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Tag: Radio and TV Marti
Rex Tillerson, Secretary of State Nominee, Provides Written Responses Regarding Cuba to Senate Foreign Relations Committee
On or before January 20 Rex Tillerson provided written responses to questions from the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that is considering his nomination to be Secretary of State.[1] Here we will look at those responses regarding U.S. policies regarding Cuba.
Tillerson's Responses Regarding Cuba
Many of his responses were "Yes, if I am confirmed" and are not understandable without the question. The following are his responses regarding U.S. policies regarding Cuba [with portions of the questions inserted in brackets to make the answers more understandable]:
"If confirmed, I will engage with Cuba but continue to press for reform of its oppressive regime. I will support human rights defenders and democracy activists in Cuba, empower civil society, defend freedom of expression, and promote improved Internet access and I will ask our allies to do the same."
"Yes, if I am confirmed, [I will continue to support programs that promote democratic voices and initiatives in Cuba like Radio and TV Marti]."
"If confirmed, I will engage bilaterally and multilaterally to bring these fugitives [like New Jersey cop-killer Joanne Chesimard] to justice."
"Yes, if I am confirmed, [I work with the Treasury Department to ensure that no revenue from American businesses goes directly toward supporting the Cuban military and the regime]."
"If confirmed, I will press Cuba to meet its pledge to become more democratic and consider placing conditions on trade or travel policies to motivate the release of political prisoners."
"I will work bilaterally and multilaterally to identify training and technical assistance opportunities to assist with judicial reform, if I am confirmed."
"Yes, [I will stand by President-elect Trump's commitment to reverse the Obama Administration's Cuba regulations until freedoms are restored on the island]. There will be a comprehensive review of current policies and executive orders regarding Cuba to determine how best to pressure Cuba to respect human rights and promote democratic changes."
"Yes, [I will stand by Vice President-Elect Pence's commitment to reverse the Obama Administration's Cuba regulations]."
Perhaps not too surprisingly, these responses do not add much clarity on the new administration's policies regarding Cuba. As he said in his live testimony to the Committee and in these written responses, there are hints that the new administration will change at least some aspects of the Obama Administration's policies to normalize relations with Cuba. But first there will be "a comprehensive review of current policies and executive orders regarding Cuba to determine how best to pressure Cuba to respect human rights and promote democratic changes."
Those of us who support normalization need to be on guard and register our objections to any proposed retreat from that important, positive development for the U.S. and Cuba and indeed all of Latin America.
[1] Secretary-of-State-designate Rex Tillerson's confirmation answers on Latin America, Latin America Goes Global (Jan. 20, 2017)
Posted on January 23, 2017 Categories Economics, History, Law, Other countries, PoliticsTags Cuba, fugitives, human rights, JoAnne Chesimard, President Barack Obama, President Donals Trump, Radio and TV Marti, Rex Tillerson, U.S. Secretary of State, U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. trade with Cuba, United States of America (USA), Vice President Mike Pence1 Comment on Rex Tillerson, Secretary of State Nominee, Provides Written Responses Regarding Cuba to Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Subdued Commemoration of Second Anniversary of U.S.-Cuba Rapprochement
December 17, 2016 was the second anniversary of Presidents Obama and Castro's joint announcement that their two countries had embarked on the path of normalization and reconciliation. The U.S. commemoration of this date was subdued. The White House held a small gathering that was not widely publicized .The Cuban government, on the other hand, apparently did not hold any such event. But two Cuban publications published sketchy comments on the anniversary.
White House Commemoration[1]
On December 15, the Obama Administration hosted a private gathering across the street from the White House at the Eisenhower Executive Office Building. President Obama did not attend, but did send a letter to the 20 or so attendees encouraging them "to carry forward the work of strengthening our partnership in the years ahead."
The gathering was addressed by Benjamin Rhodes, Deputy National Security Advisor; Jeffrey DeLaurentis, the acting U.S. ambassador in Havana; and three high-level officials from the U.S. Commerce, State and Treasury departments. Another speaker was
José Ramón Cabañas, the Cuban Ambassador in Washington. Also in attendance were U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont and U.S. Representative Kathy Castor of Tampa, Florida, both Democrats.
Rhodes and DeLaurentis touted the administration's accomplishments and, at different times, got emotional — Rhodes remembering support from Cuban-American friends in the wake of stinging criticism over his work, and DeLaurentis describing his work in Cuba, where he began and might end his diplomatic career, as the most rewarding of his life.
The attendees were Cuban Americans, Cuban government officials and business partners in Washington, including Miami entrepreneur Hugo Cancio, who publishes an arts magazine in Cuba; Felice Gorordo, founder of the Roots of Hope nonprofit; former U.S. Commerce Secretary Carlos Gutierrez; John McIntire, head of the Cuba Emprende Foundation; Miami attorney Ralph Patino; Giancarlo Sopo, founder of the CubaOne foundation, and Miami Foundation president and chief executive Javier Alberto Soto.
Another attendee, Ted Henken, a Baruch College sociology professor and Cuba expert, observed, "It was partly a celebration of what has been achieved, and a mourning" for the intense political fight that awaits."
As Ric Herrero, former head of the pro-engagement Cuba Now group and the current president of Manos Americas, a social entrepreneurship nonprofit, put it, the gathering was "bittersweet. There was just a lot of gratitude toward the administration for their commitment to this cause and to everything they've done." But they all were left with the questions: "What next? Where do we go from here? Because there is no certainty."
Indeed, a chief concern among attendees was that Trump's "volatile" personality could ignite a war of words with the Cubans, who have so far kept silent about the president-elect's Cuba statements. On the other hand, attendees noted, Trump doesn't have a clear political ideology, and could be more interested in showing up Obama on Cuba by negotiating more concessions. However, Rhodes said, "We would like nothing more than the new administration to succeed beyond what we did."
Obama supporters at the meeting thought that Trump had a willingness to keep negotiating with Raúl Castro's government and that U.S. regulatory changes, following a top-to-bottom policy review, could take time–so long, perhaps, that by then Castro might near his own retirement, scheduled for February 2018.
"We're living through a lot of uncertainty, but there's a pretty strong consensus that Trump is going to realize that turning back the clock is going to be very difficult," said Carlos Saladrigas, president of the Cuba Study Group. "Returning to a failed policy doesn't make any sense."
However, at a December 16 "thank You" rally in Ordlando, Flordia, Trump told the crowd, "America will also stand with the Cuban people in their long struggle for freedom. Their support has been unbelievable. The Cuban people. We know what we have to do, and we'll do it. Don't worry about it."[2]
Cuban Observance
No Cuban commemoration event was found in searching Cuban public sources, Instead, two articles on the subject were found.[3]
The CubaDebate article reviewed some of the key things that had happened since December 17, 2014, while reiterating Cuba's fervent desire for the U.S. to end its embargo (blockade) and to return Guantanamo Bay to the island. It also alleged that President Obama had done "much less than he could, given the broad executive powers that he [allegedly]possesses and that [allegedly] would have allowed him to reduce the blockade to its minimum expression."
Nevertheless, the article stated, on December 7, 2016, Josefina Vidal of the Cuban government reaffirmed Cuba's willingness to continue this process and expressed its hope that President-elect Donald Trump will take into account, when he takes office on January 20, what has been achieved" over the last two years.
These same points were essentially repeated in the article in Granma, the official newspaper of the Communist Party of Cuba. It also added the following points:
Obama had acknowledged for the first time that the U.S. policy of "aggression" ["hostility" would be more diplomatic] against Havana was a failure and had ended up isolating the U.S. itself. It also alleged that the U.S. methods were changing, but not its objective – regime change in Cuba.
The U.S. still has a ban on US investment in Cuba, except in the area of telecommunications.
The Cuban state sector, where more than 75% of the labor force is employed, remains deprived of selling its products to the U.S. with the sole exception of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology.Also, Cuban imports of goods produced in the U.S. that the state-owned enterprise can make are very restricted.
Although several months ago the US approved the use of the U.S. Dollar by Cuba in its international transactions, it has not yet been possible to make deposits in cash or payments to third parties in that currency, due to international banks' fears of fines by the U.S.
The U.S. has not yet ended Radio and TV Marti programs aimed at Cuba.
[1] Mazzei & Torres, Muted White House celebration marks Obama Cuba anniversary, Miami Herald (Dec. 17, 2016).
[2] Lemmongello, Trump thanks Florida at Orlando rally, Orlando Sentinel (Dec. 116, 2016).
[3] Cuba-US: After two years, much remains to be done, CubaDebate (Dec. 17, 2016); Gomez, The keys of December 17, Granma (Dec. 16, 2016).
Posted on December 20, 2016 Categories History, Other countries, PoliticsTags Baruch College, Benjamin Rhodes, Carlos Gutierrez, Carlos Saladrigas, Cuba, Cuba Emprende Foundation, Cuba Now, Cuba Study Group, CubaDebate, CubaOne foundation, Felice Gorordo, Giancarlo Sopo, Granma, Guantanamo Bay Cuba, Hugo Cancio, Javier Alberto Soto, Jeffrey DeLaurentis, John McIntire, José Ramón Cabañas, Josefina Vidal, Manos Americas, Miami Foundation, President Barack Obama, President Raul Castro, President-Elect Donald Trump, Radio and TV Marti, Ralph Patino, Representative Kathy Castor, Ric Herrero, Roots of Hope, Senator Patrick Leahy, Ted Henken, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of Treasury, U.S. embargo (blockade) of Cuba, United States of America (USA)Leave a comment on Subdued Commemoration of Second Anniversary of U.S.-Cuba Rapprochement
President Obama Issues Presidential Policy Directive—United States-Cuba Normalization
On October 14, U.S. President Barack Obama issued a "Presidential Policy Directive on U.S.-Cuba Normalization," which is a document that promulgates presidential decisions on national security matters.[1] This post will set forth the entire Directive, and a subsequent post will comment on various aspects of the Directive.
This Directive: (1) describes the U.S. vision for normalization with Cuba and how our policy aligns with U.S. national security interests; (2) assesses progress toward normalization; (3) describes the current and foreseen strategic landscape; (4) describes priority objectives for normalization; and (5) directs actions required to implement this PPD.
"Vision for U.S.-Cuba Normalization"
President Obama's "vision for U.S.-Cuba normalization reflects [his] Administration's support for broad-based economic growth, stability, increased people-to-people ties, and respect for human rights and democratic values in the region. In the long-term, the United States seeks the following end-states:"
"1. Enhanced security of the United States and U.S. citizens at home and abroad. We seek to ensure U.S. citizens traveling to Cuba are safe and secure and the [U.S.] is protected from: those seeking to exploit increased connectivity for illicit ends, irregular migration, and natural or man-made hazards. Our policy advances bilateral cooperation in areas of mutual interest, including diplomatic, agricultural, public health, and environmental matters, as well as disaster preparedness and response, law enforcement, migration, and other security and defense topics. Our policy also supports increased cooperation with Cuba on regional initiatives on behalf of these interests."
"2. A prosperous, stable Cuba that offers economic opportunities to its people. Increased travel and economic interconnectedness supports improved livelihoods for the Cuban people, deeper economic engagement between our two countries, as well as the development of a private sector that provides greater economic opportunities for the Cuban people. Efforts by the Cuban authorities to liberalize economic policy would aid these goals and further enable broader engagement with different sectors of the Cuban economy. United States policy helps U.S. businesses gain access to Cuban markets and encourages the sustainable growth of the Cuban economy. The U.S. private sector, scientific and medical researchers, agriculture industry, foundations, and other groups have new avenues for collaboration that can provide opportunities for Cuban entrepreneurs, scientists, farmers, and other professionals. At the same time, increased access to the internet is boosting Cubans' connectivity to the wider world and expanding the ability of the Cuban people, especially youth, to exchange information and ideas. The [U.S.] is prepared to support Cuban government policies that promote social equality and independent economic activity."
"3. Increased respect for individual rights in Cuba. Even as we pursue normalization, we recognize we will continue to have differences with the Cuban government. We will continue to speak out in support of human rights, including the rights to freedoms of expression, religion, association, and peaceful assembly as we do around the world. Our policy is designed to support Cubans' ability to exercise their universal human rights and fundamental freedoms, with the expectation that greater commerce will give a broader segment of the Cuban people the information and resources they need to achieve a prosperous and sustainable future. In pursuit of these objectives, we are not seeking to impose regime change on Cuba; we are, instead, promoting values that we support around the world while respecting that it is up to the Cuban people to make their own choices about their future."
"4. Integration of Cuba into international and regional systems. We seek Cuban government participation in regional and international fora, including but not limited to, those related to the Organization of American States (OAS) and Summit of the Americas to advance mutually held member objectives. We believe that a Cuba that subscribes to the purposes and standards of such fora will benefit, over time, from bringing its domestic economic and political practices in line with international norms and globally accepted standards. Our policy strengthens the U.S. position in international systems by removing an irritant from our relationships with our allies and partners and gaining support for a rules-based order."
"Progress Toward U.S.-Cuba Normalization"
"Since the [U.S.] announced on December 17, 2014, that it would chart a new course with Cuba, we have re-established diplomatic relations and have made progress toward the normalization of our bilateral relationship. We opened our respective embassies, six U.S. cabinet secretaries visited Havana, four Cuban ministers visited the United States, and I became the first sitting U.S. President to visit Cuba since 1928. We established a Bilateral Commission to prioritize areas of engagement, and we concluded non-binding arrangements on environmental protection, marine sanctuaries, public health and biomedical research, agriculture, counternarcotics, trade and travel security, civil aviation, direct transportation of mail, and hydrography. We launched dialogues or discussions on law enforcement cooperation, regulatory issues, economic issues, claims, and internet and telecommunications policy."
"Given Cuba's proximity to the United States, increased engagement by U.S. citizens, companies, and the nongovernmental sector holds extraordinary promise for supporting our national interests. Bearing in mind the limits imposed by the Cuban Liberty and Democratic (LIBERTAD) Solidarity Act of 1996 ("Libertad Act") and other relevant statutes, the Departments of the Treasury and Commerce implemented six packages of regulatory amendments to the Cuba sanctions program, easing restrictions on travel, trade, and financial transactions. [U.S.] individuals, firms, and nongovernmental organizations are availing themselves of these regulatory changes to visit Cuba, and authorized travel to Cuba increased by more than 75 percent from 2014 to 2015. Future U.S. citizen travel will be supported by scheduled air service, which began in August 2016, and the first U.S. cruise liner visited Cuban ports in May 2016. We also commenced direct transportation of mail between our two countries, and U.S. telecommunications firms established direct voice and roaming agreements with Cuba. For its part, the Cuban government has continued to pursue incremental economic reforms and launched more than 100 public Wi-Fi hotspots across the island."
"These developments lay the foundation for long-term engagement with Cuba that advances U.S. interests. But we have a great deal more to do to build on that foundation based on a realistic assessment of the strategic landscape surrounding normalization."
"Strategic Landscape"
"Cuba is experiencing several transitions in areas such as leadership, the economy, technological development, civil society, and regional and global integration. Cuba's leaders recognize the need to transition to the next generation, but they prioritize gradual, incremental changes to ensure stability."
"Cuba has important economic potential rooted in the dynamism of its people, as well as a sustained commitment in areas like education and health care. Yet the Cuban government faces significant economic challenges, including eliminating its dual-exchange-rate system, making its state-run enterprises more efficient and transparent, developing a financial system that provides expanded services to individuals and the private sector, and reducing its reliance on foreign subsidies. Cuba remains highly dependent on food and energy imports, yet must cope with limited sources of hard currency to pay for import needs. Significant emigration of working-age Cubans further exacerbates Cuba's demographic problem of a rapidly aging population."
"A series of statutes limits U.S. economic engagement with Cuba, precluding a complete lifting of restrictions on U.S. travel to Cuba, prohibiting United States Government export assistance and the provision of U.S. credit for Cuban purchases of agricultural commodities, and requiring that the embargo not be suspended or terminated unless the President determines that a transition or democratically elected government has come to power in Cuba."
"Due to Cuba's legal, political, and regulatory constraints, its economy is not generating adequate foreign exchange to purchase U.S. exports that could flow from the easing of the embargo. Even if the U.S. Congress were to lift the embargo, Cubans would not realize their potential without continued economic reform in Cuba. Cuban government regulations and opaque procurement practices hamper transactions with U.S. companies that would be permitted under U.S. law."
"Normalization efforts have raised Cubans' expectations for greater economic opportunities. With an estimated 1 in 4 working Cubans engaged in entrepreneurship, a dynamic, independent private sector is emerging. Expansion of the private sector has increased resources for individual Cubans and created nascent openings for Cuban entrepreneurs to engage with U.S. firms and nongovernmental organizations. We take note of the Cuban government's limited, but meaningful steps to expand legal protections and opportunities for small- and medium-sized businesses, which, if expanded and sustained, will improve the investment climate."
"Cuba is not a member of international financial institutions (IFIs), such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the Inter-American Development Bank, which could provide expertise and potentially finance economic reforms and viable investment projects."
"Although Cuba has reached agreement with several creditor nations on bilateral debt relief through restructuring and forgiveness, it remains in default to the United States Government on pre-Cuban revolution bilateral debts and does not participate in international capital markets. Cuba and the United States are both members of the World Trade Organization (WTO); however, neither country applies the agreement to the other because of the U.S. embargo toward Cuba."
"Rapprochement has enabled us to increase our engagement with Cuba on regional issues such as the Colombia peace process and healthcare in Haiti, and has undermined an historic rallying point for regimes critical of the [U.S.]. Although Cuba has expressed no interest in participating in the OAS, it did attend the Summit of the Americas in 2015. We also welcome engagement between Cuba and other U.S. allies from around the world, including our European and Asian treaty allies. At the same time, we recognize that Cuba and the [U.S.] will continue to have differences on many regional and global issues."
"U.S. engagement with the Cuban government will also be constrained by Cuba's continued repression of civil and political liberties. We anticipate the Cuban government will continue to object to U.S. migration policies and operations, democracy programs, Radio and TV Marti, the U.S. presence at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Station, and the embargo. The [U.S.] Government has no intention to alter the existing lease treaty and other arrangements related to the Guantanamo Bay Naval Station, which enables the [U.S.] to enhance and preserve regional security."
"In this strategic environment, the policies and actions the [U.S.] pursues to advance our vision for U.S.-Cuba normalization will significantly shape the future of bilateral and regional relations, as well as our shared security and prosperity."
"U.S. Objectives for the Medium-Term U.S.-Cuba Relationship"
"To advance the four end-state goals associated with our strategic vision for U.S.-Cuba normalization, the [U.S.] will move concurrently on the following six priority objectives:
"1. Government-to-Government Interaction"
"We will continue high-level and technical engagement in areas of mutual interest, including agriculture, the economy and small businesses, transportation, science and technology, environment, climate, health, law enforcement, migration, national security, disaster preparedness and response, and counterterrorism. Through the Bilateral Commission, we will identify and prioritize areas of collaboration and engagement that advance our end-state goals. Stronger diplomatic ties will enable constructive engagement on bilateral differences, including our democracy and broadcasting programs, while protecting our interests and assets, such as the Guantanamo Bay Naval Station. We will utilize engagement to urge Cuba to make demonstrable progress on human rights and religious freedom. As the [U.S.] and Cuban governments build trust through more frequent engagement, we will increasingly conduct working-level interactions between Cuban ministries and U.S. agencies and departments that lessen the need for high-level conversations on routine matters. Given the lack of diplomatic relations over the past several decades, we will seek broad engagement across the Cuban government, including ministries and local officials. When appropriate and legally available, we will engage with Cuba to normalize trade relations fully."
"2. Engagement and Connectivity"
"The [U.S.] will continue to encourage people-to-people linkages through government and privately sponsored exchanges, including those involving educational, cultural, business, science, environment, technology, and sports. As permitted by law, we will continue to support the development of scheduled and chartered air service and maritime links, including ferries. An ongoing partnership with the Cuban-American community is of particular importance given Cuban-Americans' strong family and socio-cultural ties, as well as their natural role as citizen-ambassadors. We will facilitate opportunities for Cuban-Americans to rebuild and create new bonds with family to support reconciliation. To facilitate Cuba's goal of increasing its internet access from 5 percent to 50 percent of the population by 2020, we will seek the establishment of a bilateral working group to expand internet connectivity. We will seek opportunities that enable U.S. foundations and universities to establish linkages with Cuba."
"3. Expanded Commerce"
"The [U.S.] Government will seek to expand opportunities for U.S. companies to engage with Cuba. The embargo is outdated and should be lifted. My Administration has repeatedly called upon the Congress to lift the embargo, and we will continue to work toward that goal. While the embargo remains in place, our role will be to pursue policies that enable authorized U.S. private sector engagement with Cuba's emerging private sector and with state-owned enterprises that provide goods and services to the Cuban people. Law enforcement cooperation will ensure that authorized commerce and authorized travelers move rapidly between the [U.S.] and Cuba. Although we recognize the priority given to state-owned enterprises in the Cuban model, we seek to encourage reforms that align these entities with international norms, especially transparency."
"[U.S.] regulatory changes have created space for the Cuban government to introduce comparable changes. In tandem with the Department of the Treasury's regulatory change to expand Cuba's access to the U.S. financial system and U.S. dollar transit accounts, the Cuban government announced in early 2016 plans to eliminate the 10 percent penalty on U.S. dollar conversion transactions, subject to improved access to the international banking system. We will sustain private and public efforts to explain our regulatory changes to U.S. firms and banks, Cuban entrepreneurs, and the Cuban government."
"4. Economic Reform"
"While the Cuban government pursues its economic goals based on its national priorities, we will utilize our expanded cooperation to support further economic reforms by the Cuban government. Recent exchanges among financial service institutions and regulators have provided greater mutual understanding of our respective financial systems and economic priorities. We will undertake government-to-government dialogues to discuss options for macro- and microeconomic reform, with the goal of connecting the changes in U.S. policy with Cuban reforms in a manner that creates opportunity for U.S. firms and the Cuban people."
"If and when the Congress lifts the embargo, my Administration will engage with the Congress and stakeholders on preparatory commercial and economic exchanges and dialogues. My Administration would then similarly engage the Congress on the substance and timing of a new bilateral commercial agreement to address remaining statutory trade requirements."
"5. Respect for Universal Human Rights, Fundamental Freedoms, and Democratic Values"
We will not pursue regime change in Cuba. We will continue to make clear that the [U.S.] cannot impose a different model on Cuba because the future of Cuba is up to the Cuban people. We seek greater Cuban government respect for universal human rights and fundamental freedoms for every individual. Progress in this area will have a positive impact on the other objectives. We will encourage the Cuban government to respect human rights; support Cuba's emerging, broad-based civil society; and encourage partners and nongovernmental actors to join us in advocating for reforms. While remaining committed to supporting democratic activists as we do around the world, we will also engage community leaders, bloggers, activists, and other social issue leaders who can contribute to Cuba's internal dialogue on civic participation. We will continue to pursue engagements with civil society through the U.S. Embassy in Havana and during official [U.S.] Government visits to Cuba. We will seek to institutionalize a regular human rights dialogue with the Cuban government to advance progress on human rights. We will pursue democracy programming that is transparent and consistent with programming in other similarly situated societies around the world. We will utilize our increased ability to engage regional partners, both bilaterally and through regional bodies, to encourage respect for human rights in Cuba. We will consult with nongovernmental actors such as the Catholic Church and other religious institutions. Finally, we will work with the European Union and likeminded international organizations and countries to encourage the Cuban government to respect universal values."
"6. Cuban Integration into International and Regional Systems"
"We will expand dialogue with Cuba in the organizations in which it already holds membership, such as the WTO and the World Customs Organization (WCO), and we will encourage Cuba to move toward rules-based engagement, subject to statutory requirements. We will encourage Cuba to bring its legal framework, particularly its commercial law, in line with international standards. We will encourage Cuba to meet WCO standards for supply chain security. To the extent permitted by and consistent with applicable law, we will facilitate integration into international bodies, including through the use of technical assistance programs. We will pursue cooperation with Cuba on regional and global issues (e.g., combating the Ebola outbreak and the Colombia peace process). Ending the embargo and satisfying other statutory requirements relating to trade will allow the [U.S.] to normalize trade relations with Cuba."
"To facilitate the effective implementation of this directive, departments and agencies will have the following roles and responsibilities, consistent with the relevant legal authorities and limits:"
"The National Security Council (NSC) staff will provide ongoing policy coordination and oversight of the implementation of this PPD and the overall Cuba strategy as necessary."
"The Department of State will continue to be responsible for formulation of U.S. policy toward and coordination of relations with Cuba. This includes supporting the operations of Embassy Havana and ensuring it has adequate resources and staffing. Other responsibilities include the issuance of nonimmigrant and immigrant visas, refugee processing, promotion of educational and cultural exchanges, coordination of democracy programs, and political and economic reporting. State will continue to lead the U.S.-Cuba Bilateral Commission and coordinate a number of dialogues, such as the Law Enforcement Dialogue, annual migration talks, and meetings to resolve outstanding claims."
"State will continue to co-lead efforts with the U.S. Agency for International Development to ensure democracy programming is transparent and consistent with programming in other similarly situated societies. State will coordinate efforts to advance science and technology cooperation with Cuba. State will support telecommunications and internet access growth in Cuba and provide foreign policy guidance to the Departments of Commerce and the Treasury on certain exports, financial transactions, and other license applications."
"The U.S. Mission to the United Nations (USUN), in coordination with State, will oversee multilateral issues involving Cuba at the [U.N.]. USUN will identify areas of possible collaboration with Cuba that could help foster a more collaborative relationship between the [U.S.] and Cuba at the [U.N.[. The USUN will also participate in discussions regarding the annual Cuban embargo resolution at the [U.N.], as our bilateral relationship continues to develop in a positive trajectory."
"The Department of the Treasury is responsible for implementation of the economic embargo restrictions and licensing policies. The Treasury will continue its outreach to help the public, businesses, and financial institutions understand the regulatory changes. The Treasury will continue to review and respond to public questions and feedback on regulations and public guidance that could be further clarified and to discuss with State any novel license requests that the Treasury receives from the public to determine whether such requests are consistent with the regulatory changes and existing law. The Treasury will make use of available channels for bilateral dialogue to understand Cuba's economic and financial system and encourage reforms and will continue to engage in dialogue with the Cuban government about our regulatory changes."
"The Department of Commerce will continue to support the development of the Cuban private sector, entrepreneurship, commercial law development, and intellectual property rights as well as environmental protection and storm prediction. If statutory restrictions are lifted, Commerce will promote increased trade with Cuba by providing export assistance to U.S. companies. In the meantime, Commerce will continue a robust outreach effort to ensure that U.S. companies understand that U.S. regulatory changes provide new opportunities to obtain licenses or use license exceptions to increase authorized exports to Cuba, including to Cuban state-owned enterprises that provide goods and services to meet the needs of the Cuban people. Additionally, Commerce will continue to engage in dialogue with the Cuban government about our regulatory changes, as well as the need for simplification of the Cuban import process, transparency in Cuban business regulations, and other steps that will lead to full realization of the benefits of our regulatory changes."
"The Department of Defense (DOD) will continue to take steps to expand the defense relationship with Cuba where it will advance U.S. interests, with an initial focus on humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, and counternarcotics in the Caribbean. The DOD will support Cuba's inclusion in the inter-American defense system and regional security and defense conferences, which will give Cuba a stake in hemispheric stability. The DOD will continue to make contingency preparations and support the capacity of the Department of Homeland Security and State to address mass migration and maritime migration issues pursuant to Executive Orders 12807 and 13276 and consistent with other applicable interagency guidance and strategy."
"The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) will engage, together with the Department of Justice, with the Cuban government to combat terrorism and transnational organized crime. In support of U.S. security and foreign policy objectives, DHS will develop protocols for investigative cooperation with Cuba in coordination with other departments and agencies. The DHS will strengthen the security and efficiency of cross-border supply chains and travel systems in support of people-to-people engagement and authorized U.S. trade with the Cuban private sector. The DHS will safeguard the integrity of the U.S. immigration system, to include the facilitation of lawful immigration and ensure protection of refugees. The Secretary of Homeland Security, the United States Government lead for a maritime migration or mass migration, with support from the Secretaries of State and Defense, will address a maritime migration or mass migration pursuant to Executive Orders 12807 and 13276 and consistent with applicable interagency guidance and strategy."
"The Department of Justice (DOJ) will engage, together with DHS, with the Cuban government to combat terrorism and transnational organized crime. The DOJ will work with Cuba to expand security and law enforcement cooperation, increase information sharing, and share best practices with Cuban counterparts. This work will build upon, and strengthen, current law enforcement cooperation with Cuba under the umbrella of the U.S.-Cuba Law Enforcement Dialogue and its various working groups, which focus on counterterrorism, counternarcotics, cybercrime, human trafficking, and other areas of criminal activity."
"The Small Business Administration (SBA) will continue to engage with the Cuban government, entrepreneurs, small businesses, and cooperative enterprises. The SBA will support exchanges with the Cuban government in areas of mutual interest, particularly on formalization of small businesses and to spur the growth of new enterprises."
"The Office of the United States Trade Representative will provide trade policy coordination in international fora and, consistent with statutory requirements and restrictions, prepare for negotiations to normalize and expand U.S.-Cuba trade."
"The Department of Agriculture (USDA) will work to increase U.S. food and agricultural exports to Cuba by building market opportunities, improving the competitive position of U.S. agriculture, and building Cuba's food security and agricultural capacity, while protecting plant, animal, and human health. USDA will work with the Government of Cuba to advance cooperation outlined in the U.S.-Cuba agricultural memorandum of understanding signed in March 2016. The USDA will build the U.S.-Cuba trade and development relationship to the extent permitted by and consistent with applicable law."
"The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), in accordance with the June 2016 memorandum of understanding between HHS and the Ministry of Public Health of the Republic of Cuba, will collaborate with Cuban counterparts in the areas of public health, research, and biomedical sciences, including collaboration to confront the Zika virus, dengue, chikungunya, and other arboviruses. The HHS will promote joint work, such as development of vaccines, treatments, and diagnostics; partner with Cuba to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease outbreaks; collaborate in the field of cancer control, treatment programs, and joint research; and exchange best practices related to access to healthcare."
"The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) will coordinate with departments and agencies the [U.S.] Government's response to unplanned environmental occurrences, such as natural or manmade disasters. The USAID will co-lead efforts with State to ensure that democracy programming is transparent and consistent with programming in other similarly situated societies."
"The Department of Transportation (DOT) will continue to develop air and surface transportation links between the [U.S.] and Cuba in support of transportation providers, authorized travelers, and commerce, while providing required regulatory and safety oversight of transportation providers and systems."
"The Office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) will support broader [U.S.] Government efforts to normalize relations with Cuba, with Intelligence Community elements working to find opportunities for engagement on areas of common interest through which we could exchange information on mutual threats with Cuban counterparts."
"The Department of the Interior (DOI) will continue cooperation with Cuba on marine protected areas and continue to engage Cuban counterparts to finalize arrangements on wildlife conservation, terrestrial national protected areas, and seismic records."
"2. Congressional Outreach"
Strong support in the Congress for U.S.-Cuba normalization would contribute to the speed and success of the aforementioned goals, particularly with respect to the embargo and adequate embassy staffing. We will seek to build support in the Congress to lift the embargo and other statutory constraints to enable expanded travel and commerce with Cuba and accelerate normalization. We will regularly engage with Members of Congress and staff on challenges and opportunities in Cuba, advocate for [U.S.] Government policies and sufficient staff and resources to implement the aforementioned goals and policy priorities, and encourage and facilitate congressional travel to the region."
"3. Monitoring and Oversight"
"The Interagency Policy Committee (IPC), or its future equivalent, will have primary responsibility for coordinating and overseeing the implementation of this policy. The NSC staff will convene regular IPC and Deputies Committee meetings as necessary to monitor implementation and resolve obstacles to progress. The following departments and agencies will designate senior individuals responsible for managing policy implementation in their agency: State, the Treasury, Commerce, DOD (Office of the Secretary of Defense and Joint Staff), DHS, DOJ, USDA, HHS, DOT, USUN, the Office of the United States Trade Representative, USAID, SBA, and DNI."
[1] White House, Presidential Policy Directive—United States-Cuba Normalization (Oct. 14, 2016).
Posted on October 14, 2016 Categories Economics, History, Law, Other countries, PoliticsTags Cuba, Cuba's lease of Guantanamo Bay, Cuban Liberty and Democratic (LIBERTAD) Solidarity Act of 1996 ("Libertad Act"), Cuban migration to U.S., human rights, Inter-American Development Bank, International Monetary Fund, Office of the United States Trade Representative, Organization of American States (OAS), President Barack Obama, Presidential Policy Directive--United States-Cuba Normalization, Radio and TV Marti, Summit of the Americas, The Interagency Policy Committee (IPC), the World Bank, U.S. Congress, U.S. democracy programs in Cuba, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI), U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.S. embargo of Cuba, U.S. Mission to the United Nations (USUN), U.S. National Security Council (NSC) staff, U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), United States of, World Customs Organization (WCO), World Trade Organization (WTO)6 Comments on President Obama Issues Presidential Policy Directive—United States-Cuba Normalization
U.S.-Cuba Bilateral Commission Sets Agenda for Future Discussions of Remaining Issues
On September 11, in Havana, the U.S.-Cuba Bilateral Commission held its first meeting. It decided on an agenda for the future discussions and hoped-for resolution of remaining issues regarding normalization of relations. The commission agreed to meet again in November in Washington, D.C. to review progress in these areas and to chart areas of cooperation for 2016.[1]
The agenda has been divided into three tracks, with the first encompassing issues where there is significant agreement and the possibility of short-term progress. These include re-establishing regularly scheduled flights, environmental protection, natural disaster response, health and combatting drug trafficking. A second track includes more difficult topics such as human rights, human trafficking, climate change and epidemics. The third includes complex, longer-term issues like the return of the U.S. base at Guantanamo Bay, U.S. damage claims over properties nationalized in Cuba after the 1959 revolution and Cuba's damage claims for more than $300 billion in alleged economic damages from the U.S. embargo and for what it says are other acts of aggression.
Cuba reiterated its opposition to the comprehensive U.S. economic embargo, the U.S. occupation of Guantanamo and anti-communist radio and television broadcasts beamed into Cuba, but did not seek to place them on the agenda because they were measures unilaterally imposed by the United States.
Both sides agreed the discussions were full and frank, extensive, and conducted in a courteous and respectful manner.
Cuba's delegation was led by Josefina Vidal Ferreiro, the Foreign Ministry's director general for the United States, The U.S.' by Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for South America and Cuba, Edward Alex Lee, accompanied by the Director of the Secretary's Policy Planning Staff, David McKean; and Charge d'affaires ad interim Jeffery DeLaurentis. Below to the left is a photograph of the Cuban delegation; below to the right is a photograph of the U.S. delegation.
Cuban delegation
U.S. delegation
Vidal indicated that the both sides saw the start of the process as opening at least the possibility of an Obama visit to Cuba, saying that it is natural for countries with normal relations to receive visits from each other's leaders.
[1] This post is based upon the following: Cuba-U.S. Bilateral Commission to hold first meeting, Granma (Sept. 9, 2015); U.S. State Dep't, Daily Press Briefing (Sept. 10, 2015); Reuters, U.S., Cuba Set Agenda on Improving Relations, N.Y. Times (Sept. 11, 2015); Assoc. Press, Cuba, US Launch Normalization Process, N.Y. Times (Sept. 11, 2015); U.S. State Dep't, Daily Press Briefing (Sept. 11, 2015); Press Release of the Cuban delegation to the first meeting of the Cuba-US Bilateral Commission, (+ Photos), Granma (Sept. 11, 2015).
Posted on September 12, 2015 Categories History, Law, Other countries, PoliticsTags civil aviation, climate change, Cuba, Cuba expropriation of property, David McKean, drug-trafficking, Edward Alex Lee, environmental protection, epidemics, Guantanamo Bay Cuba, health, human rights, human trafficking, Jeffery DeLaurentis, Josafina Vidal, natural disaster response, Radio and TV Marti, U.S. embargo of Cuba, U.S.-Cuba Bilateral Commission, United States of America (USA)6 Comments on U.S.-Cuba Bilateral Commission Sets Agenda for Future Discussions of Remaining Issues


text:
Gambling Research Organization Appoints New President
Contact:Christine Reilly (617-359-9904) /creilly@icrg.org
BEVERLY, MASS. —The International Center for Responsible Gaming (ICRG) today announced the appointment of Arthur Paikowsky as the new president of the ICRG. His appointment will take effect on Oct. 4, 2021.
Paikowsky has served on the fund raising team of the Birthright Israel Foundation for 13 years. He has worked in the nonprofit organization sphere for 43 years and has served organizations that have raised one billion dollars for not-for-profit causes.
"We are excited to have Arthur Paikowsky join the ICRG in an important leadership role," said Alan Feldman, chairman of the ICRG board of directors. "While the gambling industry has seen expansion into new areas and significant growth, unfortunately, funding for responsible gambling research hasn't kept pace. As the leading global organization dedicated to such research, we are laser-focused on expanding our funding base by not only reinforcing traditional donor giving but also bringing new sectors of the industry into this critical endeavor."
Prior to working with the Birthright Israel Foundation, Paikowsky served as a fund-raising consultant with Chai Hopes LLC and as executive vice president of the Jewish Federation of Greater Phoenix. He earned a master's degree in social work at Yeshiva University.
"I am deeply honored to serve as the president of the International Center for Responsible Gaming. We have a tremendous board supported by a very capable team of professionals and this presents an opportunity to move the needle forward substantially" said Paikowsky. "The research that we fund has advanced our understanding of gambling disorder light years ahead enabling us to educate, intervene and treat those who are suffering. I look forward to engaging with our current donors and future donors as well in the coming days."
Since 1996, the ICRG has created a rigorous and thriving field of research on gambling disorder and responsible gaming designed to further the mission of helping individuals and families affected by gambling disorder through first-class scientific research and evidence-based educational programming. For more information, visitwww.icrg.org.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Heat oil in a shallow pan, enough for deep frying over medium-high heat.
Slice the vegetables (potato, brinjal and green banana) to about 2 millimeters thick circles. Onions can be sliced to 1/2 inch rounds. Jalapenos can be sliced in half, vertically.
Prepare the batter by mixing together besan, rice flour, red chilli powder, turmeric, salt and water. Use your fingers (or a whisk) for a medium-thick batter without any lumps.
Finally stir in the baking soda. Keep whisking for about a minute to get a light and airy batter.
Dip the sliced vegetables into the batter, shaking off excess and drop into the hot oil. Once the bottom of golden brown, turn over to cook the other side.
Drain on paper towels and repeat until all the vegetables are done. Remember to remove and discard any bits of batter in the oil. If left in, they will burn and change the taste of the oil.
Note: Remember to regulate the heat of the oil to prevent burning. If the vegetables are sliced thinly, they should cook perfectly in medium-hot oil.


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The Manchester connection: lively collaborations and new plans from Manchester Collective and Manchester Camerata
Labels: Manchester, preview
Manchester Camerata's Music Cafe at the Monastery in Gorton (Photo Duncan Elliott)
Two Manchester ensembles are celebrating new collaborations and new ways of presenting music. The Manchester Collective, co-founders Adam Szabo (Chief Executive) and Rakhi Singh (Music Director), has announced further plans for 2022, whilst the Manchester Camerata, music director Gábor Takács-Nagy, is celebrating its 50th anniversary with a whole season of events and collaborations.
Manchester Collective will be continuing its collaboration with South African cellist and composer Abel Selaocoe in The Oracle, musical event that featuring stories and original compositions by Selacoe, alongside masterpieces by Jean-Philippe Rameau, Igor Stravinsky and Mica Levi.
Another continuing collaboration is with soprano Ruby Hughes, and The Savage Parade will feature a new song cycle by Edmund Finnis alongside music by Barbara Strozzi and Benjamin Britten. A Little Requiem features music by Henryk Górecki's Kleines Requiem für eine Polka and Ferrucio Busoni's Berceuse alongside music by Aaron Copland and Alex Groves. Other composers in the Manchester Collective's season include Arvo Pärt, Frédéric Chopin, Caroline Shaw, Hannah Peel, and Lyra Pramuk.
As well as performing at Stoller Hall, Wigmore Hall and Bridgewater Hall, the ensemble performs well outside traditional concert venues and there are shows in underground music venues in Salford, Birkenhead and Bristol, as well as a restaurant part of the Collective's evolving partnership with chef Sam Buckley.
Full details from the Manchester Collective's website.
Manchester Collective at the Southbank Centre (Photo Alan Kerr)
Manchester Camerata's current resident artist is saxophonist Jess Gillam and their concerts with her include the ensemble's debut at Wigmore Hall where the programme includes Glazunov's Saxophone Concerto alongside Daniel Kidane's Be Still, a work the ensemble commissioned last year. Other anniversary celebrations include the sixth volume of Manchester Camerata and Gábor Takács-Nagy's Mozart, Made in Manchester series on Chandos Records, the world premiere of a new work by Alex Ho as part of the Royal Philharmonic Society Composer programme, which will be part of an intergenerational performance by the people of Gorton, Manchester, where the ensemble is based.
New collaborations sees the Manchester Camerata joining Manchester-based music duo Space Afrika for a performance of Steve Reich's Music for 18 musicians, working with Manchester-based composer, producer and DJ Afrodeutsche as well as cabaret star Le Gateau Chocolat. More conventionally, there will be a performance of Bach's St John Passion conducted by Gregory Batsleer with Huddersfield Choral Society, and the ensemble performs with Nevill Holt Opera in June for Puccini's La Boheme.
Following its move to The Monastery in Gorton East Manchester, Manchester Camerata continues to embed itself in the local communities there through its participant-led music-making programme.
Full details from the Manchester Camerata's website.
Posted by Planet Hugill at Monday, January 31, 2022
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What was the status of the Pharisees, and their relationship with the Temple authorities in the early first century?
One of the many mistakes made by the authors of the Christian gospels is attributing the state of affairs in their own time to the time they are trying to describe. An example of this error is the way the Pharisees are portrayed. If you relied solely upon the gospels, you would think that the Pharisees were in charge of the Jewish faith and people1. I have gleaned enough information to suspect that this was not the case.
As I understand it, the Pharisees were actually in conflict with the Temple, and had little or no power1 of their own. They were highly regarded by the average person, but the Temple authorities weren't so fond of them. The reason for the anachronistic accounts from the gospel writers is apparently related to the changes caused by the loss of the Second Temple. After the destruction, the Pharisees were finally free from the scrutiny2 of the priests, and became quite influential in the process of assembling the Talmud.
How accurate is this interpretation? Is there clear evidence that the relationship between the Pharisees and the Temple priests was less than friendly? And would the Pharisees have had any official influence over Judaism and the Jewish people as a whole, prior to the destruction of the Second Temple?
1 To be clear, I am not suggesting that the priests were morally superior to the Pharisees - in fact, quite the opposite. I am well aware that in the early first century, Temple priests were appointed by the Romans on the basis of bribery and political maneuvering. The Pharisees, on the other hand, were the true representatives of Judaism, and are represented today by the Rabbis. The power I am talking about is political power and control of the means of observance, which - as far as I have been led to believe - lay firmly in the hands of the priests.
2 "Scrutiny" in a self interested, egotistical sense on the part of the priests. As I understand it, the priests resented the Pharisees for challenging the status quo, which obviously threatened the priests' comfortable position of undeserved authority and high status. The Pharisees were interested in the wellbeing of the Jewish religion and people, whereas the priests were primarily interested in maintaining the status quo for their own benefit.
history beis-hamikdash communities
Wad Cheber stands with Monica
Wad Cheber stands with MonicaWad Cheber stands with Monica
I'm pretty sure that by that time, the position of High Priest was being sold to the highest bidder, who was generally a Sadducee, something the rabbis certainly weren't fond of. – Scimonster Aug 17 '15 at 8:24
If you're correct that the Pharisees "highly regarded by the average person, but the Temple authorities weren't so fond of them", that doesn't imply, as you suspect, that the Pharisees were not "in charge of the Jewish faith". The Temple priests are not (or at least not de jure) in charge of the Jewish faith. – msh210♦ Aug 17 '15 at 14:01
@msh210 - I think they would have disagreed with you. I'm not saying that they would be right, but as intermediaries between Rome and Judaism, and as the men in control of Jewish Temple observance, they were certainly powerful in a worldly and mundane sense, and much more so than the Pharisees. – Wad Cheber stands with Monica Aug 17 '15 at 21:10
@WadCheber The priestly class was not by and large Sadducee, though some were. Often, Sadducees paid bribes to the Roman governors of Judea to acquire the office of High Priest, but even then they had to rein in public displays of Sadducee practice or risk the wrath of the public (such as the incident in Sukka 4:9, c.f. Josephus' The Jewish War, ch. 13). Regardless, priests only had a significant degree of control within their limited sphere of influence (namely, those Temple observances where a priest was necessarily involved), and not in the day to day observance outside the Temple. – Fred Aug 18 '15 at 0:51
@WadCheber 1. It's important to note that the priests did not constitute a uniform or unified political bloc, and the Pharisees were not therefore opponents of the priests. In fact, a number of prominent rabbis mentioned in the Mishna were priests. 2. Temple procedures discussed in the Mishna (especially in Yoma) suggest that the rabbinic Pharisees had more influence over the priests' Temple service than vice-versa. 3. Some purification could be effected outside the Temple and didn't require sacrifices. 4. My citation to The Jewish War above should be corrected to Antiquities 13:5. – Fred Aug 18 '15 at 1:09
"History is written by the victor," as they say. In the case of the Second Temple period, however, virtually everyone lost, so interpreting history can be a matter of dispute.
In Jewish tradition, it is, however, indisputable that the Pharisees were the "good guys" and the Sadducees were the "bad guys". As alluded to by Scimonster, towards the end of the Second Temple period, Jewish tradition states that the office of High Priest was sold (by the Roman overlords) to the highest bidder, and the Sadducees, who - to be charitable - ideologically opposed the Pharisees, were often the ones who purchased this position. It was a position of great power, and it was very difficult for anyone else to change this status quo.
A good deal has been written on this subject, a lot of it much less charitable. But your interpretation could be considered "valid", if only from the perspective of the Sadducees, who - to be charitable - disliked the rabbinic class, as represented by the Pharisees.
But from the perspective of traditional Judaism, your interpretation would be considered a warped and incorrect assessment of the period, the Pharisees, and their relationship with the Temple.
Source: Traditional Jewish education.
Hey all, let's move this discussion to chat. – Monica Cellio Aug 18 '15 at 3:06
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged history beis-hamikdash communities .
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There is one form of milk thistle extract that has been clinically proven to be dramatically more effective at protecting liver cells.
This more potent substance is called Silymarin Phytosome™ and is the same patented Phytosome form that is the active ingredient in Fatigue Relief Plus™.
Silymarin Phytosome supercharges the absorption and effectiveness of milk thistle.
" ...A new form of milk thistle that is bound with phosphatidylcholine, called Silymarin Phytosome™, may be even more powerful for fighting liver damage..."
What is a Phytosome brand product?
To be properly absorbed by the body, the active molecules of a herbal compound (bioflavonoids) must first link up with a fatty acid. This natural process usually takes place within the body. Unfortunately, not all the herbal compound is able to link up with fatty acids, resulting in much of the herb's active ingredients passing out of the body, unused. Phytosome brand products put a stop to this wastage.
The patented Phytosome brand process ensures the vital link between bioflavonoid and fatty acid takes place before the herbal supplement is taken into the body, improving absorption, increasing biological availability, and enhancing delivery to the tissues. The fatty acid to which active plant ingredients are bound is a natural component of lecithin, known as phosphatidylcholine (fos-fah-ty-dil-ko-leen).
The milk thistle (Silybum marianum), is a tall, purple-flowered plant of Mediterranean origin belonging to the daisy family. Since early Greek times, milk thistle seeds have been used to treat liver complaints.
During the 1970s, German scientists were able to isolate the ingredient of milk thistle seeds that directly protects the liver cells. They called this component silymarin. Silymarin has a number of unique functions and is a particularly powerful antioxidant/free radical scavenger. It has been found to be particularly effective against the free radicals that cause the liver cells to degenerate.
Silymarin also appears to increase one of the liver's most important detoxification enzyme, glutathione. Another way the liver can sustain damage is through the action of substances known as leukotrienes. These compounds arise when an enzyme known as lipoxygenase is present. Silymarin inhibits this enzyme, preventing the leukotrienes from attacking the liver.
These three effects, working in concert, strongly suggest that the presence of silymarin from milk thistle helps the liver's natural antioxidant systems to deal with toxins more effectively. Silymarin also stimulates the production of protein in the liver. This results in the generation of new cells to replace old or damaged cells. Silymarin is especially effective in the prevention and treatment of liver damage caused by alcohol or toxic chemicals.
The absorption of silymarin is greatly enhanced by the Phytosome brand process. In one study, the amount of silybin (an active component of silymarin) recovered in the bile within 48 hours of ingestion was 11% for the Silymarin Phytosome™ brand group, and only 3 percent for the silymarin group.


Sieze the Future Workshop was attended by 150+ aspiring designers and programmers. Giving the chance to engage to some of the best students within the university. My mission is to drop all the knowledge I have about UX/UI from the 7+ years of my career. Also, inspire them to innovate and maximize the resources we have in the PH.