museum work and pursued careers in journalism, finance, politics and the arts.
Home (UK) students tuition fee per year*: £10,100
How do I pay for it? Find out more about funding options, including loans, grants, scholarships and bursaries.
* and ** These tuition fees apply to students enrolled on a full-time basis. Students studying on the standard part-time course structure over two years are charged 50% of the full-time applicable fee for each study year.
All postgraduate fees are subject to inflationary increases. This means that the overall cost of studying the course via part-time mode is slightly higher than studying it full-time in one year. Royal Holloway's policy is that any increases in fees will not exceed 5% for continuing students. For further information, please see our terms and conditions. Please note that for research courses, we adopt the minimum fee level recommended by the UK Research Councils for the Home tuition fee. Each year, the fee level is adjusted in line with inflation (currently, the measure used is the Treasury GDP deflator). Fees displayed here are therefore subject to change and are usually confirmed in the spring of the year of entry. For more information on the Research Council Indicative Fee please see the RCUK website.
** The UK Government has confirmed that EU nationals are no longer eligible to pay the same fees as UK students, nor be eligible for funding from the Student Loans Company. This means you will be classified as an international student. At Royal Holloway, we wish to support those students affected by this change in status through this transition. For eligible EU students starting their course with us during the academic year 2023/24, we will award a fee reduction scholarship equivalent to 30% of the difference between the UK and international fee for your course. This will apply for the duration of your course. Find out more
*** These estimated costs relate to studying this particular degree at Royal Holloway during the 2022/23 academic year, and are included as a guide. Costs, such as accommodation, food, books and other learning materials and printing, have not been included.
Philosophy Postgraduate Admissions
Professor Nathan Widder
Department Philosophy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Starfish Can See You … with Their Arm-Eyes
By Laura Geggel published 7 February 18
The starfish (<i>Diplopteraster multipes</i>) often bends its arms, allowing its eye (the red spot) to see more or less straight upward. (Image credit: Marie Helene Birk/University of Copenhagen)
If you were to look at this little, funky starfish, there's a chance the well-armed sea creature would look back at you (though it may see a blurry version of you) — with its up to 50 eyes — all attached to the tips of its squishy limbs. And if you catch it at the right time, the little starfish might glow a vivid-blue hue.
This scenario comes courtesy of a new discovery. Scientists have found that starfish — previously thought to largely rely on smell when navigating the ocean floor — actually have the ability to see all around them, even in the deep sea where there isn't any sunlight, the researchers said.
But though they have eyes galore, starfish don't have 20/20 vision, said the study's senior researcher, Anders Garm, an associate professor of neurobiology at the Marine Biological Section of the University of Copenhagen, in Denmark. [Take our Vision Quiz: What Can Animals See?]
"Even the best starfish vision is still rather crude — about 500 times less acute than human vision," Garm told Live Science in an email. He added that starfish see only in black and white, not color.
Star vision
Researchers have known for about 200 years that most starfish species sport compound eyes at the tip of each arm. These eyes have multiple lenses, like an insect's peepers. Each small lens, known as an ommatidia, creates one pixel of the total image the animal sees. But scientists didn't test the visual acuity of these creatures until 2014, when Garm and a colleague revealed that the tropical starfish Linckia laevigata had eyes "capable of true image formation, although with low spatial resolution," and that the starfish used its vision to navigate the ocean floor, according to their study published that year in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
In 2016, Garm and his team showed that another starfish — the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) — could also see images with its advanced compound eyes, according to a study published in the journal Frontiers in Zoology.
Out of the 13 starfish studied, 12 had eyes. Here are their different eye sizes and ommatidia (a single optical unit within the compound eye) shapes. The eyes are arranged from (left) shallow- to (right) deep-sea starfish. Note the increase in ommatidia size with depth, and that some species have round ommatidia, whereas others, like Pteraster pulvillus and Diplopteraster multipes, have elongated and irregularly shaped ommatidia, the researchers said. (Image credit: Birk, M.H. et al/Proceedings of the Royal Society B)
However, Garm had never tested the vision of deep-sea starfish, which live underwater in the inky blackness. So, in the new study, Garm and his colleagues studied 13 different starfish species living in shallow to deep waters off the coast of west, south and southeast Greenland, in the Arctic.
One of the starfish didn't have eyes, they found. This critter (Ctenodiscus crispatus) lives in the sediment, like other blind starfish, and probably uses its sense of smell to navigate, Garm said.
The other 12 starfish, even those that lived in a zone with no light — known as the aphotic zone — "still possessed eyes, and some of them with just as good or better spatial resolution as shallow-water species living in plenty of light," Garm said.
Two of the eyed species — Diplopteraster multipes and Novodinia americana — were also bioluminescent, meaning they could glow on their own. (This is different from biofluorescence, in which an organism absorbs light from an outside source, and glows by releasing that light at a lower wavelength.)
The Novodinia americana starfish has eyes on the tip of each arm. It can also glow. (Image credit: Olga Zimina,Greenland Institute of Natural Resources)
It's likely that the bioluminescent starfish use their vision to see glowing signals from other starfish, Garm said. "In other words, they probably flash light at each other to communicate things like reproductive state," he said.
It's also possible that D. multipes uses its vision to help it find tasty, deep-sea bacteria mats, which emit a faint light, the researchers said in the study.
The study will be published online Wednesday (Feb. 7) in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.


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Features: -Hand wipe to clean. -Acacia wood with metal accent. -Can be used as a cheese board, hors D'oeuvre board, appetizers board or more. -Handcrafted. Product Type: -Cheese board & platter. Color: -Brown. Material: -Wood. Pattern: -Solid color. Dimensions: Overall Width - Side to Side: -8.25". Overall Depth - Front to Back: -12.25". Overall Product Weight: -1.92 lbs.
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text:
The Word Among Us Partners Ministry
From the Directors
Make a Donation to Partners
Remembering Barbara Caster
By: Jeff Smith
Barbara and Terry Caster, above, present a copy of The Word Among Us to Pope Francis on the occasion of Mother Teresa's canonization.
It is with both sadness and joy that I wanted to share the news of one of our readers, a dear sister in Christ and generous benefactor, Barbara Caster, who went to the Lord on August 20. Mrs. Caster and her husband, Terry, were married for more than 65 years and spent much of their lives serving the Lord and his people.
As "Mr. and Mrs. C" (as we call them) were busy raising five sons and three daughters, they also built a successful family business together. Throughout all these years, they kept their focus on their children, as well as on their 40 grandchildren and 48 great-grandchildren—with more on the way. There is no doubt that Barbara's greatest source of pride and joy was her family.
But Barbara and her husband didn't stop with just their family. Their faith compelled them to be as generous as possible in supporting the work of the Lord. They founded a charity, Serving Hands International, and donated to many philanthropic causes. Through their charity, the Casters helped build more than 300 buildings and provided other material support to the poorest, most desperate places in the world—including the outskirts of Tijuana, Mexico and impoverished areas in the Philippines.
Mrs. and Mr. C didn't just donate money. They also visited the poor villages they were helping— at times accompanying St. Teresa of Calcutta, who had become a close friend. It was Mother Teresa, in fact, who urged the couple to give of themselves in a way that included both financial aid and personal encounter.
Barbara Caster was a strong, faithful, loving woman who shared the love of Christ not only with her family, but with people around the world. May the Lord bless her and bring comfort to her entire family!
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text:
A 'Mad Men' Themed Restaurant is Coming to NYC…And it Has Company
Bianca Bahamondes • September 29, 2017
Our list of themed restaurants just keeps growing, and here's another (two)!
A Mad Men-themed restaurant will be coming to Times Square in 2019, and it's got company. Also opening in the space will be a Hunger Games bakery.
Lionsgate has partnered up with park operators Parques Reunidos to create a new "indoor entertainment center" that will be called Lionsgate Entertainment City.
Inside this city within Times Square will be the Mad Men inspired restaurant that they say "will offer fans an opportunity to step back in time and enjoy a night on the town."
🚬
A post shared by Mad Men (@madmen_amc) on Apr 15, 2015 at 8:22pm PDT
Along with plenty of other attractions the Entertainment City will have, there are two Hunger Games inspired shops as well: Capitol Confectionery and Peeta's Bakery.
Happy Birthday to the man who brought Peeta to life, Josh Hutcherson! #TheHungerGames
A post shared by The Hunger Games (@thehungergames) on Oct 12, 2016 at 10:32am PDT
Although the details are minimal at the moment, we're definitely excited for all the possibilities!
Featured image source: Courtesy of AMC
Tags: coming soon, Food, restaurant, theme, Trends, trendy


What you get with a Summer Wind Farms Farm Share or "CSA".
Here is what comes with your Summer Wind Farms CSA membership package.
18 weeks of our fresh, local, USDA Certified Organic and great-tasting vegetables (June-October).
The "USDA Certified Organic" label -- You have total food security with our farm. You can't "fudge the rules" when you're audited by a third-party certifier. Real Food grown by our family farm. Check out our web page labeled "How We Grow' to find out about our production practices.
You're supporting a local business -- You can know that 100% of your dollars are going right to support our family farm, our local farm suppliers and employees. We use your membership fees to support our farm expenses in the winter and early spring months, so we can grow awesome food for you all season!
Regular communications from the farm, we email you each week letting you know exactly what's in the CSA share that week. We also keep you up to date on what's happening on the farm and in the greater South Jersey Agricultural community as well.
Access to the private "Eat Local South Jersey" Facebook group -- A community of local foodies all dedicated to eating local, healthy and delicious. Many of them are our CSA members and are eating the same food each week, and supporting each other in the process. There's lots of great information on this page including our family recipes, and we've been eating "Farm to Table" for FOUR generations!
A wide variety of veggies each week-- You'll get a healthy mix of staples as well as unusual veggies in each box. We do that on purpose because we know that you would never choose Bok Choy, Okra or Mizuna on your own. But we've seen countless people who have expanded their tastes because we "forced them" to try someone new.
Training for how to best use our food including weekly recipes and meal plans, prepared by our CSA chef and cookbook author Pat Mulvey. Pat's web site www.localthyme.com is a treasure trove of useful cooking and kitchen tips. You get four recipes each week based on exactly what's in your box, PLUS over 4000 of her exclusive farm to table recipes. Her site is paid subscription only, and yes, its that's good. However, we pay for a full year of access for you when you join our Summer Organic Vegetable CSA. No other CSA does this. We believe this is a necessary piece of the puzzle in helping people learn how to eat our food and enjoy their CSA.
5% off your purchases at our farm market at the Dutch Wagon Amish Farmer's Market in Medford or our Sunday market at the Haddon Heights Farmer's Market.


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text:
Save Cover Preview for The Enchanting Art of Paper-cutting
Distributed for HKU Museum and Art Gallery
The Enchanting Art of Paper-cutting
Switzerland and Foshan, China
Edited by Anita Wong
Buy this book: The Enchanting Art of Paper-cutting
Request an exam Copy for The Enchanting Art of Paper-cutting
Find this book in a library: The Enchanting Art of Paper-cutting
The art of paper-cutting originated in China. Its easy mastery requiring only simple tools such as scissors or cutters made it a popular craft among amateur artists. Paper-cuts were produced to decorate windows, walls, ceilings and doors during the Chinese New Year and for wedding ceremonies to enhance the festive atmosphere. The art of paper-cutting was transmitted to the West via Indonesia, Persia and the Balkans during the seventeenth century. Paper-cuts are principally two-dimensional visual representations made using scissor-cutting, carving, chiselling and printing, covering a wide variety of themes. The major subject matter of both Eastern and Western are countryside scenes herding sheep and cattle, working in the fields, as well as plants, fruits, birds and animals in nature. Chinese paper-cuts also include other themes such as auspicious subjects, legends and operatic characters. Nowadays the art of paper-cutting has evolved from traditional folk art into an art form in its own right. By developing the art of paper-cutting in new directions, Swiss and Chinese artists have introduced cutting techniques to achieve new forms of artistic expression, combining tradition and modernity. This catalogue features 45 paper-cuts by anonymous artists and ten contemporary Chinese artists from Foshan, Guangdong province, and 55 recent paper-cuts by fifteen contemporary Swiss artists. The Chinese exhibits can be divided into three categories dating to the late Qing/early Republican period, the Cultural Revolution and Modern period. The Swiss paper-cuts, on the other hand, are all recent works by contemporary artists. These exhibits not only express strong local characteristics but also demonstrate the artistic achievements of paper-cutting in both the East and West.
Read Moreabout The Enchanting Art of Paper-cutting Read Lessabout The Enchanting Art of Paper-cutting
180 pages | illustrations throughout | 9 x 12


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Halfway into their negotiated 10 year partnership, this past April, Yahoo & Microsoft announced an amended agreement. This afforded Yahoo far greater mobile & desktop search flexibility, giving legs to its proprietary ad serving platform, Yahoo Gemini.
With AOL & Microsoft shacking up shortly thereafter, and rumors of a Yahoo-Google partnership swirling in the air, the battle for your searches appears to be, once again, heating up. As such, we thought this was a great time to review the recent history of the 3 online giants and how recent events might be indicators their long term intentions & future.
February 2008 – Microsoft becomes the last of the 3 search engines to develop its own PPC ad serving platform, Microsoft adCenter. Previously, MSN served ads from Overture & Yahoo, but would go on to serve MSN exclusive ads until 2010.
May 2009 – Microsoft relaunches MSN search, now branded as Bing Search.
July 2009 – Yahoo signs deal to outsource its search to Microsoft (implemented Jan 2010). Originally named the Microsoft Search Alliance, the partnership would become known as the Yahoo! Bing Network.
Should be noted these negotiations took place following Microsoft's failed attempt to buy Yahoo for a cool $45 billion, and for many appeared to be Yahoo conceding it simply could not compete with search giants MSN & Google.
Resulting from the joint venture, Bing would power 100% of Yahoo search results, and in exchange receive 12% of all revenue from Yahoo ads.
December 2014 – Yahoo replaces Google as default search engine for the Firefox web browser as part of a 5 year deal.
June 2015 – Announced June 2015 AOL/Microsoft announce partnership by which AOL will take over Microsoft's sales of display, mobile and video ads on properties like outlook.com, MSN, and Xbox.
April 2015 –– Microsoft & Yahoo announce an amendment to 2009 agreement providing Yahoo with more flexibility across mobile & Desktop. Notably – Yahoo can now partner with other companies to power its search platform as long as 51% of all search results are still delivered by Bing.
Microsoft becomes exclusive seller of ads delivered through Bing.
With this latest move in April, the big question is how exactly will Yahoo position itself moving forward. Some suggest this opens the door for a Yahoo-Google partnership (8 years removed from the latest anti-trust busted attempt). Others point to Marissa Mayer's grand (albeit speculative) ambition to mount a serious attack on Google's stranglehold on the market with its own proprietary search algorithm to power Yahoo results.
Regardless of its form, the next step will undoubtedly be centered on mobile. Unconfirmed rumors suggest Yahoo is already testing up to 15% of its mobile users with Yahoo powered search results (businessinsider). Combined with Yahoo's battle for default search status on Safari for Apple devices, this could prove to be a defining moment in Yahoo's future.


This combination machine was built in Domfront in Normandy by Lurem but badged as Metabo. Each machine is built by one engineer, but the electrics are fitted by another operative, the purpose of this process being to build in quality control.
The Optal 26 has been around since 2001 but now sports cast-iron tables. There are three motors and function changing is by selector switch.
I took a sawn oak board and prepared it on the 260mm-wide surface planer. The fence is an aluminium extrusion clamped by a simple and robust pressure pad which was easily set. Sadly the fence has no angular adjustment; there are two settings, 90 degrees and 45 degrees, with no increments in between.
Guarding is easily operated and effective. The block carries two knives held in place by the usual wedge-and-bolt system and the machine is supplied with a knife-setting jig. Dust extraction is via a plastic hood held in place by the thicknessing table. The Optal had no problems with the oak on the surfacer using a fine 0.5mm cut.
Even before Metabo took on Lurem their spindle moulders seemed well sorted and this one is no exception. A spindle moulder is essential to the way I work, so having a fully functioning spindle included in the machine is a definite plus. It has a single-speed, smooth, quiet motor. The hood/fence assembly is a standard Lurem item and functions as expected. Just remember to add in the cost of a decent lot of tooling!
Then I moved to thicknessing. Maximum height is 150mm. No tables to lift, just flip up the hood and locate a lip under the rear table. Lower the thicknessing table and zero the height-adjusting wheel. Put the timber into the thicknesser: hang on why is nothing working? I had forgotten to engage the feed roller. That sorted I had to find the thicknessing aperture again. It is a bit hard to find, sounds silly and I suppose you'd get used to it, but I found it difficult to get the timber into the aperture without bending down to watch what was going on.
Also, the timber emerged at the outfeed end with a small ridge on one edge. Close examination with the power off revealed that the thicknessing table edges are made from bolted-on sheet-metal strips which can allow timber to oversail the ends of the planer knives by approximately 0.2mm. Metabo are looking into this problem to discover if it was unique to the machine we tested. One solution would be to move one knife slightly to the left and the other knife slightly to the right when setting up.
A slot mortiser can be fitted to the thicknesser table but we removed it to ease walking from the infeed to outfeed end of the planer. It is, though, a useful accessory if you don't own a square chisel mortiser.
There is no 'dead spot' between the planer tables and the saw table and the maximum distance from blade to fence is 420mm. Ripping was troublefree but I did have to reach around the sliding carriage to operate the start button. The controls would be better placed near the operator end.
The crosscut fence has a sprung stop which saves resetting when cross-cutting both ends of components. Blade changing was easy and a spindle lock bar is standard.
The below-blade dust extractor hose is rather short. The sliding beam is positive, the cross-cut guide has plenty of adjustment and the extension table is easy to fit. A convenient spy hole is drilled to ease the location of the table onto the swinging armrest.
Anthony and I both feel that combination machines are a compromise that should be avoided if you have the space and funds for separate machines. Assuming that the setting-up problems can be overcome, this is a neat little machine that would be very useful in a small workshop, but do your sums first and check that you cannot buy the separates from Metabo.
"A convenient spy hole is drilled to ease the location of the table onto the swinging armrest"


I didn't have any reader questions for today so I thought I would share the before and after pictures of my bathroom with you.
Now what am I waiting for? Enough disclaimers, here is the after!
Just in case anyone is curious, the yellow hook on the wall, the rug, and the towel draped over the curtain came from Anthropologie several years ago. The curtain came from Pottery Barn several years ago. The bird art was something I made a while back. Now what I really need is some pattern in this room. Any suggestions anyone?
So what about you? Are you a bold color person or a neutral color person? Do you tire of things easily too? Please tell me I'm not the only one!
i'm with you. i liked the yellow but i prefer the change to gray. i think it is very calming and sometimes that's what you need first thing in the morning when you aren't completely awake. and i love that you left the yellow accents. i like bold colors but as splashes in the room. can wait to see what you have done next.
This is exactly what I'm going through right now!
First of all, I totally agree that it's one thing to love pictures of a room on line and different to live with it, so I get your reason for changing it and who cares what we think! Yellow is my very favorite colors though . . . so I did like it in the before pics but love the after pics too.
I'm also more a neutral wall fan – accents are cheaper and easier to change. However, I just painted my living room, kitchen and hallway tan but with one blue wall in the kitchen. It's kind of a dark, steely blue and way out of my comfort zone but I like it . . . I think!! It's only been a few days so I'm still getting used to it.
Thanks for sharing your before and after pictures!
I think this looks fantastic, fresh and just lovely.
Thank you for being such a constant source of inspiration!
I forgot to add that I'm totally the same. I painted the kitchen a nice blue/green colour only a month ago and I've already seen a colour I like more!


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Azamat Jamankulov, Kyrgyzstan's deputy minister of culture, tourism and information, and its head of the department of tourism, tells Courtney Fingar about his country's opportunities for travel industry investment.
The central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan barely register in terms of global FDI share, making the presence of the IFC in the region all the more important. The corporation's director of Europe and central Asia tells Michal Kaczmarski how the IFC is helping these former Soviet republics make their voices heard.
The former Soviet republics that now make up the Commonwealth of Independent States have long been a fertile ground for German investors. This association is continuing to pay dividends, with German companies reaping the benefits of doing business in countries in which others in the West are more cautious about entering.
Despite two revolutions in five years, Kyrgyzstan remains in some ways an easier investment proposition than its neighbours, and tax and regulatory improvements are intended to keep its small but growing FDI stocks on the rise.


Own close to a half acre in this gated Golf Community, with no set time to build. Membership is NOT MANDATORY at Eagle Lakes Golf & Country Club offers a 18 hole, Par 72, Gordon Lewis Public Golf Course with Clubhouse, dining & aqua range. LOW, LOW, LOW Home Owners Association fees, only $262 quarterly! Very affordable Summer, Seasonal & Annual Golf Memberships available (see confidential comments for link to current membership pricing). Close to Marco Island, Goodland, Isle of Capri and Olde Naples. Build to suit on this oversized lot with builder of your choice (Architectural approval is required with a minimum of 1800 sq. ft under air). Just 5.5 miles (6 min) to the corner of US 41 and Collier Blvd. where Restaurant Row is located along with many more dining and National Brand shopping options abound. 12 min. and you are on beautiful Marco Island.


I get a great deal of calls from lawyers who fully grasp the importance of a search motor optimization campaign for their law corporations, but have been burned lots of periods in the past by Web optimization firms who overcharged and beneath-shipped. By the time these lawyers contact me, they are understandably skeptical of the total market and of anyone's capacity to get them positioned large in the lookup returns. These lawyers have occur to view Web optimization as dangerous and are looking for ways to minimize the chance of creating yet another fruitless on the web promoting financial investment. Typically, an attorney's gut intuition is to spend considerably less on shorter Search engine marketing packages in purchase to "check" a new company. But which is just a different risky investment. Below are 5 methods I feel attorneys can mitigate the economic risk concerned with investing in an Website positioning software.
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fruit fly sperm cell diagram
>> During this period, fibrinogen from the seminal vesicles forms a clot, securing and protecting the sperm. << endstream In the animal kingdom, sperm usually are considerably smaller than eggs, which means that males can produce far more of them. In the case of Drosophila bifurca, they are around 20 times longer than the male itself and thus transmitted as tightly coiled balls. Researchers have discovered that sperm-producing fruit fly stem cells use a genetic trick to stay perpetually young across generations. Upon penetration, the oocyte is said to have become activated. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding The whip-like tail (flagellum) of the sperm is studded with ion channels formed by proteins called CatSper. that differs greatly from the adult (imago) in form. "The record holder is Drosophila bifurca: Although this fruit fly is only a few millimeters long, its sperm reach an impressive length of almost six centimeters," says Stefan Luepold, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Zurich. /Type /Page endobj , and fertilise it. [8] It may also contribute with paternal messenger RNA (mRNA), also contributing to embryonic development.[8]. On the other hand, sperm length is influenced by female preferences prior to mating. For human spermatozoa, the longest reported successful storage with this method is 21 years. The opening of CatSper channels is responsible for the influx of calcium. Typically, the ovipositor is equipped with sensors (sensilla) that, is also a parasiotoid of cabbage root fly (, genus. 0000001231 00000 n Get weekly and/or daily updates delivered to your inbox. The Cell Wall. /Length 94 If, (in many ways similar to the hypothalamus-pituitary axis in mammals) that is, the chemical is, (singular: corpus cardiacum). /Iabc33 108 0 R Q It also has a ring centriole (annulus) that form a diffusion barrier between the middle piece and the principal piece and serve as a stabilizing structure for tail rigidity.[6]. We have already seen that polyembryony can occur, is the production of more than one embryo from a single egg, in which case the siblings are, (virgin birth) is the development of the egg cell into a new organism without fertilisation. 0000031345 00000 n Certain sections of the fruit fly genome get shorter with age, but, remarkably, some reproductive cells can repair the shrinkage, the researchers report in eLife. The current study however, focuses not on the autosomes but on the remaining pair of chromosomes, known as sex chromosomes. . In addition they exhibit asexual reproduction, The black bean aphid (bean aphid) alternates between two plant hosts, upon which it feeds parasitically by, : this female and wingless aphid hatches from eggs, on the primary host, in the Spring and founds a, (singular fundatrigenia) which migrate to the secondary host. 8 *P41552A0828* (b) Two heterozygous fruit flies mated. Some algae and fungi produce non-motile sperm cells, called spermatia. A parasite lives on or in a host and feed upon it, The first part of this question concerns how the adults locate onion and cabbage plants, but we shall look at that in a, and 3) and two segments that may be true segments or simply outgrowths and so are labelled as pseudosegments (PS1, Above: the antenna of the 2nd-instar larva of Aleochara bilineata. Compared to mitotic chromosomes in somatic cells, sperm DNA is at least sixfold more highly condensed. (based in part on Wadsworth's 1915 classic account of this insect). Aphids are an excellent, ). It also secretes a hyaluronidase enzyme that destroys the hyaluronic acid of the egg cell to enter into it. [2] The tail flagellates, which propels the sperm cell (at about 1–3 mm/minute in humans) by whipping in an elliptical cone. Compared with young male fruit flies, old males had a shortage of rDNA genes on the Y chromosome—leaving them with a shrunken Y chromosome, the researchers discovered. The fertilised nucleus sits inside a mesh of cytoplasm enclosing globules of yolk. Such theories remain controversial however, as statistical analyses are used to evaluate gene frequencies and expression levels, making the proper categorization of genes particularly challenging. >> Sperm is the male reproductive cell, or gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction (forms in which there is a larger, "female" reproductive cell and a smaller, "male" one). (a) (b) Draw a diagram to show (i) (ii) this cell during anaphase of mitosis; (2 marks) the chromosomes in a gamete produced from this cell by meiœis (2 marks) Explain why is important in sexual reproduction, apart from producing gametes that are genetically different. Your opinions are important to us. It is believed that this reduction or silencing of genes on the X chromosome may have profound implications for the evolution of sex chromosomes. [36], Mammalian spermatozoon structure, function, and size. /Resources << "They are popping out of the chromosome.". /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding q In addition to the steady stream of insights into chromosome evolution, Drosophila are being used as a genetic model for a variety of human diseases including Alzheimer's, neurodegenerative disorders, Parkinson's, Huntington's, as well as extending knowledge of the underlying mechanisms involved in aging, oxidative stress, immunity, diabetes, and cancer. Small males can invest less in sperm production and therefore use up their sperm reserves after only few copulations. /Type /Font These complex relationships can maintain, if not intensify, sexual selection even when only very few sperm end up competing for fertilization. endobj /Root 89 0 R 0000028075 00000 n [21] Increased aneuploidy of spermatozoa often occurs in association with increased DNA damage. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding "This recovery was something we really didn't expect," says Yamashita, who is also a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. [7], The specimen contributes with DNA/chromatin, a centriole, and perhaps also an oocyte-activating factor (OAF). ET Sperm cells were first observed in Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's laboratory in 1677.[1]. /Iabc10 101 0 R 0000002866 00000 n All, , which lay the eggs. Why two sexes instead of one? >> The study revealed that, on the one hand, different characteristics and processes of sperm uptake, storage and use in the female reproductive tract favor longer sperm. Get the latest science news with ScienceDaily's free email newsletters, updated daily and weekly. The human spermatozoon contains at least 7500 different proteins. But how did things get this way? The researchers do not yet know whether such a reset can also happen to female stem cells in the ovaries. Drosophila melanogaster produces sperm that can be up to 1.8 mm, while its relative Drosophila bifurca produces the largest known spermatozoon, measuring over 58 mm in length. The content is provided for information purposes only. In Figure 1b, the diagram of a plant cell, you see a structure external to the plasma membrane called the cell wall. "The data we create and generate to support our ideas and hypotheses are messy, there's noise in them," Karr says. During meiotic development of a sperm cell, nature attempts to compensate for the fact that females have two X chromosomes and therefore enjoy a numbers advantage in terms of genes, compared with males. [10][11][12], DNA damages present in spermatozoa in the period after meiosis but before fertilization may be repaired in the fertilized egg, but if not repaired, can have serious deleterious effects on fertility and the developing embryo. Large numbers of tiny sperm can increase the probability of successful fertilization, especially when females mate with several males. The spermatozoon is characterized by a minimum of cytoplasm and the most densely packed DNA known in eukaryotes. >> "Timeline: Assisted reproduction and birth control", "Human sperm accumulation near surfaces: a simulation study", "DNA packaging and organization in mammalian spermatozoa: comparison with somatic cells", Developmental sperm contributions: fertilization and beyond, "The combined human sperm proteome: Cellular pathways and implications for basic and clinical science", https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(19)31377-7.pdf, https://phys.org/news/2020-01-scanning-sperm-human-evolution.html, https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/genetic-scanning-system-in-sperm-may-control-rate-of-human-evolution-1028840950, "Density gradient capacitation is the most suitable method to improve fertilization and to reduce DNA fragmentation positive spermatozoa of infertile men", "New insights on the origin and relevance of aneuploidy in human spermatozoa", "Benzene exposure near the U.S. permissible limit is associated with sperm aneuploidy", "Genotoxic effects on spermatozoa of carbaryl-exposed workers", "Large-male advantages associated with costs of sperm production in Drosophila hydei, a species with giant sperm", "Exceptional sperm cooperation in Wood Mouse", "DNA repair decline during mouse spermiogenesis results in the accumulation of heritable DNA damage", "Disruption of maternal DNA repair increases sperm-derived chromosomal aberrations", "Meiotic interstrand DNA damage escapes paternal repair and causes chromosomal aberrations in the zygote by maternal misrepair", Planer NEWS and Press Releases > Child born after 21 year semen storage using Planer controlled rate freezer, Microscopic discovery of microbial life (microorganisms), Van Leeuwenhoek's letters to the Royal Society, Golden Age of Dutch science and technology, Science and technology in the Dutch Republic, List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spermatozoon&oldid=986346446, Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 31 October 2020, at 08:13. (a) Name the two types of cell division, A and B, shown in the diagram. Until now, scientists had observed the phenomenon only in yeast. You are free to share this article under the Attribution 4.0 International license. "There are certain aspects to the composition of these sex chromosomes that have intrigued evolutionary biologists for a long time," Karr notes. 96 0 obj Sperm hyperactivity is necessary for breaking through two physical barriers that protect the egg from fertilization. /Iabc7 100 0 R Therefore, it is astonishing that males of certain animal species produce only very few, but gigantic sperm. This labelled diagram shows the structure of a sperm cell in detail, which has the following parts: Head With its spheric shape, it consists of a large nucleus, which at the same time contains an acrosome. /Prev 229521 0000002637 00000 n Add your information below to receive daily updates. 92 0 obj . By contrast, males are identified as having one X chromosome and one (much smaller) Y chromosome. 0000002757 00000 n << The scientists combined experimental, quantitative genetic and comparative studies on sexual traits in various Drosophila species.
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fruit fly sperm cell diagram 2020