Looking for cute, Eid gift boxes? These 'Happy Eid' boxes are the perfect size to package Eidi for children or little presents for both kids and adults!
These boxes are flat packed and are shipped in a pack of 3, along with 3 mini gift cards. The size of the box, when constructed, measures approximately 4.5"(l) x 4"(w) x 2"(h). Size of the card measures 2.5"x 2".


Approximately50% of patients with heart failure have DHF.3 DHF is more frequentin women than in men. (2007) Research criteria for thediagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: revising the NINCDS-ADRDAcriteria. Normally Tregscompose less than 5% of the total T cell compartment.
The number of deaths from vCJD hasbeen relatively stable over the past five years. The CK-MB level should return to normal 2–3 days after a myocardialinfarction. Other organic nitrates were added later order Keppra canada but abreakthrough was achieved in 1963 when propranolol wasused for chronic prophylaxis. In addition order Keppra canada immunoglobulins areexpressedon thesurfaceofB cells that function as antigen receptors.
Effect of bromine and chlorinepositioning in the induction of renal and testicular toxicity byhalogenated propanes.
Out of the three physiologicalsecretagogues, histamine, acting through H2 receptors, playsthe dominant role, because the other two, gastrin and AChact partly directly and to a greater extent indirectly by releasinghistamine from paracrine enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cellscalled "histaminocytes" located in the oxyntic glands.
likeaniline, dMA is readily absorbed through the skin, with thepotential to produce methemoglobinemia.
The main strategyin between-subjects descriptive research design, then, is the selection of subjects whofall into distinctly different categories of the classification variable but who are other-wise equivalent with regard to known extraneous variables. Cancer Therapy: The Independent Consumer's Guide to Non-ToxicTreatment & Prevention.
Optimizing the exercise testfor pharmacological investigations. Afraction of the drug molecules present in plasma areremoved on each passage through the organs ofelimination. Therefore, guidelines covering awide range of scenarios of chronic osteomyelitis seem unrealistic.
Prediction of depression 6 monthsto 3 years after treatment of head and neck cancer.


text:
Airman Rescues Sister-n-Law During Home Explosion – McConnell Airforce Base, Kansas
An Airman and his wife were getting ready to leave their mobile home in nearby Wichita, to spend the afternoon shopping when, in an instant, a big explosion changed their plans.
A neighboring mobile home 25 feet away from their own had exploded and both sides collapsed.
Staff Sgt. Scott Seagraves, a 184th Air Refueling Wing patrolman, said his first thought was that there was someone inside the house.
That someone happened to be his sister-in-law, Karrie Wood, who was trapped inside the burning wreckage.
Another person, the landlady, also was in the mobile home when it exploded. She was not trapped and managed to crawl out, although she appeared to be dazed, Sergeant Seagraves said.
Mrs. Wood said the landlord was supposed to be thawing her water pipes, which were frozen, and lighting her pilot lights. Sergeant Seagraves said the landlady may have been working on the propane tank.
Next, Sergeant Seagraves ran into the house to locate his sister-in-law. He dug her out from the debris and moved her away from the house.
"I was sleeping on my couch," she said. "I didn't know what was going on. All I remember is Scott yelling for me and me telling him I was burned."
He rescued her just moments before the trailer burst into flames.
"If we had left (to go shopping), there's no telling what would have happened," Sergeant Seagraves said.
Even the windows on the side of Sergeant Seagraves' mobile home were blown out and the aluminum melted.
Eight children were inside Sergeant Seagraves' home when the explosion occurred. They were immediately escorted down the street to a neighbor's home.
Within moments, the fire department and paramedics arrived to put out the fire, and Mrs. Wood was taken to the hospital.
"I had first and second degree burns to my left hand and left side of my face," Mrs. Wood said.
She spent six hours being treated and checked for smoke inhalation problems.
The mobile home was completely destroyed.
"We lost everything," Mrs. Wood said. "Our car was melted — we had it less than a month; clothes, furniture, pictures — (everything was lost). You name it; we lost it."
Even her eight pets were affected by this disaster. Out of her six cats, five remain frightened and still hide under the trailer. One cat remains severely injured.
"With his claws burned off and his ears and paws burned, I'm not sure when he'll be out from the veterinarian," Mrs. Wood said.
"If Scott hadn't found him, I don't think he would have made it," she said.
Her two dogs were burned on their eyes and mouths, but they have been released from the veterinarian.
"If it wasn't for (Scott), I don't think I'd be alive," Mrs. Wood said. "I thank him every day."
The exact cause of the explosion is still under investigation, but officials said they believe it may have been related to the propane line.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A fragrance wheel, variously called an aroma wheel, a fragrance circle, a perfume wheel or a smell wheel, is a round diagram showing the inferred relationships among olfactory groups based upon similarities and differences in their odor. The groups bordering one another are implied to share common olfactory characteristics. Fragrance wheels are frequently used as a classification tool in oenology and perfumery.
The first example of a fragrance wheel was conceived by Austrian perfumer Paul Jellinek and titled the Odor Effects Diagram, published in the original German edition of his book The Practice of Modern Perfumery (1949). Other notable versions include the Fragrance Circle, developed in 1979 by U. Harder at Haarman & Reimer, the Wine Aroma Wheel, from 1984 by sensory chemist Ann C. Noble, and the Fragrance Wheel, created in 1992 by perfumery taxonomist Michael Edwards.
Since its creation, Michael Edwards' Fragrance Wheel and the developed fragrance classification scheme has been modified several times through the addition of different groups to encompass different fragrance types.
The four standard families are Floral, Oriental, Woody and Fresh. These are in turn divided into three sub-groups (e.g. in the Floral Family: Floral, Soft Floral, Floral Oriental) and arranged in a circle, each group being related to the next. Each of the subclasses were in turn divided into Fresh, Crisp, Classical, and Rich compositions. Prior to 2010 Fougère family was placed at the center of this wheel since they are a large family of scents that usually contain fragrance elements from each of the other four families; citrus from the fresh family, oak moss and woods from the woody family, coumarin and incense from the Oriental family, and lavender from the floral family.
With the publication of Fragrances of the World 2008, two new sub-groups: Fruity and Woods, have been added to the wheel.
The chart was again modified in 2010, moving the Aromatics/Fougere group to between Citrus and Dry Woods to synchronize the chart with recent studies on smell perception.
Floral (Floral + Fresh Notes). Main notes include fresh-cut flowers.
Soft Floral (Floral Notes). Main notes include aldehydes and powdery notes.
Floral Oriental (Floral + Oriental Notes). Main notes include orange blossom and sweet spices.
Soft Oriental (Oriental + Floral Notes). Main notes include incense and amber.
Oriental (Oriental Notes). Main notes include oriental resins such as frankincense, and vanilla.
Woody Oriental (Oriental + Woody Notes). Main notes include sandalwood and patchouli.
Woods Main notes include aromatic woods and vetiver.
Mossy Woods (Woody + Oriental Notes). Main notes include oakmoss and amber.
Dry Woods (Woody Notes). Main notes include dry woods and leather.
Aromatic Fougère (Fresh Notes). Main notes include lavender and aromatic herbs. This universal fragrance family includes elements from different families: the freshness from the Citrus family, floral notes of lavender, the spicy-sweetness of a Floral Oriental, the ambery depth of an Oriental and the Mossy Woods warmth of sandalwood and oakmoss.
Citrus (Woody + Fresh Notes). Main notes include bergamot and other citrus oils.
Fruity (Fresh + Floral Notes). Main notes include berries and other non-citrus fruits.
Green (Fresh + Floral Notes). Main notes include galbanum and green notes.
Water (Fresh + Floral Notes). Main notes include marine and aquatic notes, generally from the chemical calone.
^ Harder, U. (1979). Der H&R duftkreis. Haarmann & Reimer, Contact, 23, 18-27.
^ Edwards, Michael. Fragrances of the World. Sydney, N.S.W.: Fragrances of the World, 1992. Print.
This page was last edited on 5 October 2017, at 04:39 (UTC).


text:
Someone is poisoning and killing dogs, wildlife in Wisconsin's Northwoods, DNR says
State and federal wildlife agencies are investigating several cases where pet dogs and wild animals were fatally poisoned in at least three northern Wisconsin counties.
Since December, at least four dogs have died from eating poisoned meat in Bayfield, Marinette and Florence counties, according to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. It's unknown if other counties could be involved. Investigators found dead coyotes, raccoons, weasels and one wolf they suspect were also poisoned.
The poison was found on the ground on public properties managed by the U.S. Forest Service and the Goodman Timber Co. Each dog died less than 30 minutes after ingesting the poisoned meat, according to the DNR.
Regional conservation warden David Zebro said one dog owner reported their pet was foaming at the mouth and had a seizure after eating the poison.
In all four cases where the dogs died, the poisoned meat was found in a road ditch, Zebro said. The DNR encourages dog owners to keep their pets on a leash when outside and keep them away from roadside ditches.
The DNR sent samples of the tainted meat to the Wisconsin State Crime Lab for testing. In addition to the DNR, the U.S. Forest Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are also investigating these deaths.
Anyone with information or a tip — no matter how insignificant it might seem —should contact the DNR violation hotline by calling or texting 1-800-847-9367 or reporting online at dnrx.wisconsin.gov/rav/. Tipsters can remain anonymous.
Contact Natalie Brophy at 715-216-5452 or nbrophy@gannett.com. Follow her on Twitter @brophy_natalie or Facebook at facebook.com/bynataliebrophy.


Our normal business hours are 7am-5pm Every day. Our phones are manned after hours for Urgent/Emergency charter requests. For non-urgent enquiries outside these times email Captain Mike or fill out the form on this page.
After saving the form you will be returned to a confirmation page. If you don't then your details were not submitted. Can you let Mike know so it can be rectified.
Enter your details and Click Submit. You will go to a confirmation page.


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You can find the Big and Wild Outdoors on many popular music sites. If you subscribe to the Big and Wild Outdoors you will automatically get the new shows as they are published. You can even download them and listen to them later when you have no internet service.


F1nut wrote: » Some fool at Sound United decided they are no longer going to support vintage products. We all knew this day would eventually come. That's why some of us have boxes of spare drivers and tweeters stashed.
Just now seeing this. Glad everything with the procedure went better than expected. Wishing you a better than expected recovery.
tonyb wrote: » Ken has gone ghost protocol, changed his address, his name, passports, sporting a beard and sunglasses now. No worries. In the Internet age, management training is mostly done remotely anyway.
TeraDak said there is no difference between a DC-30 and DC-30W. They did not explain why some units have the "W" designation and some don't. They are going to send me a replacement faceplate.


text:
Vines With A View
and a Passion for Farming
It was a chance encounter at the local post office that marked the start of a new career for John and Jane Richter who today grow passionfruit on their property at the base of Mount Beerwah in the Glass House Mountains.
When Jane arrived home from work one evening in 2014, she never expected to come home to be told she was going to be a passionfruit grower.
"John was at the local post office one morning waiting for it to open and there was another lady there waiting also. Well they got chatting," Jane said.
"Turns out she and her husband owned a small boutique passionfruit farm on the Sunshine Coast that they managed by themselves with a bit of extra labour at peak times.
"I think she painted a very romantic picture of what passionfruit farming could be like and John was sold hook, line, and sinker."
By the time Jane arrived home that evening John had already joined the passionfruit association and ordered the grower guide and field guide. Jane recalled he'd also been and measured out the main paddock and priced up everything they would need.
"When John gets his teeth into something, he goes for it," Jane said.
"I got home that night to be told, 'honey, we're going to be passionfruit farmers' and that was it."
From that point on Jane said it was an incredible ride.
"We went full scale ahead with ground preparation banging in 2136 posts, 10km of wire and 15km of irrigation and that's before we even thought about planting," Jane said.
The whole process was a very steep learning curve that unfortunately was not without its mistakes. Following an unfortunate series of events, the Richters ended up planting the wrong variety of passionfruit for the region.
"Our first season we planted the Misty Gem variety, but the variety that really grows well on the Sunshine Coast is Sweetheart," Jane said.
"We were so green we had no idea other than what we had read in the grower guide.
"Our plants were two and a half months late arriving from the nursery, and because we were both still working through the week, we only had weekends to do the planting."
Jane said they organised friends to come and help however the weekend they planted the temperature topped 43 degrees.
"600 plants were dead within two weeks because of a mixture of heat and planting technique," Jane said.
"Some we planted too deep, some not deep enough, and some the grafts broke so there were a few different factors but ultimately it came down to the fact that we just didn't know what we were doing. But we were enthusiastic."
The Richters made it through their first year of farming but unfortunately when it came time to plant again, they hadn't quite learnt their lesson about the variety. So, they replanted with another 600 Misty Gem vines. Fortunately, a local grower steered them on the right path.
"We were asked why we planted the Misty Gem variety. When we chose that variety, we had been told it yielded the most fruit, had the highest pulp ratio for fruit size, and it was the one all the market agents wanted," Jane said.
"This person was very candid with us and said yes that's the case, but it doesn't matter how good a grower you are you can't grow them, they won't grow properly and yield commercially here.
"We are forever grateful to that person because they literally pulled us up short and said pull them out and plant the Sweetheart variety.".
Having overcome their rocky start to their farming career the Richters are now actively involved in the passionfruit industry with Jane the current Vice President of Passionfruit Australia.
A key focus for Jane is research and development and driving change and growth within the passionfruit industry.
The industry's current R&D levy is funding a breeding program which aims to create F1 progeny true breeding varieties that are bred for a number of different characteristics.
"The program is going through and identifying the genetic markers for fruit size, sweetness, yield, disease resistance, and the ability to withstand warmer and colder temperatures to name a few," Jane said.
We are part way through the process which will span around 10 years and hopefully be a continuous program.
"The overall aim of the breeding program is to produce commercially viable varieties, ideally that are true breeding that you could potentially propagate from seed."
In addition to the levy funded research and development program, Jane is busy pursuing several other research projects for the benefit of the industry.
"Post-harvest is a problem for the passionfruit industry. When fruit leaves the farm, it is spotless but by the time it reaches the supermarket shelves fruit is often wrinkled and in poor condition," Jane said.
"Fruit is often not refrigerated or correctly managed from a humidity perspective and that dramatically reduces fruit quality.
"I've found a company that makes a post-harvest coating for non-edible skin produce that can extend shelf life from 10 days to 45.
"With a trial quantity of this product, the NSW Department of Primary Industries, who have a post-harvest lab, will be doing a lab-based 45-day shelf life trial.
"We don't have the levy money to fund these kinds of exercises, but it's amazing what you can get if you just ask people nicely."
Despite the industry attracting new entrants Jane said the limiting factor for the growth of the industry is how labour intensive it actually is.
"The cost of labour, particularly peak labour, for most passionfruit growers accounts for 50 per cent of input costs," Jane said.
"Passionfruit is a distinctive colour to its surroundings, especially the purple varieties, and it drops to the ground when it is ripe and ready. You've got robotic mowers and vacuum cleaners so why can you not have a robot that harvests the fallen fruit."
Export is another area the industry would like to explore.
"There is very little export at present. Based on levy data, last years' export total was 140kg which is about 20 boxes of fruit," Jane said.
"Passionfruit was one of six tropical fruits recently identified by Hort Innovation with export potential but what the industry needs to make it work properly is a cooperative marketing agreement."
Jane believes the industry should be looking to the RockitTM apple for inspiration when it comes to marketing their product overseas.
"Pre-packaged fruit into a similar tube format not only allows for plenty of communications space to tell the Aussie passionfruit story but would help preserve the shelf life of fruit because you could control the relative humidity within the tube," Jane said.
"But of course, to do that requires an investment in marketing and we're never going to have enough domestic levy money to fund such an idea.
"I do think it's an industry that's got the capability to be four or five times bigger than it is today, but as an industry we definitely need to be smarter about how things are done."
Written by Natalie Brady
Photography by Natalie Brady
Vines with a View is featured in the March 2019 edition of Fruit and Vegetable News.


text:
Q: Making a button click when pressing enter instead of clicking the control I'm trying to make a button called btnSubmit submit my customer's information if they hit enter on the keyboard. I know in VS2012 if I'm coding strictly C#, I can change the properties very easily and set up a button to be activated when enter is pressed.
Because I am coding in .net with C#, I do not have that option for my control. Any advice with coding? Can't find anything.
I am working with a web form.

A: I think this will do the trick.
Don't attempt to trigger a button click. Essentially what you should do is refactor your code so that the event handlers are separated from the actual implementation. e.g.
void Form_KeyDown(object sender, KeyEventArgs e)
{
    if (e.KeyCode == Keys.Enter)
    {
        CheckAnswer();
    }
}

public void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    CheckAnswer();
}

private void CheckAnswer()
{
    // do your stuffs on button click
}

A: You should use the UseSubmitBehavior property for your button control and set it to TRUE like
UseSubmitBehavior="true"

A: Create a Panel and set its DefaultButton property with the name of the submit button. Every time you hit 'enter' in any TextBox inside the panel, it will call button's OnClick event. Like this:
<asp:Panel ID="Panel1" runat="server" DefaultButton="Button1">

    <asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server"></asp:TextBox>
    <asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" Text="Button" OnClick="Button1_Click"  />

</asp:Panel>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Eric Fei Guan grew up in a family of art during China's Cultural Revolution. He painted with his mother at the peaceful painting room everyday when the world outside was chaotic. His passion for painting survived the Cultural Revolution and became his devotion. Painting has become an expression of his happiness, joy, passion, sorrow and fear. He has had solo shows in China, US and Europe. His bold and vigorous brush strokes reflect his passion and love for life and nature.
Eric was trained at China Central Academy Of Fine Arts. His paintings are exhibited at the 2017 Portrait Society of America Annual Exhibition, 2018 OPA 27th National Juried Exhibition, and 2018 OPA Western Regional Exhibition. He won Third Place at the 2018 OPA Wet Paint Competition, and Best In Show at the 2018 San Marino League's Juried Fine Art Show. Eric's bold and vigorous brushstrokes reflect his aspirations for life and nature, celebrate human beings and their life.


The venue for the Dining Out Group's February dinner events was the Antiquary Restaurant, which is near the church in Benitachell. Easily recognisable with its dark red painted exterior walls, inside it is a cosy, L-shaped 32 seater restaurant full of atmosphere. On arrival, guests were met by charming hosts, Peter and Pauline Griffiths. The friendly, cheerful staff served us first a welcome drink, and soon brought out several varied and delicious plates of tapas to share. After a refreshing lemon sorbet we were treated to the main course.
The salmon in Papillote was particularly well received; the roast chicken was beautifully tender and moist as was the beef, presented cordon bleu style. As the restaurant has its own pizza oven, some diners chose from a huge selection, of pizzas. For dessert, the chocoholics could enjoy a superb, rich chocolate coulante, while others preferred fresh fruit salad or the Antiquary style tiramisu. A half bottle of wine each accompanied the meal which ended with coffee and liquor.
All in all, the excellent food, attentive staff and friendly company made for a very pleasant evening in this welcoming, typically Spanish restaurant. Many thanks go to Peter and Pauline for organising this very successful event.


text:
Xak Tsaroth es una ciudad en ruinas del mundo ficticio de Krynn, de la serie de novelas de Dragonlance.

Se ubica en el este del continente de Ansalon y antiguamente fue una ciudad importante, pero tras el Cataclismo quedó reducida a ruinas. Su nombre significa "agujero oscuro".

En un principio, las ruinas fueron habitadas por enanos gully, pero después se convirtió en un asentamiento de las tropas de Takhisis, la Reina de la Oscuridad (la eterna enemiga del bien), que envió a un dragón negro, Khisanth, a custodiarla.

Posteriormente, tras enfrentarse el grupo de  Tanis el semielfo a los draconianos y demás enemigos que lo habitaban, fue vuelto a ocupar por los enanos gully.

Lugares de Dragonlance

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
UK Fine Arts Dean Robert Shay to Resign
By Whitney Hale Sept. 11, 2009
LEXINGTON, Ky. (Sept. 10, 2009) - Robert Shay, dean of the University of Kentucky College of Fine Arts, has announced he will resign that position June 30, 2010. Shay, who was appointed to the position in June 1998, was instrumental in advancing the work of the college throughout the Commonwealth and the world, from helping create the nation's first fine arts extension program for Kentucky and supporting the university's arts students and faculty as they performed in the national and international arena.
Shay will continue as faculty in the UK College of Fine Arts, sharing his knowledge and expertise as an international talent in ceramics.
"Dean Shay has led our College of Fine Arts for over a decade with dedication. Notable among his accomplishments during this time has been the emergence of the School of Music as a significant artistic force in the region. I am grateful for his service, and wish him well as he returns to the faculty," said UK Provost Kumble Subbaswamy.
As dean of the UK College of Fine Arts, Shay has led and helped shape the success of UK's Arts Administration Program, Department of Art, Department of Theatre School of Music and Singletary Center for the Arts. During his tenure, he established CONTOURS magazine to promote faculty and student research, added 10 faculty positions to the college bringing the number of total faculty to 78, increased the percentage of minority faculty from 13.2 to 16. 6, and increased the college's overall budget from approximately $7 million to $9 million. In addition to maintaining accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, Shay helped the UK Department of Art attain an additional accreditation from the National Association of Schools of Art and Design and aided UK Department of Theatre as it has begun the accreditation process with the National Association of Schools of Theatre. The college has also increased funding for the Singletary Center and will submit a proposal for the addition of a graduate degree in arts administration in the coming year.
Shay also worked hard to advance development funding for the college, raising funds to establish the Fine Arts Computer Lab and to establish special initiatives like the Abercrombie Visiting Artists and Scholars program and the Dean's Circle. He also initiated the current Reynolds Building renovation project that will help update the university's art facilities.
In recent years, UK's arts programs have expanded their outreach efforts in the Commonwealth with the development of the state's fine arts extension program. In 2005, Shay teamed up with UK College of Agriculture's dean, Scott Smith, and the late Larry Turner, then director of Cooperative Extension, to design what is believed to be the nation's first fine arts Extension program. The cutting-edge community and economic development program helps communities highlight the arts and boost arts education. Starting with an agent and award-winning program in Pike County, the Extension program has now expanded to a total of three counties with the addition of agents in Greenup and Muhlenberg counties.
Outside of numerous appearances, tours and programs presented nationally and internationally featuring UK's art, music and theatre faculty and students, the college has also reached out internationally to other educational institutions. They helped to establish the Confucius Institute partnering with the University of Shanghai and more recently submitted a plan for a partnership with Princess Nora University in Saudi Arabia.
Prior to his arrival at UK, Shay served as dean of the Herron School of Art at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis. He began his career in higher education on the faculty at Nicholls State University and Ohio State University, where he later served as chair of the Department of Art. Additionally, Shay has served in leadership positions with the National Council of Art Administrators, National Association of Schools of Art and Design, the International Council of Fine Arts Deans, National Council of Education in the Ceramic Arts and the Indianapolis Consortium of Arts Administrators.
Shay holds a master of fine arts degree from the University of Wisconsin in Madison and master of art and bachelor of science degrees from New York University. His artwork has been exhibited throughout the U.S. and internationally in countries such as Italy, Norway, Iceland and Australia. During his tenure as dean, Shay maintained his art studio and he continues to exhibit his works in various galleries.
Provost Subbaswamy will appoint a committee to carry out a national search for Dean Shay's successor.
Tickets available for 'Lexus for the Little Ones' raffle for Kentucky Children's Hospital


Pre-workout supplements, Help power you through your workouts, Help you build muscle, Help keep your mind clear and focused, Help you recover between sets, and gives you a boost of energy, and don't forget about that awesome shirt rippin pump. But most of the pre-workout supplements are LOADED with caffeine.
So what about those of us who workout at night, or don't like the jitters when you're working out, or the crash when it wears off. Well thankfully for us we have caffeine free pre-workout supplements. But do they work as well as the other supplements?
The simple answer to that question is some do and some don't. That is because of the ingredients in them so let's talk about what ingredients make up a good caffeine free pre-workout supplement.
BCAA's, Creatine, Beta-alanine, Citrulline Malate, and Betaine. These are the 5 major players in muscle building. These are the ingredients that make up good caffeine free pre-workout supplements or any pre-workout supplement.
If you're wondering what makes them so great don't worry I will explain without getting too scientific on you.
BCAA's – Branched-Chained Amino Acids, AKA the building blocks of muscle. Bcaa's are essential amino acids(your body can't produce them) Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine. What do BCAA's do for you?
Bcaa's increase protein synthesis. Protein synthesis is the metabolic process of your body making new muscle protein(making your muscles bigger).
Bcaa's decrease muscle soreness from exercise when taken pre-workout. Decrease fatigue when exercising, Improve mental focus. Bcaa's also prevent muscle wasting.
Creatine – Creatine is one of the most studied supplements it can alter pathways that lead to new muscle growth, Increase the IGF-1 growth hormone in your body, Improves high-intensity performance, Improves strength, Speeds up muscle growth, saturates muscles with water and makes them look bigger.
You will gain more muscle mass when using creatine. Here is the deal with taking creatine. When you first start taking creatine you will not feel the full effects until around 30 days. The reason for that is your muscles need to be saturated and stay saturated with creatine for it to work.
What you can do is preload the creatine by taking 20 grams a day for 5 days. I would not recommend taking it all at once what I did was split it up into 4 servings morning, lunch, pre-workout, and after supper. When you preload creatine it may cause some bloating and stomach cramps.
Then after you preload, all you need is 3-5 grams a day for maintenance. If stomach cramps and bloating doesn't sound like fun to you then you can just take the caffeine free pre-workout supplements and wait the 30 days for the full effect. You will still get a lot of benefits if you don't preload.
Beta-Alanine – Raises muscle carnosine levels by 58% in four weeks and 80% in 10 weeks. Basically what that does is boost your muscle power output, strength, training volume, high-intensity exercise volume, and aerobic capacity.
Beta-Alanine is one of the most effective supplements to hit the market since creatine. Also Beta-Alanine has a battle with taurine and in time will lower your taurine levels. So if your caffeine free pre-workout supplements do not have taurine in them, I would recommend supplementing with taurine.
Just to warn you if you have never supplemented with Beta-Alanine before it will cause a non-harmful itchy sensation for about 10-20 minutes. Also if you are taking Beta-Alanine and you are not itchy then your dose is either too small or it is not high-quality Beta-Alanine.
Citrulline Malate 2:1 – It is not as popular as creatine, bcaa's, and beta-alanine but in the past few years it has gained a lot of credibility in helping with strength, endurance, reducing muscle soreness, reducing muscular fatigue during exercise, and raise nitric oxide levels to give you a better pump.
What is citrulline malate? Well, citrulline is a non-essential amino acid, Malic acid(malate) is a salt compound found in fruit. When citrulline and malic acid are bonded together you get citrulline malate, the 2:1 means that it has a ratio of 2 parts citrulline and 1 part malate.
Betaine – supports fat loss and kidney health also serves as an antioxidant, promotes lean mass and ramps up protein synthesis (muscle building process).
Betaine is a vitamin derived from choline. Betaine can be found in foods such as sugar beets, spinach, seafood, and cereal grains. Betaine comes in different forms Betaine anhydrous and Betaine HCl it is also known as Trimethylglycine.
These are the Main ingredients you want to look for in caffeine free pre-workout supplements. Now let's talk a little about what you Don't want in your caffeine free pre-workout supplements.
What is a proprietary blend? Its a blend of ingredients so you know all the ingredients but not the amount of each ingredient.
Now you can see that the NO Enhancers has Beta-Alanine, L-Arginine Malate, L-Citrulline, L-Citrulline Malate, and L-Norvaline. We know that there is 3.125g of all of these supplements combined.
You know that there are 2 of the top 5 ingredients in it but how much is the question. You have no way of knowing. It could be 3g of Norvaline and .125g of everything else.
Now there are a few on the top ten list that do have a proprietary blend in them. They are not #1 and they will never be #1. The #1 caffeine free pre-workout supplement is loaded with all the top 5 ingredients. But before we get to #1 let's start off with #10 on the list of top 10 caffeine free pre-workout supplements.
As I was writing this top ten list some people kept asking what about the people who are doing the keto diet. Is there anything made just for the people doing the keto diet. So for those of you who are on the keto diet, this one is just for you.
A ketogenic diet is high in fat with a moderate protein intake and extremely low in carbohydrates. 100% Keto Plus has zero carbohydrates.
The researchers at MuscleTech® have developed 100% Keto Plus with a macronutrient profile to support a low-carb ketogenic diet while fueling your body with aminos to help optimize your workouts.* Together, the goBHB™ salts and aminos help keep low-carb and ketogenic dieters with their goals by delivering exogenous ketones and by helping the body produce ketones.
As you can see by the supplement facts above there are not any proprietary blends. Muscletech is completely transparent about the ingredients. What does the goBHB Matrix and the Amino Blend do for you?
Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) can improve performance during endurance exercises, increase fat loss, replenish glycogen store and accelerate recovery.
Amino Blend – raise plasma ketone levels during and after exercise.
I have never used this product because I have never been on the keto diet. But the reviews on it seem pretty good. It seems like the effects you will notice right away are a boost of energy along with a good pump.
Megatron will give you a good pump, Support mental clarity and give you more focus.
As you can see there are no proprietary blends +1 for Megatron, and it has 3 of the top 5 Muscle Building Ingredients. The problem is that the dose of those 3 ingredients is too small.
3g of Citrulline Malate (the recommended dose is 6g). 2.6g of Beta-Alanine (the recommended dose is 3.2g). 1.5g of Betaine Anhydrous (the recommended dose is between 2.5g and 3g). So in order to get the recommended dose, you would have to buy more supplements. Also, there is not any Creatine or Bcaa's in Megatron.
I do like the fact that it does have taurine in it to go with the beta-alanine. And it does have some good benefits like a good pump and helping with mental clarity and focus. But it's not the total package.
When it comes to taste it's not very good. The price is $29.98 (price may vary) for 30 servings which isn't too bad.
Opus made it to #8 on the caffeine free pre-workout supplements list because it does have 2 and part of a 3rd of the top 5 muscle building ingredients. Opus does have Citrulline Malate, Beta-alanine, and leucine which is one of the bcaa's.
Opus says that it has 48 servings with one scoop but you are not going to get much benefit out of one scoop you will need to use two scoops. With two scoops it does give you the recommended dosage of Beta-Alanine. The dosage for Citrulline is only 3g that is half of the recommended dosage.
You will notice some decent results when using 2 scoops the pump was good the energy was ok the taste wasn't bad and it mixed well. You get 4g of leucine to help with recovery and muscle building.
EVP was made famous because of the great pump it gives anyone that takes it. Including professional bodybuilders before they compete. When it comes to the pump EVP is one of the best and it does give you a little boost in energy.
EVP also has 3 of the Top 5 muscle building ingredients in it Creatine, Beta-alanine, and Citrulline Malate. It also has 1 of the Bcaa's in it Leucine. The problem is its all in a proprietary blend and they put everything under 1 blend 9.22g of their Evopoietin 1-Alpha Proprietary Blend.
At 9.22g you are not going to get the recommended dosages for everything. The price is $49.99 for 40 servings (price may vary).
With Purple Wrath you are going to get a good pump a little energy and better recovery. Purple Wrath has 4 of the Top 5 muscle building ingredients. Bcaa's, Beta-Alanine, Citrulline Malate, and Betaine anhydrous. But once again it has proprietary blends so you don't know how much of each ingredient your getting.
The price is $69.99 for 45 servings and $104 for 90 servings (price may vary) so you can save a little cash by buying in bulk.
Silicon Dioxide, Natural and Artificial Flavors, Acesulfame-K, Sucralose, Citric Acid, Fd&C Blue #1, Fenugreek Extract. Made In A Gmp Facility That Uses Milk, Soy, Egg, Peanuts.
Storm has 4 of the Top 5 muscle building ingredients Creatine, Citrulline Malate, Betaine Anhydrous, and Beta-Alanine. But they are all in proprietary blends. I will say one good thing about their Hypervol Complex even though it is a proprietary blend it is all Creatine, so you will be getting a full dose of creatine.
The main benefit you will get from storm is a strength gain after some time. The pump wasn't very good, The energy wasn't very good.
The price for Storm is $29.50 for 80 servings.
360 Nitro Drive has 4 of the Top 5 muscle building ingredients with NO proprietary blends. But you would have to take 2 servings to get the recommended doses for Citrulline Malate and Beta-Alanine everything else would still be too low.
Stim-free Super Charge has 3 of the top 5 muscle building ingredients Bcaa's, Beta-Alanine, and Creatine. It does have Citrulline but not Malate. You do get a full dose of Creatine and Bcaa's but everything else is a little low.
With Stim Free Super Charge you will get a boost of energy a boost of strength and the pump was ok. I do like the mental focus it gives you. It also helps you replace electrolytes that you have lost during your workout.
Pre Stim Free has 4 of the top 5 muscle building ingredients in it Citrulline Malate, Betaine, Beta-Alanine, and Creatine. It does have 1 of the Bcaa's Leucine in it as well. So it almost has all 5 ingredients in it but not quite.
You will get a full dose of Citrulline, Betaine Anhydrous, Creatine and Beta-Alanine. You will get some strength and endurance, a good pump, and better focus with pre stim free.
. The Leucine is a good ingredient but it would be a lot better with the rest of the Bcaa's.
Overall I think that pre stim free is a good pre-workout supplement with good benefits, it's just not the total package like our #1 caffeine free pre-workout supplement is.
The price is $39.99 for 20 servings that seems a little expensive to me.
Stim-Free has all of the Top 5 muscle building supplements and It has a Full Recommended Dose of everything. Citrulline Malate 6,000mg(6g), Bcaa's 4,000mg(4g), Beta-Alanine 4000mg(4g), Creatine HCL 3,000(3g), and Betaine Anhydrous 2,500(2.5g) Transparent Labs hit the mark with this one.
I have tried a lot of different stim/caffeine free pre-workout supplements and none of them compare to Stim-Free. My pump, energy, strength, and focus were great.
I had hit some plateaus before I started taking Stim-Free and not too long after I started taking Stim-Free I smashed through all of those plateaus.
I had some problems with my energy level towards the end of my workouts but not anymore I can workout longer and harder.
With Stim-Free my body fat percentage went down and I gained some muscle. I am able to focus more now.
The pump was awesome and I can recover a lot faster between sets and workouts.
The bottom line is that Stim-Free is the best stim free pre-workout supplement on the market. It is loaded with all of the ingredients you need to power through your workouts and build muscle and lose fat.
The price is $49.99 for 30 servings. When you buy in bulk (2 or 3) you save money.
We covered the Top 5 muscle building ingredients and looked at the Top 10 caffeine free pre-workout supplements. I only recommend the best and I recommend Stim-Free. I know that I won't use any other pre-workout until something better comes along.
I will be keeping an eye out on the pre-workouts and updating this list as needed. I found Stim-Free a couple of years ago and its still #1 and I look for it to stay there.
It's nice to see so many caffeine-free pre-workout options. I'm someone who likes to work out in the evening, so caffeine supplements would definitely not be good!
Are any of these better for women? Also, what is your best recommendation for someone who's plant-based?
Yes, it is nice to see so many options for caffeine free pre-workout supplements they are starting to get popular. I expect to see a lot more in the next year or two.
All of these will work for women and men. A lot of the ingredients in the #1 Stim-Free are found in plants.
I am not a supplements person. Never try any.That actually I have 5 boxes of these that made an orders wrong. I can't return these anymore.I really don't know but I prefer to eat more healthy foods this time.
I always recommend eating a healthier diet. But eating healthy is not going to give you all of the benefits that the caffeine free pre-workout supplements will give you.
I'm not sure why you can't return what they sent you especially if its the wrong thing. Which one were you trying to order maybe I can help you get your money back.


Are you passionate about helping girls reach their potential, interested in being part of a great team, and have some time and energy to spare? If so we may have a great opportunity for you to become part of Technovation Ukraine! We are looking for people all over Ukraine that can help us recruit mentors and students, organize events, find sponsors, and help us grow Technovation.
Would you or your organization like to support a fantastic initiative aimed at helping girls reach their full potential? Technovation is a great corporate social responsibility initiative that will directly impact girls in your community. It isn't just for tech companies though, businesses big and small will benefit from having more diverse workforces, and the girls that participate don't just learn coding, they also learn marketing, finance, research and valuable leadership skills that will help them be high achievers in whatever field they choose.
If you want to help more girls participate, contact us about becoming one of our partners. We can find many ways for you to help beyond monetary contributions. Some examples of ways organizations have supported us include arranging visits by the teams to your company, advertising the program within your company, allowing your staff paid time to serve as mentors, or even gifts of branded materials, such as notebooks and pens.


What makes a comedy stage hypnosis fun is the unpredictable nature of subconscious response. You see, even though I am a funny person with a few good quips, the participants are the stars of the show, and the real fun comes when the creative imagination of the show stars collides with unpredictable responses!
I was doing a comedy hypnosis show in the Tacoma area, where everyone imagines their shoes were the cutest puppies they had ever seen. As the participants on stage took off their shoes, to hold their "puppies" I asked each participant what kind of puppy they had. All of the men seemed to hold masculine dogs, boxers and labs, but the last man I asked said he didn't have a puppy. I asked him what he was petting then, and he said with a perfectly straight face, "A baby giraffe!" And sure enough, as he held up his shoe it was a high-top basketball shoe, that looked a lot like a giraffe!
It is unpredictable situations like this that make for the funniest moments in comedy stage hypnosis. In another show, in a downtown Seattle venue, everyone was imagining they were watching the funniest movie they had ever seen and laughing and enjoying the imaginary show.
When I asked one participant what he was seeing he replied, the scene where Meg Ryan could only say hello in Sleepless in Seattle!
Of course, many other zany events happen in shows, too many to count. In professional comedy, they say there should be a laugh every 16 seconds, and in a comedy stage hypnosis show the laughs keep coming. The best part? No one is ever humiliated or embarrassed at a comedy stage hypnosis show. The fun comes because of creativity and the desire to perform. Combining respect with safety, results in real moments of comedic laughter from star to finish in a comedy stage hypnosis show.
Being able to see your parents imagine they were children, or being able to see your uptight boss let go and have fun, or watching your neighbors and other friends imagine they are a famous singer and actually knowing the words to an absurd pop song, are all part of the fun.


text:
If Doctor Who were American 6 years ago
Is the Mother on 'How I Met Your Mother' Dead? 7 years ago
Doctor Who 50th Anniversary Trailer Released 7 years ago
Damon Wayan's, Jr. to Reprise Role on New Girl 8 years ago
Is Don Draper D.B. Cooper? 8 years ago
Premiere Calendar
Home 2011 February News, Video Terra Nova Super Bowl Trailer
Terra Nova Super Bowl Trailer
February 6, 2011 | by	shep | 0
The Fox series Terra Nova aired a commercial during the Super Bowl. Watching the 30 second spot got me really excited about this show. The series is being produced by Steven Spielberg.
Terra Nova is following the Glee experiment of premiering as a two-night special event, on Monday, May 23 and Tuesday, May 24 on Fox but then going off the air until the fall.
It has received an initial 13 episode order.
If you're unfamiliar with the show's premise it feels a bit like Lost meets Jurassic Park meets Avatar. The official synopsis is as follows:
TERRA NOVA follows an ordinary family on an incredible journey back in time to prehistoric Earth as a small part of a daring experiment to save the human race. In the year 2149, the world is dying. The planet is overdeveloped and overcrowded, with the majority of plant and animal life extinct. The future of mankind is in doubt, and its only hope for survival is in the distant past.
When scientists at the FERMI Particle Accelerator unexpectedly discovered a fracture in time that made it possible to construct a portal into primeval history, the bold notion was born to resettle humanity in the past – a second chance to rebuild civilization and get it right this time.
The series centers on the Shannon family as they join the Tenth Pilgrimage of settlers to Terra Nova, the first colony established in this beautiful yet forbidding land. JIM SHANNON (Jason O'Mara), a devoted father with a checkered past, guides his family through this new world of limitless beauty, mystery and terror. Jim's wife, ELISABETH SHANNON (Shelley Conn), is a trauma surgeon and the newest addition to TERRA NOVA's medical team. JOSH SHANNON (Landon Liboiron) is their 17-year-old son who is angry to leave life as he knows it behind; upon arriving at the settlement, he finds himself instantly drawn to the beautiful and rule-breaking SKYE (Allison Miller). MADDY SHANNON (Naomi Scott), Josh's endearingly awkward 15-year-old sister, hopes TERRA NOVA will give her a new chance to reinvent herself. Although Elisabeth's medical training secured the family a spot on the pilgrimage, a secret involving their five-year-old daughter, ZOE (Alana Mansour), soon endangers their place in this utopia.
Upon the Shannon's arrival, they are introduced to COMMANDER NATHANIEL TAYLOR (Stephen Lang), the charismatic and heroic first pioneer and leader of the settlement. Taylor, along with his right-hand man, GUZMAN (Mido Hamada), warn the travelers that while Terra Nova is a place of new opportunities and fresh beginnings, all is not as idyllic as it initially appears. Along with blue skies, towering waterfalls and lush vegetation, the surrounding terrain is teeming with danger – and not just of the man-eating dinosaur variety. There is also a splinter colony of renegades led by the battle-hardened MIRA (Christine Adams), who is vehemently opposed to Taylor and his leadership.
Even more threatening than what lies outside the protective walls of the colony is the chilling possibility that something sinister is happening inside Terra Nova. The Shannons will come to suspect that not everyone on this mission has the same idea of how to best save mankind; in fact, there may be forces intent on destroying this new world before it even begins.
Watch the official Super Bowl trailer below.
Filed in: News, Video Tags: Fox, Steven Spielberg, Super Bowl, Terra Nova
If Doctor Who were American
Is the Mother on 'How I Met Your Mother' Dead?
Doctor Who 50th Anniversary Trailer Released
Damon Wayan's, Jr. to Reprise Role on New Girl
An Open Letter to ABC in Regards to Defying Gravity
White Collar Promotes Hilarie Burton to Regular
Saved by the Bell Leaving TBS' Lineup
Sons of Anarchy Renewed for a 5th Season
Kevin Pollak's Chat Show
Is Don Draper D.B. Cooper?
david With all the horror and syfy movies out there, why do you ke
ROBERT SCHIERMEYER WHAT HAPPENED TO THE SY FY CHANNEL WHAT A TERRIBLE FALL AND
Nickel DB (Dan) Cooper was wearing a clip-on tie that night. Don Dr
Randy I want to watch all of these. Scheduling conflicts with othe
Steve Manz I like Mike Fox, although he doesn't compare to Jerry Matthe
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Eleven People You Might Not Know Were on Saved by the Bell
ABC Announces Fall Premiere Schedule
Banksy Directed Opening of The Simpsons
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I am Marketing and Business Manager of NexPoints RFID, a Voyantic distributor in Spain since 2009. I am a technology enthusiast, who later became passionate about marketing and innovative businesses. Social psychology, competitive strategy, storytelling and gamification never showed up during my MSc, but nowadays are my competitive edges.


Many of the ocean's best dive sites have artificial reefs, or wrecks that have sunk through the ages. The SSI Advanced Wreck Diving course gives you the skills and knowledge required to safely scuba dive within wrecks using advanced techniques.
You must be 12 years old or older and have a minimum certification level of Open Water Diver, plus the SSI Wreck Diving specialty, to complete the SSI Advanced Wreck Diving course. It requires two open water dives. This class is usually scheduled in conjunction with a SeaVentures trip. Click here to see our trip calendar! *Not all trips will involve wrecks, so be sure to reach out to our staff to check which ones do.


Rocket design night light from Aloka SleepyLights range.
Aloka's SleepyLights now come with a base which runs off USB or batteries. The new base also lets you turn off the night light, switch colours, and adjust brightness. Especially great for those that tend to lose their remotes.
Aloka's SleepyLights are LED nightlights that have been designed for kids.
With the ability to select colours of the night light, its almost like you have 13 kids' night lights in one. Being dimmable, Aloka night lights help children and parents get a better night sleep. Aloka Sleepy Lights are the ideal baby and child night light.


Love the product Costomer service is the best!
Cost of the chargers are affordable .. defenetly be coming back for more orders.
I have always used whip it brand and the price here was better than Amazon.
Excellent products, great service, fast shipping. I would certainly purchase again.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using CacheCow.Client;
using Xunit;
using CacheCow.Common;

namespace CacheCow.Client.Tests
{

	public class SerialisationTests
	{

		[Fact]
		public async Task Response_Deserialize_Serialize()
		{
            using (var stream = new FileStream("Data/Response.cs", FileMode.Open))
            {
                var serializer = new MessageContentHttpMessageSerializer();
                var response = await serializer.DeserializeToResponseAsync(stream);

                var memoryStream = new MemoryStream();
                await serializer.SerializeAsync(response, memoryStream);

                memoryStream.Position = 0;
                var response2 = await serializer.DeserializeToResponseAsync(memoryStream);
                var result = DeepComparer.Compare(response, response2);
                if(result.Count()>0)
                    throw new Exception(string.Join("\r\n", result));

            }
		}

		[Fact]
		public async Task Request_Deserialize_Serialize()
		{
            var stream = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().GetManifestResourceStream("CacheCow.Client.Tests.Data.Request.cs");
			var serializer = new MessageContentHttpMessageSerializer();
			var request = await serializer.DeserializeToRequestAsync(stream);

			var memoryStream = new MemoryStream();
			await serializer.SerializeAsync(request, memoryStream);

			memoryStream.Position = 0;
			var request2 = await serializer.DeserializeToRequestAsync(memoryStream);
			var result = DeepComparer.Compare(request, request2);

		}

		[Fact]
		public async Task Response_Deserialize_Serialize_File()
		{
            using (var stream = new FileStream("Data/Response.cs", FileMode.Open))
            {
                var serializer = new MessageContentHttpMessageSerializer();
                var response = await serializer.DeserializeToResponseAsync(stream);

                using(var fileStream = new FileStream(Path.GetTempFileName(), FileMode.Create))
                {
                    await serializer.SerializeAsync(response, fileStream);

                    fileStream.Position = 0;
                    var response2 = await serializer.DeserializeToResponseAsync(fileStream);
                    var result = DeepComparer.Compare(response, response2);
                    if (result.Count() > 0)
                        throw new Exception(string.Join("\r\n", result));
                }
            }
        }

		[Fact]
		public async Task Request_Deserialize_Serialize_File()
		{
            var stream = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().GetManifestResourceStream("CacheCow.Client.Tests.Data.Request.cs");
			var serializer = new MessageContentHttpMessageSerializer();
			var request = await serializer.DeserializeToRequestAsync(stream);

			using(var fileStream = new FileStream(Path.GetTempFileName(), FileMode.Create))
			{
				await serializer.SerializeAsync(request, fileStream);

				fileStream.Position = 0;
				var request2 = await serializer.DeserializeToRequestAsync(fileStream);
				var result = DeepComparer.Compare(request, request2);

				if (result.Count() > 0)
				    throw new Exception(string.Join("\r\n", result));
			}
		}
        // temporarily remove this test || NETCOREAPP2_0
#if NET452

        // Issue raised here https://github.com/dotnet/corefx/issues/31918
        [Fact]
        public async Task Issue31918_On_Net_Framework()
        {
            var serializer = new MessageContentHttpMessageSerializer();
            var client = new HttpClient();
            var request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get, new Uri("https://google.com"));
            var response = await client.SendAsync(request);
            var ms = new MemoryStream();
            await serializer.SerializeAsync(response, ms);
            ms.Position = 0;
            var r2 = await serializer.DeserializeToResponseAsync(ms);
            Console.WriteLine(response);
        }

#endif

	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Open access peer-reviewed chapter
Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Endoscopy
By Ștefan Cristea, Florin Groseanu, Andrei Prundeanu, Dinu Gartonea, Andrei Papp, Mihai Gavrila and Dorel Bratu
Submitted: May 4th 2012Reviewed: October 19th 2012Published: February 27th 2013
Home > Books > Regional Arthroscopy
Downloaded: 2528
chapter and author info
Ștefan Cristea
Clinic of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, St. Pantelimon Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
Florin Groseanu
Andrei Prundeanu
Dinu Gartonea
Andrei Papp
Mihai Gavrila
Dorel Bratu
*Address all correspondence to:
From the Edited Volume
IntechOpen
Regional ArthroscopyEdited by Vaibhav Bagaria
Regional Arthroscopy
Edited by Vaibhav Bagaria
Unlike any other arthroscopic procedure this doesn't rely on the existence of a distension liquid or gaseous medium. In fact we visualize more or less bleeding regions that cannot be distended [6], [7].
The procedure is mini-invasive and it addresses to the herniated intervertebral lumbar disc.
Because of the evolution of the human species, the development of the vertebral curves, the standing position, the dehydration of the intervertebral disc, the degeneration processes following aging discal suffering occurs. The most frequent form is the lumbar herniated disc mainly located in the L4-L5 and L5-S1 motion segments [1], [3].
2. Anatomical features of the lumbar spine
2.1. Functional spinal unit (FSU) or motion segment
A functional spinal unit (FSU) is the smallest physiological motion unit of the spine to exhibit biomechanical characteristics similar to those of the entire spine (Fig. 1). A FSU consists of two adjacent vertebrae, the intervertebral disc and all adjoining ligaments between them and excludes other connecting tissues such as muscles. The intervertebral ligaments are (anterior to posterior): anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, facet capsular ligaments, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum (yellow ligament), and supraspinous ligament.
Motion segment (FSU) [1],[5],[11]
Another term for the FSU is spinal motion segment.
Each intervertebral motion segment displays the following movements:
inclination of one vertebra to the other
axial rotation.
So the movements are:
Flexion – extension
Axial rotation
Lateral inclination left – right of one vertebra to the other
The motion segments are specialized for a certain type of motion, depending on the anatomical region. All the lumbar pieces realize 100-150 of axial rotation, 800 of flexion – extension, 300 of lateral inclination [2],[11].
The areas where the curves are reversed, where there are areas of different mobility are the election site of the traumatic lesions, especially in the lumbo-sacral region. Demand is very high in the L5 disc from the changing of the region of motion and curves – lumbar lordosis over the sacrococcigian piece kyphosis. The upper plateau of the sacrum is 300-600 inclined from horizontal. Lumbar lordosis curvature is quite opposite to the sacro-coccigian curvature. All the weight above the lumbosacral level is cushioned by the L5 disc and then successively gradually by L4, L3... These stresses are exacerbated naturally in human by standing and sitting positions. These are added to the repeated stresses by bending, weight lifting, falls from height. Gradually with age, biochemical changes occur, dehydration, responsible for degenerative lesions at these levels.
2.2. The intervertebral discs
The intervertebral discs in the lumbar region are at least 10 mm thick representing a third of the lumbar vertebral body height.
The vertebral discs form one of the anterior aspects of the vertebral foramen and as the spinal nerves pass through the foramen they are just behind the corresponding discs. In addition, the discs take part in the anterior wall of the vertebral canal thus any posterior herniation of the disc can compress the spinal cord and the corresponding spinal nerves.
Every disc is structurarely characterized by three structures: the central nucleus pulpous, the annulus fibrosus and the cartilaginous end plates. The disc is anchored to the vertebral body by the fibres or the annulus fibrosus and the cartilaginous endplates.
The nucleus pulpous consists of soft tissue, highly hydrophilic, placed in the centre of the disc. There is not a clear separation between the nucleus pulpous and the annulus fibrosus, the main difference being the density of the fibres, the nucleus having large extrafibrilar spaces with a highly glycosaminoglycan content which allows the water retention. The nucleus pulpous position varies from a region to other, being more posterior in the lumbar region. Its position is related with several functional aspects.
The nucleus pulpous consists of a tridimensional network of collagen fibres embedded in a highly hydrated proteoglycan containing gel. The loss of this proteoglycan gel with aging decreases the water content until, in the advanced degenerated discs, the total loss of proteoglycan. This is the major change accompanying the dehydration with age. At the beginning of life the water content is 80-88% and it deceases to 70% in the fourth decade. Loss of proteoglycan and matrix disorganization has other important mechanical effects; because of the subsequent loss of hydration, degenerated discs no longer behave hydrostatically under load.
The annulus fibrosus is located at the outer disc. This is made up of a series of concentric rings called lamellae, with the collagen fibers lying parallel within each lamella. The fibers are oriented at approximately 300 to the horizontal axis, alternating to the left and to the right of it in adjacent lamellae, thus resulting in a 1200 change in angle between plans (Fig. 2). These have a special role, with different tensioning, in the mobility and determine an increased resistance. The structure is similar to a tire sustaining high forces of compression, torsion and traction [1], [5], [11].
Intervertebral disc structure [1],[5],[11]
The density of the fibro-cartilagineous lamellae varies according to the place in the annulus fibrosus, thus being denser anteriorily and posteriorly than on the lateral sides. The lamellae do not form complete circles, but they divide themselves or merge with each other to connect with other strips. The postero-lateral region of the annulus tends to be more irregular and less ordered. With age, the structure of the annulus becomes weaker in this area predisposing to the herniation of the nucleus.
Elastin fibers are also found in the composition of the nucleus pulpous and of the annulus firosus. In the annulus they are disposed circularly, obliquely and vertically.
The annulus attachment to the vertebrae is made by passing over the edges of the cartilage endplates and then goes up beyond the compact bone and the edges of adjacent vertebral body and its periosteum, forming stable connections between adjacent vertebral bodies. These perforating fibers are interwoven with fibrilar lamelae of trabecular bone.
According to Modic [10], the altered signal intensity detected by MR imaging is not, in and of itself, the causal pathologic process but rather a reflection of the causal process, which is some type of biomechanical stress or instability. A formal classification was subsequently provided by Modic et al in 1988 [10], based on a study of 474 patients, most of whom had chronic low back pain (LBP). These authors described 2 types of endplate and marrow changes: Type 1 changes were hypointense on T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) and hyperintense on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and were shown to represent bone marrow edema and inflammation (Fig.3).
Type 2 changes were hyperintense on T1WI and isointense or slightly hyperintense on T2WI and were associated with conversion of normal red hemopoietic bone marrow into yellow fatty marrow as a result of marrow ischemia (Fig.4).
Modic type 1 changes are hypointense on T1WI (A) and hyperintense on T2WI (B).
Modic type 2 changes are hyperintense on T1WI (A) and isointense or hyperintense on T2WI (B).
Modic type 3 changes were subsequently described as hypointense on both T1WI and T2WI and were thought to represent subchondral bone sclerosis. Mixed-type 1/2 and 2/3 Modic changes have also been reported, suggesting that these changes can convert from one type to another and that they all represent different stages of the same pathologic process. The absence of Modic changes, a normal anatomic appearance, has often been designated Modic type 0 (Fig.5).
Modic type 3 changes are hypointense on both T1WI (A) and T2WI (B).
2.3. Ligaments
Vertebral bodies are secured together by the longitudinal ligaments that extend the whole length of the spine. The ligaments are multifunctional and bind the osseous pieces together. They protect the vertebral column and the nevrax from injuries. They are multilayered, composed of elastin and collagen fibers. Ligaments do not oppose compressive forces. They limit the range of every motion for not exceeding the physiological limits.
There are seven ligaments attached (Fig.6) to the motion segment:
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Yellow ligament (ligamentum flavum)
Facet capsulary ligaments
Intertransverse ligament
Interspinous ligament
Supraspinous ligament
Degenerative ligament lesions reduce the range of motion between two adjacent vertebral pieces. On the other hand, excessive ligament tension may result in abnormal segmental movement as it happens in young gymnasts and acrobats. This abnormality can produce degenerative lesions, osteofites that can cause canal stenosys [1], [3], and [13].
Motion segment ligaments [1],[5],[11]
2.4. Spinal nerve structures, Meninges
As part of the Central Nervous System (CNS), the spinal cord is located immediately below the brain stem and extends from the foramen magnum to L1.
At L1 the spinal cord terminates as the conus medularis. Below L1, the thick but flexible dural sac contains the spinal nerves collectively known as the cauda equina.
Also contained within the cauda equina is the filum terminale, which extends from the conus medularis to the coccyx and acts as an anchor to keep the lower spinal cord in its normal shape and position.
The individual nerve roots of the cauda equina are suspended in spinal fluid. At this level, it is possible to pass a needle safely into the thecal sac for evaluation of spinal fluid or injection of various materials such as drugs, anesthetics, or radiologic substances.
Within the spinal canal, the spinal cord is surrounded by the epidural space. This space is filled with fatty tissue, veins, and arteries. The fatty tissue acts as a shock absorber and keeps the spinal cord away from the bony tissue of the vertebrae.
The brain and spinal cord are covered by three layers of material called meninges. The main function of these layers is to protect and feed the delicate neurological structures (Fig. 7).
The dura mater is the outermost meningeal layer and is made up of strong connective tissue. The dura mater, also called the dura, is gray in color and is generally easy to identify within the spinal canal. The dura extends around each nerve root and becomes contiguous with the epineurum, a membrane covering the spinal nerves.
The subdural space is a very small space between the dura and the next meningeal layer, the arachnoid layer. The arachnoid layer is highly vascularized with a web of arteries and veins that give the impression of a spider web. It is thinner than the dura and is subject to injury.
Below the arachnoid layer is the subarachnoid space, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The CSF helps to protect the nerve structures by acting as a shock absorber. It also contains various electrolytes, proteins, and glucose. A spinal tap can be inserted into the subarachnoid space to retrieve CSF for various chemical analyses.
Meningeal structure [1],[5],[11]
The innermost lining of the meninges is called the pia mater. It is closely adhered to the spinal cord and the individual nerve roots. It is highly vascular and gives blood supplies to the neurological structures [1], [3], and [13].
2.5. Topography
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 6 sacrococcygeal. The first cervical nerve root exits between the skull (C0) and C1. The 8th cervical nerve root exits between C7 and T1. Thereafter, all nerve roots exit at the same level as the corresponding vertebrae. For example, the L1 nerve root exits between L1 and L2.
The nerve roots emerge from the spinal cord higher than their actual exit through the intervertebral foramen. This means that the spinal nerves must often pass downwards adjacent to the spinal cord before exiting through the intervertebral foramen. This leaves the nerves exposed to risk of compression by protruding disc material. Therefore, it is possible to have a compression of the L5 nerve root at the L4-L5 disc space.
Each spinal nerve root has both motor nerves and sensory nerves. Motor nerves conduct information and orders from the brain to the peripheral nervous system to excite a muscular contraction. Sensory nerves receive information from the periphery (skin, fasciae, tendons, ligaments, muscles) and send the information towards the brain.
Motor fibers are located on the anterior aspect of the spinal cord. Multiple filaments of motor fibers are called ventral roots or anterior roots. The cell bodies or control centers of the motor nerve roots are located within the spinal cord. Damage or injury to the anterior roots or motor cell bodies may result in the loss of musculoskeletal function.
Sensory fibers are located on the posterior aspect of the spinal cord. Each collection of sensory fibers is called a dorsal root or posterior root. The sensory nerves have a special accumulation of cell bodies called the dorsal root ganglia. The ganglia are the control centers of the sensory nerves and are located outside but close to the spinal cord. Just beyond the ganglia, the anterior and posterior roots become joined in a common dural sheath. It is at this point that the peripheral nerve is formed [4], [11].
2.6. Vascularization and innervations
The spinal column receives segmental arterial vascularization from the adjacent vessels: for the lumbar region from lumbar and iliolumbar arteries and for the pelvic region from lateral sacral arteries. All these branches anastomozes and give anterior and posterior spinal arteries that irrigate the marrow.
It is interesting that the intervertebral disc is a poorly vascularized structure. It receives nutrition by passive diffusion through the central vertebral endplates.
The vascularisation of the vertebral body is different in its structure. The most poorly vascularized region is adjacent to the disc. As we approach the central area it becomes more vascularized. The central region can be divided into a nutritive artery vascularized area and a metafizeal arteries vascularized area. The peripheric region is vascularized by short peripherial arteries. Oxygenation and metabilic feeding of the disc is regional and determines the lamelae and fibrous ring arrangement. Fluid located between the blades is channeled vertically. Frequent movement of blades may increase the diffusion. One of the aging concequences is arterial occlusion and diminished blood flow.
Diminished blood flow at the delicate lombar arteries, especially at the fifth pair, through aging and occlusion by dsc compresion, explains the degenerative pathology of the L5 disc.
The veins form communicative plexuses all along the spine. The plexuses drain in the lumbar and the lateral sacral veins. The internal vertebral plexuses form a continuous network between the dura mater and the vertebral canal walls. Two anterior branches, one on each side of the posterior longitudinal ligament make an anastomosis in front of the ligament and receive the bazivertebral vein. They are interconnected with the basilar and occipital sinuses. Internal posterior plexuses merge lamella and the yellow ligaments level. There are anterior and posterior communications between the internal and external plexuses.
The Azygos system comunicates with a valveless venous network known as Batson's plexus, or Crock veins (Fig.8). When the vena cava is partially or totally occluded, Batson's plexus provides an alternate route for blood return to the heart. Because of the azygos system, patient positioning is very important in posterior lumbar spine surgery. The patient's abdomen should always hang free and without abdominal pressure. An increase in pressure will diminish flow through the azygos system and the vena cava. This results in an increase of venous flow into Batson's plexus with a corresponding increase of blood loss. Furthermore, increased bleeding makes it difficult to visualize the spinal cord, nerve roots, and disc during surgery. The vessels of Batson's plexus may be referred to as epidural veins and are often cauterized during posterior interbody procedures. However, these vessels are difficult to identify and cauterize, even when there is no increased abdominal pressure.
Innervation of the intervertebral disc, ligament structures and fibrous connective tissue of the spinal canal, has great clinical importance. It is provided by a recurrent nerve, the sinuvertebral nerve. In many ways it can be considered equivalent to the recurrent meningeal branch of the cranial nerves. It has dual origin from spinal nerves and sympathetic system. The spinal part arises distal to the dorsal root ganglion and reenter the spinal canal reaching back into the median, then gives rise to discal branches, for the disc above and below. At the same time innervates the medial facet of te interapofizar joint capsule. C and A-δ fibers are involved in pain transmission, these structures explains the pain caused by compression of the anterior and posterior nerve fibers on the periphery of the ring [1],[4],[13].
2.7. Important anatomical related structures
It should be noted that the spinal cord ends at the disc between L1 - L2. Below this level is cauda equina (horse tail), covered by meninges to the S2.
Anterior to the lombar vertebrae are the large abdominal vessels – the aorta and vena cava.
The aorta bifurcates into the common iliac arteries at L4 level. Here also the origins of the middle sacral artery and branches of the iliolumbar artery from the internal iliac artery. These arteries irrigate L5 and the sacrococcygeal area.
Venous vascularisation [1],[5],[11]
Vena cava originates at the level of L4, by the convergence of left and right common iliac vein. It is located on the right side of the spine, going through the abdomen and thorax to the heart. Common iliac veins results from internal and external iliac veins. The iliac veins can be injured during the anterior arthrodesis of L3-L4 and L4-L5. The common iliac veins are thick and strong but the iliac veins are thin and sinuous and special attention should be taken with the surgical gestures near them.
The endoscopic surgery must take account of these relationships because if the iliac vessels are damaged it is hard to obtain haemostasis. The surgery must be converted into a classical open one.
The second lumbar vertebrae have contact with the kidneys in the lateral-superior side and more anteriorly with the digestive tube.
At lumbar level the posterior paravertebral muscles are well represented and the thoraco-lumbar fascia is thick and strong.
L4S1-Nerve roots
Endoscopic surgery must be performed only after complete and qualified clinical examination (Fig.9), followed by posterio-anterior and lateral view X-rays, CT and MRI exam with Modic [10] stage classification of the modified disc.
In 1934 Mixer and Barr accomplished the first discectomy by hemilaminectomy; in 1948 Ottolenghi preformed a vertebral puncture. The first decompression of the vertebral disc by dorsal approach was made by Kabin in 1973. In 1975 the first percutaneous nucleotomy was performed by Hihikata using fine cannulae. In 1976 Hj Leu accomplished the puncture of the disc by dorsolateral approach, using in the same manner two long and fine cannulae with trocar [5],[9],[12].
Our days the newly endoscopic device was developed based on the ordinary arthroscope with 0 degree telescope in 1994, by French neurosurgeon Jean Desandau [6],[7], on the principle of microsurgery, than taken over and improved by the Storz Company in 2004.
The first endoscopy of a lumbar disc hernia in Romania was performed in 2005 [5].
4. Indications for treatment [5], [6], [7]
Basically 90-95% of all disc lesions are successfully treated by conservatory means. Only 5-10 % of lesions who do not respond to conservative treatment will be surgically treated.
The conservative treatmentis used between a minimum of 4-6 weeks and a maximum of 3-6 months. It consist of relative resting on a hard bed, flexing the hips and the knees for relaxation in hyperlordosis, administrating non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs accompanied by gastric protection, muscle relaxers, anti-inflammatory and decontracting physiotherapy, epidural anaesthesia, and possible vertebral manipulations with the mechanical reinsertion of the disc.
The treatment is applied gradually, progressively, and after the decrease of pain we can try medical gymnastics for toning the paravertebral and abdominal muscles.
If the conservative treatment was applied correctly without a response from the patient, we will intervene more aggressively.
4.1. The surgical options are numerous:
percutaneous discectomy
chemonucleolysis using chemopapain
automated percutaneous lumbar suction discectomy, like laser disc decompression – suction and intervertebral decompression, reducing the pressure will momentarily diminish the pain, followed by the aggravation of the degenerative symptoms, producing advanced of arthrosis to the interapophyseal and intra-articular joints with the posterior segment actually bearing the overweight.
Microscopic discectomy
Intervertebral endoscopy
radiofrequency techniques
electrotermical interdiscal therapy
limited laminectomy
percutaneous intersomatic arthrodesis PLIF - TLIF - ALIF + BMP / growth factors + computer guided surgery
artificial disc
morfogenic biological Bone solutions protein BMP / growth factors
Technically the surgical indicationsare:
onset of sphincter disorders
paresis – motor weakness
increased conduction velocity of nerve root
the persistence/increased pain although it is properly treated for 4 weeks
recurrence of pain after a period of relief
5. Indications for lumbar disc endoscopy
Basically one can successfully intervene in any phase (subligamentar protrusive or extrusive or transligamentar) of discopathy without borders. Furthermore in the lumbar canal stenosis the canal can be endoscopically recalibrated even in cases of sequestration of the herniated disc, also for foraminal hernia.
Most authors perform a partial ablation of the herniated material, similarly to an arthroscopic meniscectomy.
The endoscopic approaches are:
dorsal approach – the most popular
ventral approach
postero-lateral approach
lateral approach
The dorsal endoscopic approach is derived from the intervertebral dorsal approaches for laminectomy performed by neurosurgeons and orthopaedists in the surgical treatment of the herniated disc.
The approach used is intraseptal paraspinous described by Wiltze in 1988. An interlaminar window is created through foraminectomy.
The equipment was developed based on the ordinary arthroscope with 0 degree telescope, by French neurosurgeon Jean Desandau [6], [7], on the principle of microsurgery, later improved by Storz Inc (Fig.10).
The surgeon's training should be complex and requires a learning curve.
Occasionally the discal endoscopy could be converted into classical surgery due to possible complications or for transpedicular stabilization.
Endoscopic MIS approaches
5.1. Patient positioning
The patient under general anesthesia is in prone position on a radiotransparent surgical table. The level for the surgical approach is established by clinical and radiological criteria. Using special cushions the abdominal pressure is released, the cava pressure is released, the hips and the knees are in hyperflexion so that the intervertebral spaces are opened along with the hyperflexion of the lumbar spine. Thus the bone resection is kept to a minimum and the migrated disc can be reached (Fig11).
Fluoroscopic guidance – landmark of the level for the surgical approach
5.2. Surgical technique
The approach is similar to classic discal surgery. A local anesthetic is infiltrated to decrease bleeding. A paravertebral 3 cm incision is performed on the migrated disc's side, shown by the CT and MRI exams, followed by a lateral paravertebral muscle dissection. Haemostatic compresses are inserted at both end of the incision, a trocared speculum is inserted, deep to the vertebral plane then the trocar is removed and replaced with the optic component.(Fig 12 a,b,c,d)
A foraninectomy is performed and an interlaminary window is done.(Fig 12c,d). The nerve root is retracted (Fig 12 e,f) and released from the scar tissue, it is centrally reclined and the herniated disc is spotted. Discectomy is performed. (Fig 12 g,h)
The yellow ligaments are excised. The root is highlighted, and released from the scar tissue, it is centrally reclined and the herniated disc is highlighted. Disc ablation is performed. Some authors excise strictly the herniated, compressive material, others excise the entire disc but intersomatic fusion must be performed otherwise the forces become unbalanced, overloading the posterior arch. Hemostasis is performed with specially adapted bipolar forceps. The compresses are removed then fascia, aponeurosis and skin sutured and bandaged (Fig.12i).
Another posterior transforaminal technique with dilators (Fig. 13) with direct light was developed by Wolfe & Metronic. The surgical details are similar, but several dilatators are used.
In Switzerland, Dr. Leu imagined a more laborious technique by lateral approach, performing two mini-invasive lateral portals with special instruments, long and with small diameter. One portal is for visualizung and the other is the working portal. Low efficiency, high price and additional risks decreased the practice of this lateral technique (Fig.14).
Intraoperative aspects (a-i)
Wolfe & Metronic technique
Leu's lateral technique
With endoscopic control intervertebral fusions can be performed either transperithoneal or by thoracoscopy.
5.3. Author's experience and statistical analysis
Between 2006-2011 we had 40 patients with endoscopic discectomy for lumbar disc. 24 males and 16 females, mean age 48 years ( 35 – 72), lumbar stenosis was associated in 11 cases. Mean follow-up was 15 months.
One patient was reoperated for a fistula of cerebro-spinal fluid, and the defect was sutured using a combined fascial and haemostatic patch. Three patients required revision for a postoperative hematoma or remaining hernia fragment. Hospital stay was in average 3,3 days (2,5). The Waddel score was excellent or good for 91% of patients and Prolo score was excellent or good for 84%. Mean improvement compare with the preoperative status was 65%, as assessed by Oswestry score (Fig.15).
Clinical and Functional evaluation scores
We use anticoagulant therapy for thrombembolism profilaxy. There were no DVT or pulmonary embolism (PE) complications in our series.
We have a type II D anomalous origin nerve roots according to Kadish LJ [8]. About those anomalies, an AOTA Study(1997) on 300 IRM review 20 anomalies (6,7%): 14 conjoint roots, 5 barrel roots and 1 intracanalar anastomosis (Fig.16).
Nerve roots anatomical anomalies [8]
5.4. Postoperative care
5.4.1. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) prevention
Inspite of minimal surgery, in this spinal surgery DVT is not a rare complication (Weinstein P.R. - 1982).
The use of one of the low-molecular-weight heparins is advisable. One should prolong their use for more than 3 weeks until the complete mobilisation of the pacient.
5.4.2. Mobilisation
In generaly immediate postoperative mobilisation of the patient is achieved. Administration of NSAI is prolonged till 3 days after surgery.
5.4.3. Weight-bearing
In general, walking with weight-bearing is possible after 1 day. Weight lifting is forbited even 1 month postoperatively, in obese patients or those with osteoporotic bone even more.
5.4.4. Complications
The risk of infection is reduced due to: minimal dissection and antibiotics.
Fistula of cerebro-spinal fluid, could be even more frequent comparing to classical surgery, but a revision could be necessary, if the dressing after 2 day is still wet, and fascial patch resolve that. The postoperative hematoma or remaining hernia fragment, are also indications of revision. Nerve roots sectioning or nerve palsy is rare but possible. Mistake of the herniate level, is avoided by floroscopic control.
This kind of minimal surgery, by endoscopic herniated disc ablation provide an excellent visualisation, like " the eye is inside", by a small skin incision, with rapid resumption of activities and a better post-operative comfort.
A bipolar hemostasis could be done.
This surgery is indicated in all stages of herniated lombar disc, with or without canal stenosis.
There is a lower rate of infectious or bleeding complications.
A single dose of antibiotics is admninistrated during surgery and anticoagulant for thrombembolism prophylaxis is done.
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2.Anatomical features of the lumbar spine
3.History
4.Indications for treatment [5], [6], [7]
5.Indications for lumbar disc endoscopy
6.Conclusion
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Ștefan Cristea, Florin Groseanu, Andrei Prundeanu, Dinu Gartonea, Andrei Papp, Mihai Gavrila and Dorel Bratu (February 27th 2013). Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Endoscopy, Regional Arthroscopy, Vaibhav Bagaria, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/54544. Available from:
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text:
Q: Multiple forms with shared fields How to make multiple forms with shared fields without using javascript?
<input type=text name=username />
<form action="/users">
    ... some fields ...
</form>
<form action="/admins">
    ... some another fields ...
</form>

A: It is no necessary to have the input tag inside the form: an input can be associated with its form using its form attribute.
It would be nice if forms could share inputs, but i haven't heard of this. Maybe we should ask W3C to introduce this in HTML6?
UPDATE: One workaround would be to have a single form with multiple "Submit" buttons, using <input type="submit" name="..." value="..." /> or <button type="submit" name="..." value="...">...</button> elements, so that all the fields get submitted when any button is pressed, and the server side can then check which button was pressed.

A: I don't think this is possible. For your purposes, the input tag must be inside a form tag.
Furthermore, you can't nest different form tags inside each other, so there is no way to solve your problem without using JavaScript.
If you want to use JavaScript, you could provide both forms with an editfield with the same name and write JS to sync the both.
In jQuery, you would do it like this:
$('input[name="username"]').change(function() {
    $('input[name="username"]').val($(this).val());
});

(this is just off the top of my head...you could still do it more pretty)


text:
Q: Java - getConstructor()? I wrote the question as a comment in the code, I think its easier to understand this way.
public class Xpto{
    protected AbstractClass x;

    public void foo(){

       // AbstractClass y = new ????? Car or Person ?????

       /* here I need a new object of this.x's type (which could be Car or Person)
          I know that with x.getClass() I get the x's Class (which will be Car or
          Person), however Im wondering how can I get and USE it's contructor */

       // ... more operations (which depend on y's type)
    }

}

public abstract class AbstractClass {
}

public class Car extends AbstractClass{
}

public class Person extends AbstractClass{
}

Any suggestions?
Thanks in advance!

A: First of all, BalusC is right.
Secondly:
If you're taking decisions based on the class type, you're not letting the polymorphism do its job.
Your class structure may be  wrong ( Like Car and Person should not be in the same hierarchy )
You could probably create an interface and code to it.
interface Fooable {
     Fooable createInstance();
     void doFoo();
     void doBar();
}

class Car implements Fooable {
     public Fooable createInstance() {
          return new Car();
     }
     public void doFoo(){
         out.println("Brroooom, brooooom");
     }
     public void doBar() {
          out.println("Schreeeeeeeekkkkkt");
      }
}
class Person implements Fooable {
     public Fooable createInstance(){
         return new Person();
      }
      public void foo() {
           out.println("ehem, good morning sir");
      }
      public void bar() {
          out.println("Among the nations as among the individuals, the respect for the other rights means peace..");// sort of
      }
}

Later ...
public class Xpto{
    protected Fooable x;

    public void foo(){
         Fooable y = x.createInstance();
         // no more operations that depend on y's type.
         // let polymorphism take charge.
         y.foo();
         x.bar();
    }
}

A: If the class has a (implicit) default no-arg constructor, then you can just call Class#newInstance(). If you want to obtain a specific constructor, then use Class#getConstructor() wherein you pass the parametertypes to and then call Constructor#newInstance() on it. The code in blue are actually links, click them to get the Javadoc, it contains detailed explanation about what exactly the method does.
To learn more about reflection, head to the Sun tutorial on the subject.


text:
Briefs | International
Judicature goes global
by Melinda Vaughn
Fall/Winter 2021-22 | Volume 105 Number 3 | Download PDF Version of Article
Judicature has launched an international edition online for judges around the world. Judicature International, at judicature.duke.edu/intl, will publish commentary, scholarship, empirical research, opinion, and other content exploring issues of common concern to judges around the world, including court administration, the rule of law, transnational law, and judicial independence.
David F. Levi, Judicature's publisher and the director of the Bolch Judicial Institute at Duke Law School, has appointed a multinational editorial board to advise on the development of Judicature International. Chaired by Justice David Collins of the New Zealand Court of Appeal (and a 2018 graduate of Duke's Master of Judicial Studies program), the board includes judges, academics, and legal practitioners from around the world who will provide editorial guidance and feedback on submitted articles.
"One of the priorities for Judicature International will be to identify and publish articles that bolster the rule of law," said Justice Collins. "In many countries, courts and judges serve as the last defense against corruption and repressive governmental actions. Their important work needs to be amplified, explained, and supported. And we need to remain vigilant about the rule of law. It is our hope that this journal can help create a community among judges who support each other in their judicial work and in advancing public understanding of the crucial role the judiciary plays in creating and strengthening strong and healthy societies."
Judicature International's first edition featured "A Personal Journey Through the Rule of Law in the South Pacific," by WK Hastings, a judge of the District Court of New Zealand who currently is serving as Chief Justice of Kiribati and President of its Court of Appeal. The journal will also periodically highlight news items about judges and judiciaries around the world.
Judicature International will be a freely accessible online forum that explores topics relating to judging and the administration of justice worldwide and helps to foster a global judicial community. It also addresses growing interest among international readers who are already finding Judicature online.
In the past year, judicature.duke.edu has seen a 430 percent increase among users outside the United States — including India, Canada, Australia, China, Nigeria, Germany, the Philippines, and Kenya. At the same time, global interest in Duke Law's Master of Judicial Studies program has dramatically increased, even though the program is only able to accept two international students for each class.
"We are seeing increased demand for opportunities for judges from around the world to be in conversation with one another, to share ideas and knowledge, and to address common challenges," said Levi. "By providing a forum for these sorts of exchanges, Judicature International aims to strengthen the rule of law and advance a global judicial culture of shared commitment to the principles of judicial independence and the fair and efficient administration of justice. We hope the journal will also have a civic education component that can help build public understanding of the work and role of a judge and the value of an independent judiciary as well as increased awareness of threats to the rule of law around the world."
Article submissions may be sent to judicature@law.duke.edu (see submission guidelines at judicature.duke.edu). To receive new editions by email, subscribe online or follow us on Twitter @DukeJudicature.
Also In This Edition
In This Edition (Table of Contents Vol 105 No 3)
Learned Hand's Spirit of Liberty: A Lesson for Our Times
The Joy of Judging with Justice Rosalie Silberman Abella
Criticizing the Court: How opinionated should opinions be?
Open Road? Ford Reroutes Personal Jurisdiction
Taking Center Stage: The Virginia Revival Model Courtroom
Polarization and Partisanship in State Supreme Court Elections
A Statutory Oddity
Justice Jackson's Persistent Post-Nuremberg Legacy
The importance of signposting — and following through
Last living Nuremberg Trial prosecutor recalls his work on the Einsatzgruppen Trial
The 2022 Bolch Prize: J. Clifford Wallace
Judicial Honors Fall/Winter 2021–22
Pandemic Spurs Technology Revolution in State Civil Courts
The Judiciary and the Rule of Law in Afghanistan
About Melinda Vaughn